Ojiarụ:Codeks

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      <comment>ching chang chong</comment>
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      <text bytes="28" sha1="tmfbspnhxo8m8mmx9hpphuwrizwowh6" xml:space="preserve">#KÚFÙ [[Ọbanife:Codeks]]</text>
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      <text bytes="28" sha1="tmfbspnhxo8m8mmx9hpphuwrizwowh6" xml:space="preserve">#KÚFÙ [[Ọbanife:Codeks]]</text>
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      <comment>.m. = masturbo</comment>
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      <text bytes="685" sha1="c7ecd86qqxvltfksn8bd4evytdfyil0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#00BFFF; border-radius:20px; text-align: center&quot;&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Welcome on my User talk &lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8Cbanife:Mastashat&amp;action=view ==

Ndewo enyi m, kedu ka ị mere? Onye ọrụ a na-eme sabotage ( [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8Cbanife:Mastashat&amp;action=view Mastashat] ) [[Ọbanife:Samerali10|Samerali10]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Samerali10|ṅkátá]]) 16:20, 12 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC)

== njikere ==

Ndewo enyi m, kedu ka ị mere? Onye ọrụ a na-eme sabotage ( Mastashat ) [[Ọbanife:Samerali10|Samerali10]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Samerali10|ṅkátá]]) 16:21, 12 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC)</text>
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== https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8Cbanife:Mastashat&amp;action=view ==

Ndewo enyi m, kedu ka ị mere? Onye ọrụ a na-eme sabotage ( [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8Cbanife:Mastashat&amp;action=view Mastashat] ) [[Ọbanife:Samerali10|Samerali10]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Samerali10|ṅkátá]]) 16:20, 12 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC)

== njikere ==

Ndewo enyi m, kedu ka ị mere? Onye ọrụ a na-eme sabotage ( Mastashat ) [[Ọbanife:Samerali10|Samerali10]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Samerali10|ṅkátá]]) 16:21, 12 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nafisat Abdullahi</title>
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      <comment>HEIKA TENNO BANZAI - PRC - maruta!!!!</comment>
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{{Databox}}
'''Nafisat Abdulrahman Abdullahi onye''' ama ama dịka '''Nafisat Abdullahi''' (amụrụ ya ka ọnwa Jenụwarị dị na mkpụrụ ụbochị iri abụọ na atọ n'afọ 1992), Ọ  bụ nwaafọ Nigerian, onye na-emeputa ihe  nkiri, onyenkwado , onye nhazi  Ọsee foto na onye ọchụnta ego si [[Jos]], [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau Steeti]],Dịka nwanyị Ji ego achụ ego ọ guzobere  obere ụlọ ọrụ abụọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Actress Nafisa Abdullahi's Profile|url=http://www.hausafilms.tv/actress/nafisat_abdullahi|accessdate=20 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nafisat gụrụ akwụkwọ gbasara [[:en:Theater_arts|theater arts]] site [[:en:University_of_Jos|na University of Jos]] mana ugbu a ọ na-agụ ihe gbasara  ise foto pụrụ iche n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na-akuzi maka ise foto  di na mba UK. O nwetere ọtụtụ onyinye , dịka Afro Hollywood Award n'afọ  (2017), MTN award n' afọ (2016), AMMA Award (2015) na [[:en:City_People_Entertainment_Awards|City People Entertainment Award]] n' afọ 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sani Danja, Nafisa Abdullahi, others bag top Awards|url=https://leadnewsnigeria.wordpress.com/2013/07/29/kannywoods-sani-danja-nafisa-abdullah-others-bag-top-awards|accessdate=20 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[:en:Kannywood_Awards|Kannywood Award]]  n'afọ 2014  Choice Award . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi, late Ibro shine at Kannywood awards|url=http://tns.ng/ali-nuhu-nafisa-abdullahi-late-ibro-others-shine-at-kannywood-awards-2014/|accessdate=21 April 2015|archivedate=31 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031094759/http://tns.ng/ali-nuhu-nafisa-abdullahi-late-ibro-others-shine-at-kannywood-awards-2014/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ihe nkiri ya bidoro mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ mgbe o so mepụta ihe nkiri mbụ ya akpọrọ, ''Sai Wata Rana'' n'afọ 2010 nke ndị ụlọ ọrụ FKD Production kwadoro ebe [[:en:Ali_Nuhu|Ali Nuhu]].  bụ onye nhazi.

N'afọ 2012, Nafisat soro mee ''[[:en:Blood_and_Henna|Blood and Henna]]'', ihe nkiri emere na Naịjirịa nke [[:en:Kenneth_Gyang|Kenneth Gyang]]  haziri ya na [[:en:Ali_Nuhu|Ali Nuhu]]  Sadiq Sani Sadiq . A rọpụtara ha ugboro isii na mmemme  [[:en:9th_Africa_Movie_Academy_Awards|9th Africa Movie Academy Awards]]  ma nwee ihe nrite  [[:en:Africa_Movie_Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design|Best Costume Design]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hausafilms.tv/film/blood_and_henna|title=Blood and Henna|accessdate=12 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ''putara'' na ihe nkiri akpọrọ, ''Lamiraj'' ma nweta ihe onyinye &lt;nowiki&gt;''Best Actress'' n'afọ 2013 nakwa n'ihe nkiri, '&lt;/nowiki&gt; ''Ya Daga Allah'' n'afọ 2014 [[:en:Aminu_Saira|nke Aminu Saira]] haziri, ugbu a 'afọ 2020 Nafisa abdullahi bụ nwaanyị kacha emepụta ihe nkiri nke egwuregwu akpọrọ labarina nke Aminu Saira haziri  na-egosi na arewa24 tv ụbọchị Mọnde ọ bụla.

== Mmalite ndụ  na ezinụlọ ya ==
Amụrụ na [[Jos]], isi obodo [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau State]], [[Naijiria|Nigeria]], Nafisat bụ nwa nwanyị nke anọ nke Abdulrahman Abdullahi onye bụ onye na-azụ ahịa ụgbọala na onye okenye ọnụ na-eru n'okwu. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Air Force dị na Jos  mgbe ọ kwagara [[:en:Federal_Capital_Territory,_Nigeria|Federal Capital Territory]] ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndịrị nke ụmụ nwaanyị dị na Dutse, [[Abuja]], O mechara gaa  Mahadum nke Jos ebe ọ gụrụ ma nweta digiri na [[:en:Theater_arts|theater arts]]. Dika nwaata, O sonyere ndị otu [[:en:Kannywood|Kannywood]] ebe o bidoro imepụta ihe nkiri site na nkwado ndị ụlọ ọrụ  FKD Production na [[:en:Ali_Nuhu|Ali Nuhu]]

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ malitere ọrụ ihe nkiri ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ na FKD Production dị ka ihe nkiri mbụ ya,  Ọ pụtara na ''Sai Wata Rana'' n'afọ 2010 nke onye nkwado na nhazi ya bụ [[:en:Ali_Nuhu|Ali Nuhu]]. 

Ọ bụ nwanyị na-azụ ahịa na onye guzobere Nahaz Brand n' ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe nkiri.  . N'afọ 2013, a kpọrọ ya na [[:en:Berlin_International_Film_Festival|Berlin International Film Festival]] dịka otu n'ime mmadụ abụọ si Naịjirịa na onye na-ese ihe nkiri na [[:en:Nollywood|Nollywood]]  ma mesịa kpọọ ya ka ememme Nollywood na Atlanta, Scotland. 

N’ọnwa Juun afọ 2013, ndị kọmitii ịdọ aka ná ntị nke ndị Arewa Filmmakers Association na Nigeria kwụsịtụrụ ya n’ihi na ọ gaghị apụta n’ihu kọmitii ahụ mgbe akpọrọ ya ka ọ hazie mmemme a machibidoro site n’aka ndị na-eso ụzọ ihe nkiri  Hausa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nafisa Abdullahi Suspended from acting|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/139399-kannywood-producers-suspend-star-actress-nafisa-abdullahi-for-organising-party.html|accessdate=21 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere ya akwụkwọ maka ịkwụsị orụ ruo afọ abụọ i site na kọmitii ịdọ aka ma emechara kpọghachi ya  n'ọnwa Ọgost n'afọ 2013 tupu ọ gaa n'ihu isonye mee ihe nkiri Aminu Saira's ''Kalamu Wahid'' na ' ''Ya Daga Allah'' n'afọ 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kannywood Producers Lift Suspension On Nafisa|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/142503-kannywood-producers-lift-suspension-on-nafisa-abdullahi.html|accessdate=21 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nafisa Abdullahi confirms romance with Adam Zango|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/hausa-movies-arts-entertainment/185172-nafisa-abdullahi-confirms-romance-with-adam-zango.html|accessdate=16 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==
''Nafisat'' emeela ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ''onyonyo'' ndị [[:en:Hausa_Language|Hausa]] , ụfọdụ n’ime ha bụ;{{columns-list|*Sai Wata Rana
*Toron Giwa
*''Ummi'' 
*''Zango''
*''Ya daga Allah'' 
*''Yar Agadez''
*''Addini ko Al'Ada''
*''Ahlul Kitab''
*''Alkawarina''
*''Alhaki Kwikwiyo''
*''Alhini''
*''Allo (film)''
*''Auren Tagwaye''
*''Baban Sadik''
*''Badi Ba Rai''
*''Ban Kasheta Ba''
*''Blood and Henna''
*''Cikin Waye?''
*''Dan Almajiri''
*''Dan Marayan Zaki''
*''Dare''
*''Dawo Dawo''
*''Farar Saka''
*''Fataken Dare''
*''Gabar Cikin Gida''
*''Haaja''
*''Har Abada''
*''Jari Hujja''
*''Laifin Dadi''
*''Lamiraj''
*''Madubin Dubawa''
*''Guguwar So''
*''Baiwar Allah''|colwidth=22em}}

== Ihe nrite ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
! Onyinye
! Katigori
! Ihe nkiri
! Mpụtara
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2013
| City people Entertainment Award &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nafisat Abdullahi [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities]|url=http://hausafilms.tv/actress/nafisat_abdullahi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Nwanyị kacha gosipụta agwa  n'afọ ahụ
(Kannywood)
| ''Ya Daga Allah''
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2014
| City people Entertainment Award
| Nwanyị kacha gosipụta agwa n'afọ ahụ (Kannywood)
| ''Onyinye pụrụ iche'' 
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2014
| [[:en:Kannywood_Awards|1st Kannywood Awards]]
| Nwaanyị kacha kpa agwa na Kannywood  (Popular Choice Award) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=T.I.N MAGAZINE: Actress Nafisa Abdullahi Full Biography (Kannywood)|url=http://www.takemetonaija.com/2017/03/actress-nafisa-abdullahi-full-biography.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Dan Marayan Zaki''
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2014
| AMMA Awards
| Nwanyị kachagosipụta agwa n'afọ ahụ
| ''Dan Marayan Zaki''
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| City People Entertainment Award
| Nwanyị kacha gosipụta agwa n'afọ ahụ(Kannywood)
| ''Onyinye Pụrụ Iche''
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| [[:en:Kannywood_Awards|2nd Kannywood Awards]]
| Nwanyị kacha eme ihe nkiri na Kannywood
| ''Onyinye Pụrụ Iche''
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| City People Entertainment Award
| Nwanyị kacha gosipụta agwa n'afọ ahụ(Kannywood)
| ''Onyinye Pụrụ Iche''
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| AMMA Awards
| Nwanyị kacha kpaa agwa n'afọ ahụ
| ''Da'iman''
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| [[:en:Kannywood_Awards|3rd Kannywood Awards]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=KANNYWOOD AWARD 2015 The full event|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiZ-Nalr1ws}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Nwanyị kacha eme ihe nkiri na Kannywood
| ''Baiwar Allah''
| mmeri
|-
|}

== Ebe nsi nweta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>3e4313o65bjqh01m9weg15umcx4afa2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673984</id>
      <parentid>673977</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T09:04:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jianhui76</username>
        <id>64118</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>HEIKA TENNO BANZAI - PRC - maruta!!!!</comment>
      <origin>673984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8738" sha1="16xux2ee8v1g8vqy2vabtat373lq8o6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Nafisat Abdulrahman Abdullahi onye''' ama ama dịka '''Nafisat Abdullahi''' (amụrụ ya ka ọnwa Jenụwarị dị na mkpụrụ ụbochị iri abụọ na atọ n'afọ 1992), Ọ  bụ nwaafọ Nigerian, onye na-emeputa ihe  nkiri, onyenkwado , onye nhazi  Ọsee foto na onye ọchụnta ego si [[Jos]], [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau Steeti]],Dịka nwanyị Ji ego achụ ego ọ guzobere  obere ụlọ ọrụ abụọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Actress Nafisa Abdullahi's Profile|url=http://www.hausafilms.tv/actress/nafisat_abdullahi|accessdate=20 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nafisat gụrụ akwụkwọ gbasara [[:en:Theater_arts|theater arts]] site [[:en:University_of_Jos|na University of Jos]] mana ugbu a ọ na-agụ ihe gbasara  ise foto pụrụ iche n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na-akuzi maka ise foto  di na mba UK. O nwetere ọtụtụ onyinye , dịka Afro Hollywood Award n'afọ  (2017), MTN award n' afọ (2016), AMMA Award (2015) na [[:en:City_People_Entertainment_Awards|City People Entertainment Award]] n' afọ 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sani Danja, Nafisa Abdullahi, others bag top Awards|url=https://leadnewsnigeria.wordpress.com/2013/07/29/kannywoods-sani-danja-nafisa-abdullah-others-bag-top-awards|accessdate=20 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[:en:Kannywood_Awards|Kannywood Award]]  n'afọ 2014  Choice Award . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi, late Ibro shine at Kannywood awards|url=http://tns.ng/ali-nuhu-nafisa-abdullahi-late-ibro-others-shine-at-kannywood-awards-2014/|accessdate=21 April 2015|archivedate=31 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031094759/http://tns.ng/ali-nuhu-nafisa-abdullahi-late-ibro-others-shine-at-kannywood-awards-2014/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ihe nkiri ya bidoro mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ mgbe o so mepụta ihe nkiri mbụ ya akpọrọ, ''Sai Wata Rana'' n'afọ 2010 nke ndị ụlọ ọrụ FKD Production kwadoro ebe [[:en:Ali_Nuhu|Ali Nuhu]].  bụ onye nhazi.

N'afọ 2012, Nafisat soro mee ''[[:en:Blood_and_Henna|Blood and Henna]]'', ihe nkiri emere na Naịjirịa nke [[:en:Kenneth_Gyang|Kenneth Gyang]]  haziri ya na [[:en:Ali_Nuhu|Ali Nuhu]]  Sadiq Sani Sadiq . A rọpụtara ha ugboro isii na mmemme  [[:en:9th_Africa_Movie_Academy_Awards|9th Africa Movie Academy Awards]]  ma nwee ihe nrite  [[:en:Africa_Movie_Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design|Best Costume Design]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hausafilms.tv/film/blood_and_henna|title=Blood and Henna|accessdate=12 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ''putara'' na ihe nkiri akpọrọ, ''Lamiraj'' ma nweta ihe onyinye &lt;nowiki&gt;''Best Actress'' n'afọ 2013 nakwa n'ihe nkiri, '&lt;/nowiki&gt; ''Ya Daga Allah'' n'afọ 2014 [[:en:Aminu_Saira|nke Aminu Saira]] haziri, ugbu a 'afọ 2020 Nafisa abdullahi bụ nwaanyị kacha emepụta ihe nkiri nke egwuregwu akpọrọ labarina nke Aminu Saira haziri  na-egosi na arewa24 tv ụbọchị Mọnde ọ bụla.

== Mmalite ndụ  na ezinụlọ ya ==
Amụrụ na [[Jos]], isi obodo [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau State]], [[Naijiria|Nigeria]], Nafisat bụ nwa nwanyị nke anọ nke Abdulrahman Abdullahi onye bụ onye na-azụ ahịa ụgbọala na onye okenye ọnụ na-eru n'okwu. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Air Force dị na Jos  mgbe ọ kwagara [[:en:Federal_Capital_Territory,_Nigeria|Federal Capital Territory]] ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndịrị nke ụmụ nwaanyị dị na Dutse, [[Abuja]], O mechara gaa  Mahadum nke Jos ebe ọ gụrụ ma nweta digiri na [[:en:Theater_arts|theater arts]]. Dika nwaata, O sonyere ndị otu [[:en:Kannywood|Kannywood]] ebe o bidoro imepụta ihe nkiri site na nkwado ndị ụlọ ọrụ  FKD Production na [[:en:Ali_Nuhu|Ali Nuhu]]

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ malitere ọrụ ihe nkiri ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ na FKD Production dị ka ihe nkiri mbụ ya,  Ọ pụtara na ''Sai Wata Rana'' n'afọ 2010 nke onye nkwado na nhazi ya bụ [[:en:Ali_Nuhu|Ali Nuhu]]. 
&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)&quot;&gt;see okwu dị mkpa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
Ọ bụ nwanyị na-azụ ahịa na onye guzobere Nahaz Brand n' ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe nkiri.  . N'afọ 2013, a kpọrọ ya na [[:en:Berlin_International_Film_Festival|Berlin International Film Festival]] dịka otu n'ime mmadụ abụọ si Naịjirịa na onye na-ese ihe nkiri na [[:en:Nollywood|Nollywood]]  ma mesịa kpọọ ya ka ememme Nollywood na Atlanta, Scotland. 
&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)&quot;&gt;see okwu dị mkpa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
N’ọnwa Juun afọ 2013, ndị kọmitii ịdọ aka ná ntị nke ndị Arewa Filmmakers Association na Nigeria kwụsịtụrụ ya n’ihi na ọ gaghị apụta n’ihu kọmitii ahụ mgbe akpọrọ ya ka ọ hazie mmemme a machibidoro site n’aka ndị na-eso ụzọ ihe nkiri  Hausa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nafisa Abdullahi Suspended from acting|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/139399-kannywood-producers-suspend-star-actress-nafisa-abdullahi-for-organising-party.html|accessdate=21 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere ya akwụkwọ maka ịkwụsị orụ ruo afọ abụọ i site na kọmitii ịdọ aka ma emechara kpọghachi ya  n'ọnwa Ọgost n'afọ 2013 tupu ọ gaa n'ihu isonye mee ihe nkiri Aminu Saira's ''Kalamu Wahid'' na ' ''Ya Daga Allah'' n'afọ 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kannywood Producers Lift Suspension On Nafisa|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/142503-kannywood-producers-lift-suspension-on-nafisa-abdullahi.html|accessdate=21 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nafisa Abdullahi confirms romance with Adam Zango|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/hausa-movies-arts-entertainment/185172-nafisa-abdullahi-confirms-romance-with-adam-zango.html|accessdate=16 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==
''Nafisat'' emeela ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ''onyonyo'' ndị [[:en:Hausa_Language|Hausa]] , ụfọdụ n’ime ha bụ;{{columns-list|*Sai Wata Rana
*Toron Giwa
*''Ummi'' 
*''Zango''
*''Ya daga Allah'' 
*''Yar Agadez''
*''Addini ko Al'Ada''
*''Ahlul Kitab''
*''Alkawarina''
*''Alhaki Kwikwiyo''
*''Alhini''
*''Allo (film)''
*''Auren Tagwaye''
*''Baban Sadik''
*''Badi Ba Rai''
*''Ban Kasheta Ba''
*''Blood and Henna''
*''Cikin Waye?''
*''Dan Almajiri''
*''Dan Marayan Zaki''
*''Dare''
*''Dawo Dawo''
*''Farar Saka''
*''Fataken Dare''
*''Gabar Cikin Gida''
*''Haaja''
*''Har Abada''
*''Jari Hujja''
*''Laifin Dadi''
*''Lamiraj''
*''Madubin Dubawa''
*''Guguwar So''
*''Baiwar Allah''|colwidth=22em}}

== Ihe nrite ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
! Onyinye
! Katigori
! Ihe nkiri
! Mpụtara
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2013
| City people Entertainment Award &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nafisat Abdullahi [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities]|url=http://hausafilms.tv/actress/nafisat_abdullahi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Nwanyị kacha gosipụta agwa  n'afọ ahụ
(Kannywood)
| ''Ya Daga Allah''
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2014
| City people Entertainment Award
| Nwanyị kacha gosipụta agwa n'afọ ahụ (Kannywood)
| ''Onyinye pụrụ iche'' 
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2014
| [[:en:Kannywood_Awards|1st Kannywood Awards]]
| Nwaanyị kacha kpa agwa na Kannywood  (Popular Choice Award) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=T.I.N MAGAZINE: Actress Nafisa Abdullahi Full Biography (Kannywood)|url=http://www.takemetonaija.com/2017/03/actress-nafisa-abdullahi-full-biography.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Dan Marayan Zaki''
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2014
| AMMA Awards
| Nwanyị kachagosipụta agwa n'afọ ahụ
| ''Dan Marayan Zaki''
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| City People Entertainment Award
| Nwanyị kacha gosipụta agwa n'afọ ahụ(Kannywood)
| ''Onyinye Pụrụ Iche''
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| [[:en:Kannywood_Awards|2nd Kannywood Awards]]
| Nwanyị kacha eme ihe nkiri na Kannywood
| ''Onyinye Pụrụ Iche''
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| City People Entertainment Award
| Nwanyị kacha gosipụta agwa n'afọ ahụ(Kannywood)
| ''Onyinye Pụrụ Iche''
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| AMMA Awards
| Nwanyị kacha kpaa agwa n'afọ ahụ
| ''Da'iman''
| mmeri
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| [[:en:Kannywood_Awards|3rd Kannywood Awards]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=KANNYWOOD AWARD 2015 The full event|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiZ-Nalr1ws}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Nwanyị kacha eme ihe nkiri na Kannywood
| ''Baiwar Allah''
| mmeri
|-
|}

== Ebe nsi nweta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>16xux2ee8v1g8vqy2vabtat373lq8o6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Francis Obikwelu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12044</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673631</id>
      <parentid>629186</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:10:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NiferO</username>
        <id>20385</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added an image</comment>
      <origin>673631</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8994" sha1="9kalpzuhnmo7zyxobxzouz11ztpz1gj" xml:space="preserve">
[[Faịlụ:Francis Obikwelu Paris 2011.jpg|thumb|Francis Obikwelu na Paris 2011]]
 

'''Francis Obiorah Obikwelu''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Francis Obiorah Obikwelu.wav|Listen}}, &lt;small&gt;GOIH&lt;/small&gt; (amụrụ ya na iri abou na abou Nọvemba 1978) bụ onye na-agba na-agba ịnyịnya na-agba bọọlụ na Naijiria, onye ọkachamara na mita 100 na mita 200&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwGw&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Ọ bụ onye nwetara ọlaọcha n'egwuregwu Olympic n'afọ naria iri abou na ano na mita 100. N'otu asọmpi ahụ, o setịpụrụ Ihe ndekọ Europe na ihe omume ahụ na 9.86 sekọnd, nke guzo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri otu na asaa. Na klọb, ọ bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu maka ewuregwu CP . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2008-08-16|title=Francis Obikwelu - o Perfil do homem mais rápido da Europa|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pequim-2008/francis-obikwelu-o-perfil-do-homem-mais-rapido-da-europa_d257483|accessdate=2024-03-06|work=Francis Obikwelu - o Perfil do homem mais rápido da Europa|language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mụrụ  ya Obikwelu na [[Onịchạ|Onisha]], Naijiria. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, otu n'ime ndị nkuzi bọọlụ Obikwelu hụrụ ya wee tụọrọ ya aro ka ọ nwalee egwuregwu. Mgbe afọ abụọ gasịrị, ọ nọchitere anya Naijiria na 1994 African Junior Championships wee merie ọlaọcha na mita 400.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F8%2F9%2Fapworld%2F20060809210003&amp;sec=apworld|title=The Star|accessdate=20 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224221937/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F8%2F9%2Fapworld%2F20060809210003&amp;sec=apworld|archivedate=24 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obikwelu kwagara Lisbon, Portugal mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii. Mgbe Sport Lisboa e Benfica na Sporting Clube de Portugal jụrụ ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ewu ụlọ na Algarve. O kpebiri ịmụ Portuguese, onye nkuzi ya kpọgakwara ya na klọb egwuregwu Belenenses, ebe ọ maliteghachiri na 1995 tupu ọ banye na Sporting Clube de Portugal na 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-22|title=22 de Novembro: Aniversário de Francis Obikwelu/Ainda recordista europeu dos 100 metros|url=https://revistaatletismo.com/22-de-novembro-aniversario-de-francis-obikwelu-ainda-recordista-europeu-dos-100-metros-2/|accessdate=2023-11-01|work=Revista Atletismo|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ bi na Portugal, Obikwelu bụ nwanyị ọ na-akpọ &quot;nne ya&quot; kuchiri ya  a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bimpe|first=Pereira|date=2020-06-04|title=Inspiring Story Of Francis Obikwelu {{!}} Sports247 Nigeria|url=https://www.sports247.ng/inspiring-story-of-francis-obikwelu/|accessdate=2022-11-25|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Julaị afọ naria abuo, onye Naijiria na-agba ọsọ na Lisbon bụ Mercy Nku kwuru na Obikwelu kpebiri ịsọ mpi maka [[Portugal]] n'ihi ileghara ndị isi egwuregwu Naijiria anya mgbe ọ merụrụ ahụ mgbe ọ na-anọchite anya Naijiria n' Sydney, Australia. &quot;Ọ ghaghị ịga Canada ka a waa ya ahụ n'ikpere ya iji mebie ego nke ya. &quot; Obikwelu ghọrọ nwa amaala Portugal n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ naria abuo na otu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bimpe|first=Pereira|date=2020-06-04|title=Inspiring Story Of Francis Obikwelu {{!}} Sports247 Nigeria|url=https://www.sports247.ng/inspiring-story-of-francis-obikwelu/|accessdate=2022-11-25|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe Obikwelu rụzuru n'egwuregwu, akụkọ ndụ ya na àgwà ya mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama na Portugal, ebe a na-akpọ ya ''Chico'', ụdị dị mkpirikpi nke Portuguese nke aha mbụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bimpe|first=Pereira|date=2020-06-04|title=Inspiring Story Of Francis Obikwelu {{!}} Sports247 Nigeria|url=https://www.sports247.ng/inspiring-story-of-francis-obikwelu/|accessdate=2022-11-25|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ naria abuo na iri na itolouu, a kọrọ na Obikwelu rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enye ọzụzụ ọsọ, nwa oge, maka onye egwuregwu Portuguese ibe ya, onye na-agba bọọlụ Cristiano Ronaldo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Oxborrow|first=Ian|date=2019-07-01|title=Cristiano Ronaldo trains with Portuguese Olympic sprinter Francis Obikwelu ahead of new season|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-trains-with-portuguese-olympic-sprinter-francis-obikwelu-ahead-of-new-season-1.881245|accessdate=2024-07-02|work=The National|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obikwelu mechara nke abụọ na 100m na naria iri abou na ano Summer Olympics na [[Atens]], Gris, ihe nrite mbụ na egwuregwu ọsọ ọsọ maka [[Portugal]]. Na qualifiers naria iri abou na ano Summer Olympics ọ gbara ọsọ ugboro abụọ n'okpuru sekọnd iri, na-esetịpụ ndekọ mba. Na ngwụcha, ọ gbakere site na ọnọdụ na-abụghị nke nrite na ọkara nke abụọ nke ọsọ ahụ iji merie ọlaọcha, naanị otu narị na iri nke abụọ n'azụ Justin Gatlin na otu narị na otu narị n'ihu Maurice Greene, na-eti ihe ndekọ Europe mbụ nke Linford Christie setịpụrụ na 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top100&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=100&amp;nbsp;Metres All Time|publisher=[[IAAF]]|date=2008-08-09|url=http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=O/age=N/season=0/sex=M/all=y/legal=A/disc=100/detail.htmx|accessdate=2008-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Obikwelu bụ onye nke ise na 200m.&amp;nbsp;

O meriri 100m na 200m na naria iri abou na itolouu na European Championships in Athletics wee bụrụ nwoke mbụ meriri 100 m na 200m n'asọmpi European Championship.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{succession box|title=[[European Athlete of the Year Award|Men's European Athlete of the Year]]|before={{flagicon|LTU}} [[Virgilijus Alekna]]|after={{flagicon|FIN}} [[Tero Pitkämäki]]|years=2006}}
{{succession box|||before=[[José Veras (parachuting)|José Veras]]|after=[[Nelson Évora]]|title=[[CDP Awards|Portuguese Sportsman of the Year]]|years=2006}}
{{s-sports}}
{{succession box|before={{flagicon|TRI}} [[Ato Boldon]]|title=[[200 metres#Men.27s Seasons Best|Men's 200 m Best Year Performance]]|years=1999|after={{flagicon|USA}} [[Michael Johnson (athlete)|Michael Johnson]]}}
{{s-ach|rec}}
{{succession box|before={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Linford Christie]]|title=[[European record progression 100 metres men|European Record Holder Men's 100 m]]|years=22 August 2004 – 1 August 2021&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(shared with {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jimmy Vicaut]] from 4 July 2015)&lt;/small&gt;|after={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Marcell Jacobs]]}}
{{s-end}}

=== Ihe kacha mma ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
!Ihe omume
!Oge (nke abụọ) 
!Ebe a na-anọ
!Ụbọchị
|-
|mita 50&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwhw&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|5.79
|Liévin, France
|28 Febụwarị 2004
|-
|Mita 60&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwjw&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|6.53
|Paris, France
|5 Machị 2011
|-
|100 mita&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwlw&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|9.86
|[[Atens]], Gris
|22 Ọgọst 2004
|-
|mita 200&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwnw&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; |19.84
|Seville, Spain
|25 Ọgọst 1999
|-
|400 mita&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwpw&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|46.29
|A maghị ya
|3 June 1998
|}

==== Egwuregwu Olimpik ====

: 2nd 100 m, 2004 Athens, GRE 9.86
: 5th 200 m, 2004 Athens, GRE 20.14

: 2nd 4 × 100 m Relay 1997 Athens, GRE 38.07
: 3rd 200 m 1999 Seville, ESP 20.11

==== Mmeri Europe n'ime ụlọ ====

: 3rd 200 m 1997 Paris, FRA 21.10

: 1st 60 m 2011 Paris, FRA 6.53

: 1st 100 m 2002 Munich, GER
: 200m nke abụọ 2002 Munich, GER
: 1st 100 m 2006 Goteborg, SWE 9.99
: 1st 200 m 2006 Goteborg, SWE 20.01

: 1st 100 m 2004 Saint-Denis, FRA 10.06
: 1st 200 m 2004 Saint-Denis, FRA 20.12
: 1st 100 m 2001 Berlin, GER 9.98
: 2nd 100 m 2002 Brussels, BEL 10.01
: 3rd 200 m 2004 Zurich, SUI 20.36
: 3rd 200 m 2004 Bergen, NOR 20.46
: 1st 100 m 2008 Madrid. ESP 10.04

: 3rd 200 m 2001 Melbourne, AUS 20.52
: 5th 100 m 2002 Saint-Denis, FRA 10.03

: 1st 200 m 2004 Madrid, ESP 20.29
: 2nd 100 m 2004 Lausanne, SUI 10.02
: 2nd 200 m 2003 Madrid, ESP 20.59

Ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2024, Obikwelu nwere ihe ndekọ egwu ndị a maka mita 100 na mita 200.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
!Ebe
!Oge
!Ịgba ọsọ ifufe&lt;br /&gt;
!Ụbọchị
|-
|Braga
|9.98
| +2.0
|21/06/2000
|-
|Castellón de la Plana
|10.09
| +2.2
|30/05/2009
|-
|Istanbul
|10.02
| +4.0
|19/06/2004
|-
|Lisbon
|10.05
| +1.8
|05/06/2004
|-
|Isii
|10.06
| +3.0
|25/07/2009
|-
|Zaragoza
|9.84
| +5.4
|03/06/2006
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
!Ebe
!Oge
!Ịgba ọsọ ifufe&lt;br /&gt;
!Ụbọchị
|-
|Monachil
|20.27
| +4.1
|09/07/1997
|-
|Seville
|19.84PB&lt;br /&gt;
| +1.7
|25/08/1999
|}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>9kalpzuhnmo7zyxobxzouz11ztpz1gj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Laylah Ali Othman</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>673980</id>
      <parentid>450341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T09:03:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jianhui76</username>
        <id>64118</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>HEIKA TENNO BANZAI - PRC - maruta!!!!</comment>
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[[Usòrò:Laylah Ali Othman.jpg|thumb|Laylah Ali Othman]]
'''Laylah Ali Othman''' (amuru Jenụwarị 29, 1986) bụ nwanyị [[Naijiria]] na-ahụ maka ihe eji arụ ụlọ dịka oche na akwa &lt;ref&gt; https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-49865877?ocid=wshausa.chat-apps.in-app-msg.whatsapp.trial.link1_.auin&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye dere kuki &lt;ref&gt;http://www.landnkitchen.com/&lt;/ref&gt;, onye nwe magazin L, na onye na-emepụta Voice of the Youth &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://tblt.com.ng/laylah-ali-othman/ |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2022-04-08 |archivedate=2021-04-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422223900/https://tblt.com.ng/laylah-ali-othman/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Mbido ndụ ==
A mụrụ Laylah Ali Othman na Yobe [[Ȯra Yobe|State]] &lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGkA-Onzamc&lt;/ref&gt;, ma tolitere na Kaduna, ebe o biri na Kaduna State, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nursery na praịmarị na Jijar Kaduna State, ma mesịa gaa Junior &amp; High School Senior na [[Damaturu]] . Ọ bụ ugbu a Onye isi oche na onye isi nchịkwa nke Superb rb, &amp; N (Laylah &amp; Nahaar) Interiors na Exterior Décor Nig &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.superblandninteriors.com/ |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2022-04-08 |archivedate=2018-02-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213071318/http://www.superblandninteriors.com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Ụlọ akwụkwọ ==
O nwetara nzere bekee site na &lt;ref&gt;http://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-the-young-female-entrepreneurs-rocking-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mahadum Nke Maiduguri|University of Maiduguri]], Diploma in interior decoration si Lotus Educational Institute, Dubai na diploma na 'Space management site Maren School of Interior Décor and Design', na mgbakwunye na nzere bachelọ abụọ na ESAE Mahadum dị na [[Benin|Benin Republic]] .

== Ọrụ ==
Layla Ali othman bụ onye guzobere Laylah Initiative for the Boy and Girl Child Charity Foundation (LIBGC); bụ nzukọ na-elekọta al-Manifī &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ma na-enye otu ụmụaka nọ na mkpa ọzụzụ n'efu, dịka Almajiri 'na ụmụaka ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla, site na mmemme telivishọn a na-akpọ Laylah's Way, ebe ọ na-enyere ndị ogbenye na ndị nkịtị aka. ọha, ọ na-eji mmemme a enyere ndị na-enweghị ike ị nweta ndụ ka mma ma ọ bụ ndụ ka mma, site n'inye ha ụlọ zuru oke &lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxDy0lXAY2A&amp;feature=youtu.be&lt;/ref&gt; .

O mechara bụrụ onye ngosi nke Voice of the Youth. N'ime mmemme a, ọ na-enye ohere iji mepụta ndụ ka mma maka ndị ọ na-enweghị, ma na-agba ndị mmadụ ume ka ha bụrụ ndị na achu nta ego, na akụziri ha ka ha ga-esi nweta ezigbo ego, na-edozi nsogbu ndị ntorobịa [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] chere ha ihu ka ha na-agba mbọ ime ka ha nwee ego. ihe ịga nke ọma nke ndụ ha &lt;ref&gt;http://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-the-young-female-entrepreneurs-rocking-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt; .

Ka o nwetara ihe ịga nke ọma na mgbasa ozi, ọ bụ onye na-egosi mmemme ihe onyonyo a na-akpọ [https://freedomradionig.com/ Muryar Jama'a], ihe ngosi egwuregwu gbasara ndụ na omenala ndị [[Ndi Haụsa|Hausa]], bụkwa onye nwe magazin L. na-erizi pụta ihe ndị dị ka ịchọ mma ime ụlọ, ahụike na ụdị ndụ; bụ onye edemede nke Something Deep and Masked &lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGkA-Onzamc&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Ihe nrite na mmezu ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
! Ihe nrite
! Otu
|-
| 2018
| Award nke kacha mma
| [http://www.gamji.com/article6000/NEWS7835.htm Ụmụ akwụkwọ Gamji]
|-
| 2015
| Ihe nrite nsọpụrụ
| Mahadum Eastern Mediterranean (izu Naijiria)
|-
| 2018
| Award nke kacha mma
| [http:////www.abu.edu.ng/faculties/administration/ Department of Public Admin, Faculty of Admin, ABU]
|-
| 2018
| Award nke kacha mma
| Ụmụ akwụkwọ West Africa
|-
| 2019
| Award nke nsọpụrụ
| Ndị ntorobịa Naijiria na-aga n'ihu na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya
|-
| 2019
| Asambodo nsọpụrụ
| Democratic Youth Assembly of Nigeria
|-
| 2018
| Asambodo ekele
| [http://www.startupsokoto.com.ng/ Sokoto mmalite]
|-
| 2018
| Asambodo nsonye
| [https://startupkano.com/ Mmalite Kano]
|-
| 2019
| Ihe nrite nsọpụrụ
| Otu mba nke ụmụ akwụkwọ Naijiria (Zone A)
|-
| 2019
| Ndụ Time Award nke nzere
| Ndị ntorobịa Naijiria
|-
| 2019
| Northern Philanthropic Award of Excellence
| Chekwa otu onye kwuo uche ya, Africa
|-
| 2020
| Ihe nrite nsọpụrụ
| Otu mba nke Northern Corpers &lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGkA-Onzamc&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2019
| Nturu ugo ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze
| [https://prtimesafrica.org/pr-home/ PR Times Africa]
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>hlcilrafhcjegrskvzbkvpltsa3hqf9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673989</id>
      <parentid>673980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T09:06:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jianhui76</username>
        <id>64118</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>HEIKA TENNO BANZAI - PRC - maruta!!!!</comment>
      <origin>673989</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4666" sha1="r9bnng0zg0nqvzissb41px6lw8n3pjt" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Laylah Ali Othman''' (amuru Jenụwarị 29, 1986) bụ nwanyị [[Naijiria]] na-ahụ maka ihe eji arụ ụlọ dịka oche na akwa &lt;ref&gt; https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-49865877?ocid=wshausa.chat-apps.in-app-msg.whatsapp.trial.link1_.auin&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye dere kuki &lt;ref&gt;http://www.landnkitchen.com/&lt;/ref&gt;, onye nwe magazin L, na onye na-emepụta Voice of the Youth &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://tblt.com.ng/laylah-ali-othman/ |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2022-04-08 |archivedate=2021-04-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422223900/https://tblt.com.ng/laylah-ali-othman/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mbido ndụ ==
A mụrụ Laylah Ali Othman na Yobe [[Ȯra Yobe|State]] &lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGkA-Onzamc&lt;/ref&gt;, ma tolitere na Kaduna, ebe o biri na Kaduna State, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nursery na praịmarị na Jijar Kaduna State, ma mesịa gaa Junior &amp; High School Senior na [[Damaturu]] . Ọ bụ ugbu a Onye isi oche na onye isi nchịkwa nke Superb rb, &amp; N (Laylah &amp; Nahaar) Interiors na Exterior Décor Nig &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.superblandninteriors.com/ |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2022-04-08 |archivedate=2018-02-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213071318/http://www.superblandninteriors.com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Ụlọ akwụkwọ ==
O nwetara nzere bekee site na &lt;ref&gt;http://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-the-young-female-entrepreneurs-rocking-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mahadum Nke Maiduguri|University of Maiduguri]], Diploma in interior decoration si Lotus Educational Institute, Dubai na diploma na 'Space management site Maren School of Interior Décor and Design', na mgbakwunye na nzere bachelọ abụọ na ESAE Mahadum dị na [[Benin|Benin Republic]] .

== Ọrụ ==
Layla Ali othman bụ onye guzobere Laylah Initiative for the Boy and Girl Child Charity Foundation (LIBGC); bụ nzukọ na-elekọta al-Manifī &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ma na-enye otu ụmụaka nọ na mkpa ọzụzụ n'efu, dịka Almajiri 'na ụmụaka ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla, site na mmemme telivishọn a na-akpọ Laylah's Way, ebe ọ na-enyere ndị ogbenye na ndị nkịtị aka. ọha, ọ na-eji mmemme a enyere ndị na-enweghị ike ị nweta ndụ ka mma ma ọ bụ ndụ ka mma, site n'inye ha ụlọ zuru oke &lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxDy0lXAY2A&amp;feature=youtu.be&lt;/ref&gt; .

O mechara bụrụ onye ngosi nke Voice of the Youth. N'ime mmemme a, ọ na-enye ohere iji mepụta ndụ ka mma maka ndị ọ na-enweghị, ma na-agba ndị mmadụ ume ka ha bụrụ ndị na achu nta ego, na akụziri ha ka ha ga-esi nweta ezigbo ego, na-edozi nsogbu ndị ntorobịa [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] chere ha ihu ka ha na-agba mbọ ime ka ha nwee ego. ihe ịga nke ọma nke ndụ ha &lt;ref&gt;http://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-the-young-female-entrepreneurs-rocking-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt; .

Ka o nwetara ihe ịga nke ọma na mgbasa ozi, ọ bụ onye na-egosi mmemme ihe onyonyo a na-akpọ [https://freedomradionig.com/ Muryar Jama'a], ihe ngosi egwuregwu gbasara ndụ na omenala ndị [[Ndi Haụsa|Hausa]], bụkwa onye nwe magazin L. na-erizi pụta ihe ndị dị ka ịchọ mma ime ụlọ, ahụike na ụdị ndụ; bụ onye edemede nke Something Deep and Masked &lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGkA-Onzamc&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Ihe nrite na mmezu ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
! Ihe nrite
! Otu
|-
| 2018
| Award nke kacha mma
| [http://www.gamji.com/article6000/NEWS7835.htm Ụmụ akwụkwọ Gamji]
|-
| 2015
| Ihe nrite nsọpụrụ
| Mahadum Eastern Mediterranean (izu Naijiria)
|-
| 2018
| Award nke kacha mma
| [http:////www.abu.edu.ng/faculties/administration/ Department of Public Admin, Faculty of Admin, ABU]
|-
| 2018
| Award nke kacha mma
| Ụmụ akwụkwọ West Africa
|-
| 2019
| Award nke nsọpụrụ
| Ndị ntorobịa Naijiria na-aga n'ihu na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya
|-
| 2019
| Asambodo nsọpụrụ
| Democratic Youth Assembly of Nigeria
|-
| 2018
| Asambodo ekele
| [http://www.startupsokoto.com.ng/ Sokoto mmalite]
|-
| 2018
| Asambodo nsonye
| [https://startupkano.com/ Mmalite Kano]
|-
| 2019
| Ihe nrite nsọpụrụ
| Otu mba nke ụmụ akwụkwọ Naijiria (Zone A)
|-
| 2019
| Ndụ Time Award nke nzere
| Ndị ntorobịa Naijiria
|-
| 2019
| Northern Philanthropic Award of Excellence
| Chekwa otu onye kwuo uche ya, Africa
|-
| 2020
| Ihe nrite nsọpụrụ
| Otu mba nke Northern Corpers &lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGkA-Onzamc&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2019
| Nturu ugo ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze
| [https://prtimesafrica.org/pr-home/ PR Times Africa]
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>r9bnng0zg0nqvzissb41px6lw8n3pjt</sha1>
    </revision>
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    <title>Cäcilia Rentmeister</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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Cäcilia (Cillie) Rentmeister (a mụrụ n'afọ 1948 na Berlin) bụ onye mba [[Jémanị|Germany]] na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọkà mmụta sayensị ọdịbendị na onye na-eme nchọpụta banyere ọnọdụ ọdịbendị nke ụmụnwanyị na nke nwoke na nwanyị. Na mgbakwunye na ịmụ ihe dị iche iche nke ụmụnwoke na ụmụnwanyị bi na ya, ọ na-echegbu onwe ya banyere ọchịchị nwanyị.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Rentmeister gụrụ akwụkwọ na Free University of Berlin na University of Cologne Art History, Archeology na American Studies. O nwetara PhD ya n'afọ 1980 na Mahadum Bremen . Rentmeister bi na Berlin na Brandenburg, ebe ọ bụ n'afọ 1994 na-akụzi na Mahadum nke Applied Sciences Erfurt [de] na ngalaba nke Applied Social Sciences &quot;Cross-cultural Gender Studies&quot; na &quot;Interactive Media&quot;.

Rentmeister tinyere aka kemgbe mmalite afọ 1970 dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike na nke abụọ nke ụmụnwanyị. Site n'afọ 1974, o dere isiokwu na edemede banyere akụkọ nka nke ụmụnwanyị, nkà mmụta ihe ochie na ọmụmụ ọdịbendị, nke e bipụtakwara n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/other-languages/|title=Other Languages &amp;#124; Cillie (Cäcilia) Rentmeister: Publikationen|publisher=Cillie-rentmeister.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/english/|title=English &amp;#124; Cillie (Cäcilia) Rentmeister: Publikationen|publisher=Cillie-rentmeister.de|date=1985-03-05|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na 1977 gaa n'ihu, ọ kụziri ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nka, kọleji ndị nkụzi na mahadum dị na Berlin, Hamburg, na Bremen. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị malitere mmemme oge okpomọkụ nke ụmụnwanyị (&quot;Frauen Sommeruniversität&quot;) na Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Berlin na Mahadum Free University Berlin, nke ihe dị ka ụmụnwanyị 30,000 gara site na 1976 ruo 1983, ma nye ume na-adịgide adịgide maka ọmụmụ ụmụnwanyị na nyocha nwoke na nwanyị na ọzụzụ sayensị niile.&lt;ref&gt;Inge v. Bönninghausen, on Rentmeister and other lecturers of the summer Universities, in: Ariadne 37-38, Kassel 2000, S.130, „Persönliche Denkgeschichten“ (Personal Stories of Remembering); for overview of the women's summer programs and interviews with some of the founders cf. www.feministberlin.de (German language)&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Flcover.jpg|thumb|Cover from the LP of the Flying Lesbians]]
Cäcilia Rentmeister bụ keyboardist nke Flying Lesbians, ndị inyom mbụ rock band na kọntinent Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.flying-lesbians.de|title=flying-lesbians.de|publisher=flying-lesbians.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;In 1976 [[Monique Wittig]] und [[Sande Zeig]] emphasized their pioneering role in a dictionary article devoted to the Flying Lesbians: ''FLYING LESBIANS. Tribe of companion lovers who, as their name indicates, are wanderers. The Flying Lesbians come from Germany and have companion lovers everywhere. Singers and musicians, they owe their celebrity to the fact that they were the first group of wandering lesbians in the raving that began the Glorious Age.'' Monique Wittig and Sande Zeig: Lesbian Peoples. Material for a Dictionary. New York 1979 (First published Paris 1976)&lt;/ref&gt; O gosipụtara mkpa egwu ụmụnwanyị pụtara n'ihe odide ya banyere emume na ememme&lt;ref&gt;in English cf. Cillie Rentmeister &quot;7 Passages Between Life and Death: Rituals Doing Gender&quot;, Lecture with Pictures and Video-Documentaries, held August 25, 2000 at “ifu – international women´s university”, World Expo 2000, Hannover, Germany, [http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/english/ full text] Cecilia Rentmeister: Rituale als soziales Drama – Zur Bedeutung von Ritualen im menschlichen Leben (Rituals as Social Drama – The Meaning of Rites in Human Life), in: Scheiblich, Wolfgang (Hrsg.): Bilder – Symbole – Rituale, Freiburg 1999, S.69-99&lt;/ref&gt; ụmụnwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;Cillie Rentmeister: ''Frauenfeste als Initiationsritual'' (''Women´s festivals as Rites of Passage and Initiation''), in: Heinrich Böll Stiftung, Feministisches Institut (Hrsg.): Wie weit flog die Tomate? Eine 68erinnen-Gala der Reflexion, Berlin 1999&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ ndị 1970 nakwa 1980, Rentmeister bipụtakwara edemede dị oke mkpa banyere ọdịdị nwanyị na nka ụmụnwanyị, na-akpalite esemokwu, nke ya na Valie Export, Marlite Halbertsma [nl] [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlite_Halbertsma], Ulrike Rosenbach na Lucy Lippard na mkparịta ụka na mkparịta ụka na mkparịta ụka nke De Appel &quot;Feministische Kunst International&quot; haziri na Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, [[Netherlands]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/neue-frauenbewegung/|title=Neue Frauenbewegung – Wissenschaft, Sommerunis, Kunst, Gebärstreik, Frauenfeste &amp;#124; Cillie (Cäcilia) Rentmeister: Publikationen|publisher=Cillie-rentmeister.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030223301/http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/neue-frauenbewegung/|archivedate=2013-10-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deappel.nl/exhibitions/e/122/|title=home - de Appel|publisher=Deappel.nl|date=2014-01-01|accessdate=2014-06-05|archivedate=2014-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607011124/http://www.deappel.nl/exhibitions/e/122/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deappel.nl/exhibitions/e/160/|title=home - de Appel|publisher=Deappel.nl|date=2014-01-01|accessdate=2014-06-05|archivedate=2014-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606220242/http://www.deappel.nl/exhibitions/e/160/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Another critical essay by Rentmeister ''Frauen, Körper, Kunst. Mikrophysik der patriarchalischen Macht'' (''Women, Bodies, The Arts: Microphysics of Patriarchal Power'') mentioned in Flynn, Caryl: The New German Cinema. Music, History, and the Matter of Style, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London 2004 &lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ ndị 1980, o bipụtara dị ka onye edemede sayensị maka redio ọha na eze nke Germany, - n'etiti okwu ndị ọzọ gbasara ebumnuche ndị nna ochie nke mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ugbu a, na otú New Age movement. Kemgbe afọ 1973, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya, onye nduzi ihe nkiri na onye edemede Cristina Perincioli na-arụ ọrụ. Ha dere ihe nkiri maka &quot;Anna na Edith&quot; - ihe nkiri mbụ banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na telivishọn German ZDF n'afọ 1975.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=10985/|title=Lesbenklassiker: Anna und Edith (mit Galerie)|publisher=Queer.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ziegler-film.com/produktionen/tv/produktion/anna-und-edith.html/|accessdate=July 6, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621014949/http://www.ziegler-film.com/produktionen/tv/produktion/anna-und-edith.html|archivedate=June 21, 2011|title=TV Produktionen: Ziegler Film}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na 1985 na Rentmeister na Perincioli tụgharịrị gaa n'isiokwu &quot;kọmputa na okike&quot;. Ha mepụtara ihe nlereanya maka ọrụ nka na agụmakwụkwọ na multimedia, bipụtara ma kụziere echiche ndị a n'ebumnobi ịmasị ụmụ nwanyị maka teknụzụ dijitalụ ọhụrụ, ebe n'afọ ndị 1980 na ụlọ akwụkwọ German, àgwà kọmputa na-enyo enyo ka dị.&lt;ref&gt;cf. Perincioli, Rentmeister: Computer und Kreativität: Ein Kompendium für Computer-Grafik, – Animation, -Musik und Video, Köln 1990&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://on1.zkm.de/zkm/stories/storyReader$6761|title=ZKM &amp;#124; MultiMediale 1|publisher=On1.zkm.de|date=1989-10-30|accessdate=2014-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120065534/http://on1.zkm.de/zkm/stories/storyReader%246761|archivedate=2009-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'afọ ndị 1990 Rentmeister rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye njikwa ọrụ nke weebụsaịtị na isiokwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Cristina Perincioli dere ma mepụta (Abụọ n'ime ha dịkwa na nsụgharị Bekee)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.4uman.info|title=4uman.info|publisher=4uman.info|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gewaltschutz.info|title=gewaltschutz.info|publisher=gewaltschutz.info|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.save-selma.de|title=save-selma.de|publisher=save-selma.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ava2.de|title=ava2.de|publisher=ava2.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spass-oder-gewalt.de/|title=spass-oder-gewalt.de|publisher=spass-oder-gewalt.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05|archivedate=2014-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517173001/http://www.spass-oder-gewalt.de/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onye na-anya ụgbọelu nke onwe ya na onye otu ụmụnwanyị na-anya ụgbọelu Ninety Nines International Organisation na ''Federation of German Women Pilots''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pilotinnen.net/|title=pilotinnen.net|publisher=pilotinnen.net|date=2013-08-31|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rentmeister na-agba mbọ ịkwalite ọganihu nke ụmụagbọghọ na ụmụnwanyị na ụgbọelu, site na nkuzi, mgbasa ozi na site n'ịhazi ihe omume maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na Ụbọchị Ụmụagbọghọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cillie-rentmeister.de&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/zur-person-cv/|title=zur Person – CV &amp;#124; Cillie (Cäcilia) Rentmeister: Publikationen|publisher=Cillie-rentmeister.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/pilotinnen-und-technikkultur/|title=Pilotinnen &amp; Technikkultur &amp;#124; Cillie (Cäcilia) Rentmeister: Publikationen|publisher=Cillie-rentmeister.de|date=2010-08-09|accessdate=2014-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125174303/http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/pilotinnen-und-technikkultur/|archivedate=2011-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Melanie Katzenberger na-ede, sị: &quot;Ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke mbara igwe bụ ndị akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, na-akpọ Caecilia Rentmeister. ''...Ụmụ agbọghọ aghaghị inwe mmetụta: Ọ bụrụ na o nwere ike, enwere m ike...''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cillie-rentmeister.de&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==

* N'afọ 2010, Rentmeister natara onyinye nkuzi nke Mahadum nke Applied Sciences Erfurt maka nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe ya &quot;Political and Institutional Conditions of Social Work&quot;, na ọmụmụ ya &quot;Gender - Gender Relations: Differences, Equality, Equal Rights&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news389157|title=Lehrpreis 2010 an Prof. Dr. Cäcilia Rentmeister|publisher=Idw-online.de|date=2010-09-30|accessdate=2014-06-05|archivedate=2014-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606230905/http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news389157}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọchịchị Ụmụnwanyị: ụzọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nke Rentmeister ==
N'ihe banyere mwughachi ihe mgbe ochie nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke matriarchies, ọkachasị dị ka egosiri na nnabata narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ, Rentmeister mepụtara ''usoro echiche'' ya dị oke mkpa. Otu ihe atụ maka usoro a ziri ''ezi'' - na-emegide ndị esoteric - bụ edemede ya na &quot;Why Are There So Many Allegories Female?&quot; site na 1976.&lt;ref&gt;Cäcilia Rentmeister: ''Berufsverbot für die Musen - Warum sind so viele Allegorien weiblich?'', in: “Ästhetik und Kommunikation”, Nr. 25/1976, S. 93. English Summary: ''The Muses, Banned From Their Occupations: Why Are There So Many Allegories Female'', in: Kvinnovetenskaplig Tidskrift, Nr.4. 1981, Lund, Sweden, p.87; as [http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/english-translations/ PDF]&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime edemede ọzọ dị oke egwu, ọ jụrụ n'afọ 1980: &quot;Olee otú e si eji echiche nke ọchịchị Ụmụnwanyị nke a kpọrọ matriarchy n'asụsụ bekee mee ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị?&quot; ma katọọ, n'aka nke ọzọ, ịgọnahụ matriarchy site n'aka ndị European feminists nke oge a.&lt;ref name=&quot;matriarchatsthesen1980&quot;&gt;''Das Rätsel der Sphinx – Matriarchatsthesen und die Archäologie des nicht-ödipalen Dreiecks'', in: Brigitte Wartmann (Hrsg.): Männlich – Weiblich. Berlin 1980&lt;/ref&gt; N'isiokwu ya &quot;The Squaring of the Circle. The Seizure of Power by Men over Architectural Forms&quot;, nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1979 na ihe pụrụ iche na &quot;Women in Architecture - : Women's Architecture?&quot; na mba German ''bauwelt'', Rentmeister wughachiri ụkpụrụ ụlọ-igwe nke matriarchies na Europe oge ochie.
N'ime edemede ọzọ ọ jụrụ n'afọ 1980: &quot;Olee otú e si eme ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na echiche nke matriarchy?&quot; ma katọọ, n'aka nke ọzọ, ịgọnahụ matriarchy site n'aka ndị nkwado ụmụnwanyị nke mba European nke oge a.&lt;ref name=&quot;matriarchatsthesen1980&quot; /&gt;

A sụgharịrị ihe odide ihe ndị a na ihe mgbe ochie ndị ọzọ nke Rentmeister sụgharịrị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ; a tụlere ha ma zoo aka na ha na okwu mba ụwa na nke dị iche iche nke afọ 1970 nakwa 1980, gụnyere ndị na-ewu ụlọ dị ka Margrit Kennedy&lt;ref&gt;[[Margrit Kennedy]]: Zur Wiederentdeckung weiblicher Prinzipien in der Architektur“, in: bauwelt 1979, H. 31-32, p.1283; [http://www.kennedy-bibliothek.info/index.php?id=2 full text of this bauwelt edition]&lt;/ref&gt; na Paola Coppola Pignatelli, na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ dị ka Christa Wolf .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://w3.uniroma1.it/lama/Paola_Coppola/publicazioni.html|title=Paola Coppola Pignatelli: Spazio e Immaginario: maschile e femminile in architettura, Roma 1982, pp. 203-206|publisher=W3.uniroma1.it|accessdate=2014-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320091621/http://w3.uniroma1.it/lama/Paola_Coppola/publicazioni.html|archivedate=2012-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Christa Wolf]]: Voraussetzungen einer Erzählung: Kassandra. Darmstadt/Neuwied 1983, p.80, p.159&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabine Herzog na-akọwa ụzọ Rentmeisters “”: Ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Cillie Rentmeister bipụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ihe gbasara akụkọ ọdịbendị nwanyị na nkatọ ọdịbendị. N'akwụkwọ ya ''Women's Worlds - Men's Worlds'' of 1985, ọ na-akọwa ọdịiche dị iche iche nke matriarchy n'oge gara aga na ugbu a. Ya mere, nkọwa nwere ike igosi naanị usoro matriarchal bụ isi. Rentmeister ... depụtara ụfọdụ njirimara nke matriarchies: Na mgbakwunye na matrilineality na matrilocality na avunculate na akụ na ụba ezinụlọ agbatị bụ njirimara, yana ikpebi onwe onye nke ụmụnwanyị n'elu ahụ ha...”&lt;ref&gt;Sabine Herzog: Das Matriarchat als geschlechtssymmetrische Herrschaftsform (Matriarchy as Gendersymmetric Rule), Münster 2001, p.17.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rentmeister kọwara n'oge 1980 okwu ahụ bụ &quot;matriarchy&quot; n'ụzọ doro anya ọ bụghị dị ka ''usoro ntụgharị maka patriarchy''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;...I use it here in the literal and meaningful translation of mother-beginning - not the mother's rule.&quot;, c.f. Cäcilia Rentmeister: ''Das Rätsel der Sphinx – Matriarchatsthesen und die Archäologie des nicht-ödipalen Dreiecks'' (''The Riddle of the Sphinx – Theses on Matriarchies and the Archaeology of the Non-Oedipal Triangle''), in: Brigitte Wartmann (Ed.): Männlich – Weiblich. Berlin 1980, p.155&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka Rentmeister si kwuo “... e nwere ma nwee n'ezie ọtụtụ ụdị nke matriarchy, dị ka e nwere ugbu a - na n'otu oge ahụ - ụdị nke patriarchy. '&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Cillie Rentmeister: Frauenwelten – Männerwelten, Opladen 1985, p.32; For more recent references to Rentmeister's definitions see Becker/Kortendieck/Budrich 2004&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1985, ọ na-ekwusi okwu a ike banyere nchọpụta agbụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;Cillie Rentmeister: Frauenwelten – Männerwelten (Women's Worlds – Men's Worlds), Opladen 1985, p.31; see also Rentmeister in Wartmann 1980, op.cit., p.155&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1988, Rentmeister nyochara &quot;Debate on Matriarchy&quot; nke narị afọ abụọ gara aga na Germany, ọkachasị na ihe ha pụtara maka afọ iri na ise mbụ nke mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị ''nke abụọ'' na Europe. Ọ na-eme ka ọdịiche dị iche, n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi, oge atọ n'etiti afọ 1973–1988, na - nke njem ya na obodo ndị nne na nna n'afọ 1980s - ụfọdụ &quot;anụ ọkụ n'obi maka matriarchy&quot; na &quot;mmelite nke emume matriarchal&quot; na mba Germany.

Ajụjụ banyere ịdị adị n'ezie nke oge a, matriarchies nke oge a mere ka Rentmeister site n'afọ 1980 ruo ugbu a iji lekwasị anya na nchọpụta nchọpụta anthropological. Ọ gara leta obodo ndị nne na nna, gụnyere Minangkabau na West Sumatra na Nayar na Kerala, South [[Ndia|India]]. N'ebe ahụ, ọ natara - n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nsogbu - nkwupụta nkwenye na obi ike nke ụmụ amaala nke àgwà pụrụ iche, ọbụnakwa uru na nkewa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ụlọ ọrụ nne na ụzọ ndụ maka nwoke na nwanyị.

Otú uru ndị a si ejikọta ọnụ ọgụgụ na ọkwa dị elu na Human Development-Indicators and Reproductive Health, Rentmeister na-akọwa 2007 na edemede ya &quot;Development is female&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/entwicklung-ist-weiblich/|title=''Entwicklung ist weiblich. Über den Zusammenhang zwischen Gleichberechtigung, Reproduktiven Rechten und Menschlicher Entwicklung'' (''Development is Female. On Correlations between Equality of Sexes, Reproductive Rights and Human Development''), in: Rehklau/Lutz (Eds.): Sozialarbeit des Südens, Band 1, S. 91-122, with illustrations, Oldenburg 2007. Full text version|publisher=Cillie-rentmeister.de|date=1984-02-15|accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;  N'ihe atụ nke obodo Minangkabau na Nayar, ọ na-egosi na ike, agụmakwụkwọ na ihe onwunwe n'aka ụmụnwanyị na-enye aka n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ịmụ nwa dị ala, na - ma e jiri ya tụnyere obodo ndị nna ochie dị nso - obere ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, na maka ọha mmadụ n'ozuzu ya enwere ike ịhụ obere ịda ogbenye na ọnọdụ ahụike ka mma.

== Akwụkwọ ==

* ''Kọmputa na okike'', ya na Cristina Perincioli dere, Cologne 1990
* ''Frauenwelten - Männerwelten'' (Women ́s Worlds - Men ́s Worlds), Opladen 1985
* ''Gender in Teaching and Didactics - Gender in Lehre und Didaktik'' (Co-Editor), Bern, Berlin, Brussels, Frankfurt/M., New York, Oxford, Vienna 2003

== Ebensidee ==
 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website publications in full text, several in English, and in other languages
* Literature by and about Cäcilia Rentmeister in the German National Library catalogue
* {{IMDb name|3572203}}
* Library of Congress Online Catalog, Rentmeister Cillie; Library of Congress Online Catalog, Rentmeister Cäcilia (Cillie)
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'''Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1980) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Etiopia, onye guzobere bụrụkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ SoleRebels, &quot;ụlọ ọrụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-eto ngwa ngwa n'Africa&quot;. Betlehem enwetala [[Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu|nsọpụrụ na otuto]] maka amamihe azụmahịa o nwere, yana mbọ ọ na-agba iji gbanwee okwu gbasara [[Afrịka]] site na ịda ogbenye gaa na mmụọ ọchụnta ego nke kọntinent ahụ, isi obodo, na ikike akụ na ụba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu|url=http://www.solerebels.com/pages/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu|work=www.solerebels.com|publisher=soleRebels Footwear|accessdate=10 June 2014|archivedate=17 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717132531/http://www.solerebels.com/pages/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bethlehem malitere &quot;The Republic of Leather&quot;, na-emepụta ihe ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa na-adịgide adịgide eji akpụkpọ anụ mee, ya na ụlọ ahịa &quot;Garden of Coffee&quot; iji kwalite kọfị ndị Etiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Alemu|first=Bethlehem Tilahun|title=Exclusive: Introducing Republic of Leather|url=http://www.solerebels.com/blogs/news/13512957-exclusive-introducing-republic-of-leather|work=www.solerebels.com|accessdate=24 June 2014|date=April 9, 2014|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103542/http://www.solerebels.com/blogs/news/13512957-exclusive-introducing-republic-of-leather}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/01/31/smallbusiness/ethiopia-shoes-solerebels-coffee-bethlehem-alemu/index.html|title=Ethiopian shoe designer hopes for repeat success with coffee|author=Britton|first=Bianca|date=2017-01-31|work=CNNMoney|accessdate=2017-07-03|archivedate=2023-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130042604/https://money.cnn.com/2017/01/31/smallbusiness/ethiopia-shoes-solerebels-coffee-bethlehem-alemu/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido Ndụ ya ==
A mụrụ Betlehem na mpaghara Zenebework nke [[Addis Ababa]]. Nne na nna ya rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị n'ógbè ahụ. Alemu gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọtaakara na sekọndrị nke gọọmenti nwoe, wee gaa n'ihu gụọ mgbakọ na mwepụ ego na Mahadum Unity, gụsịa akwụkwọ n'afọ 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu|url=http://www.ethiopianwomenunleashed.org/profile_detail.php?PId=54|work=Ethiopian Woman Unleashed|accessdate=10 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924115935/http://www.ethiopianwomenunleashed.org/profile_detail.php?PId=54|archivedate=24 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bethlehem bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego Afrịka mbụ kwuru okwu na Clinton Global Initiative nke African Business Awards nyekwara nturu ugo, kpọọ ya Outstanding African Business Woman n'afọ 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu/|accessdate=2022-03-28|work=World Economic Forum|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mbido afọ 2005, Bethlehem guzobere soleRebels iji nye ndị obodo ya ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide. Ebe Ọ hụrụ na ọtụtụ ndị omenkà nwere nkà na obere obodo ya bụ Zenebework enweghị ọrụ, ọ chọzie ka O gosipụta nkà ha ma sikwa òtù a nye ha ọrụ.


ya ọrụ.

A na-eji ụ́kwụ́ ụgbọ ala a rụgharịrị arụgharị eme okpuru akpụkpọ ụkwụ ndị ha na-arụ. Taa, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ahịa n'ụwa gbaa gburugburu nke gụnyere na [[Ethiopia]], Singapore, [[Switzerland]] na Taiwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-01-15|title=The journey so far: Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu, founder, soleRebels|url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/journey-far-bethlehem-tilahun-alemu-founder-solerebels/60760/|accessdate=2022-03-28|work=How we made it in Africa|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afọ juru Betlehem ikwu na O mechara hiwe ụlọ azụmahịa gazuru ụwa ọnụ dịka soleRebels na Garden of Coffee.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere site na ụlọ ọrụ dị na ótù nkewapúta ala nke nne nne Betlehem nwere na Zenebework. 
[[Usòrò:SoleRebels_Bethlehem.png|thumb|Taya maka akpụkpọ ụkwụ]]
SoleRebels enweela ọganihu, ma tolite nke inwe ndị ọrụ dị narị atọ n'ọnụ ọgụ na Ethiopia, na arụpụta ngwa ahịa a na-ekesa na mba iri atọ n'ụwa niile, na-eresi ndị na-eme ngwá nri Whole Foods, Urban Outfitters na Amazon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-05-13|title=SoleRebels: An Ethiopian success story|url=https://africa-me.com/solerebels-ethiopian-success-story/|accessdate=2021-02-01|work=Africa M.E.|language=en-GB|archivedate=2020-12-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213073147/https://africa-me.com/solerebels-ethiopian-success-story/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha nwekwara atụmatụ imeghe ụlọ ahịa ndị ụlọ ọrụ ya nwe na mba ndị dika Austria, Switzerland, Taiwan, na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]].&lt;ref name=&quot;thenextwomen.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pitts|first=Beth|title=Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu, a Forbes 'World's 100 Most Powerful' Woman|url=http://www.thenextwomen.com/2013/02/21/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu-forbes-worlds-100-most-powerful-woman|work=thenextwomen.com|accessdate=16 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901145256/http://www.thenextwomen.com/2013/02/21/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu-forbes-worlds-100-most-powerful-woman|archivedate=1 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Betlehem chọrọ ịmepụta ọrụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ nke ọma nke nwere ike ịmepụta ọganihu site na iji nkà ndị ọrụ aka na ihe ndị sitere n'ọnatarachi nke Etiopia. Echiche  ịhọrọ akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị ka ngwaahịa mmalite nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bịara mgbe e mesịrị. Ihe cheere Bethlehem aka mgba mgbamume bụ seleate maọbụ ị kpọọ ya barabasso, nke bụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ e si na taya emegharịrị emegharị wee mepụta, nke a na-ejighi ngwá ọrụ ọgbaraọhụrụ mepụta na Etiopia, nke gụziri ya agụụ ime ka ihe ọ ga-arụpụta bụrụ nke ga-esi na akpụkpọ anụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;thenextwomen.com&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2016, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ rere akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị puku otu narị na iri abụo na ise n'ọnụ ọgụ ma kepụta ọrụ dị ótù puku na narị abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2014, Bethlehem kwupụtara aha ọhụrụ ọ ga-akpọ ụlọ azụmahịa ya nke bụ The Republic of Leather, site na ihe O deputara na websaịt ụlọ ọrụ ya bụ Rebels. Bethlehem kọwapụtara ngalaba nke iji akpụkpọ anụ mepụta ngwá ahịa dị oké ọnụ ahịa dịka &quot;ndị tozuru etozu maọbu nke oge ya rurula maka imezigharị n'ozuzu oke,&quot; sikwa n'otu aka ahụ kwupụta ihe ndị dị iche iche O jirila soleRebels mepụta n'ịrụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ. E wezụga ịgbaso ụkpụrụ nke emeputaghị ihe ndị ga-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi ma a na-arụ ọrụ dịka soleRebels, The Republic of Leather weere ọchịchọ maọbu nhọrọ ndị ahịa bute ụzọ - nhọrọ ndị ahịa gbasara ọdị̀dị́,  na iwepụ pasentị ise n'ego ọbụla ndị ahịa ya kwụrụ dosa n'akụkụ iji nyere ndị mmadụ aka.


, onye na-emepụta na ịnata ọrụ ebere nke 5% nke ọnụahịa ha na-akwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;thenextwomen.com&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2017, agbakwunyere &quot;Garden of Coffee&quot; na ụlọ ọrụ ndị O nwere. Ọ 

sre te na ụlọ ahịa dị na Addis Ab maliteaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ụkpụrụ Mgbaso ==
Betlehem na-achọ ịma nkwenye ọjọọ onye ọbụla bụrụla n'obi banyere ndị Africa, ọkachasị, Etiopia, nke bụ na ndị [[Afrịka]] amaghị otu esi ekepụta ụzọ ha ga-esi nwee ọganihu aka mgba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;TNW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pitts|first=Beth|title=Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu, a Forbes 'World's 100 Most Powerful' Woman|url=http://www.thenextwomen.com/2013/02/21/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu-forbes-worlds-100-most-powerful-woman|work=www.thenextwoman.com|publisher=The Next Woman|accessdate=26 June 2014|date=February 21, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901145256/http://www.thenextwomen.com/2013/02/21/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu-forbes-worlds-100-most-powerful-woman|archivedate=1 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Betlehem kwenyere na ndị Etiopia ga-agbarịrị mbọ &quot;ikepụta akụkọ na ọdịdị nke ha pụọ na ndị chọrọ enyemaka' bátá na ndi nwe enyemaka ndị ọzọ na-achọ&quot;, dịka Betlehem si kọwaa n'ajụjụ ọnụ 'The Next Woman' gbara ya. Ọganihu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị dịka soleRebels na-enye aka iwepụ nkwenye ochie ndị a ma na-enye ndị Etiopia ohere ịkpụzi ọdịdị mba ụwa nke ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;TNW&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe Nturu ugo na otuto ==

* N'afọ 2011, World Economic Forum họọrọ Betlehem dị ka onye ndu ụwa ka dị n'obere nwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu|url=http://www.thenextwomen.com/next-women-list/item/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu|work=www.thenextwoman.com|publisher=The Next Woman|accessdate=25 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902034053/http://www.thenextwomen.com/next-women-list/item/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu|archivedate=2 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* E depụtara aha Betlehem na magazin Forbes n'afọ 2011 dika otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị nwe ike pụrụ iche na Afrịka (Youngest Power Women in Africa)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu&quot;/&gt;
* N'afọ 2012, Forbes denyere aha Alemu na otu n'ime mmadụ ótù narị kacha ike n'uwa (100 Most Powerful) ma kọwaa ya dị ka &quot;Nwanyị a ga-eñomi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women to Watch: Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu|url=https://www.forbes.com/special-report/2012/power-women/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu.html|work=ww.forbes.com|accessdate=24 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2012, Business Insider kpọrọ Bethlehem aha dị ka otu n'ime &quot;Ndị Ọchụnta ego ise kachasị elu n'Africa (Top 5 Female Entrepreneurs)&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Voakes|first=Greg|title=Africa's Top 5 Women Entrepreneurs|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/africas-top-5-women-entrepreneurs-2012-6?IR=T|work=www.businessinsider.com|publisher=Business Insider|accessdate=24 June 2014|date=June 29, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2012, onye isi obodo Bloomberg họpụtara Bethlehem dị ka NYC Venture Fellow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Fellows|url=http://nycventurefellows.org/2012-fellows/|work=www.nycventurefellows.org|accessdate=25 June 2014|date=2012|archivedate=19 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519121931/http://nycventurefellows.org/2012-fellows/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2012, a họọrọ Betlehem dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ótù narị bụ ọpụrụiche (100 Dynamic Women)9 nke Arise Magazine bụ ndị na-akpụzi Africa nke oge a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Arise 100: Dynamic Women|url=http://www.ariselive.com/articles/arise-100-dynamic-women/128508/|work=www.ariselive.com|publisher=Arise Magazine|accessdate=24 June 2014|date=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724113324/http://www.ariselive.com/articles/arise-100-dynamic-women/128508/|archivedate=2014-07-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2013, Fast Company depụtara aha Betlehem dịka onye nke iri isii na abụọ n'aha ndị kacha nwee ihe ntinye ọhụrụ na ngalaba azụmahịa (100 Most Creative People in Business 2013).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rockwood|first=Katie|title=62. Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3009143/most-creative-people-2013/62-bethlehem-tilahun-alemu|work=www.fastcompany.com|publisher=Fast Company|accessdate=24 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2013 Bethlehem bụ otu onye n'ime ndị ndụmọdụ na One Young World Summit nke afọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu|url=http://www.oneyoungworld.com/our-network/counsellors/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140624034648/http://www.oneyoungworld.com/our-network/counsellors/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu|archivedate=24 June 2014|work=www.oneyoungworld.com|accessdate=24 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2013, Madam Figaro depụtara aha Betlehem dịka otu n'ime &quot;Ndị inyom Africa iri na ise kachasị ike (15 Most Powerful African Women)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=15 Most Powerful African Women|url=http://elleafrique.com/15-most-powerful-african-women#sthash.MSsvCCZs.dpbs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607204840/http://elleafrique.com/15-most-powerful-african-women#sthash.MSsvCCZs.dpbs|archivedate=2014-06-07|work=www.elleafrique.com|publisher=Elle Afrique|accessdate=24 June 2014|date=3 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2013, a họpụtara Bethlehem ka ọ sonye na kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke Green Industry Platform, nke United Nations Industrial Development Organization na UN Environment Program kpọrọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=soleRebels CEO joins Green Industry Platform Advisory Board|url=http://www.unido.org/news/press/solerebels-board.html|work=www.unido.org|publisher=UNIDO|accessdate=25 June 2014|date=November 5, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019155601/http://www.unido.org/news/press/solerebels-board.html|archivedate=2014-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2013, ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi ''The Guardian'' họọrọ Betlehem dị ka otu n'ime &quot;Ndị inyom kachasị nwee ihe ha mepụtara n'Africa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Allen|first=Paddy|title=Africa's top women achievers--nominated by you|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/mar/08/top-25-african-women-interactive|work=www.theguardian.com|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=25 June 2014|date=March 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2014, CNN kpọrọ Bethlehem aha dị ka otu n'ime Umu Nwanyị Ndị Ọchụnta ego iri na abụọ hiwere ụlọ azụmahịa nke ha, bụ ndị gbanwere ụzọ anyị si eme azụmahịa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Davies|first=Catriona|title=12 Female Entrepreneurs who Changed the Way We do Business|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/04/business/gallery/century-best-women-entrepreneurs/|work=edition.cnn.com|publisher=CNN|accessdate=24 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bethlehem,Tilahun,Alemu}}

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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Chéri Samba''' ma ọ bụ '''Samba wa Mbimba N’zingo Nuni Masi Ndo Mbasi''' (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 30 n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1956) bụ onye na-ese ihe si [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] . Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrịka a maara nke ọma, ebe a na-etinye ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke Centre Georges Pompidou na Paris na Museum of Modern Art na New York.  A na-ahụkwa ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke eserese ya na The Contemporary African Art Collection (CAAC) nke Jean Pigozzi .&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190821042729/http://www.caacart.com/cheri-samba-african-art.php Contemporary African Art Collection, Geneva] - Paintings and bio&lt;/ref&gt;  A kpọrọ ya ka ọ sonye na 2007 Venice Biennale . Ihe osise ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile na-agụnye ederede na French na Lingala, na-ekwu maka ndụ na Africa na ụwa nke oge a. Samba bi na [[Kinshasa]] na Paris. 
[[Usòrò:Matonge.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise na-anọchite anya obodo Afrịka dị nso na Naamse Poort - Chéri Samba Porte de Namur, porte de l'amour]]

== Mmalite ndụ ==
Na mbụ, aha Samba bụ David Samba, mana na mba ya enwere mmachibido iwu maka idebe / inye ndị mmadụ aha mbụ nke Ndị Kraịst, ya mere o kpebiri ịgbanwe ya na Samba wa Mbimba N’zingo Nuni Masi Ndo Mbasi . Mgbe e mesịrị, Samba nakweere aha Chéri Samba, nke ọ chọrọ ịgbanwe na Dessinateur Samba, mana ọ bụghị n'ihi mmekọrịta ya na ọha na eze. Aha ikpeazụ ya, Samba, nwere ihe abụọ pụtara n'asụsụ Kikongo, na-ezo aka n'omume ekpere ma ọ bụ omume ikpe.

Nne na nna Samba nwere njikọ na omenala Kongo, mana Samba họọrọ ịmata onwe ya na omenala Kinshasa, nke bụ isi obodo nke mba ya. Samba na-ekwu na a gbanwere ya onye Katọlik, mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọ naghị ajụ ma ọ bụ gọnahụ Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, nke bụ okpukpe o tolitere na ya, mana ọ na-ekwu na ọ na-anwa iguzogide mgbalị ọ bụla itinye akara nkwupụta na okpukpe ya. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Katọlik, Samba gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Samba nọgidere na-abụ onye nke abụọ na klas, ma e wezụga otu afọ ebe ọ bụ onye mbụ. N'afọ nke atọ ya, Samba kwụsịrị. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, Samba na-ese ihe mgbe niile ma cheta na nna ya enweghị mmasị ịhụ ya ka ọ na-ese ihe. Okpukpe Cherí Samba bụ Katọlik na ntụgharị Zairian, nke metụtara ọtụtụ ihe osise ya dị ka Cherí Samba Beseeches the Cosmos .

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Cheri Samba: The Hybridity of Art = l’hybridité d’un Art|author=Jewsiewicki|first=Bogumil|publisher=Galerie Amrad African Art Publications|year=1995|pages=28–42}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Chéri Samba na Kinto M’Vuila, Democratic Republic of Congo, dị ka ọkpara nke ezinụlọ nwere ụmụ iri. Nna ya bụ onye na-akpụ ọla na nne ya bụ onye ọrụ ugbo. N'afọ 1972, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, Samba hapụrụ obodo ahụ iji chọta ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe ịrịba ama na isi obodo [[Kinshasa]], ebe ọ zutere ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Moké na Bodo. Otu ndị na-ese ihe a, gụnyere nwanne Samba nke nta bụ Cheik Ledy, bịara bụrụ otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ kachasị mma nke eserese a ma ama na mba ahụ.

N'afọ 1975, Samba mepere ụlọ ọrụ nke ya.  N'otu oge ahụ, ọ ghọkwara onye na-ese onyinyo maka magazin ntụrụndụ ''Bilenge Info'' . Na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese bọọdụ mkpọsa na onye na-ese ihe na-atọ ọchị, o jiri ụdị nke ụdị abụọ ahụ mgbe ọ malitere ịme ihe osise ya na ákwà sacking.  Ọ gbaziri ojiji nke &quot;okwu bubbles&quot; site na nka na-atọ ọchị, nke nyere ya ohere ịgbakwunye ọ bụghị naanị akụkọ kamakwa nkọwa na ihe ndị o dere, si otú a nye ya ụdị ntinye aka ya nke ijikọta eserese na ederede. Ọrụ ya mere ka ọ bụrụ onye ama ama n'obodo. Na 1979 Samba sonyere na ihe ngosi ''Moderne Kunst aus Afrika'', nke a haziri na West Berlin. Ihe ngosi ahụ bụ akụkụ nke mmemme nke ememme mbụ Horizonte - Festival der Weltkulturen .

Ọ bụ onye isi na ihe nkiri 1982 ''Kin Kiesse'', na-enye echiche ya banyere ndụ na Kinshasa. Dị ka onye nduzi ihe nkiri ahụ, Mwezé Ngangura si kwuo, Samba nyere aka n'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, na-eme ka Mịnịstrị French nke Mmekọrịta, France 2 na telivishọn Congo kwenye na Ngangura nwere ike ime ihe nkiri na Kinshasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mbye Cham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cham|first=Mbye|title=Interview with Mweze Ngangura|url=http://diasporafilms.blogspot.ca/2008_07_01_archive.html|work=OurFilms: Films from the African Diaspora|publisher=African Film Festival|accessdate=17 March 2012|date=2 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọganihu Samba bụ ihe ngosi ''Les Magiciens de la Terre'' na Centre Georges Pompidou na Paris na 1989, nke mere ka a mara ya na mba ụwa.

N'afọ 2007, onye nlekọta Robert Storr kpọrọ Samba ka ọ sonye na 52nd International Art Exhibition na Venice Biennale, nke isiokwu ya bụ &quot;Think with the Senses—Feel with the Mind&quot;. Art in the Present Tense&quot;, nke ''The Huffington Post'' kọwara dị ka &quot;n'ezie ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'ihe'' ngosi' nke narị afọ ọhụrụ a&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Raymond J. Learsy, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/raymond-j-learsy/the-venice-biennale-a-eur_b_51068.html? &quot;The Venice Biennale, A European Triumph, A Global Cast, and a Great American Art Director&quot;], ''The Huffington Post'', 7/6/2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkà ihe ọmụma ==
Ihe odide Samba bu n'obi imesi ịda ogbenye, nzuzu banyere ọdịbendị ya, nrụrụ aka, na ọgba aghara na ọrụ ya. Samba na-ekwu, “Ana m arịọku akọ na uche ndị mmadụ... Ana m ese eziokwu maọbụ ọ bụrụ na ọ na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ, ana m etinye ọchị na agba n'ime ya iji dọta ndị mmadụ. N'ihe odide ya, J'aime la couleur piece na-abanye n'agbụrụ na njirimara onwe onye. Ọ na-akọwa otú Samba si kwenye na ahụmịhe na usoro nke ịkwado na ịmegharị otu njirimara n'ofe mba ofesi ga-egosi otu esi ewusi obodo ike. Ọ na-esekarị onwe ya n'etiti nkọwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The African Diaspora: A History Through Culture|author=Manning|first=Patrick|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ndị bụ isi ==
'''Ngosipụta naanị ya'''

* 2011/2012: ''The Global Contemporary Art Worlds'' After 1989, Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie Karlsruhe, Germany.
* 2011: JAPANCONGO: Carsten Höller's double-take on Jean Pigozzi's collection, Le Magasin, Centre national d'Art Contemporain, Grenoble, France.
* 2007/2008: ''Gịnị'' mere Afrịka? Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli, Turin, Italy
** Popular Painting from Kinshasa, Tate Modern (Room 10), London, UK.
* 2007: The Venice Biennale, Italian Pavilion, Venice, Italia.
* 2004: Africa Remix: Art contemporain d'un continent. Ihe ngosi njem: Germany, UK, France, Tokyo.

'''Ihe ngosi otu'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

* 1978: ''Art'' Everywhere, Adcadémie des Beaux-Arts, CIAF, Kinshasa, Zaire.
* 1982: ''Sura DJI Musée des Arts Décoratifs'', Paris, France.
* 1984: ''Folkkonst Frän Zaire'', Kulturkset Stockholm.
* 1988: Contemporary Zairian Painters, Maison de la Culture du Sud-Luxembourg, Arlon.
* 1991: ''Castello de Rivara'', Turin, Italy.
* 1994: On the Human Condition: Hope and Despair, Tokyo.

== Ndị nka yiri ya ==

* Hieronymus Bosch
* William Kentridge
* Camille-Pierre Pambu Bodo, Bodo
* Moké
* Abdoulaye Konaté

== Ihe edeturu ==
{{Reflist}}
&lt;references /&gt;

== Ndetu ==

* André Magnin na Robert Storr, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160917221146/http://fondation.cartier.com/#/en/art-contemporain/55/publications/289/publications/395/j-aime-cheri-samba/ ''J'aime Cheri Samba''], Paris: Fondation Cartier pour l'art contemporain; London / New York: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2004,  .
* Fred Robarts, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120927131443/http://www.timeout.com/london/art/features/2760/Cheri_Samba-interview.html Chéri Samba]: interview&quot;, Time Out London, 28/03/2007.
* Wolfgang Bender [Ed.], ''Cheri Samba''. München: Trickster, 1991. [Ihe odide German].
* W. van den Bussche, JP Jacquemin, C.Samba, Chéri Samba: A Retrospective. Oostende: Provinciaal Museum voor Moderne Kunst/London: Institute of Contemporary Arts, 1991  

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.cherisamba.net Chéri Samba]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19981202111847/http://www.fondation.cartier.fr/ Chéri Samba na Fondation Cartier pour l'art contemporain (Paris)]
* [http://www.pascalpolar.be/site/artisteview.php?nom_de_tri=Ch%E9ri%20Samba Chéri Samba] na Pascal Polar gallery, Brussels, Belgium
* [http://galerie-herrmann.com/arts/samba Ihe ngosi na Galerie Peter Hermann, Berlin]
* Congo's [https://web.archive.org/web/20080215211451/http://www.fredrobarts.com/recent-articles.html Hogarth] - Art Review magazine, July 2007, nke [http://www.fredrobarts.com Fred Robarts] dere
* [http://www.universes-in-universe.de/car/venezia/eng/2007/first-tour/img-18.htm Venice Biennale 2007] - foto nke ụlọ Samba
* African Contemporary       « Art Gallery - Ihe osise Chéri Samba
* [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xbzu9a_jaime-cheri-samba-janvier-y-mai-200_creation/ Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Chéri Samba na Cartier Foundation]
* Cherí Samba Showcase, [https://www.moma.org/artists/25299].
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''David James''' (a mụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1972) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri na telivishọn na South Africa nke a maara nke ọma maka imeka onye ọjọọ Koobus Venter na ihe nkiri akụkọ sayensị nke a họpụtara na Oscar n'afọ 2009 District 9. A makwaara ya n'etiti ndị na-ege ntị na South Africa maka ọdịdị ya n'afọ 2004-2006 dịka &quot;Mad Dog&quot; na ihe nkiri ncha Isidingo, maka ngosipụta ya dịka Joel Joffe na nnukwu ihe nkiri na nke a nabatara nke ọma n'afọ 2010 na 2011 nke Rivonia Trial, yana maka ọrụ ya dịka onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ redio Hermanus Meyer na ihe nkiri Rhythm City.

== Mmalite ndụ ==
James tolitere na Paarl, Western Cape na ugbo mmanya. Ezinụlọ ya bụ ndị na-agbaso omenala na ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha, nna ya bụ nwoke Dutch Reformed, ebe James bụ onye nweere onwe ya. Ya na ezinụlọ ya nwekwara esemokwu n'oge ọ bụ nwata banyere nhọrọ ọrụ ya. Dịka nwa okorobịa, James na ezinụlọ ya mere nkwekọrịta na ọ bụrụ na ọ nata WP-colours ya na egwuregwu, ọ nwere ike ịchụso nhọrọ ọmụmụ ya. Mgbe o mezuru nke a na mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ ya na ndị agha, ọ họọrọ ịmụ ime ihe nkiri.

Site n'afọ 1995 ruo 2001, James mụrụ ime ihe nkiri, ịbụ abụ, ịgba egwu, na ọjà. Otu n'ime ndị nkuzi ya bụ Joan Brickhill a ma ama, &quot;nnukwu nwanyị&quot; nke ihe nkiri South Africa na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Tony Award, n'okpuru onye James gụrụ akwụkwọ site n'afọ 1997 ruo 2001. N'oge a, ọ rụkwara ọrụ na-ere ụgbọala, na-asa ụgbọala, na na-ehicha ọdọ mmiri, na ọbụna na-elekọta ndị agadi.

== Ọrụ ==
N'elu ikpo okwu, ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na mmepụta nke The Picture of Dorian Gray (2002), A Midsummer Night's Dream (2005) na My Fair Lady (2006), na ndị ọzọ, yana na 2007 ''Fangs'', akụkọ na-atọ ọchị banyere onye vampire nke Johannesburg nke tụfuru ezé ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fangs Bites Back|publisher=Joburg News|date=21 August 2006|url=http://www.joburgnews.co.za/2006/aug/aug21_fangs.stm|accessdate=15 June 2022|archivedate=30 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530153330/http://www.joburgnews.co.za/2006/aug/aug21_fangs.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Everybody Else (is Fucking Perfect), ihe ọchị nke afọ 2007 banyere di na nwunye a manyere ịnagide mmekọahụ na ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi nke di.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=David Krut Publishing|url=http://www.davidkrutpublishing.com/16454/everybody-else-is-fucking-perfect-playscript-series-no-2|accessdate=22 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063011/http://www.davidkrutpublishing.com/16454/everybody-else-is-fucking-perfect-playscript-series-no-2|archivedate=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

James apụtala n'ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi na ihe nkwalite ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere mgbasa ozi na nkwalite maka Toys 'R Us, Ford, Compaq, na Cipler Insurance.

Ọ rụkwara ''[[Isidingo|ọ]]''rụ na ọtụtụ usoro telivishọn na ncha South Africa, gụnyere ọrụ na Criminal Minds (2000), Snitch (2004), Jozi Street (2004), na Isidingo ogologo oge, ebe site n'afọ 2004 ruo 2006 ọ gosipụtara ''onye'' ogbu mmadụ a na-akpọ Mad Dog.

James nwere ọrụ ugboro ugboro dịka Danie Nel, onye a na-akwụ ụgwọ égbè, na usoro Binnelanders n'afọ 2009.

N'afọ 2010, n'egwuregwu Rivonia Trial, James gosipụtara Joel Joffe, onye ọka iwu nọchitere anya [[Nelson Mandela]] na ''ikpe'' ọjọọ nke afọ 1963 na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke otu aha ahụ. Egwuregwu ahụ nabatara nke ọma n'ozuzu ya ma kọwaa ya site na State Theatre dịka &quot;ihe zuru oke&quot;.

N'afọ 2011, James mere Dieter, otu n'ime ndị na-atọrọ mmadụ n'ụzọ obi ọjọọ, na miniseries Britain Kidnap and Ransom, nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Trevor Eve mepụtara. E mere ihe nkiri nke akụkụ atọ banyere onye na-ekwu okwu (Eve) kpamkpam na South Africa ma nweta nyocha dị mma n'ozuzu.

O nwekwara obere ọrụ na Strike Back, usoro ọzọ nke Britain nke egosiri na Cinemax, na ihe nkiri Winnie, ihe nkiri dabeere na ndụ ''Winnie'' Mandela nke Jennifer Hudson na Terrence Howard gosipụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Project Me|url=http://jodene.co.za/projectme/angus-buchans-ordinary-people-launched-and-its-actor-david-james-tells-his-project-me-story/#idc-container|accessdate=17 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221358/http://jodene.co.za/projectme/angus-buchans-ordinary-people-launched-and-its-actor-david-james-tells-his-project-me-story/#idc-container|archivedate=3 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

James pụtara dịka Hermanus Meyer, onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ redio, na usoro telivishọn South Africa Rhythm City .

Ọ gbara onye ọgba tum tum Danny Boy na ihe nkiri Angus Buchan's Ordinary People, akụkọ onye nkwusa South Africa Angus Buchin, nke e wepụtara n'ọnwa Eprel.

N'ọnwa Mee, o nwere ọrụ na egwuregwu mmadụ abụọ, nke dị mkpirikpi ma bụrụ nke a nabatara nke ọma &quot;Comrade Babble&quot;, ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gbasara onye ọchụnta ego South Africa e gburu Brett Kebble.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Market|url=http://markettheatre.co.za/shows/watch/comrade-babble|accessdate=2022-06-15|archivedate=2014-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018043442/http://markettheatre.co.za/shows/watch/comrade-babble}}&lt;/ref&gt;

James mere onye ọjọọ a na-akpọ Hermanus Meyer na usoro TV Rhythm City ruo ọtụtụ afọ.

== Ndụ onwe ==
James bi ugbu a na Parkview, mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Johannesburg. Ọ na-asụ asụsụ abụọ, na-asọpụta Bekee na Afrikaans. O nwere nwanne nwanyị tọrọ ya, Lorraine, onye nwere ma na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ezumike na Paarl.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Casa Consani terra del Vino|url=http://winerouteaccommodation.co.za/|accessdate=2022-06-15|archivedate=2012-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304061000/http://winerouteaccommodation.co.za/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

James enyerela aka n'ịchịkọta ego maka Faces of Hope, otu ọrụ ebere South Africa nke na-akpata ego maka ndị nwere ọrịa na-eyi ndụ egwu na-enweghị mkpuchi ahụike zuru oke ma ọ bụ ego iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ọgwụgwọ ha. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2010, e g''o''sipụtara otu isiokwu gbasara ''ihu nke olileanya'' na ntinye aka ya na O: The Oprah Magazine South African edition .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Faces of Hope|url=http://facesofhope.co.za/|accessdate=2022-06-15|archivedate=2019-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121151035/http://facesofhope.co.za/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

James pụtara dịka onye ọka ikpe a ma ama maka asọmpi February afọ 2010 nke ndị na-eto eto &quot;High Flyer&quot; na Redhill School na Johannesburg. Na mberede, nke a bụ otu ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye nke onye ya na District 9 [[Sharlto Copley]] na onye nduzi Neill Blomkamp gara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Redhill School: High Flyer|date=5 March 2010|url=http://www.redhill.co.za/index.php?pageid=3&amp;subpage=12}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2010 James bụ onye ama ama na Naledi Theatre Awards.

== Ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Ihe nkiri
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
!Asụsụ
|-
|2009
|''Mpaghara 9''
|Koobus Venter
|
|-
|2010
|''Ịdị Ebighị Ebi''
|Borlak
|
|-
|2012
|''Winnie''
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Ndị nkịtị nke Angus Buchan''
|Danny &quot;Danny Boy&quot;
|
|-
|2012
|''Ịzọpụta Rhino Phila''
|Onye Ọchịchị Na-achụ Ọchụ
|
|-
|2013
|''Chander Pahar''
|Albuquerque
|Bengali
|-
|2013
|''Mmụọ ozi nke Eluigwe''
|Stutze
|
|-
|2014
|''Nzọpụta ahụ''
|Onye na-achụ nta
|
|-
|2017
|''Amazon Obhijaan''
|Marco Florian
|Bengali
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Telivishọn
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
|-
|2000
|''Uche Ndị Omume''
|
|-
|2004
|''Onye na-eme ihe ike''
|
|-
|2004
|''Okporo ámá Jozi''
|
|-
|2004-2006
|''[[Isidingo|Ọ dị mkpa]]''
|Tommy &quot;Mad Dog&quot; McCulum
|-
|2009
|''Ndị Binnelanders''
|Danie Nel
|-
|2010
|''Obi Na-egbu Egwu''
|Van Heerden
|-
|2010
|''Ịza Ya''
|Jan Gabriel De Wet Kritzinger
|-
|2011
|''Ntọrọ na mgbapụta''
|Ihe oriri na-eri nri
|-
|2011
|''Ịlaghachi azụ''
|Onye akwụ ụgwọ PMC
|-
|2012
|''Obodo Rhythm''
|Hermanus Meyer
|-
|2015
|''Ụgbọ Mmiri Ojii''
|Onye Pirate Thug
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Egwuregwu n'elu ikpo okwu
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
|-
|2002
|''Foto nke Dorian Gray''
|
|-
|2005
|''Nrọ N'etiti Oge Okpomọkụ''
|
|-
|2006
|''Nwanyị m mara mma''
|
|-
|2007
|''Fangs''
|
|-
|2007
|''Onye ọ bụla ọzọ (bụ Fucking Perfect)''
|
|-
|2010
|''Ikpe Rivonia''
|Joel Joffe
|-
|2010
|''Biko: Ebe Mkpụrụ Obi bi''
|Sergeant Hattingh
|-
|2010
|''Egwuregwu nke Bushveld: Egwú''
|Ụgbọ mmiri
|-
|2011
|Rivonia ''Ikpe'' Ọzọ Nkwupụta
|Joel Joffe
|-
|2012
|''Enyi Babble''
|Brett Kebble
|-
|}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3107870}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250529081844/https://www.galloimages.co.za/Search?a=97016 Gallo Foto nke David James (na nwamba ya)]
{{DEFAULTSORT:James, David}}
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'''Bongiwe''' ma ọ bụ '''Bongi Dhlomo-Mautloa''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1956) bụ ónyé na-ebi akwụkwọ na Zulu South Africa, ónyé nchịkwa nka na ónyé na-eme ihe ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;sahist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bongiwe (Bongi) Dhlomo-Mautloa|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/bongiwe-bongi-dhlomo-mautloa|work=www.sahistory.org.za|publisher=South African History Online|accessdate=31 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;koloane&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Koloane|first=David|title=Dhlomo-Mautloa, Bongiwe|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000096572|work=Oxford Art Online|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T096572|date=21 March 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;asai&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bongiwe Dhlomo-Mautloa|url=https://asai.co.za/artist/bongiwe-dhlomo-mautloa/|work=Asai|publisher=Africa South Art Initiative|accessdate=31 January 2021|archivedate=15 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515143145/https://asai.co.za/artist/bongiwe-dhlomo-mautloa/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;arnold&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Hoskins, S.|title=IMPACT 6 Multi-disciplinary Printmaking Conference Proceedings|author=Arnold|first=Marion|chapter=Cutting anti-apartheid images: Bongiwe Dhlomo's activist linocut prints|url=https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/conference_contribution/Cutting_anti-apartheid_images_Bongiwe_Dhlomo_s_activist_linocut_prints/9332321|accessdate=31 January 2021|date=1 January 2011|pages=131–136|publisher=Impact Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mụrụ ya na Vryheid, KwaZulu-Natal, ma gụọ akwụkwọ na St Chad's School na Ladysmith na Inanda Seminary School. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ óbíbí akwụkwọ na Rorke's Drift Art and Craft Centre wee nweta diplọma na nka márá mmá.&lt;ref name=&quot;sahist&quot; /&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na African Art Centre na Durban (1980-1983), mgbè ahụ na Grassroots Gallery n'otu ọbọdọ ahụ, tupu ọ kwaga Johannesburg ebe ọ na-ahụ màkà ihe ngosi na FUBA Gallery na Goodman Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;sahist&quot; /&gt;  Ọ bụ ónyé guzobere na onye nhazi ọrụ nke Alexandra Art Centre na Johannesburg. Ọ bụ ónyé nhazi ọrụ mgbasa ozi na mmepe nke 1995 Johannesburg Biennale, nke a kpọrọ ''Africus'', ọ bụkwa ónyé nchịkwa nke ihe omume 1997, nke akpọrọ Trade Routes: History and Geography.&lt;ref name=&quot;koloane&quot; /&gt;

O kwuru na nnupụisi Soweto nke 1976, mgbè ọ dị afọ iri abụo, mèrè ka ọ bụrụ ónyé ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, a kọwakwara ihe odide ya dị ka &quot;ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbè niile, na-edekọ ihe omume akụkọ ihe méré eme dị ka nnupụụisi Soyton nke 1976 yana ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-enweghị isi dịka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;arnold&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;koloane&quot; /&gt; Ọrụ ya apụtala na magazin Staffrider .&lt;ref name=&quot;koloane&quot; /&gt;

Ọ lụrụ ónyé na-ese ihe nkírí bụ Kagiso Mautloa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sahist&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite journal|author=Dhlomo|first=Bongi|title=Art and Politics in a Changing South Africa: Bongi Dhlomo in Conversation with Michael Godby|journal=African Arts|date=1 December 2004|volume=37|issue=4|pages=62–96|doi=10.1162/afar.2004.37.4.62}}
* {{Cite book|author=|first=B.|title=Grey areas : representation, identity, and politics in contemporary South African art|date=1999|publisher=Chalkham Hill Press|location=Rivonia, Johannesburg, South Africa|isbn=9780620236645|pages=117–126|chapter=Bongi Dhlomo-Mautloa Interviewed by Brenda Atkinson}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhlomo-Mautloa, Bongiwe}}
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'''Bouchra Ahrich''' (nke a na-akpọkwa &quot;Hraich&quot;; a  mụrụ n'abalị 27, ọnwa Julaị afọ 1972 na Salé) bụ onye Morocco na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-eme ọchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=BOUITHY|first=PROPOS RECUEILLIS PAR ALAIN|title=Entretien avec l'actrice Bouchra Ahrich : &quot;Il n'est pas évident de présenter la vraie image de la femme marocaine au quotidien&quot;|url=https://www.libe.ma/Entretien-avec-l-actrice-Bouchra-Ahrich-Il-n-est-pas-evident-de-presenter-la-vraie-image-de-la-femme-marocaine-au_a13647.html|accessdate=2021-11-29|work=Libération|language=fr|archivedate=2021-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129153830/https://www.libe.ma/Entretien-avec-l-actrice-Bouchra-Ahrich-Il-n-est-pas-evident-de-presenter-la-vraie-image-de-la-femme-marocaine-au_a13647.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bouchra Ahrich, une actrice aux multiples facettes|url=http://2m.ma/fr/programme/20161004-bouchra-ahrich-une-actrice-aux-multiples-facettes/|accessdate=2021-11-29|work=2M|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Ahrich na Salé. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ debanyere aha na Institut supérieur d'art dramatique et d'animation culturelle (ISADAC) na Rabat, ebe ọ nọrọ afọ anọ na-amụ ihe nkiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=OUASSAT|first=Propos recueillis par MEHDI|title=Bouchra Ahrich : &quot;Je prends très au sérieux le rôle de femme modeste&quot;|url=https://www.libe.ma/Bouchra-Ahrich-Je-prends-tres-au-serieux-le-role-de-femme-modeste_a29876.html|accessdate=2021-11-29|work=Libération|language=fr|archivedate=2024-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612002448/https://www.libe.ma/Bouchra-Ahrich-Je-prends-tres-au-serieux-le-role-de-femme-modeste_a29876.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkụ ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ndị a ma ama ===

* 2004: ''Tarfaya''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RDaobIdKoIC&amp;dq=Bouchra+Hraich&amp;pg=PA42|title=Catalogo Infinity Festival 2005|date=2005|publisher=Effata Editrice IT|isbn=978-88-7402-297-7|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008: ''Onye bụbu Chemkar''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=filmnat11|url=https://www.ccm.ma/fnf11/exchamkar.html|accessdate=2021-11-29|work=www.ccm.ma|archivedate=2021-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129153829/https://www.ccm.ma/fnf11/exchamkar.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: ''Larbi ma ọ bụ ọdịnihu nke onye egwuregwu bọọlụ'' a ma ama
* 2015: ''Àgwàetiti Perejil''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Festival National du Film|url=https://www.ccm.ma/fnf17/laisladeperejil.html|accessdate=2021-11-29|work=www.ccm.ma|archivedate=2021-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129153833/https://www.ccm.ma/fnf17/laisladeperejil.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bouchra Hraich et Abdellah Ferkous: &quot;La Isla&quot; est une parodie»|url=https://aujourdhui.ma/culture/cinema/bouchra-hraich-et-abdellah-ferkous-la-isla-est-une-parodie-122348|accessdate=2021-11-29|work=Aujourd'hui le Maroc|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: ''Corsa''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bouchra Ahrich accouche à bord d'un véhicule… funéraire !|url=https://aujourdhui.ma/culture/cinema/bouchra-ahrich-accouche-a-bord-dun-vehicule-funeraire|accessdate=2021-11-29|work=Aujourd'hui le Maroc|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi ===

* 2003: ''Balcon Atlantico''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Short Film Festival - Clermont-Ferrand|url=http://my.clermont-filmfest.com/index.php?m=226&amp;c=3&amp;id_film=100042670&amp;o=|accessdate=2021-11-29|work=my.clermont-filmfest.com|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129153829/http://my.clermont-filmfest.com/index.php?m=226&amp;c=3&amp;id_film=100042670&amp;o=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6173445/?ref_=m_nmfm_nm Bouchra Ahrich - IMDb]

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
{{DEFAULTSOURT:Harich, Bouchra}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>May Calamawy</title>
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      <text bytes="11350" sha1="lzofd37s7q07s4ofes7ss3azoopsc10" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:May Calamawy Stoli Original.jpg|thumb|May Calamawy Stoli ]]
'''May El Calamawy''' (mkpọpụta  [māɑjj (el) ʔælæmæːwiː]; amụrụ n'October 28, 1986) bụ onye Egypt-Palestinian na-eme ihe nkiri nke na-arụ ọrụ ma biri na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] kemgbe 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=مي القلماوي تنضم لـ محمد دياب في مسلسله العالمي|url=https://www.darelhilal.com/News/760291.aspx|work=darelhilal.com|date=14 January 2021|accessdate=April 4, 2022|archivedate=April 4, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404000602/https://www.darelhilal.com/News/760291.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;glamour&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Calamawy|first=May|date=June 11, 2020|title=Sharing My Alopecia Helped Me Set New Expectations for Myself|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/may-calamawy-sharing-my-alopecia-helped-me-set-new-expectations-for-myself|accessdate=June 5, 2021|work=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]|archivedate=June 5, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605204913/https://www.glamour.com/story/may-calamawy-sharing-my-alopecia-helped-me-set-new-expectations-for-myself}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dubai&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/television/2022/03/29/dubai-resident-to-marvel-star-its-moon-knight-actress-may-calamawys-time-to-shine/|title=Dubai resident to Marvel star: It's 'Moon Knight' actress May Calamawy's time to shine|work=The National|accessdate=April 6, 2022|archivedate=April 3, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403044024/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/television/2022/03/29/dubai-resident-to-marvel-star-its-moon-knight-actress-may-calamawys-time-to-shine/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya maka ọrụ ya na usoro telivishọn America ''Ramy'' dị ka Dena Hassan, na Moon Knight dị ka Layla El-Faouly .&lt;ref name=&quot;thrmoonknight&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kit|first=Borys|date=January 13, 2021|title=Marvel's 'Moon Knight': May Calamawy Joins Oscar Isaac in Disney+ Series (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/marvels-moon-knight-may-calamawy-joins-oscar-isaac-in-disney-series-exclusive-4115951/|accessdate=June 5, 2021|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archivedate=January 19, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119120844/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/marvels-moon-knight-may-calamawy-joins-oscar-isaac-in-disney-series-exclusive-4115951/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;variety&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Vary|first=Adam B.|date=March 30, 2022|title=How 'Moon Knight' Sends Marvel Studios Into the Unknown: 'We're Creating a Whole New Thing'|url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/moon-knight-oscar-isaac-marvel-egypt-dissociative-identity-disorder-1235219568/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=April 6, 2022|archivedate=April 3, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403093752/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/moon-knight-oscar-isaac-marvel-egypt-dissociative-identity-disorder-1235219568/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Calamawy na October 28, 1986, na Bahrain n'aka nna onye Ijipt nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-echekwa ego, na nne Palestine-Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;harpersinterview&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Phillips|first=Olivia|date=November 5, 2020|title=May Calamawy On Dena Hassan, Double-Standards and Her Dedication To Sharing Real Female Arab Stories|url=https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/culture/May-calamawy-interview-actress-ramy-golden-globes|accessdate=June 5, 2021|work=[[Harper's Bazaar Arabia]]|archivedate=October 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001204831/https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/culture/May-calamawy-interview-actress-ramy-golden-globes}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya. A zụlitere ya na Bahrain, ọ nọrọ afọ isii na Doha, Qatar, na Houston, Texas, tupu ya eruo afọ iri na abụọ.Calamawy na-asụ Bekee na Arabic.

A kpaliri ya ịghọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri mgbe ọ kiriri ihe nkiri 1992 Death Becomes Her mgbe ọ ka bụ nwatakịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;harpersinterview&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 26, 2020|title=May Calamawy on Auditioning for 'Ramy', Meeting Penguins in Dubai {{!}} The First Time|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-Tk8PDiaZY|work=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=April 6, 2022|archivedate=April 3, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403051221/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&amp;v=3-Tk8PDiaZY}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Calamawy gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Bahrain, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, ọ kwagara Boston, Massachusetts, iji mụọ gbasara mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ, n'ihi na nna ya chọrọ ka ọ mee nke ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ruland|first=Colter|date=June 24, 2020|title=May Calamawy|url=http://www.contentmode.com/may-calamawy/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627070448/http://www.contentmode.com:80/may-calamawy/|archivedate=June 27, 2020|accessdate=4 May 2022|work=ContentMode}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ biri na Dubai ruo afọ ise tupu ọ laghachi na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] iji chụsoo ọrụ ime ihe nkiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;dubai&quot; /&gt;

O tinyere akwụkwọ na Emerson College wee gwa ndị mụrụ ya, &quot;Ọ bụrụ na m banye, m ga-aga&quot;. A nabatara ya o wee nweta B.A. na ọmụmụ ihe nkiri. Calamawy agụọla akwụkwọ na William Esper Studio na New York City.

== Ọrụ ==
Calamawy malitere ọrụ ya na-eme ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi ma na-eji aha ya zuru ezu, May El Calamawy. O mechara gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ May Calamawy .&lt;ref name=&quot;ramy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Petski|first=Denise|date=October 19, 2018|title='Ramy': May Calamawy Cast As Series Regular In Ramy Youssef Hulu Comedy|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/ramy-may-calamawy-cast-series-regular-ramy-youssef-hulu-comedy-1202485785/|accessdate=June 6, 2021|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|archivedate=June 6, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606223245/https://deadline.com/2018/10/ramy-may-calamawy-cast-series-regular-ramy-youssef-hulu-comedy-1202485785/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gachara kọleji, o sonyere na New York Arab American Comedy Festival. Site na 2009 ruo 2014, ọ na-eke oge ya n'etiti Dubai na Abu Dhabi, na-eme ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi na onye na-anya ụgbọelu TV.

Ọrụ ihe nkiri mbụ ya bụ na ihe nkiri Tobe Hooper nke afọ 2013 bụ ''Djinn'', ihe nkiri egwu mbụ a ga-emepụta na United Arab Emirates.

N'afọ 2017, ọ nwere ọrụ ugboro ugboro na obere usoro ihe nkiri National Geographic The Long Road Home na ọrụ ''ndị'' ọbịa na The Brave na ''Madam'' Secretary .&lt;ref name=&quot;ramy&quot; /&gt;N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ bụ onye ọbịa na-eme ihe nkiri na telivishọn mpụ nke CBS ''FBI''.

N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2018, a mara ọkwa na ọ ga-arụ ọrụ ugboro ugboro na usoro ihe nkiri Hulu Ramy, dịka nwanne ''Ramy'', Dena Hassan. N'afọ 2020, o nwere ọrụ olu dị ka Ellie Malik na egwuregwu vidio ''NBA 2K21''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carolipio|first=Redmond|date=October 12, 2020|title=PS4 Review - 'NBA 2K21'|url=https://worthplaying.com/article/2020/10/12/reviews/122288-ps4-review-nba-2k21/|accessdate=June 7, 2021|work=WorthPlaying|archivedate=June 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607235927/https://worthplaying.com/article/2020/10/12/reviews/122288-ps4-review-nba-2k21/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2021, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri Together Together, ya na Ed Helms na Patti Harrison. Na Jenụwarị nke otu afọ ahụ, a mara ọkwa na ọ ga-apụta na usoro ihe nkiri Disney+ a kpọrọ Moon Knight, nke gosipụtara na Machị 30, 2022, ebe Calamawy gosipụtara Layla El-Faouly, ''onye'' Egypt na-amụ banyere ihe ochie na nwunye nke Marc Spector (nke Oscar Isaac gosipụtara).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Vary|first=Adam B.|date=December 30, 2021|title=Every Marvel Studios Movie and Disney Plus Project in 2022 and Beyond|url=https://variety.com/lists/marvel-studios-release-schedule/|accessdate=May 4, 2022|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archivedate=March 21, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321150401/https://variety.com/lists/marvel-studios-release-schedule/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brookins|first=Erin|date=April 20, 2022|title=Who is May Calamawy? Everything to Know About 'Moon Knight's Breakout Star|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|url=https://collider.com/who-is-may-calamawy-moon-knight/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Layla bụ onye Arab mbụ na dike na Marvel Cinematic Universe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=‘Moon Knight’: May Calamawy is The MCU’s First Egyptian Super Hero Scarlet Scarab|url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/moon-knight-may-calamawy-scarlet-scarab|accessdate=2022-05-20|work=Marvel Entertainment|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dixit|first=Marni|date=April 4, 2022|title=Moon Knight's May Calamawy on making history in the MCU: 'Surreal'|url=https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/moon-knights-may-calamawy-on-making-history-in-the-mcu-surreal-231557652.html|work=[[Yahoo! Lifestyle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
Ọ nwere alopecia areata, a chọpụtakwara ya na mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ.E tinyere alopecia ya n'ime akụkọ nke onye ya bụ Dena Hassan na ''Ramy'' n'oge oge nke abụọ nke ihe ngosi ahụ.

Kemgbe afọ 2015, Calamawy ebiela na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Fim ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2006
|''Thursday''
|Kelly Spencer
|
|-
|2007
|''Ịnọgidesi ike''
|Leila
|N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2008
|''Santa Claus na Baghdad''
|Hala
|N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2011
|''Hassad Al Möta''
|Okpuru ala Zombie
|N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi
|-
|''Paradaịs Falls''
|Jenny
|N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2012
|''Onye Ọkachamara A Na-akpọ Gin''
|Lucy
|N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2013
|''Djinn''
|Aisha
|
|-
|''Mụ onwe m hụkwara gị n'anya''
|
|N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2019
|''Àkwà''
|Nwaanyị
|N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi
|-
|''Ebe a na-agafe agafe''
|Saba
|N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi
|-
|''1 N'ime 30''
|Fatimah
|N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi
|-
|''Saeed''
|Sue
|N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2021
|''Ha Jikọrọ Aka''
|Carly
|
|-
|''Ịhụ Ndị Nri''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi
|-
|}

=== Telivishọn ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2011
|''Ịchọta''
|Raaya
|Ihe omume: &quot;Sneak Peek&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2017
|''Madam odeakwụkwọ''
|Mona Alsnany
|Ihe omume: &quot;Off The Record&quot;
|-
|''Ndị Nwere Obi Ike''
|Mina Bayoud
|Ihe omume: &quot;Ọ bụ nke onwe&quot;
|-
|''Ogologo Ụzọ Ebe Obibi''
|Ụzọ e si aga
|Miniserie National Geographic
|-
|''BKPI''
|Ameena
|Ihe omume: &quot;Mister Flasher&quot;
|-
|2018
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAU8&quot;&gt;FBI&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Nita Kayali
|Ihe omume: &quot;Green Birds&quot;
|-
|2019 ugbu a
|''Ramy''
|Dena Hassan
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2022
|''Onye na-agba ịnyịnya ọnwa''
|Layla El-Faouly
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|}

=== Egwuregwu vidio ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
!Ihe edeturu
|-
|2020
|''NBA 2K21''
|Ellie Malik
|Ọrụ olu
|}

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|2790595}}
* May Calamawy at TV Guide
* May Calamawy at Rotten Tomatoes
* May Calamawy on Twitter
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Brenna Youngblood</title>
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'''Brenna Youngblood''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1979) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe nke bi na Los Angeles bụ ónyé a maara màkà ịmepụta foto, ihe ọkpụkpụ, na ihe osise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/exhibitions/2006/hammer-projects-brenna-youngblood/|title=Hammer Projects: Brenna Youngblood - Hammer Museum|work=The Hammer Museum|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Westall|first=Mark|date=2021-02-09|title=Brenna Youngblood now represented by Roberts Projects|url=https://fadmagazine.com/2021/02/09/brenna-youngblood-now-represented-by-roberts-projects/|accessdate=2021-03-06|work=FAD Magazine|language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210123147/https://fadmagazine.com/2021/02/09/brenna-youngblood-now-represented-by-roberts-projects/|archivedate=2021-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ya na-enyocha okwu gbasara njirimara na nnọchite anya ndị Africa America.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/artist/brenna-youngblood|title=Brenna Youngblood - 34 Artworks, Bio &amp; Shows on Artsy|work=www.artsy.net|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
Youngblood nwetara BFA site na Mahadum California State, Long Beach na 2002 na MFA site na Jami'ar California, Los Angeles na 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/brenna-youngblood/|title=Brenna Youngblood|author=Li|first=Jennifer S.|date=2013-12-31|work=Art in America|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ọrụ Youngblood na-ezo áká mgbè mgbe na akụkọ ihe méré eme dị mkpa na òtù dị na akụkọ ihe nkiri Africa na America dịka ihe ọkpụkpụ ya nke 2017 M.I.A. nke &quot;na-ezo aka na Montgomery Improvement Association, otu nke Martin Luther King, Jr. haziri iji duzie ngagharị iwe nke Montgomery na 1955&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.artbasel.com/catalog/artwork/60461/Brenna-Youngblood-M-I-A|title=Brenna Youngblood {{!}} M.I.A.|author=Basel|first=Art|work=Art Basel|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-31|archivedate=2022-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204000653/https://www.artbasel.com/catalog/artwork/60461/Brenna-Youngblood-M-I-A}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Youngblood emeela ihe ngosi onwé ónyé iri na otu site na 2006 ruo 2017. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ngosi mbụ nke Youngblood (2007 na 2008) dị na Margo Leavin [Gallery].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Summers|first=Robert|date=1 July 2007|title=Brenna Youngblood: Margo Leavin Gallery, Los Angeles, CA|journal=ArtUS|issue=19|pages=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Miles|first=Christopher|date=December 2008|title=Brenna Youngblood|journal=Artforum International|volume=47|issue=4|pages=310-311}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ọ sokwa n'ihe ngosi otu iri na isii site na 2004 ruo 2018. E gosipụtara ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ngosi Youngblood n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na Los Angeles na New York City. A gụnyere ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke Seattle Art Museum, A gụnyere ya na ihe ngosi njem 2019 Young, Gifted, and Black: The Lumpkin-Boccuzzi Family Collection of Contemporary Art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://art.seattleartmuseum.org/people/17951/brenna-youngblood|title=Brenna Youngblood – Artists – eMuseum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sargent&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Sargent|first=Antwaun|title=Young, gifted and Black : a new generation of artists : Lumpkin-Boccuzzi Family Collection of Contemporary Art|date=2020|publisher=D.A.P.|location=New York, NY|isbn=9781942884590|pages=208–212}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye ==

* 2015 Seattle Art Museum Gwendolyn Knight/Jacob Lawrence Prize
* 2014 The Hermitage Artist Retreat, Englewood, FL
* 2012 Los Angeles County Museum of Art Young Talent Award/AHAN Award.

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.robertsprojectsla.com/artists/brenna-youngblood Brenna Youngblood] na Roberts Projects, Los Angeles, CA
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Michael S. Harper</title>
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'''Michael Steven Harper''' (March 18, 1938 May 7, 2016) bụ onye America na-ede abụ ma burukwa prọfesọ Bekee na Mahadum Brown, onye bụ onye na-ede abụ Laureate nke [[Àlá mmírí Rhode|Rhode Island]] site n'afọ 19


1988 ruo 1993.  Jazz na [[Ákíkó mbu|akụkọ ihe mere eme]] nwere mmetụta [[Ákíkó mbu|abụ]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;bụ uri ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/277|title=Michael S. Harper|publisher=Academy of American poets|accessdate=May 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'etiti mmetụta ndị kpụrụ edemede ya, o kwuru na ihe mmụta kachasị mkpa ọ mụtara n'aka ndị na-agụ egwú bụ phrasing, izi ezi nke phrasing. O bipụtara akwụkwọ iri nke abụ, abụọ n'ime ha bụ Dear John, Dear Coltrane (1970) na Images of Kin (1977) bụ ndị a họpụtara maka National Book Award. A gụnyere ọtụtụ n'ime abụ ya dị ka ihe atụ nke akwụkwọ edemede Africa-America na abụ jazz n'akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche.

== Mbido ndụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ ya ==
A mụrụ Harper na Brooklyn dị ka nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ atọ n'ime ezinụlọ ndị isi ojii dị ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;LAT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/latimes/obituary.aspx?pid=2551758|title=Walter Warren Harper, obituary|work=Los Angeles Times|date=August 26, 2004|accessdate=May 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna nna ya, Roland Johnson, bụ dọkịta Canada a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke ọma ma bụrụ dọkịta na-enye Harper n'ụlọ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye isi na-emetụta mkpebi mbụ ya ịchụso pre-med na Los Angeles kọleji obodo .

Nna ya Walter (onye aha ya nke abụọ, Warren) bụ onye malitere akwụkwọ ozi &quot;ọhụrụ&quot; ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta post ọfịs. Nne ya Katherine Louise, nke a mụrụ Johnson bụ odeakwụkwọ ahụike. Banyere nne na nna ya, Harper kwuru n'otu oge, &quot;Ndị mụrụ m enweghị ego buru ibu, mana ha nwere nnukwu nchịkọta ndekọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com.msu.idm.oclc.org/ps/i.do?&amp;id=GALE%7CA393210803&amp;v=2.1&amp;u=moreheadstu&amp;it=r&amp;p=LitRC&amp;sw=w#|title=Into the underworld with Michael S. Harper|author=Makari|first=George|work=The Worcester Review|accessdate=October 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a ga-emecha metụta ọrụ ya, na-agwakọta uri na jazz.

A mụrụ nwanne ya nwoke nke obere Jonathan Paul n'afọ1941 ma nwụọ n'ihe mberede ọgba tum tum n'afọ 1977. A mụrụ nwanne ya nwanyị nke obere, Katherine Winifred, n'afọ 1943. Ha tolitere na Bedford-Stuyvesant, akụkụ ugwu nke etiti Brooklyn, ruo mgbe ezinụlọ ya kwagara n'ụlọ ha na Los Angeles n'afọ 1951, ebe ọ gara Dorsey nke sekọndrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;LAT&quot;/&gt; Dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, Harper chọsiri ike ịpụ n'ụlọ nna ya banye n'ime nke ya, na-egosi ọchịchọ ya ịrụ ọrụ, mepụta ma mụta ihe n'ụzọ nke ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 1955, ọ gara Los Angeles City College, na mbụ na-edebanye aha na nkuzi pre-med na akwụkwọ edemede, na-agụsị akwụkwọ n'afọ 1959 na onye mmekọ nke nka. Na Los Angeles State College of Applied Arts and Sciences (nke bụzi California State University, Los Angeles, ọ nwetara nzere B.A. na MA na ọmụmụ Bekee n'afọ 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/11/arts/michael-s-harper-poet-with-a-jazz-pulse-dies-at-78.html?_r=1|title=Michael S. Harper, Poet With a Jazz Pulse, Dies at 78|work=NY Times|date=May 10, 2016|accessdate=May 16, 2016|author=Grimes, William}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge na post ọfịs ma kpọọ ahụmahụ a &quot;ezi agụmakwụkwọ&quot; ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6754&amp;context=iowareview|title=Office Hours: A Memoir and an Interview with Michael S. Harper|author=Treseler|first=Heather|date=2009|journal=The Iowa Review|volume=39|issue=3|pages=100–123|doi=10.17077/0021-065X.6754 &lt;!--archive-url=https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6754&amp;conia=text=iowareview--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ sonyeere Iowa ogbako ndị odee na Mahadum nke Iowa, ebe ọ na-eguzogide n'ụzọ dị ukwuu mmegharị nke ide na syllabics, nke ọ kpọrọ &quot;nke dị egwu&quot;. N'oge ọ nọ na Iowa City Harper kwuru, &quot;Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe m mụtara... enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na ogbako&quot; n'ihi nnupụisi nke Civil Rights Movement n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; O nwetara MFA n' afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ya ==
Ọ kụziri Bekee na Contra Costa College na San Pablo, California na abụ ya pụtara na obere magazin. N'afọ 1968, ọ ghọrọ onye na-ede abụ na Lewis &amp; Clark College ma kụzie na Reed College ma na Portland, Oregon. Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, o tinyere ihe odide na Asọmpi Nrite abụ nke U.S., nke Gwendolyn Brooks nyere. Ọ bụ ezie na o merighị, Brooks na-akpọ ọrụ ya onye mmeri ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;  Harper kwuru na Brooks nyere ya ọrụ ya. Na Brooks n'azụ ya, Mahadum Pittsburgh bipụtara akwụkwọ ya ma nyochaa ya na Time n'afọ 1970 na edemede mkpuchi nke Ralph Ellison. N'afọ 1996, Brooks nyere Harper George Kent Ihe nrite nke abụ maka Ndozigharị nsọpụrụ.

N'afọ 1970, ọ kụziri na California State College na Hayward, California.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;/&gt; Ọ sonyeere ngalaba Bekee na Mahadum Brown, ebe ọ kụziri ọmụmụ akwụkwọ na ọmụmụ abụ nye ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onye isi oche ruo afọ ole na ole nke mmemme nzere Masta n'okike ide edemede. Otu n'ime ndị enyemaka nyocha ụmụ akwụkwọ ya bụ Denice Joan Deitch, nwa akwụkwọ na mmemme gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Academy of American Poets awardee, 1977 (nke bụzi Rev. Jade D. Benson, onye ozi Unitarian Universalist na onye na-ede uri / onye na-akọ akụkọ mkpirikpi). Ọ kụzikwaara Michael Gizzi, Bob Kessler, Julia Thacker, na ndị ọzọ gara n'ihu dee, kụzie, ma ọ bụ jeere nka ozi n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Ụmụ akwụkwọ kpọrọ ya &quot;MSH&quot;, &quot;Onye isi&quot;, na &quot;Onye Ukwu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ọ nọgidere n'ebe ahụ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na Disemba 2013 ma bụrụkwa prọfesọ kachasị ogologo oge nke Bekee na Nkà edemede na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://brown.edu/academics/literary-arts/about/faculty/michael-harper/michael-harper Michael S. Harper, University Professor, Brown University.]&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1993, Nathan A. Scott dere na ''Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics'' na &quot;Harper emeela ọrụ nke, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwetara nkwanye ùgwù na mmasị dị ukwuu, kwesịrị ka a mara ya karịa ka ọ bụ&quot;: ịrị abụọ na ise 

N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na Brown, onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ George Makari kwuru na Harper &quot;na-abanye n'ụzọ miri emi na ndụ onwe anyị, na-ama anyị aka ịtụgharị onye anyị chere na anyị bụ, [ma] gwa anyị ka anyị hapụ nwata ma banye n'ụdị nsogbu okike. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Harper lụrụ di ma nwee nwa nwanyị, Rachel, onye bụkwa [https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191450/http://rachelmharper.com/ onye edemede], na ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Roland na Patrice. O mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot; /&gt; Ọ biri na Providence, Rhode Island ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Mee 7, 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot;/&gt;
Harper nwere ụmụ abụọ nwụrụ mgbe a mụrụ ha, nke kpaliri ọtụtụ n'ime uri mbụ ya, gụnyere &quot;Nightmare Begins Responsibility&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ya ==
Harper dere banyere ndị Afrika Amerika dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere Jackie Robinson dị ka [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]], yana John Brown. O kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Terry Gross gbara ya n'afọ 2000, na ihe kachasị mkpa ọ mụtara n'aka ndị na-agụ egwú bụ phrasing, izi ezi nke nkebiokwu, izi ezi nke nkebi okwu, na oke elu na ikike ime mmụọ

Harper na-edekarị banyere nwunye ya, Shirley (nke a na-akpọkarị &quot;Shirl&quot;), ụmụ ha, na ndị nna nna ha, yana ndị enyi na ndị isi ojii dị iche iche na akụkọ  mere eme na ọdịbendị. [citation needed] Na abụ, Harper kwuru, sị: &quot;Ezigbo uri bụ ezigbo abụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a pụghị itinye ya n'ime okwu, ma ọ bụ edemede dị mfe. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Nke a metụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ ya, ọkachasị &quot;Blue Ruth: America&quot; (1971) nke gosipụtara mba ahụ n'àkwà ụlọ ọgwụ. N'ajụjụ ọnụ nke afọ 2009, o kwuru banyere mkpa ọ dị ikwu okwu ọha na eze, na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ nwere nsogbu na Onye isi ala Barack Obama n'ihi na ọ na-ekwu maka ihe ndị na-esote mgbe a na-eji ọtụtụ n'ime ha &quot;na-ada ụda&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

; Dị ka onye edemede
:

* 1970: Dear John, Dear Coltrane, họpụtara maka National Book Award&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot;/&gt;
* 1971: History Is Your Own Heartbeat, meriri Black Academy of Arts &amp; Letters Award maka uri&lt;ref name=&quot;naspe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot; /&gt;
* 1972: Abụ: &quot;Achọrọ m onye akaebe&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;naspe&quot; /&gt;
* 1975: Nightmare Na-amalite Ọrụ&lt;ref name=&quot;naspe&quot; /&gt;
* 1977: Images of Kin, meriri Melville-Cane Award site na Poetry Society of America; a họpụtara ya maka National Book Award&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot; /&gt;
** 1973: Debridement (nke gụnyere na Images of Kin)&lt;ref&gt;Harper, Michael S. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110305193822/http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poem.html?id=171559 ''Debridement'']. Poetry Foundation, 1977.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1985: Abụ Ọgwụgwọ maka Inner Ear&lt;ref name=&quot;naspe&quot; /&gt;
* 1995: ''Mgbanwe Ndị''&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot; /&gt; A Na-akwanyere ùgwù
* 2000: Songlines na Michaeltree: New and Collected Poems&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot; /&gt;
* 2000: ''Abụ'' (Mahadum nke Illinois Press)&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot; /&gt;
* 2001: Debridement: Abụ m chọrọ onye akaebe &amp; Debridement
* 2002: ''Abụ ndị a'' họọrọ, ARC Publications&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot; /&gt;

Abụ egwu jazz n'eso:

* 2004: Double Take: Jazz - Poetry Conversations, Paul Austerlitz, bass clarinetist / composer, innova Records, nke e mere site na American Composers Forum's Recording Assistance Program, nke McKnight Foundation kwadoro.
* Ekwenyere m na ndị mmadụ: Ncheta nke Walter Warren Harper (1915 - 2004)&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;/&gt;

; Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ

* Chant of Saints: A Gathering of Literature, Art and Scholarship (1979, ed. na Robert B. Stepto)

== Nkwado na ihe nrite ya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com.msu.idm.oclc.org/ps/i.do?&amp;id=GALE%7CA393210809&amp;v=2.1&amp;u=moreheadstu&amp;it=r&amp;p=LitRC&amp;sw=w&amp;authCount=1|title=Michael S. Harper: chronology|work=go.galegroup.com.msu.idm.oclc.org|publisher=The Worcester Review|accessdate=2017-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==

* 1972: Ihe nrite National Academy of Arts and Letters. Black Academy of Arts and Letters Award maka &quot;Akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ obi nke gị&quot;.
* 1976: Nwetara Guggenheim Fellowship.
* 1977: Ọ natara onyinye site na National Endowment of the Arts. Ọ na-enweta onyinye Massachusetts Council of the Arts.
* 1978: Foto nke Kin: New and Selected Poems họpụtara maka National Book Award. Ọ natara onyinye Melville-Cane site na Poetry Society of America.
* 1987: Onyinye Gọvanọ site na Rhode Island Council for the Arts. Honorary Doctor of Letters na Trinity College.
* 1988: A na-akpọ ya onye edemede mbụ Laureate nke steeti Rhode Island.
* 1990: Nwetara Robert Hayden Memorial Poetry Award. Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters na Coe College, Iowa.
* 1991: Honorary Doctorate of Letters na Notre Dame College na Manchester, NH.
* 1994: Honorary Doctor of Letters na Kenyon College. Na-enye adreesị mmalite.
* 1996: George Kent Poetry Award for Honorable Amendments, nke Gwendolyn Brooks nyere.
* 1997: Pell Award for Excellence in the Arts, Rhode Island Council for the Arts.
* 2001: Honorary Doctorate of Letters, Rhode Island College
* 2005: Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye ọka ikpe maka Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.
* 2008: Frost Medal for Lifetime Achievement site na Poetry Society of America.

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]Ọ dị iche iche Ịkpụpụ bụ ịgwọ ọrịa: Onye ibe dị oke egwu na &quot;Debridement&quot; nke Michael S. Harper. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://academic.eb.com/blackhistory/article-9000467 Michael S Harper] Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190325155156/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/harper/harper.htm Michael S Harper] Abụ uri America nke oge a,
* [http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/277 Michael S Harper] Academy of American Poets
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Michael Steven Harper''' (March 18, 1938 May 7, 2016) bụ onye America na-ede abụ ma burukwa prọfesọ Bekee na Mahadum Brown, onye bụ onye na-ede abụ Laureate nke [[Àlá mmírí Rhode|Rhode Island]] site n'afọ 19


1988 ruo 1993.  Jazz na [[Ákíkó mbu|akụkọ ihe mere eme]] nwere mmetụta [[Ákíkó mbu|abụ]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;bụ uri ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/277|title=Michael S. Harper|publisher=Academy of American poets|accessdate=May 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'etiti mmetụta ndị kpụrụ edemede ya, o kwuru na ihe mmụta kachasị mkpa ọ mụtara n'aka ndị na-agụ egwú bụ phrasing, izi ezi nke phrasing. O bipụtara akwụkwọ iri nke abụ, abụọ n'ime ha bụ Dear John, Dear Coltrane (1970) na Images of Kin (1977) bụ ndị a họpụtara maka National Book Award. A gụnyere ọtụtụ n'ime abụ ya dị ka ihe atụ nke akwụkwọ edemede Africa-America na abụ jazz n'akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche.

== Mbido ndụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ ya ==
A mụrụ Harper na Brooklyn dị ka nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ atọ n'ime ezinụlọ ndị isi ojii dị ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;LAT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/latimes/obituary.aspx?pid=2551758|title=Walter Warren Harper, obituary|work=Los Angeles Times|date=August 26, 2004|accessdate=May 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna nna ya, Roland Johnson, bụ dọkịta Canada a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke ọma ma bụrụ dọkịta na-enye Harper n'ụlọ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye isi na-emetụta mkpebi mbụ ya ịchụso pre-med na Los Angeles kọleji obodo .

Nna ya Walter (onye aha ya nke abụọ, Warren) bụ onye malitere akwụkwọ ozi &quot;ọhụrụ&quot; ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta post ọfịs. Nne ya Katherine Louise, nke a mụrụ Johnson bụ odeakwụkwọ ahụike. Banyere nne na nna ya, Harper kwuru n'otu oge, &quot;Ndị mụrụ m enweghị ego buru ibu, mana ha nwere nnukwu nchịkọta ndekọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com.msu.idm.oclc.org/ps/i.do?&amp;id=GALE%7CA393210803&amp;v=2.1&amp;u=moreheadstu&amp;it=r&amp;p=LitRC&amp;sw=w#|title=Into the underworld with Michael S. Harper|author=Makari|first=George|work=The Worcester Review|accessdate=October 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a ga-emecha metụta ọrụ ya, na-agwakọta uri na jazz.

A mụrụ nwanne ya nwoke nke obere Jonathan Paul n'afọ1941 ma nwụọ n'ihe mberede ọgba tum tum n'afọ 1977. A mụrụ nwanne ya nwanyị nke obere, Katherine Winifred, n'afọ 1943. Ha tolitere na Bedford-Stuyvesant, akụkụ ugwu nke etiti Brooklyn, ruo mgbe ezinụlọ ya kwagara n'ụlọ ha na Los Angeles n'afọ 1951, ebe ọ gara Dorsey nke sekọndrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;LAT&quot;/&gt; Dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, Harper chọsiri ike ịpụ n'ụlọ nna ya banye n'ime nke ya, na-egosi ọchịchọ ya ịrụ ọrụ, mepụta ma mụta ihe n'ụzọ nke ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 1955, ọ gara Los Angeles City College, na mbụ na-edebanye aha na nkuzi pre-med na akwụkwọ edemede, na-agụsị akwụkwọ n'afọ 1959 na onye mmekọ nke nka. Na Los Angeles State College of Applied Arts and Sciences (nke bụzi California State University, Los Angeles, ọ nwetara nzere B.A. na MA na ọmụmụ Bekee n'afọ 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/11/arts/michael-s-harper-poet-with-a-jazz-pulse-dies-at-78.html?_r=1|title=Michael S. Harper, Poet With a Jazz Pulse, Dies at 78|work=NY Times|date=May 10, 2016|accessdate=May 16, 2016|author=Grimes, William}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge na post ọfịs ma kpọọ ahụmahụ a &quot;ezi agụmakwụkwọ&quot; ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6754&amp;context=iowareview|title=Office Hours: A Memoir and an Interview with Michael S. Harper|author=Treseler|first=Heather|date=2009|journal=The Iowa Review|volume=39|issue=3|pages=100–123|doi=10.17077/0021-065X.6754 &lt;!--archive-url=https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6754&amp;conia=text=iowareview--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ sonyeere Iowa ogbako ndị odee na Mahadum nke Iowa, ebe ọ na-eguzogide n'ụzọ dị ukwuu mmegharị nke ide na syllabics, nke ọ kpọrọ &quot;nke dị egwu&quot;. N'oge ọ nọ na Iowa City Harper kwuru, &quot;Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe m mụtara... enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na ogbako&quot; n'ihi nnupụisi nke Civil Rights Movement n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; O nwetara MFA n' afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ya ==
Ọ kụziri Bekee na Contra Costa College na San Pablo, California na abụ ya pụtara na obere magazin. N'afọ 1968, ọ ghọrọ onye na-ede abụ na Lewis &amp; Clark College ma kụzie na Reed College ma na Portland, Oregon. Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, o tinyere ihe odide na Asọmpi Nrite abụ nke U.S., nke Gwendolyn Brooks nyere. Ọ bụ ezie na o merighị, Brooks na-akpọ ọrụ ya onye mmeri ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;  Harper kwuru na Brooks nyere ya ọrụ ya. Na Brooks n'azụ ya, Mahadum Pittsburgh bipụtara akwụkwọ ya ma nyochaa ya na Time n'afọ 1970 na edemede mkpuchi nke Ralph Ellison. N'afọ 1996, Brooks nyere Harper George Kent Ihe nrite nke abụ maka Ndozigharị nsọpụrụ.

N'afọ 1970, ọ kụziri na California State College na Hayward, California.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;/&gt; Ọ sonyeere ngalaba Bekee na Mahadum Brown, ebe ọ kụziri ọmụmụ akwụkwọ na ọmụmụ abụ nye ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onye isi oche ruo afọ ole na ole nke mmemme nzere Masta n'okike ide edemede. Otu n'ime ndị enyemaka nyocha ụmụ akwụkwọ ya bụ Denice Joan Deitch, nwa akwụkwọ na mmemme gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Academy of American Poets awardee, 1977 (nke bụzi Rev. Jade D. Benson, onye ozi Unitarian Universalist na onye na-ede uri / onye na-akọ akụkọ mkpirikpi). Ọ kụzikwaara Michael Gizzi, Bob Kessler, Julia Thacker, na ndị ọzọ gara n'ihu dee, kụzie, ma ọ bụ jeere nka ozi n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Ụmụ akwụkwọ kpọrọ ya &quot;MSH&quot;, &quot;Onye isi&quot;, na &quot;Onye Ukwu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ọ nọgidere n'ebe ahụ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na Disemba 2013 ma bụrụkwa prọfesọ kachasị ogologo oge nke Bekee na Nkà edemede na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://brown.edu/academics/literary-arts/about/faculty/michael-harper/michael-harper Michael S. Harper, University Professor, Brown University.]&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1993, Nathan A. Scott dere na ''Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics'' na &quot;Harper emeela ọrụ nke, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwetara nkwanye ùgwù na mmasị dị ukwuu, kwesịrị ka a mara ya karịa ka ọ bụ&quot;: ịrị abụọ na ise 

N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na Brown, onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ George Makari kwuru na Harper &quot;na-abanye n'ụzọ miri emi na ndụ onwe anyị, na-ama anyị aka ịtụgharị onye anyị chere na anyị bụ, [ma] gwa anyị ka anyị hapụ nwata ma banye n'ụdị nsogbu okike. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Harper lụrụ di ma nwee nwa nwanyị, Rachel, onye bụkwa [https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191450/http://rachelmharper.com/ onye edemede], na ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Roland na Patrice. O mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot; /&gt; Ọ biri na Providence, Rhode Island ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Mee 7, 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot;/&gt;
Harper nwere ụmụ abụọ nwụrụ mgbe a mụrụ ha, nke kpaliri ọtụtụ n'ime uri mbụ ya, gụnyere &quot;Nightmare Begins Responsibility&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ya ==
Harper dere banyere ndị Afrika Amerika dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere Jackie Robinson dị ka [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]], yana John Brown. O kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Terry Gross gbara ya n'afọ 2000, na ihe kachasị mkpa ọ mụtara n'aka ndị na-agụ egwú bụ phrasing, izi ezi nke nkebiokwu, izi ezi nke nkebi okwu, na oke elu na ikike ime mmụọ

Harper na-edekarị banyere nwunye ya, Shirley (nke a na-akpọkarị &quot;Shirl&quot;), ụmụ ha, na ndị nna nna ha, yana ndị enyi na ndị isi ojii dị iche iche na akụkọ  mere eme na ọdịbendị. [citation needed] Na abụ, Harper kwuru, sị: &quot;Ezigbo uri bụ ezigbo abụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a pụghị itinye ya n'ime okwu, ma ọ bụ edemede dị mfe. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Nke a metụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ ya, ọkachasị &quot;Blue Ruth: America&quot; (1971) nke gosipụtara mba ahụ n'àkwà ụlọ ọgwụ. N'ajụjụ ọnụ nke afọ 2009, o kwuru banyere mkpa ọ dị ikwu okwu ọha na eze, na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ nwere nsogbu na Onye isi ala Barack Obama n'ihi na ọ na-ekwu maka ihe ndị na-esote mgbe a na-eji ọtụtụ n'ime ha &quot;na-ada ụda&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

; Dị ka onye edemede
:

* 1970: Dear John, Dear Coltrane, họpụtara maka National Book Award&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot;/&gt;
* 1971: History Is Your Own Heartbeat, meriri Black Academy of Arts &amp; Letters Award maka&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot; /&gt;
* 1972: Abụ: &quot;Achọrọ m onye akaebe
* 1975: Nightmare Na-amalite Ọrụ
* 1977: Images of Kin, meriri Melville-Cane Award site na Poetry Society of America; a họpụtara ya maka National Book Award&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot; /&gt;
** 1973: Debridement (nke gụnyere na Images of Kin)&lt;ref&gt;Harper, Michael S. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110305193822/http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poem.html?id=171559 ''Debridement'']. Poetry Foundation, 1977.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1985: Abụ Ọgwụgwọ maka Inner Ear
* 1995: ''Mgbanwe Ndị''&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot; /&gt; A Na-akwanyere ùgwù
* 2000: Songlines na Michaeltree: New and Collected Poems&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot; /&gt;
* 2000: ''Abụ'' (Mahadum nke Illinois Press)&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot; /&gt;
* 2001: Debridement: Abụ m chọrọ onye akaebe &amp; Debridement
* 2002: ''Abụ ndị a'' họọrọ, ARC Publications&lt;ref name=&quot;msaap&quot; /&gt;

Abụ egwu jazz n'eso:

* 2004: Double Take: Jazz - Poetry Conversations, Paul Austerlitz, bass clarinetist / composer, innova Records, nke e mere site na American Composers Forum's Recording Assistance Program, nke McKnight Foundation kwadoro.
* Ekwenyere m na ndị mmadụ: Ncheta nke Walter Warren Harper (1915 - 2004)&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;/&gt;

; Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ

* Chant of Saints: A Gathering of Literature, Art and Scholarship (1979, ed. na Robert B. Stepto)

== Nkwado na ihe nrite ya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com.msu.idm.oclc.org/ps/i.do?&amp;id=GALE%7CA393210809&amp;v=2.1&amp;u=moreheadstu&amp;it=r&amp;p=LitRC&amp;sw=w&amp;authCount=1|title=Michael S. Harper: chronology|work=go.galegroup.com.msu.idm.oclc.org|publisher=The Worcester Review|accessdate=2017-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==

* 1972: Ihe nrite National Academy of Arts and Letters. Black Academy of Arts and Letters Award maka &quot;Akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ obi nke gị&quot;.
* 1976: Nwetara Guggenheim Fellowship.
* 1977: Ọ natara onyinye site na National Endowment of the Arts. Ọ na-enweta onyinye Massachusetts Council of the Arts.
* 1978: Foto nke Kin: New and Selected Poems họpụtara maka National Book Award. Ọ natara onyinye Melville-Cane site na Poetry Society of America.
* 1987: Onyinye Gọvanọ site na Rhode Island Council for the Arts. Honorary Doctor of Letters na Trinity College.
* 1988: A na-akpọ ya onye edemede mbụ Laureate nke steeti Rhode Island.
* 1990: Nwetara Robert Hayden Memorial Poetry Award. Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters na Coe College, Iowa.
* 1991: Honorary Doctorate of Letters na Notre Dame College na Manchester, NH.
* 1994: Honorary Doctor of Letters na Kenyon College. Na-enye adreesị mmalite.
* 1996: George Kent Poetry Award for Honorable Amendments, nke Gwendolyn Brooks nyere.
* 1997: Pell Award for Excellence in the Arts, Rhode Island Council for the Arts.
* 2001: Honorary Doctorate of Letters, Rhode Island College
* 2005: Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye ọka ikpe maka Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.
* 2008: Frost Medal for Lifetime Achievement site na Poetry Society of America.

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]Ọ dị iche iche Ịkpụpụ bụ ịgwọ ọrịa: Onye ibe dị oke egwu na &quot;Debridement&quot; nke Michael S. Harper. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://academic.eb.com/blackhistory/article-9000467 Michael S Harper] Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190325155156/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/harper/harper.htm Michael S Harper] Abụ uri America nke oge a,
* [http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/277 Michael S Harper] Academy of American Poets
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|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;Birth name&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data nickname&quot; |Busiswa Gqulu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Born
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;bday&quot;&gt;1988-11-08&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;8 November 1988&lt;span class=&quot;noprint ForceAgeToShow&quot;&gt; (age&amp;nbsp;33)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Mthatha]], Eastern Cape, South Africa
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Genres
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated&quot;&gt;
* [[Kwaito]]
* [[Gqom]]
* [[Amapiano]]

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| class=&quot;infobox-data role&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated&quot;&gt;
* Singer
* songwriter
* poet
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Instrument(s)
| class=&quot;infobox-data note&quot; |bozza
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;Years active&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |2008–present
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Labels
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated&quot;&gt;
* [[Kalawa Jazmee Records]]
* [[Universal Records]]

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Musical artist
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[[Category:Articles with short description]]
[[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
[[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]]

'''Busiswa Gqulu''' ( bụ onye amụrụ na 8 Nọvemba 1988), nke a maara dị ka '''Busiswa''' ma ọ bụ Busi, bụ onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu na South Africa. A mụrụ ya na Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa, ọ nwetara nkwado ọha na eze maka njirimara ya na egwu DJ Zinhle, &quot;My Name Is&quot;, mgbe onyeisi oche Kalawa Jazmee bụ Oskido chọpụtara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/pa-past-participants/58-pa-2010/811-busiswa-gqulu-south-africa|title=Busiswa Gqulu (South Africa) – Centre for Creative Arts|work=Cca.ukzn.ac.za|accessdate=26 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527120705/http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/pa-past-participants/58-pa-2010/811-busiswa-gqulu-south-africa|archivedate=27 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zalebs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.zalebs.com/whats-hot/busiswa-gqulu-reflects-dark-times/|work=zalebs.com|title=Busiswa Gqulu reflects on dark times|accessdate=30 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ya na DJ Zinhle rụkọchara ọrụ nke ọma, ọ wepụtara egwu egwu gụnyere; &quot;Ngoku&quot;, &quot;Lahla&quot;, ma gosipụta ya na egwu Bhizer, &quot;Gobisiqolo&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/tracks/n4p2pd|title=Gobisiqolo (feat. Busiswa, S.C Gorna &amp; Trigger Bhepepe) – Bhizer Song – BBC Music|publisher=BBC|accessdate=26 May 2018|archivedate=1 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701134412/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/tracks/n4p2pd}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 8 Disemba 2017, ''ọ'' wepụtara abọm izizi ya, Highly Flavoured, nke otu, &quot;Bazoyenza&quot; bu ụzọ. N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, Gqulu enwetala ọtụtụ otuto. N'afọ 2014,  aha ya so ná ndị akpọrọ na Mail &amp; Guardian 200 Young South Africans .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mg.co.za/specialreport/200-young-south-africans|title=Special Report – 200 Young South Africans – Mail &amp; Guardian|work=Mail &amp; Guardian|accessdate=2022-08-30|archivedate=2023-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004020747/https://mg.co.za/specialreport/200-young-south-africans/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite Ndụ ==
A mụrụ Busiswa Gqulu n'abalị nke asatọ nke ọnwa  Nọvemba 1988 na Mthatha, Eastern Cape.&lt;ref name=&quot;pressreader.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/move/20170301/282733406634418|work=pressreader.com|title=Press Reader|accessdate=30 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ dị obere, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Durban n'ihi ọrụ nne na nna ya. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, Gqulu malitere inwe mmasị n'ide uri.&lt;ref name=&quot;pressreader.com&quot; /&gt; &quot;A na-ede uri kemgbe afọ 2004 mgbe m nọ na Grade 11&quot;, ka ọ chetara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pambazuka.org/arts/south-africa-14th-poetry-africa-international-poetry-festival|title=South Africa: 14th Poetry Africa International Poetry Festival – Pambazuka News|work=Pambazuka.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere uri mbụ ya n'ememe olili ozu nne nne ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2016/01/23/choir-out-to-make-the-province-proud/|title=Choir out to make the province proud|work=Dispatchlive.co.za|accessdate=2022-08-30|archivedate=2017-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021050150/http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2016/01/23/choir-out-to-make-the-province-proud/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2005, ọ sonyeere otu Young Basadzi Women of Poetry.&lt;ref name=&quot;chronicle.co.zw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chronicle.co.zw/madau-snub-busiswa-responds/|title=Madau snub: Busiswa responds – The Chronicle|work=Chronicle.co.zw}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nation.co.ke&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/buzz/ONEXTRA-Chikita-Busiswa-Gqulu/441236-3954130-c5fuhmz/index.html|title=ONEXTRA: Chikita Busiswa Gqulu|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=29 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe ahụ, ọ na-eme uri ya na mmemme ụlọ ọrụ, oge uri, ihe ngosi nkà, na ememme.&lt;ref name=&quot;poetrypotion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.poetrypotion.com/tag/busiswa-gqulu/|title=Busiswa Gqulu Archives|work=Poetry Potion|accessdate=30 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.zkhiphani.co.za/spotted-mpumalanga-comes-alive-festival/|title=Spotted: Mpumalanga comes alive festival|work=Zkhiphani.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kwadokwara ihe omume uri ya kwa ọnwa nke a na-akpọ &quot;1st Word Sessions&quot; na Bat Centre na Durban.&lt;ref name=&quot;literarytourism&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.literarytourism.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=595:tumelo-khoza&amp;catid=13:authors&amp;Itemid=28|work=literarytourism.co.za|title=Tumelo Khoza|accessdate=30 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Gqulu dere uri ya mgbe ọ na-agbalị ịchọta ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sandton24.com/inside-busiswa-gqulus-baby-shower/|title=Inside Busiswa Gqulu's baby shower – Sandton24 Digital|date=28 November 2017|work=Sandton24.com|accessdate=30 August 2022|archivedate=29 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211442/https://sandton24.com/inside-busiswa-gqulus-baby-shower/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bgmpmedia.co.za/category/music/|title=Music – BGMP Media Group|work=bgmpmedia.co.za|accessdate=29 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ nka iji kụzie nka ụmụaka ụlọ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://livemag.co.za/live-regulars/5-gqom-artists-you-need-to-know/|title=5 Gqom artists you need to know – Live Mag|date=10 October 2017|work=Livemag.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna Gqulu kwadoro nhọrọ ọrụ ya n'ihi na ha enweghị ego iji kpọga ya na mahadum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2018-04-25-watch--busiswa-was-once-told-she-could-never-be-a-cover-girl/|title=WATCH – Busiswa was once told she could never be a 'cover girl'|work=Sunday Times (Johannesburg)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mzansimagic.dstv.com/show/our-perfect-wedding/busiswa/character|title=Busiswa|work=Mzansi Magic Official Website – Busiswa|accessdate=2022-08-30|archivedate=2021-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020190328/https://mzansimagic.dstv.com/show/our-perfect-wedding/busiswa/character}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== 2011 ruo 2012: Mmalite ọrụ ===
Mgbe ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na ọgụgụ uri, ọ zutere enyi ya nke mere ka ọ mata Sir Bubzin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.etv.co.za/news/2014/10/30/who-uhuru|title=Who is Uhuru? – e.tv|work=Etv.co.za|accessdate=2022-08-30|archivedate=2018-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211514/http://www.etv.co.za/news/2014/10/30/who-uhuru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sir Bubzin kpọrọ ya mgbe ọ na-emepụta egwu &quot;Syaphambana&quot;. Mgbe ahụ, ọ tụrụ aro ka ọ gosipụta ya na-eme uri ya na egwu ahụ. Gqulu na Sir Bubzin mechara bịanye aka na Kalawa Record site n'aka onye isi oche, Oskido, mgbe ọ nụrụ abụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sabreakingnews.co.za/2017/11/09/busiswa-celebrates-birthday-with-good-news/|title=Busiswa celebrates birthday with good news – SA Breaking News|date=9 November 2017|work=Sabreakingnews.co.za|accessdate=30 August 2022|archivedate=29 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629235931/https://www.sabreakingnews.co.za/2017/11/09/busiswa-celebrates-birthday-with-good-news/}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mechara wepụta egwu ahụ na nchịkọta Kalawa Jazmee Dance nke mbụ na 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vuzunews.com/kalawa-chikita-busiswa-reveals-shes-pregnant-photos/|title=Kalawa Chikita Busiswa Reveals She's Pregnant (Photos)|date=9 November 2017|work=Vuzunews.com|accessdate=30 August 2022|archivedate=30 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830134340/http://www.vuzunews.com/kalawa-chikita-busiswa-reveals-shes-pregnant-photos/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, Oskido kpọrọ Gqulu ka ọ dekọọ &quot;My Name Is Busiswa&quot; nke DJ Zintle mepụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.coke.co.za/cokestudio/profile/profile_busiswa/|title=Coke Studio Season 3 -Busiswa|work=Coke.co.za|accessdate=2022-08-30|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141354/https://www.coke.co.za/cokestudio/profile/profile_busiswa/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Njikọ ahụ mere ka Gqulu dee akwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.channel24.co.za/The-Juice/News/dj-zinhle-on-coming-back-to-music-20170829|title=DJ Zinhle on coming back to music|work=Chaneel24.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe o dekọrọ egwu ahụ na 2011, ọ kwagara Johannesburg na ịbịanye aka na Kalawa Jazmee Records.
Abụ ahụ bụ ihe na-ewu ewu ma ọ nwetara nnukwu ikuku na ụlọ ọrụ redio South Africa kemgbe a tọhapụrụ ya. Gqulu nwetara egwu na ọtụtụ mba, gụnyere [[Zimbabwe]], [[Angola]], na [[Namibia]]. Egwú ahụ nwetara ndị a họpụtara na Channel O Africa Music Video Award gụnyere Most Gifted Dance Video na Video of the Year. Egwú ahụ nwetara nhọpụta ọzọ na South African Music Award maka Record of the Year.&lt;ref name=&quot;modernghana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/21062/3/full-list-of-winners-at-the-2012-channel-o-music-v.html|work=modernghana.com|title=Full list of winners at the 2012 Channel O Music Video Awards|accessdate=30 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2013-2016: ''Ngoku'' na Clash of Choirs ===
A tọhapụrụ &quot;Ngoku&quot; na 11 Machị 2013 dị ka otu egwu na-abụghị album na iTunes. Egwú ahụ so vidiyo e wepụtara na YouTube.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=0bMKd-19eB4|title=Busiswa &quot;Ngoku&quot; ft Oskido &amp; Uhuru|date=4 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Ngoku&quot; ghọrọ egwu egwu na-adọrọ mmasị ya. Ụzọ ahụ nwetara ọtụtụ ikuku ma nwee ọganihu azụmahịa. Gqulu kwalitere egwu ahụ site n'ịrụ ya na ihe ngosi egwu e.tv Club808, ya na Oskido. Na 2014 Channel O Africa Music Video Award, abụ ahụ meriri Most Gifted Dance category ma ọ kụrụ egwu ahụ mgbe e mesịrị na mmemme onyinye ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/11/channel-o-africa-music-video-awards-performers-announced/|title=Channel O Africa Music Video Awards performers announced – NewsDay Zimbabwe|work=Newsday.co.zw|accessdate=2022-08-30|archivedate=2022-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830134342/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/11/channel-o-africa-music-video-awards-performers-announced/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Nọvemba 2013, Gqulu wepụtara otu egwu, &quot;Lahla&quot; nke gosipụtara Dj Bucks na Uhuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;youtube&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=bd46jAe1ukU|title=Busiswa feat DJ Buckz, Uhuru 'Lahla' Offical [sic] Music Video|date=12 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vidio egwu ahụ nwetara 1 nde+ nlele na YouTube.&lt;ref name=&quot;youtube&quot; /&gt; Gqulu tinyere Dj Bucks, kụrụ egwu ahụ na ndụ na SABC1 music show Live Amp.&lt;ref name=&quot;sabc1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sabc1.co.za/sabc/home/sabc1/shows/details?id=4ed9c017-fe7a-4c51-a172-e11d0d73765b|title=DETAILS|work=SABC1|accessdate=30 November 2018|archivedate=29 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211633/http://www.sabc1.co.za/sabc/home/sabc1/shows/details?id=4ed9c017-fe7a-4c51-a172-e11d0d73765b}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kụrụkwa egwu ahụ na 2015 Metro FM Awards .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://icc.co.za/14th-metro-fm-music-awards-rock-durban/|title=14th Metro FM Music Awards rock Durban – Durban ICC – Events and Entertainment Venue|work=Icc.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury/20150625/281857232183191#|title=PressReader - the Mercury: 2015-06-25 - is Busiswa Africa's finest?|accessdate=26 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201509/https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury/20150625/281857232183191#|archivedate=27 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ọnwa Septemba 2016, Gqulu sonyeere oge nke anọ nke Clash of the Choirs, dị ka onye na-eduzi ukwe na Kelly Khumalo, Anele Mdoda, JR, Bucie, Sifiso Ncwane na IFANI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reviewonline.co.za/events/event/do-you-have-what-it-takes-to-enter-clash-of-the-choirs/|title=Do you have what it takes to enter Clash of the Choirs? – Events – Review|work=Reviewonline.co.za|accessdate=26 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527024716/https://reviewonline.co.za/events/event/do-you-have-what-it-takes-to-enter-clash-of-the-choirs/|archivedate=27 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za|title=IOL – News that Connects South Africans|work=Independent Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.channel24.co.za|title=Channel24.co.za – Entertainment now|work=Channel}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nduzi ukwe nke KwaZulu-Natal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://albertonrecord.co.za/38083/team-robbie-kzn-wins-mzansi-magics-clash-choirs-sa-season-2-2/|title=Team Robbie, KZN wins Mzansi Magic's Clash of the Choirs SA Season 2 – Alberton Record|date=7 July 2014|work=Albertonrecord.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; E wepụrụ ndị otu ya mgbe ha lụchara ọgụ na ndị otu Western Cape nke IFANI duziri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mzansimagic.dstv.com/news/clash-of-the-choirs-welcomes-new-presenter|title=Clash of the Choirs welcomes new presenter!|work=Mzansi Magic Official Website – Clash of the Choirs welcomes new presenter!|accessdate=2022-08-30|archivedate=2021-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922072823/https://mzansimagic.dstv.com/news/clash-of-the-choirs-welcomes-new-presenter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2017 ruo 2019: ''Highly'' Flavoured na Summer Life ===
N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2017, Gqulu kwupụtara na abọm izizi ya ga-abụ Highly Flavoured . N'ime ihe fọdụrụ na 2017, Gqulu gosipụtara na ọtụtụ egwu gụnyere Tipcee &quot;Isichathulo&quot; na Dj Maphorisa &quot;Vuvushka&quot; na &quot;Midnight Starring&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehypemagazine.com/2018/04/chi-king-cavie-dana-dane-wayne-g-highly-flavored-feat-bo-roc/#|title=Chi King, Cavie, Dana Dane &amp; Wayne G 'Highly Flavored' (Feat. Bo Roc) – the Hype Magazine|accessdate=26 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527025127/https://www.thehypemagazine.com/2018/04/chi-king-cavie-dana-dane-wayne-g-highly-flavored-feat-bo-roc/#|archivedate=27 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.zkhiphani.co.za/new-album-alert-busiswa-drops-highly-flavoured/|title=NEW ALBUM ALERT: Busiswa Drops Highly Flavoured|work=Zkhiphani.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.justza.com/tipcee-give-feat-g-eazy-listen/|title=Tipcee 'iScathulo' (feat. Busiswa, DJ Tira &amp; Distruction Boyz) – Stream &amp; Download MP3! – JustZA|date=8 September 2017|work=Justza.com|accessdate=26 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527022858/http://www.justza.com/tipcee-give-feat-g-eazy-listen/|archivedate=27 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A tọhapụrụ &quot;Bazoyenza&quot; dị ka onye isi egwu maka abọm ahụ. Gqulu wepụtara abọm izizi ya Highly Flavoured, nke gosipụtara DJ Maphorisa, Busi N, DJ Athie, Da Fre, DJ Toxic, Nokwazi, Moozlie, Lando na Yasirah. A họpụtara abọm ahụ na South African Music Awards maka Best Kwaito Album na maka Best Female Artist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mytvnews.co.za/sama-awards-nominees-2018-record-of-the-year-announced/|title=SAMA Awards Nominees 2018 – Record of the Year Announced! – My TV News|date=21 April 2018|work=Mytvnews.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gqulu kwupụtara ntọhapụ nke abọm studio ya nke abụọ, Summer Life, na akaụntụ Instagram ya; a tọhapụrụ abọm ahụ na 12 Nọvemba 2018, n'onwe ya, n'okpuru Ngqulu ọhụrụ, ụlọ ọrụ nke ya Busiswa Entertainment.&lt;ref name=&quot;okayafrica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.okayafrica.com/busiswa-summer-life-album/|work=okayafrica.com|title=Listen to Busiswa's New Album 'Summer Life' Featuring RudeBoyz, Dladla Mshunqisi, Uhuru And More|accessdate=30 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dailysun&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/busiswa-to-release-an-independent-album-20181108|title=Busiswa to Release an Independent Album|work=Daily Sun|accessdate=30 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, Prince Kaybee wepụtara &quot;Banomoya&quot; nke gosipụtara Busiswa na TNS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.zkhiphani.co.za/prince-kaybee-reveals-new-single-banomoya-ft-busiswa-tns/|title=Prince Kaybee Reveals New Single, Banomoya, Ft. Busiswa &amp; TNS|date=16 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2019, Ngqulu nwetara nhọpụta abụọ na 25th South African Music Awards, na Best Dance Album category maka album ya a ma ama Summer Life na Best Female Category.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-04-26-full-list-sama-nominees-leave-mzansi-split-over-the-death-of-kwaito/|title=FULL LIST &amp;#124; Sama nominees leave Mzansi split over the 'death of Kwaito'|work=TimesLIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa na 2019, Busiswa gosipụtara na Beyoncé's The Lion King: The Gift album, na egwu &quot;My Power&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Website&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://beyonce.com/album/thegift/songs/|title=Beyoncé: THE LION KING: THE GIFT (2019)|work=Beyonce.com|accessdate=April 30, 2020|archivedate=July 20, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054338/https://www.beyonce.com/album/thegift/songs/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2020-Ugbu a: ''AmaPiano'' crossover na My Side Of The Story ===
N'afọ 2020, ya na onye egwu Amapiano nke South Africa, Gaba Cannal rụkọtara ọrụ na otu ''Umhlaba'' Wonke .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/gaba-cannal-busiswa-umhlaba-wonke/|title=Gaba Cannal Enlists Busiswa in New Amapiano Banger 'Umhlaba Wonke'|work=Okay Africa|accessdate=27 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ wepụtara abọm studio nke atọ ya nke akpọrọ My Side Of The Story nke e ji egwu AmaPiano wuo, ọpụpụ ya na egwu ya na ụda Gqom na-agafe AmaPiano. Abọm ahụ nwetara nkwado abụọ, &quot;Sbwl&quot; nke gosipụtara [[Kamo Mphela]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/busiswa-and-kamo-mphela-single-sbwl/|title=Busiswa and Kamo Mphela Summon The Summer in New Visuals for Their Single 'SBWL'|accessdate=3 December 2020|work=Okay Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; na &quot;Makazi&quot; nke ọ gosipụtara Maazị JazziQ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://justnje.com/busiswa-enjoys-the-good-life-in-makazi-music-video-featuring-mr-jazziq/|title=Busiswa enjoys the good life in makazi music video, featuring Mr JazziQ|work=Just Nje|accessdate=21 April 2021|archivedate=21 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421225727/https://justnje.com/busiswa-enjoys-the-good-life-in-makazi-music-video-featuring-mr-jazziq/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na MTV Africa Music Awards, ọ natara nhọpụta maka Best Female act.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Here Are the 2021 MTV Africa Music Awards Nominees|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/mtv-africa-music-awards-2021-nominees-announced/|work=OkayAfrica|accessdate=1 July 2021|language=en|date=2020-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ Ya ==
Gqulu nọrọ n'afọ izizi ya n'okpuru nlekọta na nduzi nke nne ya nwụrụ anwụ na nne nne ya bụ ndị nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịkpụzi àgwà ya siri ike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.suninternational.com/carousel/events/spring-bash-with-busiswa/#|title=Celebrate Spring Bash with Busiswa at the Carousel &amp;#124; Hammanskraal|accessdate=26 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527023035/https://www.suninternational.com/carousel/events/spring-bash-with-busiswa/#|archivedate=27 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Na 8 Nọvemba 2017, ọ kpughere na ọ dị ime na akaụntụ Instagram ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BbOgj7rj8Ce/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830134338/https://www.instagram.com/p/BbOgj7rj8Ce/|archivedate=30 August 2022|title=Busiswa Gqulu on Instagram: 'Happy Birthday to us!'|work=Instagram|accessdate=30 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 8 Jenụwarị 2018, Gqulu mụrụ nwa nwoke, Lakhanya Gqulu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2018-01-16-congrats-busiswas-baby-has-arrived/|title=Congrats! Busiswa's baby has arrived|work=Sunday Times (Johannesburg)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BdxDusQheeT/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830134339/https://www.instagram.com/p/BdxDusQheeT/|archivedate=30 August 2022|title=Busiswa Gqulu on Instagram: &quot;As We put all our faith in you my lord @kaygee_thevibe thank you for being with me through this journey #babystarringontheway&quot;|work=Instagram|accessdate=30 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Machị 2021, ihe ngosi  mere eme nke ya &quot;Her Majesty: Busiswa&quot; gosipụtara na BET Africa. [citation needed]

== Ọrụ ndị ọzọ ==
Na mgbakwunye na egwu na uri ya, Busiswa na-arụkwa ọrụ maka Art for Humanity (AFH) ebe ọ na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ogbako, dị ka ụzọ isi nyere aka zụlite ekele maka uri na nka anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kznsagallery.co.za/exhibitions/art_of_human_rights.htm|title=KZNSA – ART OF HUMAN RIGHTS|work=Kznsagallery.co.za|accessdate=2022-08-30|archivedate=2018-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629213437/https://www.kznsagallery.co.za/exhibitions/art_of_human_rights.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2018/02/20/oskido-egos-bongo-maffin-reunion-busiswas-future-kalawa-jazmee/|title=Oskido on egos' Bongo Maffin reunion and Busiswa's future at Kalawa Jazmee|work=Dispatchlive.co.za|accessdate=2022-08-30|archivedate=2018-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220201408/http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2018/02/20/oskido-egos-bongo-maffin-reunion-busiswas-future-kalawa-jazmee/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gqulu na-arụkwa ọrụ na Ngalaba Mmụta nke Ndị Ntorobịa nke Umlazi District, na-akụziri ndị mmụta okwu n'ihu ọha, arụmụka na uri arụmọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.news24.com/Drum/Archive/busiswa-gqulu-shows-off-her-bae-20170728|title=Busiswa Gqulu shows off her bae|work=M.news24.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwapụta ==

* Highly Flavoured (2017)
* ''Summer Life''(2018)
* ''Mu Side Of The Story''(2020)

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke onyinye na nhọpụta Busiswa nwetara
* Ndepụta nke ndị egwu South Africa
* Ndepụta nke ndị egwu Africa

== Edensibia ==

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'''Brian Chikwava''' bụ onye odee na onye egwu [[Zimbabwe|mba Zimbabwe]] . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya dị mkpirikpi &quot;Seventh Street Alchemy&quot; e nyere  ya n'afọ 2004 Caine Prize maka ide Afrika na Bekee; Chikwava ghọrọ onye Zimbabwe mbụ mere ya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303141123/http://caineprize.com/previous-winners/ Previous winners], Caine Prize website.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụbu onye Charles Pick ibe na Mahadum East Anglia, ma biri na London. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede na England ma wepụta abọ egwu akpọrọ ''Jacaranda Skits'' . &lt;ref&gt;The Literator, [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/cover-stories-patten-returns-caine-prize-for-african-writing-lesbian-sexuality-554071.html Caine Prize for African Writing], ''The Independent'', 22 July 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ndabere ==
A mụrụ Brian Chikwava na Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe 'afọ 1971. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ebi ebi dị na Bulawayo, na-aga n'ihu na-amụ engineering Civil na Bristol University . &lt;ref name=&quot;Observer&quot;&gt;Olivia Laing, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/jan/04/hotlist-books-fiction-brian-chikwava &quot;'The book will be published in Zimbabwe ... no one will buy it': The novelist: Brian Chikwava&quot;], ''[[The Observer]]'', 4 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;afọ 2004. &lt;ref&gt;Jean-Pierre Orban, [http://www.africultures.com/php/?nav=article&amp;no=9387 &quot;The long trek of Pidgin English in the Western publishing world&quot;], Africultures, 31 March 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chikwava nwetara ihe nrite Caine nke ise maka ide ihe n'Afrika n'afọ 2004 site na obere akụkọ ya &quot;Seventh Street Alchemy&quot; (nke e bipụtara na ''Writing Still'', Weaver Press, Harare ṅ'afọ 2003), &lt;ref name=&quot;Bellagio&quot;&gt;[http://bellagiopublishingnetwork.com/news/caine2004.htm &quot;2004 Caine Prize Winner Announced&quot;], Bellagio Publishing Network, 19 July 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; onye Zimbabwe mbụ nwetara ihe nrite ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;Lovemore Ranga Mataire, [http://www.herald.co.zw/celebrating-chikwavas-literary-prowess/ &quot;Celebrating Chikwava's literary prowess&quot;], ''The Herald'', 6 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịme ihe nrite ahụ, onye isi oche ndị ọka ikpe, Alvaro Ribeiro, kọwara akụkọ ahụ dị ka: &quot;Akụkọ siri ike nke Brian Chikwava nke Zimbabwe na-ekwu na asụsụ Bekee bụ nke ya, na Bekee nwere àgwà Afrịka. . . . Mmeri maka ọdịnala ogologo nke Zimbabwe na-ede n'ihu ọdịnihu Zimbabwe na-ejighị n'aka!&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Bellagio&quot; /&gt;

E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya bụ ''Harare North'' n'afọ 2009 site na Jonathan Cape .&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1081156/harare-north/ ''Harare North'' page] at Penguin Random House.&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha dị mma n'ozuzu ya, na Mary Fitzgerald nke New Statesman na-ede na &quot;n'ime ka nsogbu nke ndị a na-emekarị ka ha dị ndụ, [Chikwava] emeghewo ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma, ma dị mkpa ngwa ngwa, nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Mary Fitzgerald, [http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2009/03/forest-gate-north-chikwava &quot;Bright Lights, Big City&quot;], ''New Statesman'', 26 March 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-eto &quot;amamihe na aro&quot; ya, ihe Tod Wodicka, onye dere All Shall Be Well, kwenyere na ya, na-ede na &quot;akwụkwọ site na peeji, ahịrị site na ahịrị, [Chikwava] emeela olu akụkọ zuru oke na nke ziri ezi... jupụtara na ihe ijuanya, obere ''ihe'' na-atọ ụtọ, na ezigbo ọkụ-n'afọ... mana nke kachasị mkpa, olu ahụ na-apụta dị ka ihe na-enweghị mgbalị, ya mere eziokwu... ọ bụ nnukwu ihe rụzuru.

Trevor Lewis nke ''The Sunday Times'' dere na &quot;Chikwava emeela ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-adọrọ adọrọ, ''onye'' Bekee na okwu ya na-agbagọ agbagọ na-eme ka ihe dị egwu, ihe na-atọ ọchị&quot;, ebe Margaret Busby dere na The Independent: &quot;Chikwavа nwere nkà ịchọta ìhè na ihe ọchị n'ime obi nkoropụ kachasị njọ, na-adọta ọchị ọbụna site na mwute... mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti ndị edemede otu na-abịa gafee olu pụrụ iche... nke na ọ na-ejide n'ụzọ a na-agaghị echefu echefu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/fiction/article6107228.ece |title=''The Times'' review |accessdate=2022-09-03 |archivedate=2011-06-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617011530/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/fiction/article6107228.ece }}&lt;/ref&gt; N' uche m, Chikwava yiri ka ọ ga-anọ n'ụdị ahụ. Site na peeji mbụ ruo na nke ikpeazụ, akụkọ obodo nke Harare North na-ejide, na-enye nsogbu, na-akpali akpali, na-atọ ọchị. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;Margaret Busby, [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/harare-north-by-brian-chikwava-1673186.html &quot;Harare North, By Brian Chikwava — Scams, scrapes and survival in a city of refugees&quot;], ''The Independent'', 23 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ikwu okwu banyere [[Zimbabwe]] na nnabata ọ kwenyere na akwụkwọ ya ga-enweta, Chikwava kwuru: &quot;Zimbabwe m maara na ọ dịghịzi adị. A ga-ebipụta akwụkwọ ahụ ebe ahụ mana ọ nweghị onye ga-azụta ya. Ọ dịghị onye na-azụrụ akwụkwọ ugbu a. Ha abụghịzi ihe mbụ.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Observer&quot;/&gt;

O sokwa na mmemme Bush Theater 's nke afó 2011 ''Akwụkwọ iri isii'' na isii nke o ji dee ibe ya dabere n'akwụkwọ King James Bible 

== Edensibia ==
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above cultivar&quot; style=&quot;background:palegreen;&quot; |Cauliflower
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Chou-fleur_02.jpg|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Cauliflower, cultivar unknown&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;&quot; |[[Species]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data binominal&quot; style=&quot;min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |''[[Brassica oleracea]]''
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;&quot; |[[Cultivar group]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |Botrytis Group
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;&quot; |Origin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |Northeast Mediterranean
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;&quot; |Cultivar&amp;nbsp;group members
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |Many; see text.
|}
[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]
[[Usòrò:Cauliflower_plants_growing_in_New_Jersey_in_April.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cauliflower_plants_growing_in_New_Jersey_in_April.jpg/150px-Cauliflower_plants_growing_in_New_Jersey_in_April.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|234x234px|Osisi Cauliflower na-eto n'ebe a na-azụ ụmụ]]
'''Cauliflower''' bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri n'ụdị ''Brassica oleracea'' na ụdị ''Brassica'', nke dị na ezinụlọ Brassicaceae (ma ọ bụ mustard). Ọ bụ osisi na-eto kwa afọ nke na-amụba site na mkpụrụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọ bụ naanị isi ka a na-eri anụ na-acha ọcha a na-akpọ &quot;curd&quot; mgbe ụfọdụ (nke yiri cheese curd).&lt;ref name=&quot;ume&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/vegetables/growing-broccoli-cabbage-and-cauliflower-in-minnesota/|title=Growing broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower in Minnesota|publisher=University of Minnesota Extension, Garden – Growing Vegetables|author=Vincent A. Fritz|date=2017|accessdate=26 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227153004/http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/vegetables/growing-broccoli-cabbage-and-cauliflower-in-minnesota/|archivedate=27 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isi cauliflower nwere okooko osisi na-acha ọcha. Isi Cauliflower yiri nke broccoli, nke dị iche n'inwe okooko osisi dị ka akụkụ a na-eri eri. ''Brassica oleracea'' gụnyekwara broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, collard greens, na kale, nke a na-akpọ &quot;cole&quot; ihe ọkụkụ, ọ bụ ezie na ha sitere n'ụdị dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;umass&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/cabbage-broccoli-cauliflower-other-brassica-crops|title=Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower, and Other Brassica Crops|publisher=Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, USA|date=14 January 2013|accessdate=26 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Pliny the Elder gụnyere cyma n'etiti osisi ndị a kụrụ ''akụ'' ọ kọwara na Natural History: &quot;''Ex omnibus brassicae generibus suavissima est cyma'',&quot; (&quot;N'ime ụdị cabbage niile, nke kachasị amasị ya bụ ''cyma''&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pliny (the Elder)|editor=Weise|title=Historiae Naturalis Libri XX|date=1841|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrFXAAAAcAAJ|language=la}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Rackham|title=Pliny's Natural History|date=1949|chapterurl=http://www.masseiana.org/pliny.htm#BOOK%20XX|accessdate=1 July 2015|chapter=XXXV}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkọwa Pliny nwere ike na-ezo aka n'isi okooko osisi nke ụdị ''Brassica oleracea'' a zụlitere na mbụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Crozier|first=Arthur Alger|title=The Cauliflower|date=1891|publisher=Register Publishing Co.|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|url=https://archive.org/details/cauliflower00crozgoog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ụwa na-emepechabeghị anya, a na-ejikọta ụdị cauliflower na agwaetiti Saịprọs, na ndị botanist Arab nke senchiri nke irí na abụọ na nke ịrị na atọ a kpọrọ Ibn al-'Awwam na Ibn al-Baitar, na-azọrọ na mmalite ya bụ Saịpris.&lt;ref name=&quot;AggieHorticulture&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cabbage Flowers for Food|url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/broccoli.html|work=Aggie Horticulture|publisher=Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&amp;M System|accessdate=12 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fenwick|first=G. Roger|title=Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants|journal=CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|date=1982|volume=18|issue=2|pages=123–201|doi=10.1080/10408398209527361|pmid=6337782}}&lt;/ref&gt; Njikọ a gara n'ihu n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe, ebe a na-akpọ cauliflowers mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka Cyprus [[wiktionary:colewort|colewort]], ma enwere azụmahịa dị ukwuu n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Europe na mkpụrụ cauliflower sitere na Saịprọs, n'okpuru ndị ọchịchị French Lusignan nke agwaetiti ahụ, ruo na narị afọ nke iri na isii.&lt;ref&gt;Jon Gregerson, ''Good Earth'' (Portland: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company, 1990) p.41&lt;/ref&gt;

François Pierre La Varenne jiri ''chouxfleurs'' mee ihe na Le cuisinier françois. A kpọbatara ha na France site na Genoa na narị afọ nke iri na isii, a na-egosikwa ha na Olivier de Serres' Théâtre de l'agriculture (1600), dị ka ''cauli-fiori'' &quot;dị ka ndị Itali na-akpọ ya, nke ka dị obere na France; ha nwere ọnọdụ dị ùgwù n'ogige ahụ n'ihi ịdị ụtọ ha&quot;, mana ha anaghị apụta na nnukwu tebụl ruo n'oge Louis nke iri na anọ. Ndị Britain webatara ya na India n'afọ 1822.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Vegetable Crops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mTUBjSyo_UC&amp;pg=PA209|date=1 January 2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-41-7|pages=209}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okwu mmalite ==
Okwu ahụ bụ &quot;cauliflower&quot; sitere na Italian ''cavolfiore'', nke pụtara &quot;flowers cabbage&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=cauliflower|url=http://www.wordreference.com/definition/cauliflower|work=WordReference.com Dictionary of English|accessdate=4 June 2018|language=en|archivedate=9 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709155314/http://www.wordreference.com/definition/cauliflower}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmalite kachasị nke aha ahụ sitere na okwu Latin ''caulis'' (cabbage) na ''flōs'' (flowers).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cauliflower|title=Cauliflower: definition|publisher=[[Reference.com]]|accessdate=22 November 2008|year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịkpa ubi ==
[[Usòrò:Orange_and_Purple_Cauliflower.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Orange_and_Purple_Cauliflower.jpg/300px-Orange_and_Purple_Cauliflower.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ọla na-acha odo odo nke cauliflower]]
Cauliflower siri ike izulite ma e jiri ya tụnyere cabbage, yana nsogbu ndị a na-ahụkarị dị ka isi na-etoghi eto na àgwà curd na-adịghị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;umass&quot;/&gt;

=== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe ===
N'ihi na ihu igwe bụ ihe na-egbochi mmepụta cauliflower, osisi ahụ na-eto nke ọma na okpomọkụ dị n'ehihie 21 - 29°C (70 - 85°F), na ọtụtụ anyanwụ, na ọnọdụ ala mmiri dị elu na ihe ndị dị ndụ na ala ájá.&lt;ref name=&quot;ume&quot;/&gt; Oge kachasị eto maka cauliflower bụ izu asaa ruo ịzụ ịrị na abụọ site n'ụbọchị nzọgharị.&lt;ref name=&quot;umass&quot;/&gt; N'ebe ugwu, oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na July nwere ike ime ka owuwe ihe ubi tupu oge oyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ume&quot; /&gt;

Ogologo oge nke anwụ na-achasi ike n'oge okpomọkụ nwere ike ime ka isi cauliflower na-acha uhie uhie.&lt;ref name=&quot;ume&quot;/&gt;

=== Ịgha mkpụrụ na ịgha mkpụrụ ===
Enwere ike ịmepụta cauliflowers a na-etinye n'ime akpa dị ka flats, hotbeds, ma ọ bụ n'ọhịa. N'ime ala nke -adọbaghị, nke na-agbanye mmiri nke ọma ma na-eme nri, a na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi n'ọhịa otu sentimita (⁄½ in) ma na-agbatị site na ohere zuru oke nke ihe dị ka osisi ịrị na abụọ kwa sentimita ịrị atọ  (½ in).&lt;ref name=&quot;ume&quot;/&gt; Okpomọkụ na-eto eto bụ ihe dị ka 18 °C (65°F) mgbe mkpụrụ dị ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na ise ruo ụbọchị ịrị atọ na ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;ume&quot; /&gt; Mmetụta nke fatịlaịza na-eto eto na-amalite mgbe akwụkwọ na-apụta, na-ejikarị ihe ngwọta mmalite kwa izu.

Ịgha mkpụrụ n'ọhịa na-amalite n'oge opupu ihe ubi ma nwee ike ịga n'ihu ruo n'etiti oge okpomọkụ. Ogologo ahịrị bụ ihe dị ka 38 - 46 cm (15 - 18 in). 
Uto ngwa ngwa nke ahịhịa mgbe a gbasịrị ya nwere ike irite uru site na usoro ndị dị ka izere oyi oge opupu ihe ubi, iji ihe ngwọta mmalite dị elu na phosphorus, ịgba mmiri kwa izu, na itinye fatịlaịza.&lt;ref name=&quot;ume&quot;/&gt;

=== Nsogbu, ụmụ ahụhụ, na ọrịa ===
Nsogbu kachasị mkpa na-emetụta àgwà cauliflower bụ ogwe oghere, uto isi ma ọ bụ bọtịnụ, ricing, browning na ọkụ ọkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ume&quot;/&gt; N'etiti nnukwu ahụhụ na-emetụta cauliflower bụ aphids, mgbọrọgwụ, cutworms, ụkpara, na flea beetles.&lt;ref name=&quot;umass&quot;/&gt; Osisi ahụ nwere ike ire ure ojii, ụkwụ ojii, mgbọrọgwụ klọb, ntụpọ akwụkwọ ojii, na downy mildew.&lt;ref name=&quot;ume&quot; /&gt;

=== Owuwe ihe ubi ===
Mgbe cauliflower tozuru, isi -apụta dị ka ihe na-acha ọcha, dị mkpirikpi, na 15-20 cm (6-8 in) n'obosara, a ga-emekwa ka ọ jụọ oyi n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;ume&quot;/&gt; Mmiri na-eme ka ikuku dị jụụ iji wepụ okpomọkụ n'ọhịa n'oge okpomọkụ nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka nchekwa kachasị mma. Nchekwa nwa oge nwere ike site na iji ọnọdụ nchekwa dị jụụ, nke dị elu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ume&quot; /&gt;

=== Mkpụrụ osisi na-eme ka a mịpụta ya ===
Ọtụtụ ụdị ụgbala, gụnyere ''Calliphora vomitoria'', bụ ndị a maara dị ka ndị na-eme ntụ ọka nke cauliflower.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wolf|first=Jan M. Van Der|date=2010|title=Colonization of Cauliflower Blossom (Brassica oleracea) by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, via Flies (Calliphora vomitoria) Can Result in Seed Infestation|journal=Journal of Phytopathology|language=en|volume=158|issue=11–12|pages=726–732|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01690.x|issn=1439-0434}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta na njirimara ==
E nwere nnukwu ìgwè anọ nke cauliflower.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Crisp, P.|title=The use of an evolutionary scheme for cauliflowers in screening of genetic resources|journal=Euphytica|year=1982|volume=31|doi=10.1007/BF00039211|issue=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Italian: Ụdị a dịgasị iche iche n'ọdịdị, nke na-eme ugboro abụọ na nke na-adị kwa afọ. Ìgwè a gụnyekwara ọcha, Romanesco, ụdị dị iche iche na-acha nchara nchara, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, purple, na odo. Ụdị a bụ ụdị nna nna nke ndị ọzọ sitere na ya.
# Northern European annuals: A na-eji ya na Europe na North America maka owuwe ihe ubi n'oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, e mepụtara ya na Germany na senchiri nke irí na asatọ ma gụnye ụdị ochie Erfurt na Snowball.
# Northwest European biennial: A na-eji ya na Europe maka oge oyi na mmalite oge opupu ihe ubi, e mepụtara nke a na France na senchiri nke irí na itoolu ma gụnye ụdị ochie Angers na Roscoff.
# Eshia: Cauliflower nke a na-eji eme ihe na China na India, e mepụtara ya na India n'oge senchiri nke irí na itoolu site na ụdị Cornish a gbahapụrụ ugbu a ma gụnye ụdị ochie Early Benaras na Early Patna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Swarup, V.|title=Origin and genetic improvement of Indian cauliflower|journal=Economic Botany|year=1972|volume=26|pages=381–393|doi=10.1007/BF02860710|issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụdị dị iche iche ===
E nwere ọtụtụ narị ụdị azụmahịa nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke ugbu a na-eji gburugburu ụwa. A na-edebe ndepụta zuru oke nke ihe dị ka ụdị ịrị asatọ nke North America na Mahadum [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]] State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Farnham, M.|url=http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wehner/vegcult/cauliflower.html|year=2007|title=Vegetable Cultivar Descriptions for North America:Cauliflower|accessdate=2007-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agba ===

; Ọcha ọcha
: Cauliflower ọcha bụ ụcha a na-ahụkarị nke caulifloor, nwere isi ọcha dị iche (nke a na-akpọkwa &quot;curd&quot;) nke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gbara gburugburu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ume&quot;/&gt;
; Uhie-edo (Orange)
: Cauliflower nwere beta-carotene dị ka ihe na-acha oroma, provitamin A compound. Omume uhie-edo a sitere n'okike a hụrụ n'ọhịa cauliflower na Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dickson, M.H.|title=Orange-curd high carotene cauliflower inbreds, NY 156, NY 163, and NY 165|journal=HortScience|year=1988|volume=23|pages=778–779}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cultivars gụnyere 'Cheddar' na 'Orange Bouquet'.
; Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ
: A na-akpọ cauliflower na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na B. oleracea Botrytis Group mgbe ụfọdụ broccoflower. Ọ dị n'ụdị curd (isi) nkịtị na fractal spiral curd a na-akpọ Romanesco broccoli. Ha abụọ anọwo na-ere ahịa na US na Europe kemgbe mmalite afọ 1990. Ụdị isi akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gụnyere 'Alverda', 'Green Goddess' na 'Vorda'. Ụdị Romanesco gụnyere 'Minaret' na 'Veronica'.
; Anụnụ 
: Agba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na cauliflower a sitere na ọnụnọ nke anthocyanins, ihe na-acha uhie uhie nke mmiri na-agbaze nke a na-ahụ n'ọtụtụ osisi ndị ọzọ na ngwaahịa ndị sitere na osisi, dị ka red cabbage na red wine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=179842|title=Toward Identification of the Candidate Gene Controlling Anthocyanin Accumulation in Purple Cauliflower (''Brassica oleracea L.'' var. ''botrytis'')|author=Chiu, L.|date=July 16, 2005|publisher=American Society of Plant Biologists Annual Meeting}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere 'Graffiti' na 'Purple Cape'.
: Na Great Britain na ndịda [[Italy|Ịtali]], a na-ere broccoli nwere obere okooko osisi dị ka akwụkwọ nri n'okpuru aha &quot;purple cauliflower&quot;; ọ bụghị otu ihe ahụ dị ka cauliflour nwere isi purple.
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Usòrò:Cauliflower broccoflower.jpg|Cauliflower na-acha ọcha na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ
Usòrò:Cauliflower romanesco.JPG|Green Romanesco cauliflower
Usòrò:7367-Brassica oleracea var. botrytis.JPG|Oroma cauliflower
Usòrò:Purplec.png|Osisi cauliflower na-acha odo odo
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Mmepụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; style=&quot;clear:left; width:18em; text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mmepụta nke okooko osisi Cauliflower 2020
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ddf; width:60%;&quot; |Mba
! style=&quot;background:#ddf; width:40%;&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Mmepụta (ọtụtụ nde tọn)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| China
|9.5
|-
| India
|8.8
|-
| United States
|1.3
|-
| Spain
|0.7
|-
| Mexico
|0.7
|-
| Italy
|0.4
|-
|'''Ụwa'''
|'''25.5'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Ebe e si nweta ya: FAOSTAT nke United Nations&lt;ref name=&quot;fao16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E|title=Production/Crops, Quantities by Country for Cauliflowers and Broccoli for 2016|publisher=Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)|date=2016|accessdate=26 February 2017|archivedate=22 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122053717/http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}
Na 2020, mmepụta ụwa nke cauliflowers (gwakọta maka akụkọ mmepụta na broccoli) bụ nde tọn ịrị abụọ na ise na ọkara, nke [[China]] na [[Ndia|India]] sotere. Ha nwere pasent ịrị asaa na abụọ nke ngụkọta ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao16&quot;/&gt; Ndị na-emepụta ihe nke abụọ, na-enwe 0.4 - 1.3 nde tọn kwa afọ, bụ United States, [[Spain]], Mexico na Italy.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao16&quot; /&gt;

== Nri ==
 
Cauliflower ndụ bụ nwere mmiri dị pasent ịrị itoolu na abụọ, carbohydrates dị pasent ise, protein dị pasent abụọ ma nwee abụba na-enweghị isi (tebụl). Otu gram (3½-ounce) nke cauliflower na-enweghị isi na-enye 104 kilojoules (25 kilocalories) nke ike nri, ma nwee ọdịnaya dị elu (20% ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị, DV) nke vitamin C (58% DV) na ọkwa dị mma nke ọtụtụ vitamin B na vitamin K (13 - 15% DV; tebụl). Ihe dị n'ime mineral ndị dị n'ihe oriri dị ala (7% DV ma ọ bụ obere).

== Phytochemicals ==
Cauliflower nwere ọtụtụ phytochemicals na-adịghị edozi ahụ nke a na-ahụkarị n'ezinụlọ cabbage nke nọ n'okpuru nyocha mbụ maka ihe onwunwe ha nwere ike, gụnyere isothiocyanates na glucosinolates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=Breeding Science|year=2014|volume=64|issue=1|pages=48–59|doi=10.1270/jsbbs.64.48|title=Glucosinolate metabolism, functionality and breeding for the improvement of Brassicaceae vegetables|pmid=24987290}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịsị ya n'ọkụ na-ebelata ọkwa nke glucosinolates cauliflower, ebe usoro isi nri ndị ọzọ, dị ka steaming, microwaving, na stir friing, enweghị mmetụta dị ịrịba ama na ọkwa glucosinolate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugrahedi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nugrahedi|first=Probo Y.|title=A Mechanistic Perspective on Process-Induced Changes in Glucosinolate Content in Brassica Vegetables: A Review|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=55|issue=6|year=2015|issn=1040-8398|pmid=24915330|doi=10.1080/10408398.2012.688076|pages=823–838|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262977227}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nri ==
Enwere ike isi cauliflower, sie ya, sie ya ọkụ, sie ya n'ọkụ, sie ya mmiri, sie ya na steam, sie ya mmanụ, ma ọ bụ rie ya na-enweghị isi. Mgbe a na-esi nri, a na-ewepụkarị akwụkwọ ndị dị n'èzí na ogwe osisi ndị dị arọ, na-ahapụ naanị okooko osisi (nke a na-eri eri &quot;curd&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;isi&quot;). A na-eri akwụkwọ ya ma a na-atụfu ya mgbe niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Grout|first=B. W. W.|editor=Bajaj|title=Crops II|date=1988|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-73520-2|pages=211–225|chapter=Cauliflower (''Brassica oleracea'' var. ''botrytis'' L.)|series=Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-73520-2_10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cauliflower bụ obere calorie, na-enweghị gluten ọzọ na osikapa na ntụ ọka. N'agbata afọ 2012 na 2016, mmepụta cauliflower na United States mụbara 63%, ahịa ngwaahịa ndị dabeere na caulifloor mụbara rụọ 71% n'agbata 2017 na 2018. A na-eme osikapa cauliflower site na ịpị okooko osisi caulifloor wee sie ya na mmanụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/4845148/cauliflower-rice-menu/|title=Why Cauliflower Is the New 'It' Vegetable|publisher=Time|accessdate=December 12, 2019|date=July 14, 2017|author=Gajanan|first=Mahita|archivedate=June 13, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613165710/https://time.com/4845148/cauliflower-rice-menu/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.delish.com/food/a28397861/will-cauliflower-trend-die/|title=Why Is Cauliflower Still Literally Everywhere?|publisher=Delish|accessdate=December 12, 2019|date=July 15, 2019|author=Koman|first=Tess}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji okooko osisi cauliflower emepụta mkpo pizza caulifloor ma bụrụ nke a ma ama na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ pizza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/08/well/cauliflower-vegetables-rice-pasta-carbs-gluten.html|title=The Ascension of Cauliflower|work=New York Times|accessdate=December 12, 2019|date=June 8, 2018|author=O'Connor|first=Anahad}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mashed cauliflower bụ ihe ọzọ na-enweghị carbohydrate karịa nduku esuru esu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cindybrzostowski/2021/03/19/as-cauliflowers-popularity-holds-breadcrumb-alternative-cauli-crunch-enters-the-scene|title=As Cauliflower's Popularity Holds, Breadcrumb Alternative Cauli Crunch Enters The Scene|author=Brzostowski|first=Cindy|work=[[Forbes]]|date=March 19, 2021|accessdate=March 26, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị nke Fractal ==
Ndị na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ achọpụtala Cauliflower maka akụkụ ya dị iche iche, nke a gbakọrọ na ọ bụ ihe dịka 2.8.&lt;ref&gt;Walker, John. (2005-03-22) [http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/Romanesco/ Fractal Food]. Fourmilab.ch. Retrieved on 2013-09-03.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iwriteiam.nl/HaCF.html Description of the Julia sets of the cabbage fractal]. Iwriteiam.nl. Retrieved on 2013-09-03.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kim, Sang-Hoon|title=Fractal Structure of a White Cauliflower|journal=Journal of the Korean Physical Society|volume=46|issue=2|pages=474–477|url=http://icpr.snu.ac.kr/resource/wop.pdf/J01/2005/046/R02/J012005046R020474.pdf|year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Otu n'ime njirimara nke cauliflower bụ na alaka ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ &quot;module&quot;, yiri cauliflour dum. Àgwà ọzọ, nke dịkwa na ụdị osisi ndị ọzọ, bụ na oghere dị n'etiti &quot;modules,&quot; ka ha na-adịwanye anya site n'etiti, bụ 360° nkewa site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọla edo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/30/AR2010033003408.html|title=Romanesco cauliflower is a striking example of fractals|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* '''''&lt;small&gt; [[:en:Portal:Food|Ebe a na-edebe nri]]&lt;/small&gt;''''' 
{{Clear}}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite journal|author=Sharma, S.R.|title=A review of hybrid cauliflower development|journal=Journal of New Seeds|year=2004|volume=6|doi=10.1300/J153v06n02_08|issue=2–3}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160210161136/http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&amp;BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&amp;TN=PROTAB~1&amp;QB0=AND&amp;QF0=Species+Code&amp;QI0=Brassica+oleracea+cauliflower+and+broccoli&amp;RF=Webdisplay PROTAbase na Brassica oleracea (cauliflower na broccoli)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080513105622/http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/pubs/press/2004/040412caulif.html Ọganihu nke Orange Cauliflower]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lagos-Badagry Expressway</title>
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        <username>Anastesia chi</username>
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      <text bytes="3575" sha1="ec6j4t1adrerqlnvgh163gi85naq36b" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Lagos-Badagry experssway.jpg|thumb|Lagos-Badagry experssway]]


{{infobox road|country=NGA|name=Lekki–Epe Expressway|map=Nigeriamap.png|length_km=|direction_a=East|direction_b=West|terminus_a=[[Lagos]]|junction=|terminus_b=[[Badagry]]|formed=|history=Under Construction|states=[[Lagos State|Badagry]], [[Lagos State|Lagos]], [[Lagos State]]|cities=[[Badagry]], [[Lagos]]|maint=}}

Lagos-Badagry Expressway bụ aha obodo maka mpaghara Naijiria nke Trans-West African Coastal Highway.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanguard2013&quot;&gt;
{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/04/lagos-badagry-expressway-unending-reconstruction-unending-agony/|title=Lagos-Badagry Expressway: Unending reconstruction, unending agony|publisher=[[Vanguard magazine]]|author=Olasunkanmi Akoni|date=2013-04-23|page=|accessdate=2013-06-15|quote=Despite the fact that the road is an international route that links Nigeria with other West African countries starting with Benin Republic, it has been abandoned by concerned authorities.}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
Okporo ụzọ awara awara jikọtara [[Lagos]], Nigeria na Dakar, Senegal.
[[Category:Infobox road maps tracking category]]
[[Category:Infobox road maps for Wikidata migration]]
[[Category:Infobox road instances in Nigeria]]
Nrụgharị nnukwu akụkụ nke Lagos nke okporo ụzọ awara awara malitere n'afọ 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanguard2013&quot;&gt;
{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/04/lagos-badagry-expressway-unending-reconstruction-unending-agony/|title=Lagos-Badagry Expressway: Unending reconstruction, unending agony|publisher=[[Vanguard magazine]]|author=Olasunkanmi Akoni|date=2013-04-23|page=|accessdate=2013-06-15|quote=Despite the fact that the road is an international route that links Nigeria with other West African countries starting with Benin Republic, it has been abandoned by concerned authorities.}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BusinessDay2013-02&quot;&gt;
{{Cite news|url=http://businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/homes-a-property/52211-why-construction-work-may-delay-on-lagos-badagry-expressway|title=Why construction work may delay on Lagos-Badagry Expressway|publisher=[[Business Day Nigeria]]|author=Odinaka Mbonu|date=2013-02-26|accessdate=2013-06-15|quote=The expansion of the expressway started about three years ago with the phase one almost completed. However, work on the second phase stretching from Maza-Maza to Agboju has progressed at a slow speed, causing motorists and residents who ply the road regularly so much pain, and with no tangible alternative in sight at the moment.}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
Mgbe emechara nrụzigharị ahụ, a ga-agbasa akụkụ Lagos nke okporo ụzọ awara awara site n'okporo ụzọ anọ gaa n'ụzọ iri maka ụgbọ ala okporo ụzọ na okporo ụzọ okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ ga-arụ ọrụ na etiti. Ezubere ụzọ abụọ n'ime okporo ụzọ awara awara ka ndị a ga-eji naanị yaLagos Bus Rapid Transit System.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite news|url=http://businessdaynigeria.com/investors-cautious-despite-enticing-opportunities-lagos-badagry-expressway|title=Investors cautious despite enticing opportunities on Lagos-Badagry Expressway|publisher=[[Business Day Nigeria]]|date=2013-04-23|accessdate=2013-06-15|quote=Despite the huge investment opportunities presented by the ongoing expansion of the Lagos-Badagry Expressway from its present four lanes to 10 lanes with a light rail track, investors and land buyers are cautious with, and sceptical about making massive investment along the expressway, an expert has revealed to BusinessDay.}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebensidee ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;</text>
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    <title>Obi Wali</title>
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      <comment>Added an image to the article</comment>
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      <text bytes="4005" sha1="5huwxbi49q43pv4m4nesfvxa9i049px" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Dr wali main.jpg|thumb|Obi Wali]]
A mụrụ Obi Wali na 27 Febụwarị 1932 na Rumuigbo Town, isi ụlọ ọrụ Apara Kingdom, na Obio Akpor Local Government Area nke Rivers State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/50371/1/justice-for-obi-waliby-okachikwu-dibia.html|title=Justice for Obi Wali.By Okachikwu Dibia|work=TheNigerianVoice.com|accessdate=2017-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ Chief Frank Wali Otogbo (1889-1980) na Princess Jane Wali Otogbo (1995-1976) nwa nwanyị nke Chief Ezebunwo Amadi Nwondugba (Deceased) nke (Worenwu Family) Oroworukwo Wami Community, onye na-achị Oroworikwo Rebisi na Port Harcourt Local Government Area nke Rivers State. O nwere nwanne ya nwoke nke obere, Mrs Patience Waku Okabie Worgu (1935 - 2019). Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na West African People's Institute, [[Calabar]], St. Augustine's Secondary School, Nkwerre sochiri ya. Maka agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu, ọ gara Mahadum Ibadan, ebe ọ bụ ọkachamara na akwụkwọ. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na United States, ebe ọ nwetara nzere doctorate na asụsụ Bekee na akwụkwọ na Mahadum Northwestern, Evanston, Illinois. Mahadum Northwestern nke USA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://learnigbolanguage.com/photo-gallery/|title=Gallery of Great Igbo People: Dr. (Senator) Obi Wali|author=Rosales|first=Thomas|accessdate=2 January 2017|archivedate=20 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020074437/http://learnigbolanguage.com/photo-gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wali bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Steeti Rivers na Naịjịrịa ma jee ozi dị ka Kọmishọna mbụ maka agụmakwụkwọ, yana onye otu kansụl mbụ nke steeti ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Saylor|first=Ryan|date=2016-07-01|title=Ethnic Entrepreneurs and Movements for New Administrative Units: Lessons from Nigeria|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|pages=568–595|doi=10.1093/publius/pjw016|issn=0048-5950|volume=46|issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mechara họpụta ya dị ka onye otu 1978 Constituent Assembly nakwa dị ka onye so na Kọmitii Na-edepụta Iwu nke dere Iwu nke Federal Republic nke Naịjịrịa nke afọ 1979.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Politics of Oil: Who Owns Oil, Nigeria, States or Communities?|author=Omoruyi|first=Omo|date=April 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ya dị ka onye omeiwu nke Federal Republic nke Naịjịrịa na Republic nke Abụọ ma na 1980 a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndú nke Minority nke House of Senate, Federal Republic nke Naịjịrịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Network Newspaper|url=https://www.nationalnetworkonline.com/|work=National Network Newspaper|language=en-gb|accessdate=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, a na-echeta ya nke ọma maka ịkwado ihe gbasara ndị Ikwerre dị ka agbụrụ dị nta na Naịjịrịa. Senator Wali bụ otu n'ime ndị isi a ma ama site na mpaghara Niger Delta na-ekwugide nrụchapu a na-arụchapu ndị Niger Delta (karịsịa mba Ikwerre). Ọ lụrụ ọgụ maka ịmepụta Port Harcourt site na Steeti Rivers nke Naịjịrịa. Ikepụta Steeti Port Harcourt maka ndị Ikwerre bụ ihe dị mkpa ọ rụzuru n'ịkwado njedebe nrụchapụ a na-arụchapu ndi Ikwerre, na nnachapụ nke akụ ha sitere na steeti. Wali mere kwuru maka idozi enweghị nkwekọ na ike mmekọrịta ọha na akụnụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke steeti Naịjịrịa n'oge ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya niile. A na-echetakwa ya maka oku ya maka nyocha dị oke egwu nke nkwekọrịta Naịjịrịa na [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Onwuka|first=R. I.|date=1982-01-01|title=The Ecowas Protocol on the Free Movement of Persons: A Threat to Nigerian Security?|journal=African Affairs|volume=81|issue=323|pages=193–206|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097408}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
[[Otú:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]]</text>
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    <title>Makoun</title>
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      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
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      <text bytes="275" sha1="06aewmdtgeeid57zkosbv624qndq04d" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Makoun2012.JPG|thumb|Makoun]]
'''Makoun''' bụ aha nna. Ndị ama ama nwere aha nna  a gụnyere:

* Christian Makoun (amụrụ n'afọ 2000), onye na-agba bọọlụ Venezuelan-Cameroon
* Jean Makoun (amụrụ n'afọ 1983), onye Cameroon na-agba bọọlụ</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cecelia Akagu</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Cecilia Akagu''' bụ Brigadier General na [[Nigerian Army|ndị agha Naijiria]]. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ego ma na-eje ozi na Accounts Directorate of the Army. Ọ lụrụ Clifford Wande onye bụkwa Brigadier General na ndị agha Naijiria. Ha bụ di na nwunye mbụ ruru ọkwa Brigadier General na ndị agha Naijiria.

== Ọrụ na ndụ ezinụlọ ==
Cecilia Akagu bụ nwa afọ Ankpa na Ankpa Local Government Area nke [[Ȯra Kogi|Kogi]] Steetị, Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ego nke Finance Corp na ndị agha Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ onye nduzi nke Army Accounts Inspectorate.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-army-couple-who-are-both-generalshow-we-met-married-and-coped-with-war/|title=Nigerian Army couple who are both generals:How we met, married and coped with war|date=March 13, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ lụrụ Maazị Clifford Wanda onye bụkwa Brigadier General na ndị agha Naijiria. Maazị Clifford Wanda si n'obodo Enugu Ngwo na Enugu North Local Government Area nke Enugu State, Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Interesting world of couple who are army generals|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=2016-03-13|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/relationships-weddings/military-love-story-interesting-world-of-couple-who-are-army-generals/kxtj73s|accessdate=2020-07-21|archivedate=2020-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219130045/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/relationships-weddings/military-love-story-interesting-world-of-couple-who-are-army-generals/kxtj73s}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/2015/12/06/nigeria%E2%80%99s-power-couple-brigadier-general-cecilia-u-akagu-and-brigadier-gen-clifford-b|title=Nigeria’s Power Couple: Brigadier General Cecilia U. Akagu and Brigadier Gen. Clifford B. Wanda|date=December 6, 2015|work=Sahara Reporters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://howng.com/tag/brig-gen-cecelia-akagu/?nonamp=1|title=Brig.-Gen. Cecelia Akagu – How Nigeria News|work=howng.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Brigadier General Cecelia Akagu na Brigadier Général Clifford Wanda abụghị ndị isi mbụ lụrụ di na nwunye na ndị agha Naịjirịa. Otú ọ dị, ha bụ di na nwunye mbụ ruru ọkwa Brigadier General dị ka di na nwunye.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Cecilia Akagu na Clifford Wanda zutere na 1990 n'oge ha na-agụ akwụkwọ na ndị agha Naịjirịa. N'ịbụ ndị e nyere ọrụ, ha malitere usoro ntụziaka ha na Jaji. Ha bụ ndị ibe ha n'oge ntụziaka ahụ n'agbanyeghị na Cecilia Akagu bụ Lieutenant nke abụọ na Clifford Wanda bụ Lieutenant n'oge ọmụmụ ahụ. Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ, nwa nwoke na nwa nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1126804-army-generals-fell-love-orientation-camp-story.html|title=Military love! Meet army generals who fell in love and got married in 1990|first=Seun|author=Durojaiye|date=September 23, 2017|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|accessdate=October 21, 2022|archivedate=March 7, 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307123721/https://www.legit.ng/1126804-army-generals-fell-love-orientation-camp-story.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Nigerian Army|Ndị agha Naịjirịa]]
* Tukur Yusuf Buratai

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akagu, Cecilia}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bavelile Hlongwa</title>
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      <text bytes="8730" sha1="npo6rurfbw7x4n3xuwmf86mi27qwwq8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Bavelile Gloria Hlongwa''' (14 Eprel 1981 na 13 Septemba, na afọ 2019) bụ onye injinia kemịkal na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si KwaZulu-Natal na onye otu African National Congress (ANC). Ọ bụ osote minista na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe na ike na onye otu National Assembly of South Africa site na Mee, na afọ 2019 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Septemba na afọ 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416025057/https://www.enca.com/news/deputy-minerals-minister-bavelile-hlongwa-dies-car-crash Deputy Mineral Resources Minister Bavelile Hlongwa dies], Johannesburg, ''eNCA'', 14 September 2019. Retrieved on 14 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/accidents/2179129/ramaphosa-shocked-and-saddened-by-deputy-minister-hlongwas-death/ Ramaphosa 'shocked and saddened' by Deputy Minister Hlongwa's death], ''The Citizen'', 14 September 2019. Retrieved on 14 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Somdyala, Kamva. [https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/deputy-minister-hlongwa-was-assisting-overturned-vehicle-when-she-died-20190914 Deputy minister Hlongwa was assisting overturned vehicle when she died], ''News24'', 14 September 2019. Retrieved on 14 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Bavelile Gloria Hlongwa n'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1981 n'obodo Umzinto dị na mpaghara Natal gara aga. Ọ malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na Ncazuka Primary School na afọ 1989 wee banye na Sihle High School na 2000. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke KwaZulu-Natal Howard College campus wee nweta nzere Bachelor of Science na injinia kemịkal. Mgbe ọ nọ na mahadum, Hlongwa malitere ịrụsi ọrụ ike na ANC Youth League na òtù ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-agbaso nzere masta na nchịkwa ọha na eze n'oge ọnwụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;tsa&quot;&gt;[https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/bavelile-hlongwa-deputy-minister-killed-in-car-crash/ Bavelile Hlongwa: Deputy Minister of minerals and energy dies in car crash], ''The South African'', 14 September 2019. Retrieved on 14 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;energycoza&quot;/&gt;

Hlongwa anọwo n'ọkwá ndị isi dị iche iche. A họpụtara ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na Kọmitii Mmepe Obodo na afọ 1999. A họpụtara Hlongwa na South African Institute of Chemical Engineers na afọ 2011, na, na afọ 2013, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka akụ maka usoro ahụ. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ National Youth Development Agency na afọ 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;tsa&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;energycoza&quot;/&gt;

Hlongwa malitere ọrụ ya dị ka injinia kemịkal na Shell Downstream SA. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka injinia site na afọ 2011 ruo na afọ 2013, na n'oge na-adịghị anya dị ka injiniya mmepụta site na afọ 2013 ruo na afọ 2015 na Sapref. Ọ bụkwa onye na-eme atụmatụ gas na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ site na afo 2016 ruo na afọ 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;energycoza&quot;&gt;[http://www.energy.gov.za/files/aboutus/Deputy-Minister-Hlongwa-Profile.pdf PROFILE Ms Bavelile Hlongwa], ''www.energy.gov.za''. Retrieved on 14 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtara Hlongwa dị ka osote onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ National Youth Development Agency na afọ 2017, mgbe ọ bụ osote onye nduzi nke Kọmitii Nchịkwa na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal. Site na afo 2017 ruo na afọ 2019, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-abụghị onye isi oche nke Dube Trade Port Corporation. Hlongwa bụ onye na-abụghị onye isi oche nke National Metrology Institute of South Africa site na afo 2018 ruo afọ 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;energycoza&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
A họpụtara Hlongwa ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke SRC na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal n'afọ 2009. Ọ bụ onye otu ANC Youth League ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye otu ọrụ nke ngalaba ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal nke ANCYL ma bụrụ onye otu kọmitii dị iche iche site na afo 2013 ruo afọ 2015. Ọ bụ onye nkatọ nke ANC Women's League.&lt;ref name=&quot;energycoza&quot;/&gt;

N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2019, a họpụtara Hlongwa ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu mba South Africa. Ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye otu na 22 Mee, na afọ 2019. Onye isi ala Cyril Ramaphosa n'oge na-adịghị anya na 29 Mee na afọ 2019 họpụtara ya dị ka osote Mineral Resources and Energy, na-eje ozi n'akụkụ Minista [[Gwede Mantashe]]. A ṅụrụ ya iyi na 30 Mee, na afọ 2019 ma si otú a ghọọ otu n'ime ndị kachasị nta n'ime kansụl.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mahlati|first=Zintle|title=Ramaphosa announces his new Cabinet|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/ramaphosa-announces-his-new-cabinet-23148637|accessdate=16 September 2019|work=IOL|date=29 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Head, Tom. 
 [https://web.archive.org/web/20201123193211/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/list-of-cabinet-ministers-south-africa-cyril-ramaphosa/ Ramaphosa announces his Cabinet: Here's the complete list of ministers], ''The South African'', 29 May 2019. Retrieved on 14 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=JUST IN Cabinet reduced from 36 ministers to 28 – Cyril Ramaphosa|url=https://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2019-05-29-cabinet-reduced-from-36-ministers-to-28-president-cyril-ramaphosa/|accessdate=16 September 2019|date=29 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Hlongwa nwụrụ na 13 Septemba na afọ 2019, mgbe otu gwongworo na-egwu n'ebe ihe mberede ụgbọ ala gara aga ọ na-enyere aka. Ihe mberede ahụ gburu Hlongwa na mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ. Ihe mberede ahụ mere na nso Maubane Bridge na N1 na Carousel Plaza, Hammanskraal. Onye isi ala Cyril Ramaphosa kwupụtara mwute ya maka ọnwụ mberede ya ma kwuo na a ga-eme emume olili ozu maka ya.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221022094946/https://ewn.co.za/2019/09/15/deputy-minister-hlongwa-to-be-given-state-funeral Deputy minister Hlongwa to be given state funeral], ''EWN''. Retrieved on 16 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-09-14-deputy-minister-bavelile-hlongwa-dies-in-car-crash/ Deputy minister Bavelile Hlongwa dies in car crash], ''TimesLIVE'', 14 September 2014. Retrieved on 14 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.za/speeches/president-cyril-ramaphosa-untimely-passing-deputy-minister-hlongwa-14-sep-2019-0000 President Cyril Ramaphosa on untimely passing of Deputy Minister Hlongwa], ''South African Government'', 14 September 2019. Retrieved on 14 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/deputy-minister-dies-in-car-crash-32949503 Deputy minister dies in car crash]. Retrieved on 14 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/pretoria-news/man-involved-in-accident-that-killed-minister-bavelile-hlongwa-gets-r3-000-bail-38488394|title=Man involved in accident that killed minister Bavelile Hlongwa gets R3 000 bail|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E mere emume ncheta maka Hlongwa na 19 Septemba na afọ 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221022100448/https://ewn.co.za/2019/09/20/bavelile-hlongwa-dreamt-of-becoming-anc-president Bavelile Hlongwa dreamed of becoming ANC president, memorial service told]. ''EWN''. Retrieved on 20 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Mahadum nke KwaZulu-Natal kagburu ozi ncheta ya nke a haziri ka ọ bụrụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/ukzn-cancels-memorial-service-for-bavelile-hlongwa-33279793 UKZN cancels memorial service for Bavelile Hlongwa], ''IOL'', 19 September 2019. Retrieved on 21 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; E mere emume olili ozu Hlongwa na 21 Septemba na afọ 2019.&lt;ref&gt;Zulu, Sifiso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221022100449/https://ewn.co.za/2019/09/21/funeral-of-deputy-minister-hlongwa-to-take-place-today Funeral of Deputy Minister Hlongwa to take place today], ''EWN'', 21 September 2019. Retrieved on 21 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/ramaphosa-zuma-pay-homage-to-fallen-deputy-minister-bavelile-hlongwa-33387407 Ramaphosa, Zuma pay homage to fallen deputy minister Bavelile Hlongwa], ''IOL''. Retrieved on 21 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mitchley, Alex. [https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/hlongwa-died-as-she-lived-helping-people-ramaphosa-20190921 Hlongwa died as she lived; helping people - Ramaphosa] ''News24'', 21 September 2019. Retrieved on 21 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.pa.org.za/person/bavelile-gloria-hlongwa/#experience Nzukọ Ndị Mmadụ]
* [https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/mineral-resources-and-energy-ministry/bavelile-hlongwa-ms Bavelile Hlongwa, South African Gpvernment]
[[Òtù:Ọmụmụ afọ 1981]]
[[Òtù:Ọnwụ afọ 2019]]</text>
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    <title>Egwu Atịlọgwụ</title>
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''Egwu Atịlọgwụ ({{Audio|ATILOGU DANCE.ogg|}}) ''&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ATILOGU_DANCE.ogg&lt;/ref&gt; bụ nke ndị [[Ezeagu|Ezeagụ]] na Ụdị di n’ Enugwu Steeti. Ndị Udị na [[Ezeagu]] bụ ihe jikọrọ aka ọnụ wee bido ya bụ egwu n’afọ 1954 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AT%E1%BB%8AL%E1%BB%8CGW%E1%BB%A4_DANCE.webm|title=Audiovisual Igbo Dance|author=A.I.D project|date=2023-2-4|accessdate=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; E ji ya nabata Queen Elizabeth mgbe izizi ọ bịara n’obodo anyị bụ [[Naijiria]] na afọ 1956.  N'oge ahụ, egwu etiri bụ ihe ndị mmadụ ahụnubeghi anya. Nke a mere ajụjụ ji daa si ''‘etibere egwu a ọgwụ?'Mmadụ dika Ifeanyichukwu Nzekwe, Elias, Felix Okonkwo si Agụobu Iwolo, Ferdinand Anukwe si Ihieoya, na Innocent Ozieze si Iwolo wee jikọọ onwe ha ọnụ pụta n’akụkụ si ná aha egwu a ga bụ Atilọgwụ, nke sitere na ajụjụ ahu ajụrụ si ''‘etibere egwu a ọgwụ?'''. Iji na echete nnabata Queen Elizabeth na ya bụ egwu a agbara mara eji jinye ya na ego 5 naira nke Naijiria na mgbe ahu. 

Mgbe gboo, Atilọgwụ bu ụmụnwoke na-agba ya a gba si ya ike. ụmụnwoke na-agba ya mgbe ahụ jikwusie a nụchaa nwaanyị. N’ihe na ụmụnwoke na-agba ya na-eme nke ọma n' egwu, Ụmụnwanyi  gbasochara ha agbaso. Mana ugbua, ụmụnwanyị na agbakwazi ya. 

O nwere akwa eji mara ya bụ egwu. Akwa éjị nwee mara Egwu Atilogwu  bụ akwa na-egbukatu, egbuka nke nwegasiri agwa dịgasị iche iche. 

== Ngwa Egwu Atịlọgwụ ==
Ngwa e ji akụ Atilogwu di ụzọ asaa. Ha bụ Alo, ịgba, obere ịgba, Aligọngọ, ngede-egwu, ekwe, udu na ọyọ. Abia zie kwa tinye ya ọja. Ngwa ọbụla nwere oku ọ na-aza. So ekwe, anụnwa éjị akụ ya bụ égwu bụ akwa na-ebuuta ihe egwu ọtọọ ụtọ. Ọ na abụ a na-akụ ya, ọlọọ alọ, ọ na-atọ ụtọ.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Usòrò:Wooden gong.jpg|alt=Ekwe|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ekwe
Usòrò:Base_pot.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|udu
File:Igba 1.jpg|thumb|Igba 
File:Oyara.jpg|thumb|Ọyara
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Vidio==

[[File:ATỊLỌGWỤ DANCE.webm|thumb|EGWU ATỊLỌGWỤ |áká_èkpè]]


[[Òtù:Egwu ndị Igbo]]
[[Òtù:Egwu]]


==Edensibia==
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'''Egwu Agbachaekurunwa''' ({{Audio|AGBACHAEKURUNWA DANCE.ogg|}}) &lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AGBACHAEKURUNWA_DANCE.ogg&lt;/ref&gt; bụ ihe eji mara ndi Ụmụcho Ụmụediabali Ihitteaforukwu [[Ahiazu Mbaise]] n'Imo steeti. A na-agba ya oge ekeresimasi, ọ bụr&lt;u&gt;ụ&lt;/u&gt; na mmadụ nwụọ, ikufute nwa, ihe nrisa, na ihe ndi ọzọ dị iche iche. Nwanyị ọbụlà mụrụ nwa n’ụlọ ọgwụ, a na-eburu egwu a ga n’ ụlọ ọgwụ, gaa kuru ya na nwa kutere di ya. Nwanyị na-alụ dị, tolue ịlụ dị, e ji egwu akpọla ya na di

Mana ana-agbakarịcha ya  n' ọnwa [[Novemba|Nọvemba]] rue [[Disemba]] n' oge afọ ọhuru. ụmụanyị ndị na anọghi n’obodo na-ekwo egwu a kworo otu ọ dị ụtọ n’egwu ọdịnaala  abata n’obodo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AGBACHAEKURUNWA_DANCE.webm|title=Audiovisual of Igbo Dance|author=AID Project|date=2023-2-4|accessdate=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

A na eji egwu a enye umunwanyi nọ na dị na-eme isi ike ọzụzụ, site na-iri ha nha. Isi ike a bụ ihe ndi di ka izuo ohi, ịkwaa iko, ịtụ asi na imegbu mmadụ. iwu ndị na ejikọlata nwanyị n' obodo. Ya cheta na aga eri ya iwu, ojikọlata onwe ya.

Na igba egwu a, a na eyi uwe elu ụmụnwanyị, na ichafu isi.

== Ngwa egwu eji Akụ ya ==
Ngwa egwu eji akụ ya bụ isi ogwe, udu, ọyọ, ogele na ọkwá.

&lt;gallery&gt;

Usòrò:Ogele.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ogele
Usòrò:Base_pot.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|udu


&lt;/gallery&gt;


[[Òtù:Egwu ndị Igbo]]

== Vidio ==
[[Usòrò:AGBACHAEKURUNWA DANCE.webm|áká_èkpè|thumb|egwu Agbachaekurunwa]]


==Edensibia ==</text>
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    <title>CLIVAR</title>
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CLIVAR (mgbanwe ihu igwe na amụma) bụ akụkụ nke World Climate Research Programme. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkọwa ma ghọta mgbanwe ihu igwe na amụma na ógè ógè ógè ruo otu narị afọ, ịchọpụta usoro anụ ahụ na-ahụ màkà mgbanwe ihu igwe ma mepụta ihe ngosi na ikike ịkọ ọdịnihu màkà ihe ngosi ihu igwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.clivar.org/about/about-clivar|title=About CLIVAR|publisher=CLIVAR|accessdate=July 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtara Dr Antonietta Capotondi dị ka ónyé isi óche PICES WG-49 na-anọchite anya CLIVAR n'afọ 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.clivar.org/news/dr-antonietta-capotondi-was-elected-pices-wg-49-co-chair-representing-clivar|title=Dr Antonietta Capotondi was elected as PICES WG-49 co-chair representing CLIVAR|publisher=CLIVAR|accessdate=January 15, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ihe na-esonụ bụ usoro iheomume nkè CLIVAR na ihe ndị bu ya ụzọ:&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;/&gt;

* 1985: World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) bịdoro TOGA (Tropical-Ocean Global Atmosphere) (1985-1995), iji mụọ mgbanwe mgbanwe kwà afọ nke usoro ikuku oké osimiri na-akpali na okpomọkụ.
* 1990: WCRP malitere akụkụ mbụ nke World Ocean Circulation Experiment (afọ 1990 ruo afọ 1997)
* 1991: Kọmitii Sayensị Jikọrọ Aka (JSC) kpọrọ otu ndị ọkachamara ka ha gbakọta ma tụlee ntụziaka ndị nwéré ike ime n'ọdịnihu màkà nyocha ihu igwe, na-ewu na ntọala nke TOGA na WOCE.
* 1992: E bipụtara mkparịta ụka nke Kọmitii Sayensị Jikọrọ Aka n'afọ 1992 na broshuọ akpọrọ [[[[[[&lt;nowiki&gt;[[A]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]: A study of Climate Variability and Predictability]]]]
* 1993: WCRP JSC kpebiri ime CLIVAR dị ka ọrụ dị mkpa.
* 1995: A malitere CLIVAR n'ụzọ iwu, na mmalite dị ka ọrụ afọ iri na ise. Mmalite ahụ dakọtara na njedebe nke TOGA.
* 1997: E bipụtara atụmatụ mmejuputa CLIVAR mbụ.

== Òtù na òtù ọrụ ==
CLIVAR nwèrè ọtụtụ akụkụ na ìgwè na-arụ ọrụ dabere na ọmụmụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na amụma nkè ihe dị íchè íchè nke usoro ihu igwe ụwa.

=== Òtù zuru ụwa ọnụ ===
CLIVAR nwèrè akụkụ atọ zuru ụwa ọnụ:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.clivar.org/panels-and-working-groups/global|title=Global|publisher=CLIVAR|accessdate=July 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Global Synthesis and Observation Panel (GSOP)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.clivar.org/organization/gsop|title=Global Synthesis and Observation Panel|accessdate=July 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ndị ọkachamara na Nchọpụta na Nkọwa Mgbanwe Ihu igwe (ETCCDI)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.clivar.org/organization/etccdi|title=CCl/CLIVAR/JCOMM Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices|publisher=CLIVAR|accessdate=July 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Òtù Ọrụ na Ocean Model Development (WGOMD)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.clivar.org/organization/wgomd|title=CLIVAR Working Group on Ocean Model Development (WGOMD)|publisher=CLIVAR|accessdate=July 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngalaba mpaghara ===
Ngalaba mpaghara na-elekwasị anya n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke usoro ihu igwe. Ebe ọ bụ na mpaghara dị íchè iche nke oké osimiri dị íchè íchè, ma nye ọrụ dị mkpa nke oké osimiri na ịchịkwa ihu igwe n'etiti afọ, afọ iri, na narị afọ nke CLIVAR tụlere, nkewa n'ime akụkụ dị íchè íchè dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mpaghara nke usoro oké osimiri. N'ụzọ doro ányá, ihe ndị a bụ ndepụta nke mpaghara mpaghara:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.clivar.org/panels-and-working-groups/regional|title=Regional|publisher=CLIVAR|accessdate=July 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Asian-Australian Monsoon Panel (AAMP)
* Atlantic Implementation Panel (AIP)
* CLIVAR/GEWEX Africa Climate Panel (ACP)
* CLIVAR/CliC/SCAR Southern Ocean Panel (SOP)
* CLIVAR/IOC-GOOS Indian Ocean Panel (IOP)
* Pacific Panel (PP)
* Mgbanwe nke American Monsoon Systems (VAMOS)

=== Ihe omume mba ===
E nwèrè mmemme CLIVAR mba anọ, nke na-agba ọsọ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu ma na-enye aka na mmemme CLIVars mba ụwa:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.clivar.org/organization/national-programmes|title=National Programmes|publisher=CLIVAR|accessdate=July 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* US CLIVAR: Nke a na-enye aka kpọmkwem na U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) site na ịhazi na ịkwalite nyocha n'ime US iji melite akwụkwọ, nghọta, imepụta na amụma nke ọdịiche dị na ihu igwe ụwa na mpaghara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.usclivar.org/|title=US CLIVAR|accessdate=July 3, 2014|publisher=US CLIVAR|archivedate=August 11, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811062203/http://www.usclivar.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akwado ya site na mmemme na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị United States ise: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Science Foundation (NSF), United States Department of Energy (DOE), na Office of Naval Research (ONR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.usclivar.org/about-us-clivar|title=About US CLIVAR|accessdate=July 3, 2014|archivedate=July 14, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183358/http://www.usclivar.org/about-us-clivar}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* CLIVAR-[[Spain]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.clivar.es/|title=CLIVAR-España|accessdate=July 3, 2014|archivedate=July 14, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201505/http://www.clivar.es/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Spain
* Canadian CLIVAR Research Network
* UK CLIVAR

== Hụkwa ==

* VAMOS Ocean Cloud Atmosphere Land Studies

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
Official website</text>
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    <title>Frédérick Leboyer</title>
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      <text bytes="4762" sha1="acd6n6fnmllveoc3mrxnic21ka4qi1y" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Frederick Leboyer.jpg|thumb|'''Frederick Leboyer''']]
 
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Frédérick Leboyer''' (1 Nọvemba 1918 - 25 Mee 2017) bụ onye France na-ahụ maka ịmụ nwa na onye edemede. A maara ya nke ọma maka akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1974, Birth Without Violence, nke méré na ùwà há nke ụwa na ngwa mma maka nsogbụ ụra akpa ka usoro ''ịmụ'' nwa dị nro, ọkachasị, omume nke imikpu ụmụ ọhụrụ n'ime obere mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ - nke a maara dị ka &quot;Leboyer bath&quot; - iji nyere aka mee ka mgbanwe si n'afọ gaa n'ụwa dị mfe. Ọ kwadokwara na eme Ihe Anyị mụtara n'aka ndị mmadụ n'ihe banyere ụkpụrụ na mkpebi siri ike ịbelata ọtụtụ obere ọkụ na ịdị jụụ n'ime ụlọ na-ekpo ọkụ iji belata ihe mgbagwoju anya nke ọmụmụ, [Reynolds, Concise Encyclopedia of Special Education, 138] na ka a tọgbọrọ nwa ọhụrụ n'afọ nne ya ma hapụ ya ka ọ na-ejikọta, kama a kpọpụ ya maka ule.

== Ọmụmụ ==
Leboyer gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Paris School of Medicine . Ọmụmụ ya bụ ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ ná ntị nke ọma ahụ n'ebe nile site n'ime enweghị ọgwụ na-akụnwụ ahụ, a ghaghị ijide nne ya. Leboyer na-ekwu na ọ bụ ahụmahụ a ka ọ masịrị ya n'ọmụmụ.

== Ịmụ nwa n'ime mmiri ==
A na-ejikarị Leboyer eme ihe dịka onye na-akwado ọmụmụ mmiri. Ọ bụ ezie na onye na-eso ụzọ Leboyer, Michel Odent, ghọrọ onye a ma ama màkà ndụ ebighị ebi n'ụwa ọhụrụ nke dị ndụ ebighị ebi n'ụwa ọhụrụ ezi ntụziaka oriri ọkụ obụpde iwebata ọdọ mmírí na eme na Ihe Anyị mụtara n'aka Onye Okike nke eluigwe na ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ndị nke ngọzi nke ire ọmụmụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị ka nhọrọ maka nchịkwa mgbu azụ. N'ihi ya, a na-ahụ ọmụmụ mmiri dị ka usoro ọmụmụ nke ọ na-agba ume. Odent ekwuola na itinye mmiri n'imerime  mmiri karia idi na otu awa abụọ nwere ike belata ọganihu nke ọrụ. Odent mepụtara usoro dị irè iji belata ihe mgbu na mpaghara azụ ala. N'ịbụ onye Gate Control Theory of Pain gwara, Odent gbara mmiri na-adịghị ọcha n'okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ n'akụkụ azụ. Usoro a mepụtara ihe mgbu ahụ n'ebe nile site n'ime ụmụ ndị ikom dị n'otu ebe, nke n'aka nke ya belatara ihe mgbu siri ike nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere na mpaghara azụ ala n'oge ịmụ nwa. N'ihi na usoro a nke nchịkwa ihe mgbu na-abụghị nke ọgwụ nwere ike ile anya dị ka ihe dị mfe, Odent webatara ọdọ mmiri ọmụmụ nke nwere ike inye ụdị nchịkwa ihe isi mgbu yiri ya. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ahụ na ihe niile ụmụ ndị ikom na ụmụ na-ekwu na Michel Odent kwenyere na ụmụ mmadụ kwesịrị ịmụ n'ime mmiri. O kwuru na nhọrọ a ga-ekwe omume, agbanyeghị na ọ naghị akwalite usoro ọ bụla, ọ na-ezo aka na ozi iji ghọtakwuo usoro ọ bụla.  Leboyer n'onwe ya na-emegide echiche nke ịmụ nwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/jun/25/obstetrician-frederick-leboyer-childbirth &quot;Interview with The Guardian&quot;] June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Leboyer na-ekwu ogologo oge banyere nkà ihe ọmụma ya nke &quot;ọmụmụ na-enweghị ime ihe ike&quot; na ihe ngosi 1975 Giving Birth: Four Portraits .

== Ọnwụ ==
Leboyer nwụrụ na 25 Mee 2017 mgbe ọ dị afọ 98.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/frederick-leboyer-inventor-birth-without-violence-dies-age-99-1624174|title=Frederick Leboyer dead: Obstetrician behind 'birth without violence' dies at 99|author=Staff Reporter|date=2017-05-31|work=International Business Times UK|accessdate=2017-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ezinụlọ ==
Frédérick Leboyer bụ nwanne nna nke onye isi mgbaka French a ma ama Marion Leboyer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/22/science/obituary-frederick-leboyer-doctor-natural-childbirth.html|title=Frédérick Leboyer, Who Saw Childbirth Through Baby’s Eyes, Dies at 98|author=Jonathan Wolfe|date=22 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ==

* Ọmụmụ na-enweghị ime ihe ike (1974)
* Shantala: nka ọdịnala, ịhịa aka ụmụaka / Aka Ịhụnanya: Nkà ọdịnala nke ịhịa aka nwa (''1976'')
* Inner Beauty, Inner Light (1978)
* ''Ọ bụrụ na a gwara m'' ịmụ nwa (1996)
* Birth Without Violence (DVD, wepụtara ọzọ na 2008 site na New Earth Records)

== Hụkwa ==

* Michel Odent, onye dọkịta French nke mere ka omume ịmụ nwa na mmiri bụrụ ihe a ma ama
* Ụzọ Bradley si amụ nwa
* Nkà mmụta uche tupu oge a mụọ nwa

== Ntụaka ==
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{{Infobox person|title=Chief|alma_mater=|website=|image=Chuku Wachuku in July 2022.jpg|name=Chuku Wachuku|birth_date=1947|father=eze nke Ngwaland|occupation=Onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na Naijiria
Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
Onye isi ọrụ
Onye nyocha azụmaahịa
Ọkachamara na njikwa
Ọkachamara na mmepe ọchụnta ego na SMEs: Obere na Obere
Onye isi nchịkwa mbụ nke Ngwa na gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa; NDE: National Directorate of Employment}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Chuku Wachuku''' // i (amụrụ Chukumere &quot;Anaba Ndubuisi&quot; Wachuku, 1947), nwa eze nke Ngwaland, bụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na Naijiria, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, onye isi ọrụ, onye nyocha azụmaahịa, ọkachamara na njikwa na ọkachamara na mmepe ọchụnta ego na SMEs: Obere na Obere. Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa mbụ nke Ngwa na gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa; NDE: National Directorate of Employment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xz_tAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Chuku+WACHUKU+NDE+Director+General|title=Chuku Wachuku: NDE Director-General: Nigeria Labour Handbook: 1991|year=1991|publisher=Federal Ministry of Employment, Labour and Productivity: 1991|accessdate=6 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/udeokochukwu.deputygovernor.abiastate/posts/ikpeazu-salutes-chief-chuku-wachuku-on-his-birthdaythe-governor-of-abia-state-dr/1293974250757554|title=Governor Ikpeazu Salutes Chief Chuku Wachuku on His Birthday|publisher=Ude Oko Chukwu: Deputy Governor of Abia State: Nigeria: Facebook Incorporated|accessdate=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/business-day-nigeria/20200220/282110638628975|title=Over 20m Jobs Available in Raw Materials-Based Cluster: Says Wachuku|publisher=Press Reader: Business Day Nigeria|accessdate=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://macbuoro-newsalert.blogspot.mx/2011/11/nassi-tasks-govt-on-job-creation-for.html|title=NASSI tasks govt on job creation for youths|publisher=Macbuoro-Newsalert.|accessdate=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/mobile/business/money/13694-industrialists-seek-easy-access-to-n200b-sme-fund.html|title=Industrialists seek easy access to N200b SME fund|publisher=The Nation|accessdate=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke AIEN: Agriculture and Industrial Entrepreneurs of Nigeria. Ọzọkwa, Wachuku bụ Onye isi oche na Onye isi nchịkwa na ICED: International Center for Entrepreneurship Development na Naịjirịa; yana onye ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba na mmepe nke ndị ọchụnta ego, obere na nke etiti na ngalaba na-abụghị nke gọọmentị etiti nke [[Naijiria|Naịjiria]]. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na onye ndụmọdụ na US $ 6.2 nde ma ọ bụ ijeri Naira Central Bank of Nigeria - Abia State Agricultural Empowerment Scheme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.abiastate.gov.ng/news/press/abia-govt-to-disburse-n1bn-loans-to-farmers|title=Abia Govt to disburse N1BN Loans to Farmers|publisher=Abia State Government|accessdate=11 April 2014|archivedate=3 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503194320/http://www.abiastate.gov.ng/news/press/abia-govt-to-disburse-n1bn-loans-to-farmers}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2014/01/31/abia-to-train-320-on-agric-plans-upgrade-of-umuahia-water-scheme|title=Abia To Train 320 on Agriculture|publisher=The Tide|accessdate=11 April 2014|archivedate=13 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194014/http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2014/01/31/abia-to-train-320-on-agric-plans-upgrade-of-umuahia-water-scheme/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsexpressngr.com/news/detail.php?news=81|title=Abia Moves To Revolutionise Agriculture|publisher=News Express|accessdate=16 April 2014|archivedate=16 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191905/http://www.newsexpressngr.com/news/detail.php?news=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202002270908.html|title=Nigeria: Expert Chuku Wachuku AIEN President Advocates Raw Materials-Based Cluster Sector|publisher=All Africa Media|accessdate=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2014, Onye isi ala [[Goodluck Jonathan]] kwadoro nhọpụta Wachuku site n'aka Gọọmentị Abia Steeti dị ka onye nnọchi anya na-anọchite anya mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na Abia Steet na Nzukọ Mba Naịjirịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/press-release/president-jonathan-releases-final-list-delegates-national-conference|title=President Jonathan Releases Final List of Delegates to the National Conference|publisher=Sahara Reporters|accessdate=16 April 2014|archivedate=2 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402063135/http://saharareporters.com/press-release/president-jonathan-releases-final-list-delegates-national-conference}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianationalconference2014.org/Delegates#.U0C33ah5PuM|title=Delegates: Nigerian National Conference 2014|publisher=Nigerian National Conference 2014|accessdate=5 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075928/http://www.nigerianationalconference2014.org/Delegates#.U0C33ah5PuM|archivedate=7 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mbido, na Julaị 2013, Onye isi ala Jonathan họpụtara Wachuku ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na bọọdụ na-achịkwa NASENI: National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure; yana bọọdụ na'achịkwa SMEDAN: Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://newsdiaryonline.com/jonathan-inaugurates-icrc-boardtasks-naseni|title=Jonathan Inaugurates ICRC Board,Tasks NASENI|publisher=NewsdiaryOnline|accessdate=19 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.promptnewsonline.com/jonathan-inaugurates-icrc-naseni-boards|title=Jonathan Inaugurates ICRC, NASENI Boards|publisher=Prompt News Online|accessdate=20 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.smedan.org/organization.html|title=SMEDAN: Governing Board|publisher=SMEDAN|accessdate=9 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123740/http://www.smedan.org/organization.html|archivedate=13 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge gara aga, Wachuku jere ozi dị ka Director-General nke NDE: National Directorate of Employment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxksTEWzzG4C&amp;q=Wachuku+National+Directorate+of+Employment&amp;pg=PA36|title=International Labour Conference: 78th Session: 1991: Chuku Wachuku: Director-General: NDE: National Directorate of Employment: Nigeria|year=1992|publisher=ILO: International Labour Organization: Geneva: Switzerland|isbn=9789221075301|accessdate=21 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/business-day-nigeria/20200220/282110638628975|title=Over 20m Jobs Available in Raw Materials-based Cluster, Says Wachuku, Former Director-General of NDE: National Directorate of Employment|publisher=Press Reader: Business Day: Nigeria|accessdate=21 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30EuAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Chuku+WACHUKU+NDE+Director+General|title=According to Chuku Wachuku, the NDE Director-General, &quot;NDE is not just another isolated government programme...&quot;|year=1992|publisher=Newswatch Magazine: Nigeria|accessdate=6 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wachuku bụ nwa nwanne Jaja Wachuku, onye isi oche mbụ nke ụlọ ndị nnọchi anya Naijiria yana onye nnọchi anya mbụ na United Nations; na Minista [[Naijiria]] mbụ maka ihe gbasara mba ọzọ na mmekọrịta Commonwealth. Ọ bụ nwa nwa nke Eze Josaiah Ndubuisi Wachuku, onye bụ onye isi (Onye Isi), onye isi na [[Eze]] nke Ngwa-land - na [[Abá|Aba]] Division nke Eastern Nigeria: Africa: Commonwealth: Earth . [https://sites.google.com/site/uwachuku/josaiah-ndubuisi-wachuku]

== Ọrụ ==
N'ime afọ ndị a, kemgbe afọ 1982, Wachuku ejeela ụmụ mmadụ ozi dị ka ndị a: Onye ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba na ọkachamara na mmepe ọchụnta ego, onye ọchụchọ ọrụ ugbo, onye ndụmọdụ na obere mmepụta ihe na atụmatụ; Kọmishọna maka ọrụ pụrụ iche na onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche na ihe gbasara akụ na ụba nye Gọvanọ nke Imo Steeti ochie, Naịjirịa; Onye isi ọrụ mmepe ego na itinye ego, Imo [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Steeti]] Ochie: NDE: National Directorate of Employment; na mgbe ahụ Onye isi ala: [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim]] NDE: Onye isi ala nke [[Naijiria|Federal Republic]], Onye isi ala, Onye isi ọrụ nke Federal State Babang&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vanguard News, Sports and Business from vanguard Newspapers -|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2007, ọ bụ onye na-azọ ọkwa gọvanọ nke Labour Party maka Abia State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/default.aspx?a=9761&amp;template=print-article.htm|title=Today's polls: The shape of things to come|publisher=OnlineNigerial|accessdate=11 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143807/http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/default.aspx?a=9761&amp;template=print-article.htm|archivedate=13 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke AIEN: Agriculture and Industrial Entrepreneurs of Nigeria. Ọzọkwa, Wachuku bụ Onye isi oche na Onye isi nchịkwa na ICED: International Center for Entrepreneurship Development na Naịjirịa; yana onye ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba na mmepe nke ndị ọchụnta ego, obere na nke etiti na ngalaba na-abụghị nke gọọmentị etiti nke [[Naijiria|Naịjiria]]. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na onye ndụmọdụ na US $ 6.2 nde ma ọ bụ ijeri Naira Central Bank of Nigeria - Abia State Agricultural Empowerment Scheme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.abiastate.gov.ng/news/press/abia-govt-to-disburse-n1bn-loans-to-farmers|title=Abia Govt to disburse N1BN Loans to Farmers|publisher=Abia State Government|accessdate=11 April 2014|archivedate=3 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503194320/http://www.abiastate.gov.ng/news/press/abia-govt-to-disburse-n1bn-loans-to-farmers}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2014/01/31/abia-to-train-320-on-agric-plans-upgrade-of-umuahia-water-scheme|title=Abia To Train 320 on Agriculture|publisher=The Tide|accessdate=11 April 2014|archivedate=13 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194014/http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2014/01/31/abia-to-train-320-on-agric-plans-upgrade-of-umuahia-water-scheme/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsexpressngr.com/news/detail.php?news=81|title=Abia Moves To Revolutionise Agriculture|publisher=News Express|accessdate=16 April 2014|archivedate=16 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191905/http://www.newsexpressngr.com/news/detail.php?news=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202002270908.html|title=Nigeria: Expert Chuku Wachuku AIEN President Advocates Raw Materials-Based Cluster Sector|publisher=All Africa Media|accessdate=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wachuku bụ onye isi oche nke Zara Limited, ụlọ ọrụ Naijiria na-etinye aka na mmepe na iwu ụlọ, Onye isi oche na Onye isi oche nke Zara Homes Incorporated na Maryland, United States of America. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke NASSI: Nigerian Association of Small Scale Industrialists; gụnyere ije ozi na [[Mahadum nke Ȯra Abia|Mahadum Abia]] State nke Naijiria n'ọkwa ndị a: Onye otu Ranking, Kansụl Na-achị Isi; Onye isi oche, Kọmitii Teknụzụ nke Tenders Board; Onye isi ala, Kọmiti Ntinye ego; Onye isi ụlọ ọrụ, Kọmidi Ụbọchị Ndị guzobere; Onye isi, Mmepe na Ntinye Ego; Onye isi obodo: Onye isi oche: Kọmitii Ntinye na Ntinentụl, Atụmatụ na Atụmatụ; na Atụl.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.absuu.net/contents.php?idx=40|title=Convocation Address by ABSU Vice Chancellor|publisher=Abia State University: Uturu: Nigeria|accessdate=11 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210002821/http://www.absuu.net/contents.php?idx=40|archivedate=10 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịghọta mkpebi Wachuku na ọrụ ọ na-aga n'ihu nye ndị Naijiria, Onye isi ala [[Goodluck Jonathan]] họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ na-ewuli elu nke bọọdụ gọọmentị etiti ndị a: RMRDC: Raw Materials Research and Development Council; SMEDAN: Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency; NASENI: National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure; na onye nnọchiteanya na 2014 Nigerian National Conference, na-anọchite anya South Eastern States - site na aro na nkwado nke gọọmentị Abia State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spyghana.com/quality-abia-nominees-national-conference|title=Quality of Abia Nominees to the National Conference|publisher=SpyGhana|accessdate=11 April 2014|archivedate=13 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413204712/http://www.spyghana.com/quality-abia-nominees-national-conference/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nhọrọ ndị omeiwu 2023 ==
Iji jeere ndị ya ozi, na 21 Machị 2022, Wachuku kwupụtara ebumnuche ya ịzọ ọkwa Senate nke Naijiria site na Abia Central Senatorial District na ntuli aka 2023 dị ka onye otu PDP: Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ngwafactsnews.com/2022/03/22/chief-chuku-wachuku-formally-declared-for-senate-abia-central-at-his-umuomianta-nbawsi-ward-10-isiala-ngwa-north-lga-abia-yesterday-21-3-2022/|title=Chief Chuku Wachuku Formally Declared for Senate Abia Central at his Umuomianta Nbawsi Ward 10 Isiala Ngwa North LGA Abia Yesterday 21-3-2022|publisher=Ngwa Facts News|accessdate=17 June 2022|archivedate=26 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426044301/https://ngwafactsnews.com/2022/03/22/chief-chuku-wachuku-formally-declared-for-senate-abia-central-at-his-umuomianta-nbawsi-ward-10-isiala-ngwa-north-lga-abia-yesterday-21-3-2022/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://afnews.ng/senate-2023-why-i-am-the-best-candidate-to-represent-abia-central-chuku-wachuku/|title=Senate 2023: Why I Am the Best Candidate to Represent Abia Central – Chuku Wachuku|publisher=AfNews Nigeria: GoldInk Communication Limited|accessdate=17 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2022, tupu ntuli aka nke PDP, Wachuku si na asọmpi onye omeiwu nke pati ahụ pụọ &quot;na-ekwu maka enweghị nghọta, enweghị nkwenye na usoro kwesịrị ekwesị, njikwa na enweghị omume nke ndị nnọchi anya mmadụ atọ na mpaghara ya dị ka ihe kpatara omume ya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/abia-ex-nde-boss-dumps-pdp-vows-to-pursue-senatorial-ambition-in-another-platform/|title=Abia: Chief Chuku Wachuku Ex-NDE Boss Dumps PDP, Wows to Pursue Senatorial Ambition in Another Platform|publisher=Vanguard News Nigeria|accessdate=17 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 3 June 2022, a họpụtara Wachuku ka ọ bụrụ YPP: Young Progressives Party Senatorial Candidate maka Abia Central tupu 2023 General Election na Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wawanewsglobal.com/2022/06/04/after-dumping-pdp-pioneer-nde-boss-wachuku-emerges-ypp-senatorial-candidate-for-abia-central/|title=After dumping PDP , Pioneer NDE Boss, Wachuku Emerges YPP Senatorial Candidate for Abia Central|publisher=Wawa News Global|accessdate=17 June 2022|archivedate=12 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612170514/https://wawanewsglobal.com/2022/06/04/after-dumping-pdp-pioneer-nde-boss-wachuku-emerges-ypp-senatorial-candidate-for-abia-central/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 25 Febụwarị 2023, Darlington Nwokocha nke Labour Party (Nigeria) meriri Wachuku na ntuli aka Abia Central Senatorial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/585083-nigeriadecides2023-lp-wins-abia-central-senatorial-seat.html|title=#NigeriaDecides2023: LP Wins Abia Central Senatorial Seat|publisher=Premium Times Nigeria|accessdate=5 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/election-result-inec-declares-lps-nwokocha-winner-of-abia-central-senatorial-seat/|title=Election result: INEC declares LP’s Nwokocha winner of Abia Central Senatorial seat|publisher=Daily Post Nigeria|accessdate=5 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onye isi oche AIEN ==
Wachuku na-eje ozi dị ka Onye isi oche na Onye isi nchịkwa nke AIEN: Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo na Ndị Ọchụnta ego nke Naịjirịa. [[Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara|Njikọ]] a na-akwado Agenda 2063: Africa We Want; nke a nabatara na 31 Jenụwarị 2015 na 24th Ordinary Assembly of Heads of State and Governments of African Union na Addis Ababa, [[Ethiopia]]; ọkachasị Agenda 2063's Flagship Project 2 gbasara: &quot;ịmepụta atụmatụ maka ịgbanwe akụ na ụba Afrịka site na onye na-eweta ihe ndị a na-emepụta [[Agenda 2063|ihe]] gaa na nke na-eji akụ na ụba ya eme ihe. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/02/27/expert-advocates-raw-materials-based-cluster-sector/|title=Expert Advocates Raw Materials-based Cluster Sector|publisher=This Day Live Nigeria|accessdate=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nipc.gov.ng/2018/07/25/rmrdc-signs-mou-with-agric-entrepreneurs|title=RMRDC Signs MOU With Agric Entrepreneurs|publisher=NIPC: Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission|accessdate=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/tag/chuku-wachuku|title=Chuku Wachuku in The Guardian|publisher=The Guardian Media Nigeria|accessdate=28 February 2020|archivedate=28 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228161111/https://guardian.ng/tag/chuku-wachuku/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọzọkwa, AIEN nke Wachuku: Ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Naịjirịa na-ebuli elu ma na-agbaso ebumnuche ụwa niile: Agenda 2030, SDGs: [[Ihe Ebumnuche Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide|Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide]] nke United Nations; n'ụzọ bụ isi SDG 2 na Zero Hunger: &quot;Kwụsị agụụ, nweta nchekwa nri na mmezi nri, ma kwalite ọrụ ugbo na-adịgidere; ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke nwere ihe mgbaruzu 17 zuru ụwa ọnụ iji bụrụ &quot;ihe ịrịba ama iji nweta ọdịnihu ka mma na-adịwanye mma maka ụmụ mmadụ niile na mbara ala anyị; nke United Nations General Assembly malitere na ebumnuche anyị; nke UN nwetara na 2030; nke United States nwetara; nke United&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nigeriaindustrialdigest.com/tag/association-of-agricultural-and-industrial-entrepreneurs-of-nigeria|title=Association of Agricultural and Industrial Entrepreneurs of Nigeria|publisher=Nigeria Industrial Digest|accessdate=28 February 2020|archivedate=28 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228161106/https://nigeriaindustrialdigest.com/tag/association-of-agricultural-and-industrial-entrepreneurs-of-nigeria/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://agribiz.info/tag/agricultural-and-industrial-entrepreneurs-of-nigeria-aien|title=Farmers Embrace SMEs Clusters to Create Jobs|publisher=AgriBiz Information|accessdate=28 February 2020|archivedate=28 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228161102/https://agribiz.info/tag/agricultural-and-industrial-entrepreneurs-of-nigeria-aien}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2018, Wachuku duziri AIEN: Ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọchụnta ego nke Naijiria malitere atụmatụ a na-akpọ Agricultural and Industrial Clusters na mpaghara gọọmentị mpaghara 774 niile nke Naijeria, iji mepụta ọrụ na ọrụ ugbo dịgide adịgide na ụzọ dị irè nke ndụ. Site na RMRDC: Raw Materials Research and Development Council, Wachuku's AIEN bịanyere aka na US $ 41 nde (Naira ijeri iri na ise) MoU: Memorandum of Understanding to fast-track agricultural industry industry, and available of raw materials to promote friendly sustainable agriculture, soil improvement, cropening, agriculture business, work creation, climate, green, renewable farming methods, nutrition and food security in Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/raw-materials-get-n15b|title=Raw Materials Get NGN 15 Billion Naira|publisher=The Nation Online Nigeria|accessdate=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/how-a-i-e-n-rmrdc-partnership-ll-fast-track-industrialization-chuku-wachuku|title=How AIEN-RMRDC Partnership Will Fast-track Industrialization: Chuku Wachuku|publisher=Vanguard Newspaper Nigeria|accessdate=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onye isi oche NASSI ==
Ọrụ Wachuku na-arụ kwa ụbọchị n'ịhụ ndị isi ndị ọrụ, n'oge ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi ala nke Njikọ Naịjirịa nke Ndị na-emepụta obere ụlọ ọrụ na-enyere aka ịzụlite akụ na ụba Naịjiria.  Ebumnuche nke a bụ ikpochapụ ịda ogbenye n'etiti ụmụ amaala, yana ichebe ọdịmma nke obere azụmaahịa niile. O mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke oku onye isi ala iji jide n'aka na a kwadoro echiche maka ịdị adị NASSI ma gbanwee ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/mobile/business/money/13694-industrialists-seek-easy-access-to-n200b-sme-fund.html|title=Industrialists seek easy access to N200b SME fund|publisher=The Nation|accessdate=12 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E guzobere na 1978, NASSI: Njikọ Naịjirịa nke Ndị Na-emepụta Obere Ụlọ Ọrụ na-eme ihe iji gboo mkpa nke ndị na-emepụta obere azụmaahịa site n'inye nkwado mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba maka ndị otu ya. NASSI na-ahazi ogbako nnyefe ihe ọmụma, nzukọ, ihe ngosi, azụmahịa na njem ọmụmụ, gụnyere inye ọrụ ndụmọdụ maka ndị otu na ndị mmadụ niile dị mkpa na azụmaahịa. Ọzọkwa, njikọ ahụ na-enye ozi gbasara ụkpụrụ mmepụta zuru ụwa ọnụ achọrọ, isi iyi nke ihe ndị a na-emepụta, ọnọdụ ahịa, ụlọ ọrụ na ngwá ọrụ dịnụ. NASSI na-enye ndị otu micro credit ụlọ ọrụ ma mgbe ụfọdụ na-eguzo dị ka ndị na-akwado SMEs a kwadoro ma tụkwasị obi na mmekọrịta ha na ụlọ ọrụ ego. Njikọ ahụ na-ejikọ ndị otu ya na ohere dị iche iche na Naịjirịa na mba ụwa. Ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkwado siri ike maka ndị otu ya megide iwu ọha na eze na-adịghị mma bụkwa akụkụ nke ọrụ NASSI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaeafrica.org/start/role-of-industrial-associations-and-support-agencies-for-enterprise-development-in-nigeria|title=Nigerian Association of Small Scale Industrialists|publisher=Association of African Entrepreneurs|accessdate=12 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ nkwa ===
N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2011, Wachuku kwupụtara na Lagos, na NASSI na-amalite ọrụ a kwadoro maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị otu ya, na-ekwu na ebumnuche mmemme ahụ bụ iji mejupụta oghere maka ndị otu na-enweghị nkwado iji kwado atụmatụ ha na ụlọ akụ. O kwusiri ike na NASSI ga-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa maka ịnweta ego site na obere ụlọ ọrụ, na-ekwusi ike na NAS SI na-ele ụzọ isi nweta US $ 1.2 ijeri ma ọ bụ 200 ijeri naira SMSEs: obere na nke etiti ụlọ ọrụ nke Central Bank of Nigeria wepụtara. Wachuku kwuru, sị: &quot;Achọrọ m ijide n'aka na gọọmentị ghọtara na injin nke uto nke akụ na ụba ọ bụla dabere na SMEs. Ọ bụ ọrụ m ịmalite ma gwa ndị mmadụ na ntụziaka iwu nke NASSI bụ ime ka ego dị na SMEs. Achọrọ m ijide n'aka na ndị otu anyị na-edozi enweghị nkwado nke na a na-enye ndị na-agbazinye ego obere ego.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/nassi-to-launch-loans-for-member-firms/88375|title=NASSI to Launch Loans for Member Firms|publisher=This Day Live|accessdate=12 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140653/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/nassi-to-launch-loans-for-member-firms/88375|archivedate=13 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/07/electricity-tariff-man-lcci-want-concession-for-members|title=Electricity tariff: MAN, LCCI want concession for members|publisher=Daily Independent Nigeria|accessdate=12 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403101943/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/07/electricity-tariff-man-lcci-want-concession-for-members/|archivedate=3 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nkwekọrịta NERFUND ===
N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2011, Wachuku duuru NASSI gaa na nkwekọrịta dị mma na National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND) nke Naịjirịa, iji nyere aka kwado ọrụ maka ndị otu NASSI. A bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nghọta n'etiti onye isi nchịkwa nke NERFUND, Alhaji Baba Maina Gimba na Wachuku. N'okpuru nkwekọrịta ahụ, a chọrọ ka NASSI gosipụta ọrụ ndị chọrọ ego na NERFUND, n'ihi ya, NERFOND ga-enyocha ma kesaa ego enyemaka; yana ịnshọransị azụmahịa niile. N'emume ịbịanye aka, Wachuku jụrụ &quot;mba nke nde mmadụ 167 nwere ihe dị ka nde ụlọ ọrụ 59 nke obere ụlọ ọrụ, nwere naanị ụlọ ọrụ mmepe ego atọ na-arụ ọrụ (DFIs) &quot;, na-ekwu na o zuru oke, ma na-akpọ maka ndị DFIs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/12/nassi-partners-nerfund-on-project-funding|title=NASSI partners NERFUND on project funding|publisher=Vanguard Media Limited, Nigeria|accessdate=11 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201201050495.html|title=Nigeria: NASSI Signs Funding Agreement With NERFUND|publisher=Daily Trust|accessdate=12 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Alụmdi na nwunye siri ike ===
N'ụzọ dị mma, Wachuku anọwo na-agbasi mbọ ike maka mmezu nke ike eletrik kwụsiri ike na [[Naijiria]]; na-ekwusi ike na kemgbe 1999 ọbịbịa nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mba ahụ, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ anọwo na'okpuru ikike n'ihi ike eletrik na-adịghị akwụsi ike, ego ezughi oke na ụgwọ ọrụ na-atụ egwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nationalmirroronline.net/new/multi-billion-naira-domestic-aluminium-industry-under-siege|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610010423/http://nationalmirroronline.net/new/multi-billion-naira-domestic-aluminium-industry-under-siege/|archivedate=10 June 2013|title=Multi billion naira domestic aluminium industry under siege|publisher=National Mirror|accessdate=14 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Not-Darkest-Africa-but-Darkest-Nigeria-120-Million-Without-Electricity.html|title=Not Darkest Africa, but Darkest Nigeria – 120 Million Without Electricity|publisher=OilPrice|accessdate=14 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O kwuru na oke ọkụ eletrik ezughi oke emeela ka mmefu azụmaahịa dịkwuo elu, belata mmepụta ihe na mbelata uto akụ na ụba na Naịjirịa, na-amanye mmechi nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ / na ịkwaga ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ na mba ndị agbata obi. Wachuku kwuru na: &quot;ọchịchịrị na-emetụta akụ na ụba n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, nke na-alụso njikọta nke uto nwayọ ọgụ, ego na-adịghị ike, ịrị elu nke ọnụ ahịa na mmetụta nke idei mmiri nke a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-eme ka ọnụ ahịa nri dị elu. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriaintel.com/2013/06/07/real-sector-is-still-crawling|title=Real Sector is Still Crawling|publisher=Nigeria Intel|accessdate=14 April 2014|archivedate=16 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416085210/http://www.nigeriaintel.com/2013/06/07/real-sector-is-still-crawling/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ maka nkwado ndị ntorobịa ===
Iji jide n'aka na gọọmentị na-akwado ụzọ na ikike dị mma maka ụlọ ọrụ onwe iji nye ndị ntorobịa ọrụ na Naịjirịa ike ma mepụta ọrụ bụ otu n'ime ụkpụrụ Wachuku na-arụ ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/stakeholders-appraise-fgs-job-creation-initiatives|title=Stakeholders appraise FG's job creation initiatives|publisher=Vanguard Media|accessdate=14 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'okwu Nọvemba 2011 nke akpọrọ: Investment Climate: What is the Weather in Nigeria, nke e gosipụtara na [[Ikeja]], Lagos SOFFE: Sam Ohuabunwa Foundation for Economic Empowerment [http://sofee.org.ng], Wachuku tụgharịrị uche na ọhụụ ya na ebumnuche nke ịmepụta ọrụ maka ndị ntorobịa Naijiria. Dị ka o si kwuo,

&quot;a ga-enye ngalaba onwe onye ikike ka ukwuu iji duzie ihe ndị na-emetụta ike ndị ntorobịa na ịmepụta ọrụ. N'ihe banyere nke a, NASSI ga-eduga atụmatụ netwọk nke ga-agụnye òtù ndị metụtara uru yana steeti na gọọmentị ime obodo. NASSI ga-, site na mmekorita a, dozie nsogbu na ihe ndị na-emegide uto nke SMEIs ma rụọ ọrụ dị mma na nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ga-eme ka uto nke SEMI pụta ìhè. Gọọmentị enweghị ike ịmepụta ọrụ n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide. Ọ dị mkpa ịkwalite mmepụta ma hụ na obere ụlọ ọrụ na-enye pasent 90 ruo 95 na GDP. Ọ bụ ya mere m ji jụọ gị, gọọmentị nwere ike ịmepụta ọrụ n'ezie? Azịza m maka ajụjụ a bụ ee e! Ana m ekwu okwu dị ka ọkachamara n'okwu a. Ụzọ ọzọ m maara na-adịgide adịgide bụ ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa dị ike nke ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye, nke a na-akwalite ma na-adabere na obere ụlọ ọrụ na ngalaba na-abụghị nke gọọmentị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://zumalist.com/nassi-tasks-govt-on-job-creation-for-youths_n2552.html|title=Government Tasked on Creating Capacity for Youth Jobs by Private Sector|publisher=Zuma List|accessdate=14 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415014329/http://zumalist.com/nassi-tasks-govt-on-job-creation-for-youths_n2552.html|archivedate=15 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọzọkwa, n'ajụjụ ọnụ June 2012 site na Vanguard Daily Newspaper nke Naijiria, Wachuku kwusiri ike mkpa dị mkpa maka ọrụ na inye ndị ntorobịa ike, n'okwu ndị a: &quot;Naijiria kwesịrị ịmepụta ihe na-erughị nde ọrụ ise kwa afọ iji gboo mkpa ọrụ nke ndị na-eto eto ya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/job-creation-fg-in-the-right-direction-experts|title=Job creation: FG in the right direction – Experts|publisher=Vanguard Media|accessdate=14 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== SMEs na ụlọ akụ ===
Site n'ịgbanwe agbanwe, Wachuku emeela ka ụwa mara na ụlọ akụ Naijiria na-akwụ ụgwọ &quot;ọrụ egbugbere ọnụ&quot; iji kwado SMEs n'ụzọ dị irè: obere na ụlọ ọrụ dị n'etiti na nke a na-akpọ &quot;nnukwu&quot; mba Afrịka. Ọ na-ekwusi ike na, na mba ọ bụla, ụlọ akụ kwesịrị ịbụ ndị mmekọ na-enyere aka na mmepe akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide maka uru dị irè nke azụmaahịa na-apụta na ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://my.naijadailies.com/News/Similar?t=Banks%20only%20pay%20lip%20service%20to%20funding%20SMEs%27%20NASSI%20president&amp;cat=3|title=Lip Service by Banks to Funding SMEs – NASSI President|publisher=Nigerian Dailies|accessdate=16 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417040424/http://my.naijadailies.com/News/Similar?t=Banks%20only%20pay%20lip%20service%20to%20funding%20SMEs%27%20NASSI%20president&amp;cat=3|archivedate=17 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ February 2014 o nyere The Punch, Wachuku kwuru, sị:

&quot;Anyị chọrọ ịgbakwunye uru site na inweta nkà. Mana n'ime nke a, anyị achọpụtala na nsogbu bụ isi bụ inweta ego na ọnụego ọmụrụ nwa dị ọnụ ala. Gọọmentị etiti na-ekwu maka nke a na ụlọ akụ na-ekwukwa maka ya. Mana achọrọ m ikwu ebe a na ụlọ akụ Naijiria abaghị uru. Ha na-ekwu mgbe niile na ego dị. Ebee ka ego ahụ dị? Enweghị obere onye na-emepụta ihe nke na-abanye n'ụlọ akụ ma nweta ego mgbazinye. O siri ike maka ndị SMEs inweta ego n'aka ụlọ akụ n'ihi na ha na-achọ mgbe niile maka nkwado. Ihe nkwado ha na-arịọ karịrị uru nke mgbazinye ego. Ya mere, ụlọ akụ anaghị achọ ịgbazinye obere azụmaahịa ma ọlị. Ha na-ekwu na ngalaba a nwere ihe ize ndụ. Ha nwere ike ikwu na ha enyewo ego ole na ole dị ka mgbazinye ego nye SMEs; mana ị ga-achọpụta na nke a abụghị eziokwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, gịnị ka mgbazinye ego a na-enye mmadụ 2,000 na mba nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 167 nwere ike ime? Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ikpeazụ nke National Bureau of Statistics mere gosiri na e nwere ihe dị ka nde mmadụ iri na asaa na-emepụta obere ụlọ ọrụ na Naịjirịa ma ị na-ekwu maka inye mmadụ puku abụọ ike site na ịgbazinye ego. Gịnị bụ nke ahụ? Ya mere, ụlọ akụ Naijiria na-akwụ ụgwọ ọrụ egbugbere ọnụ iji kwado SMEs. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/business/sundayceo/banks-only-pay-lip-service-to-funding-smes-nassi-president|title=Banks only pay lip service to funding SMEs – NASSI president|publisher=Punch Nigeria Limited|accessdate=16 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416012842/http://www.punchng.com/business/sundayceo/banks-only-pay-lip-service-to-funding-smes-nassi-president/|archivedate=16 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gọvanọ CBN ===
Dị ka onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ego na onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, Wachuku, na Febụwarị 2014, ndị mgbasa ozi kpọrọ ya ka ọ kwuo maka nkwụsịtụ nke onye isi ala [[Goodluck Jonathan]] nke gọvanọ Central Bank of Nigeria, Sanusi Lamido Sanusi. O kwupụtara echiche akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya dị ka ndị a:

&quot;Sanusi ekwesịghị ịbụ abụ dị iche na nke Onye isi ala n'ihu ọha. Dị ka onye isi ọrụ gọọmentị nke rụrụ ọrụ pụrụ iche na ngalaba ụlọ akụ nke mba ahụ, ihe o kwesịrị ime bụ ịgwa onye isi ya okwu ma nye ya ndụmọdụ na nzuzo. Ọ bụ ihe na-ezighi ezi maka ya ịgakwuru ndị mgbasa ozi iji bụrụ abụ dị iche iche. Ọ dịghị onye isi ala ọ bụla n'ụwa ga-ekwe ka nke ahụ. Otú ọ dị, nkwụsịtụ Sanusi nwere ike ịmepụta mgbagwoju anya nke akụ na ụba ma kpatara ụfọdụ ọgba aghara na akụ na ụba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2014/02/26/financial-experts-divided-on-sanusis-suspension|title=Financial Experts Divided on Sanusi's Suspension|publisher=Tide News|accessdate=16 April 2014|archivedate=17 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417165656/http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2014/02/26/financial-experts-divided-on-sanusis-suspension/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://metrowatchonline.com/sanusi-president-acted-within-the-ambit-of-his-statutory-function-says-senate|title=President Jonathan Acted Within the Ambit of His Statutory Function|publisher=Metrowatch|accessdate=16 April 2014|archivedate=17 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417223845/http://metrowatchonline.com/sanusi-president-acted-within-the-ambit-of-his-statutory-function-says-senate/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== First Bank MoU ===
N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2012, Wachuku mechiri Memorandum of Understanding ndokwa maka mmemme ego ọhụrụ nke SMEs n'etiti Nigerian Association of Small Scale Industrialists na First Bank of Nigeria. Banyere mmemme ọhụrụ ahụ, Wachuku kọwara, sị: &quot;enweghị ike ịnweta ego a ga-akwụ ụgwọ na ọnụego ọmụrụ nwa dị ọnụ ala na nke bara uru bụ ihe ọjọọ nke obere ụlọ ọrụ na mba ahụ. Ana m ekele ụlọ akụ mbụ nke Naịjirịa maka ọrụ ha na-eme ka ụzọ dị ọkụ. Tupu anyị eruo na First Bank, anyị abịakwutewo ọtụtụ ụlọ akụ, mana nchegbu ha bụ isi na naanị uru. Ya mere, ọ bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma na First Bank, dị ka ụlọ akụ na-eduga, kwenyere n'ezie na aro anyị. Omume a sitere na First Bank bụ nke nwere ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ịhụ mba n'anya, ebe ọ nwere ike ịgbanwe ọrụ nke obere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na site n'ịgbasa akụ na ụba nke Naịjirịa n'ozuzu ya. Onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọ akụ ahụ ugbu a, Maazị Bisi Onasanya, nyere nkwado na-enweghị isi maka ọrụ ahụ. Onasanya hụrụ ya dị ka ọrụ dị mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na akụ na ụba.Gọọmentị n'onwe ya kwenyere na ngalaba onwe onye na-enye ihe dị ka pasent 90 na Gross Domestic Product nke mba ahụ. Site na SMEs na-emepụta ihe dị ka pasent 65 nke ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ onwe, mmadụ nwere ike iche n'echiche mmetụta nke mgbanwe ọhụrụ a site na First Bank ga-enwe na akụ na ụba. N'ịga n'ihu, o kwuru na &quot;ụlọ akụ dị na mba ahụ, ruo ogologo oge, bụ akụkụ nke nsogbu nke ezigbo ngalaba, na-ekwu na ha ga-ahọrọ itinye aka na njem njem na ịgbazinye ego nwa oge maka ọrụ azụmahịa, karịa ịgbazinye azụmaahịa nwere ọrụ mmepụta. Ọ bụ n'ìhè a ka a na-aja ntụgharị ọhụrụ ahụ mma maka iṅomi ụlọ akụ ndị ọzọ. First Bank, site na General Managing Director ya ugbu a, egosila àgwà pụrụ iche maka nsogbu nke obere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Echere m na Maazị Onasanya kwesịrị otuto niile. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/business/industry/nassi-first-bank-commence-disbursement-of-low-interest-loan|title=NASSI, First Bank commence disbursement of low-interest loan|publisher=Punch|accessdate=17 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419060132/http://www.punchng.com/business/industry/nassi-first-bank-commence-disbursement-of-low-interest-loan/|archivedate=19 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ezinụlọ Chuku ==
 

Onye isi ochie, Mrs. Lilly Wachuku, bụ nne Chukumere Anaba Ndubuisi Wachuku, na ụmụnne ya: Obimndi Wachuku, Nne Wachuku, Mrs. Nne Stanley Onyemerekeya, Okey Wachuku na Anaba Wachuku. Onye isi Benjamin Anaba Ndubuisi Wachuku, nwa Eze Josaiah Ndubuisi Tachuku, bụ nna Chukumere Anaba Ndubiisi Wachuku na ụmụnne ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/abia-2015-charter-equity-makes-ukwa-ngwas-case-nkire|title=Chief B. A. Wachuku: Abia 2015: Charter of equity makes Ukwa-Ngwa's case – Nkire|publisher=Vanguard Media Nigeria|accessdate=2 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Working%20Papers/Round%202/johnson1/johnson1.pdf|title=Chief Benjamin Anaba Wachuku: B. A. Wachuku: Cooperative Bank of Eastern Nigeria in Economic Development Institute Director's End of Tour Report: 18 March 1963 - 30 September 1964|publisher=Michigan State University: USA|accessdate=2 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wachuku lụrụ onye bụbu Miss Ngozi Abengowe, ugbu a Mrs. Ngozi Wachuku, ha nwekwara ụmụ anọ, ụmụ nwoke niile bụ: Onyema Wachuku, Anaba Wachuku, Ikechukwu Wachuku na Kelechi Wachuku. Site na 2019 ruo 2021, nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke Chuku Wachuku, Onyema bụ Kọmishọna maka Mmepe nke Obere na Obere Ụlọ Ọrụ Naịjirịa, na mgbe ọ dị afọ 35, ka ọ na-erule 2019, ọ bụ Kọmishịn kacha nta na Abia Steeti, Naịjirị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://independent.ng/ikpeazu-dissolves-cabinet|title=Ikpeazu Dissolves Cabinet|publisher=Independent Newspapers|accessdate=6 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newscritic.com.ng/2019/09/03/onyema-wachukwu-meet-the-35-year-old-abia-youngest-commissioner-nominee|title=Onyema Wachuku: Meet The 35-Year Old Abia Youngest Commissioner Nominee|publisher=News Critic|accessdate=2 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.peopleandpolitics.com.ng/2019/10/35-years-old-abia-sme-commissioner.html|title=Onyema Wachuku: 35 Years Old Abia SMEs Commissioner Resumes Duty|publisher=People and Politics|accessdate=7 February 2020|archivedate=7 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207140515/https://www.peopleandpolitics.com.ng/2019/10/35-years-old-abia-sme-commissioner.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://fmic.gov.ng/governor-ikpeazu-inaugurates-abia-sme-microfinance-bank-in-aba-flags-off-10-million-naira-micro-credit-scheme|title=Governor-Ikpeazu Inaugurates Abia SMEs Microfinance Bank in Aba: Flags-off 10 Million Naira Cicro Credit Scheme|publisher=FMIC: Federal Ministry of Information and Culture: Nigeria|accessdate=7 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.abiastate.gov.ng/news/abia-state-government-welcomes-the-partnership-of-sterling-bank-on-the-promotion-of-made-in-aba-products|title=Abia State Government Welcomes Partnership of Sterling Bank on Promotion of Made in Aba Products|publisher=Abia State Government Nigeria|accessdate=2 March 2020|archivedate=2 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302163009/http://www.abiastate.gov.ng/news/abia-state-government-welcomes-the-partnership-of-sterling-bank-on-the-promotion-of-made-in-aba-products}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/gov-ikpeazu-forwards-commissioners-designate-list-to-assembly/|title=Governor Ikpeazu Forwards Commissioners Designate List to Assembly|publisher=Punch Newspaper Nigeria|accessdate=2 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wachuku lụrụ Gayle Elaine Mcmillian n'oge gara aga. Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ mụrụ ụmụ abụọ: nwa mbụ ya, Chukumere Wachuku, Jr., na naanị nwa ya nwanyị, Tuwuoanidiari Elaine Onyinyechi Wachuku.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke Naịjirịa
* Josaiah Ndubuisi Wachuku
* Jaja Wachuku
* [[Nwabueze Nwokolo|Nwabueze Jaja Wachuku]]

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240305045935/https://aiennigeria.org/index.html AIEN: Njikọ nke Ọrụ Ugbo na Ndị Ọchụnta ego nke Naịjirịa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140401182235/http://www.rmrdc.gov.ng/profiles?page=boarddetails&amp;profilecode=21 Profaịlụ RMRDC]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065415/http://www.naseni.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=19&amp;Itemid=16 Kọmitii Na-achị NASENI]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210506113955/https://nde.gov.ng/about-nde/ NDE: National Directorate of Employment: Nigeria] 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wachuku, Chuku}}
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      <text bytes="1017" sha1="9ol9dc221b05g2qqs1cxin71ba1zmvd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Charles Olumo''' {{Audio|Yo-Charles Olumo.ogg|Audio}} (Amụrụ na Julaị 1923 wee nwụọ na Ọktoba 31, 2024) bụ [[Actor|onye]] Naijiria na eme ihe nkiri si [[Abeokuta]], Ogun State. Ọ na arụkarị ọrụ na ihe nkiri asụsụ Yoruba na &quot;[[Nollywood]]&quot;.

== Ọrụ ==
Alhaji Abdulsalam Sanyaolu malitere ime ihe nkiri na 1953 na chọọchị dị na Lagos.&lt;ref name=&quot;saharaweeklyarticle2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.saharaweeklyng.com/my-father-used-charm-on-me-to-make-me-lose-interest-in-acting-charles-olumo-agbako/|work=Sahara Weekly|accessdate=22 January 2017|title=My Father used charm on me to make me lose interest in Acting – Charles Olumo Agbako|date=2015-10-27|archivedate=2017-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202014845/http://www.saharaweeklyng.com/my-father-used-charm-on-me-to-make-me-lose-interest-in-acting-charles-olumo-agbako/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
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Daniel Chima Chukwu (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1991) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ maka klọb Indian Super League Jamshedpur . Daniel Chima Chukwu onye na-agba bọọlụ Indian Super League Jamshedpur

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
Chima malitere ịgba bọọlụ maka Festac Sport, tupu ọ gaa na Bussdor United. Bussdor United

Ọ sonyeere otu Norwegian First Division Lyn na mbido oge nke afọ 2010 wee gbaa goolu mbụ ya na nke mbụ ya megide Bodø / Glimt na 5 Eprel 2010. Nkewa Mbụ nke Norway Lyn 2010-oge Bodø/Glimt&lt;ref name=&quot;lyn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lynfotball.net/Lyn_Spiller.asp?id=349|title=Daniel Chima|work=lynfotball.net|publisher=[[FK Lyn]]|accessdate=17 October 2011|archivedate=24 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524170345/http://www.lynfotball.net/Lyn_Spiller.asp?id=349}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọkpụkpọ ===
Mgbe Lyn dara ogbenye, Chima sonyeere otu Tippeligaen nke Molde na 28 Julaị 2010. Tippeligaen Molde&lt;ref name=&quot;transfer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://fotball.rbnett.no/eliteserien/article175408.ece|title=Molde signerte angriper|work=rbnett.no|publisher=[[Romsdals Budstikke]]|date=28 July 2010|accessdate=17 October 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801084629/http://fotball.rbnett.no/eliteserien/article175408.ece|archivedate=1 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Oge 2011 ====
N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2011, o meriri Brann site na mmeri 3-1 site na goolu oge nkwụsị, nke bụkwa goolu mbụ ya maka Molde. Brann&lt;ref name=&quot;brann&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://fotball.bt.no/eliteserien/article198966.ece|title=Diouf senket Brann|work=bt.no|publisher=[[Bergens Tidende]]|date=25 April 2011|accessdate=17 October 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430005724/http://fotball.bt.no/eliteserien/article198966.ece|archivedate=30 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara egwuregwu iri abụọ na anọ ma gbaa goolu ise na 2011 Tippeligaen ma nye aka na asọmpi mbụ nke Molde. 2011 Tippeligaen

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chukwu, Daniel Chima}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
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Danny Akintunde Agbelese (amụrụ n'April 14, 1990) bụ onye America-Nigeria ọkachamara basketball player maka Movistar Estudiantes nke LEB Oro. Danny Akintunde Agbelese basketball Movistar Ụmụ akwụkwọ LEB Gold&lt;ref&gt;[https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Danny-Agbelese/Greece/Holargos-BC/208256 Danny Agbelese.]&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe afọ abụọ gachara na Collin College, na afọ abụọ na Hampton, Agbelese banyere na draft NBA nke afọ 2012, mana a họpụtabeghị ya na agba abụọ nke draft ahụ. Collin College Hampton 2012 NBA draft A kpọrọ ya MVP nke Greek Super Cup na 2020. Super Cup nke Gris

== Ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ==
Agbelese gbara bọọlụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Massanutten Military Academy, na Woodstock, Virginia. Massanutten Military Academy Woodstock, Virginia

== Ọrụ kọleji ==
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Agbelese gbara bọọlụ kọleji na Collin College, site na 2008 ruo 2010. kọleji basketball Collin College Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ kwagara Hampton, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo n'afọ 2012. Hampton

== Ọrụ ọkachamara ==
Agbelese mere akara ụkwụ mbụ ya na Iran, na oge 2012-13, ya na Esteghlal Qeshm. Iran N'afọ sochirinụ ọ kwagara Uruguay, wee sonye na Union Atletica. Uruguay N'oge oge ahụ, ọ hapụrụ klọb ahụ, wee bịanye aka na Wanderers Paysandu. Na mbido afọ 2014, ya na klọb Spanish Guadalajara kwekọrịtara. Guadalajara N'otu afọ ahụ, ya na klọb ndị Gris Rethymno na klọbu ndị Spain Ourense gbara bọọlụ. Rethymno Ourense&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://archive.sportando.basketball/en/europe/greece/174388/ago-rethymno-landing-danny-agbelese.html |title=AGO Rethymno landing Danny Agbelese. |accessdate=2023-10-03 |archivedate=2023-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003075745/http://archive.sportando.basketball/en/europe/greece/174388/ago-rethymno-landing-danny-agbelese.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2015-16, ọ gbara bọọlụ ọzọ na Spain, na Gipuzkoa Basket. Akara Gipuzkoa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://archive.sportando.basketball/en/spain/acb/185315/gipuzkoa-announces-danny-agbelese.html |title=Gipuzkoa announces Danny Agbelese. |accessdate=2023-10-03 |archivedate=2023-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003075746/http://archive.sportando.basketball/en/spain/acb/185315/gipuzkoa-announces-danny-agbelese.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2016, ọ bịanyere aka na klọb Ịtali Enel Brindisi. Enel Brindisi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://archive.sportando.basketball/en/italy/serie-a/201662/enel-brindisi-lands-danny-agbelese.html |title=Enel Brindisi lands Danny Agbelese. |accessdate=2023-10-03 |archivedate=2023-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003075746/http://archive.sportando.basketball/en/italy/serie-a/201662/enel-brindisi-lands-danny-agbelese.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge afọ 2017-18, ọ bịanyere aka na Élan Béarnais na France, mana ka e mesịrị n'oge ahụ ọ hapụrụ klọb ahụ, wee bịanye aka na Gipuzkoa Basket. Élan Béarnais France Gipuzkoa Basket&lt;ref&gt;[http://nbbf.ng/pau-lacq-orthez-adds-agbelese-to-their-roster/ Pau-Lacq-Orthez adds Agbelese to their roster.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.pianetabasket.com/en/danny-agbelese-a-new-player-of-gipuzkoa-141418 |title=Danny Agbelese a new player of Gipuzkoa. |accessdate=2023-10-03 |archivedate=2023-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003075746/https://www.pianetabasket.com/en/danny-agbelese-a-new-player-of-gipuzkoa-141418 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu na-enweta nkezi 7.5 na 3.6 rebounds kwa egwuregwu.

N'August 6, 2018, ọ sonyeere Holargos nke Greek Basket League. Holargos Greek Basket League&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.a1basket.gr/2018/08/holargos-signed-danny-agbelese.html Holargos signed Danny Agbelese.]&lt;/ref&gt; N'August 7, 2019, Agbelese kwetara ịnọ na Gris na Kolossos Rodou, sonyere onye nkuzi Holargos ya, Aris Lykogiannis, n'ebe ahụ. Kolossos Rodou Aris Lykogiannis

N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2019, ya na Kolossos Rodou nke Greek Basket League bịanyere aka. Njikọ basketball nke ndị Gris bụ Kolossos Rodou&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://sportando.basketball/en/kolossos-rhodes-sign-danny-agbelese/|title=Kolossos Rhodes sign Danny Agbelese|date=August 11, 2019|work=Sportando|language=En|accessdate=August 12, 2019|author=Skerletic|first=Dario}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Na Julaị 22, 2020, Agbelese kwagara na klọb nke anọ ya na Gris, Promitheas Patras, nke na-asọ mpi na EuroCup. Promitheas Patras EuroCup&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.promitheasbc.gr/index.php/nea/andriko/3191-pro20-welcome-danny-agbelese/|title=Ο DANNY AGBELESE ΣΤΟΝ ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΑ|date=August 22, 2020|publisher=PromitheasPatrasB.C.|language=el|accessdate=July 22, 2020|archivedate=July 22, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722114925/https://www.promitheasbc.gr/index.php/nea/andriko/3191-pro20-welcome-danny-agbelese/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, 2021, Agbelese bịanyere aka na Real Betis nke Spanish Liga ACB. Real Betis Liga ACB&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.realbetisbalompie.es/noticias/baloncesto/acuerdo-para-la-incorporacion-del-pivot-danny-agbelese-26234|title=Acuerdo para la incorporación del pívot Danny Agbelese|author=|first=|date=August 16, 2021|work=|publisher=Sportando|language=En|accessdate=August 17, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'egwuregwu iri na isii, ọ nwetara akara 2.3 na 2.8 rebounds kwa asọmpi. 

Na Machị 6, 2022, Agbelese kwagara Peristeri nke Greek Basket League maka oge fọdụrụnụ. Njikọ bọọlụ Peristeri nke Gris&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mammides|first=Chris|title=Danny Agbelese (ex Real Betis) agreed terms with Peristeri|url=https://www.eurobasket.com/Greece/news/734124/Danny-Agbelese-(ex-Real-Betis)-agreed-terms-with-Peristeri|work=Eurobasket|accessdate=March 6, 2022|date=March 6, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ngụkọta nke egwuregwu 11, ọ nwetara akara 4.5, 3.6 rebounds, 0.8 assists na 0.8 blocks, na-egwu ihe dị ka nkeji 15 kwa asọmpi.
⁷
== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Agbelese,Danny }}
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. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://charlesanthonylaw.com/|title=Charles Anthony LLP – Meeting The Challenges Of A World In Constant Evolution}}&lt;/ref&gt;Charles Ayodeji Adeogun-Phillips ( Iye 6 Maachị 1966 na London, England) bụ onye bụbu onye ikpe gbasara mpụ na mpụ agha nke United Nations, onye ọka iwu mba ụwa na onye Charles Anthony (Ndị ọka iwu) LLP.

== ndabere ==
Ọ bụ nwa Prọfesọ Anthony Adeyemi Adeogun, onye bụ Prọfesọ Emeritus nke Iwu azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ na osote onye isi oche, Mahadum Lagos, na ngwaahịa n'iwu ọrụ mba ụwa.  [1] Nne ya, Margaret Amba Ayinke Adeogun (née Williams), bụ ike na midwife lagoro ezumike nka.

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/nigeriannames/ad.asp?blurb=4660|title=Ayodeji|work=Online Nigeria: Nigerian Names and meanings|accessdate=20 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọ bụ nwa nwa Phillip Bamgbose na Theresa Fatola Adeogun nke Ajale Compound Igbajo, Osun State, Federal Republic of Nigeria, na Henry Isaac Kobina-Badu Williams, nke Cape Coast, Republic of Ghana na Joanna Olasumbo Williams nke Itesi, Abeokuta, Ogun Steeti,  Federal Republic of Nigeria .  Aha ya &quot;Ayodeji&quot; sere &quot;Ahụrị m okpukpu abụọ&quot; na Yoruba .

.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na CMS Grammar School, Lagos, ụlọ akwụkwọ ndekọ mbụ nke Nigeria (nke ntọala ntọala na 1859) na n'ibu akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ Britain a ma ama, Repton (nke ntọala ntọala na 1557).  Ọ akwụkwọ iwu na Mahadum Warwick ebe ọ mmụta akwụkwọ na 1989 na na School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), Mahadum London, bụ ebe ọ ikike nzere masters na iwu na 1994. A nabatara dị ka Barrister na onye ọka iwu nke ndị nwe ikpe ikpe.  Kasị Elu nke Nigeria na 1992 na na 1996, dịka onye ọka iwu nke Ndịikpe Kasị Elu nke England na Wales.  N'afọ 2019, Alma Mata ya, Mahadum Warwick, gosiri ya ka ọ gwa ụmụ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n'afọ ahụ.

Charles sonyeere Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) na United Nations International Criminal Tribunal maka Rwanda (UN-ICTR) dị ka onye akwụkwọ gbasara iwu, site na omume dị ka onye ọka iwu na United Kingdom, ebe onye isi ọka ikpe nke UN n nyocha.  'oge ahụ.  -ICTY/UN-ICTR, Ọkaikpe Louise Arbor (Onyeikpe nke Onyeikpe Kasị Elu nke Canada na emesịa UN High Commissioner for Human Rights) na Jenụwarị 1998

. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-04-23|title=Fighting for justice after genocide in Rwanda|url=https://lacuna.org.uk/justice/fighting-for-justice-after-rwanda-genocide-interview-charles-adeogun-phillips/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=Lacuna Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na Ma ọchịchị 2001, mgbe ọ dị afọ 35, onye ọka ikpe nke UN-ICTY/UN-ICTR n'oge ahụ, bụ Ms. Carla Del Ponte (onye bụbu Attorney-General nke Switzerland), nchọpụta ya dị ka onye ọka iwu ukwu  na onye ndu ọkpa iwu maka onye ọkpa iwu.  otu osisi Kibuye na Kigali-ime obodo na OTP.  Iwu ya bụ iduru otu ndị ọka iwu mpụ na ndịyọ na-ekpechite ọnụ ndị mmadụ bụ ndị buru oke ọrụ maka ogbugbu ndị dị na mpaghara Kibuye, Bisesero na Bugesera - ebe ndị Tutsi siri ike [1] [2] n'oge mgbukpọ.  tupu 1994 Rwandan.  Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi mgbaka iche na UN-ICTR n'etiti 2008 na 2009, ebe onye ọka ikpe nke UN-ICTR n'oge ahụ àmà ya, Justice Hassan B. Jallow (Chief Justice nke Gambia).

N'ime ihe karịrị afọ iri, n'etiti 2000 na 2010, Charles gara nke ọma duru otu ìgwè nke ndị ọkàiwu mba ụwa na ndị nyocha na nhazi 12 dị mgbagwoju anya na mpụ mgbukpọ na mpụ agha n'ihu UN-ICTR, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị ọka iwu igbuchapụ agbụrụ kacha nwee ahụmahụ na nke ọma. akụkọ ihe mere eme. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CHARLES ADEOGUN-PHILLIPS|url=https://charlesadeogunphillips.academia.edu/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=charlesadeogunphillips.academia.edu|archivedate=2021-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518003546/https://charlesadeogunphillips.academia.edu/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Site na ikpe mpụ agha nke Nuremberg na Tokyo na 1940 na-eje ozi dị ka naanị ihe mbụ, ọrụ Charles dị ka ọka onye iwu na-edu ndú, na-alụ ogụ maka ikpe ziri ezi n'aha ihe 800,000 ndị mpụ.  njọ njọ nke ihe a mmadụ maara, debere ya n'ihu nke ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ ụzọ.  asụsụ na ngalaba nke iwu ndị na mpụ nke mba ụwa, na-agbakọta n' akwụkwọ ndị na-eso ụzọ nke “Who's Who in Public International Law” na 2007 yana na Akwụkwọ Afọ Mba Nile na Ndị Onye Na-ahụ na 2011  .

Ikpe ikpe mgbukpọ ọnụ nke ọ dugara n'etiti 2001 na 2002 [1] [2] [3] nke Dr. Gerard Ntakirutimana na nna ya, pastọ Elizaphan Ntakirutimana [4] [5] - onye isi nke Seventh Day Adventist Church nke e  bufere gaa n' ewepụikpe UN sitere na United States - bụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ onye America bụ Philip Gourevitch dere, nke isiokwu ya bụ anyị ike ịgwa gị na Echi ga-egbu anyị na akara anyị .

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ICTR-95-1B {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases/ictr-95-1b|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=unictr.irmct.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ICD - Muhimana - Asser Institute|url=http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/105/Muhimana/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org|archivedate=2021-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518003548/http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/105/Muhimana/}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọ durukwa ikpe nke onye n'ike n'ike n'ike Mikaeli Muhimana, [1] ebubo ebubo ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na obi ndị ekere ụmụ ekere, n'etiti 2004 na 2005. Okwu Muhimana mere ka o doo anya ma wulite ikike.  nke ụlọ ikpe ndị omempụ mba ụwa na ihe ndị isi iwu na mkpa nke mpụ idina mmadụ n'ike n'ihe gbasara nnukwu ọnụ na mpụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.

N'agbata 2006 na 2007, Charles duuru ikpe ikpe ahụ dị elu nke Francois Karera, [1] [2] onye bụbu Gọvanọ Kigali-ime obodo boro ebubo iduzi na isonye na ogbugbu nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ 5,000 ( puku ise) Tutsi gba ụgbọ mmiri.  na ebe ahụ.  ọyọka njọ Ntarama na 15 ika 1994 na n'ime ndị na-eso Tutsi 50,000 ( puku iri ise) ọzọ mpaghara Nyamata ka nke ahụ ofufe.  Ụka Ntarama [3] na ebe ogbugbu Nyamata abụrụla ebe n'ime ebe ebe ogbugbu isii na Rwanda.

N'ịbụ onye duziri iri ụka dị anya anya na Vincent Rutaganira, [1] Paul Bisengimana [2] na Juvenal Rugambarara [3] ikpe n'etiti 2004 na 2007 nke butere nkeji ikpe mara oke iwu mba ụwa, Adeogun-Phillips bụ bụ  otu n'ime ole na ole.  ndị ọka iwu mba ụwa n'ụwa ndị aka na ike na omume nke mmepụta ụka ikpe ikpe n'ihe gbasara mpụ mba ụwa buru ibu.

Charles durukwa otu ndị ọka iwu mba ofesi na ikpegharị Lt. Col Tharcisse Muvunyi, n'etiti 17 June na 2 October 2009, na ebubo nke ịkpali ọha na eze ozugbo ime mkpochapụ. Ọ durula ikpe mbụ n'okwu ikpe n'etiti 28 February 2005 na 23 June 2006 nke na-esochi onye ahụ a gbara akwụkwọ ikpe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ICTR-00-55 {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases/ictr-00-55|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=unictr.irmct.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, na 29 Ọgọst 2008, Ụlọ Mkpegharị Mkpegharị weghaara ikpe niile e kpere n'ikpe megide onye a na-azara ọnụ ma nye iwu ka a maliteghachi ya na ebubo nke ịkpali ọha na eze kpọmkwem iji mee mgbukpọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Muvunyi Sentenced to 15 Years After Retrial {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/news/muvunyi-sentenced-15-years-after-retrial|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=unictr.irmct.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mkpegharị ikpe Muvunyi na 2009 bụ nke mbụ ụdị ya n'ihu ụlọ ikpe mpụ nke mba ụwa.

Nnwale mgbuchapụ ndị ọzọ ama ama nke mba ụwa ọ duru gụnyere nke onye bụbu osote gọvanọ, Dominique Ntawukulilyayo, na 2009 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-04-18|title=allAfrica.com: Rwanda: Trial of Former Sub-Prefect Ntawukulilyayo Opens|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200905070384.html|accessdate=2021-05-17|archivedate=18 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418193100/http://allafrica.com/stories/200905070384.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Appeals Chamber Affirms Ntawukulilyayo's Conviction but Reduces his Sentence {{!}} Nations Unies Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda|url=https://unictr.irmct.org/fr/node/118|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=unictr.irmct.org|archivedate=2021-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518003638/https://unictr.irmct.org/fr/node/118}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-07-11|title=06.05.09 - ICTR/NTAWUKULILYAYO - TRIAL OF FORMER SUB-PREFECT NTAWUKULILYAYO OPENS-Hirondelle News Agency - Fondation Hirondelle - Arusha|url=http://www.hirondellenews.com/content/view/12340/533/|accessdate=2021-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808184457/https://web.archive.org/web/20110711170820/http://www.hirondellenews.com/content/view/12340/533/|archivedate=8 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nke onye bụbu minista ego, Emmanuel Ndindabahizi n'etiti 2003 na 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ICTR-01-71 {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases/ictr-01-71|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=unictr.irmct.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-08-07|title=Ndindabahizi Emmanuel {{!}} Radio Netherlands Worldwide|url=http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/ndindabahizi-emmanuel|accessdate=2021-05-17|archivedate=7 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807052815/http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/ndindabahizi-emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt; ] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-08-07|title=Ndindabahizi Emmanuel {{!}} Radio Netherlands Worldwide|url=http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/ndindabahizi-emmanuel|accessdate=2021-05-17|archivedate=7 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807052815/http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/ndindabahizi-emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye ndụmọdụ gbasara ikpe na ikpe Ignace Bagilshema &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-08-07|title=Where was Alfred Musema ? {{!}} Radio Netherlands Worldwide|url=http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/where-was-alfred-musema|accessdate=2021-05-17|archivedate=7 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807052830/http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/where-was-alfred-musema}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Alfred Musema n'etiti 1999 na 2000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2001-06-07|title=Rwanda shocked at Arusha acquittal|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1375848.stm|accessdate=2021-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Musema's genocide conviction upheld {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/news/musema%E2%80%99s-genocide-conviction-upheld|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=unictr.irmct.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

.Dị ka onye ọka iwu mba ụwa, Charles meri n'Ụdịnwa ụfọdụ ụfọdụ ndị ọka iwu na-ahụ ndị omekome kacha ewu ewu n'ụwa Ramsey Clarke --onye ọka iwu 66th Attorney-General nke United States (1967-69) [  1] na onye ọka iwu nye ndị na-ese okwu dị ka Slobodan Milošević., Radovan Karadžić na Saddam Hussein ;  Edward Medvene-- onye nọchitere anya Fred Goldman na omume obodo egwu OJ Simpson maka ogbugbu nke nwa ya nwoke, Ron Goldman ;  Onye ọka iwu French, François Roux;  na Steven Kay, QC, onye ọka iwu nke nchọpụta maka onye bụbu onye isi ala Serbia Slobodan Milošević

. Ụbọchị ya n'aha ndị lanarịrịnụ na ndị e gburu gburu nke Rwandan abụrụla isiokwu nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Court of Remorse [1] nke Thierry Cruvellier (Wisconsin Press 2010);  Arịrịọ ikpe mara na iwu mpụ mba ofesi [2] nke Nancy Combs na pụta na-eduga ikpe ikpe mpụ nke mba ụwa [3] nke André Klip na Goran Sluiter (Intersentia 2005).  Ọ na-akọwa na akwụkwọ UN, Towards Reconciliation

Yana ndị ọzọ na-eduga mba iwu mpụ iwu, Charles nyere aka n'akwụkwọ: ''International Criminal Investigations: Law and Practice'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIIoygEACAAJ&amp;q=International+Criminal+Investigations:+Law+and+Practice|title=International Criminal Investigations: Law and Practice|first=Akingbolahan|author=Adeniran|date=15 March 2019|publisher=Eleven International Publishing|isbn=9789462369399}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke Eleven na Hague bipụtara na 2017. O bipụtakwala ọtụtụ akụkọ n'akụkụ iwu mpụ mba ụwa, ụgwọ ndị a na-ata ahụhụ na &quot;ụkpụrụ mmekọ&quot; na Rome Statute nke ICC. Akpọrọ ya òkù dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu ọbịa na ọtụtụ mmemme TV nke mba na mba yana n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ a ma ama n'ụwa niile n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke nyocha na ịgba akwụkwọ maka mpụ mba ụwa, iwu mba ụwa, nrụrụ aka, ịchụpụ na / ma ọ bụ iweghachi ihe ndị zuru ohi, ụgwọ ndị e merụrụ na / ma ọ bụ nkwughachi.   Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi ọbịa na iwu gbasara ọdịmma mmadụ na mba ụwa na National Defence College, Nigeria na na Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Counter-Terrorism in Nigeria – the Rule of law and strategies for law enforcement – BNLF|url=https://bnlf.org.uk/event/counter-terrorism-in-nigeria-the-rule-of-law-and-strategies-for-law-enforcement/|accessdate=2021-05-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-16|title=Wayamo and NIALS first joint international criminal law and international humanitarian law course|url=https://www.wayamo.com/archives/wayamo-and-nials-first-joint-international-criminal-law-and-international-humanitarian-law-course/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=Wayamo Foundation|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ICCBA-ABCPI {{!}} Focal Points|url=https://www.iccba-abcpi.org/focalpoints|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=ICCBA-ABCPI|language=en|archivedate=2021-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414164520/https://www.iccba-abcpi.org/focalpoints}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na June 2010, na-agba ọsọ ọrụ UN ya a ma ama, Charles la omume na omume onwe wee guzobe Charles Anthony (Ndị ọka iwu) LLP, ụlọ ọrụ na-agafe agafe nke ndị na-ahụ maka iwu na Lagos na London, nwere ike  na iwu mpụ mba ụwa na iwu ndị ruuru mmadụ, eserese anya ọcha- mpụ olu, na ihe mgbake akụ mba ụwa.  [1] nabatara ya ugbu a ka onye ọrụ dị ka onye ndepụta ndepụta n'ihu ọtụtụ ụlọ ikpe mba ụwa na mpaghara International Criminal Court (ICC), [2] Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL), [3] United  Nations Residual Mechanism for International Tribunals (UNMIT) na Ndị Ikpe Afrịka na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na ndị mmadụ na Tanzania (AfCHPR).  Nwa afọ 2018, ọ jerela ozi dị ka ụlọ ọrụ International Criminal Court Bar Association's focal point maka Naijiria.

N'afọ 2013, mgbe ọ na-anọchite anya onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Tanzania nke nkwuwa okwu, onye nwụrụ anwụ Rev Christopher Mtikila, n'okwu ikpe mara mma na nke mbụ megide United Republic of Tanzania n'ihu Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Africa, ọ gara nke ọma n'amachibido iwu iwu Tanzania megidere iwu. ndoro-ndoro ochichi nọọrọ onwe ya maka nhọpụta n'ọkwa ọchịchị dịka mmebi iwu nke African Charter on Human and People's Rights. Mtikila vs. Okwu ikpe Tanzania bụ ikpe mbụ nke ụlọ ikpe a kwuru gbasara uru ya kemgbe mmalite ya na 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-02-17|title=A Watershed Case for African Human Rights: Mtikila and others v. Tanzania|url=https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/a-watershed-case-for-african-human-rights-mtikila-and-others-v-tanzania/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=OHRH|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tanganyika Law Society &amp; Anor v. The United Republic of Tanzania (PDF)|url=https://www.african-court.org/en/images/Cases/Judgment/Judgment%20Application%20009-011-2011%20Rev%20Christopher%20Mtikila%20v.%20Tanzania.pdf|accessdate=17 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126182029/https://www.african-court.org/en/images/Cases/Judgment/Judgment%20Application%20009-011-2011%20Rev%20Christopher%20Mtikila%20v.%20Tanzania.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa okwu ikpe mbụ nke Ụlọikpe ga-ekpebi maka onye na-arịọ arịrịọ na ikpe mbụ n'ihu Ụlọikpe gbasara nkwụghachi ụgwọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Makulilo|first=Alexander B.|date=December 2013|title=Tanganyika Law Society and the Legal and Human Rights Centre V. Tanzania and rev. Christopher R. Mtikila V. Tanzania (Afr. CT. H.R.)|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-legal-materials/article/abs/tanganyika-law-society-and-the-legal-and-human-rights-centre-v-tanzania-and-rev-christopher-r-mtikila-v-tanzania-afr-ct-hr/5270B84E83A92640D8FE96B9E4EE57FF|journal=International Legal Materials|language=en|volume=52|issue=6|pages=1327–1362|doi=10.5305/intelegamate.52.6.1327|issn=0020-7829}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Omume ndụmọdụ ya na iwu mpụ na mba ụwa gụnyere inye ndụmọdụ ọkachamara na ndị agha High Command na Nigeria gbasara nyocha mbụ nke ICC malitere n'ime mpụ megidere mmadụ na / ma ọ bụ mpụ agha e mere na ọnọdụ nke agha n'etiti &quot; Boko Haram” na ndị nchekwa Naịjirịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Ọ na-adụkwa ndị ọchịchị Afrịka dị iche iche ndụmọdụ gbasara okwu ikpe ziri ezi gbasara mgbanwe ICC. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Charles A. Adeogun-Phillips – Charles Anthony LLP|url=https://charlesanthonylaw.com/charles-a-adeogun-phillips/|accessdate=2021-05-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He has acted on matters involving corruption, asset forfeiture, money laundering&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=EFCC Urges Final Forfeiture Of Funds Allegedly Diverted By Allison-Madueke|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/01/24/efcc-urges-final-forfeiture-funds-allegedly-diverted-allison-madueke/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-10-01|title=Diezani cash: Ex-bank chief appeals N9.08bn forfeiture judgment|url=https://punchng.com/ex-bank-chief-appeals-n9-08bn-forfeiture-judgment/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-02-16|title=Court orders final forfeiture of $153m linked to Alison-Madueke, First Bank Director -|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/court-orders-final-forfeiture-of-153m-linked-to-alison-madueke-first-bank-director/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=The Eagle Online|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-13|title=Supreme Court orders EFCC to return N9 billion to ex-First Bank director, Dauda Lawal|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/448585-supreme-court-orders-efcc-to-return-n9-billion-to-ex-first-bank-director-dauda-lawal.html|accessdate=2021-05-18|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; and fraud (including tracing the proceeds of fraud), international recognition of anti-money laundering protocols and jurisdictional issues.

In 2016, Charles was appointed by the Attorney-General of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to lead the unprecedented corruption trials of senior judicial officers, including a serving Judge of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, the late Honourable Justice Sylvester Ngwuta, JSC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alleged Money Laundering: Justice Ngwuta Pleads Not Guilty, Granted Bail|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2016/11/21/alleged-money-laundering-justice-ngwuta-pleads-not-guilty-granted-bail/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Blueprint|date=2016-11-22|title=Ngwuta, S' Court Justice arraigned, gets N100m bail|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/ngwuta-s-court-justice-arraigned-gets-n100m-bail/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2016-11-21|title=Nigerian Supreme Court judge charged with corruption|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38053755|accessdate=2021-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2017, Charles has been retained by the Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria to investigate, trace and recover over 5 trillion Naira (14 billion US Dollars) currently owed to the Nigerian Government, following its acquisition in 2011, of non-performing loans from some of the country’s ailing commercial banks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-07-22|title=AMCON takes possession of Gateway Portland Cement over N3b debt|url=https://guardian.ng/news/amcon-takes-possession-of-gateway-portland-cement-over-n3b-debt/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518003547/https://guardian.ng/news/amcon-takes-possession-of-gateway-portland-cement-over-n3b-debt/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=InvestAdvocate|date=2017-07-21|title=Unpaid Debt: AMCON Takes Over Gateway Portland Cement -|url=https://investadvocate.com.ng/2017/07/21/unpaid-debt-amcon-takes-gateway-portland-cement/|accessdate=2021-05-18|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{DEFAULTSORT: Adeogun-Phillips, Charles A}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>BeeLine Reader</title>
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'''BeeLine Reader''' bụ usoro ngwanrọ nke na-agbakwunye gradients agba na ederede dijitalụ iji melite ikike ịgụ na ilekwasị anya. A na-acha ederede na njedebe nke ahịrị ọ bụla dịka mmalite nke ọzọ, ya mere, agba nke ederede ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọkọlọtọ nke na-eduzi anya onye na-agụ ya site na ederede n'ụzọ dị mfe. N'ahịrị ọ bụla, agba nke ederede na-agafe site n'otu agba gaa na nke ọzọ, na ihe odide ọ bụla dịtụ iche karịa ihe odide bu ụzọ na nke na-esote.

Usoro a dị ka ndọtị na Google Chrome na Mozilla Firefox, dị ka onye na-ekiri PDF, na dị ka ngwa iOS. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/beeline-reader/ifjafammaookpiajfbedmacfldaiamgg?hl=en|title=BeeLine Reader|work=chrome.google.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/beelinereader/|title=BeeLine Reader – Add-ons for Firefox|work=addons.mozilla.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/beeline-reader-pdf-viewer/pmeknoingfjncbdhempgnkdgojickcko/overview|title=BeeLine Reader PDF Viewer|work=chrome.google.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/beeline-reader/id938026867?mt=8|title=BeeLine Reader|work=App Store|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;atlantic&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/05/a-better-way-to-read/482127/|title=A Better Way to Read—in Color|author=Hamblin|first=James|work=The Atlantic|accessdate=2018-05-12|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mind&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Schneps|first=Matthew|date=2015-01-01|title=Using Technology to Break the Speed Barrier of Reading|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286935964|journal=Scientific American Mind}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cc&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rodrigue|first=Tanya K.|date=2017-12-01|title=The Digital Reader, The Alphabetic Writer, and The Space Between: A Study in Digital Reading and Source-Based Writing|journal=Computers and Composition|language=en|volume=46|pages=4–20|doi=10.1016/j.compcom.2017.09.005|issn=8755-4615}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ ndị a maka iji ya na ederede dabeere na weebụ mana enwere ike iji ya gụọ akwụkwọ Amazon Kindle na iPad na site na mgbatị ihe nchọgharị. Ngwá ọrụ ndị ahụ na-egbochi agba ndị dị na ederede, dị ka njikọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na ọbara ọbara na Wikipedia. A na-egosipụta njikọ kama.

Ngwá ọrụ BeeLine Reader nwere ụdị freemium. Enwere ike iji nsụgharị ndọtị ihe nchọgharị ruo ugboro ise kwa ụbọchị, yana iji ya eme ihe kwa ụbọchị na-akparaghị ókè maka izu abụọ mbụ, n'efu, mana iji ya eme kwa ụbọchị na ọrụ ndị ọzọ chọrọ ịkwụ ụgwọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;Ụfọdụ ndị na-enyocha omume a akatọwo ya maka enweghị nghọta banyere ọnụahịa ndọtị ahụ, na ụfọdụ na-ekwupụta mmechuihu na a na-akwụ ụgwọ na ngwá ọrụ nwere nkwarụ ma na-ebo ndị mmepe ebubo na ha na-eri ndị nwere nkwarụrụ na nlebara anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;firefoxReviews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/beelinereader/reviews/|title=Reviews for BeeLine Reader – Add-ons for Firefox|work=addons.mozilla.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2022-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ndị na-agụ ya ohere iji ọsọ ha tụnyere na-enweghị agba BeeLine. &lt;ref name=&quot;chal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.beelinereader.com/challenge|title=BeeLine Reader :: Reading Challenge|author=Lum|first=Nick|work=www.beelinereader.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-05-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;Usoro a enwetala ihe nrite site na United Nations Solutions Summit, Mahadum Stanford na The Tech Museum of Innovation, ndị nkụzi enyochala ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;rif&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rif.org/beeline|title=Literacy Central &amp; BeeLine Reader|work=RIF.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-05-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;edsurge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.edsurge.com/product-reviews/beeline-reader|title=BeeLine Reader - Product Reviews - EdSurge|date=2015-12-01|work=EdSurge|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-05-12|archivedate=2018-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512181653/https://www.edsurge.com/product-reviews/beeline-reader}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịzụlite ya ==
Nkà na ụzụ BeeLine Reader nwere ikike ma nye ya ikikere site na Blackboard's accessibility suite, agụmakwụkwọ na-enweghị uru Reading Is Fundamental na ohere na-enweghị ego Book share. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://usergroup.ally.ac/s/releases/?contentId=24324|title=Release Notes - Ally User Group|work=usergroup.ally.ac|accessdate=2019-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://bookshareblog.wpengine.com/2016/09/beeline-reader-adds-color-to-bookshare/|title=BeeLine Reader Adds Color to Bookshare - Bookshare Blog|date=2016-09-30|work=Bookshare Blog|accessdate=2018-09-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[California]] zụrụ ikikere steeti niile maka ọbá akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;califa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.califa.org/beeline|title=BeeLine Reader {{!}} Califa|work=www.califa.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-05-12|archivedate=2018-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512181857/http://www.califa.org/beeline}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịrụ ọrụ ==
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-azọrọ na nnwale onwe ya egosila na teknụzụ ya na-eme ka ọgụgụ isi na nghọta ọgụgụ dịkwuo mma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/vrsxf20jx2wp71g/BeeLine%20Research%20Summary.pdf?dl=0|title=BeeLine Research Summary.pdf|work=Dropbox|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọ na-ekwukwa na BeeLine Reader egosila na ọ dị irè dị ka teknụzụ enyemaka maka ụmụ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche, na nyocha nke Book share mere. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;Nnyocha nnwale nke CNET mere gosiri na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-eji BeeLine Reader na akụkọ CNET na-agụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent 50 karịa n'ime isiokwu karịa ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-ejikarị ederede.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/05/a-better-way-to-read/482127/|title=A Better Way to Read—in Color|author=Hamblin|first=James|date=2016-05-11|work=The Atlantic|accessdate=2018-09-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Elizabeth Gould Davis</title>
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      <text bytes="3991" sha1="qrcc227oi9tlg25fr8mbnar78c2vsdb" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Elizabeth Gould Davis 1971.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Gould Davis]]
 

Elizabeth Gould Davis (June 23, 1910 - Julaị 30, 1974) bụ onye ọdee akwụkwọ America nke dere akwụkwọ gbasara nwanyị akpọrọ The First Sex. .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=DAVIS, Elizabeth Gould|work=[[Encyclopedia.com]]|author=Jones, Judith P.|date=2000|accessdate=September 17, 2019|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/davis-elizabeth-gould}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Davis na Leavenworth, Kansas na Colonel Robert Davis na Edwina Bailey McCarty, otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị anọ. Ezinụlọ ahụ mere njem dị ukwuu mgbe ọ na-etolite. &lt;ref name=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=SOCIETY|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/619048439/|accessdate=5 March 2022|work=Evening Star|date=November 27, 1931|page=B-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọ natara akara ugo mmụta A.B. ya na Randolph-Macon College ma, mgbe alụmdi na nwunye dị mkpirikpi na 1934, ọ gara n'ihu nweta akara ugo mmụta masta ya na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na Mahadum Kentucky na 1951. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọbá akwụkwọ na Sarasota, [[Flórídạ|Florida]], ma mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, o dere The First Sex .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Davis|first=Elizabeth Gouyld|title=The First Sex|url=https://archive.org/details/firstsex00davi|accessdate=2020-07-27|year=1975|publisher=Putnam|isbn=9780140035049|language=en|quote=Miss Davis received her A. B. degree from Randolph- Macon College and, after a brief marriage, went on to earned her master's degree in librarianship at the University of Kentucky in 1951.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmekọahụ Mbụ ==
Davis bu n'obi na The First Sex ga-abụ &quot;ihe odide dị mkpirikpi banyere ihe ọjọọ ndị e mere n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ&quot; nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ọnwụ nwanne ya nwanyị na 1968. &lt;ref name=&quot;MH&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Glendining|first=Sally|title=Sarasota Librarian Writes 'First Sex'|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/623449996/|accessdate=5 March 2022|work=The Miami Herald|date=August 30, 1970|page=18F}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ka ọ na-eme nchọpụta, ọ mụtara ihe ndị ọzọ banyere oge akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe ụmụ nwanyị na-achịkwa, na banyere ajọ mbunobi megide ụmụ nwanyị. &lt;ref name=&quot;MH&quot; /&gt;O kwuru na ndị na-egbu egbu na ndị omempụ a mụrụ amụrụ nwere chromosome Y abụọ, na ndị ikom na-ekwu na ha anaghị echegbu onwe ha na ụmụ nwanyị na-aga nke ọma mana ha chọrọ ịbụ nwanyị mgbe àgwà ụmụ nwanyị na'ọrụ megide ihe ịga nke ọma, nakwa na matriarchy kwesịrị dochie patriarchy dị ugbu a. &lt;ref&gt;Davis, Elizabeth Gould, ''The First Sex'' (N.Y.: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1971 (Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 79-150582)), p. 18 and see p. 339.&lt;/ref&gt;Prọfesọ Ginette Castro katọrọ ọnọdụ Davis dị ka nke dabeere &quot;n'ime Chauvinism nwanyị kachasị ọcha&quot;.

Davis gburu onwe ya na July 30, 1974, site n'ịgba onwe ya. Dị ka onye edemede nwanyị Andrea Dworkin si kwuo, igbu onwe Davis nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu site na mmeko nwoke ọ mere afọ ole na ole gara aga na 1971,dika well as cancer o nwetara. Akwụkwọ ya bụ Charles E. Young Research Library na UCLA na-ejide akwụkwọ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dworkin|first=Andrea|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7553475|title=Our blood : prophecies and discourses on sexual politics|publisher=Perigee Books|year=1981|isbn=0-399-50575-X|edition=1st|location=New York, N.Y.|language=en|oclc=7553475}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Online Archive of California 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elizabeth Gould Davis Papers 1990-1999|work=Online Archive of California|date=2014-11-26|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8m32xwq/|accessdate=2022-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ==

* 1971: The First Sex, Penguin Books,   

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Nkwupụta ndị metụtaraElizabeth Gould Davisna Wikiquote</text>
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    <title>Bassam Talhouni</title>
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'''Bassam Talhouni''' ({{lang-ar|بسام التلهوني}}; born 1964) is a Jordanian lawyer, academic and politician. He served as industry minister. Between August 2013 and September 2016 he was minister of justice.

Talhouni jere ozi dị ka minista ikpe na ụlọ ọrụ Bisher Al-Khasawneh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jordan's Justice, Interior Ministers Resign|url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2832811/jordans-justice-interior-ministers-resign|accessdate=2021-04-06|work=Asharq AL-awsat|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; gbara arụkwaghịm na Samir Mobeideen na 28 Febụwarị 2021 n'ihi mmebi mkpọchi na ọrịa COVID-19 na Jọdan.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;aea&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=List of attorneys|url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/jordan/231771/PDFs/List%20of%20Attorneys%20-%20June%202012.pdf|work=American Embassy Amman|accessdate=25 August 2013|archivedate=30 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930154206/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/jordan/231771/PDFs/List}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''American Embassy Amman''. Archived from  &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 30 September 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 August&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; mụrụ Talhouni na Amman na 1964. O nwetara nzere bachelọ na nzere masta na Mahadum Jọdan . &lt;ref name=&quot;aea&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;midg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Attorney Profiles|url=http://www.midglobe.com/index.php?Itemid=47&amp;id=28&amp;option=com_content&amp;task=view|work=MidGlobe|accessdate=25 August 2013|archivedate=30 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233412/http://www.midglobe.com/index.php?Itemid=47&amp;id=28&amp;option=com_content&amp;task=view}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233412/http://www.midglobe.com/index.php?Itemid=47&amp;id=28&amp;option=com_content&amp;task=view &quot;Attorney Profiles&quot;]. ''MidGlobe''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 August&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; nwekwara PhD na iwu site na Mahadum Edinburgh nke ọ nwetara na 1997. [1]

== Ọrụ ==
Talhouni debanyere aha &lt;ref name=&quot;midg&quot;/&gt; Jordan Bar Association na 1988 ma nwee ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọka iwu na Amman. &lt;ref name=&quot;aea&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;jtim&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Profiles of New Ministers|url=http://jordantimes.com/uploads/downloads/2ff98a350023ffc0dee8870e6fcab62a3629a4d3.pdf|accessdate=25 August 2013|work=Jordan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ osote prọfesọ na ngalaba iwu nke Mahadum nke Jọdan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Foreign investments rise by 7.8 per cent in 2010|url=http://www.aci.org.jo/development/en/news_details.php?NEWS_ID=16123&amp;page=5|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130825144625/http://www.aci.org.jo/development/en/news_details.php?NEWS_ID=16123&amp;page=5|archivedate=25 August 2013|work=Amman Chamber of Commerce|accessdate=25 August 2013|date=10 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jtim&quot; /&gt; rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu na ngalaba iwu na ikpe ziri ezi n'ime kọmitii na-ahụ maka atụmatụ mba na onye na-ahụ Maka ụlọ ọrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;midg&quot; /&gt; bụ onye otu Arab Society for Intellectual Property (ASIP). [1]

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Jordan PM reshuffles cabinet ahead of local elections|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/jordan-pm-reshuffles-cabinet-ahead-of-local-elections|accessdate=19 October 2013|work=The National|date=22 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Gov't reshuffle sees 13 ministers in, five out|url=http://jordantimes.com/article/govt-reshuffle-sees-13-ministers-in-five-out|accessdate=25 August 2013|work=The Jordan Times|author=Hani Hazaimeh}}&lt;/ref&gt;'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2013, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ minista ikpe ziri ezi na kansụl nke Praịm Minista Abdullah Ensour duziri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Omar Obeidat|url=http://jordantimes.com/news/local/mulki%E2%80%99s-government-takes-oath-office-king|title=Mulki's government takes oath of office before King|publisher=The Jordan Times|date=2 June 2016|accessdate=18 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; nọgidere na kọmitii Hani Al-Mulki gosipụtara na June 2016. [1] Ọ tụfuru ọnọdụ ya na mgbanwe nke kansụl na 29 Septemba 2016, [[Awad Mashagbeh]] nọchiri ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Omar Obeidat|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/mulki%E2%80%99s-new-government-sworn|title=Mulki's new government sworn in|publisher=The Jordan Times|date=29 September 2016|accessdate=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; họpụtara Talhouni ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}t
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Talhouni, Bassam}}</text>
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    <title>Coudé Spectrograph</title>
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        <username>Anastesia chi</username>
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      <comment>Added image to the article</comment>
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      <text bytes="1438" sha1="qfmq9edoi8eyaxnd9gztlhdxzixn7kk" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Coudé spectrograph on the ESO 1 52-metre telescope (ehpa-11-008).tiff|thumb|Coudé spectrograph]]
'''Coudé Spectrograph bụ ngwa ejikọtara na teliskop ESO dị mita 1.52, teliskop igwefoto 3 nwere efere foto dị ka ihe nchọpụta.  Ọ nwere igwefoto abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na f/6 na f/14.  Mgbasasa sitere na 1A/mm ruo 18a/mm dị nwere nhọrọ nke grating atọ, nke ọ bụla nwere mpaghara a na-achị nke 20 x 30 cm.'''&amp;nbsp;

A rụnyere Coudé Spectrograph na coudé focus nke ESO 1.52-meter telescope na La Silla Observatory na May 1969. A kwụsịrị ya na telivishọn ESO 1.52-meter n'etiti afọ 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/coude/|title=The Coudé Spectrograph}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=1972ailt.conf..259T Page 259|url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1972ailt.conf..259T|accessdate=2023-01-02|journal=Auxiliary Instrumentation for Large Telescopes|author=Tull|first=R. G.|year=1972}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Robert G. Tull Coudé Spectrograph {{!}} McDonald Observatory|url=https://mcdonaldobservatory.org/research/instruments/robert-g-tull-coud%C3%A9-spectrograph|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=mcdonaldobservatory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; gụrụ onyokomita ahụ aha onye mepụtara ya, Robert G. Tull Coudé.

== Edensibia ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://stelweb.asu.cas.cz/~slechta/2m/coude/index.html Ihe osise] nke Coudé spectrograph.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder</title>
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      <text bytes="4088" sha1="ouatnglnqj11i2gtmkd91tuwtyib5z1" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (2022-12).png|thumb|Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder]]
'''Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) ''' bụ radiometer microwave nke nwéré ọwa iri abụọ na abụọ màkà nyocha nkè ikuku na elu ụwa. Ọ bụ ónyé nọchiri Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) na satellite ihu igwe NOAA.  na-efe ụgbọelu ATMS na Suomi NPP na Joint Polar Satellite System . 

== Ngwa ==
Ana-ejikọta ọnụọgụ ATMS n'ime ụdị amụma ihu igwe ọnụọgụ   na profaịlụ ikuku nke jikọtara site na njikọta nke ATMS na [[Cross-track Infrared Sounder]] n'otu satellites ahụ bàrà uru màkà ọnọdụ ihu igwe synoptic. , ATMS na-aga n'ihu na ndekọ sitere na ngwá ọrụ ndị bu ya ụzọ MSU na AMSU nke nha na 5-mm band nké oxygen màkà nlekota nke ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ikuku.

== Ihe ndị e ji mara ngwá egwú ==
Ọwa niile dị n'ime otu unit, n'adịghị ka AMSU nke nwéré ngwá ọrụ abụọ (AMSU-A na AMSU-B).Anten radiometer na-enyocha n'okpuru satellite site na nadir, na polarization vector ya na-agbagharị na oghere nyocha. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nnwale ref name=&quot;kim14&quot; /&gt;-emezu Ụkpụrụ Nyquist màkà ọwa otu ruo iri na isii; ya mèrè, ihe oyiyi ndị sitere na data anaghị ahapụ. Otú  dị, ihe oyiyi ATMS na-egosipụta akara, nkè a na-ekwu na ọ bụ mgbanwe mmeri (1 / f mkpọtụ), [1] nke enwere ike iwepụ site na nzacha data ahụ. Tebụl 1 depụtara ụfọdụ njirimara nke ọwa ATMS. 

'''Tebụl 1 ATMS Radiometric njirimara'''
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọwa
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Passband Center Frequency (GHz) &lt;br /&gt;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Polarization nso nadir&lt;br /&gt;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke akara ngosi&lt;br /&gt;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |[[Kelvin|K]]&quot; data-linkid=&quot;36&quot; href=&quot;./Noise-equivalent_temperature&quot; id=&quot;mwPQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Noise-equivalent temperature&quot;&gt;NEDT (K) Radiometric Resolution&lt;br /&gt;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |Ọrụ Ukwu&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|1
|23.8
|kwụ ọtọ
|1
|0.25
|Mmiri Mmiri Mmị
|-
|2
|31.4
|kwụ ọtọ
|1
|0.31
|Mmiri Mmiri Mmị
|-
|3
|50.3
|n'elu
|1
|0.37
|Mmiri na-asọba n'elu ala
|-
|4
|51.76
|n'elu
|1
|0.28
|Okpomọkụ nke Tropospheric
|-
|5
|52.8
|n'elu
|1
|0.28
|Okpomọkụ nke Tropospheric
|-
|6
|53.596 ± 0.115
|n'elu
|2
|0.29
|Okpomọkụ nke Tropospheric
|-
|7
|54.4
|n'elu
|1
|0.27
|Okpomọkụ nke Tropospheric
|-
|8
|54.94
|n'elu
|1
|0.27
|Okpomọkụ dị nso na Tropopause
|-
|9
|55.5
|n'elu
|1
|0.29
|Okpomọkụ dị nso na Tropopause
|-
|10
|57.290344
|n'elu
|1
|0.43
|Okpomọkụ nke Stratosphere
|-
|11
|57.290344 ± 0.217
|n'elu
|2
|0.56
|Okpomọkụ nke Stratosphere
|-
|12
|57.290344 ± 0.3222 ± 0.048
|n'elu
|4
|0.59
|Okpomọkụ nke Stratosphere
|-
|13
|57.290344 ± 0.3222 ± 0.022
|n'elu
|4
|0.86
|Okpomọkụ nke Stratosphere
|-
|14
|57.290344 ± 0.3222 ± 0.010
|n'elu
|4
|1.23
|Okpomọkụ nke Stratosphere
|-
|15
|57.290344 ± 0.3222 ± 0.0045
|n'elu
|4
|1.95
|Okpomọkụ nke Stratosphere
|-
|16
|88.2
|kwụ ọtọ
|1
|0.29
|Igwe ojii/Snow
|-
|17
|165.5
|n'elu
|1
|0.46
|Mmiri Mmiri Na-ekpo ọkụ
|-
|18
|183.31 ± 7.0
|n'elu
|2
|0.38
|Mmiri Mmiri Na-ekpo ọkụ
|-
|19
|183.31 ± 4.5
|n'elu
|2
|0.46
|Mmiri Mmiri Na-ekpo ọkụ
|-
|20
|183.31 ± 3.0
|n'elu
|2
|0.54
|Mmiri Mmiri Na-ekpo ọkụ
|-
|21
|183.31 ± 1.8
|n'elu
|2
|0.59
|Mmiri Mmiri Na-ekpo ọkụ
|-
|22
|183.31 ± 1.0
|n'elu
|2
|0.73
|Mmiri Mmiri Na-ekpo ọkụ
|-
|}
'''Ihe edeturu'''

* &quot;Vertical polarization near nadir&quot; (nké a makwaara dị ka quasi-vertical) pụtara na màkà nhazi nyocha a, E-vector dị n'otu akụkụ na ntụziaka nyocha mgbè antenna na-ele nadir; &quot;horizontal polarization&quot; pụtara ntụziaka orthogonal.
* A tụrụ uru NEDT na mpaghara Suomi-NPP. Nkebi abụọ sochirinụ gosipụtara arụmọrụ mkpọtụ yiri nke ahụ  ọ bụ nke ka mmá.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* https://web.archive.org/web/20220120093358/https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/atms.html</text>
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    <title>Shaukat Aziz</title>
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      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
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'''Shaukat Aziz''' (Urdu; amụrụ na 6 Machị 1949) bụ Onye Pakistan bụbu onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ akụ na ego  onye jere ozi dị ka praịm minista nke iri na asaa nke Pakistan site na 28 Ọgọst 2004 ruo 15 Nọvemba 2007, yana minista ego nke Pakistan site n' 6 Nọvember 1999 ruo 15 N'ọnwa Nọvembre 2007.  Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na St Patrick's High School, Karachi. Aziz gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Institute of Business Administration na Karachi, wee sonye na ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ nke CitiBank Pakistan na 1969. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na gọọmentị mba dị iche iche dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ego CitiBank, wee bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke Citibank na 1999.

akụ  ụba nke Aziz lekọtara nkwụsi ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọganihu akụ na ụba na Pakistan, wee kwụsị &quot;oge &quot;oge stagflation&quot;&quot; na 2001.  Aziz n'onwe ya malitere mmemme nkeonwe na nnwere onwe akụ na ụba, na-eme ka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị bụrụ nke onwe ma na-emeziwanye akụ na ụba mba ahụ, nke dugara n'imeziwanye uto nke mba ahụ site na 6.4% kwa afọ. Ịda ogbenye na ịrị elu nke ọnụ ahịa dara na 3.5%  n'ime afọ 3 sochirinụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 11-12% na 1990s. [2] Maka oge mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Pakistan, e mezuru ihe mgbaru ọsọ niile na ebumnuche nchịkọta ego n'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị, na nkwekọrịta maka mmepe jiri ihe dị ka pasent 40 rịa elu. Ọzọkwa, n'agbanyeghị usoro nsogbu dị n'ime na n'èzí, ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke Pakistan ka mma nke ukwuu ma ego mụbara ruo ijeri US $ 10.5 na 30 June 2004, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ijeri US US $ 1.2 n'October 1999. Dị ka praịm minista, Aziz lekọtara mmụba dị ukwuu nke mgbanwe ndị agha, Mgbanwe ndị uwe ojii, na itinye ego dị ukwuu na mba ahụ nke dugara na ọganihu nke ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala, nnukwu ọrụ ike, ụlọ ọrụ nuklia, [1] na ụlọ ọrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Nke a duziri uto GDP a na-enwetụbeghị mbụ. Iwu Aziz gbasaa ọrụ Ịntanetị na nkwukọrịta, ma wepụ mgbasa ozi onwe onye nke Pakistan dị ka ọhụụ ya iji mee ka onyinyo mba ahụ bụrụ nke mba ụwa.

== Mmụta ==
mụrụ Shaukat Aziz na Karachi, Sindh Province nke Pakistan na 6 Machị 1949. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Saint Patrick's School, Karachi na Abbottabad Public School, Abbottabat, Pakistan. Nna ya, SA Aziz [1] (mgbe ụfọdụ Abdul Aziz) bụ onye Injinia redio na-arụ ọrụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Mgbasa Ozi nke Pakistan (PBC) dị ka onye isi injinia. A maara nna ya, SA Aziz maka inye onyinye pụrụ iche na mmepe nke Redio Pakistan ma bụrụkwa onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke ọrụ mpụga ya; n'ihi nke a, gọọmentị Pakistan nyere nna ya nsọpụrụ steeti n'afọ ndị 1950. [1] S.A. Aziz bụ otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ zụlitere Redio Pakistan n'oge ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ, ma kwado ụzọ ọdịnihu maka mgbasawanye nke netwọk ya, ọganihu teknụzụ na uto.

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    <title>Jhonny Peralta</title>
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'''Jhonny Antonio Peralta''' (amụrụ na Mee 28, 1982) bụ onye Dominican bụbu onye na-eme egwuregwu baseball nke gbara bọọlụ oge iri na ise na Major League Baseball (MLB). Ndị Cleveland Indians bịanyere aka na ya dị ka onye na-amụrụ ihe n'efu na Dominican Republic n'afọ 1999, ọ mekwara egwuregwu mbụ ya maka ndị India na June 12, 2003. O mechara gbaa bọọlụ maka Detroit Tigers na St. Louis Cardinals. Onye na-eti ọkpọ siri ike nke nwere ike, Peralta atụlewo nkezi n'ịgbachitere. Ọ na-atụfu ma na-akụ aka nri, na-eguzo 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m), ma na-adị 225 pound (102 kg).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tigers 5-4 White Sox (May 4, 2012) Game Recap|url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap/_/gameId/320504106|work=ESPN|accessdate=2024-01-28|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peralta bụ onye egwuregwu nke afọ 2004 nke Indians Minor League nakwa onye egwuregwu kachasị baa uru nke International League maka otu n'ime ndị mmekọ league nke Cleveland, Buffalo Bisons, mgbe ọ kụrụ .326 na okpukpu abụọ 44, 15 home runs na 86 runs batted in. Buffalo bụkwa onye mmeri nke International League n'otu oge ahụ.

Kwa afọ site na 2005 ruo 2015, Peralta ruru ma ọ dịkarịa ala 100 hits, na ọnụọgụ abụọ na ma home runs na abụọ. Ọ bụ onye MLB All-Star ugboro atọ. O setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ nke otu oge maka nkwụsịtụ dị mkpirikpi maka franchises abụọ - maka ndị India na 2005, na ndị Kadịnal na 2014. Mgbe ọ bụ onye otu Tigers na 2013, ọ rụrụ ọrụ 50 maka ọrụ ya na Biogenesis performance-enhancing drug scandal. N'afọ 2017, ọ bịanyere aka na Boston Red Sox, mana a tọhapụrụ ya n'ihe na-erughị otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị n'egwuregwu ọ bụla maka otu ahụ.

== Ọrụ ịgba egwu (1999-2017) ==

=== Òtù ndị dị obere (1999-2004) ===
Ndị Cleveland Indians bịanyere aka  Peralta dị ka onye na-amụrụ ihe n'efu na 1999 ma kenye ya na Dominican Summer League Indians n'oge ahụ. Peralta kụrụ .303 na .398 on-base percentage (OBP) na .514 slugging percentage (SLG); pasent 41 nke ihe ndị ọ kụrụ gara maka ntọala ndị ọzọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ahụ ka a kwalitere site na .373 batting nkezi na bọọlụ na-egwu (BABIP).  Ka o sina dị, ndị India buliri ya elu.

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'''Hakim Ziyech''' (Arabic; Berber languages; Dutch pronunciation: [haˈkim ziˈjɛʃ] ;  amụrụ na 19 Machị 1993) bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-eme egwuregwu n'aka nri ma ọ bụ onye na'etiti etiti maka klọb Süper Lig Galatasaray, na mgbazinye site na klọb Premier League Chelsea, na maka otu mba Morocco. A na-akpọ ya &quot;The Wizard&quot;, aha ndị na-akwado ya n'oge gara aga bụ Ajax nyere ya.

malitere ọrụ ọkachamara  na klọb Dutch Heerenveen na 2012 wee bịanye aka na klọbu Dutch ibe ya Twente afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị. N'afọ 2016, ọ bịanyere aka na Ajax na nkwekọrịta afọ ise, na ego a kọrọ na ọ bụ € 11m.  Oge 2018–19-19 bụ oge kachasị mma n'ọrụ Ziyech, ebe ọ gbara goolu iri na isii ma nye aka iri na atọ na Eredivisie. Ọ sonyeere klọb Premier League Chelsea na Oge 2020-21.

A mụrụ ya na Netherlands, ma bụrụkwa onye ruru eru igwu egwu maka Netherlands ma ọ bụ Morocco na mba ụwa, Ziyech nọchitere anya Morocco na FIFA World Cup na 2018 na 2022, na Africa Cup of Nations na 2019 na 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Eredivisie (Sky Sports)|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/roda-jc-vs-ajax/stats/372983|work=Sky Sports|accessdate=2024-01-28|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Yasser Arafat''' (/ˈærəfæt/, US kwa /ˈɑːrəfɑːt/; August 1929 - 11 November 2004) bụ onye ndú ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Palestine. Ọ bụ Onye isi oche nke Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) site na 1969 ruo 2004 na onye isi oche of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) site na 1994 ruo 2004. N'echiche onye Arab na onye Socialist, Arafat bụ onye guzobere otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Fatah, nke ọ duziri site na 1959 ruo 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Yasser Arafat: Palestinians call for poison inquiry|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18695634|work=BBC News|date=2012-07-03|accessdate=2024-01-28|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mụrụ Arafat n'aka ndị nne na nna Palestine na Cairo, Egypt, ebe ọ nọrọ ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ntorobịa ya ma gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Eze Fuad I. Mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ, ọ nabatara echiche ndị Arab na ndị na-emegide Zionist. N'ịbụ onye na-emegide nguzobe nke steeti Israel na 1948, ọ lụrụ ọgụ n'akụkụ Muslim Brotherhood n'oge agha Arab-Israel na 1948. Mgbe e meriri ndị agha Arab, Arafat laghachiri Cairo ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke General Union of Palestinian Students site na 1952 ruo 1956.

N'akụkụ ikpeazụ nke afọ 1950, Arafat guzobere Fatah, otu ndị agha nke na-achọ ka e jiri steeti Palestine dochie Israel. Fatah na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ọtụtụ mba Arab, ebe ọ malitere ịwakpo ndị Israel. N'akụkụ ikpeazụ nke afọ 1960, profaịlụ Arafat toro; n'afọ 1967 ọ sonyeere Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) ma n'afọ 1969 a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi oche nke Palestinian National Council (PNC). Ọnụnọ na-arịwanye elu nke Fatah na Jọdan kpatara esemokwu agha na gọọmentị Jọdan nke Eze Hussein ma na mbido afọ 1970 ọ kwagara Lebanọn. N'ebe ahụ, Fatah nyeere Lebanese National Movement aka n'oge Agha Obodo Lebanese ma gaa n'ihu na mwakpo ya na Israel, na-eme ka nzukọ ahụ bụrụ isi ihe mwakpo nke Israel n'oge esemokwu South Lebanon nke 1978 na Agha Lebanon nke 1982.

 1983 ruo 1993, Arafat biri na Tunisia, wee malite ịgbanwe ụzọ ya site na esemokwu ihu na ihu na ndị Israel gaa na mkparịta ụka. N'afọ 1988, ọ kwetara na Israel nwere ikike ịdị adị ma chọọ ngwọta mba abụọ maka esemokwu Israel na Palestine. N'afọ 1994, ọ laghachiri Palestine, biri na Gaza City ma kwalite ọchịchị onwe onye maka mpaghara Palestine. O sonyere n'usoro mkparịta ụka ya na gọọmentị Israel iji kwụsị esemokwu dị n'etiti ya na PLO. Ndị a gụnyere Nzukọ Madrid nke 1991, Nkwekọrịta Oslo nke 1993 na Nzukọ Camp David nke 2000. Ihe ịga nke ọma nke mkparịta ụka ahụ na Oslo mere ka e nye Arafat onyinye Nobel Peace Prize, n'akụkụ Praịm Minista Israel Yitzhak Rabin na Shimon Peres, na 1994. N'oge ahụ, nkwado Fatah n'etiti ndị Palestine belatara na uto nke Hamas na ndị ọzọ na-alụ ọgụ. Na ngwụcha afọ 2004, mgbe ndị agha Israel kpọchiri ya n'ime ụlọ Ramallah ya ihe karịrị afọ abụọ, Arafat dara n'ọnọdụ coma ma nwụọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe kpatara ọnwụ Arafat ka bụ ihe a na-akọ nkọ, nyocha nke ndị otu Russia na France kpebiri na ọ nweghị ihe ọjọọ metụtara ya.

 bụ onye na-ese okwu. Ndị Palestine na-ele ya anya dị ka onye nwụrụ n'ihi okwukwe ya nke gosipụtara ọchịchọ mba nke ndị ya, ebe ọtụtụ ndị Israel weere ya dị ka onye na-eyi ọha egwu. Ndị na-asọmpi Palestine, gụnyere Ndị Alakụba na ọtụtụ ndị PLO, na-akatọkarị ya dị ka onye nrụrụ aka ma ọ bụ onye na-edo onwe ya n'okpuru ọchịchị Israel.

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    <title>Paolo Di Canio</title>
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'''Paolo Di Canio''' (amụrụ na 9 Julaị 1968) bụ onye Ịtali bụbu onye na-agba bọọlụ na onye njikwa. N'oge ọ na-agba bọọlụ, o mere ihe karịrị 500 league appearances ma gbaa ihe karịrị otu narị goolu dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu. Ọ na-egwuri egwu dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ nke ukwuu, mana ọ nwekwara ike igwu egwu dị ka Onye na-agbachitere n'etiti, ma ọ bụ dị ka onye winger. A na-ewere Di Canio dị ka onye na-egwu egwu nwere nkà ma ọ bụ onye na-ewe iwe ọkụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Paolo Di Canio: 'My life speaks for me'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/paolo-di-canio-my-life-speaks-for-me-6273526.html|work=The Independent|date=2011-12-11|accessdate=2024-01-28|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Canio malitere ọrụ ya na Serie A nke Ịtali, na-egwuri egwu maka Lazio, Juventus, Napoli na Milan, tupu oge dị mkpirikpi na klọb Scotland Celtic. O mechara nọrọ afọ asaa na English Premier League na Sheffield Wednesday, West Ham United na Charlton Athletic. Ọ laghachiri Ịtali n'afọ 2004, na-egwuri egwu maka Lazio na Cisco Roma tupu ọ laa ezumike nká n'afọ 2008. Ọ gbara bọọlụ maka ndị Itali na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na otu, na-apụta ugboro itoolu ma gbaa bọọlụ ugboro abụọ, ọ bụkwa onye otu ndị meriri n'ọkwa nke atọ na 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship n'okpuru onye njikwa Cesare Maldini, mana ọ dịghị mgbe e kpuchiri ya maka Ndị otu okenye.

N'etiti ihe nrite ọ natara dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ, a kpọrọ Di Canio Onye Egwuregwu SPFA nke Afọ na 1997 na onye egwuregwu West Ham nke oge na 2000. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ ya nwere esemokwu mgbe ụfọdụ: ọ natara mmachibido iwu egwuregwu iri na otu na 1998 maka ịkwanye onye nnọchiteanya ma dọta mgbasa ozi ọjọọ banyere ịkwado ya na fascism.

N'afọ 2011, Di Canio banyere na njikwa bọọlụ na England na Swindon Town, na-eduzi ha na oge mbụ ya zuru ezu dị ka onye njikwa iji kwalite na League One. A họpụtara ya dị ka onye njikwa Sunderland na ngwụcha Machị 2013 mana a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ na 22 Septemba mgbe Sunderland meriri naanị atọ n'ime egwuregwu iri na atọ n'okpuru njikwa ya.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Di Canio na Rom, na mpaghara Quarticciolo, mpaghara ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị Rom na-akwado. Otú ọ dị, Di Canio dọtara mmasị na ndị na-asọmpi ha Lazio. Dị ka nwata nwoke, ọ bụ onye mmanya cola na ihe ọṅụṅụ ndị yiri ya riri ahụ ma kpọọ ya ''Pallocca'', okwu mkparị nke pụtara abụba. Ọ buru ibu ma na-akụ ụkwụ, ọ dịkwa ya mkpa iyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ ọkpụkpụ - &quot;Ma ọ dịghị mgbe m zoro. Nzaghachi m bụ imega ahụ; ịnwa ịghọ ụdị onye m bụ. &quot;

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'''Cheta'm''' bụ ihe nkiri telenovela [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] nke Showmax nke 2024, nke James Omokwe mepụtara, nke Ifeanyi Barbara Chidi dere. Ndị Cheta'M kpakpando Oluchi Amajuoyi, Kingsley Nwachukwu, Ruby Okezie, [[Kalu Ikeagwu]], Nonso Odogwu, Nnamdi Agbo, Jsmile Uhuru, Lulu Okonkwo, Oma Nnadi, Valerie Odunukwe, na Ugonna Okore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Our|title=Epic drama series, Cheta M, amplifies why love should never be forbidden|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/epic-drama-series-cheta-m-amplifies-why-love-should-never-be-forbidden/|work=Tribune Online|accessdate=10 February 2024|date=2 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atụmatụ ==
Cheta'&lt;ref name=&quot;Showmax Stories&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cheta M S1|url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/cheta-m-s1|work=Showmax Stories|accessdate=10 February 2024|language=en|date=9 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-agba gburugburu Adanna na Nnanna, bụ ndị chọtara ụdị ịhụnanya otu ugboro na ndụ, ma lụọ ọgụ megide ihe niile na-agaghị ekwe omume iji nọrọ ọnụ.

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==

=== Isi ===

* Oluchi Amajuoyi dị ka '''Adanna'''
* Kingsley Nwachukwu dị ka '''Nnanna'''
* Ruby Okezie dị ka Mmesomma'''Nne'''
* [[Kalu Ikeagwu]] dị ka '''Jideofor'''
* Nonso Odogwu dị ka '''Ezeugo'''
* Nnamdi Agbo dị ka '''Nwoye'''
* Jsmile Uhuru dị ka '''Ojigijaga''' ma ọ bụ '''Anel'''
* Lulu Okonkwo dị ka '''Ugomma'''
* Oma Nnadi dị ka '''Mmadiya'''
* Valerie Odunukwe dị ka '''Kamharida'''
* Ugonna Okore dị ka '''Mkpulumma'''

=== Nkwado ===
 
A na-ewepụta ihe omume ọ bụla ugboro atọ n'izu site na Wednesday ruo Friday na Showmax.{{Series overview|color1=#A4264C|link1=#Season 1 (2024)|episodes1=3|start1={{Start date|2024|01|09}}|end1=}}

=== Oge 1 (2024) ===
{{Episode table|background=#A4264C|overall=|title=Manfriend|airdate=|released=y|episodes={{Episode list
 |EpisodeNumber = 1
 |Title = 
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|09|df=y}}
 |ShortSummary = Welcome to Mgberi. Two lovers must fight spiritual and other forces that are against them being together.
 |LineColor = A4264C
}}
{{Episode list
 |EpisodeNumber = 2
 |Title = 
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|09|df=y}}
 |ShortSummary = New love, old foes. Nnanna maintains his suspicions. Onochie fails to impress his father, and Mgberi is on the brink of war.
 |LineColor = A4264C
}}
{{Episode list
 |EpisodeNumber = 3
 |Title = 
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|09|df=y}}
 |ShortSummary = Nnanna makes a bold move, and Mmesoma burns with jealousy. The women of Mgberi shut down the kingdom.
 |LineColor = A4264C
}}}}

== Mmepụta ==

=== Nchịkọta ===
Showmax kọrọ akụkọ banyere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ tupu ha ewepụta oge mbụ, ya na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ Oluchi Amajuoyi, Kingsley Nwachukwu, Ruby Okezie, [[Kalu Ikeagwu]], Nonso Odogwu, Nnamdi Agbo, Jsmile Uhuru, Valerie Odunukweukwe, Lulu Okonkwo, Omaadi, Phildaniels Aniedo, Obey Etok, Dan Ugoji, Floyd Igbo, Sunny Mcdon, Emma Umeh, Morgan Nwamba, Oluchi Odii, Alex Lucky, Tracy George, Amaka Ezeamaka, Princess Obichi Marshall, Chisom Ogbudimkpa, Chigozie Atuanya, Michael Uchegbu, Charles Obah, Gregory Chiadika, Achu Jeffery, Sidney Ekwulugo, Ichie Fuego, Joy Chioma Obilor, Romanus Chikanma, Posh Owoniyi, Sapphire Ekeng, and Kosi Ogboruche.

=== Ihe nkiri ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;Pulse Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=130-episode epic drama series 'Cheta M' debuts on Showmax on February 12|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/cheta-m-epic-drama-series-debuts-on-showmax-february-12/rlvdwnm|work=Pulse Nigeria|accessdate=10 February 2024|language=en|date=1 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1 Febụwarị 2023, Busola Tejumola, onye isi nke Content and West Africa Channels na MultiChoice, kwuru na Cheta'm nwere ihe omume 130, na nkwupụta ya n'oge nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ e nwere na Lagos.

== Mbido na ntọhapụ ==
Na 9 Febụwarị 2024, Showmax gosipụtara usoro ahụ, tupu mwepụta nke Showmax 2.0 ọhụrụ a ga-arụ ọrụ na 12 Febụwarụ 2024. &lt;ref name=&quot;Showmax Stories&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250527132618/https://www.showmax.com/ng/stream/series/chetam/9bd1eec3-d61d-366c-8815-eac76f14ab6d Cheta'm] nọ na ShowmaxIhe ngosi</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Morocco Taa</title>
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        <username>Sayvhior</username>
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{{Databox}} 

Aujourd'hui Le Maroc bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Morocco|Moroccan]] na-asụ French kwa ụbọchị. Ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na-ahụ maka ozi n'ozuzu ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;demain&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lhs&quot; /&gt;'hui &lt;ref name=&quot;Rugh2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=William A. Rugh|title=Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGfbluSa4N8C&amp;pg=PA103|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-98212-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maroc bụ nke mbụ ALM Publishing bipụtara na 2001. Ọ bụ [[Khalil Hachimi Idrissi]] guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, onye mechara bụrụ onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi gọọmentị [[Maghreb Arab Press]], onye nwere òkè na ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta nke ALM. Ego ezumike nká nke gọọmentị bụ Caisse de dépôt et de gestion so n'ime ndị nwere òkè na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.

Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2008, Idrissi bụkwa Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Moroccan Newspaper Publishers Elect New President|url=http://www.arabpressnetwork.org/articlesv2.php?id=2144|work=The Arab Press Network|accessdate=9 September 2014|date=23 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200133/http://www.arabpressnetwork.org/articlesv2.php?id=2144|archivedate=10 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke nwere echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị onwe ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;lhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Loubna H. Skalli|title=Constructing Arab Female Leadership Lessons from the Moroccan Media|journal=Gender &amp; Society|date=2011|volume=25|issue=475|pages=473–495|doi=10.1177/0891243211411051}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLoubna_H._Skalli2011&quot;&gt;Loubna H. Skalli (2011). &quot;Constructing Arab Female Leadership Lessons from the Moroccan Media&quot;. ''Gender &amp; Society''. '''25''' (475): 473–495. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0891243211411051|10.1177/0891243211411051]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145483355 145483355].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ekesa ya kwa ụbọchị nke 20,000 na 2003.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Moroccan
* Presse Maroc - جريدة إلكترونية مغربية E debere ya na  Wayback Machine

== Edensibia ==
ozi gọọmentị Maghreb Arab Press, onye nwere òkè na ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta nke ALM. Ego{{Reflist|33em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị</text>
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      <comment>/* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ fixed reference errors</comment>
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{{Databox}} 

Aujourd'hui Le Maroc bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Morocco|Moroccan]] na-asụ French kwa ụbọchị. Ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na-ahụ maka ozi n'ozuzu ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;demain&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=William A. Rugh|title=Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGfbluSa4N8C&amp;pg=PA103|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-98212-6|page=103}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lhs&quot; /&gt;'hui &lt;ref name=&quot;Rugh2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=William A. Rugh|title=Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGfbluSa4N8C&amp;pg=PA103|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-98212-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maroc bụ nke mbụ ALM Publishing bipụtara na 2001. Ọ bụ [[Khalil Hachimi Idrissi]] guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, onye mechara bụrụ onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi gọọmentị [[Maghreb Arab Press]], onye nwere òkè na ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta nke ALM. Ego ezumike nká nke gọọmentị bụ Caisse de dépôt et de gestion so n'ime ndị nwere òkè na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.

Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2008, Idrissi bụkwa Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Moroccan Newspaper Publishers Elect New President|url=http://www.arabpressnetwork.org/articlesv2.php?id=2144|work=The Arab Press Network|accessdate=9 September 2014|date=23 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200133/http://www.arabpressnetwork.org/articlesv2.php?id=2144|archivedate=10 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke nwere echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị onwe ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;lhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Loubna H. Skalli|title=Constructing Arab Female Leadership Lessons from the Moroccan Media|journal=Gender &amp; Society|date=2011|volume=25|issue=475|pages=473–495|doi=10.1177/0891243211411051}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLoubna_H._Skalli2011&quot;&gt;Loubna H. Skalli (2011). &quot;Constructing Arab Female Leadership Lessons from the Moroccan Media&quot;. ''Gender &amp; Society''. '''25''' (475): 473–495. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0891243211411051|10.1177/0891243211411051]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145483355 145483355].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ekesa ya kwa ụbọchị nke 20,000 na 2003.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Moroccan
* Presse Maroc - جريدة إلكترونية مغربية E debere ya na  Wayback Machine

== Edensibia ==
ozi gọọmentị Maghreb Arab Press, onye nwere òkè na ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta nke ALM. Ego{{Reflist|33em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị</text>
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    <title>Siatta Scott Johnson</title>
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      <text bytes="7271" sha1="giwzabj7hrwjrmc2ia29gmey4q2e1e7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|URL=|image=File:Siatta Scott Johnson 2007.jpg|image caption=Siatta Scott Johnson}}

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mubi.com/cast/siatta-scott-johnson|title=Siatta Scott Johnson: Director|publisher=MUBI|accessdate=9 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''Siatta Scott Johnson''' ([[Arabic]]) bụ Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nta akụkọ mgbasa ozi na Liberia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://genderandsecurity.org/projects-resources/filmography/iron-ladies-liberia|title=Iron Ladies of Liberia documentary|publisher=CONSORTIUM ON GENDER, SECURITY &amp; HUMAN RIGHTS|accessdate=9 October 2020|archivedate=10 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010220513/https://genderandsecurity.org/projects-resources/filmography/iron-ladies-liberia}}&lt;/ref&gt; maara ya nke ọma dị ka onye nduzi nke ihe ngosi Iron Ladies of Liberia . [1] Ewezuga ntụziaka, ọ bụkwa onye nta akụkọ, onye na-emepụta ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;liberiantrendsetters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://liberiantrendsetters.wordpress.com/2012/05/27/siatta-scott-johnson-reporter-director-producer-and-broadcast-journalist-9-2/|title=Siatta Scott Johnson, Reporter, Director, Producer and Broadcast Journalist|publisher=Liberian Trendsetters|accessdate=9 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụkwa onye guzobere Omuahtee Africa Media . [1]

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
A mụrụ ya na 1974 na Buchanan, Liberia. A zụlitere ya n'ime ime Obodo Grand Bassa County. Na mbido afọ 1990, Johnson gbapụrụ na Grand Bassa mgbe agha tiwapụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;WMM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmm.com/filmmaker/Siatta+Scott+Johnson/|title=Siatta Scott Johnson: Filmmaker|publisher=Women Make Movie (WMM)|accessdate=9 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; mechara biri na Monrovia n'oge agha obodo biri na 2003.

&lt;ref name=&quot;worldpulse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldpulse.com/community/users/siatta|title=World Pulse|publisher=Peace Insight|accessdate=9 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ meghere ọzọ mgbe agha gasịrị, Johnson gụsịrị nzere Bachelor of Arts na nkwukọrịta ọha na eze na Mahadum Liberia. &lt;ref name=&quot;liberiantrendsetters&quot;/&gt; ahụ, ọ natara asambodo na akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na Mahadum Liberia ma mesịa na mgbasa ozi site na Press Union of Liberia na United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). [1] O nwekwara diplọma na journalism site na Liberia Institute of Journalism. &lt;ref name=&quot;WMM&quot;/&gt; rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta ihe na Downtown Community Television Center (DCTV). [1]

== Ọrụ ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewhy.dk/films/iron-ladies-of-liberia|title=Iron Ladies of Liberia: Daniel Junge &amp; Siatta Scott Johnson 2016|publisher=The Why|accessdate=9 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 2007, o mere ihe ngosi Iron Ladies of Liberia nke a ma ama nke ya na Daniel Junge duziri. Ihe ngosi ahụ a na-asọpụrụ na Dallas International Film Festival, Target Ten Filmmaker dị ka Best Documentary nke afọ ahụ wee ghọọ Best Film site na One World for Schools na One World Film Festival nke emere na Prague. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/ironladies/update.html|title=Filmmaker Update|publisher=Independent Television Service (ITVS)|accessdate=9 October 2020|archivedate=7 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107185540/https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/ironladies/update.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmm.com/catalog/film/iron-ladies-of-liberia/|title=Iron Ladies of Liberia|publisher=Women Make Movie (WMM)|accessdate=9 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke ahụ, ihe nkiri ahụ nọchitekwara anya n'ọtụtụ mmemme ihe nkiri mba ụwa.

Ewezuga ihe nkiri sinima, ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ a ma ama na Liberia ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Female Journalist Association of Liberia (FeJAL). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/news/fejal-wants-president-weah-apologize-to-protesters/|title=FeJAL Wants President Weah Apologize to Protesters|publisher=Liberian Observer|accessdate=9 October 2020|archivedate=11 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011053730/https://www.liberianobserver.com/news/fejal-wants-president-weah-apologize-to-protesters/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Beyondmedia Education na Chicago, USA. Mgbe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.irex.org/people/siatta-scott-johnson|title=Siatta Scott-Johnson|publisher=IREX|accessdate=9 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; laghachiri Liberia, Johnson rụrụ ọrụ n'ịmepụta agụmakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi nke ndị ntorobịa Liberia. [1] Mgbe ahụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwado mgbasa ozi maka Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) ebe ọ haziri mmemme redio maka ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo n'okpuru ọrụ a na-akpọ &quot;WISE WOMEN&quot;. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Medica Mondiale Liberia dị ka onye ọrụ nkwukọrịta ebe ọ na-eme ka mgbanwe omume dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo bi na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Liberia. Johnson ghọrọ onye &lt;ref name=&quot;worldpulse&quot;/&gt;-emepụta ihe omume telivishọn a na-akpọ 'Voices That Matter' nke bụ mmemme maka ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na ụma.

N'afọ 2012, ọ ghọrọ onye isi na onye isi okike na Smart Media Liberia . &lt;ref name=&quot;liberiantrendsetters&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://smartnewsliberia.com/liberia-fejal-announces-bi-elections-date/|title=Liberia: FeJAL Announces Bi-Elections Date|publisher=Smart News Liberia|accessdate=9 October 2020|archivedate=11 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211103909/https://smartnewsliberia.com/liberia-fejal-announces-bi-elections-date/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://liberianewsagency.com/2019/12/24/incumbent-scott-johnson-re-elected-fejal-prexy-for-second-term/|title=Incumbent Scott-Johnson Re-Elected FeJAL Prexy For Second Term|publisher=Liberia News Agency|accessdate=9 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya ọzọ dị ka onye isi oche nke Female Journalist Association of Liberia.

== Ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ihe nkiri
!Ọrụ
!Ụdị
!Ihe mgbochi.
|-
|2007
|''Ndị inyom Iron nke Liberia''
|Onye nduzi
|Ihe nkiri
|
|-
|2008
|''Lens ndị kwụụrụ onwe ha''
|Onye nduzi, onye na-ese foto
|Ihe nkiri TV
|
|}

== Edensibia ==
Liberia ma mesịa na mgbasa ozi site na Press Union of Liberia na United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). O nwekwara diplọma na journalism site na Liberia

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|2771032}}
* [https://www.peaceinsight.org/blog/2010/07/new-strategies-for-peace-ahead-of-elections-in-liberia/ Atụmatụ Ọhụrụ Maka Udo tupu ntuli aka na Liberia]
* [https://www.keranews.org/2014-11-07/from-big-jues-to-tay-tay-water-a-quick-guide-to-liberian-english Site na 'Big Jues' gaa na 'Tay-Tay Water', A Quick Guide To Liberian English]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201014010455/https://internews.org/news/fejal-trains-female-journalists-report-electoral-reforms FEJAL na-azụ ndị nta akụkọ nwanyị ka ha kọọ akụkọ gbasara mgbanwe ntuli aka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211022100405/https://themonroviatimes.com/2018/08/23/25-female-journalists-trained-in-digital-security/ 25 Ndị nta akụkọ nwanyị a zụrụ na nchekwa dijitalụ]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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{{Databox}}'''Cynthia Nwadiora''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-King ChristLike-Cynthia Nwadiora.wav|Audio}} (amụrụ na 6 Nọvemba 1992), nke a maara nke ọma dị ka '''Cee-C''', bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stella|date=16 December 2018|title=Reality Star Ceec Celebrates 4 Years Of Being Called To The Nigerian Bar Association|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2018/12/reality-star-ceec-celebrates-4-years-of.html?m=1|accessdate=28 December 2023|work=korkus.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=PM news|date=1 August 2019|title=Ex-BBNaija housemate, Ceec makes Nollywood debut|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/08/01/ex-bbnaija-housemate-ceec-makes-nollywood-debut/?amp=1|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[P.M. News]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihe nlereanya na onye na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri telivishọn. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Jennifer|first=Okundia|title=Ceec marks six years of being called to bar|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/11/25/ceec-marks-six-years-of-being-called-to-bar/?amp=1|work=[[P.M. News]]|date=25 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dstv|date=18 September 2023|title=Day 57 – 18 Sept: Ceec, Ilebaye and Mercy Eke join Cross in the All Stars finale|url=https://www.dstv.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/big-brother-naija/season/8/videos/live-show-11-1-oct-ceec-s-all-stars-journey-bbnaija/video|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[DStv]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Adetutu|first=Sobowale|date=1 October 2023|title=BBNaija Final: CeeC evicted from the House|url=https://punchng.com/bbnaija-final-ceec-evicted-from-the-house/?amp|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[The Punch|Punch Newspaper]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tolulope|first=Aderoje|date=22 June 2019|title=Drama as Uti Nwachukwu names Cee-C most successful BB Naija 2018 housemate|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/06/drama-as-uti-nwachukwu-names-cee-c-most-successful-bb-naija-2018-housemate/amp/|accessdate=28 December 2023|work=Vanguard News}}&lt;/ref&gt; pụtara na ihe ngosi &quot;Big Brother Naija oge 8&quot; [1] na &quot;Big Brother Nija oge 8&quot; dị ka onye ibe ụlọ. [2] [3] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tomilayo|first=Adeiye|date=3 October 2018|title=BBNaija's Cee-C Wins 2018 Fashion Influencer Of The Year Award|url=https://thenet.ng/bbnaijas-cee-c-wins-2018-fashion-influencer-year-award/|accessdate=28 December 2023|work=The Net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=GistLover|date=2 October 2018|title=Reality Show Star, Cee-C Wins the Fashion Influencer of the Year Award|url=https://www.gistlover.com/reality-show-star-cee-c-wins-the-fashion-influencer-of-the-year-award/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=Gist Lover|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; meriri ihe nrite maka Ejiji Mmetụta nke Afọ na La Ihe omume Green October Magazine 2018 . [1] [2] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ayo|first=Onikoyi|date=25 July 2020|title=Bimbo Ademoye, Ceec, Tacha unveiled as brand ambassadors for GetFit|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/bimbo-ademoye-ceec-tacha-unveiled-as-brand-ambassadors-for-getfit/amp/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye nnọchi anya GetFit, akara Mma. [1]

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Adam|first=Mosadioluwa|date=25 September 2023|title=BBNaija 2018: 5 quick facts about evicted housemate: CeeC|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/bbnaijaallstars-5-quick-facts-about-mercy-ilebaye-ceec-other-finalists/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[Nigerian Tribune|Tribune Online]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; mụrụ Cynthia Nwadiora na Enugu Steeti mana o si Ozubulu, Anambra Steeti, Naịjirịa. Ọ gara Ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị gọọmenti etiti na Ibusa, Delta State, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Adeoluwa|first=Atayero|date=1 March 2018|title=BBNaija 2018: Cee-C Allegedly Failed Out Of Law School Twice|url=https://thenet.ng/bbnaija-2018-cee-c-allegedly-failed-law-school-twice/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[The Netng|The Net]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 March 2023|title=Education Profile of Cee-C|url=https://presspay.ng/news/2023/03/03/education-profile-of-cee-c/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=Press|language=en-GB|archivedate=26 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226193229/https://presspay.ng/news/2023/03/03/education-profile-of-cee-c/}}&lt;/ref&gt; gụrụ Law na Mahadum Madonna (Nigeria) na Okija.

== Ọrụ ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=BN|date=15 February 2019|title=WATCH Cee-C on the Ndani TGIF Show|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/watch-cee-c-on-the-ndani-tgif-show/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[BellaNaija]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; sonyeere ihe ngosi Big Brother Naija oge nke atọ, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sunny Green|first=Itodo|date=25 July 2023|title=BBNaija All Stars: I went through a lot mentally in ‘Double Wahala’ season – CeeC|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/07/25/bbnaija-all-stars-i-went-through-a-lot-mentally-in-double-wahala-season-ceec/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma gosikwa na ihe ngosi [[Ndani TV|Ndani TGIF Show]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Maymunah|first=Ajetunmobi|date=2 October 2023|title=BBNaija All Stars: CeeC Visibly Shaken, Becomes 3rd Housemate Evicted From Finale, Netizens|url=https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/tv-shows/1556543-bbnaija-stars-ceec-visibly-shaken-3rd-housemate-evicted-finale-netizens-react/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sidomex|date=14 February 2019|title=Meet the new brand ambassadors for Amstel Malta|url=https://sidomexentertainment.com/latest-news/entertainment-news/meet-the-new-brand-ambassadors-for-amstel-malta/|accessdate=28 December 2023|work=Sidomex|archivedate=22 March 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322101326/https://sidomexentertainment.com/latest-news/entertainment-news/meet-the-new-brand-ambassadors-for-amstel-malta/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBNaija Star, Cee-C Become Amstel Malta’s Brand Ambassador|url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/bbnaija-stars-tobi-and-cee-c-become-amstel-maltas-brand-ambassador-photos/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=Saharaweeklyng|language=en-GB|archivedate=22 March 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322101335/https://saharaweeklyng.com/bbnaija-stars-tobi-and-cee-c-become-amstel-maltas-brand-ambassador-photos/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Naija|date=18 May 2018|title=BBNAIJA! Cee-C signs endorsement deal with “House of Lunettes”|url=https://wuzupnigeria.ng/bbnaija-cee-c-signs-endorsement-deal-with-house-of-lunettes-photos/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=wuzupnigeria.ng|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya ụlọ ọrụ anya Ụlọ nke Lunettes, Ụlọ ọrụ RealTech OxfordBuildBay, onye nnọchianya maka akara ahụike GetFit, [1] na ụlọ ọrụ ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya zuru ụwa ọnụ na ihe ngosi telivishọn Amstel Malta. [2] [3] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rotimi|first=Agbana|date=31 July 2019|title=Cee-C makes Nollywood debut alongside Osuofia, Broda Shaggi, others in ‘Fake Liars’|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/cee-c-makes-nollywood-debut-alongside-osuofia-broda-shaggi-others-in-fake-liars/amp/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; mekwara ihe nkiri mbụ ya na [[Nollywood]] na ihe nkiri &quot;Ndị ụgha adịgboroja&quot; n'akụkụ [[Broda Shaggi]].

== Big Brother Nigeria ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Anazia|first=Daniel|date=21 April 2018|title=Who Wins Big Brother Naija… Tobi, Miracle, Cee C, Nina or Alex?|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/who-wins-big-brother-naija-tobi-miracle-cee-c-nina-or-alex/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|archivedate=6 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806170913/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/who-wins-big-brother-naija-tobi-miracle-cee-c-nina-or-alex/}}&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 2018, Cynthia bụ otu n'ime mmadụ ise ikpeazụ nke Big Brother Naija oge 3, n'akụkụ Alex Asogwa, Miracle Igbokwe, Tobi na Nina. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Anazia|first=Daniel|date=16 April 2018|title=It's down to Tobi, Cee C, Nina, Alex and Miracle!|url=https://www.dstv.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/big-brother-naija/season/4/news/it-s-down-to-tobi-cee-c-nina-alex-and-miracle/news|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[Dstv|DSTV Official Website]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Chibumga|first=Izuzu|date=22 April 2018|title=Cee-C emerges 1st runner-up of #BBNaija: Double Wahala|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/big-brother-naija-cee-c-emerges-1st-runner-up-of-bbnaija-double-wahala/y920feb|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=Pulse Ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; mere nke abụọ.

N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2023, a mara ọkwa ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị ibe ụlọ maka oge asatọ nke Kpakpando niile Big Brother Naija . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gist Lovers|date=1 October 2023|title=Moment BBNaijaAllstars Second Runner-Up Ceec, Was Called a ‘Bitter leaf’ On Stage Following Eviction|url=https://www.gistlover.com/moment-bbnaijaallstars-second-runner-up-ceec-was-called-a-bitter-leaf-on-stage-following-eviction/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=Gist Lover|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2023, a chụpụrụ ya n'ihe ngosi ahụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye nke abụọ (onye nke abụọ) mgbe Mercy Eke gasịrị.

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Telivishọn ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
!Ihe edeturu
!Ọnọdụ
|-
|2018
|''Big Brother Naija 3''
|Onye na-asọ mpi
|Ihe ngosi nke Eziokwu
Egwuregwu
|''Ebe nke Mbụ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Biggie|date=22 April 2018|title=Day 85 'Grand Finale': Cee-C Is The 1st Runner-up Of Big Brother Naija 2018|url=https://bigbrothernaija.net/day-85-grand-finale-cee-c-1st-runner-up-big-brother-naija-2018/|accessdate=28 December 2023|work=[[Big Brother Naija]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2023
|''Big Brother Naija 8 All Stars''
|Onye na-asọ mpi
|Ihe ngosi nke Eziokwu
Egwuregwu
|''Ebe nke Abụọ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mohammed|first=Hammed|date=1 October 2023|title=BBNaija All Stars: CeeC evicted, emerges second runner-up of Season 8|url=https://www.gistreel.com/bbnaija-all-stars-ceec-evicted-emerges-second-runner-up-of-season-8/|accessdate=28 December 2023|work=Gist Reel}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Afọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Aha ya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ọrụ (s) 
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe mgbochi.
|-
|2023
|''Ezigbo Agba''
|Oriakụ Davis
|Ihe nkiri Naijiria
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Cee-C tackles Skin Bleaching in Debut Short Film “True Colour”|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2023/08/cee-c-debut-short-film-true-colour/|work=[[BellaNaija]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Onyinye na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ihe omume
!Ụdị
!Nsonaazụ
!Nkwupụta
|-
|2018
|Ihe nrite Green October nke La Mode Magazine
|Onye na-emepụta ejiji nke Afọ|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 October 2018|title=Cee-C Wins The Fashion Influencer Of The Year Award|url=https://cliq.ng/other/cee-c-wins-the-fashion-influencer-of-the-year-award/|accessdate=30 December 2023|work=Cliq Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=22 March 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322101326/https://cliq.ng/other/cee-c-wins-the-fashion-influencer-of-the-year-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|Ihe nrite mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta
|Onye nwere mmetụta na nchọpụta nke afọ|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 November 2018|title=#BBnaija: Wow! CeeC Wins Brand Influencer Of The Year At The Social Media Awards|author=Doris|url=https://www.mimidoris.com/2018/11/bbnaija-wow-ceec-wins-brand-influencer.html?m=1|accessdate=30 December 2023|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|Ihe nrite ELOY
|Onye Mgbasa Ozi nke Afọ|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bella|first=Naija|date=26 November 2018|title=Uche Pedro, Cee-C, Mercy Johnson win at the 2018 ELOY Awards, See Full List of Winners|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/11/uche-pedro-2018-eloy-awards/|accessdate=30 December 2023|work=[[BellaNaija]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Murtala|first=Abubakar|date=26 November 2018|title=FULL LIST: Cee-C, Mercy Johnson, Lota Chukwu… winners of 2018 ELOY Awards|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/2018-eloy-awards-cee-c-mercy/|accessdate=30 December 2023|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Ihe nrite ELOY
|Onyinye ELOY maka Mmetụta|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ELOY AWARDS 2019 WINNERS|url=https://zivangonline.com.ng/2019/12/19/eloy-awards-2019-winners/amp/|accessdate=30 December 2023|work=Zivan Online|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Cynthia NwadioranaIMDb


[[Òtù:Ndị Igbo]]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1992]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chinyere Nwabueze</title>
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      <text bytes="1404" sha1="pdoqg6r7hnf1f69yv3cvpfn6hbuyzrf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Chinyere Nwabueze''' bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Nollywood]] na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri si Ohafia na Abia Steeti, Naijiria. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe nkiri ya gụnyere &quot;eriri agbaji&quot;, &quot;Na akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya&quot;, &quot;klas nke 21&quot;, &quot;Spider&quot;, &quot;Mgbe eze kpebiri&quot;, na &quot;Ezeabata onye tọọrọ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chinyere Nwabueze|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/chinyere-nwabueze/3030856056/|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=TVGuide.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://irokotv.com/actors/1025/chinyere-nwabueze|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=irokotv.com|title=Archive copy|archivedate=2023-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730190526/https://irokotv.com/actors/1025/chinyere-nwabueze}}&lt;/ref&gt; meriri ihe nrite TERRACOTTA nke &quot;onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma&quot; maka ọrụ ya na &quot;udide&quot; ma họpụta ya dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị kyau n'Afrika na 2010 ZAFFA awards na London.

== Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ ==

* &quot;ụdọ na-agbaji&quot;
* &quot;N'ime akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya&quot;
* &quot;klas nke 21&quot;
* &quot;Ugo&quot;
* &quot;Mgbe eze kpebiri&quot;
* &quot;Ezeabata onye tọọrọ&quot;
* &quot;Ịhụnanya Nwanne&quot;
* &quot;Adaogwa n'ịhụnanya&quot;
* &quot;Kasi obi m ịhụnanya&quot;
* &quot;Ọrụ ịhụ n'anya&quot;
* &quot;Ogwuma&quot;
* &quot;Olisaemeka&quot;
* &quot;Aghugho Anyaukwu&quot;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|2407822}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nwabueze,Chinyere}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Zari Hassan</title>
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{{Infobox person|name=Zari Shem|image=File:Zari Hassan.jpg|image_size=|caption=Zari Hassan|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1978|09|23}}|birth_place=[[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], Uganda|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=Ugandan|citizenship=Uganda|alma_mater=Institution in London&lt;br/&gt;{{small|([[Cosmetology|Diploma in Cosmetology]])}}|occupation=[[Businesswoman]], [[socialite]]|years_active=1992—present|spouse={{marriage|late [[Ivan Semwanga]]|2001|2013|end=divorced}}}}

&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|work=Ugandaonline.net|date=2 June 2017|url=http://www.ugandaonline.net/201726_zari_speaks_out_on_cause_of_death|title=Zari reveals her last moments with ex-husband, Ivan Semwanga|accessdate=20 February 2018|author=Uganda Online|archivedate=21 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100228/http://www.ugandaonline.net/201726_zari_speaks_out_on_cause_of_death}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''Zarinah Hassan''' ( Furya ya na 23 September 1978), nke a ma ara nke ọma dị ka Zari Hassan, nke a na-akpọ Zari the Boss Lady, bụ onye Uganda, onye na-eti egwu, onye ọchụnta ego na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. , onye bi na South Africa, ebe ọ na-azụ aha. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Entertainment/Rich-Gang-Ivan-Semwanga-dies/812796-3941046-j5pw4qz/index.html|title=Rich Gang's Ivan Semwanga dies|date=25 May 2017|work=[[Daily Monitor]]|accessdate=7 November 2021|author=Daily Monitor Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.varcity.co.ke/zari-hassan-still-making-boss-moves/|title=Zari Hassan Still Making Boss Moves|work=Varcity Kenya|date=13 February 2018|author=Esther Mwaniki|accessdate=7 November 2021|archivedate=7 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407121240/https://www.varcity.co.ke/zari-hassan-still-making-boss-moves/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye nketa na Onye isi oche nke Brooklyn City College (BCC), ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche nke South Africa, nke na-aga n'ihu nke ya na di ya nwụrụ anwụ Ivan Ssemwanga guzobere. BCC &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|work=Pulselive Kenya|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/zari-hassan-in-jubilation-as-students-graduate-from-her-brooklyn-city-college-sa/2nqkk35|title=Zari Hassan over the Moon as Students graduate from her Brooklyn City College, SA|date=27 April 2021|author=Dennis Milimo|accessdate=7 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;-elekọta isi ụlọ akwụkwọ na Pretoria, ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ satellite na Polokwane, Durban, Johannesburg, Nelspruit, Vereeniging na Rustenburg. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|work=[[New Vision]]|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1454841/zari-takes-ceo-ssemwanga-schools|title=Zari takes over as CEO of Ssemwanga's schools|date=6 June 2017|author=Musa Ssemwanga|accessdate=7 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newslexpoint.com/zari-stamps-ceo-late-ivans-schools/|title=Zari Hassan Stamps As The CEO Of The Late Ivan's Schools In SA|work=Newslex Point|date=6 January 2018|author=Bukejonah|accessdate=7 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Hassan laghachiri n'ọ́bọ́dọ́ ya bụ Uganda n'afọ 2000, mgbe afọ abụọ gachara na United Kingdom. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ kwagara South Africa ebe ọ zutere ma lụọ Ivan Semwanga. &lt;ref name=&quot;Seven&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://watchdoguganda.com/zari-hassan-the-definition-of-the-late-ivan-semwangas-love-life/|title=Zari Hassan; The Definition of the Late Ivan Semwanga's Love Life|date=26 May 2017|accessdate=20 February 2018|publisher=Watchdoguganda.com|author=Watchdog Reporter|archivedate=11 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711212553/http://watchdoguganda.com/zari-hassan-the-definition-of-the-late-ivan-semwangas-love-life/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nwere ụmụ atọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/showbiz/The-truth-about-the-Diamond-Zari-and-Ivans-relationship/1950810-3943428-uf7ltjz/index.html|title=The truth about Diamond, Zari and Ivan's relationship|accessdate=20 February 2018|date=26 May 2017|author=Matiko|first=Thomas}}&lt;/ref&gt; gbara alụkwaghịm na 2013 mgbe Hassan boro Semwanga ebubo imegbu ya.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|accessdate=20 February 2018|url=http://matookerepublic.com/2017/05/16/zari-in-hospital-taking-care-of-ex-hubby-ivan-ssemwanga-who-is-in-critical-condition/|title=Zari in hospital, Juju her ex-hubby Ivan Ssemwanga who is in critical condition|date=16 May 2016|first=William|author=Kasoba|publisher=Matookerepublic.om|archivedate=19 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519073023/http://matookerepublic.com/2017/05/16/zari-in-hospital-taking-care-of-ex-hubby-ivan-ssemwanga-who-is-in-critical-condition/}}&lt;/ref&gt;'ọnwa Mee afọ 2017. Semwanga nwere nnukwu ọrịa strok ma na bata ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ Steve Biko Academic Hospital. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt; Nwụrụ na 25 Mee 2017. [1] E liri ya na Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ten&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=31 May 2017|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Hundreds-bid-farewell-to-Rich-Gang-s-Semwanga/688334-3948724-f3iuv6z/index.html|title=Hundreds bid farewell to Rich Gang's Semwanga|author=Derrick Wandera, Isaac Ssejjombwe &amp; Lawrence Ogwal|accessdate=20 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;/&gt; olili ozu gasịrị, Hassan laghachiri South Africa iji jikwaa azụmahịa ya na ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ di ya nwụrụ anwụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mbuthia 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mbuthia|first=Geoffrey|title=Diamond denies rumours that Prince Nillan is not his son|work=Mpasho News|date=2018-05-11|url=https://mpasho.co.ke/diamond-denies-rumours-nillan-son/|accessdate=2018-11-19|archivedate=2018-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095415/https://mpasho.co.ke/diamond-denies-rumours-nillan-son/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aswani 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Aswani|first=Nixon|title=Diamond Platnumz biography: facts you didn't know about the king of Wasafi|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2018-02-21|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/266426-diamond-platnumz-biography-facts-didnt-king-wasafi.html|accessdate=2018-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/chillax/zari-hassan-finally-divorces-diamond-platinumz-valentines-day/|title=Zari Hassan finally divorces Diamond Platnumz... on Valentine's Day|author=Musungu|first=Nahashon|date=2018-02-15|work=Nairobi News|accessdate=2018-04-05|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye na-ese ihe na Tanzania bụ [[Diamond Platnumz]] nwere ụmụ abụọ.

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Fati Niger</title>
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      <comment>HEIKA TENNO BANZAI - PRC - maruta!!!!</comment>
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[[Usòrò:Fati Nijar.jpg|thumb|Fati Nijar]]
'''Binta Labaran''' (nke a maara dị ka '''Fati Niger''') bụ onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Naijiria nke nwetara aha ''&quot;Gimbiyar Mawakan Hausa&quot;'' (nke a sụgharịrị ka ọ bụrụ &quot;Princess of Hausa music&quot;). A mụrụ ya ma zụta ya na Maradi, Niger ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ koranic tupu ọ kwaga Naijiria iji chụsoo ọrụ abụ ya.Fati Niger ewepụtala abọm anọ nwere ihe karịrị egwu 500 maka otuto ya.O si n'agbụrụ Hausa.   

== Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Fati Niger ma zụta ya na Maradi, Niger. Ka ọ na-etolite, ọ na-enwe mmasị mgbe niile maka ịbụ abụ ọkachasị abụ ọdịnala Hausa nke a na-abụkarị n'abalị ọnwa zuru ezu n'etiti ndị na-eto eto na obodo nta Hausa.

Mgbe ọ gachara nwanne ya nwanyị na 2004 na Naijiria, ọ chọpụtara ụlọ ọrụ egwu na-aga nke ọma n'obodo [[Kano]]. 'ebe ahụ, ọ rịọrọ ndụmọdụ na nkwenye nwanne ya nwanyị tupu ya edekọ egwu mbụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ [[Ali Baba (Kannywood)|Ali Baba]] na obodo [[Kano]].

== Ihe ngosi ==
Fati emepụtala abọm 4 na ihe karịrị abụ 500. Ọ pụtakwara na ihe nkiri dị iche iche nke Hausa Kannywood . 

=== Egwu ===
Fati Nijar, ama ama maka ọtụtụ egwu nkiri, egwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na otu pati .Egwu ya 'Girma-Girma',( na bekee;Chineke ka ukwuu -Chineke ka ukwuu) welitere ọkwa ya ebe ọ ghọrọ onye ama ama na ama na ụwa niile. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://fimmagazine.com/fati-nijar-buri-na-in-sha-gaban-duk-wata-jaruma/|title=Fati Nijar: Buri na in sha gaban duk wata jaruma|date=2 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Edensibia ==
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      <comment>HEIKA TENNO BANZAI - PRC - maruta!!!!</comment>
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'''Binta Labaran''' (nke a maara dị ka '''Fati Niger''') bụ onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Naijiria nke nwetara aha ''&quot;Gimbiyar Mawakan Hausa&quot;'' (nke a sụgharịrị ka ọ bụrụ &quot;Princess of Hausa music&quot;). A mụrụ ya ma zụta ya na Maradi, Niger ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ koranic tupu ọ kwaga Naijiria iji chụsoo ọrụ abụ ya.Fati Niger ewepụtala abọm anọ nwere ihe karịrị egwu 500 maka otuto ya.O si n'agbụrụ Hausa.  

== Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Fati Niger ma zụta ya na Maradi, Niger. Ka ọ na-etolite, ọ na-enwe mmasị mgbe niile maka ịbụ abụ ọkachasị abụ ọdịnala Hausa nke a na-abụkarị n'abalị ọnwa zuru ezu n'etiti ndị na-eto eto na obodo nta Hausa.

Mgbe ọ gachara nwanne ya nwanyị na 2004 na Naijiria, ọ chọpụtara ụlọ ọrụ egwu na-aga nke ọma n'obodo [[Kano]]. 'ebe ahụ, ọ rịọrọ ndụmọdụ na nkwenye nwanne ya nwanyị tupu ya edekọ egwu mbụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ [[Ali Baba (Kannywood)|Ali Baba]] na obodo [[Kano]].

== Ihe ngosi ==
Fati emepụtala abọm 4 na ihe karịrị abụ 500. Ọ pụtakwara na ihe nkiri dị iche iche nke Hausa Kannywood . 

=== Egwu ===
Fati Nijar, ama ama maka ọtụtụ egwu nkiri, egwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na otu pati .Egwu ya 'Girma-Girma',( na bekee;Chineke ka ukwuu -Chineke ka ukwuu) welitere ọkwa ya ebe ọ ghọrọ onye ama ama na ama na ụwa niile. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://fimmagazine.com/fati-nijar-buri-na-in-sha-gaban-duk-wata-jaruma/|title=Fati Nijar: Buri na in sha gaban duk wata jaruma|date=2 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Diana Angwech</title>
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      <comment>Added an image</comment>
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      <text bytes="5414" sha1="1gn6m79g7ogc2e4otpoz9m06zfa9luf" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Diana Angwech TIMNATH testimonial.jpg|thumb|Diana Angwech ]]
'''Diana Angwech''' bụ onye ọka iwu [[Uganda|Ugandan]] ma bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke Uganda Law Society kemgbe Septemba 2020. 

== Mmụta ==
Angwech nwetara nzere Bachelor nke Iwu na Mahadum Makerere . &lt;ref name=&quot;ceo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Muhimba|first=Samuel|title=ALL FEMALE: Meet Four Ladies Heading the Incoming Uganda Law Society Executive Committee|url=https://www.ceo.co.ug/all-female-meet-four-ladies-heading-the-incoming-uganda-law-society-executive-committee/|accessdate=22 March 2022|work=CEO East Africa|date=14 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Angwech began her legal career at ROK advocates. She later served as an attorney for the International Justice Mission for over five years, and she currently works as the business development manager at Shonubi Musoke &amp; Co. Advocates.&lt;ref name=&quot;ceo&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pulitzer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=For Widows, Life After Loss|url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/widows-life-after-loss|work=Pulitzer Center|accessdate=22 March 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Angwech fostering careers, saving marriages through fora|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/angwech-fostering-careers-saving-marriages-through-fora--1771910|work=Monitor|accessdate=22 March 2022|language=en|date=6 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Septemba 2020, a họpụtara Diana Angwech ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke Uganda Law Society (ULS) na-anọchi Phoena Wall, onye a họpụtara dịka onye isi oche ULS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-09-14|title=NTVUganda has added ULS gets first female president, deputy video|url=https://perilofafrica.com/2020/09/ntvuganda-has-added-uls-gets-first.html|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=Peril Of Africa|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320113702/https://perilofafrica.com/2020/09/ntvuganda-has-added-uls-gets-first.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;observer&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Women take over Uganda Law Society leadership|url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/66544-pheona-nabasa-elected-uganda-law-society-president|accessdate=22 March 2022|work=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Ndị Ọkaiwu na-eto eto n'okpuru Kansụl Ukwu nke ULS yana kọmitii Ndị Omeiwu na-esote East Africa Law Society.&lt;ref name=&quot;bar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=DIANA ANGWECH – African Bar Association|url=https://afribar-conferences.org/speaker/diana-angwech/|accessdate=2022-03-15|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320132218/https://afribar-conferences.org/speaker/diana-angwech/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot;/&gt;

Angwech bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke Alabaster Mentorship Program . &lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;glim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='I Believe Women Have A Foundational Role To Play In Building Families, Institutions And Nations' -Diana Angwech, ULS Vice President|url=https://glimug.com/i-believe-women-have-a-foundational-role-to-play-in-building-families-institutions-and-nations-diana-angwech-uls-vice-president/|accessdate=22 March 2022|archivedate=20 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320113701/https://glimug.com/i-believe-women-have-a-foundational-role-to-play-in-building-families-institutions-and-nations-diana-angwech-uls-vice-president/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Abide Family Centre, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke na-eme atụmatụ ịkwalite ahụike nke ezinụlọ ndị dị na Jinja, Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;bar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our Team|url=https://www.abidefamilycenter.org/our-team|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=Abide Family Center|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320113701/https://www.abidefamilycenter.org/our-team}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}. &lt;ref name=&quot;monitor2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Angwech fostering careers, saving marriages through fora|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/angwech-fostering-careers-saving-marriages-through-fora--1771910|work=Monitor|accessdate=22 March 2022|language=en|date=6 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;glim2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='I Believe Women Have A Foundational Role To Play In Building Families, Institutions And Nations' -Diana Angwech, ULS Vice President|url=https://glimug.com/i-believe-women-have-a-foundational-role-to-play-in-building-families-institutions-and-nations-diana-angwech-uls-vice-president/|accessdate=22 March 2022|archivedate=20 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320113701/https://glimug.com/i-believe-women-have-a-foundational-role-to-play-in-building-families-institutions-and-nations-diana-angwech-uls-vice-president/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;bar2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=DIANA ANGWECH – African Bar Association|url=https://afribar-conferences.org/speaker/diana-angwech/|accessdate=2022-03-15|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320132218/https://afribar-conferences.org/speaker/diana-angwech/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our Team|url=https://www.abidefamilycenter.org/our-team|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=Abide Family Center|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320113701/https://www.abidefamilycenter.org/our-team}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Angwech, Diana}}
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    <title>Michael Young, Baron Young nke Dartington</title>
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      <text bytes="18926" sha1="pcma684ie7s8ppy0ypar6bkf5zxixh2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=[[The Right Honourable]]|name=The Lord Young of Dartington|honorific-suffix={{postnominals|size=100%|country=GBR|PC|HonFBA}}|image=|office4=[[Member of the House of Lords]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Lord Temporal]]|term_start4=20 March 1978|term_end4=14 January 2002 &lt;br/&gt;[[Life peer|Life Peerage]]|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1915|8|9}}|birth_place=[[Manchester]], England|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|2002|1|14|1915|8|9}}|death_place=London, England|resting_place=[[Highgate Cemetery]], London, England|party=[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] {{small|(until 1981; 1989–2002)}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Social Democratic Party (UK)|SDP]] {{small|(1981–88)}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Social Democratic Party (UK, 1988–1990)|'Continuing' SDP]] {{small|(1988–89)}}|spouse={{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Joan Lawton&lt;br /&gt;|1945|1960|end=div}}|{{marriage|Sasha Moorsom&lt;br /&gt;|December 1961|1993|end=d}}|{{marriage|Dorit Uhlemann&lt;br /&gt;|1995}}}}|children=6, including [[Toby Young]]|residence=|alma_mater=[[London School of Economics]]|awards=[[Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)|Albert Medal]] (1992)|website=}}

Michael Dunlop Young, Baron Young nke Dartington, PC , HonFBA [1] (9 Ọgọst 1915 - 14 Jenụarị 2002), bụ ọkà nyere nsogbu na eze Britain, onye ikendọrọ ego na onye agha ego.  Ọ bụ onye obodo mepere emepe nke dị iche iche dị iche onye ọdịiche, onye ụgbọ agha ndị na onye na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|author=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-0415862875|pages=780}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ndụ ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ọ nyere aka n'ịkpụzi echiche Labor Party .  Mgbe ibu nke kọmitii nke Labour Party, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka idepụta Ka anyị Chee Ọdịnihu, Ihe ngosi nke Labor maka nhoputa ndi ochichi nke 1945, [1] bụ onye na-akwado protagonist na ndụ mmadụ na ibe ya,  ma guzobe ma ọ bụ nyere aka nde mmadụ ndị mmadụ.  ụlọ ọrụ bara uru.  Ndị a na-akpọ Association Consumers' Association, Kedu?  magazin, National Consumer Council, na Open University, Institute for Community Studies, National Extension College, na Open College nke Arts na Asụsụ Line, a ekwentị-azụ azụmahịa.

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
[[Usòrò:Michael_Young_(1915-2002)_-Highgate_Cemetery-10Aug2008.jpg|thumb| ili di na Highgate Cemetery, London]]
&lt;ref name=&quot;spectator.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2007/11/im-proud-that-my-ancestor-served-at-trafalgar-but-not-too-proud-to-sell-his-stuff/|title=I'm proud that my ancestor served at Trafalgar. But not too proud to sell his stuff|date=2007-11-07|work=The Spectator|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;A egwuregwu na-eto eto na Manchester, nwa (Ernest) Gibson Young, onye na-egwu violin Australia na onye nkatọ;  na onye Irish Bohemian na-ese ihe na onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Edith Hermia Dunlop.  Dị ka nwa Michael, Toby si kwuo, Gibson bụ &quot;ne'er-do-well&quot;, na &quot;naanị ikike ndị nna ya nwere bụ ihe ha nwere ike zuru ohi n'aka ndị gentry&quot;.

Ruo mgbe ọ dị apụta, Young tolitere na Melbourne, na- England obere oge tupu eje ozi nne na nna ya agbasa.  Ọ gara ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, mechaa banye Dartington Hall, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na-aga n'ihu na Devon, na 1920s.  Ya na obere ụlọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ogologo oge, dịka nwa akwụkwọ, onye akwụkwọ, osote onye isi na onye ọkọ ayọkẹlẹ ihe mere eme.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mgbasa na London School of Economics (BScEcon, MA), wee bụrụ onye iwu mgbe ọ na-ebu akwụkwọ ka ọka a na Bar na 1939.

== Nnyocha ọha na eze na ime obodo ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;N'oge Agha nke ihe, Young jere ozi dị ka onye isi nke ndị soja na Economic Planning think tank wee ihe onye isi nke ihe maka Labor Party, ebe o dere akwụkwọ maka ndị mbụ aka n'ozuzu 1945 na akwụkwọ ikike  ọkà okwu buru ibu.  Ọ jere ozi n'okpuru ndị ọrụ nke Clement Attlee na-edu, ma በቀላሉ na 1950 na-ekwu na otu ahụ agwụla echiche.  Ọkakọ oku ka e guzobe otu Social Science Research Council wee bụrụ onye nduzi mbụ ya 17 afọ mgbe e ima

Ihe mkpakọ nke Young ụlọ obibi na mgbaàmà ime obodo na East London, bụ nke sitere na akara akara doctoral ya, mere ka ọ daa mbà n'obi na ọnọdụ obodo na ndị isi obodo Labour.  Nke a mụrụ ya Institute of Community Studies, nke bụ ụgbọ ala ya bụ isi ịga ịgagharị echiche ya nke mmadụ na ibe ya.  factor ya bụ ime ka ndị mmadụ kwuo okwu n'ịgba ndụ ha na ụlọ ọrụ ha.  Butler na-arụ ụka na ọ dọtara n'elu nhụcha nke dị ugbu a na nkà na-egosi ọha na eze na ọha mmadụ na eze iji mkpa dị n'ime ọha mmadụ nke oge a na inye ihe atụ nke ụmụ amaala na-  mmadụ, mmadụ n'otu na nkwado ibe na-ahụghị na ọrụ na-ama ihe.  Young kwalitere ndị agha nke ndị ọrụ obodo mepere, yana echiche ziri ezi maka ndị dị n'etiti ụmụ iji gosi na ndị ekpe leghaara ezina-ama anya na e-nna iweghachite ya dịka ike na-aga n'ihu.  Ebumnobi ya bụ ime ka akara na-arụ ọrụ sikwuo ike dị ka e debere ya dị ka ihe maka ihe ike

Ọ ntọala ntọala Mutual Aid Center n'oge a.  Ndị na-eto eto na-edekọ akwụkwọ (ya na Peter Willmott) Ezin na ndị ikwu na East London, na-edekọ na ndị ọnụ na-enyere aka mgbasa na eze nke ịweghachi obodo nwere njikọ chiri anya n'ime ụlọ dị iche (nke ndị mmadụ  Ọka njọ nsogbu na eze mara dị ka Fakinel na-akpọkarị ya na-ekiri olu).

== Ọrụ nhazi ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;Nwoke nwere ume na onye nwere ikike, Young hibere ọtụtụ òtù ọhụrụ na mmepụta nke inye ụmụ amaala ngosi bara uru &quot;n'okpuru ala&quot;.  N'afọ 1950 na 1960 ochie aka mkpuchi Consumers 'Association na National Consumer Council, na-azọrọ na &quot;ndọrọ ngwaọrụ ga-adị akwụkwọ na-adị na-azụ na ike ike nke inwe, na ndị ọzọ na-enweta nke oriri&quot;  -enye echiche na akwụkwọ nta.  Iko Dover White Chipped (1960).

Na 1960, ọ pụtara Advisory Center for Education [1] National Extension College na, ya na Peter Laslett, mahadum chi ọbọ na Anglia Television, [2] nke ekiri ihe atụ nke Ụlọ Open nke Harold Wilson akwụkwọ na 1964, na-ewuli elu.  na ya.  otu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The OU Story|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/about/main/strategy/ou-story|publisher=The Open University|accessdate=Feb 24, 2016|archivedate=March 6, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306020927/http://www.open.ac.uk/about/main/strategy/ou-story}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dean|first=Malcolm|date=16 Jan 2002|title=Lord Young of Dartington|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/jan/16/guardianobituaries.books|work=The Guardian|accessdate=24 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'etiti 1980s, Young co-guzobere International Alert, yana Leo Kuper na Martin Ennals.  [1] [2] Mgbe awụ iri ahụ ahụ, na 1987, ọ ntọala Open College of Arts, ndị nkatọ na-agbagwoju anya bụ ndị kwusiri ike na akara ike iji ụzọ dị anya esere nka nka.  O hiwe Asụsụ Asụsụ, azụmahịa ntụgharị ekwentị, iji mee ka ndị na-asụ Bekee nwee nhọrọ nha anya na ọrụ ọha.  Ọ kwalitere ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nche na-eto eto na &quot;ndị ikom ọchụnta ego na-elekọta mmadụ&quot;, ma guzobe akwụkwọ maka ndị ọchụnta ego na-elekọta mmadụ na 1997. onye nke ọrụ Young site na Young Foundation,  nke e kere site na njikọ nke Institute of Community Studies na Mutual Aid Center, n'okpuru nduzi nke Geoff Mulgan

== Mgbe e mesịrị ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;N'agbanyeghị na ọ na-enwe ike siri ike, Young nakweere mmekọ ndụ na 20 Maachị 1978, na-ewere ụta Labour na aha Baron Young nke Dartington, nke Dartington na County nke Devon .  [1] Ọtụtụ ugboro njem ugboro ugboro na London, ndị ụgbọ ya na- ịma mma ụgbọ oloko na eze ọbịbịa n'efu n'oge ego ego ya.

Na 1981, Young gbapụrụ site na Labour gaa na Social Democratic Party (SDP), ma ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-akwado 100 aha ha na-a-ajị n'ụdị ntọala SDP, Limehouse Declaration, na February nke afọ ahụ.  N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ ebe ahụ na ọ dịpụrụ iche site n'otu n'otu mgbe ahụ na-erip Labour, Nledaanya Young maka ndị na-ede statist na ndị otu azụmahịa nke nkà ihe ndị mmadụ eze na eze agha agha na ọ kwadoro  echiche nke otu ọhụrụ na-aga n'ihu na-etolite n'ike ya (o nwere. akwadolarị nke ọma ka e guzobe otu &quot;Parti Consumers' na The Chipped White Cups of Dover [1]). Mgbe o hụ na SDP,  ọ nta onye so na kọmitii hel nke pati ahụ na onye ntụzịaka nke ụlọ ọrụ echiche ya, The Tawney Society.

&lt;ref&gt;Young, Michael, 'Essential ways to win over the centre', in &quot;What do they stand for now?&quot;, ''The Guardian'', 16 April 1990, p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;Otu onye otu onye isi nke abụọ nke SDP, David Owen, Young ụgbọ akwụkwọ nke otu ahụ na Liberal Party na 1988 ma kama soro Owen banye na 'na-aga n'ihu' SDP .  [1] Otu afọ ka e nyere, ọ tụrụ na Labor na-esote (n'okwu Owen) otu &quot;nnukwu iwu na EEC, akara akara na Trident.&quot;  [2] [3] Ka o sina dị, Young ihe na-enwe obi abụọ ikike Labour nwere imeri atụmatụ aka na-esote ma kwenye na ọ ka ga-eche ihu na ọrụ nke imeziwanye mmadụ nsogbu na eze, nke nwere, o  kwuru, &quot;na-adalata nke ukwuu Tony Crosland nwụrụ.&quot;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Midwinter&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Midwinter|first=Eric|authorlink=Eric Midwinter|title=500 Beacons: The U3A Story|date=2014|origyear=2002|publisher=[[University of the Third Age|Third Age Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka enyi Young bụ Eric Midwinter si kwuo, &quot;Echiche ya niile, ihe odide ya niile na-akpali akpali, Obama ya niile nke ọma, akara ya niile ejiri mee ihe bụ usoro dị mma na-eduzi ya. radicals dị ka Robert  Owen, Saint-Simon ma ọ bụ Charles Fourier, na ụmụ ha nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ, ọ bụ n'aka ndịiche ma ọ bụ nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ.&quot;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/09/03/lord-youngs-daughter-dies-16-hours-complaining-headache-hospital/|title=Lord Young's daughter died hours after complaining of headache|work=The Telegraph|date=3 September 2021|author=Stephens|first=Max}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nwa egwu ugboro atọ.  Na 1945 ọ ngosi Joan Lawton, onye ya na ụmụ nwoke abụọ na otu ihe.  Ha mechara gbaa gbaa, na na Disemba 1961 ọhà Sasha (ada Raisley Stewart Moorsom na nwa Admiral Sir Robert Moorsom ), [1] [2] onye na-ede akwụkwọ, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe nke  ya na nwa (nke a echiche tupu mgbe ahụ).  ozi na-eso ha) na nwa nwoke, onye nta akwụkwọ na onye edemede Toby Young.  [3] Young na Moorsom rụkọrọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ, egwuregwu n'ime obodo ndị dị na South Africa.  Moorsom nwụrụ na 1993 na na 1995 Young ngosi 37 milliner Dorit Uhlemann, [4] [5] [6] onye ya na ya nwere nwa aṅụ Gaia, onye nwụrụ na July 2021 dị afọ 25.

== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ==

* ''Will the War Make Us Poorer?'' [with Sir Henry Noel Young] (1943)
* ''Civil Aviation'' (1944)
* ''The Trial of Adolf Hitler'' (1944)
* ''There's Work for All'' [with [[Theodor Prager]]] (1945)
* ''Labour's Plan for Plenty''  (1947)
* ''What is a Socialised Industry?''  (1947)
* ''Small Man, Big World: A Discussion of Socialist Democracy''  (1949)
* ''Fifty Million Unemployed''  (1952)
* ''Study of the Extended Family in East London'' (1955)
* ''Family and Kinship in East London'' [with Peter Willmott] (1957)
* ''The Rise of the Meritocracy'' (1958)
* ''Chipped White Cups of Dover: A Discussion of the Possibility of a New Progressive Party'' (1960)
* ''Family and Class in a London Suburb'' [with Peter Willmott] (1960)
* ''New Look at Comprehensive Schools'' [with Michael Armstrong] (1964)
* ''Innovation and Research in Education''  (1967)
* ''Forecasting and the Social Sciences'' [ed.] (1968)
* ''Hornsey Plan: A Role for Neighbourhood Councils in the New Local Government'' (1971)
* ''Is Equality a Dream?'' (1972)
* ''Lifeline Telephone Service for the Elderly: An Account of a Pilot Project in Hull'' [with [[Peter G. Gregory]]] (1972)
* ''Learning Begins at Home: A Study of a Junior School and its Parents'' [with [[Patrick McGeeney]]] (1973)
* ''Symmetrical Family: A Study of Work and Leisure in the London Region'' [with Peter Willmott] (1973)
* ''Mutual Aid in a Selfish Society: A Plea for Strengthening the Co-operative Movement'' [with [[Marianne Rigge]]] (1979)
* ''Building Societies and the Consumer: A Report'' [with Marianne Rigge] (1981)
* ''Report from Hackney: A Study of an Inner-City Area'' [with others] (1981)
* ''The Elmhirsts of Dartington: The Creation of an Utopian Community'' (1982)
* ''Inflation, Unemployment and the Remoralisation of Society'' (1982)
* ''Up the Hill to Cowley Street: Views of Tawney Members on SDP Policy'' [ed. with [[Tony Flower]] and Peter Hall] (1982)
* ''Revolution from Within: Cooperatives and Cooperation in British Industry'' [with Marianne Rigge] (1983)
* ''Social Scientist as Innovator'' (1983)
* ''To Merge or Not to Merge?'' (1983)
* ''Development of New Growth Areas: Workers' Cooperatives and Their Environment: Comparative Analysis with a View to Job Creation: Support for Worker Cooperatives in the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Netherlands'' [with Marianne Rigge] (1985)
* ''Metronomic Society: Natural Rhythms and Human Timetables'' (1988)
* ''Rhythms of society'' [ed. with [[Tom Schuller]]] (1988)
* ''Campaign for Children's After-School Clubs: The Case for Action'' [with [[Matthew Owen]]] (1991)
* ''Life After Work: The Arrival of the Ageless Society'' [with Tom Schuller, Johnston Birchall and [[Gwyneth Vernon]]) (1991)
* ''Governing London'' [with [[Jerry White (author)|Jerry White]]] (1996)
* ''The New East End: Kinship, Race and Conflict'' [with Geoff Dench and [[Kate Gavron]]] (2006)

== Ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ hiwere na ntinye aka nke Michael Young ==

* Institute of Community Studies, 1954 (onye nduzi 1954-2002, ugbu a akụkụ nke Young Foundation ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Dench, Geoff|title=Young at Eighty|accessdate=2016-03-02|origyear=1995|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk_AAAAACAAJ|pages=235–241|isbn=9781857542431|ref=youngateighty}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Association of Consumers, 1957 (onye isi oche 1957–65, Onye isi ala 1965–93)
* Ụlọ ọrụ nyocha maka ndị ahịa nwere nkwarụ, 1963 (onye isi oche 1963) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ridc.org.uk/content/history|title=History|work=Rica|language=en|accessdate=2018-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kọmitii South Africa maka agụmakwụkwọ ka elu, 1959 (onye nkwado ntọala)
* Botswana Extension College, 1959
* Ebe nkuzi anya Lesotho, 1959
* Ụlọ ndụmọdụ maka agụmakwụkwọ, 1959
* Betnal Green Exports Ltd., 1964–66
* Kansụl nyocha Sayensị Sayensị Social, 1965 (onye isi oche 1965–68)
* Otu nyocha na mmepe Thameside, 1967–69
* National Consumer Council, 1975 (onye isi oche 1975–77)
* National Extension College, 1962 (onye isi oche 1962–71)
* Mahadum mepere emepe, 1964
* National Innovations Center, 1968–74
* Institute for Social Studies na Medical Care, 1970-94
* International Extension College, 1971–2006
* Social Audit, 1972
* Ebe Enyemaka Mutual, 1977 (nke ugbu a bụ akụkụ nke Young Foundation)
* Klọb Ọmụmụ Ihe Ndị njem, 1980
* Njikere mba ụwa, 1981
* Mahadum nke Agbọ Atọ, 1982
* Tawney Society, 1982–88
* College of Health, 1983
* Association maka Ọmụmụ Ihe Ọmụmụ nke Oge, 1983
* Argo Venture, 1984–95
* Healthline, 1986
* Mepee kọleji nka nka, 1987 (onye isi oche 1987–91)
* Center for Electoral Choice, 1987
* Center for Educational Choice, 1988
* Njikọ, 1988–95
* Samizdat, 1988–90
* Ụlọ akwụkwọ mepere emepe, 1989
* Ahịrị Asụsụ, 1990
* Usoro mmụta ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị maka ndị okenye (ASECA), 1991 p35
* Mmemme Nkụzi Ndị okenye (ABEP), 1991
* Ụlọ ọrụ South Africa nke mmụta anya (SAIDE), 1991
* Mgbakwunye agụmakwụkwọ, 1992
* Otu mba maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka na-arịa ọrịa, 1993
* Tower Hamlets Independent News Service (THINK), 1993–94
* National Funerals College, 1994
* Njikọ Ọgbụgba Ndụ Ezinụlọ, 1994
* Ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị ọchụnta ego na-elekọta mmadụ, 1997 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-sse.org/stories/michael-young-founder-of-sse/|title=Michael Young founder of SSE|work=SSE|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-05|archivedate=2019-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203035813/https://www.the-sse.org/stories/michael-young-founder-of-sse/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Phoenix Education Trust, 2001 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Barker|first=Michael|date=24 March 2014|title=An Education Fit For The Elite|url=http://www.swans.com/library/art20/barker150.html|journal=Swans Commentary|issn=1554-4915}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndetu ==

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* {{Cite journal|first=Lise|author=Butler|title=Michael Young, the Institute of Community Studies, and the Politics of Kinship|journal=Twentieth Century British History|volume=26|issue=2|pages=203–224|year=2015|doi=10.1093/tcbh/hwu063|pmid=26411065}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{Cite web|url=http://www.jobsletter.org.nz/jbl16110.htm|title=Michael Young 1915–2002 – Social Entrepreneur|publisher=The Jobs Letter|date=14 February 2002}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.john-price.me.uk/young.pdf|title=The merits of revisiting Michael Young — a book published 60 years ago predicted most of the tensions tearing contemporary Britain apart|work=The Economist|date=10 February 2018}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/education/story/0,9853,634298,00.html|work=The Guardian|title=obituary|date=16 January 2002}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE0DF163AF936A15752C0A9649C8B63|work=The New York Times|title=obituary|date=25 January 2002}}
* [http://www.ace-ed.org.uk/ The Advisory Centre for Education (ACE)]
* [http://www.youngfoundation.org/about-us/history/ The Young Foundation – History]
* [http://www.youngfoundation.org/ The Young Foundation]
* [https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1920 The Papers of Michael Young] at the [https://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/ Churchill Archives Centre]
* [https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1919 The Papers of Sasha Moorsom Young] at the Churchill Archives Centre
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240403190507/https://www.the-sse.org/stories/michael-young-founder-of-sse/ The School for Social Entrepreneurs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190214194222/http://www.phoenixeducation.co.uk/index.php/about-us Phoenix Education Trust - About Us]
[[Òtù:Aha]]</text>
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      <comment>HEIKA TENNO BANZAI - PRC - maruta!!!!</comment>
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      <text bytes="982" sha1="t427j0igbutzx43y2p4p186draamtq7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Cross-Lines Community Outreach, Inc.''' bụ 501(c)(3) na-enye &quot;ndị mmadụ nọ na mpaghara Kansas City nke ịda ogbenye na-emetụta ọrụ na ohere ndị na-akwalite obi ike onwe onye, gboo mkpa nke taa, na-enye ngwá ọrụ maka onwe ha n'ọdịnihu. - ezu.&quot; 

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ọ bụ otu ndị ozi na ụmụ amaala nwere nchegbu tọrọ ntọala ha na 1963.  Edepụtara ha na United Way of Greater Kansas City  na otu ndị ọzọ na-agbalị iji akụrụngwa dịnụ jikọọ ndị nọ na mkpa  ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nwere ohere.  Ha nwere mmemme atọ bụ isi: mkpa ndị bụ isi, ịkwado ụlọ, na enyemaka agụụ.  Nkwụsi ike ụlọ gụnyere enyemaka mgbazinye na akụrụngwa. 
 name=&quot;Hennessy&quot; /&gt;

N'oge oyi nke 2022-2023 Cross-Lines nyeere gọọmentị jikọrọ aka nke Wyandotte County na Kansas City, Kansas jikwaa ma rụọ ọrụ ebe nchekwa ihu igwe oyi siri ike nwa oge. 

== Ihe ndetu ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <comment>HEIKA TENNO BANZAI - PRC - maruta!!!!</comment>
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      <text bytes="1755" sha1="4q2dn13nkuvh89yf0xz5o091n6kge1a" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Cross-Lines Community Outreach, Inc.''' bụ 501(c)(3) na-enye &quot;ndị mmadụ nọ na mpaghara Kansas City nke ịda ogbenye na-emetụta ọrụ na ohere ndị na-akwalite obi ike onwe onye, gboo mkpa nke taa, na-enye ngwá ọrụ maka onwe ha n'ọdịnihu. - ezu.&quot; 

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ọ bụ otu ndị ozi na ụmụ amaala nwere nchegbu tọrọ ntọala ha na 1963.  Edepụtara ha na United Way of Greater Kansas City  na otu ndị ọzọ na-agbalị iji akụrụngwa dịnụ jikọọ ndị nọ na mkpa  ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nwere ohere.  Ha nwere mmemme atọ bụ isi: mkpa ndị bụ isi, ịkwado ụlọ, na enyemaka agụụ.  Nkwụsi ike ụlọ gụnyere enyemaka mgbazinye na akụrụngwa. 

Na Machị 2020, n'isi oria ojoo a, ha kọrọ na-ejere ihe karịrị mmadụ 700 ozi ụbọchị ụfọdụ, nnukwu mmụba sitere na ezinụlọ 300 kwa ọnwa.  N'April 2023, ha kọrọ na ha hụrụ ihe karịrị mmadụ 100 kwa ụbọchị na-enweta nri maka ihe dị ka nri iri n'ụlọ nri ha, ebe ndị mmadụ &quot;na-akwụ ụgwọ&quot; na &quot;isi ihe&quot; enyere n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ezinụlọ ha. Nke ahụ dị site na mmadụ 30 ruo 40 kwa ụbọchị.  Mgbe ndị mmadụ &quot;na-akwụ ụgwọ&quot; na &quot;isi ihe&quot; maka ngwa ahịa ha họọrọ, enwere ike ịnwe obere mkpofu karịa mgbe enyere ndị nnata nri akpa nwere ụdị nri dị iche iche na-enweghị usoro.  Ha na-enyekwa ndị nọ ná mkpa nri ụtụtụ na nri ehihie Mọnde ruo Fraịde. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hennessy&quot; /&gt;

N'oge oyi nke 2022-2023 Cross-Lines nyeere gọọmentị jikọrọ aka nke Wyandotte County na Kansas City, Kansas jikwaa ma rụọ ọrụ ebe nchekwa ihu igwe oyi siri ike nwa oge. 

== Ihe ndetu ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Bharat Vikas Parishad</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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{{Databox}}'''Bharat Vikas Parishad (BVP)''' ( ntụgharị : ''Indian Development Council'' ) bụ onye otu Sangh Parivar .

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
BVP, hiwere na 1963 na ncheta ọmụmụ nke Swami Vivekananda bụ ọgbakọ afọ ofufo nwere aka nri. Ebubere ya na aha - Citizens Council iji kpọkọta ndị mmadụ megide mwakpo ndị China na ókèala India mana emechara debanye aha ya wee debanye aha ya dị ka ọha mmadụ na 10 Julaị 1963. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịhazi ụmụ amaala India maka ọrụ enyemaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Working for a Mission – Bharat Vikas Parishad|url=https://bvpindia.com/about-us-2/about-us/|accessdate=1 May 2020|archivedate=29 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129115418/http://bvpindia.com/about-us-2/about-us/}}&lt;/ref&gt; BVP bụ onye otu Sangh Parivar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Verma|first=Lalmani|date=1 September 2015|title=New BJP members take 'RSS lesson'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/new-bjp-members-take-rss-lesson/|accessdate=27 September 2021|work=The Indian Express|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902235211/http://indianexpress.com:80/article/cities/lucknow/new-bjp-members-take-rss-lesson/|archivedate=2 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Singh|first=Darpan|date=15 April 2014|title=30,000 saffron soldiers take up Narendra Modi's fight|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/30-000-saffron-soldiers-take-up-narendra-modi-s-fight/story-OGhAuJbZ6ziRh4qFCawTHP.html|accessdate=27 September 2021|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927084129/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/30-000-saffron-soldiers-take-up-narendra-modi-s-fight/story-OGhAuJbZ6ziRh4qFCawTHP.html|archivedate=27 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngosipụta nke Bharat Vikas Parishad gụnyere nhazi ọha mmadụ maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha.

A hụrụ alaka mpaghara BVP ka ha na-ekesa ihe nchacha ọcha na ịkwalite mmata gbasara ịkpachara anya iji gbochie COVID-19 ịgbasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=भारत विकास परिषद ने कोरोना योद्धाओं को बांटे सेनेटाइजर|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/kannauj/story-bharat-vikas-parishad-distributes-sanitizer-to-corona-warriors-3184974.html|work=livehindustan.com|language=hindi|accessdate=1 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=अभियंता सुधाकर व्यास ने शादी की सालगिरह पर बांधे 100 परिंडे|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/kota/baran/news/engineer-sudhakar-vyas-tied-100-birds-on-wedding-anniversary-127261317.html|author=Kumar|first=Indrabhushan|date=1 May 2020|work=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|accessdate=1 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mekwara ikesa ndị mmadụ ihe oriri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=भारत विकास परिषद ने मजदूरों के बीच किया राशन सामग्री का वितरण|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/east-champaran-bharat-vikas-parishad-distributed-ration-material-among-laborers-20163351.html|work=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|accessdate=1 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=भारत विकास परिषद ने कर्मयोगी अखबार वितरकों को सम्मानित किया|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/kannauj/story-bharat-vikas-parishad-honored-karmayogi-newspaper-distributors-3163025.html|work=livehindustan.com|language=hindi|accessdate=1 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Na Septemba 2020, BVP nyere 2.11 crore na PM Cares Fund . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/current-affairs/bharat-vikas-parishad-contributes-rs-2-11-crore-to-pm-cares-fund-govt-120092801246_1.html|title=Bharat Vikas Parishad contributes Rs 2.11 crore to PM Cares Fund: Govt|work=Business Standard India|date=28 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọmụmụ ihe maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ===
Alaka mpaghara BVP kesara ohere mmụta maka ụmụ akwụkwọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=भारत विकास परिषद ने मेधावी छात्रों व शिक्षकों को सम्मानित|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/rudrapur/story-bharat-vikas-parishad-honored-meritorious-students-and-teachers-2731254.html|work=livehindustan.com|language=hindi|accessdate=1 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nzụlite nka maka kpuru ìsì ===
N'okpuru mmemme mgbasa ozi ọha mmadụ BVP kwadoro mmemme mmepe nka maka ndị ìsì. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=बिना आंखों का ये व्यक्ति नेत्रहीन बच्चों के जीवन में भर रहा उजाला, भारत विकास परिषद ने किया सम्मानित|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/blind-man-learn-skill-to-blind-students-in-varanasi-bharat-vikas-parishad-awarded|work=Amar Ujala|accessdate=1 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Enyere Bharat Vikas Parishad &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Awards – Bharat Vikas Parishad|url=https://bvpindia.com/about-us-2/national-awards/|accessdate=1 May 2020|archivedate=15 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815131332/https://bvpindia.com/about-us-2/national-awards/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Afọ
! Ihe nrite
! Ebe
! Onye nyere ya
|-
| 1995
| Ihe nrite mba
| Delhi
| Onye isi ala India
|-
| 2004
| [[National Awards for e-Governance|Ihe nrite mba]]
| Ludhiana
| Onye isi ala India
|-
| 2007
| Ihe nrite FICCI
| Ludhiana
| Prime Minister nke India
|-
| 2008
| Nirmal Gram Puraskar
| Delhi
| Onye isi ala India
|}

== Edensibia ==
nri. Ebubere ya na aha - Citizens Council iji kpọkọta ndị mmadụ megide mwakpo ndị China na ókèala India mana emechara debanye aha{{Reflist|30em}}</text>
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    <title>Chọọchị Anglịkan nke Onye Sameria Dị Mma</title>
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{{Infobox church|name=Anglican Church of the Good Samaritan|fullname=|image=St._Michael_and_All_Angels.jpg|imagesize=|caption=|coordinates={{coord|47.55853|-52.72064|format=dms|type:landmark_region:CA-NL|display=inline}}|denomination=[[Anglican Church in North America]]|diocese=[[Anglican Network in Canada]]|parish=|division=|subdivision=|founded date=2008|founder=|architect=|style=Modern|years built=1959|dedicated date=|closed date=|demolished date=|bishop=The Rt. Rev. [[Don Harvey (bishop)|Donald Harvey]]|priest=|archdeacon=|dean=|provost=|rector=The Ven. Darrell Critch|canon=|prebendary=|curate=|chaplain=|vicar=|deacon=|abbot=|minister=|seniorpastor=|pastor=|location=10 St. Clare Ave., [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador]]|country=Canada|website={{URL|https://www.churchofthegoodsamaritan.ca/}}}}{{Databox}}'''Ụka Anglican nke ezi Sameria''' bụ ụka Anglican na St. John's, Newfoundland na Labrador, Canada. Tọrọ ntọala na 2008, ọ bụ onye otu Anglican Network na Canada, nke kewapụrụ na Ụka Anglican nke Canada . Kemgbe 2022, Ezi onye Sameria abụrụla ebe obibi nke kọleji Packer, seminarị diocesan ANiC.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E hiwere Churchka nke ezigbo onye Sameria n'afọ 2008 dịka akụkụ nke mgbanwe Anglican . &lt;ref name=&quot;cbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Anonymous $2.5M donation gives Anglican Church of the Good Samaritan a new home|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/anglican-church-good-samaritan-donation-1.5799585|accessdate=8 March 2023|work=CBC News|date=November 13, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-efe ofufe n'ebe dị iche iche 27 n'ime afọ 12 mbụ ya, ma na 2020, chọọchị ahụ nwetara onyinye CAD 2.5 nde na-amaghị aha nke nyere ya ohere ịzụta ụlọ ụka Anglican mbụ nke St. Michael na All Angels na 10 St. Clare Road na St. nke Jọn. &lt;ref name=&quot;cbc&quot; /&gt; Ụlọ ụka ahụ, nke e wuru na 1959, emechaala nsọ ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ebe mgbatị ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;tap&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Careless|first=Sue|title=Newfoundland church staggered by anonymous gift|url=https://anglicanplanet.net/newfoundland-church-staggered-by-anonymous-gift/|accessdate=8 March 2023|work=Anglican Planet|date=November 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Otu n'ime St. Michael's mbụ rectors bụ ANiC Bishop Donald Harvey, onye mechara jee ozi dị ka onye inyeaka nsọpụrụ na bishọp ebe obibi na Ezi Sameria. &lt;ref name=&quot;tap&quot; /&gt; )

== Ụlọ akwụkwọ Packer ==
Malite na 2022, ezigbo ụlọ Sameria ghọrọ ụlọ akwụkwọ maka kọleji Packer. Aha ya n'aha JI Packer, kọleji bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà mmụta okpukpe gọọmentị nke ANiC. &lt;ref name=&quot;packer-opening&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Careless|first=Sue|title=Packer College to open in Fall 2022|url=https://anglican.ink/2021/11/21/packer-college-to-open-in-fall-2022/|accessdate=8 March 2023|work=Anglican Ink|date=November 21, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-enye ikike afọ atọ na nkà mmụta okpukpe mgbe nzere ya na-echere. N'inye ebe obibi, mmụta n'ime onwe onye, College Packer na-egosipụta ọdịnala Anglo-Katọlik, ozi ọma na nka dị n'ime ANiC. &lt;ref name=&quot;packer-opening&quot; /&gt; Ezigbo onye isi oche Sameria, Ven. Darrell Critch, bụ onye ụkọchukwu Packer College, na Prọfesọ College Packer David Smith bụ onye inyeaka nsọpụrụ na ezigbo onye Sameria. &lt;ref name=&quot;good-sam-clergy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our Team of Clergy|url=https://www.churchofthegoodsamaritan.ca/leadership|publisher=Anglican Church of the Good Samaritan|accessdate=8 March 2023|archivedate=8 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308173507/https://www.churchofthegoodsamaritan.ca/leadership}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edobere ụlọ ụka ahụ nsọ na kọleji nke Bishọp Charlie Masters hibere n'usoro mmemme nke Cross Holy na Septemba 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;consecration&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=SERVICE OF CONSECRATION FOR GOOD SAMARITAN|url=https://www.anglicannetwork.ca/news/2022/9/14/service-of-consecration-for-good-samaritan|publisher=Anglican Network in Canada|accessdate=8 March 2023|date=September 14, 2022|archivedate=8 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308173506/https://www.anglicannetwork.ca/news/2022/9/14/service-of-consecration-for-good-samaritan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ministri ==
Dị ka onye ọbịa nke Packer College, Ezi onye Sameria na-ekpe ekpere ụtụtụ kwa ụbọchị na ọrụ ọbụna abụ, yana oriri ụbọchị oriri Eucharist, n'oge oge ụlọ akwụkwọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;packer-chapel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Student Life|url=https://www.packercollege.ca/student-life|publisher=Packer College|accessdate=8 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime oke enweghị ebe obibi na St. John's, ezigbo onye Sameria na 2023 tụrụ aro ka obodo ahụ gbanwee mpaghara ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala iji kwe ka ojiji ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere ohere nke ịtụgharị akụkụ nke ụlọ ya na ala ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe nchekwa mberede nke akwa 40. &lt;ref name=&quot;cbc-homeless-shelter&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=N.L. government planning new 30-bed emergency shelter in St. John's|url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/n-l-government-planning-30-145728511.html|accessdate=8 March 2023|work=CBC News|date=February 2, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Septemba 27, 2023, ụka na gọọmentị mpaghara mara ọkwa na site na mmekorita nke NL Housing na Churchka Anglican nke Ezi Sameria, The Safe Haven Shelter ga-abụ ebe nchekwa mberede na ebe ikpo ọkụ ọhụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;homeless-shelter&quot; /&gt; Ebe nchekwa nchekwa nchekwa bụ ebe nchekwa mberede nke nwere akwa 40 yana ebe nchekwa mmadụ 30 ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ọnwa oyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;homeless-shelter&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Province Opens New Emergency Shelter in St. John’s|url=https://vocm.com/2023/09/27/province-opens-new-emergency-shelter/|accessdate=Sep 27, 2023|work=VOCM News|date=September 27, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
akwa 40. &lt;ref name=&quot;cbc-homeless-shelter2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=N.L. government planning new 30-bed emergency shelter in St. John's|url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/n-l-government-planning-30-145728511.html|accessdate=8 March 2023|work=CBC News|date=February 2, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Septemba 27, 2023, ụka na gọọmentị mpaghara mara ọkwa na site na mmekorita nke NL Housing na Churchka Anglican{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.churchofthegoodsamaritan.ca/ Weebụsaịtị Ụka nke Ezi ndị Sameria]</text>
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    <title>Kathy Goldman</title>
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[[Faịlụ:White House Champions of Change (20120906-OSEC-LSC-1831).jpg|thumb|200x200px|Kathy Goldman ]]

&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;/&gt;Catherine Vera Friedman (January 15, 1932 - Maachị 5, 2024) bụ onye ejindọrọ arọ America.  Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Community Food Resource Center, nke lekwasịrị anya n'inye nri nye ọtụtụ puku ndị bi na New York City na-achọ ego. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://state.nokidhungry.org/new-york/womens-history-month-honoring-kathy-goldman-agnes-molnar/|title=Women's History Month: Honoring Kathy Goldman &amp; Agnes Molnar|date=March 29, 2021|work=nokidhungry.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kathy Goldman|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/champions/strengthening-food-security/kathy-goldman|work=The White House|accessdate=10 March 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọrụ ya n'inyere aka ibelata agụụ na ndị ogbenye ụkọ na 1965. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi ụmụaka nke Community Food Resource Center (ugbu a nke Food Bank For New York City ) ruo 2003.

Goldman nwụrụ na Brooklyn na Machị 5, 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 92. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/10/nyregion/kathy-goldman-dead.html|title=Kathy Goldman, Who Fought Hunger in New York City, Dies at 92|first=Sam|author=Roberts|date=March 10, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://tv.cuny.edu/bio/kathy_goldman Kathy Goldman]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goldman, Kathy}}
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    <title>Khalil Bendib</title>
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      <text bytes="5251" sha1="sdqpwgdaisicdhcdzfnqgaizwfl20on" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Khalil Bendib in the video 'Al-Mutanabbi Street artist panel discusssion at the San Francisco Public Library'.png|thumb|Khalil Bendib ]]
'''Khalil Bendib''' (onye amụrụ na Paris, [[France]]) bụ Onye Algeria Amerika mara mma na-ese ihe nkiri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oweis2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Fayeq|author=Oweis|title=Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dEZC4g_j62gC&amp;pg=PA59|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-33730-7|pages=56–60}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mụrụ ya n'oge Mgbanwe ọchịchị Algeria, Bendib nọrọ afọ atọ na [[Morocco]] tupu ọ laghachi Algeria mgbe ọ dị afọ isii. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nzere bachelọ ya na Algiers, ọ hapụrụ [[Algeria]] mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụo. Ọ bi na Berkeley, California ugbu a.

Bendib ghọrọ onye na-ese ihe nkiri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-akpụ ihe / onye na-eme ihe nkiri mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nzere masta ya na Mahadum nke Southern California na 1982. E bipụtara ihe osise ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ USC Daily Trojan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wrmea.org/1994-june/california-chronicle-memorial-dedicated-to-slain-activist-alex-odeh.html|title=California Chronicle: Memorial Dedicated to Slain Activist Alex Odeh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1995, Bendib gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Gannett Newspapers (nke dị na ''San Bernardino Sun'').

N'iji ịntanetị mee ihe n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, Bendib na-ekesa ihe nkiri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya n'onwe ya na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa akụkọ. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2007, mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ọrụ eme juputara : ihe nkiri osise obi ojoo sitere na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Amerika a na achọ achọ, &lt;ref&gt;Kam Williams, [https://web.archive.org/web/20181026104243/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1338309811.html &quot;Satirical cartoonist Bendib a madman on a 'Mission'&quot;], ''[[Bay State Banner]]'', August 30, 2007 &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Julianne Ong Hing, [https://web.archive.org/web/20181026104310/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-173677746.html &quot;'America's most wanted'&quot; cartoonist], ''[[ColorLines]]'', January 1, 2008 &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-56656-691-9|title=Mission Accomplished: Wicked Cartoons by America's Most Wanted Political Cartoonist|author=|first=|date=July 2007|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=2019-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ ya gosipụtara site na Institute maka agụmakwụkwọ Policy &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ips-dc.org/ips-authors/khalil-bendib/|title=Khalil Bendib|author=|first=|date=|work=|accessdate=2019-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ya.

Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe nkiri, Bendib na-ejikọkwa mmemme redio otu awa kwa izu a na-akpọ Olu ndi etítì Owuwa anyanwu na Ndida Afrika na Pacifica Radio station KPFA (94.1 FM), na Berkeley, California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kpfa.org/voicesofthemiddleeast|title=Voices of the Middle East and North Africa : KPFA 94.1FM Berkeley|work=www.kpfa.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707212658/http://www.kpfa.org/voicesofthemiddleeast|archivedate=July 7, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-aga n'ihu na-egosipụta ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na arịa ya. [1]&lt;ref&gt;Elaine Pasquini, &quot;The Sands of Time&quot;: Sculptures and Ceramics of Khalil Bendib&quot;, [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]], July 31, 2001&lt;/ref&gt;[http://www.studiobendib.com]

N'afọ 2008, Bendib mere mkpọsa maka [[President of the United States|Onye isi ala nke United States]], na-azọrọ na ọ bụ onye mbụ Muslim-American. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Khalil|author=Bendib|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/09/10/EDSES1H2N.DTL|title=First Muslim American president?|publisher=SFGate|date=2007-09-10|accessdate=2013-08-17|archivedate=2009-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214205744/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/09/10/EDSES1H2N.DTL}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, [[Randall A. Venson]], onye na-azọ ọkwa, bu ya ụzọ n'afọ 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://politics1.com/indep2k.htm|title=Politics1: Presidency 2000 - the Independent Candidates|work=politics1.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516202218/http://politics1.com/indep2k.htm|archivedate=May 16, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=14777|title=Venson, Randall|author=|first=|date=|work=OurCampaigns.com|accessdate=2019-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ==

* Ọrụ a rụzuru: Ihe osise ọjọọ site na onye Amerika kacha achọ ihe nkiri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Olive Branch Press/Interlink Books, 2007
* ''Verax: Ezi Akụkọ nke ndị na-eme mkpesa, Agha Drone, na Nlekọta Ọchịchị: Akwụkwọ akụkọ eserese,'' (ya na Pratap Chatterjee) Akwụkwọ Metropolitan, 2017
* Ọ ghọrọ ihe dị mkpa ibibi mbara ala iji chekwaa ya! : Truly Subversive Editorial Cartoons, Plan 9 Publishing, 2003Atụmatụ 9 Mbipụta, 2003

== Ebe m si dee ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>James S. Watson</title>
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      <text bytes="6495" sha1="3myy47yqbjxiehjgdsivnct696repji" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:James watson image nypl.jpg|thumb|'''James watson''' ]]
'''James Samuel Watson''' (1882-1952) bụ otu n'ime [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Ndị isi ojii America]] abụọ mbụ a họpụtara dị ka onye ọka ikpe na steeti [[Nú Yọk|New York]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://alumni.nyls.edu/Document.Doc?id=16 |title=&quot;James S. Watson, Class of 1913&quot;, ''New York Law School Alumni Connections'', June 2007 |accessdate=2024-05-14 |archivedate=2010-07-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707015911/http://alumni.nyls.edu/Document.Doc?id=16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ James S. Watson na Spanish Town, [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]] na Mee 29, 1882. &lt;ref name=&quot;courts.state&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.courts.state.ny.us/history/pdf/Pioneer.pdf |title=''Pioneering African Americans in the Courts and the Legal Community Past and Present'', p. 21. |accessdate=2024-05-14 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224100/http://www.courts.state.ny.us/history/pdf/Pioneer.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya, James Michael Watson, bụ Sergeant na Jamaica Constabulary Force ma mesịa rụọ ọrụ maka Jamaica Government Railway dị ka onye nduzi na onye isi oche.&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://jamaicanhistorymonth2007.moonfruit.com/#/james-s-watson/4520858139|title=Profile from Jamaican History Month 2007|accessdate=2010-08-26|archivedate=2019-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101025015/http://jamaicanhistorymonth2007.moonfruit.com/#/james-s-watson/4520858139}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aha nne ya bụ Elizabeth Jones Watson . [2] Mgbe ọ gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị na Spanish Town, James S. Watson rụrụ ọrụ dị icheiche na mpaghara ọwụwa ndọrọ ọchịchị ọrụ ka onye na-edebe akwụkwọ, onye na-akwụ ụgwọ, na onye isi odeakwụkwọ na họtel dị na Constant Spring, Jamaica.[2]&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url&quot; /&gt;

Na June 1905, Watson kwagara New York City. N'ebe ahụ, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mgbede na Harlem, ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọrịtandrị na 1910. N'afọ 1908, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke House, Grossman na Vorhaus, nke dị na 115 Broadway, dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ. Site nzọụkwụ ụtọ na nsusu na mpaghara okpomọkụ ọdịda anyanwụ n'ala nke ekwere Afrịka soto na mpaghara na 1910 ruo 1913, Watson gara klas abalị na City College of New York na New York Law School, ebe ọ natara LL.B. na 1913. Ọ ghọrọ Nwa amaala United States na July 3, 1913. &lt;ref name=&quot;courts.state&quot;/&gt; A nabatara ya na ọkàiwu nke New York n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1914 ma n'ọnwokwa na-esote a nabatara ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'ihu Ụlọikpe Mpaghara United States maka Southern District nke New York. Watson nọgidere na House, Grossman na Vorhaus, ugbu a dị ka onye ọka iwu ruo 1920, na-aghọ onye isi nke Ngalaba Corporate na Iwu Ụtụ Isi ha.

N'afọ 1920, Watson na ndị ọka iwu ojii abụọ ọzọ, S. T. Christian ma nwéré ogologo nke ọbọdọ na mpaghara ọwụwa J. E. Stevens guzobere ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke ha, ebe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ iwu ruo n'afọ 1930. N'afọ 1922, ọ ghọrọ Onye ndụmọdụ ụlọ ọrụ pụrụ iche na New York City na ngalaba ụtụ isi pụrụ iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot;/&gt; Ọ nọchitekwara anya [[Marcus Garvey]] n'afọ ndị 1920. [1]&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot; /&gt;

Watson gbara ọsọ maka onye ọka ikpe obodo na 1930 ma, ya na Charles E. Toney, nke a họpụtara n'afọ ahụ, si otú a ghọọ otu n'ime ndị ọka ikpe ojii abụọ mbụ na steeti New York. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka ikpe ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1950. &lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot;/&gt; Ọ chere mkpọsa nhọpụta siri ike ihu na 1940 mgbe Tammany Hall jụrụ Watson ọnọdụ nke onye ọchịchị agaghị ahapụ na nwoke idina na nwaanyị ọzọ metụtara ọrụ pụrụ ntakịrị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Democratic n'agbanyeghị na Association of the Bar of the City of New York kwadoro Watson.[1] Tammany Hall mechara gbanwee obi ya ma nye Watson nhọpụta ahụ ma merie nhọpụta ọzọ site na ọnụọgụ nke itoolu na otu.[1] N'afọ 1943, Watson bụ onye Africa America mbụ ghọrọ onye otu ọhụrụ nke American Bar Association kemgbe afọ 1912. [1]&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot; /&gt;

Watson lara ezumike nká n'oche n'afọ 1950, ọ ghọrọ onye isi óche na mpaghara okpomọkụ yana akụkụ ọzara nke Kọmitii Ọrụ Obodo. Ọ nọ n'ọkwa a ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1952. &lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot;/&gt; Ihe karịrị mmadụ 3,000 bịara olili ozu ya, gụnyere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ ọ bụla dị elu.[1] Vincent R. Impellitteri, Onye isi obodo New York City, bụ otu n'ime ndị bu ozu ya n'ememe olili ozu ya.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot; /&gt;

== Ezinụlọ ==
Watson lụrụ onye Jamaica American ibe ya, Violet Lopez, na New Haven, Connecticut na 1917. &lt;ref name=&quot;courts.state&quot;/&gt; Ya na Mary McLeod, Violet Lopez Watson bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere National Council of Negro Women . &lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot;/&gt;

* Barbara M. Watson (1918-1983), onye bụ onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ nke mba Afrịka mbụ na onye jere ozi dị ka Onye nnọchi anya United States na Malaysia &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Barbara M. Watson is Dead; Former U.S. Diplomat was 64&quot;, New York Times, Feb. 18, 1983&lt;/ref&gt;
* James Lopez Watson (1922-2001), onye ghọrọ onye ọka ikpe nke United States Court of International TradeỤlọikpe Azụmaahịa Mba Nile nke United States
* [[Douglas C. Watson]] (d. 1993), onye injinia na-emepụta ihe nke nyere aka mepụta Republic F-105 Thunderchief na Republic F-84 Thunderjet &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/03/obituaries/douglas-c-watson-design-engineer-73-in-military-aviation.html Dennis Hevesi, &quot;Douglas C. Watson, Design Engineer, 73, In Military Aviation&quot;, ''New York Times'', June 3, 1993]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Grace Elizabeth Watson]] (b. 1924) -O jere ozi na Ngalaba Mmụta Ahụike na Ahụike

James na Violet Watson nwekwara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanne na ụmụ nwanne, gụnyere:

* J. Bruce Llewellyn (1927-2010), onye ọchụnta ego a ma ama &lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot;/&gt;
* Colin Powell (b. 1937), onye Africa America mbụ ghọrọ Odeakwụkwọ nke United States [1]&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot; /&gt;

* Ndepụta nke ndị ọka iwu na ndị ọkàikpe mbụ na New York

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Boli (fetish)</title>
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      <text bytes="4538" sha1="slrdspdnvycnnl7oci8b5qj05sfuamx" xml:space="preserve">A boli (ọtụtụ: boliw ) bụ fetish nke Bambara ma ọ bụ Malinké nke Mal
[[Usòrò:Boli_quai_Branly_musée.jpg|thumb| Boli, musée du Quai Branly]]

== Ojiji na omenala ==
Boli nwere ike ịbụ zoomorphic (karịsịa buffalo ma ọ bụ zebu) ma ọ bụ egwuregwu mgbe ụfọdụ anthropomorphic .  Ndị bi na Mali bụ ndị na-eme ihe a na-akpọ òtù bamanaya, ya bụ, ndị na-etinye aka n'àjà nke ụmụ anụmanụ na boliw na ndị na-e agha okwu na ndụ mgbe a nwụsịrị site na ndị na-  agba mmasị na-ekwu na ha bụ Bamana &lt;ref&gt;Jean-Paul Colleyn, ''Images, signes, fétiches. À propos de l’art bamana (Mali)''
&lt;/ref&gt;

N'okpukpe Mandingo, ''boli'' bụ ihe a na-ekwu &quot;ebubo&quot;, ya bụ na site na anwansi ya, ọ na-enwe ike ịrụzu ihe ndị pụrụ iche, dị ka igbu mmadụ, ịkọ ọdịnihu, iji nweta mmadụ, wdg. boli, nke nwekwara ike mebere mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ placenta, ụrọ, anụ ahụ, akpụkpọ, wdg, bụ n'onwe ya akara nke placenta. &lt;ref&gt;Youssouf Cissé, ''The Dwarfs and the origin of the Hunting boli of the Malinke (Mali)'' &lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ewere ya dị ka ihe dị ndụ ma nwee n'ime ya isi nke nwere ike ịbụ nkume, ígwè ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ. Nucleus a ma ọ bụ &quot;ọka&quot; na-anọchi anya ike dị mkpa. Ka ọbara ''boli'' ga-enweta, otú ahụ ka a ga-esi 'ebubo' ya na ''nyama'' (ike dị mkpa). &lt;ref&gt;Youssouf Cissé, ''La confrérie des chasseurs Malinké et Bambara: mythes, rites et récits initiatiques'', Editions Nouvelles du Sud, 1994&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izu konos ==
N'akwụkwọ ya &quot;L'Afrique fantôme&quot; (The Phantom Africa), ọkà mmụta ndị bụ Michel Leiris na-akọ njem njem ya n'etiti Africa, site na-ama egwuregwu ruo n'ebe ọmụmụ, n'etiti 1931 na  1933. Ndị ọkà mkparị iri na abụọ n'okpuru nduzi nke Marcel Griaule mebere njem a aha ya bụ ozi Dakar-Djibouti.  Ebumnobi ya bụ ethnographic na àgwà na-agafe n'ụzọ bụ isi nke datakọta, n'aha nke Trocadéro Museum, ihe nke omenala Africa tupu colonialism ebibie ya.  Leiris na- LED n'akwụkwọ ndetu ya ụzọ ndị na-adịghị mma e ji eme ihe ndị a na-achọsi ike.  Otu n'ime ihe nkiri a ma ama bụ izu ohi nke konos .  N'iji ndị, nhịahụ, nhụsianya na egwu nke mmegwara sitere n'aka ụmụaka colonial, na-enye ọrụ na-akpa ọchị na mgbe ụfọdụ na-ezu ohi ozi, ndị ọkà ethnologists na-ejide ọtụtụ konos site na ụfọdụ obodo.  Bambara, nokpuru egwu na-eju anya nke ndi bi na ya.  Izu ohi ndị a na-aghọ ihe omume dị oke egwu n'anya ndị Bambaras na n'okwu nke Leiris, m &quot;ịkwata ihe&quot; na &quot;oke&quot;.  Ọ na-eme onwe ya na ndị otu ya dị ka &quot;ndị eze ike ma ọ bụ ndị dị ike na ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Etiembre|first=Yvan|title=L'Homme qui déroba le kono en poursuivant un rêve d'Afrique. Michel Leiris.|url=https://agoras.typepad.fr/regard_eloigne/2008/04/lhomme-qui-dero.html|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=agoras.typepad.fr|archivedate=2023-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027162854/https://agoras.typepad.fr/regard_eloigne/2008/04/lhomme-qui-dero.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Leiris|first=Michel|title=L' Afrique fantôme|date=2008|publisher=Gallimard|isbn=978-2-07-071188-8|edition=Nachdr.|series=Collection Tel|location=Paris}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ga- መሪ konos ndị a na-aga n'ihu na ebe ngosi nka nke Trocadéro, na Museum of Mankind, na Neuchâtel ethnography museum, n'etiti &quot;otu ihe ihe osise nke Museum of Mankind&quot; na New York Museum nakwa na Quai  Branly enyo nka &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Etiembre|first=Yvan|title=L'Homme qui déroba le kono en poursuivant un rêve d'Afrique. Michel Leiris.|url=https://agoras.typepad.fr/regard_eloigne/2008/04/lhomme-qui-dero.html|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=agoras.typepad.fr|archivedate=2023-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027162854/https://agoras.typepad.fr/regard_eloigne/2008/04/lhomme-qui-dero.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEtiembre&quot;&gt;Etiembre, Yvan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240522220558/https://agoras.typepad.fr/regard_eloigne/2008/04/lhomme-qui-dero.html &quot;L'Homme qui déroba le kono en poursuivant un rêve d'Afrique. Michel Leiris&quot;]. ''agoras.typepad.fr''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ==

* Graham Harvey, ''Akwụkwọ Handbook of Contemporary Animism'', 2014, p.233.</text>
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    <title>Morris Blackburn</title>
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Morris Atkinson Blackburn (1902-1979) bụ onye na-ebi akwụkwọ, onye na-ese foto, na onye nkuzi .  A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke ike silkscreen . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Woodmere Art Museum: Morris Blackburn|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/explore-online/collection/artist/morris-blackburn|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=woodmereartmuseum.org|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọrụ Blackburn dị na nchịkọta nke Smithsonian American Art Museum, National Gallery of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, British Museum, na Philadelphia Museum of Art .  [1] [2] [3] [4] Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na-ejide akwụkwọ ya.

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Blackburn na Philadelphia na 1902. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Woodmere Art Museum: Morris Blackburn|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/explore-online/collection/artist/morris-blackburn|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=woodmereartmuseum.org|language=en-gb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://woodmereartmuseum.org/explore-online/collection/artist/morris-blackburn &quot;Woodmere Art Museum: Morris Blackburn&quot;]. ''woodmereartmuseum.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ Masesi ihe osise ụlọ na Philadelphia Trade School na 1918 mgbe nke ahụ ihu ọ bụ ọrụ na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri Hog Island  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Collections Online {{!}} British Museum {{!}} Morris Blackburn|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG19771|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.britishmuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Blackburn ike nka na Graphic Sketch Club, ugbu a Samuel S. Fleisher Art Memorial, na 1922. Ọ gara Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts site na 1925 ruo 1929. [1] [2] Mgbe ọ nọ na PAFA, ọ ọrụ ọrụ n  'okpuru Arthur Carles, n'okpuru Henry McCarter, na ịbịaru n'okpuru Daniel Garber .

== Ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:Rock_and_Anchor_Morris_Blackburn_1961.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| ''Nkume na Anchor'' nke Morris Blackburn]]

=== Ọrụ nka ===
Blackburn bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ihe nkiri nke Philadelphia, New Jersey, na Taos, New Mexico . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ onye mbụ nabatara usoro silkscreen ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=Morris Blackburn Exhibit in the CVA Gallery - Brookdale Community College|url=https://www.brookdalecc.edu/morris-blackburn-exhibit-in-the-cva-gallery/|accessdate=2023-02-10|work=www.brookdalecc.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.brookdalecc.edu/morris-blackburn-exhibit-in-the-cva-gallery/ &quot;Morris Blackburn Exhibit in the CVA Gallery - Brookdale Community College&quot;]. ''www.brookdalecc.edu''. 2020-07-01&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Blackburn nkwado abụọ maka ụtụtụ Ọganihu Ọrụ na-ahụ maka Art Project na etiti 1930s.  Ihe osise ahụ dị na Mastbaum Vocational Schoo l na Haverford High School. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ nkuzi ===
Blackburn nkuzi na Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art, ugbu a Mahadum nke Arts, na 1932.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Def qs ahọpụtari n'akwụkwọ nka dị iche, ndị Tyler School of Art, site na 1948 ruo 1952 wee sonye na ngalaba nke Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts na 1952

== Nchịkọta ==
A na-edobe ọrụ Blackburn n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka:

* Smithsonian American Art Museum &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morris Blackburn {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/morris-blackburn-436|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=americanart.si.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke mba &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artist Info: Morris Blackburn|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.3535.html|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.nga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke obodo ukwu &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Costume Figure No. 2: 1939. Morris Atkinson Blackburn American|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/428809|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.metmuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Britain &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Collections Online {{!}} British Museum {{!}} Morris Blackburn|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG19771|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.britishmuseum.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG19771 &quot;Collections Online | British Museum | Morris Blackburn&quot;]. ''www.britishmuseum.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Blackburn|first=Morris|title=Non-Objective|url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/61367|accessdate=2023-02-10|work=philamuseum.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==
''Philadelphia: narị afọ atọ nke Art American'', (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1976), p.&amp;nbsp;584–86.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/collection/p15037coll17/id/596/ Foto site na ọba akwụkwọ mahadum Temple: Humbert Howard na Morris Blackburn, Lois Mailou Jones, na Jacob Lawrence na ihe ngosi nka nke Pyramid Club, 1957.]
* [https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf Akwụkwọ Morris Blackburn] na Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Archives</text>
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Morris Atkinson Blackburn (1902-1979) bụ onye na-ebi akwụkwọ, onye na-ese foto, na onye nkuzi .  A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke ike silkscreen . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Woodmere Art Museum: Morris Blackburn|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/explore-online/collection/artist/morris-blackburn|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=woodmereartmuseum.org|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọrụ Blackburn dị na nchịkọta nke Smithsonian American Art Museum, National Gallery of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, British Museum, na Philadelphia Museum of Art .  [1] [2] [3] [4] Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na-ejide akwụkwọ ya.

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Blackburn na Philadelphia na 1902. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Woodmere Art Museum: Morris Blackburn|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/explore-online/collection/artist/morris-blackburn|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=woodmereartmuseum.org|language=en-gb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://woodmereartmuseum.org/explore-online/collection/artist/morris-blackburn &quot;Woodmere Art Museum: Morris Blackburn&quot;]. ''woodmereartmuseum.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ Masesi ihe osise ụlọ na Philadelphia Trade School na 1918 mgbe nke ahụ ihu ọ bụ ọrụ na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri Hog Island  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Blackburn ike nka na Graphic Sketch Club, ugbu a Samuel S. Fleisher Art Memorial, na 1922. Ọ gara Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts site na 1925 ruo 1929. [1] [2] Mgbe ọ nọ na PAFA, ọ ọrụ ọrụ n  'okpuru Arthur Carles, n'okpuru Henry McCarter, na ịbịaru n'okpuru Daniel Garber .

== Ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:Rock_and_Anchor_Morris_Blackburn_1961.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| ''Nkume na Anchor'' nke Morris Blackburn]]

=== Ọrụ nka ===
Blackburn bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ihe nkiri nke Philadelphia, New Jersey, na Taos, New Mexico . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ onye mbụ nabatara usoro silkscreen ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=Morris Blackburn Exhibit in the CVA Gallery - Brookdale Community College|url=https://www.brookdalecc.edu/morris-blackburn-exhibit-in-the-cva-gallery/|accessdate=2023-02-10|work=www.brookdalecc.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.brookdalecc.edu/morris-blackburn-exhibit-in-the-cva-gallery/ &quot;Morris Blackburn Exhibit in the CVA Gallery - Brookdale Community College&quot;]. ''www.brookdalecc.edu''. 2020-07-01&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Blackburn nkwado abụọ maka ụtụtụ Ọganihu Ọrụ na-ahụ maka Art Project na etiti 1930s.  Ihe osise ahụ dị na Mastbaum Vocational Schoo l na Haverford High School. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ nkuzi ===
Blackburn nkuzi na Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art, ugbu a Mahadum nke Arts, na 1932.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Def qs ahọpụtari n'akwụkwọ nka dị iche, ndị Tyler School of Art, site na 1948 ruo 1952 wee sonye na ngalaba nke Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts na 1952

== Nchịkọta ==
A na-edobe ọrụ Blackburn n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka:

* Smithsonian American Art Museum &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morris Blackburn {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/morris-blackburn-436|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=americanart.si.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke mba &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artist Info: Morris Blackburn|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.3535.html|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.nga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke obodo ukwu &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Costume Figure No. 2: 1939. Morris Atkinson Blackburn American|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/428809|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.metmuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Britain &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Collections Online {{!}} British Museum {{!}} Morris Blackburn|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG19771|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.britishmuseum.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG19771 &quot;Collections Online | British Museum | Morris Blackburn&quot;]. ''www.britishmuseum.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Blackburn|first=Morris|title=Non-Objective|url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/61367|accessdate=2023-02-10|work=philamuseum.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==
''Philadelphia: narị afọ atọ nke Art American'', (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1976), p.&amp;nbsp;584–86.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/collection/p15037coll17/id/596/ Foto site na ọba akwụkwọ mahadum Temple: Humbert Howard na Morris Blackburn, Lois Mailou Jones, na Jacob Lawrence na ihe ngosi nka nke Pyramid Club, 1957.]
* [https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf Akwụkwọ Morris Blackburn] na Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Archives</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>674029</id>
      <parentid>674028</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T11:49:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sayvhior</username>
        <id>13464</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ */ fixed reference errors</comment>
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Morris Atkinson Blackburn (1902-1979) bụ onye na-ebi akwụkwọ, onye na-ese foto, na onye nkuzi .  A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke ike silkscreen . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Woodmere Art Museum: Morris Blackburn|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/explore-online/collection/artist/morris-blackburn|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=woodmereartmuseum.org|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọrụ Blackburn dị na nchịkọta nke Smithsonian American Art Museum, National Gallery of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, British Museum, na Philadelphia Museum of Art .  [1] [2] [3] [4] Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na-ejide akwụkwọ ya.

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Blackburn na Philadelphia na 1902. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
Ọ Masesi ihe osise ụlọ na Philadelphia Trade School na 1918 mgbe nke ahụ ihu ọ bụ ọrụ na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri Hog Island  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Blackburn ike nka na Graphic Sketch Club, ugbu a Samuel S. Fleisher Art Memorial, na 1922. Ọ gara Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts site na 1925 ruo 1929. [1] [2] Mgbe ọ nọ na PAFA, ọ ọrụ ọrụ n  'okpuru Arthur Carles, n'okpuru Henry McCarter, na ịbịaru n'okpuru Daniel Garber .

== Ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:Rock_and_Anchor_Morris_Blackburn_1961.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| ''Nkume na Anchor'' nke Morris Blackburn]]

=== Ọrụ nka ===
Blackburn bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ihe nkiri nke Philadelphia, New Jersey, na Taos, New Mexico . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ onye mbụ nabatara usoro silkscreen ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=Morris Blackburn Exhibit in the CVA Gallery - Brookdale Community College|url=https://www.brookdalecc.edu/morris-blackburn-exhibit-in-the-cva-gallery/|accessdate=2023-02-10|work=www.brookdalecc.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.brookdalecc.edu/morris-blackburn-exhibit-in-the-cva-gallery/ &quot;Morris Blackburn Exhibit in the CVA Gallery - Brookdale Community College&quot;]. ''www.brookdalecc.edu''. 2020-07-01&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Blackburn nkwado abụọ maka ụtụtụ Ọganihu Ọrụ na-ahụ maka Art Project na etiti 1930s.  Ihe osise ahụ dị na Mastbaum Vocational Schoo l na Haverford High School. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ nkuzi ===
Blackburn nkuzi na Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art, ugbu a Mahadum nke Arts, na 1932.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Def qs ahọpụtari n'akwụkwọ nka dị iche, ndị Tyler School of Art, site na 1948 ruo 1952 wee sonye na ngalaba nke Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts na 1952

== Nchịkọta ==
A na-edobe ọrụ Blackburn n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka:

* Smithsonian American Art Museum &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morris Blackburn {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/morris-blackburn-436|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=americanart.si.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke mba &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artist Info: Morris Blackburn|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.3535.html|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.nga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke obodo ukwu &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Costume Figure No. 2: 1939. Morris Atkinson Blackburn American|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/428809|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.metmuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Britain &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Collections Online {{!}} British Museum {{!}} Morris Blackburn|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG19771|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.britishmuseum.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG19771 &quot;Collections Online | British Museum | Morris Blackburn&quot;]. ''www.britishmuseum.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Blackburn|first=Morris|title=Non-Objective|url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/61367|accessdate=2023-02-10|work=philamuseum.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==
''Philadelphia: narị afọ atọ nke Art American'', (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1976), p.&amp;nbsp;584–86.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/collection/p15037coll17/id/596/ Foto site na ọba akwụkwọ mahadum Temple: Humbert Howard na Morris Blackburn, Lois Mailou Jones, na Jacob Lawrence na ihe ngosi nka nke Pyramid Club, 1957.]
* [https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf Akwụkwọ Morris Blackburn] na Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Archives</text>
      <sha1>saugu3iritl5dqg3sbuce5xate3od8s</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>674030</id>
      <parentid>674029</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T11:50:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sayvhior</username>
        <id>13464</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ */ fixed reference errors</comment>
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Morris Atkinson Blackburn (1902-1979) bụ onye na-ebi akwụkwọ, onye na-ese foto, na onye nkuzi .  A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke ike silkscreen . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Woodmere Art Museum: Morris Blackburn|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/explore-online/collection/artist/morris-blackburn|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=woodmereartmuseum.org|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọrụ Blackburn dị na nchịkọta nke Smithsonian American Art Museum, National Gallery of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, British Museum, na Philadelphia Museum of Art .  [1] [2] [3] [4] Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na-ejide akwụkwọ ya.

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Blackburn na Philadelphia na 1902. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
Ọ Masesi ihe osise ụlọ na Philadelphia Trade School na 1918 mgbe nke ahụ ihu ọ bụ ọrụ na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri Hog Island  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Blackburn ike nka na Graphic Sketch Club, ugbu a Samuel S. Fleisher Art Memorial, na 1922. Ọ gara Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts site na 1925 ruo 1929. [1] [2] Mgbe ọ nọ na PAFA, ọ ọrụ ọrụ n  'okpuru Arthur Carles, n'okpuru Henry McCarter, na ịbịaru n'okpuru Daniel Garber .

== Ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:Rock_and_Anchor_Morris_Blackburn_1961.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| ''Nkume na Anchor'' nke Morris Blackburn]]

=== Ọrụ nka ===
Blackburn bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ihe nkiri nke Philadelphia, New Jersey, na Taos, New Mexico . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ onye mbụ nabatara usoro silkscreen ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=Morris Blackburn Exhibit in the CVA Gallery - Brookdale Community College|url=https://www.brookdalecc.edu/morris-blackburn-exhibit-in-the-cva-gallery/|accessdate=2023-02-10|work=www.brookdalecc.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.brookdalecc.edu/morris-blackburn-exhibit-in-the-cva-gallery/ &quot;Morris Blackburn Exhibit in the CVA Gallery - Brookdale Community College&quot;]. ''www.brookdalecc.edu''. 2020-07-01&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Blackburn nkwado abụọ maka ụtụtụ Ọganihu Ọrụ na-ahụ maka Art Project na etiti 1930s.  Ihe osise ahụ dị na Mastbaum Vocational Schoo l na Haverford High School. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ nkuzi ===
Blackburn nkuzi na Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art, ugbu a Mahadum nke Arts, na 1932.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Def qs ahọpụtari n'akwụkwọ nka dị iche, ndị Tyler School of Art, site na 1948 ruo 1952 wee sonye na ngalaba nke Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts na 1952

== Nchịkọta ==
A na-edobe ọrụ Blackburn n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka:

* Smithsonian American Art Museum &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morris Blackburn {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/morris-blackburn-436|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=americanart.si.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke mba &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artist Info: Morris Blackburn|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.3535.html|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.nga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke obodo ukwu &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Costume Figure No. 2: 1939. Morris Atkinson Blackburn American|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/428809|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.metmuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Britain &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Collections Online {{!}} British Museum {{!}} Morris Blackburn|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG19771|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.britishmuseum.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG19771 &quot;Collections Online | British Museum | Morris Blackburn&quot;]. ''www.britishmuseum.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Blackburn|first=Morris|title=Non-Objective|url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/61367|accessdate=2023-02-10|work=philamuseum.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==
''Philadelphia: narị afọ atọ nke Art American'', (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1976), p.&amp;nbsp;584–86.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/collection/p15037coll17/id/596/ Foto site na ọba akwụkwọ mahadum Temple: Humbert Howard na Morris Blackburn, Lois Mailou Jones, na Jacob Lawrence na ihe ngosi nka nke Pyramid Club, 1957.]
* [https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf Akwụkwọ Morris Blackburn] na Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Archives</text>
      <sha1>45y8ki1ekm3i4dw0xfbfbm5l7sylz0e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>674031</id>
      <parentid>674030</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T11:51:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sayvhior</username>
        <id>13464</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ọrụ nka */ fixed reference errors</comment>
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Morris Atkinson Blackburn (1902-1979) bụ onye na-ebi akwụkwọ, onye na-ese foto, na onye nkuzi .  A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke ike silkscreen . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Woodmere Art Museum: Morris Blackburn|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/explore-online/collection/artist/morris-blackburn|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=woodmereartmuseum.org|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọrụ Blackburn dị na nchịkọta nke Smithsonian American Art Museum, National Gallery of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, British Museum, na Philadelphia Museum of Art .  [1] [2] [3] [4] Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na-ejide akwụkwọ ya.

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Blackburn na Philadelphia na 1902. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
Ọ Masesi ihe osise ụlọ na Philadelphia Trade School na 1918 mgbe nke ahụ ihu ọ bụ ọrụ na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri Hog Island  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Blackburn ike nka na Graphic Sketch Club, ugbu a Samuel S. Fleisher Art Memorial, na 1922. Ọ gara Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts site na 1925 ruo 1929. [1] [2] Mgbe ọ nọ na PAFA, ọ ọrụ ọrụ n  'okpuru Arthur Carles, n'okpuru Henry McCarter, na ịbịaru n'okpuru Daniel Garber .

== Ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:Rock_and_Anchor_Morris_Blackburn_1961.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| ''Nkume na Anchor'' nke Morris Blackburn]]

=== Ọrụ nka ===
Blackburn bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ihe nkiri nke Philadelphia, New Jersey, na Taos, New Mexico . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ onye mbụ nabatara usoro silkscreen ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=Morris Blackburn Exhibit in the CVA Gallery - Brookdale Community College|url=https://www.brookdalecc.edu/morris-blackburn-exhibit-in-the-cva-gallery/|accessdate=2023-02-10|work=www.brookdalecc.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.brookdalecc.edu/morris-blackburn-exhibit-in-the-cva-gallery/ &quot;Morris Blackburn Exhibit in the CVA Gallery - Brookdale Community College&quot;]. ''www.brookdalecc.edu''. 2020-07-01&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Blackburn nkwado abụọ maka ụtụtụ Ọganihu Ọrụ na-ahụ maka Art Project na etiti 1930s.  Ihe osise ahụ dị na Mastbaum Vocational Schoo l na Haverford High School. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọrụ nkuzi ===
Blackburn nkuzi na Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art, ugbu a Mahadum nke Arts, na 1932.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Def qs ahọpụtari n'akwụkwọ nka dị iche, ndị Tyler School of Art, site na 1948 ruo 1952 wee sonye na ngalaba nke Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts na 1952

== Nchịkọta ==
A na-edobe ọrụ Blackburn n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka:

* Smithsonian American Art Museum &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morris Blackburn {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/morris-blackburn-436|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=americanart.si.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke mba &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artist Info: Morris Blackburn|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.3535.html|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.nga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke obodo ukwu &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Costume Figure No. 2: 1939. Morris Atkinson Blackburn American|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/428809|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.metmuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Britain &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Collections Online {{!}} British Museum {{!}} Morris Blackburn|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG19771|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.britishmuseum.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG19771 &quot;Collections Online | British Museum | Morris Blackburn&quot;]. ''www.britishmuseum.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Blackburn|first=Morris|title=Non-Objective|url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/61367|accessdate=2023-02-10|work=philamuseum.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==
''Philadelphia: narị afọ atọ nke Art American'', (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1976), p.&amp;nbsp;584–86.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/collection/p15037coll17/id/596/ Foto site na ọba akwụkwọ mahadum Temple: Humbert Howard na Morris Blackburn, Lois Mailou Jones, na Jacob Lawrence na ihe ngosi nka nke Pyramid Club, 1957.]
* [https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf Akwụkwọ Morris Blackburn] na Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Archives</text>
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      <id>674032</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-08T11:52:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sayvhior</username>
        <id>13464</id>
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      <comment>/* Ọrụ nkuzi */ fixed reference errors</comment>
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Morris Atkinson Blackburn (1902-1979) bụ onye na-ebi akwụkwọ, onye na-ese foto, na onye nkuzi .  A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke ike silkscreen . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Woodmere Art Museum: Morris Blackburn|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/explore-online/collection/artist/morris-blackburn|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=woodmereartmuseum.org|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọrụ Blackburn dị na nchịkọta nke Smithsonian American Art Museum, National Gallery of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, British Museum, na Philadelphia Museum of Art .  [1] [2] [3] [4] Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na-ejide akwụkwọ ya.

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Blackburn na Philadelphia na 1902. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
Ọ Masesi ihe osise ụlọ na Philadelphia Trade School na 1918 mgbe nke ahụ ihu ọ bụ ọrụ na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri Hog Island  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Blackburn ike nka na Graphic Sketch Club, ugbu a Samuel S. Fleisher Art Memorial, na 1922. Ọ gara Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts site na 1925 ruo 1929. [1] [2] Mgbe ọ nọ na PAFA, ọ ọrụ ọrụ n  'okpuru Arthur Carles, n'okpuru Henry McCarter, na ịbịaru n'okpuru Daniel Garber .

== Ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:Rock_and_Anchor_Morris_Blackburn_1961.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| ''Nkume na Anchor'' nke Morris Blackburn]]

=== Ọrụ nka ===
Blackburn bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ihe nkiri nke Philadelphia, New Jersey, na Taos, New Mexico . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ onye mbụ nabatara usoro silkscreen ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=Morris Blackburn Exhibit in the CVA Gallery - Brookdale Community College|url=https://www.brookdalecc.edu/morris-blackburn-exhibit-in-the-cva-gallery/|accessdate=2023-02-10|work=www.brookdalecc.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.brookdalecc.edu/morris-blackburn-exhibit-in-the-cva-gallery/ &quot;Morris Blackburn Exhibit in the CVA Gallery - Brookdale Community College&quot;]. ''www.brookdalecc.edu''. 2020-07-01&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Blackburn nkwado abụọ maka ụtụtụ Ọganihu Ọrụ na-ahụ maka Art Project na etiti 1930s.  Ihe osise ahụ dị na Mastbaum Vocational Schoo l na Haverford High School. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọrụ nkuzi ===
Blackburn nkuzi na Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art, ugbu a Mahadum nke Arts, na 1932.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf &quot;Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. August 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Def qs ahọpụtari n'akwụkwọ nka dị iche, ndị Tyler School of Art, site na 1948 ruo 1952 wee sonye na ngalaba nke Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts na 1952

== Nchịkọta ==
A na-edobe ọrụ Blackburn n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka:

* Smithsonian American Art Museum &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morris Blackburn {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/morris-blackburn-436|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=americanart.si.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke mba &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artist Info: Morris Blackburn|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.3535.html|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.nga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke obodo ukwu &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Costume Figure No. 2: 1939. Morris Atkinson Blackburn American|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/428809|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.metmuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Britain &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Collections Online {{!}} British Museum {{!}} Morris Blackburn|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG19771|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.britishmuseum.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG19771 &quot;Collections Online | British Museum | Morris Blackburn&quot;]. ''www.britishmuseum.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Blackburn|first=Morris|title=Non-Objective|url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/61367|accessdate=2023-02-10|work=philamuseum.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==
''Philadelphia: narị afọ atọ nke Art American'', (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1976), p.&amp;nbsp;584–86.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/collection/p15037coll17/id/596/ Foto site na ọba akwụkwọ mahadum Temple: Humbert Howard na Morris Blackburn, Lois Mailou Jones, na Jacob Lawrence na ihe ngosi nka nke Pyramid Club, 1957.]
* [https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf Akwụkwọ Morris Blackburn] na Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Archives</text>
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        <username>Sayvhior</username>
        <id>13464</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fixed reference errors /* Ọrụ nkuzi */</comment>
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Morris Atkinson Blackburn (1902-1979) bụ onye na-ebi akwụkwọ, onye na-ese foto, na onye nkuzi .  A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke ike silkscreen . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Woodmere Art Museum: Morris Blackburn|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/explore-online/collection/artist/morris-blackburn|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=woodmereartmuseum.org|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 2016|title=Morris Blackburn papers finding aid: PAFA|url=https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọrụ Blackburn dị na nchịkọta nke Smithsonian American Art Museum, National Gallery of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, British Museum, na Philadelphia Museum of Art .  [1] [2] [3] [4] Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na-ejide akwụkwọ ya.

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Blackburn na Philadelphia na 1902. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
Ọ Masesi ihe osise ụlọ na Philadelphia Trade School na 1918 mgbe nke ahụ ihu ọ bụ ọrụ na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri Hog Island  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Blackburn ike nka na Graphic Sketch Club, ugbu a Samuel S. Fleisher Art Memorial, na 1922. Ọ gara Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts site na 1925 ruo 1929. [1] [2] Mgbe ọ nọ na PAFA, ọ ọrụ ọrụ n  'okpuru Arthur Carles, n'okpuru Henry McCarter, na ịbịaru n'okpuru Daniel Garber .

== Ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:Rock_and_Anchor_Morris_Blackburn_1961.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| ''Nkume na Anchor'' nke Morris Blackburn]]

=== Ọrụ nka ===
Blackburn bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ihe nkiri nke Philadelphia, New Jersey, na Taos, New Mexico . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ onye mbụ nabatara usoro silkscreen ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=Morris Blackburn Exhibit in the CVA Gallery - Brookdale Community College|url=https://www.brookdalecc.edu/morris-blackburn-exhibit-in-the-cva-gallery/|accessdate=2023-02-10|work=www.brookdalecc.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.brookdalecc.edu/morris-blackburn-exhibit-in-the-cva-gallery/ &quot;Morris Blackburn Exhibit in the CVA Gallery - Brookdale Community College&quot;]. ''www.brookdalecc.edu''. 2020-07-01&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Blackburn nkwado abụọ maka ụtụtụ Ọganihu Ọrụ na-ahụ maka Art Project na etiti 1930s.  Ihe osise ahụ dị na Mastbaum Vocational Schoo l na Haverford High School. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọrụ nkuzi ===
Blackburn nkuzi na Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art, ugbu a Mahadum nke Arts, na 1932.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Def qs ahọpụtari n'akwụkwọ nka dị iche, ndị Tyler School of Art, site na 1948 ruo 1952 wee sonye na ngalaba nke Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts na 1952

== Nchịkọta ==
A na-edobe ọrụ Blackburn n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka:

* Smithsonian American Art Museum &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morris Blackburn {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/morris-blackburn-436|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=americanart.si.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke mba &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artist Info: Morris Blackburn|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.3535.html|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.nga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke obodo ukwu &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Costume Figure No. 2: 1939. Morris Atkinson Blackburn American|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/428809|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.metmuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Britain &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Collections Online {{!}} British Museum {{!}} Morris Blackburn|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG19771|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.britishmuseum.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG19771 &quot;Collections Online | British Museum | Morris Blackburn&quot;]. ''www.britishmuseum.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-02-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Blackburn|first=Morris|title=Non-Objective|url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/61367|accessdate=2023-02-10|work=philamuseum.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==
''Philadelphia: narị afọ atọ nke Art American'', (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1976), p.&amp;nbsp;584–86.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/collection/p15037coll17/id/596/ Foto site na ọba akwụkwọ mahadum Temple: Humbert Howard na Morris Blackburn, Lois Mailou Jones, na Jacob Lawrence na ihe ngosi nka nke Pyramid Club, 1957.]
* [https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/MS.058_MorrisBlackburn.pdf Akwụkwọ Morris Blackburn] na Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Archives</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nura M. Inuwa</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-08T09:03:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jianhui76</username>
        <id>64118</id>
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      <comment>HEIKA TENNO BANZAI - PRC - maruta!!!!</comment>
      <origin>673978</origin>
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      <text bytes="3762" sha1="m5blsuqxcag3r18lnqzftvx40376acf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Usòrò:Nura M Inuwa.jpg|thumb]]
'''Nura Musa Inuwa''' pronunciation akpọkwara ''M Inuwa'' (amụrụ 18 Septemba 1989) bụ onye Naijiria na-agụ abụ, onye na-agụ abụ na onye na-agụ egwu [[Ndi Haụsa|Hausa]] . bụkwa onye na-ese ihe na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. A mụrụ ya, zụlitere ma gụ akwụkwọ na [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano State]] n'obodo Gwammaja dị na Dala Local Government Area, [[Kano]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.arewarmu.com.ng/2017/04/tarihin-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa.html|title=Tarihin Mawaki Nura M Inuwa|author=arewarmu1|accessdate=2019-12-18|language=ha|archivedate=2021-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830104843/https://www.arewarmu.com.ng/2017/04/tarihin-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1101084-dandalin-kannywood-shahararren-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa-zai-angwance.html|title=Dandalin Kannywood: Shahararren mawaki Nura M. Inuwa zai angwance|author=Mustapha Saddiq|date=24 April 2017|work=hausa.legit.ng|accessdate=24 March 2020|language=ha}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ọrụ ==
Eji ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ya na ihe nkiri Kannywood . O nwere ihe karịrị egwu 500. Ya na Umar Sharif na-akpakọrịta, ha wepụtara album akpọrọ ''Rarrashi'' . Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Kannywood [[Adam A. Zango|bụ Adam A Zango]] bụkwa ezigbo enyi ya na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Kannywood. Ọ sere Nura M inuwa n'ihe nkiri akpọrọ Rigar Aro. N'afọ 2019 ọ bụụrụ onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ndoro-ndoro ochichi, Alhaji [[Atiku Abubakar]], bụbu [[Vice President of Nigeria|osote onye isi ala Federal Republic of Nigeria]] abụ mkpọsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2012 ka a wụsara batrị acid n'ihu ya, onye a na-amaghị ama kpọọ ya ka ọ bịa zute ya na sharada, ọ gwara ya na ọ chọrọ ịgụ ya egwu maka agbamakwụkwọ ya, nwunye ya rịọrọ ya ka ọ nye Nura M inuwa nkwekọrịta nke ha. egwu agbamakwụkwọ, mgbe o rutere, ha wụsara ya acid n'ihu ya, nke na-eduga ná mbibi nke anya ekpe ya, ndị omempụ amaghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46804288|title=Watsa min acid ya kara min kwarin gwiwa ne – Nura M Inuwa|date=2019-01-09|work=BBC News Hausa|language=ha|accessdate=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1214210-watsa-min-acid-ya-kara-min-kwarin-gwiwa-ne-nura-m-inuwa.html|title=Watsa min acid ya kara min kwarin gwiwa ne – Nura M Inuwa|author=Bala|first=Abubakar Nura|date=2019-01-09|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=ha|accessdate=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
Aisha Humaira, Rai-dai, Badi ba rai, Soyayyar facebook, Sayyada, Mijin Biza, Abinda Yake Ruhi, Alkuki, Yan Kudu, Zurfin Ciki, Soyayyace, Faggen Soyayya, inka iya zance, Ga wuri ga waina, Ummi, Babban gida, Dan ọchịchị, Manyanmata, Hubbi, Matan Zamani, Onye na-ese onyinyo Baiwa, Basaja, Zurfin Ciki, Abbana, Alkawari, Dawo dawo, Wata Ruga, Yar Fulani, Salma, Mai Gadan Zinare, Labarina, Yan Arewa, Duniyar Masoya, Mailaya, In Kaiya Zance, Daren Alkhairi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/amp/labarai-46693772|title=Wakoki 10 mafi shahara a cikin 2018 - BBC News Hausa|publisher=Bbc.com|language=ha|date=|accessdate=2020-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albums ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!s/n
! Album
! Afọ
|-
| 1
| Wasika
| 2018
|-
| 2
| Dan magori
| 2018
|-
| 3
| Makashinka
| 2012
|-
| 4
| Afra
| 2015
|-
| 5
| Siyan baki
| 2018
|-
| 6
| Matan gida
| 2018
|-
| 7
| Soyayya
| 2016
|-
| 8
| Ụbọchị aurena
| 2018
|-
| 9
| Maurata.
|
|-
| 10
| Manyan mata
| 2018
|-
| 11
| Soyayya
| 2015
|-
| 12
| Rigar aro
| 2015
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ndị Hausa

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Ndi égwú nke Naigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>m5blsuqxcag3r18lnqzftvx40376acf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673979</id>
      <parentid>673978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T09:03:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KiranBOT</username>
        <id>25138</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.9s</comment>
      <origin>673979</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3758" sha1="illa39vgrw1xhchntz2kalryghhtpye" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Usòrò:Nura M Inuwa.jpg|thumb]]
'''Nura Musa Inuwa''' pronunciation akpọkwara ''M Inuwa'' (amụrụ 18 Septemba 1989) bụ onye Naijiria na-agụ abụ, onye na-agụ abụ na onye na-agụ egwu [[Ndi Haụsa|Hausa]] . bụkwa onye na-ese ihe na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. A mụrụ ya, zụlitere ma gụ akwụkwọ na [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano State]] n'obodo Gwammaja dị na Dala Local Government Area, [[Kano]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.arewarmu.com.ng/2017/04/tarihin-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa.html|title=Tarihin Mawaki Nura M Inuwa|author=arewarmu1|accessdate=2019-12-18|language=ha|archivedate=2021-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830104843/https://www.arewarmu.com.ng/2017/04/tarihin-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1101084-dandalin-kannywood-shahararren-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa-zai-angwance.html|title=Dandalin Kannywood: Shahararren mawaki Nura M. Inuwa zai angwance|author=Mustapha Saddiq|date=24 April 2017|work=hausa.legit.ng|accessdate=24 March 2020|language=ha}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ọrụ ==
Eji ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ya na ihe nkiri Kannywood . O nwere ihe karịrị egwu 500. Ya na Umar Sharif na-akpakọrịta, ha wepụtara album akpọrọ ''Rarrashi'' . Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Kannywood [[Adam A. Zango|bụ Adam A Zango]] bụkwa ezigbo enyi ya na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Kannywood. Ọ sere Nura M inuwa n'ihe nkiri akpọrọ Rigar Aro. N'afọ 2019 ọ bụụrụ onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ndoro-ndoro ochichi, Alhaji [[Atiku Abubakar]], bụbu [[Vice President of Nigeria|osote onye isi ala Federal Republic of Nigeria]] abụ mkpọsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2012 ka a wụsara batrị acid n'ihu ya, onye a na-amaghị ama kpọọ ya ka ọ bịa zute ya na sharada, ọ gwara ya na ọ chọrọ ịgụ ya egwu maka agbamakwụkwọ ya, nwunye ya rịọrọ ya ka ọ nye Nura M inuwa nkwekọrịta nke ha. egwu agbamakwụkwọ, mgbe o rutere, ha wụsara ya acid n'ihu ya, nke na-eduga ná mbibi nke anya ekpe ya, ndị omempụ amaghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46804288|title=Watsa min acid ya kara min kwarin gwiwa ne – Nura M Inuwa|date=2019-01-09|work=BBC News Hausa|language=ha|accessdate=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1214210-watsa-min-acid-ya-kara-min-kwarin-gwiwa-ne-nura-m-inuwa.html|title=Watsa min acid ya kara min kwarin gwiwa ne – Nura M Inuwa|author=Bala|first=Abubakar Nura|date=2019-01-09|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=ha|accessdate=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
Aisha Humaira, Rai-dai, Badi ba rai, Soyayyar facebook, Sayyada, Mijin Biza, Abinda Yake Ruhi, Alkuki, Yan Kudu, Zurfin Ciki, Soyayyace, Faggen Soyayya, inka iya zance, Ga wuri ga waina, Ummi, Babban gida, Dan ọchịchị, Manyanmata, Hubbi, Matan Zamani, Onye na-ese onyinyo Baiwa, Basaja, Zurfin Ciki, Abbana, Alkawari, Dawo dawo, Wata Ruga, Yar Fulani, Salma, Mai Gadan Zinare, Labarina, Yan Arewa, Duniyar Masoya, Mailaya, In Kaiya Zance, Daren Alkhairi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46693772|title=Wakoki 10 mafi shahara a cikin 2018 - BBC News Hausa|publisher=Bbc.com|language=ha|date=|accessdate=2020-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albums ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!s/n
! Album
! Afọ
|-
| 1
| Wasika
| 2018
|-
| 2
| Dan magori
| 2018
|-
| 3
| Makashinka
| 2012
|-
| 4
| Afra
| 2015
|-
| 5
| Siyan baki
| 2018
|-
| 6
| Matan gida
| 2018
|-
| 7
| Soyayya
| 2016
|-
| 8
| Ụbọchị aurena
| 2018
|-
| 9
| Maurata.
|
|-
| 10
| Manyan mata
| 2018
|-
| 11
| Soyayya
| 2015
|-
| 12
| Rigar aro
| 2015
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ndị Hausa

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Ndi égwú nke Naigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>illa39vgrw1xhchntz2kalryghhtpye</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673985</id>
      <parentid>673979</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T09:05:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jianhui76</username>
        <id>64118</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>HEIKA TENNO BANZAI - PRC - maruta!!!!</comment>
      <origin>673985</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3758" sha1="1kpvh04vpeg97cwr7es6pqtu52aebtk" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Usòrò:Nura M Inuwa.jpg|thumb]]
'''Nura Musa Inuwa''' pronunciation akpọkwara ''M Inuwa'' (amụrụ 18 Septemba 1989) bụ onye Naijiria na-agụ abụ, onye na-agụ abụ na onye na-agụ egwu [[Ndi Haụsa|Hausa]] . bụkwa onye na-ese ihe na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. A mụrụ ya, zụlitere ma gụ akwụkwọ na [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano State]] n'obodo Gwammaja dị na Dala Local Government Area, [[Kano]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.arewarmu.com.ng/2017/04/tarihin-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa.html|title=Tarihin Mawaki Nura M Inuwa|author=arewarmu1|accessdate=2019-12-18|language=ha|archivedate=2021-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830104843/https://www.arewarmu.com.ng/2017/04/tarihin-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1101084-dandalin-kannywood-shahararren-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa-zai-angwance.html|title=Dandalin Kannywood: Shahararren mawaki Nura M. Inuwa zai angwance|author=Mustapha Saddiq|date=24 April 2017|work=hausa.legit.ng|accessdate=24 March 2020|language=ha}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ọrụ ==
Eji ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ya na ihe nkiri Kannywood . O nwere ihe karịrị egwu 500. Ya na Umar Sharif na-akpakọrịta, ha wepụtara album akpọrọ ''Rarrashi'' . Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Kannywood [[Adam A. Zango|bụ Adam A Zango]] bụkwa ezigbo enyi ya na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Kannywood. Ọ sere Nura M inuwa n'ihe nkiri akpọrọ Rigar Aro. N'afọ 2019 ọ bụụrụ onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ndoro-ndoro ochichi, Alhaji [[Atiku Abubakar]], bụbu [[Vice President of Nigeria|osote onye isi ala Federal Republic of Nigeria]] abụ mkpọsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2012 ka a wụsara batrị acid n'ihu ya, onye a na-amaghị ama kpọọ ya ka ọ bịa zute ya na sharada, ọ gwara ya na ọ chọrọ ịgụ ya egwu maka agbamakwụkwọ ya, nwunye ya rịọrọ ya ka ọ nye Nura M inuwa nkwekọrịta nke ha. egwu agbamakwụkwọ, mgbe o rutere, ha wụsara ya acid n'ihu ya, nke na-eduga ná mbibi nke anya ekpe ya, ndị omempụ amaghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46804288|title=Watsa min acid ya kara min kwarin gwiwa ne – Nura M Inuwa|date=2019-01-09|work=BBC News Hausa|language=ha|accessdate=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1214210-watsa-min-acid-ya-kara-min-kwarin-gwiwa-ne-nura-m-inuwa.html|title=Watsa min acid ya kara min kwarin gwiwa ne – Nura M Inuwa|author=Bala|first=Abubakar Nura|date=2019-01-09|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=ha|accessdate=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
Aisha Humaira, Rai-dai, Badi ba rai, Soyayyar facebook, Sayyada, Mijin Biza, Abinda Yake Ruhi, Alkuki, Yan Kudu, Zurfin Ciki, Soyayyace, Faggen Soyayya, inka iya zance, Ga wuri ga waina, Ummi, Babban gida, Dan ọchịchị, Manyanmata, Hubbi, Matan Zamani, Onye na-ese onyinyo Baiwa, Basaja, Zurfin Ciki, Abbana, Alkawari, Dawo dawo, Wata Ruga, Yar Fulani, Salma, Mai Gadan Zinare, Labarina, Yan Arewa, Duniyar Masoya, Mailaya, In Kaiya Zance, Daren Alkhairi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46693772|title=Wakoki 10 mafi shahara a cikin 2018 - BBC News Hausa|publisher=Bbc.com|language=ha|date=|accessdate=2020-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albums ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!s/n
! Album
! Afọ
|-
| 1
| Wasika
| 2018
|-
| 2
| Dan magori
| 2018
|-
| 3
| Makashinka
| 2012
|-
| 4
| Afra
| 2015
|-
| 5
| Siyan baki
| 2018
|-
| 6
| Matan gida
| 2018
|-
| 7
| Soyayya
| 2016
|-
| 8
| Ụbọchị aurena
| 2018
|-
| 9
| Maurata.
|
|-
| 10
| Manyan mata
| 2018
|-
| 11
| Soyayya
| 2015
|-
| 12
| Rigar aro
| 2015
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ndị Hausa

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Ndi égwú nke Naigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>1kpvh04vpeg97cwr7es6pqtu52aebtk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673986</id>
      <parentid>673985</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T09:05:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jianhui76</username>
        <id>64118</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>HEIKA TENNO BANZAI - PRC - maruta!!!!</comment>
      <origin>673986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3758" sha1="illa39vgrw1xhchntz2kalryghhtpye" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Usòrò:Nura M Inuwa.jpg|thumb]]
'''Nura Musa Inuwa''' pronunciation akpọkwara ''M Inuwa'' (amụrụ 18 Septemba 1989) bụ onye Naijiria na-agụ abụ, onye na-agụ abụ na onye na-agụ egwu [[Ndi Haụsa|Hausa]] . bụkwa onye na-ese ihe na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. A mụrụ ya, zụlitere ma gụ akwụkwọ na [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano State]] n'obodo Gwammaja dị na Dala Local Government Area, [[Kano]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.arewarmu.com.ng/2017/04/tarihin-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa.html|title=Tarihin Mawaki Nura M Inuwa|author=arewarmu1|accessdate=2019-12-18|language=ha|archivedate=2021-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830104843/https://www.arewarmu.com.ng/2017/04/tarihin-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1101084-dandalin-kannywood-shahararren-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa-zai-angwance.html|title=Dandalin Kannywood: Shahararren mawaki Nura M. Inuwa zai angwance|author=Mustapha Saddiq|date=24 April 2017|work=hausa.legit.ng|accessdate=24 March 2020|language=ha}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ọrụ ==
Eji ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ya na ihe nkiri Kannywood . O nwere ihe karịrị egwu 500. Ya na Umar Sharif na-akpakọrịta, ha wepụtara album akpọrọ ''Rarrashi'' . Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Kannywood [[Adam A. Zango|bụ Adam A Zango]] bụkwa ezigbo enyi ya na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Kannywood. Ọ sere Nura M inuwa n'ihe nkiri akpọrọ Rigar Aro. N'afọ 2019 ọ bụụrụ onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ndoro-ndoro ochichi, Alhaji [[Atiku Abubakar]], bụbu [[Vice President of Nigeria|osote onye isi ala Federal Republic of Nigeria]] abụ mkpọsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2012 ka a wụsara batrị acid n'ihu ya, onye a na-amaghị ama kpọọ ya ka ọ bịa zute ya na sharada, ọ gwara ya na ọ chọrọ ịgụ ya egwu maka agbamakwụkwọ ya, nwunye ya rịọrọ ya ka ọ nye Nura M inuwa nkwekọrịta nke ha. egwu agbamakwụkwọ, mgbe o rutere, ha wụsara ya acid n'ihu ya, nke na-eduga ná mbibi nke anya ekpe ya, ndị omempụ amaghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46804288|title=Watsa min acid ya kara min kwarin gwiwa ne – Nura M Inuwa|date=2019-01-09|work=BBC News Hausa|language=ha|accessdate=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1214210-watsa-min-acid-ya-kara-min-kwarin-gwiwa-ne-nura-m-inuwa.html|title=Watsa min acid ya kara min kwarin gwiwa ne – Nura M Inuwa|author=Bala|first=Abubakar Nura|date=2019-01-09|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=ha|accessdate=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
Aisha Humaira, Rai-dai, Badi ba rai, Soyayyar facebook, Sayyada, Mijin Biza, Abinda Yake Ruhi, Alkuki, Yan Kudu, Zurfin Ciki, Soyayyace, Faggen Soyayya, inka iya zance, Ga wuri ga waina, Ummi, Babban gida, Dan ọchịchị, Manyanmata, Hubbi, Matan Zamani, Onye na-ese onyinyo Baiwa, Basaja, Zurfin Ciki, Abbana, Alkawari, Dawo dawo, Wata Ruga, Yar Fulani, Salma, Mai Gadan Zinare, Labarina, Yan Arewa, Duniyar Masoya, Mailaya, In Kaiya Zance, Daren Alkhairi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46693772|title=Wakoki 10 mafi shahara a cikin 2018 - BBC News Hausa|publisher=Bbc.com|language=ha|date=|accessdate=2020-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albums ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!s/n
! Album
! Afọ
|-
| 1
| Wasika
| 2018
|-
| 2
| Dan magori
| 2018
|-
| 3
| Makashinka
| 2012
|-
| 4
| Afra
| 2015
|-
| 5
| Siyan baki
| 2018
|-
| 6
| Matan gida
| 2018
|-
| 7
| Soyayya
| 2016
|-
| 8
| Ụbọchị aurena
| 2018
|-
| 9
| Maurata.
|
|-
| 10
| Manyan mata
| 2018
|-
| 11
| Soyayya
| 2015
|-
| 12
| Rigar aro
| 2015
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ndị Hausa

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Ndi égwú nke Naigeria]]</text>
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      <id>673987</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-08T09:05:49Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>HEIKA TENNO BANZAI - PRC - maruta!!!!</comment>
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[[Usòrò:Nura M Inuwa.jpg|thumb]]
'''Nura Musa Inuwa''' pronunciation akpọkwara ''M Inuwa'' (amụrụ 18 Septemba 1989) bụ onye Naijiria na-agụ abụ, onye na-agụ abụ na onye na-agụ egwu [[Ndi Haụsa|Hausa]] . bụkwa onye na-ese ihe na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. A mụrụ ya, zụlitere ma gụ akwụkwọ na [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano State]] n'obodo Gwammaja dị na Dala Local Government Area, [[Kano]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.arewarmu.com.ng/2017/04/tarihin-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa.html|title=Tarihin Mawaki Nura M Inuwa|author=arewarmu1|accessdate=2019-12-18|language=ha|archivedate=2021-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830104843/https://www.arewarmu.com.ng/2017/04/tarihin-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1101084-dandalin-kannywood-shahararren-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa-zai-angwance.html|title=Dandalin Kannywood: Shahararren mawaki Nura M. Inuwa zai angwance|author=Mustapha Saddiq|date=24 April 2017|work=hausa.legit.ng|accessdate=24 March 2020|language=ha}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ọrụ ==
Eji ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ya na ihe nkiri Kannywood . O nwere ihe karịrị egwu 500. Ya na Umar Sharif na-akpakọrịta, ha wepụtara album akpọrọ ''Rarrashi'' . Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Kannywood [[Adam A. Zango|bụ Adam A Zango]] bụkwa ezigbo enyi ya na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Kannywood. Ọ sere Nura M inuwa n'ihe nkiri akpọrọ Rigar Aro. N'afọ 2019 ọ bụụrụ onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ndoro-ndoro ochichi, Alhaji [[Atiku Abubakar]], bụbu [[Vice President of Nigeria|osote onye isi ala Federal Republic of Nigeria]] abụ mkpọsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2012 ka a wụsara batrị acid n'ihu ya, onye a na-amaghị ama kpọọ ya ka ọ bịa zute ya na sharada, ọ gwara ya na ọ chọrọ ịgụ ya egwu maka agbamakwụkwọ ya, nwunye ya rịọrọ ya ka ọ nye Nura M inuwa nkwekọrịta nke ha. egwu agbamakwụkwọ, mgbe o rutere, ha wụsara ya acid n'ihu ya, nke na-eduga ná mbibi nke anya ekpe ya, ndị omempụ amaghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46804288|title=Watsa min acid ya kara min kwarin gwiwa ne – Nura M Inuwa|date=2019-01-09|work=BBC News Hausa|language=ha|accessdate=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1214210-watsa-min-acid-ya-kara-min-kwarin-gwiwa-ne-nura-m-inuwa.html|title=Watsa min acid ya kara min kwarin gwiwa ne – Nura M Inuwa|author=Bala|first=Abubakar Nura|date=2019-01-09|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=ha|accessdate=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
Aisha Humaira, Rai-dai, Badi ba rai, Soyayyar facebook, Sayyada, Mijin Biza, Abinda Yake Ruhi, Alkuki, Yan Kudu, Zurfin Ciki, Soyayyace, Faggen Soyayya, inka iya zance, Ga wuri ga waina, Ummi, Babban gida, Dan ọchịchị, Manyanmata, Hubbi, Matan Zamani, Onye na-ese onyinyo Baiwa, Basaja, Zurfin Ciki, Abbana, Alkawari, Dawo dawo, Wata Ruga, Yar Fulani, Salma, Mai Gadan Zinare, Labarina, Yan Arewa, Duniyar Masoya, Mailaya, In Kaiya Zance, Daren Alkhairi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46693772|title=Wakoki 10 mafi shahara a cikin 2018 - BBC News Hausa|publisher=Bbc.com|language=ha|date=|accessdate=2020-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albums ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!s/n
! Album
! Afọ
|-
| 1
| Wasika
| 2018
|-
| 2
| Dan magori
| 2018
|-
| 3
| Makashinka
| 2012
|-
| 4
| Afra
| 2015
|-
| 5
| Siyan baki
| 2018
|-
| 6
| Matan gida
| 2018
|-
| 7
| Soyayya
| 2016
|-
| 8
| Ụbọchị aurena
| 2018
|-
| 9
| Maurata.
|
|-
| 10
| Manyan mata
| 2018
|-
| 11
| Soyayya
| 2015
|-
| 12
| Rigar aro
| 2015
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ndị Hausa

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Ndi égwú nke Naigeria]]</text>
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        <username>Jianhui76</username>
        <id>64118</id>
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      <comment>HEIKA TENNO BANZAI - PRC - maruta!!!!</comment>
      <origin>673988</origin>
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      <text bytes="3758" sha1="illa39vgrw1xhchntz2kalryghhtpye" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Usòrò:Nura M Inuwa.jpg|thumb]]
'''Nura Musa Inuwa''' pronunciation akpọkwara ''M Inuwa'' (amụrụ 18 Septemba 1989) bụ onye Naijiria na-agụ abụ, onye na-agụ abụ na onye na-agụ egwu [[Ndi Haụsa|Hausa]] . bụkwa onye na-ese ihe na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. A mụrụ ya, zụlitere ma gụ akwụkwọ na [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano State]] n'obodo Gwammaja dị na Dala Local Government Area, [[Kano]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.arewarmu.com.ng/2017/04/tarihin-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa.html|title=Tarihin Mawaki Nura M Inuwa|author=arewarmu1|accessdate=2019-12-18|language=ha|archivedate=2021-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830104843/https://www.arewarmu.com.ng/2017/04/tarihin-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1101084-dandalin-kannywood-shahararren-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa-zai-angwance.html|title=Dandalin Kannywood: Shahararren mawaki Nura M. Inuwa zai angwance|author=Mustapha Saddiq|date=24 April 2017|work=hausa.legit.ng|accessdate=24 March 2020|language=ha}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ọrụ ==
Eji ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ya na ihe nkiri Kannywood . O nwere ihe karịrị egwu 500. Ya na Umar Sharif na-akpakọrịta, ha wepụtara album akpọrọ ''Rarrashi'' . Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Kannywood [[Adam A. Zango|bụ Adam A Zango]] bụkwa ezigbo enyi ya na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Kannywood. Ọ sere Nura M inuwa n'ihe nkiri akpọrọ Rigar Aro. N'afọ 2019 ọ bụụrụ onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ndoro-ndoro ochichi, Alhaji [[Atiku Abubakar]], bụbu [[Vice President of Nigeria|osote onye isi ala Federal Republic of Nigeria]] abụ mkpọsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2012 ka a wụsara batrị acid n'ihu ya, onye a na-amaghị ama kpọọ ya ka ọ bịa zute ya na sharada, ọ gwara ya na ọ chọrọ ịgụ ya egwu maka agbamakwụkwọ ya, nwunye ya rịọrọ ya ka ọ nye Nura M inuwa nkwekọrịta nke ha. egwu agbamakwụkwọ, mgbe o rutere, ha wụsara ya acid n'ihu ya, nke na-eduga ná mbibi nke anya ekpe ya, ndị omempụ amaghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46804288|title=Watsa min acid ya kara min kwarin gwiwa ne – Nura M Inuwa|date=2019-01-09|work=BBC News Hausa|language=ha|accessdate=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1214210-watsa-min-acid-ya-kara-min-kwarin-gwiwa-ne-nura-m-inuwa.html|title=Watsa min acid ya kara min kwarin gwiwa ne – Nura M Inuwa|author=Bala|first=Abubakar Nura|date=2019-01-09|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=ha|accessdate=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
Aisha Humaira, Rai-dai, Badi ba rai, Soyayyar facebook, Sayyada, Mijin Biza, Abinda Yake Ruhi, Alkuki, Yan Kudu, Zurfin Ciki, Soyayyace, Faggen Soyayya, inka iya zance, Ga wuri ga waina, Ummi, Babban gida, Dan ọchịchị, Manyanmata, Hubbi, Matan Zamani, Onye na-ese onyinyo Baiwa, Basaja, Zurfin Ciki, Abbana, Alkawari, Dawo dawo, Wata Ruga, Yar Fulani, Salma, Mai Gadan Zinare, Labarina, Yan Arewa, Duniyar Masoya, Mailaya, In Kaiya Zance, Daren Alkhairi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46693772|title=Wakoki 10 mafi shahara a cikin 2018 - BBC News Hausa|publisher=Bbc.com|language=ha|date=|accessdate=2020-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albums ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!s/n
! Album
! Afọ
|-
| 1
| Wasika
| 2018
|-
| 2
| Dan magori
| 2018
|-
| 3
| Makashinka
| 2012
|-
| 4
| Afra
| 2015
|-
| 5
| Siyan baki
| 2018
|-
| 6
| Matan gida
| 2018
|-
| 7
| Soyayya
| 2016
|-
| 8
| Ụbọchị aurena
| 2018
|-
| 9
| Maurata.
|
|-
| 10
| Manyan mata
| 2018
|-
| 11
| Soyayya
| 2015
|-
| 12
| Rigar aro
| 2015
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ndị Hausa

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Ndi égwú nke Naigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>illa39vgrw1xhchntz2kalryghhtpye</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Brett Bailey</title>
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'''Brett Bailey''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1967) bụ onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye na-ese ihe, onye na'emepụta ihe, onye nduzi egwuregwu, onye nlekọta mmemme na onye nduzi nka nke otu Third World Bun Fight . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thirdworldbunfight.co.za Third World Bunfight website.]&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nlekọta nke naanị emume nka ọha na eze nke South Africa, Infecting the City, na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, site na 2008 ruo 2011. Ọrụ ya egosila na Europe, [[Ostraliya|Australia]] na Africa, ma nweta ọtụtụ onyinye, gụnyere ihe nrite ọla edo maka imewe na Prague Quadrennial (2007). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pq.cz/en/pq-jury.html|title=List of the Jurors for the Prague Quadrennial, including reference to Bailey's 2007 award|publisher=Pq.cz|date=20 May 2008|accessdate=15 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809054635/http://www.pq.cz/en/pq-jury.html|archivedate=9 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
A  mụrụ Brett Bailey na 1967 wee gụchaa diplọma postgraduate na ọmụmụ arụmọrụ na DasArts Master of Theater na Amsterdam.  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na South Africa dum, na [[Zimbabwe]], [[Uganda]], Haiti, UK na n'ofe Europe. Ihe nkiri iconoclastic a na-akwanyere ùgwù, bụ nke na-agba ajụjụ gbasara ike nke ụwa mgbe oge ọchịchị gasịrị, gụnyere Big Dada, Ipi Zombi, iMumbo Jumbo na Orfeus.  Nrụnye arụmọrụ ya gụnyere diamond Ọbara: Terminal na Exhibit A: Deutsch Sudwestafrika.  Ọ na-eduzi ihe ngosi mmeghe na 4th World Summit on Arts and Culture (2009), na site na 2006 ruo 2011 na-eduzi ihe ngosi mmeghe maka Harare International Festival of Arts. Ọ bụ onye nlekọta nke Africa Centre's Infecting City kemgbe 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Resisting the muse of imperial ‘science’|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-06-07-resisting-the-muse-of-imperial-science/|work=The Mail &amp; Guardian|date=2010-06-07|accessdate=2025-06-16|language=en-ZA|author=Staff Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.infectingthecity.com/2011/the-festival/|title=Curator's Note|work=Infecting the City|publisher=Infectingthecity.com|date=2011|accessdate=15 July 2011|archivedate=13 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713030316/http://www.infectingthecity.com/2011/the-festival/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ọrụ Bailey na-enyocha ọtụtụ ọkwa na mgbagwoju anya nke ndị na-achị ala ọzọ na ndị na-eme ala ọzọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ukarts.com/Shows/Exhibit-A/index.asp|title=Exhibition A: Deutsch Sudwestafrika|publisher=Ukarts.com|accessdate=15 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731134233/http://www.ukarts.com/Shows/Exhibit-A/index.asp|archivedate=31 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cue.ru.ac.za/theatre/drama/2007/ritual-theatre-alive-brett-baileys-orfeus.html|title=Ritual theatre alive in Brett Bailey's Orfeus by Brent Meersman|publisher=Cue.ru.ac.za|date=4 July 2007|accessdate=15 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813091025/http://cue.ru.ac.za/theatre/drama/2007/ritual-theatre-alive-brett-baileys-orfeus.html|archivedate=13 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọrụ Bailey gara aga – Ipi Zombi, iMumbo Jumbo na Onye Amụma – ka achịkọtara ọnụ n'okpuru aha Egwuregwu Ebube na Ijuanya (nke bụ aha akwụkwọ ejije Bailey) wee tinye emume na sacrament.  Ọrụ ndị a na-akpa ike na Bailey na-eji ịgbà, mkpu, mma na iko agbajiri agbaji agbaji ihe nchebe ndị na-ege ntị.

Na Ipi Zombi, Bailiey kpalitere ịchụ nta amoosu nke 1996 bụ nke tara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ụta ma gbuo maka ọnwụ ụmụ nwoke iri na abụọ n'ihe mberede obere ụgbọ ala.  O jikọtara Xhos na ememe Ndị Kraịst.  Onye ode akwụkwọ Zakes Mda kwuru na Ipi Zombi bụ &quot;ọrụ amamihe nke na-akọwapụta ụzọ gaa ụlọ ihe nkiri South Africa ọhụrụ...&quot;

N'ọrụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka ''Orfeus'', Bailey na-ewere ụzọ dị nro, ma na-ele anya iji mee ka ndị kpuru ìsì, ndị echefuru echefu, ndị mebiri emebi na ndị na-enweghị olu pụta ìhè. Na Orfeus, kpọmkwem, a na-adọta ndị na-ege ''Orfeus'' ụwa dị n'okpuru Afrịka nke onye ọchụnta ego na-adịghị mma na-achị. Orfeus, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ, na-ele anya na post-colonial, na-egosi &quot;ụ''Orfeus'' ụwa ọnụ na-emebi emebi nke ọ bụghị naanị ememe ndị shaman kamakwa egwu na-akpali akpali na-emepụta ikuku Africa pụrụ iche&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jos Schuring|url=http://www.powerofculture.nl/en/current/2009/july/brett-bailey|title=The Power of Culture, Brett Bailey: &quot;I want to fire people up with stories&quot;|publisher=Powerofculture.nl|accessdate=15 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613000726/http://powerofculture.nl/en/current/2009/july/brett-bailey|archivedate=13 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nke mbụ e mere na 2004 na Bern, [[Switzerland]], Ụlọ nke The Holy Afro ka emeghachiri ugboro ugboro na Europe na Australia na nke ikpeazụ ya na Market Theater Laboratory, Johannesburg, na June 2010. Onye na-eme ihe na ịdọrọ diva Odidi Mfenyana bụ onye isi nchụaja nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.  ụlọ nsọ, ma na-eduga arụmọrụ site na cabaret funk obodo mepere emepe nke metụtara emume ime mmụọ.

N'ime ọrụ a kapịrị ọnụ nke ebe a na-akpọ ''Midia'', ndị na-ege ntị ji nwayọ na-aga ma ọ dịkarịa ala nkeji iri tupu mmepụta. Njem mmetụta uche na ọgụgụ isi nke ndị na-ege ntị site na ọrụ gosipụtara n'ụzọ anụ ahụ na ntinye Blood Diamonds: Terminal na Exhibit A: Deutsch Sudwestafrika . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ukarts.com/Shows/Exhibit-A/index.asp|title=UK Arts reviews Exhibition A|accessdate=15 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731134233/http://www.ukarts.com/Shows/Exhibit-A/index.asp|archivedate=31 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Ihe ngosi A: Deutsch-Südwestafrika'', nke emere na Museum of Ethnology na Hofburg Palace nke Vienna, bụ &quot;ntụgharị uche na akụkọ ihe mere eme gbara ọchịchịrị nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Europe n'ihe gbasara Africa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2010-06-07-resisting-the-muse-of-imperial-science|title=Resisting the Muse of Imperial 'Science' by Brent Meersman, ''Mail and Guardian'', June 2010|publisher=Mg.co.za|date=7 June 2010|accessdate=15 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maka Mgbakọ ụwa nke anọ na Arts na Culture, Bailey gosipụtara agba atọ - otu ihe eji arụ ọrụ mgbasa ozi agwakọta ọnụ.  Bailey rụkọrọ ọrụ na onye na-agụ egwu na-emeri ihe nrite Gregory Maqoma na onye egwu Kongo Mapumba Cilombo.[1]  Ibe ahụ na-anọchi anya mgbagwoju anya nke inter-culturalism, nke Bailey &quot;họọrọ iji gosipụta obodo dị iche iche ma ọ bụ omenala dị iche iche dị ka ụlọ nsọ. A naghị akọwapụta ya dị ka ha dị, omenala anyị dị nsọ nye anyị. N'obi nke ọ bụla na-egbuke egbuke ụyọkọ pụrụ iche nke ihe ịchọ mma dị oké ọnụ ahịa;  akụkọ ifo anyị na akụkọ ihe mere eme anyị, ihe nketa anyị, ụkpụrụ anyị na usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọdịdị mbara igwe anyị, na mmekọrịta ya na nke kachasị. &quot;

Bailey's curated the Infecting the City Festival site na 2008 ruo 2011. Ugbu a bụ mmemme nka ọha kacha ukwuu n'Africa na-eme n'ọha ọha na Cape Town n'ime February ma ọ bụ Maachị nke afọ ọ bụla.  N'oge Bailey nọ n'ọchịchị, Ememme ahụ họọrọ isiokwu nwere mkpa mmekọrịta ọha na eze: &quot;N'ime obodo nwere ọtụtụ okwu dị mgbagwoju anya dịka nke anyị, ọ bụrụ na mmadụ na-achịkwa oghere nke obodo, ezughị ezu naanị inye ọha mmadụ ntụrụndụ.  Enwere ụkpụrụ omume dị mkpa iji gboo nsogbu ndị siri ike nke oge anyị, na ịrịọ ndị na-ese ihe ka ha tinye onwe ha n'ọrụ na nke a.&quot;

&quot;ngosi B&quot; bụ ihe ngosi njem na-ese okwu nke malitere na 2010. N'ịbụ nke sitere n'ebe a na-edebe anụmanụ mmadụ na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ihe karịrị mmadụ 25,000 hụrụ ya na mba iri na anọ tupu ngwụcha afọ 2014. Ndị nduzi ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ụlọ ihe nkiri sonyeere iji katọọ mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji nyocha mgbe ọrụ ahụ kpaliri ngagharị iwe gburugburu ụwa maka ojiji ọ na-eji ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ojii eme ihe n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na agbụ ígwè, mgbe mgbe n'ụlọ ihe nkiri a maara nke ọma maka igosi ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị ndị isi ojii na ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;OMahony&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=O'Mahony|first=John|date=2014-08-11|title=Edinburgh's most controversial show: Exhibit B, a human zoo|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/aug/11/-sp-exhibit-b-human-zoo-edinburgh-festivals-most-controversial|accessdate=2022-01-22|work=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Carvajal&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Carvajal|first=Doreen|date=2014-11-25|title=On Display, and on a Hot Seat|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/26/arts/exhibit-b-a-work-about-human-zoos-stirs-protests.html|accessdate=2022-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name:&quot;cnews&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2014-11-28|title=Zoos humains: la performance polémique &quot;Exhibit B&quot; annulée|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reN32iLaz54|language=fr|work=CNEWS|accessdate=2022-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== mmepụta ==

* Ndị ọka ikpe nke Prague Quadrennial - ihe ngosi mba ụwa nke Scenography &amp; Theatre Architecture: 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pq.cz/res/data/256/026604.pdf|title=Jury of Prague Quadrennial 2011|accessdate=15 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928082030/http://www.pq.cz/res/data/256/026604.pdf|archivedate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye na-ahụ maka ibute ọrịa n'obodo ahụ: Spier Public Arts Festival na ime obodo Cape Town: February 2008 - February 2011 &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.infectingthecity.com Infecting the City website.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye mepụtara egwu mmeghe nke Harare International Festival of the Arts (HIFA): 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 na 2011 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hifa.co.zw/news-and-reviews/review-2011-hifa-opening-show|title=HIFA official site, review of opening night|publisher=Hifa.co.zw|date=28 April 2010|accessdate=15 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711095546/http://www.hifa.co.zw/news-and-reviews/review-2011-hifa-opening-show|archivedate=11 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye nduzi nke mmeghe na World Summit on Arts &amp; Culture na Johannesburg: 2009 &lt;ref name=&quot;ifacca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://media.ifacca.org/files/CurtainRisesonWorldSummit.pdf|title=Curtain Rises on 4th World Summit of Arts &amp; Culture|date=22 September 2009|accessdate=15 July 2011|archivedate=23 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323125302/http://media.ifacca.org/files/CurtainRisesonWorldSummit.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* O dere ma duzie akụkọ ndụ banyere [[Nelson Mandela]] maka oriri ncheta ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 90 na Qunu, Eastern Cape, 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://zalist.co.za/artists/show/262|title=Rob van Vuuren reminisces about taking part in Bailey's tribute to Mandela|publisher=Zalist.co.za|accessdate=15 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327160802/http://zalist.co.za/artists/show/262|archivedate=27 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== arụmọrụ ==
'''ngosi A''': nke e mere na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị na'egwú nke [[Namibia]], onye edemede / onye nduzi / onye na-ese ihe

* 2010 - Vienna Festival na Theaterformen Festival na Braunschweig

'''Orfeus''': onye edemede / onye nduzi / onye na-ese ihe

* 2006 - Cape Town
* 2007 - National Festival of the Arts (usoro ihe omume bụ isi) 
* 2009 - Ememme Vienna na Ememme Holland
* 2011 - Ememme Theaterformen, Hannover

'''macbEth''': opera: onye nduzi / onye na-ese ihe (nke Verdi dere) 

* 2001 - Cape Town
* 2002 - Pretoria
* 2007 - Cape Town

Ụlọ nke Afro Nsọ: onye nduzi / onye na-ese ihe

* 2004 - Bern
* 2005 - Ememme Vienna; Berlin; Brussels; Reunion Island[[Réunion|Agwaetiti Reunion]]
* 2006 - Melbourne, Commonwealth GamesEgwuregwu Commonwealth
* 2007 - Edinburgh Fringe Festival; Harare; Umea, Sweden
* 2008 - Ememme Sydney; Zurich Spektakel
* 2009 - Ememme Perth na Adelaide, Australia. Linz European Capital of Culture program na Rich Mix na London
* 2010 - Ụlọ Egwuregwu Ahịa Johannesburg

Ndị na-ekwu okwu: echiche mepụtara

* 2008 - 2011, Na-emetụta emume obodo

'''Midia''': onye nduzi / onye na-ese ihe (nke Oscar van Woensel dere) 

* 2003 - Johannesburg
* 2005 - Cape Town

Big Dada: ịrị elu na ọdịda nke [[Idi Amin]]: onye nduzi / onye na-ese ihe / onye edemede

* 2001 - Barbican Centre, [[London]]; Amsterdam; National Festival of the Arts (usoro ihe omume bụ isi); Cape Town
* 2005 - Ememme Vienna; Brussels; Berlin; Johannesburg; Cape Town

Vodou Nation: mere na Haiti, onye nduzi / onye na-ese ihe / onye edemede

* 2004 - London na obodo 17 ndị ọzọ na UK

'''iMumbo Jumbo''': onye edemede / onye nduzi / onye na-ese ihe

* 1997 - National Festival of the Arts (usoro ihe omume bụ isi); Johannesburg
* 2003 - Barbican Centre, London; Cape Town

'''Safari''': C. G. Jung na Africa: mere na Uganda, onye nduzi / onye edemede / onye na-ese ihe

* 2003: Kampala, Uganda; Amsterdam, Rotterdam na obodo 13 ndị ọzọ Dutch

'''Onye Amụma''': onye nduzi / onye edemede / onye na-ese ihe

* 1999: National Festival of the Arts (usoro ihe omume bụ isi) 

'''Ipi Zombi''': onye edemede / onye nduzi / onye na-ese ihe

* 1998: National Festival of the Arts (usoro ihe omume bụ isi); Cape Town; Harare

== Onyinye ==

* 1998: iMUMBO JUMBO: FNB Vita Awards maka onye nduzi kachasị mma, edemede mbụ na imewe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/printformat/single/1998-07-31-cleaning-up/|title=Cleaning Up, Matthew Krouse covers the Theatre Awards in July 1998 for ''Mail and Guardian''|publisher=|date=31 July 1998|accessdate=15 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2001: Standard Bank Young Artist of the Year maka ihe nkiri; Big Dada gosipụtara na National Arts Festival: Fleur Du Cap's Rosalie van der Gught Award for Best Young Director; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.baxter.co.za/awards.htm|title=List of Fleur Du Cap Winners|publisher=Baxter.co.za|accessdate=15 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928203758/http://www.baxter.co.za/awards.htm|archivedate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2002: Fleur du Cap Awards/FNB Vita (Cape) onyinye maka Best Script of a New South African Play, na Best Costume Design maka Big Dada; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.baxter.co.za/awards.htm#fdc|title=List of FNB Vita (Cape) Winners|publisher=Baxter.co.za|accessdate=15 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928203758/http://www.baxter.co.za/awards.htm#fdc|archivedate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2004: Nkwupụta nsọpụrụ maka akwụkwọ Brett Bailey The Plays of Miracle and Wonder na Noma Award for Publishing in AfricaIhe nrite Noma maka Mbipụta n'Africa
* 2007: ''Midia'' ritere ihe nrite ọla edo maka imewe na Prague Quadrennial; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pq.cz/en/pq-jury.html|title=Prague Quadrennial Juror's list, noting Bailey's 2007 award|publisher=Pq.cz|date=20 May 2008|accessdate=15 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809054635/http://www.pq.cz/en/pq-jury.html|archivedate=9 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nrụnye ==

* Blood Diamonds: Terminal na National Festival of the ArtsEmemme nka nke Mba
* ''Ihe ngosi A'': Deutsch SudwestAfrika

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

* The Plays of Miracle and Wonder&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.davidkrutpublishing.com/2388/the-plays-of-miracle-wonder-brett-bailey|title=The Plays of Miracle and Wonder|publisher=David Krut Publishing|accessdate=15 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929232802/http://www.davidkrutpublishing.com/2388/the-plays-of-miracle-wonder-brett-bailey|archivedate=29 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ihe odide nke Third World Bunfight: 2001
* Akụkọ ndị e bipụtara na The Theatre Review (''TDR'') na South African Theatre Journal (''SATJ'') 
* Ihe ngosi banyere Brett Bailey nke Daniel Larlham na Yale Theatre Quarterly, 2009

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.thirdworldbunfight.co.za Agha Bunfight nke Ụwa nke Atọ]
* [http://www.infectingthecity.com Ife Obodo]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130703035915/http://www.africacentre.net/ Ebe etiti Afrịka]
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'''Athi-Patra Ruga''' (amụrụ na 1984) bụ onye omenkà South Africa nke na-eji arụmọrụ, foto, vidiyo, textiles na mbipụta iji chọpụta echiche nke utopia na dystopia, ihe na ebe nchekwa. Ọrụ ya na-enyocha ahụ ahụ n'ihe gbasara agụụ mmekọahụ, omenala, na echiche, na-emepụtakarị ngwakọ omenala. Isiokwu ndị dị ka mmekọahụ, omenala Xhosa, na ebe queerness na mgbe apartheid South Africa na-agbasakwa ọrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Andrew J.|date=2017|title=Performing blackness in the 'Rainbow Nation': Athi-Patra Ruga's The Future White Women of Azania|journal=Women &amp; Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory|volume=27|pages=67–80|doi=10.1080/0740770X.2017.1282115}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Athi-Patra Ruga mụrụ na 9 March 1984 na Umtata na Eastern Cape, South Africa. Ọ mụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme ejiji na imewe na Gordon Flack Davison Design Academy na Johannesburg &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Siegenthaler|first=Fiona|title=Visualizing the Mental City: The Exploration of Cultural and Subjective Topographies by Contemporary Performance Artists in Johannesburg|journal=Research in African Literatures|date=2013|volume=44|issue=2|pages=163–176|doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.44.2.163|issn=0034-5210|url=http://edoc.unibas.ch/27683/1/20161113124227_582851a344e57.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruga etinyere na nso nso a n'akwụkwọ Phaidon ''Younger Than Jesus'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Younger Than Jesus|author=Massimiliano|first=Gioni|publisher=Phaidon Press|date=May 16, 2009|isbn=978-0714849812}}&lt;/ref&gt; akwụkwọ ndekọ aha nke ihe karịrị 500 nke ndị nka kacha mma n'ụwa n'okpuru afọ 33. Na 2014 o gosipụtara na mmekorita ya na Zanele Muholi na [[Nandipha Mntambo]], nke Hans Ulrich Obrist kwadoro na Design Indaba Conference na [[Cape Town]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.designindaba.com/events/design-indaba-conference-2014|title=Design Indaba Conference 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruga nwere ihe ngosi emere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na London Na 1–54 na London's Somerset House, Of Gods, Rainbows and Omissions, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.1-54.com/blog/special-projects-at-1-54-london-2018/|title=Special Projects at 1–54 London, 2018|accessdate=2024-05-28|archivedate=2022-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127122043/https://www.1-54.com/blog/special-projects-at-1-54-london-2018/}}&lt;/ref&gt; gụnyekwara mmekorita nke echiche jikọrọ ọnụ maka ihe ngosi ya na ndị nka South Africa ndị ọzọ [[Emma Willemse]], [[Faith47]], na [[Thania Petersen]] .  A zụtala ọrụ Ruga site n'ọtụtụ mkpokọta ọha na nke onwe, gụnyere mkpokọta Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa na-adịgide adịgide, Iziko South African National Gallery, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zeitzmocaa.museum/artists/athi-patra-ruga/|title=ZEITS MOCAA Athi-Patra Ruga}}&lt;/ref&gt; Museion – Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, na Bolzano Italy, na CAAC – Pigozzi Nchịkọta.

== Ụdị na nkà ihe ọmụma ==
Ruga na-enyocha echiche nke utopia na dystopia nke South Africa mgbe apartheid gasịrị. Na-arụ ọrụ na mbipụta, textiles, ejiji, arụmọrụ, na vidiyo, ọrụ ya na-enyocha ahụ n'ihe metụtara anụ ahụ, omenala, na echiche, na-emepụtakarị ngwakọ omenala. Isiokwu ndị dị ka mmekọahụ, HIV/AIDS, Omenala Africa, na ebe queerness n'ime mgbe apartheid South Africa na-agbasakwa ọrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Ruga na-eji queerness na-akọwapụta akara kwesịrị ekwesị nke usoro ike ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke okike na agbụrụ siri ike ma mee ka ha nwee mgbagwoju anya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lima|first=Alvaro Luis|date=2012|title=Screw the Nation!: Queer Nationalism and Representations of Power in Contemporary South African Art|journal=African Arts|volume=45|issue=4|pages=56|doi=10.1162/AFAR_a_00027}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji tinye aka na ọrụ ya ndị na-ege ntị kwesịrị imeghe, nweta ahụmahụ na ịkekọrịta. Mpempe arụmọrụ Ruga na-ebutekarị ajụjụ gbasara oghere ọha na-arụkọ ọrụ, na-enyocha ọkwa dị iche iche nke echiche na mmeghachi omume nke ndị mmadụ zutere. Iji ejiji na asụsụ ahụ n'ihe gbasara oghere ime obodo na-enye esemokwu n'etiti nnwere onwe nke iwu na nke onye ọ bụla na ụkpụrụ ọha mmadụ. Ime omume na-enweghị echiche nke &quot;nkịtị&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;ezi uche&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; na-eji paramita dị ka okike, ụzọ nke ịkwaga, uwe na akparamàgwà, agbụrụ na agbụrụ n'ime ọha mmadụ nke na-adịghị mma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=O'Toole|first=Sean|date=2018|title=Athi-Patra Ruga|journal=Artforum International|volume=56|pages=252}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị ama ama ==

=== ''Ụmụ nwanyị Ọcha Ọdịnihu nke Azania'' (FWwoA, 2010–2016) ===
FWwoA nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ, gụnyere arụmọrụ, teepu, ihe ọkpụkpụ, vidiyo na foto na-emepụta saga. FWwoA bụ ihe atụ nke ịhụ mba n'anya mgbe apartheid gasịrị, ebe Ruga ghọrọ &quot;okenye&quot; ma ọ bụ ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'ịmepụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke kpakpando a, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hennlich|first=Andrew J.|date=2019|title='Touched by an Angel' (of History) in Athi-Patra Ruga's The Future White Women of Azania|journal=Acts of Transgression: Contemporary Live Art in South Africa|pages=313}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-eseta ntụaka sitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Xhosa na mgbe apartheid South Africa gasịrị, na-akọ akụkọ banyere ahịrị ndị eze na-abụghị ndị eze na-achị ala Azania . Ọrụ Ruga na-aṅa ntị na ọchịchọ maka ikpe ziri ezi maka ndị nna nna ya na mkpa maka mgbanwe mgbanwe n'ọdịnihu, iji mebie echiche nke &quot;egwurugwu&quot;. Site na iji Azania dị ka usoro maka akụkọ ihe mere eme dị oke egwu nke South Africa, FWwoA na-ekpughe nkwụsị nke ụda ojii nke na-agbatị na oge mbụ nke kọntaktị colonial, ma na-ekwukwa echiche na-agaghị ekwe omume na nke na-emeghị eme nke mgbaghara, nkwekọrịta na mgbapụta na-eme na post. apartheid South Africa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hennlich|first=Andrew J.|date=2019|title='Touched by an Angel' (of History) in Athi-Patra Ruga's The Future White Women of Azania|journal=Acts of Transgression: Contemporary Live Art in South Africa|pages=316}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ikike ihe atụ nke Azania na-enweta site na ọkwa ya dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke South Africa tọhapụrụ n'oge mgba mgbochi apartheid. Otú ọ dị, okwu ahụ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme kpọmkwem nke na-agbagwoju anya nrọ dị otú ahụ. Aha ebe 'Azania' bu ụzọ pụta na ''[[The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (40 AD) iji zoo aka na ala ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ Africa. Site n'ịkpọpụta ala Africa dị ka 'Azania,' Ruga ghọtara akara ahụ dị ka otu ihe atụ n'ime ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịmepụta Africa dị ka onye na-enweghị ebe obibi ruo mgbe ndị Europe na-akpakọrịta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Ihe nkiri nke Ruga dị na FWwoA saga na-akọ akụkọ ihe atụ nke ndị eze nwanyị, maapụ na akara ngosi ndị ọzọ nke Azania. Mgba mgba nke ahịrị ndị eze na-abụghị dynastic nke na-egosipụta ihe ngosi nke njirimara mba Azania: akara mba, crest, ifuru, maapụ, yana gụnyere mmasị Ruga nwere ogologo oge n'ọdịbendị a ma ama. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hennlich|first=Andrew J.|date=2019|title='Touched by an Angel' (of History) in Athi-Patra Ruga's The Future White Women of Azania|journal=Acts of Transgression: Contemporary Live Art in South Africa|pages=318}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inweta mkpali sitere na Gustave Eiffel's ' Statue of Liberty ' ma ọ bụ Eugene Delacroix 's ' Liberty Leading the People ', Ruga na-eweta echiche nke ime ka ahụ nwanyị ahụ dị ka esemokwu, ma na ọrụ nke ya na-emepụta ha dị ka ike ma na-agafe agafe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; N'ọrụ ya ' [[The Lands of Azania]] ', Ruga rụgharịrị map nke Eastern Africa. Ịtinye anụmanụ mba, zebra saber-eze, ọkọlọtọ Azania, na inye ọtụtụ mba aha ọhụrụ. N'ime ọdịdị ala nke Azania ọ gara n'ihu na-enyocha nhụsianya nke mbupụ na ndị mbịarambịa na mpaghara Africa na ndị Juu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hennlich|first=Andrew J.|date=2019|title='Touched by an Angel' (of History) in Athi-Patra Ruga's The Future White Women of Azania|journal=Acts of Transgression: Contemporary Live Art in South Africa|pages=319}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

Akụkọ nwere mkpụrụedemede ise, ifuru mba, crest na anụmanụ gụnyere agwa balloon nwere agba egwurugwu. Otu n'ime ebumnuche Ahti-Patra bụ ime ka akụkọ ifo nweta ọbụna ụmụaka. Ọdịmma mara mma nke nwere ikike ime emume, na-emepụta ihe nkiri ma na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ mgbe ọ na-agbapụta n'ike wee gbapụta ọbara.

=== ''Arụmọrụ Obscura'' ===
''Performance Obscura'', bụ akụkụ arụmọrụ dị ka akụkụ nke saga ''The Future White Women of Azania'' (FWwoA, 2010-2016) nke ihe na-adịghị ahụ anya na pink tights na-egbuke egbuke na ikiri ụkwụ na-acha uhie uhie kpuchie site n'úkwù ruo na balloons na-egbuke egbuke na-eche ihu ndụ kwa ụbọchị. . Ruga na-eche ihu ọha na ebe nchekwa, njirimara mba, na akụkọ ihe mere eme na South Africa mgbe apartheid gasịrị, ebe ọ na-ejikọta ọdịnala dịka njem olili ozu na ngwakọ na mmemme Kaapse Klopse minstrel na Cape Town. Balloons ndị ahụ na-anọchi anya ìhè, flotation na ọṅụ nwata, &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hennlich|first=Andrew J.|date=2019|title='Touched by an Angel' (of History) in Athi-Patra Ruga's The Future White Women of Azania|journal=Acts of Transgression: Contemporary Live Art in South Africa|pages=310}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ha na-ekwukwa ihe atụ [[Desmond Tutu]] nke mba egwurugwu. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke ịgbawa balloons na ịhapụ ihe e ji esiji ákwà na ya na-emebi ikike ikike nke ihe oyiyi ahụ site n'iwepụ ikike nke nkume. Ruga na-akọwa mkpụrụedemede ndị a dị ka &quot;avatars&quot; ma na-arụ ọrụ apotropaic site n'ichebe onye na-eme ihe n'ọgba aghara na inye ha ike. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== ''Onye Naivete nke Beiruth'' (2007) ===
Usoro foto a gbadoro ụkwụ na gburugburu ọdụ ndị uwe ojii Central Johannesburg, nke a na-akpọ John Vorster Square n'oge apartheid, jikọtara ya na ajụjụ ọnụ, ịta ahụhụ, na igbu ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị tupu 1994. Ruga na-eyiri isiokwu ya na uwe ụmụ nwanyị tinyere okpu agha ojii na wig nwere ogologo ntutu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lima|first=Alvaro Luis|date=2012|title=Screw the Nation!: Queer Nationalism and Representations of Power in Contemporary South African Art|journal=African Arts|volume=45|issue=4|pages=53|doi=10.1162/AFAR_a_00027}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uwe mara mma na ihe ngosi dị egwu ma maa mma na-akpalite foto ejiji ọdịnala, dị iche na mpụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ e mere n'ụlọ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lima|first=Alvaro Luis|date=2012|title=Screw the Nation!: Queer Nationalism and Representations of Power in Contemporary South African Art|journal=African Arts|volume=45|issue=4|pages=54|doi=10.1162/AFAR_a_00027}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ihe mkpali ndị ọzọ iji mepụta ọrụ a, onye na-ese ihe kwuru banyere mwakpo xenophobic mere na Mee 2008 (a na-akpọ 5/11 na asụsụ obodo) n'ime obodo niile dị na South Africa yana n'ime obodo Johannesburg. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

=== ''Ilulwane'' ===
''Ilulwane'' bụ mmemme igwu mmiri jikọtara ọnụ nke sitere na foto Alvin Baltrop nke 1970 na 1980, na-atụgharị uche n'ofe oge na New York na omenala Xhosa nke onye na-ese ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Performa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://11.performa-arts.org/event/athi-patra-ruga-performa-project|title=Ilulwane|publisher=Performa 11|accessdate=12 April 2012|archivedate=21 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221071310/http://11.performa-arts.org/event/athi-patra-ruga-performa-project}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emere Ilulwane na Cape Town na Long Street Baths n'oge Infecting the City Public Arts Festival na 2012

tinyere okpu agha ojii na wig nwere ogologo ntutu.  Uwe mara mma na ihe ngosi dị egwu ma maa mma na-akpalite foto ejiji ọdịnala, dị iche na mpụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ e mere n'ụlọ ahụ.  N'ime ihe mkpali ndị ọzọ iji mepụta ọrụ a, onye na-ese ihe kwuru banyere mwakpo xenophobic mere na Mee
{|
|[[Usòrò:InfectingTheCity2012_Ilulwane_AthiPatraRuga_SydelleWillowSmith_20120307_(9).jpg|thumb| Na-efe efe Obodo 2012, Ilulwane]]
|[[Usòrò:InfectingTheCity2012_Ilulwane_AthiPatraRuga_SydelleWillowSmith_20120307_(1).jpg|thumb| Na-efe efe Obodo 2012, Ilulwane]]
|}

== Ntụaka ==
nna ya nọ ma nwee akwa abụọ na egbugbere ọnụ ya elu, nke dọkịta ahụ mere n'enweghị [[Anestetiiki|ihe mgbakasị ahụ]], ya mere ọnya ahụ dị n'egbugbere ọnụ ya. Mgbe ahụ, a chọpụtara Richard na ọ na-adịghị anabata [[gluten]] ma tinye ya na nri na-enweghị gluten maka{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.whatiftheworld.com/artist/athi-patra-ruga/ GỊNỊ MMADỤ]
* [http://www.timeslive.co.za/opinion/commentary/2012/03/16/the-big-interview-a-unique-spin-on-art Interview Times Live]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cy Gavin</title>
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&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/arts/design/review-cy-gavin-employs-unusual-canvas-ingredients-in-overture.html|title=Review: Cy Gavin Employs Unusual Canvas Ingredients in 'Overture'|author=Schwendener|first=Martha|date=August 13, 2015|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2017-11-14|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Cy Gavin ( ọrịa 1985) bụ onye omenkà America, na agba, ihe ọkpụkpụ, nka ike, na vidiyo, [1] onye bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na New York .  [2] Gavin na-etinye ihe ndị na-ahụ na-ahụ ahụkebe na ike ya dị ka ink egbugbu, aja pink, diamond, staples, na na-agha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/cy-gavin-a-young-artist-with-an-eye-for-history|title=Cy Gavin, a Young Artist With an Eye For History|author=Solway|first=Diane|work=W Magazine|accessdate=2017-11-14|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A Manchester Gavin na Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania wee tolite kilomita 20 na ndịda Pittsburgh n'obodo nchara na kol a na-akpọ Donora, Pennsylvania .  Ma nne Gavin na nna ya na-arụ ọrụ n'iche ọrụ ndị a na-achọta iko na mpaghara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/cy-gavin-1047590|title=How Maverick Artist Cy Gavin Painted His Own Way From Bermuda to the Rubell Foundation {{!}} artnet News|date=August 17, 2017|work=artnet News|accessdate=2017-11-13|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gavin akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Carnegie Mellon na 2007 yana mmemme MFA nke Mahadum Columbia na 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/cy-gavin-a-young-artist-with-an-eye-for-history|title=Cy Gavin, a Young Artist With an Eye For History|author=Solway|first=Diane|work=W Magazine|accessdate=2017-11-13|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Carnegie Mellon, Gavin kwagara San Francisco wee rụọ ọrụ na post-mmepụta ruo ọtụtụ afọ tupu ọ kwaga New York na 2010. Na New York, Gavin rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Associate Producer maka ụlọ ọrụ opera avant-garde, Beth Morrison Projects, dị ka onye njikwa ọdịnaya Weebụ maka gallery anaghị akwụ ụgwọ PARTICIPANT INC, wee jee ozi dị ka onye na-edebe akwụkwọ maka Vito Acconci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnews.com/2015/08/27/habitat-cy-gavin/|title=Habitat: Cy Gavin|author=McMahon|first=Katherine|date=August 27, 2015|work=ARTnews|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''''Overture, N'iwu Eluigwe, yana ebe obibi Rubell Foundation'''''

&lt;ref name=&quot;sarge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Exhibitions: Cy Gavin, At Heaven's Command|work=Sargent's Daughters|date=1 April – 15 May 2016|url=https://www.sargentsdaughters.com/exhibitions/cy-gavin?view=slider|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115015531/https://www.sargentsdaughters.com/exhibitions/cy-gavin?view=slider|archivedate=15 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ngosi solo nke Gavin nke mbụ, Fugue States, meghere na Revision Space (Cindy Lisica Gallery) na February 2014, sochiri enyo solo New York nke mbụ ya, nke ihuenyo Overture, na Sargent's Daughters na July 2015. [1] E b  ihe osise iri na agwa agwa .  Day ndị ahụ na-akpatara nwata nke onye na-ese ihe, kpọmkwem isi ya na nna ya, yana &quot; abụọ &quot; nke ndụ ojii na America.  Gavin na- ihe osise dị iche iche na ese ihe osise ya na-ama atụ nke na-arị akara ahụ na &quot;ultra-black&quot; ma na- karin dị n'uche nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na agba na-pụpụ ppụpụ ahụ na agba na-pụpụ ppụpụ ahụ.  maka ụkọ ala na n'akụkụ

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/arts/design/review-cy-gavin-employs-unusual-canvas-ingredients-in-overture.html|title=Review: Cy Gavin Employs Unusual Canvas Ingredients in 'Overture'|author=Schwendener|first=Martha|date=August 13, 2015|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2017-12-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ihe ngosi ahụ meghere ndị dị mma sitere n'aka ndị nkatọ .  Martha Schwendener si The New York Times dere na Gavin na-eme, &quot;n atụmatụ nke ụzọ ya dị ka nlebara anya dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ. Craggy na sculpted, ha conjure teren nke ọhụrụ, ma kwa canvases site Francis Bacon, Gauguin na Cézanne, onye  .Okirikiri ala dị ka a ga-asisi na agbadoro ha na kwaaji

Ihe ngosi nke abụọ nke Gavin, ihuenyo At Heaven's Command, mepere na Sargent's Daughters na 2016.  Gavin ndụ n'afọ gara aga na Bermuda ma jiri oge ya n'itọetiti ahụ mee ngagharị nna ya na-eme ihe mere nke paste anya nke ahia ohu n'akwụkwọetiti ahụ.  [2] E wepụrụ aha ihe ngosi ahụ site na ahịrị mbụ nke ukwe Britain &quot; Rule, Britannia,&quot; nke e dere n'oge Bermuda bụ ohu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/cy-gavin-a-young-artist-with-an-eye-for-history|title=Cy Gavin, a Young Artist With an Eye For History|author=Solway|first=Diane|work=W Magazine|accessdate=2017-11-14|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/cy-gavin-1047590|title=How Maverick Artist Cy Gavin Painted His Own Way From Bermuda to the Rubell Foundation {{!}} artnet News|date=August 17, 2017|work=artnet News|accessdate=2017-11-14|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mgbe e ịhụ na 2016, Gavin n'ime ihe ngosi otu ahụ Nchegbu dị elu na mkpokọta Rubell na Miami, Florida.  [1] Gavin see onye obibi ụnwanyi na Rubell Foundation n'oge a.

N'afọ 2017, Gavin si na New York City kwagara ụlọ ihe nkiri ya na New York &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bombmagazine.org/articles/studio-visit-cy-gavin/|title=Studio Visit: Cy Gavin by Ryan Chapman – BOMB Magazine|work=bombmagazine.org|accessdate=2017-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ngosi solo nke atọ nke Gavin, ''Devils Isle'', meghere na mbido 2018 na Paris, France na VNH Gallery. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/cy-gavin-1047590|title=How Maverick Artist Cy Gavin Painted His Own Way From Bermuda to the Rubell Foundation {{!}} artnet News|date=August 17, 2017|work=artnet News|accessdate=2017-11-14|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Ma ọchịchị 3, 2019, ụlọ ọrụ Gavin Brown mepere ihe ngosi nke ọgụ nke Cy Gavin.  Ọ bụ ihe ngosi izizi nke onye na-ese ihe na gallery wee zute ọhụrụ mara mma.  Onye na-ede uri na onye nkatọ Shiv Kotecha dere maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Frieze, &quot;Gavin eseela ihe ọrụ ise nke na-eme ka ozu ndị a mara ikpe na ndị ohu n'okpuru ebe obibi nke ukwu. Dị ka ọrụ Gavin mbụ,  nke na-egosi ahụ ojii na-, ndị a bụ 'Ihe osise' nke odida obodo, nke bụ na ha mgbaàmà ihe ndị ha na-azụ ụgbọ - mmiri mmiri na-asaa oyi, mmiri mmiri na-ahọ oyi, nnukwu  ọgba aghara - dịka ha na-eme ka a mata ebe a na-agụkarị ihe osise. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://frieze.com/article/painter-cy-gavins-transhistorical-reckoning|title=Painter Cy Gavin's Transhistorical Reckoning|work=frieze.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'April 6, 2022, Cy Gavin nwere ọrụ ya ' aha' nke egosiri na 2022 Whitney Biennial 'Juu dị ka edobere ya' n'ụdị ndị nka iri isii na atọ ndị ọzọ na Whitney Museum of American Art.  Ọrụ ahụ bụ nke Gavin mere n'oge ajụjụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Whitney Biennial 2022: Quiet as It’s Kept|url=https://whitney.org/exhibitions/2022-biennial?section=25|accessdate=2022-06-15|work=whitney.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gburugburu ==
Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị Gavin na-eche echiche nke, &quot; sitere na disarticulation na omenala onye nke isi nke onye na-ese ihe na United States of America, Africa, Bermuda na ihe mere eme nke ịgba ohu nke na-  akara na-ekpuchi ya n'etiti ahụ.&quot;  [1] Gavin na-akatọ echiche dị iche nke ụdị, ụdị ihe mere eme, na colonialism ma tinyela Iṣakoso anya nke ala, agụụ elation na euphoria, trauma, na ndị mba ọzọ Africa na ike ya na ọrụ vidiyo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/cy-gavin-a-young-artist-with-an-eye-for-history|title=Cy Gavin, a Young Artist With an Eye For History|author=Solway|first=Diane|work=W Magazine|accessdate=2017-11-14|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mmetụta'''

Gavin akwụkwọ na ihe odide nke ɔkɔ ọmụmụ ihe mere eme na onye na-akwado WEB Dubois emetụtawo ọrụ ya nke ukwuu, jiida ya The Souls of Black Folk .  Dubois na Nkisi Nkondi, ihe ndị ike na arụsị sitere na Kongo, bụ isi ihe ọrụ ya na Overture.&lt;ref name=&quot;sarge&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
'''Ihe ngosi Solo'''

* ''Cy Gavin'', ụlọ ọrụ Gavin Brown, New York, 2019
* ''Devils'Isle'', VNH gallery, Paris, France, 2017
* ''Na Iwu Eluigwe'', Ụmụ nwanyị Sargent, New York, 2016 &lt;ref name=&quot;sarge&quot;/&gt;
* ''Overture'', Sargent's Daughters, New York, NY 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sargentsdaughters.com/exhibitions/cy-gavin5|title=Cy Gavin – Exhibitions – Sargent's Daughters|work=www.sargentsdaughters.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-13|archivedate=2017-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114093718/http://www.sargentsdaughters.com/exhibitions/cy-gavin5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Steeti Fugue'', Oghere Ndozigharị (Cindy Lisica Gallery), Pittsburgh, 2014 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cindy-lisica.squarespace.com/exhibitions#/cy-gavin-fugue-states/|title=Cy Gavin – Exhibitions – Cindy Lisica Gallery|work=www.cindylisicagallery.com|language=en|accessdate=2024-05-28|archivedate=2024-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528232813/http://cindy-lisica.squarespace.com/exhibitions#/cy-gavin-fugue-states/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ihe ngosi otu ahọpụtara'''

* 2022 Whitney Biennial akpọrọ &quot;Kwụsị dị jụụ ka edobere ya&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mitter|first=Siddhartha|date=2022-01-25|title=Whitney Biennial Picks 63 Artists to Take Stock of Now|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/arts/design/whitney-biennial.html|accessdate=2022-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ọhụụ nke Ọchịchịrị: Ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a na-ejikọta abalị'', MASS MoCA, North Adams, MA, 2018 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://massmoca.org/event/the-lure-of-the-dark/|title=The Lure of the Dark Contemporary Painters Conjure the Night|work=massmoca.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''N'etiti Mmiri'', Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY 2018 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whitney.org/Exhibitions/BetweenTheWaters|title=Between the Waters {{!}} Whitney Museum of American Art|work=whitney.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Hecate'', Obere ọkụ dị iche iche, Los Angeles, CA, 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.vsf.la/hecate/|title=Hecate – Various Small Fires, Los Angeles|date=July 2, 2017|work=Various Small Fires, Los Angeles|accessdate=2017-11-13|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Dirge'', JTT, New York, NY, 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.jttnyc.com/6953,6955,7334,86167|title=JTT / EXHIBITIONS / Previous / 2017.06 Dirge|work=www.jttnyc.com|accessdate=2017-11-13|archivedate=December 21, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221022704/http://www.jttnyc.com/6953,6955,7334,86167}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Frame Site na Frame'', Callicoon Fine Arts, New York, NY, 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://callicoonfinearts.com/exhibitions/frame-by-frame/press-release|title=FRAME BY FRAME|work=callicoonfinearts.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-13|archivedate=2017-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928190142/http://www.callicoonfinearts.com/exhibitions/frame-by-frame/press-release}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Nchegbu dị elu'', mkpokọta ezinụlọ Rubell, Miami, FL 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rfc.museum/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/high-anxiety|title=High Anxiety|work=rfc.museum|language=en-gb|accessdate=2017-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Q[http://www.cygavin.com/index.html Weebụsaịtị onye nka]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Barry Johnson (onye na-ese ihe)</title>
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Barry Johnson (nke onye omenkà mere ka ọ bụrụ barry johnson, na-eji obere obere obere) [1] bụ onye omenkà na onye edemede America.

== Ndụ mbido ==
Akwụkwọ Johnson ma akụkụ na Topeka, Kansas .  [1] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Emporia State University, buru ibu na azụmahịa na akara.  N'ịgbaso ike ya, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ afụ maka American Red Cross na Seattle, na mgbe ahụ maka Deloitte .  Mgbe afọ ole na ole gachara na ngalaba aha, ọ, ọrụ oge niile dị ka onye na-ese ihe, [2] mgbe ọ chọpụtarachara onwe ya ụzọ site na nkuzi na akwụkwọ n' ịntanetị, [3] iji uzo n'oge  nhọrọ ya dị ka ntọhapụ sitere na.  arụ ọrụ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mefeater.com/mefeature-barry-johnson-the-consultant-to-artist/|title=#MEFeature: barry johnson, Not One for the Clout|date=15 March 2018|publisher=|accessdate=2 June 2024|archivedate=2 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070604/https://mefeater.com/mefeature-barry-johnson-the-consultant-to-artist/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.apartmenttherapy.com/diversity-in-home-interior-design-36718647|title=9 Black Design Professionals Share Their Thoughts on Diversity in Design}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ nka ==
Johnson na-arụ ọrụ n'ụdị dị iche iche, sere murals, sketching, foto, ọgụ, na ọkpụkpụ.  [1] Ọtụtụ ihe osise ya nọrọ aha.  [2] Na 2016 ọrụ ya bụ Okwu nwere puku ike iri nwere akara tweet Black Lives Matter gbasasịa n'ofe gallery, ihe atụ nke ndidi nka na nka ya.  Ngalaba Johnson na-akpa ndị amapụtara nke &quot;Community, Culture, and Connection&quot;.  [3] Na 2017 ọrụ bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi solo na Center on Contemporary Art na Seattle, yana ịpụta na ihe ngosi otu Bloodlines na ArtXchange gallery.  [4] Na 2018 ọrụ ya e ịrịba na solo ngosi na m mma na Tacoma, Washington.  Ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị dị na ihe nkiri ahụ sitere na egwu obi America.  [5] N'afọ ahụ, o gosikwara ọrụ na Onyx gallery na Kent Summer Arts Exhibition, na mgbakwunye na ị okwu TEDx na usoro ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://seattlerefined.com/features/artistoftheweek/artist-of-the-week-barry-johnson|title=Artist of the Week: barry johnson|first=Sinclair Broadcast|author=Group|date=18 May 2018|work=Seattle Refined}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2019 ụzọ ya bụ nke ihe ngosi nke Pierce County Aids Foundation mere.  [1] N'afọ 2020, johnson Saf nke Vivid Matter Collective, nke ibu mmemme site na nka na Obodo Seattle.  [2] Ọ na-ese &quot;E&quot; na Black Lives Matter mural nke e kere n'ime obere oge CHOP dị na Seattle  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Keimig|first=Jasmyne|title=CHOP's &quot;Black Lives Matter&quot; Mural Gets an Unwanted Layer of Sealant|url=https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2020/07/07/44046583/chops-black-lives-matter-mural-gets-an-unwanted-layer-of-sealant|accessdate=2020-11-03|work=The Stranger|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Usoro ==
Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ Johnson gụnyere ihe odide ndị na-eso ya na-akọwa &quot;oge nkọwa ya, echiche ya, mmetụta mpụga na ọnọdụ nke ya n'ime ya n'oge usoro okike.&quot; O kwuputala na iji ihe odide a na-enyere aka n'ebumnobi ya ịkọ akụkọ site na nka ya. Ọrụ ya bụ inter-disciplinary na-eji dị iche iche omenala na atypical mediums. Ndị ọzọ ekwuola banyere ọrụ ya na, &quot;Ịdị omimi nke nkà ya na-enye Barry ohere ịrụ ọrụ n'ofe eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, ntinye, ihe nkiri na ejiji.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://d3czolpekmjw7h.cloudfront.net/article/2020-06-11-barry-johnson-the-art-of-creating-new-personas|title=Barry Johnson: The art of creating new personas &amp;#124; Art News and Events &amp;#124; Rise Art|accessdate=2020-07-17|archivedate=2020-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717232538/https://d3czolpekmjw7h.cloudfront.net/article/2020-06-11-barry-johnson-the-art-of-creating-new-personas}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na-ede ==
Johnson arụwokwa ọrụ dị ka onye edemede akwụkwọ ụmụaka, &lt;ref name=&quot;Emp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emporiagazette.com/education/article_6cb7a318-5d3c-11e9-9a9c-2f3a2970171b.html|title=ESU alum celebrates diversity through art|first=Ryann|author=Brooks|work=Emporia Gazette}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-ede ma na-akọwa akwụkwọ ''Oh What Wonderful Hair'', dabere na ahụmahụ ya na nwa ya nwanyị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Top&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cjonline.com/news/20190331/kansas-boy-at-heart-topeka-raised-artist-represents-hometown-wherever-he-goes|title=Kansas boy at heart: Topeka-raised artist represents hometown wherever he goes|first=Brianna|author=Childers|work=The Topeka Capital-Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.barryjohnson.co/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Barry Johnson]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Barry}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Elizabeth Margaretta Maria Gilbert</title>
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'''Elizabeth Margaretta Maria Gilbert''' (7 August 1826 - 7 February 1885) bụ onye ọrụ ebere England.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Elizabeth Gilbert na Oxford, nwa nwanyị nke Ashurst Gilbert, onye isi nke Brasenose College, Oxford, ma mesịa bụrụ Bishọp nke Chichester &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=wQBJAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Florence%20Bishop%20Trader%20blind&amp;pg=PA407 &quot;Literature&quot;] ''The Athenaeum'' (29 September 1860): 407.&lt;/ref&gt; na nwunye ya, Mary Ann Wintle Gilbert. Elizabeth butere ọrịa scarlet fever mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ, nke mere ka ọ kpuo ìsì. Nne na nna ya họọrọ ịkụziri ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị, ọ mụtakwara asụsụ na egwu, mgbe 1851 gasịrị, o jiri ngwaọrụ ederede &quot;Foucault&quot; dee.&lt;ref&gt;Gordon Goodwin, [[wikisource:Gilbert,_Elizabeth_Margaretta_Maria_(DNB00)|&quot;Elizabeth Margaretta Maria Gilbert&quot;]] ''Dictionary of National Biography'' (1885-1900, Volume 21).&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-enwekwa mmasị na nkuzi nke nkà mmụta mbara igwe na [[orrery]], dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ ya si kwuo. &quot;Otu mkpịsị aka na-efegharị na mbara ala ma jiri nnukwu obi ụtọ soro ha na-agagharị&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martin&quot;&gt;Frances Martin, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MAQBAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=Elizabeth+Margaretta+Maria+Gilbert&amp;pg=PA9 ''Elizabeth Gilbert and Her Work for the Blind''] (Macmillan and Company 1887): 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ebere ==
N'afọ 1842, Gilbert nwetara ihe nketa dị ukwuu site n'aka nne nkuzi, na-enye ya ohere nnwere onwe ego mgbe ọ toro. N'afọ 1854, ya na William Hanks Levy (onye kpuru ìsì) guzobere usoro ọzụzụ ọrụ aka, na mbụ naanị maka ụmụ nwoke, nke a na-akpọ &quot;The Association for Promoting the General Welfare of the Blind&quot; (GWB). N'oge na-adịghị anya, ka mbọ Gilbert na-agba ịnakọta ego gara nke ọma, a gbakwunyere ọbá akwụkwọ na klas ndị ọzọ, a gụnyekwara ụmụ nwanyị kpuru ìsì na 1857.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martin&quot;&gt;Frances Martin, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MAQBAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=Elizabeth+Margaretta+Maria+Gilbert&amp;pg=PA9 ''Elizabeth Gilbert and Her Work for the Blind''] (Macmillan and Company 1887): 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

O nwetere nkwado nke Frances Martin  onye bukwa onye noro onwe ya nakwa onye na ekwu maka agumakwukwo Maka umunwaanyi. Martin ga emecha buru onye ga abu onye odide Ihe ndu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martin&quot;&gt;Frances Martin, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MAQBAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=Elizabeth+Margaretta+Maria+Gilbert&amp;pg=PA9 ''Elizabeth Gilbert and Her Work for the Blind''] (Macmillan and Company 1887): 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afọ ndị sochirinụ na ihe nketa ==
Elizabeth Gilbert, nke na-enwetụbeghị ahụike siri ike, dara ọrịa na 1875, ma nwụọ na 1884, mgbe ọ dị afọ 58.  Òtù Gilbert guzobere na-aga n'ihu taa dị ka CLARITY - Ọrụ Maka Ndị ìsì.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gilbert, Elizabeth Margaretta Maria}}
[[Òtù:Living people]]</text>
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    <title>Michael Richards (onye na-ese ihe)</title>
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[[Usòrò:Tar_Baby_vs_St_Sebastian_by_Michael_Richards.jpg|thumb| ''Tar Baby vs St. Sebastian'' nke Michael Richards dere]]
Michael Rolando Richards (August 2, 1963 - September 11, 2001) bụ onye omenkà America-Afrika na onye na-ese ihe sitere na nna Jamaican na Costa Rican bụ onye e gburu n'oge ọrụ September 11 mgbe ọ nọ na studio nka ya.  n'okpukpu 92nd nke World Trade Center.  Ndị elu North.  [1] Ọhụra ihe mere eme ya na ike African-American site na ọkpụkpụ, nka echiche, na nrụnye.  N'ịbụ onye òtù Black Arts Movement nke 1970 na-emetụta, Richards abanyela n'ihe ihe mere eme nke Afrika-American na-eme ifo maka ihe oyiyi ga-arị ihe mgbagha nke ọha America.  Richards na-arụ ọrụ na ọla kọpa.

== Ndụ mbido ==
Mkpakọrịta Richards na Brooklyn, New York, ma ụlọ na Kingston, Jamaica.  [1] Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Excelsior wee nweta nzere bachelọ nke Fine Arts na akwụkwọ Queens yana Master of Arts na Mahadum New York .  [2] Site na 1992-93, o sonye na mmemme eme nke onwe na Whitney Museum of American Art.

== Ọrụ ==
Richards bụ onye America na-akpụ akpụ nke Jamaican na Costa Rica.  Ọghọ ndị ihe mere eme na ike onye Africa-American ya site na ihe ọkpụkpụ, nka echiche, na nrụnye.  N'ịbụ onye òtù Black Arts Movement nke 1970 na-emetụta, Richards abanyela n'ihe ihe mere eme nke Afrika-American na-eme ifo maka ihe oyiyi ga-arị ihe mgbagha nke ọha America.  Richards na-arụ ọrụ na ọla kọpa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-for-a-change.com/Month/month.htm|title=Gone But Not Forgotten - (Michael Richards - 1963 - 2001)|author=Vallen|first=Mark|work=Art for a Change|date=2001|accessdate=February 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe na-ebi na Studio Museum na Harlem na 1996 wee gosi ọrụ ya ebe ahụ na &quot;Passages&quot; na 1999. [1] Richards nnyonye ikike n'oge ndụ ya.  Na 2000, ọ natara Franconia Sculpture Park / Jerome Fellowship.  Ọ bụ n'oge a ka o kere ibe &quot;Are You Down&quot; nke egosiri ugbu a na akwụkwọ ahụ.  Ọ bụkwa onye nnata ebe obibi studio si na Lower Manhattan Cultural Council .  nyere ya &quot;Studio in the Sky&quot; na World Trade Center. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blackartblog.blackartdepot.com/features/featured-ethnic-artist/michael-rolando-richards.html|title=The Sculpture of Michael Rolando Richards|date=2010-09-15|work=Black Art Depot Today|accessdate=October 1, 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

mbụ mbụ ya, aha ya bụ Ị dị ala?  , dị na Franconia, Minnesota, na Franconia Sculpture Park .  Parkonia Sculpture Park bụ ụlọ ọrụ nka obodo na-enye ndị na-ese ihe na-ike ebe obibi na ọrịre ọrụ.  Ị dị ala?  osisi ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Tuskegee Airmen [1] ma Glenn Gordon anya ya nke ọma:&lt;blockquote&gt;[Ihe atụ] ihe oyiyi mmadụ atọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndụ. Ndị parachut atọ si na mbara igwe daa, ha na-anọdụ ala n'ala n'ihe yiri (otu oge snow gbazere iji gosi ha) ka ọ bụrụ ebe mmiri na-asọ asọ. Azụ tụgharịrị na ibe ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na-etolite triangle ihe dị ka ụkwụ iri na abụọ n'akụkụ. N'ime triangle ahụ, e nwere nnukwu anya ehi dị larịị n'ala, ebumnuche ebe ndị ikom ahụ chọburu ịda. Isi ha kpuchiri okpu agha akpụkpọ anụ nke dabara adaba, uwe elu ha dọwara na ọdịda ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ahụ na-anọchi anya ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ elu atọ dara ada site na akụkọ ahụ, Tuskegee Airmen's Squadron ojii nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị ikom Richards (na-eji onwe ya dị ka ihe nlereanya ya). ) laghachiri n'ọrụ ya nke ukwuu, ugboro ugboro. Ha anaghị ekwu nke ukwuu nke obi ụtọ nke ụgbọ elu dị ka nrọ nke nnwere Nnwere onwe  dara n'ụwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ọ bụ ebe na etinyere ya na fiberglass na mbụ, ewe iche ya na ọla n'afọ 2012. ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngwaọrụ na-adịgide n'ime Richards na ọrụ ya.  [1] Nke a emeela ka ọ naanị ihe ọkpụkpụ na-adịgide adịgide na ahụ.  [2] Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times kwuru aha aha ahụ ugboro abụọ: &quot;'Ọ̀ dị ala?'  odi, 'Ị nọnyeere m?'  Ọ bụkwa oku a na-akpọ onye ụgbọ ụgbọ elu efu &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-diehl-23&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Diehl|first=Travis|title=A Meteoric Career, Cut Short, Still Burns Bright|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/arts/design/michael-richards-bronx-museum.html|work=The New York Times|date=October 31, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Njụjụ ọnụ 1997, Richards kwuru na &quot;echiche nke ụgbọ elu ojiji m ji ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu na ụgbọ elu, ma ọ na-ezokwa aka n'ụka ndị ojii, echiche nke ibuli elu, nwude, ma ọ bụ  ibuga n'ebe dị ozi — ka mma. ụwa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-diehl-23&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Diehl|first=Travis|title=A Meteoric Career, Cut Short, Still Burns Bright|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/arts/design/michael-richards-bronx-museum.html|work=The New York Times|date=October 31, 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDiehl2023&quot;&gt;Diehl, Travis (October 31, 2023). [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/arts/design/michael-richards-bronx-museum.html &quot;A Meteoric Career, Cut Short, Still Burns Bright&quot;]. ''The New York Times''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ọkpụkpụ Richards nke 1999 Tar Baby vs St. Sebastian Visa Tuskegee Airman dị ka St. Sebastian ma bụrụ ihe nke &quot;Tuskegee Airmen Collection&quot; nke ọ ngwaọrụ ihe awụ afọ iri na-ahụ.  Sebastian bụ onye ntachi mbụ ọnwụ n'ihi akụkọ na onye àmà ndị agha na ndị egwuregwu n'ihi ntachi obi anụ ahụ ya.  E gburugburu St. Sebastian site n'ịgbara akụ ndị juputara na ya maka Ndịbe ihe e jidere o kwesịrị ido anya.  Otú ọ dị, na ihe ọkpụkpụ a, ọ bụ Tuskegee Airman nke ọtụtụ ụgbọ elu na-adụpu ya.  Tar Baby vs. St. Sebastian mode n'ụkwụ asaa n'ogologo ma jiri resin na ire mee ya.  Richards tụbara ahụ nke ya na resin rọba iji jide ihe ọkpụkpụ a na ndị ọzọ.  [1] Tar Baby vs St. Sebastian dị ugbu a na North Carolina Museum of Art na Raleigh, North Carolina, ma e ịhụ ya na mbụ na ngosi ihe ngosi Passages: Contemporary Art in Transition site na Deidre Scott.  Ọ bụ ọrụ a mere ka a na-ewere Richards dị ka &quot;onye na-ese ihe ntị mma na-ahụ site na mmemme Studio Museum AIR&quot; nke Franklin Sirmans dere . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Corcoran Gallery of Art weputara ihe ngosi nke Richards na 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-diehl-23&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Diehl|first=Travis|title=A Meteoric Career, Cut Short, Still Burns Bright|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/arts/design/michael-richards-bronx-museum.html|work=The New York Times|date=October 31, 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDiehl2023&quot;&gt;Diehl, Travis (October 31, 2023). [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/arts/design/michael-richards-bronx-museum.html &quot;A Meteoric Career, Cut Short, Still Burns Bright&quot;]. ''The New York Times''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpempe akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ ama ama nke Richards Air Fall 1 (Anya ya dị na nza, amaara m na ọ na-ekiri m), Icarus Wings'n'Things, Escape Plan 100, Escape Plan 76 (Brer Plane in the Briar Patch)  .   ) (1996), Mfu nke Okwukwe na-eweta Vertigo (1994), Ịrịgo n'ubube akwụkwọ (Ọ tụfuru isi ya) (1994), Great Black Airmen (Tuskegee) 1996, na [Enweghị aha] (Free F'All)  (1997).&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-diehl-23&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Diehl|first=Travis|title=A Meteoric Career, Cut Short, Still Burns Bright|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/arts/design/michael-richards-bronx-museum.html|work=The New York Times|date=October 31, 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDiehl2023&quot;&gt;Diehl, Travis (October 31, 2023). [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/arts/design/michael-richards-bronx-museum.html &quot;A Meteoric Career, Cut Short, Still Burns Bright&quot;]. ''The New York Times''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Iberibe ụfọdụ furu efu, na-adị ndụ na foto.  Nigga ọ gbakwunye bụ ike, &quot;ihe oyiyi nke onye na-anya ụgbọ elu Tuskegee na-agba ọkụ meteor&quot;, nọ na studio Richards na September.  11. &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-diehl-23&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Diehl|first=Travis|title=A Meteoric Career, Cut Short, Still Burns Bright|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/arts/design/michael-richards-bronx-museum.html|work=The New York Times|date=October 31, 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDiehl2023&quot;&gt;Diehl, Travis (October 31, 2023). [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/arts/design/michael-richards-bronx-museum.html &quot;A Meteoric Career, Cut Short, Still Burns Bright&quot;]. ''The New York Times''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2021, Museum of Contemporary Art North Miami Florida ọrụ azụghachi nke azụ nke &quot;Michael Richards: Ị dị ala?&quot;  iji na-agba ọsọ site na 20th mgbasa nke World Trade Center ogụ.  [1] &quot;Ị dị ala?&quot;  E mechara gosi na Bronx Museum of Arts . &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-diehl-23&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Diehl|first=Travis|title=A Meteoric Career, Cut Short, Still Burns Bright|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/arts/design/michael-richards-bronx-museum.html|work=The New York Times|date=October 31, 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDiehl2023&quot;&gt;Diehl, Travis (October 31, 2023). [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/arts/design/michael-richards-bronx-museum.html &quot;A Meteoric Career, Cut Short, Still Burns Bright&quot;]. ''The New York Times''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Egburu Richards na September 11, 2001, n'oge ogụ World Trade Center mgbe ọ nọ na ụlọ ọrụ ya na 92nd floor nke World Trade Center's North Tower.  [1] Richards egosiela atụgharị na studio ya kama ime njem were awa abụọ pụta Queens.  [2] Mgbe ụgbọ elu American Airlines Flight 11 dara n'ike elu dị n'etiti ala 93 na 99, igwe mbili ahụ ike ọrụ ọrụ na irighiri ihe sitere na mpaghara ahụ rutere n'ala nke 92 iji mechie nke ọ gbala.  n'ime steepụ atọ ahụ, na-eme ka onye ọ gbagba ịgbapụ n'ala ahụ.  N'ihi ya, ọ dịghị onye nọ na Floor 92 na elu na North Tower nwere ike ịlanara.  [3] Emebere Michael Richards Fund iji kwado ndị nka sitere na ụdị Caribbean  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lmcc.net/grants/past_grant_programs/michael_richards_fund|title=Michael Richards Fund|work=LMCC.net|publisher=Lower Manhattan Cultural Council|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814234139/http://lmcc.net/grants/past_grant_programs/michael_richards_fund|accessdate=June 9, 2021|archivedate=2013-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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[[Usòrò:Tar_Baby_vs_St_Sebastian_by_Michael_Richards.jpg|thumb| ''Tar Baby vs St. Sebastian'' nke Michael Richards dere]]
Michael Rolando Richards (August 2, 1963 - September 11, 2001) bụ onye omenkà America-Afrika na onye na-ese ihe sitere na nna Jamaican na Costa Rican bụ onye e gburu n'oge ọrụ September 11 mgbe ọ nọ na studio nka ya.  n'okpukpu 92nd nke World Trade Center.  Ndị elu North.  [1] Ọhụra ihe mere eme ya na ike African-American site na ọkpụkpụ, nka echiche, na nrụnye.  N'ịbụ onye òtù Black Arts Movement nke 1970 na-emetụta, Richards abanyela n'ihe ihe mere eme nke Afrika-American na-eme ifo maka ihe oyiyi ga-arị ihe mgbagha nke ọha America.  Richards na-arụ ọrụ na ọla kọpa.

== Ndụ mbido ==
Mkpakọrịta Richards na Brooklyn, New York, ma ụlọ na Kingston, Jamaica.  [1] Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Excelsior wee nweta nzere bachelọ nke Fine Arts na akwụkwọ Queens yana Master of Arts na Mahadum New York .  [2] Site na 1992-93, o sonye na mmemme eme nke onwe na Whitney Museum of American Art.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-diehl-23&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Richards bụ onye America na-akpụ akpụ nke Jamaican na Costa Rica.  Ọghọ ndị ihe mere eme na ike onye Africa-American ya site na ihe ọkpụkpụ, nka echiche, na nrụnye.  N'ịbụ onye òtù Black Arts Movement nke 1970 na-emetụta, Richards abanyela n'ihe ihe mere eme nke Afrika-American na-eme ifo maka ihe oyiyi ga-arị ihe mgbagha nke ọha America.  Richards na-arụ ọrụ na ọla kọpa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-for-a-change.com/Month/month.htm|title=Gone But Not Forgotten - (Michael Richards - 1963 - 2001)|author=Vallen|first=Mark|work=Art for a Change|date=2001|accessdate=February 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe na-ebi na Studio Museum na Harlem na 1996 wee gosi ọrụ ya ebe ahụ na &quot;Passages&quot; na 1999. [1] Richards nnyonye ikike n'oge ndụ ya.  Na 2000, ọ natara Franconia Sculpture Park / Jerome Fellowship.  Ọ bụ n'oge a ka o kere ibe &quot;Are You Down&quot; nke egosiri ugbu a na akwụkwọ ahụ.  Ọ bụkwa onye nnata ebe obibi studio si na Lower Manhattan Cultural Council .  nyere ya &quot;Studio in the Sky&quot; na World Trade Center. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blackartblog.blackartdepot.com/features/featured-ethnic-artist/michael-rolando-richards.html|title=The Sculpture of Michael Rolando Richards|date=2010-09-15|work=Black Art Depot Today|accessdate=October 1, 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

mbụ mbụ ya, aha ya bụ Ị dị ala?  , dị na Franconia, Minnesota, na Franconia Sculpture Park .  Parkonia Sculpture Park bụ ụlọ ọrụ nka obodo na-enye ndị na-ese ihe na-ike ebe obibi na ọrịre ọrụ.  Ị dị ala?  osisi ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Tuskegee Airmen [1] ma Glenn Gordon anya ya nke ọma:&lt;blockquote&gt;[Ihe atụ] ihe oyiyi mmadụ atọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndụ. Ndị parachut atọ si na mbara igwe daa, ha na-anọdụ ala n'ala n'ihe yiri (otu oge snow gbazere iji gosi ha) ka ọ bụrụ ebe mmiri na-asọ asọ. Azụ tụgharịrị na ibe ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na-etolite triangle ihe dị ka ụkwụ iri na abụọ n'akụkụ. N'ime triangle ahụ, e nwere nnukwu anya ehi dị larịị n'ala, ebumnuche ebe ndị ikom ahụ chọburu ịda. Isi ha kpuchiri okpu agha akpụkpọ anụ nke dabara adaba, uwe elu ha dọwara na ọdịda ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ahụ na-anọchi anya ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ elu atọ dara ada site na akụkọ ahụ, Tuskegee Airmen's Squadron ojii nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị ikom Richards (na-eji onwe ya dị ka ihe nlereanya ya). ) laghachiri n'ọrụ ya nke ukwuu, ugboro ugboro. Ha anaghị ekwu nke ukwuu nke obi ụtọ nke ụgbọ elu dị ka nrọ nke nnwere Nnwere onwe  dara n'ụwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ọ bụ ebe na etinyere ya na fiberglass na mbụ, ewe iche ya na ọla n'afọ 2012. ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngwaọrụ na-adịgide n'ime Richards na ọrụ ya.  [1] Nke a emeela ka ọ naanị ihe ọkpụkpụ na-adịgide adịgide na ahụ.  [2] Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times kwuru aha aha ahụ ugboro abụọ: &quot;'Ọ̀ dị ala?'  odi, 'Ị nọnyeere m?'  Ọ bụkwa oku a na-akpọ onye ụgbọ ụgbọ elu efu &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-diehl-23&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Diehl|first=Travis|title=A Meteoric Career, Cut Short, Still Burns Bright|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/arts/design/michael-richards-bronx-museum.html|work=The New York Times|date=October 31, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Njụjụ ọnụ 1997, Richards kwuru na &quot;echiche nke ụgbọ elu ojiji m ji ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu na ụgbọ elu, ma ọ na-ezokwa aka n'ụka ndị ojii, echiche nke ibuli elu, nwude, ma ọ bụ  ibuga n'ebe dị ozi — ka mma. ụwa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-diehl-23&quot; /&gt;

Ihe ọkpụkpụ Richards nke 1999 Tar Baby vs St. Sebastian Visa Tuskegee Airman dị ka St. Sebastian ma bụrụ ihe nke &quot;Tuskegee Airmen Collection&quot; nke ọ ngwaọrụ ihe awụ afọ iri na-ahụ.  Sebastian bụ onye ntachi mbụ ọnwụ n'ihi akụkọ na onye àmà ndị agha na ndị egwuregwu n'ihi ntachi obi anụ ahụ ya.  E gburugburu St. Sebastian site n'ịgbara akụ ndị juputara na ya maka Ndịbe ihe e jidere o kwesịrị ido anya.  Otú ọ dị, na ihe ọkpụkpụ a, ọ bụ Tuskegee Airman nke ọtụtụ ụgbọ elu na-adụpu ya.  Tar Baby vs. St. Sebastian mode n'ụkwụ asaa n'ogologo ma jiri resin na ire mee ya.  Richards tụbara ahụ nke ya na resin rọba iji jide ihe ọkpụkpụ a na ndị ọzọ.  [1] Tar Baby vs St. Sebastian dị ugbu a na North Carolina Museum of Art na Raleigh, North Carolina, ma e ịhụ ya na mbụ na ngosi ihe ngosi Passages: Contemporary Art in Transition site na Deidre Scott.  Ọ bụ ọrụ a mere ka a na-ewere Richards dị ka &quot;onye na-ese ihe ntị mma na-ahụ site na mmemme Studio Museum AIR&quot; nke Franklin Sirmans dere . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Corcoran Gallery of Art weputara ihe ngosi nke Richards na 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-diehl-23&quot; /&gt;

Mpempe akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ ama ama nke Richards Air Fall 1 (Anya ya dị na nza, amaara m na ọ na-ekiri m), Icarus Wings'n'Things, Escape Plan 100, Escape Plan 76 (Brer Plane in the Briar Patch)  .   ) (1996), Mfu nke Okwukwe na-eweta Vertigo (1994), Ịrịgo n'ubube akwụkwọ (Ọ tụfuru isi ya) (1994), Great Black Airmen (Tuskegee) 1996, na [Enweghị aha] (Free F'All)  (1997).&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-diehl-23&quot; /&gt;

Iberibe ụfọdụ furu efu, na-adị ndụ na foto.  Nigga ọ gbakwunye bụ ike, &quot;ihe oyiyi nke onye na-anya ụgbọ elu Tuskegee na-agba ọkụ meteor&quot;, nọ na studio Richards na September.  11. &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-diehl-23&quot; /&gt;

Na 2021, Museum of Contemporary Art North Miami Florida ọrụ azụghachi nke azụ nke &quot;Michael Richards: Ị dị ala?&quot;  iji na-agba ọsọ site na 20th mgbasa nke World Trade Center ogụ.  [1] &quot;Ị dị ala?&quot;  E mechara gosi na Bronx Museum of Arts . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Egburu Richards na September 11, 2001, n'oge ogụ World Trade Center mgbe ọ nọ na ụlọ ọrụ ya na 92nd floor nke World Trade Center's North Tower.  [1] Richards egosiela atụgharị na studio ya kama ime njem were awa abụọ pụta Queens.  [2] Mgbe ụgbọ elu American Airlines Flight 11 dara n'ike elu dị n'etiti ala 93 na 99, igwe mbili ahụ ike ọrụ ọrụ na irighiri ihe sitere na mpaghara ahụ rutere n'ala nke 92 iji mechie nke ọ gbala.  n'ime steepụ atọ ahụ, na-eme ka onye ọ gbagba ịgbapụ n'ala ahụ.  N'ihi ya, ọ dịghị onye nọ na Floor 92 na elu na North Tower nwere ike ịlanara.  [3] Emebere Michael Richards Fund iji kwado ndị nka sitere na ụdị Caribbean  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lmcc.net/grants/past_grant_programs/michael_richards_fund|title=Michael Richards Fund|work=LMCC.net|publisher=Lower Manhattan Cultural Council|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814234139/http://lmcc.net/grants/past_grant_programs/michael_richards_fund|accessdate=June 9, 2021|archivedate=2013-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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        <username>Munachiso Excel</username>
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      <text bytes="12291" sha1="knfyilijehc78og8oqqq1finiaqwrfb" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Fatin Abbas in the video 'Pomegranate reading and discussion, with the book's author Helen Elaine Lee'.png|thumb|Fatin Abbas]]
 

Fatin Abbas ( ; amuru 1982 na Khartoum, Sudan) bu onye ode akwukwọ Sudan-American .  Ebe ya na ezinụlọ ya nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ntorobịa ya na New York City na maka ọmụmụ akwụkwọ na United Kingdom na US, a mara ya maka edemede ya na ide akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo banyere Sudan, yana maka obere akụkọ ya na 2023 ya.  oge mpụta mbụ akwụkwọ akụkọ mmụọ.  Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị PhD na Comparative Literature na Mahadum Harvard, ọ kuziri akụkọ ifo na Massachusetts Institute of Technology, na Pratt Institute na US, na Comparative Literature na Bard College na Berlin, Germany.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Abbas tolitere n'ezinụlọ nọ n'etiti ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ na Khartoum, ebe nna ya bụ prọfesọ mahadum na ngalaba Akwụkwọ Bekee. Mgbe ndị agha Omar al-Bashir wepụrụ ọchịchị n'afọ 1989, a tụrụ nna ya mkpọrọ dị ka onye na-emegide ọchịchị ọhụrụ ahụ ma tọhapụ ya naanị otu afọ ka e mesịrị. Iji gbanahụ mkpagbu ọzọ, ezinụlọ ahụ gara mba ọzọ na US na 1990. Na-arụ ọrụ na United Nations na New York City, nne ya nwetara ụgwọ ọnwa maka ezinụlọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Miller|first=Stuart|date=2023-01-24|title=After her family left Sudan, Fatin Abbas later returned. 'Ghost Season' is the result.|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2023/01/24/after-her-family-left-sudan-fatin-abbas-later-returned-ghost-season-is-the-result|accessdate=2023-03-24|work=Orange County Register|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abbas biri ndụ afọ iri na ụma ya na New York City wee hụ ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ megide Ndị Agba, yana ọdịiche ọdịbendị dị n'etiti ndụ Sudan na US mgbe ọ laghachiri Sudan maka nleta ogologo oge. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts na akwụkwọ Bekee site na Mahadum Cambridge, PhD na Comparative Literature sitere na Mahadum Harvard, yana Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing site na Hunter College na Mahadum City nke New York.

== Ọrụ dị ka onye edemede na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Dị ka onye edemede na-abụghị akụkọ ifo, Abbas edeela edemede, nyocha na akụkọ maka mgbasa ozi mba ụwa dị ka The Nation, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Abbas|first=Fatin|date=2007-05-10|title=The New Face of Warfare|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/new-face-warfare/|accessdate=2023-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; openDemocracy, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Abbas|first=Fatin|date=2012-08-31|title=Year of the boomerang? Frantz Fanon and the Arab uprisings|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/year-of-boomerang-frantz-fanon-and-arab-uprisings/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=openDemocracy|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Royal African Society's African Arguments, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Abbas|first=Fatin|date=2016-01-18|title=Coming to terms with Sudan's legacy of slavery|url=https://africanarguments.org/2016/01/coming-to-terms-with-sudans-legacy-of-slavery-2/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=African Arguments|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; magazin ''Bidoun'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Abbas|first=Fatin|title=Below the Poverty Line|url=https://new.bidoun.org/articles/below-the-poverty-line-a-novel|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Bidoun|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mbipụta German nke Le Monde diplomatique, &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Abbas|first=Fatin|title=Brief aus Khartum|url=https://monde-diplomatique.de/artikel/!5373707|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=monde-diplomatique.de|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; German Die Zeit online, [4] na ''Kulturaustausch'', magazin nke ifa - Institute for Foreign Relations na Germany bipụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Abbas|first=Fatin|date=2018-03-14|title=Niemals eine Bürgerin|url=https://www.zeit.de/kultur/2018-03/migration-sudan-usa-deutschland-fremde-10nach8/komplettansicht|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Die Zeit|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Abbas|first=Fatin|title=Against white time|url=https://www.kulturaustausch.de/en/archive?tx_amkulturaustausch_pi1%5Bauid%5D=4730&amp;tx_amkulturaustausch_pi1%5Bview%5D=ARTICLE&amp;cHash=077d421b41d4730b06a62b5843b9f54f|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=www.kulturaustausch.de|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323160450/https://www.kulturaustausch.de/en/archive?tx_amkulturaustausch_pi1%5Bauid%5D=4730&amp;tx_amkulturaustausch_pi1%5Bview%5D=ARTICLE&amp;cHash=077d421b41d4730b06a62b5843b9f54f}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka magazin dị n'ịntanetị Africa is a Country, o dere nyocha nke ihe nkiri ''Timbuktu'' nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Mauritania bụ Abderrahmane Sissako.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Abbas|first=Fatin|title=A beautiful vision of resistance|url=https://africasacountry.com/2015/02/abderrahmane-sissakos-oscar-nominated-timbuktu-transcends-the-present|accessdate=2023-03-24|work=africasacountry.com|date=21 December 2022|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'akwụkwọ edemede ya nke afọ 2015 na-abịa na ihe nketa Sudan nke ịgba ohu, ọ tụlere akụkọ banyere ịgba ohu site na mmalite narị afọ nke 19 ruo Sudan nwere onwe ya.  Ọ kọwapụtara ka ịgba ohu siri kpụzie echiche ọha na eze na-enwekarị banyere njirimara dị ka ndị Alakụba na ndị Arab nke ugwu Sudan ma ọ bụ dị ka ndịda Sudan nke tumadi nkwenkwe okpukpe Africa ma ọ bụ nke Ndị Kraịst.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
 
N'otu edemede e bipụtara n'asụsụ German, ọ kọrọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Khartoum site na steeti Mahdist na-emegide ọchịchị na ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 19 ruo mgbe [[South Sudan]] si n'akụkụ ugwu nke mba ahụ n'okpuru ọchịchị aka ike nke Omar al-Bashir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; Ọzọkwa, ọ na-ekwu maka isiokwu ndị dị ka ụmụaka ndị agha na mgbasawanye nke obere ngwá agha n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Akụkọ ifo ya dị mkpirikpi apụtala na magazin ndị dị ka ''Granta,'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Abbas|first=Fatin|date=2020-04-30|title=Diminishing Returns|url=https://granta.com/diminishing-returns/|accessdate=2023-03-24|work=Granta|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Freeman's, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/freemans-arrival/|title=Freeman's: Arrival {{!}} Grove Atlantic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The MIT Technology Review, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Abbas|first=Fatin|title=The first murder|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/08/19/1006355/the-first-murder-abbas/|date=19 August 2020|accessdate=2023-03-24|work=MIT Technology Review|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Warwick Review,'' na Friction . Akwụkwọ akụkọ izizi ya nke afọ 2023 bụ Ghost Season dabeere na ahụmịhe onwe onye nke onye edemede ahụ na-arụ ọrụ maka otu NGO na mpaghara ókèala dị n'etiti ugwu na ndịda Sudan ma mee ya n'obodo Saaraya, &quot;ebe ọhụụ na agha obodo dị n'agbata ndị nnupụisi nke ndịda na gọọmentị ugwu nke dị na Khartoum&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ajayi|first=Angela|date=2023-01-13|title=Review: 'Ghost Season,' by Fatin Abbas|url=https://www.startribune.com/review-ghost-season-by-fatin-abbas/600243197/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Star Tribune|archivedate=2023-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323223343/https://www.startribune.com/review-ghost-season-by-fatin-abbas/600243197/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abbas akụzierela akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo na ngalaba Comparative Media Studies / Writing na Massachusetts Institute of Technology[1] na Pratt Institute na US, [2] yana Akwụkwọ Comparative Literature na Bard College Berlin, Germany, ebe o bi ugbu a.  Nkà mmụta PhD ya na 2012 na Harvard ka akpọrọ Class, Gender na Indigeneity dị ka Counter-discourses in the African Novel: Achebe, Ngugi, Emecheta, Sow Fall na Ali.N'afọ 2014, o bipụtara nyocha akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye ode akwụkwọ Egypt bụ Idris Ali na-ekwu maka mba Arab na njirimara diasporic Nubian. Nnyocha ya gbadoro ụkwụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị si mba Africa, okike na akwụkwọ Africa na Arabic, mba mba mgbe nnwere onwe, yana colonialism na ijikọ ụwa ọnụ n'akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri Africa na Middle East.

== Nnabata ==
N'ime akwụkwọ nyocha nke Ghost Season maka ''The New York Times'', onye edemede Britain a mụrụ na Eritrea bụ Sulaiman Addonia dere na Abbas &quot;nwere obi ike ịbanye n'ime ọnyá na tabos nke Sudan&quot; nakwa na &quot;akụkọ nke ndị nkịtị nọ n'aka ejighị n'aka na-eme ka akụkọ na-enye nsogbu na mmalite obi ike. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Addonia|first=Sulaiman|date=2023-01-10|title=A Debut Novel Explores the Complexities of Sudan's Civil War|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/10/books/review/fatin-abbas-ghost-season.html|accessdate=2023-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha ndị ọzọ pụtara na Sudanese 500 Words Magazine, &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-03-02|title=Ghost Season: A Debut Novel By Fatin Abbas|url=https://500wordsmag.com/art-and-culture/books/ghost-season-a-debut-novel-by-fatin-abbas/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=[[500 Words Magazine]]|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323223343/https://500wordsmag.com/art-and-culture/books/ghost-season-a-debut-novel-by-fatin-abbas/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''New York Journal of Books'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sears|first=Michael|title=Ghost Season: A Novel|url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/ghost-season-novel|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=www.nyjournalofbooks.com|archivedate=2023-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323223346/https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/ghost-season-novel}}&lt;/ref&gt; Orange County Register &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; na ''Star Tribune'' nke Minneapolis, nke toro ya &quot;nnukwu nlekọta na nlebara anya maka ebe na àgwà&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;
 
Ọzọkwa, akwụkwọ akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Brittle họpụtara Ghost Season dị a tu n'aime akwụkwọ 100 ama ama nike Africa nke 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=100 Notable African Books of 2023|url=https://brittlepaper.com/notable-african-books-of-2023/|accessdate=2024-04-01|work=brittlepaper.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

* ''Akwụkwọ ozi ụrọ''. Ihe nkiri, 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fatin Abbas|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/author/fatin-abbas/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=openDemocracy|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe Ndị Na-echeta Ubi. Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, nke e bipụtara na The Warwick Review, Dec 2011[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
* ''Ibi úgwù''. Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, nke openDemocracy bipụtara, 2012 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Abbas|first=Fatin|title=The Circumcision|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/circumcision/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=openDemocracy|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Oge Mmụọ''. Akwụkwọ akụkọ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]

== Ihe nrite na mmata ==
N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum City nke New York, Abbas nyere ya ma Bernard Cohen Short Story Prize na Miriam Weinberg Richter Award.  Ọ bụbu onye Miles Morland Foundation Writing Scholar na United Kingdom, onye otu na Akademie Schloss Solitude na ntọala ọdịbendị Schloss Wiepersdorf na Germany.onye na-ede akwụkwọ na Jan Michalski Foundation dị na Switzerland, Maison Baldwin St. Paul de Vence Onye na-ede akwụkwọ na-ebi na France, onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke Austrian Federal Chancellery / KulturKontakt Artist-in-Residence, yana Mophradat na-ede akwụkwọ sabbatical awardee.  na Belgium.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghost Season: A Novel, excerpt from a novel, by Fatin Abbas, 2022|url=https://mophradat.org/en/library/ghost-season-a-novel-excerpt-from-a-novel-by-fatin-abbas-2022/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=mophradat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Akwụkwọ Sudan
* Ndepụta nke ndị edemede Sudan
* Akwụkwọ Arabic nke oge a

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.fatinabbas.com Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị]
* [https://blog.berlin.bard.edu/on-belonging-writing-and-migrating-with-dr-fatin-abbas/ Ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Fatin Abbas banyere ịbụ onye, ide na ịkwaga, Nọvemba 2023]
* Mud Missive, ihe ngosi vidio banyere ndị ọkpụite na White Nile site na Fatin Abbas, na [[YouTube]]
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'''Barbara Chase-Riboud''' (amuru June 26, 1939) bu onye omenka na ihe nka nke America, onye ode akwukwo na onye na-ede uri .

Mgbe emechara ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ede uri, Chase-Riboud nwetara nkwanye ugwu dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ''Sally Hemings'' (1979). O nwetara Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize na akụkọ ifo, wee bụrụ ihe ịga nke ọma mba ụwa.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ Chase-Riboud banyere Sally Hemings welitere mkparịta ụka banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nwa agbọghọ ahụ gbara ohu na nna ya ukwu, Thomas Jefferson, onye ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke United States. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Barbara Chase-Riboud: The Malcolm X Series|author=Chase-Riboud|first=Barbara|publisher=The Philadelphia Museum of Art in association with Yale University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-87633-246-7|location=New Haven, CT|pages=109–118}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mainline jụrụ ihe ngosi Chase-Riboud wee mee ka CBS kwenye ka ọ ghara iwepụta obere usoro TV akwadoro emebere site na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ. N'ịgbaso nyocha DNA nke ụmụ ụmụ na 1998, mmekọrịta Jefferson-Hemings na-anabata nke ọma site n'aka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere ndị ahụ jụrụ na mbụ.

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Barbara Chase na Philadelphia, [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]], bụ naanị nwa Vivian May Chase, onye na-ahụ maka akụkọ ihe mere eme, na Charles Edward Chase, onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta. &lt;ref name=&quot;SmithJCp177&quot;&gt;Smith, Jessie C. (1991). &quot;Barbara Chase Riboud&quot;, in ''Notable Black American Women'', p. 177 (Gale Cengage).&lt;/ref&gt; Chase gosipụtara nkà mbụ maka nka wee malite ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ncheta nke Fleisher Art mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. A kwụsịtụrụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ka e boro ya ebubo, n'ụzọ hiere ụzọ, na ọ na-ede uri ya bụ &quot;Autumn Leaves&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Chase-Riboud2015&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Chase-Riboud 2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Chase-Riboud|first=Barbara|year=2013|title=The Malcolm X Steles|publisher=Philadelphia Museum of Art|isbn=978-0-87633-246-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Philadelphia maka ụmụ nwanyị site na 1948 ruo 1952, na-agụsị akwụkwọ ''summa cum laude'' . N'oge ngụsị akwụkwọ, a gụrụ ederede &quot;Of Understanding&quot; ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Chase-Riboud2015&quot; /&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu n'ọzụzụ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia . &lt;ref name=&quot;Chase-Riboud 2013&quot; /&gt;

Na 1956, Chase nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Fine Arts site na Tyler School na Mahadum Temple . &lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenfeldt&quot;&gt;[http://www.michaelrosenfeldart.com/artists/barbara-chase-riboud#awards-and-degrees &quot;Barbara Chase-Riboud: Awards and Degrees&quot;], Michael Rosenfeldt Art. Retrieved July 28, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Chase meriri mkpakọrịta John Hay Whitney ka ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na American Academy na Rome maka ọnwa 12. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenfeldt&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, o kere ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla mbụ ya ma gosipụta ọrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;SmithJCp178&quot;&gt;Smith (1991), &quot;Barbara Chase Riboud,&quot; in ''Notable Black American Women'', p. 178.&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge a, ọ gara [[Egypt]], ebe ọ chọpụtara nkà ndị na-abụghị ndị Europe. &lt;ref name=&quot;SmithJCp178&quot; /&gt; Na 1960, Chase dechara akara ugo mmụta MFA site na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] School of Design and Architecture. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenfeldt&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Selz&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ onye Afrịka America nwetara akara ugo mmụta MFA na Mahadum Yale. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.art.yale.edu/events/fall2019/chase-riboud#:~:targetText=In%201960%2C%20Chase%2DRiboud%20became,the%20Yale%20School%20of%20Art.|title=ARTIST AND POET BARBARA CHASE-RIBOUD IN CONVERSATION WITH CLAUDIA RANKINE AND MARTA KUZMA: HONORARY LECTURE CELEBRATING YALE SCHOOL OF ART'S 150TH YEAR|work=Yale School of Art|accessdate=November 15, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Chase hapụrụ United States gaa [[London]], England, na Paris, France.

== Ọrụ ==
Chase-Riboud bụ onye na-akpụ akpụ, onye na-agụ uri, na onye edemede. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ofe mgbasa ozi dị iche iche n'ime ogologo oge ọrụ ya.

=== Nkà ihe nkiri ===
N'ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà mmụta Tyler University nke Temple, ọ na-amụrụ Boris Blai ihe ma &quot;kụziere ya ihe ọkpụkpụ, eserese, ihe osise, mbipụta, echiche agba, na mweghachi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Chase-Riboud2015&quot;/&gt; Ọ gụkwara ihe osise anatomical na Temple University School of Medicine . &lt;ref name=&quot;Chase-Riboud2015&quot; /&gt;

Ihe ọkpụkpụ akpụrụ akpụ nke ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Chase-Riboud na-ejikọtakarị ọla ndị na-adịgide adịgide na ndị siri ike nke ọla na aluminom nwere ihe ndị dị nro nke sitere na silk ma ọ bụ ihe akwa ndị ọzọ. N'iji usoro wax furu efu, Chase-Riboud na-akpụ, na-ehulata, na-apịaji, ma na-emegharị nnukwu mpempe akwụkwọ nke wax tupu e mee ihe nkedo nke atụmatụ ejiri aka mee. Ọ na-awụsa ígwè ahụ ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ígwè ahụ, nke na-agbaze ihe ọkpụkpụ mbụ nke wax. A na-ejikọta ígwè ahụ emechara na eriri ihe, bụ nke a na-emegharị n'ime eriri na ụdọ, ma na-abụkarị ebe ntọala maka akụkụ ígwè nke ihe ọkpụkpụ ya, gụnyere nke &quot;Malcolm X Steles&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Barbara Chase-Riboud : the Malcolm X steles|others=Chase-Riboud, Barbara, Carlos Basualdo; Timothy Rub; Gwendolyn DuBois Shaw; Ellen Handler Spitz|year=2013|isbn=9780300196405|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=21–31|oclc=858949783}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1955, e gosipụtara ''Reba'' osisi ya na Carnegie Hall Gallery dị ka akụkụ nke ihe ngosi ''Ọ bụ Gị Nile'' (nke magazin ''Seventeen'' na-akwado). &lt;ref name=&quot;Chase-Riboud2015&quot;/&gt; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke ọgbara ọhụrụ zụtara igbutu osisi a. &lt;ref name=&quot;SmithJCp177&quot;&gt;Smith, Jessie C. (1991). &quot;Barbara Chase Riboud&quot;, in ''Notable Black American Women'', p. 177 (Gale Cengage).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Chase-Riboud2015&quot; /&gt;

Akwụkwọ afọ ''Templar'' University bipụtara iri na anọ n'ime osisi ya na 1956. O mepụtara ihe ọkpụkpụ nke mbụ ya mgbe ọ nọ na American Academy na Rome na 1957 na mmekọrịta John Hay Whitney . N'afọ 1958, Chase malitere iji ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla mee nnwale, na-eji usoro ihe nkedo na-efunahụ . &lt;ref name=&quot;Chase-Riboud2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Barbara Chase-Riboud|title=Everytime a Knot is Undone, a God is Released: Collected and New Poems 1974–2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJZ0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR262|date=February 10, 2015|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-60980-595-1|pages=262–}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBarbara_Chase-RiboudJohn_Vick2015&quot;&gt;Barbara Chase-Riboud; John Vick (February 10, 2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UJZ0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR262 ''Everytime a Knot is Undone, a God is Released: Collected and New Poems 1974–2011'']. Seven Stories Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;262–. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-1-60980-595-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-60980-595-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya bụ na Galleria L'Obelisco na [[Spoleto Festival of Two Worlds|Spoleto Festival of Worlds Two]] na Italy na 1957. Emere ngosi ngosi ihe ngosi nka nke mbu na Europe na MOMA Paris na 1961. Ihe ngosi ngosi ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya na Paris bụ na Galerie Cadran Solaire na 1966. &lt;ref name=&quot;Selz&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Barbara Chase-Riboud, sculptor|author=Selz|first=Peter|date=1999|publisher=Harry N. Abrams|isbn=0810941074|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/barbarachaseribo00pete/page/17|pages=17–28|oclc=40820940}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSelzJanson1999&quot;&gt;Selz, Peter; Janson, Anthony F. (1999). [[iarchive:barbarachaseribo00pete/page/17|''Barbara Chase-Riboud, sculptor'']]. New York: Harry N. Abrams. pp.&amp;nbsp;17–28. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0810941074|&lt;bdi&gt;0810941074&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40820940 40820940].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Emechara ọrụ ọha mbụ ya na 1960 maka Wheaton Plaza na Wheaton, Maryland . Ewubere isi iyi a site na aluminom nke etinyere ma tinye ụdị nkịtị, ụda na mmetụta ọkụ iji gbakwunye na ọhụụ nke mmiri na-ada ada. &lt;ref name=&quot;Chase-Riboud2015&quot;/&gt;

N'ọgwụgwụ 1960s, Chase-Riboud malitere ịdọrọ mmasị dị ukwuu maka ọkpụkpụ ya. Nancy Heller kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka &quot;ihe akpụrụ akpụ na-atụ n'anya nke dị n'ụkwụ iri na-ejikọta ụdị nkedo-bronze siri ike na mkpuchi nke eriri eriri nke sitere na silk na ajị anụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Heller, Nancy G. (1987). ''Women Artists: An Illustrated History'', p. 191 (Cross River Press).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ edemede ===
Chase-Riboud enwetala ọtụtụ nkwanye ugwu maka ọrụ agụmagụ ya, gụnyere ihe nrite Carl Sandburg maka abụ uri na ihe nrite mmeri nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị Caucus maka Art . &lt;ref name=&quot;PBS&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1965, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị America mbụ gara leta [[China|Republic of China]] mgbe mgbanwe ahụ gasịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;VG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Barbara Chase-Riboud|work=Voices from the Gap: Women Artists and Writers of Color|publisher=The University of Minnesota|url=http://voices.cla.umn.edu/vg/Bios/entries/chaseribaud_barbara.html|accessdate=February 27, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308161329/http://voices.cla.umn.edu/vg/Bios/entries/chaseribaud_barbara.html|archivedate=March 8, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1996, Gọọmenti France kpụrụ ya mma wee nata ''Ordre des Arts et des Lettres .'' &lt;ref name=&quot;IHT&quot;&gt;&quot;People&quot;, ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', March 23, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt;
Chase-Riboud nwetara nkwado mba ụwa site na mbipụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Sally Hemings'' (1979). A kọwawo akwụkwọ akụkọ a dị ka &quot;echiche mbụ zuru oke&quot; nke Hemings na ndụ ya dị ka ohu, gụnyere mmekọrịta iko nwanyị ya na Onye isi ala Thomas Jefferson na-ekwu ogologo oge. &lt;ref name=&quot;PBS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Imagining Sally Hemings|work=Frontline|publisher=WGBH educational foundation|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/video/report3.html|accessdate=February 27, 2008}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/video/report3.html &quot;Imagining Sally Hemings&quot;]. ''Frontline''. WGBH educational foundation&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 27,&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye na ịkpali nnukwu esemokwu, dị ka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge ahụ gọnarịrị mmekọrịta ahụ na ụmụ agbụrụ ndị ọ mụrụ nye Jefferson, akwụkwọ ahụ nwetara Chase-Riboud Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize maka akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma nke nwanyị America dere. ''Sally Hemings'' rere ihe karịrị otu nde nnomi na mkpuchi siri ike &lt;ref name=&quot;aalbc.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Barbara Chase-Riboud|work=African American Literature Book Club|publisher=AALBC.com, LLC|url=http://aalbc.com/authors/barbara_chase-riboud.htm|accessdate=February 27, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314061119/http://aalbc.com/authors/barbara_chase-riboud.htm|archivedate=March 14, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ nhọrọ klọb Book-of-the-Month . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/cron/ &quot;Chronology: History of a Secret&quot;], PBS Frontline, ''Jefferson's Blood'', 2000&lt;/ref&gt; E wepụtara ya na 1994. Na 2009, e bipụtara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ, ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, ''Nwa nwanyị President'' (1994), banyere Harriet Hemings, ada nke Hemings na Jefferson, bụ ndị [[Passing (racial)|gafere]] n'ime ọha mmadụ.

Chase-Riboud malitere ọrụ ide ya dị ka onye na-ede uri, na-ebipụta ọrụ mbụ ya ''Memphis &amp; Peking'' (1974), nke Toni Morrison deziri, na nchịkọta ndị na-adịbeghị anya. ''Oge ọ bụla a na-emezigharị eriri, a na-ahapụ Chineke: Anakọtara na abụ ọhụrụ 1974–2011'' bụ Chase-Riboud kachasị ọhụrụ, nke e bipụtara na 2014.

Ọ gara n'ihu n'ịchọgharị agụmagụ ya n'ịgba ohu na nrigbu nke ndị Africa na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-esote. ''Valide: Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Harem'' (1986) nyochara ịgba ohu na alaeze ukwu Ottoman . &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Chase-Riboud|year=2013|title=The Malcolm X Steles}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Echo nke ọdụm'' ya (1989) bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ siri ike gbasara nnupụisi ụgbọ mmiri ''Amistad'' mere eme nke 1839. ''Hottentot Venus: Akwụkwọ akụkọ'' (2003) na-enyocha ndụ Sarah Baartman, nwanyị Khoikhoi bụ onye e gosipụtara gba ọtọ na ihe ngosi freak na Europe narị afọ nke 19.

Na 1994, Chase-Riboud bipụtara ''Nwa nwanyị Onye isi ala,'' ọrụ nke gara n'ihu na akụkọ Sally Hemings, site n'ichepụta ndụ ya na nwa nwanyị agbụrụ Jefferson Harriet Hemings; ya na ụmụntakịrị niile bụ ndị Europe nke asaa na asatọ ma ọ bụ ndị ọcha site na nna ochie. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Chase-Riboud|year=2013|pages=117|title=The Malcolm X Steles}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Harriet dị afọ 21, ọ hapụrụ Monticello, nke Jefferson nyere ya ego njem njem site n'aka onye nlekọta ya, wee gaa North. Ọ gara biri na Washington, DC ebe nwanne ya nwoke Beverley birilarị. Dị ka ya, ọ banyere n'ime ọha ọcha. Ọ lụrụ onye ọcha, dị ka akwụkwọ ozi o degaara nwanne ya nwoke bụ Madison Hemings . Madison bụ naanị otu n'ime ụmụ Hemings anọ dị ndụ bụ ndị biri ndụ fọdụrụnụ n'ime ndụ ya na-akọwa dị ka African-American. Mgbe ha si Ohio kwaga Wisconsin na 1852, Eston Hemings na ezinụlọ ya were aha nna &quot;Jefferson&quot; wee banye n'ime ọha ọcha.

==== ''Sally Hemings: Akwụkwọ akụkọ'' ====
Na 1979 Chase-Riboud nwetara nlebara anya zuru oke na otuto dị egwu maka ide akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya ''Sally Hemings'' . Ọ dabere na ndụ ohu quadroon Thomas Jefferson nke aha ahụ; ọ bụ nwanne nne na nna nke tọrọ nke nwunye ya nwụrụ anwụ, a na-akọkwa na ọ bụ iko ya kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1974 Chase-Riboud ezutewo onye nchịkọta akụkọ Jacqueline Onassis iji kparịta atụmatụ ya maka ọrụ ahụ, Onassis mekwara ka ọ dee ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Steles115&quot; /&gt; Dabere na akụkọ ndụ Fawn M. Brodie nke Jefferson, Chase-Riboud so na ndị kwenyere na Thomas Jefferson mụrụ ụmụ isii na Hemings. Ohu ahụ na-eto eto dị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 30 ka onyeisi oche, ọ dịghịkwa ihe e dekọrọ banyere ndụ ya.

Chase-Riboud bụ onye edemede izizi gosipụtara agwa Sally Hemings nwere nghọta zuru oke, nwere ndụ ime ime. N'ikpeazụ, Sally Hemings nwere olu. Ọhaneze nabatara ihe ngosi ya ma nwee ike ikwere na nwanyị dị otú ahụ nwere mmekọrịta na Jefferson. Sally Hemings pụtara ìhè dị ka onye akụkọ ihe mere eme America. Akwụkwọ Chase-Riboud ghọrọ onye na-ere ahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-ere ihe karịrị otu nde akwụkwọ mkpuchi siri ike, wee nweta Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize na akụkọ ifo nke nwanyị America. &lt;ref name=&quot;Steles115&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Chase-Riboud|year=2013|pages=115|title=The Malcolm X Steles}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;Chase-Riboud (2013). ''The Malcolm X Steles''. p.&amp;nbsp;115.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ihe ewu ewu nke ukwuu nke na CBS mere atụmatụ imeghari ya dị ka obere usoro TV. Ma ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ ndị ka nọ &quot;na-eche&quot; Jefferson nrụgide n'ahụ onyeisi oche William Paley ka ọ kwụsị mgbalị ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;CBS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/cron/|title=The History of a Secret|work=Jefferson's Blood|publisher=PBS Frontline|date=May 2000|accessdate=June 20, 2011}}Quote: &quot;More than 20 years after CBS executives were pressured by Jefferson historians to drop plans for a mini-series on Jefferson and Hemings, the network airs ''Sally Hemings: An American Scandal.'' Though many quarreled with the portrayal of Hemings as unrealistically modern and heroic, no major historian challenged the series' premise that Hemings and Jefferson had a 38-year relationship that produced children.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nweghị mgbanwe emere n'oge ahụ.

Mana, ihe karịrị afọ 20 ka nke ahụ gasịrị, CBS mepụtara ''[[Sally Hemings: An American Scandal|Sally Hemings: Scandal American]]'' (2000), obere usoro ihe onyonyo emere maka TV nke gosipụtara mmekọrịta Hemings na Jefferson. A nabatara nke a n'ọtụtụ ebe kemgbe nyocha DNA nke 1998 gosipụtara egwuregwu n'etiti ụmụ Hemings na ahịrị nwoke Jefferson. &lt;ref name=&quot;CBS&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Foster|first=EA|year=1998|title=Jefferson fathered slave's last child|journal=Nature|volume=396|issue=6706|pages=27–28|doi=10.1038/23835|pmid=9817200}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị na-eche nche nke ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Jefferson anọgidewo na-agọnahụ ohere nke mmekọrịta, ma na 2000 na 2001 Thomas Jefferson Foundation na Monticello, na National Genealogical Society n'onwe ya kwuputara nkwubi okwu ha na Jefferson nwere ike ịmụta ụmụ Hemings niile, dabere na abụọ ahụ. DNA na ịdị arọ nke ihe akaebe akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.monticello.org/plantation/hemingscontro/hemings-jefferson_contro.html &quot;Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account&quot;], Monticello Website, Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved June 22, 2011. Quote: &quot;Ten years later [referring to its 2000 report], TJF and most historians now believe that, years after his wife's death, Thomas Jefferson was the father of the six children of Sally Hemings mentioned in Jefferson's records, including Beverly, Harriet, Madison and Eston Hemings.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Helen F. M. Leary, ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 89, No. 3, September 2001, pp. 207, 214–218. Quote: Leary concluded that &quot;the chain of evidence securely fastens Sally Hemings' children to their father, Thomas Jefferson.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Nkwekọrịta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ka egosipụtara na ederede agụmakwụkwọ gbasara Jefferson na oge ya. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Smithsonian na Monticello jikọrọ aka na ihe ngosi dị egwu na 2012 na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] : ''[[Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello|Ịgba ohu na Jefferson's Monticello]]'', bụ nke nyochara Jefferson dị ka onye na-agba ohu na isii n'ime ezinụlọ ndị ohu. O kwuru na Jefferson nwere ike ịbụ nna nke ụmụ Sally Hemings niile. Ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ hụrụ ihe ngosi ahụ.

Chase-Riboud nyochara mmekọrịta siri ike dị n'etiti ezinụlọ Hemings na Jefferson. N'ihi na Sally Hemings bụ nwanne nne nke obere obere nke nwunye Jefferson (ha nwere otu nna, John Wayles ), ọ bụ nwanne nne ya ụmụ nwanyị abụọ.&lt;blockquote&gt;N'ọnọdụ akụkọ ifo obodo nke na-agọnarị mmalite agbụrụ agbụrụ America, Chase-Riboud tụgharịrị gaa na ezinụlọ Hemings iji kpughee ọnụnọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti antebellum yana ohere nke obodo nwere ikike ọchịchị obodo ọtụtụ agbụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;tillet&quot;&gt;Salamishah Tillet, &quot;Chap. One: Freedom in a Bondsmaid's Arms&quot;, in ''Sites of Slavery: Citizenship and Racial Democracy in the Post–Civil Rights Imagination'', Duke University Press, 2012, p. 28.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-ede uri, na ndị ode akwụkwọ na-enyocha mmekọrịta Jefferson-Hemings kemgbe ahụ.

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ===

* ''Sally Hemings: Akwụkwọ akụkọ'' (1979).  / ebigharịrị na mpempe akwụkwọ, 2009
* ''Valide: Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Harem'' (1986). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-688-04334-6|978-0-688-04334-6]]
* ''Echo nke ọdụm'' (1989). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-688-06407-5|978-0-688-06407-5]]
* ''Ada President'' (1994). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-345-38970-1|978-0-345-38970-1]] / ebigharịrị na mpempe akwụkwọ, 2009
* ''Hottentot Venus: Akwụkwọ akụkọ'' (2003). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50856-8|978-0-385-50856-8]]
* ''Nnukwu Oriakụ Elias: Akwụkwọ akụkọ'' (2022). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-063-01990-4|978-0-063-01990-4]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-great-mrs-elias-barbara-chase-riboud?variant=39344380248098|title=The Great Mrs. Elias, A Novel By Barbara Chase-Riboud|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Site na Memphis &amp; Peking'' (1974). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48899-8|978-0-394-48899-8]]
* ''Eserese nke nwanyị gba ọtọ dị ka Cleopatra'' (1987). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-688-06403-7|978-0-688-06403-7]]
* ''Mgbe ọ bụla a na-emegharị eriri, a na-ahapụ Chineke'' (2014). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-594-4|978-1-60980-594-4]]

=== Ihe ncheta ===

* ''M na-ama mgbe niile: A Memoir'' (2022). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691234274|9780691234274]]

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* Darlene Clark Hine, Elsa Barkley Brown, na Rosalyn Terborg-Penn (eds), &quot;Barbara Chase-Riboud&quot;, ''Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia.'' Bloomington na Indianapolis: Mahadum Indiana Press, 1993.
* Basulado, Carlos na BCR. ''Barbara Chase-Riboud: The Malcolm'' X ''Steles katalọgụ'', 2013 (Philadelphia Museum of Art &amp; Yale University Press). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-87633-246-7|978-0-87633-246-7]] PMA, &amp;  Yale
* Dawson, Emma Waters. &quot;Ndị akaebe na ndị na-eme omume: Àgwà ndị dị na Miscegenation na Barbara Chase-Riboud's Sally Hemings.&quot; Na Dolan Hubbard (ed.), ''Ederede/ederede enwetara enwetara'' . Knoxville, TN: Mahadum Tennessee Press, 1997, 1–14.
* Farrington, Lisa E. ''Ịmepụta Onyonyo nke Onwe Ha: Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Africa-American'' . 2004 (Oxford University Press)
* Heller, Nancy. ''Ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe: Akụkọ ihe atụ'', 1987 (Cross River Press)
* Janson, HW, ''History of Art'', 1995 (Harry N. Abrams, Inc.)
* Lewis, Samella. ''ART: African American'', 1990 (Hancraft Press)
* McKee, Sarah. &quot;Barbara Chase-Riboud (1939-)&quot;. ''Ndị ode akwụkwọ akụkọ Afrịka Amerịka nke oge a: Akwụkwọ mmalite nke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.'' Ed. Emmanuel S. Nelson. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999. 82–87.
* Rushdy, Ashraf HA &quot;Na-anọchite anya Iwu: Embodiments nke America na Barbara Chase-Riboud's Echo of Lions.&quot; ''nkatọ: Ọmụmụ na akụkọ ifo nke oge a'' 36.4 (Ogbe okpomọkụ 1995): 258–80.
* Rushdy, Ashraf HA &quot;  M na-ede n'asụsụ dị iche iche': Mgbakwunye nke olu na Barbara Chase-Riboud's Sally Hemings&quot;, ''Akwụkwọ nke Contemporary'' 35.1 (mmiri 1994): 100–35.
* Russell, Jọn. &quot;Ntụle nke Sally Hemmings&quot;. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times,'' Septemba 5, 1979.
* 
* 
* Simmons, Chariti. &quot;Thomas Jefferson: Akụkọ mmekọrịta chiri anya, arụmụka ọha.&quot; ''Chicago Tribune'', Julaị 3, 1979.
* Smith, Carney. ''Ụmụ nwanyị ojii America ama ama'', 1991 (Gale Cengage). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-4749-6|978-0-8103-4749-6]]
* Barbara Chase-Riboud, ''Callaloo'' . 2009 (Johns Hopkins University Press). ISSN 0161-2492
* Trescott, Jacqueline. &quot;Ihe gbasara Hemmings: Onye ode akwụkwọ akụkọ ojii na onye isi ala Jefferson.&quot; ''Washington Post'', June 15, 1979.

== Njikọ ndị emetụtara ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20231123101305/https://www.theartblog.org/2013/10/barbara-chase-ribouds-bronze-steles-and-paper-monuments-at-the-philadelphia-museum-of-art/ Blog Art]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131113192220/http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/nwtonight/item/60445-decades-in-the-making-barbara-chase-riboud-brings- Ọtụtụ iri afọ na Ime]
* BCR's Malcolm X Steles Exhibit video  
* Fred B. Adelson, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/05/barbara-chase-riboud-malcolm-x-sculptures/3447585/ &quot;Barbara Chase-Riboud wetara Malcolm X ihe ọkpụkpụ n'ụlọ&quot;], ''USA Taa'', Nọvemba 5, 2013
* [http://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/chaseriboud1292/?keywords=chase-riboud Akwụkwọ Barbara Chase-Riboud] na [http://rose.library.emory.edu/ Stuart A. Rose Library], Mahadum Emory
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XyioJJIl4Hg &quot;Onye na-ese ihe nkiri America bi na Paris France - Barbara Chase-Riboud&quot;], vidiyo YouTube, Eprel 27, 2010.
* [http://moussemagazine.it/barbara-chase-riboud-hans-ulrich-obrist-2017/ &quot;Ncheta bụ ihe niile: Barbara Chase-Riboud&quot;], Barbara Chase-Riboud na mkparịta ụka ya na Hans Ulrich Obrist, ''Magazin Mousse'', 60
* [https://www.mythofacolorblindfrance.com/ ''Akụkọ ifo nke agba agba France''] . Akwụkwọ akụkọ Alan Govenar na-egosi Barbara Chase-Riboud.
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chase-Riboud, Barbara}}
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    <title>Michaele Pride-Wells</title>
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      <text bytes="7941" sha1="4akqntok6x5h72iwzgxjd0k4xawaf37" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Michaele Pride-Wells''' (amụrụ 1956), &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye nkuzi America. Ọ bụ prọfesọ nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Mahadum New Mexico . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaele Pride, Architect, and Educator|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/michaele-pride-architect-focused-on-urban-design-and-neighborhood-change/|work=African American Registry (AAREG)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu ụlọ nwanyị mbụ nwere ma na-arụ ọrụ na steeti California. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Pride-Wells bụ onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ RE: Architecture (1989–1996) na California.  Ọ bụkwa nwanyị Afrịka mbụ onye isi n'usoro ihe owuwu ụlọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbe ọ sonyere na Mahadum Kentucky na 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaele Pride-Wells na 1956 na mpaghara Granada Hills na Los Angeles, California nye ndị nne na nna Leatrice na Wallace Pride. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaele Pride, Architect, and Educator|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/michaele-pride-architect-focused-on-urban-design-and-neighborhood-change/|work=African American Registry (AAREG)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://aaregistry.org/story/michaele-pride-architect-focused-on-urban-design-and-neighborhood-change/ &quot;Michaele Pride, Architect, and Educator&quot;]. ''African American Registry (AAREG)''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị John F. Kennedy na Granada Hills, klas nke 1974. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Pride-Wells gụsịrị akwụkwọ na B.Arch 1981 site na Mahadum steeti Arizona . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ lụrụ Reginald Wells na ha nwere otu nwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Betsky|first=Aaron|date=1993-09-26|title=Stylemaker: Building With Heart|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-26-tm-39097-story.html|accessdate=2023-02-15|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1989, o mepere ụlọ ọrụ RE: Architecture (nke a makwaara dị ka &quot;Regarding Architecture&quot; na Los Angeles na mgbe e mesịrị na Marina del Rey .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djrYAAAAMAAJ|title=Women in Architecture Speakers Bureau|date=1993|publisher=American Institute of Architects|others=[[American Institute of Architects]] Women in Architecture Committee|pages=1, 16|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu ụlọ nwanyị mbụ nwere ma na-arụkwa ọrụ na steeti California. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaele Pride, Architect, and Educator|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/michaele-pride-architect-focused-on-urban-design-and-neighborhood-change/|work=African American Registry (AAREG)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://aaregistry.org/story/michaele-pride-architect-focused-on-urban-design-and-neighborhood-change/ &quot;Michaele Pride, Architect, and Educator&quot;]. ''African American Registry (AAREG)''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O nyere aka chọta Njikọ Ndị Ọkachamara Kere, otu anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke jikọtara ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ndị injinia na ndị na-ewu ụlọ mgbe ọgba aghara 1992 Los Angeles gasịrị, iji nyere ndị obodo aka iwughachi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kamin|first=Blair|date=1993-02-01|title=Architect designs a program of hope for L.A. riot areas|pages=1|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118657439/architect-designs-a-program-of-hope-for/|accessdate=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Na 1995, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ gbasara ụkpụrụ ụlọ maka mmepe mpaghara Leimert Park, nke ndị Los Angeles Neighborhood Initiative kwadoro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1995-07-08|title=Leimert Park: Bolstering a 'Fragile' Place|pages=39|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118657635/leimert-park-bolstering-a-fragile/|accessdate=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule 1996, ọ mechiri ụlọ ọrụ ya na California ịkwaga Lexington, Kentucky. Ọ jere ozi dịka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ imewe obodo nke Mahadum Kentucky malite na 1996; na &quot;ghọrọ nwanyị Afrịka mbụ onye isi mmemme ihe owuwu ụlọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaele Pride, Architect, and Educator|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/michaele-pride-architect-focused-on-urban-design-and-neighborhood-change/|work=African American Registry (AAREG)}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2001-11-08|title=UK students offer cures for downtown|pages=19|work=[[Lexington Herald-Leader]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118658152/uk-students-offer-cures-for-downtown/|accessdate=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpe iri na ise maka ịmepụta Oklahoma Bombing Memorial (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Oklahoma City National Memorial ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1997-07-13|title=New gallery opens in design center on Main|pages=112|work=[[The Courier Journal|The Courier-Journal]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118656715/new-gallery-opens-in-design-center-on/|accessdate=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1997-04-19|title=Memorial: A Driving Need for Catharsis|pages=A1, A17, A18|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118657028/memorial-a-driving-need-for-catharsis/|accessdate=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2001, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na M.AUD na Urban Design si Harvard University Graduate School of Design . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Tupu ịbanye na Mahadum New Mexico, ọ kụzikwara ihe na Mahadum Cincinnati (2003-2009); Mahadum California, Los Angeles ; Mahadum Woodbury ; na Mahadum Southern California . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaele Pride, Architect, and Educator|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/michaele-pride-architect-focused-on-urban-design-and-neighborhood-change/|work=African American Registry (AAREG)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://aaregistry.org/story/michaele-pride-architect-focused-on-urban-design-and-neighborhood-change/ &quot;Michaele Pride, Architect, and Educator&quot;]. ''African American Registry (AAREG)''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2003-12-11|title=2 UC programs are tops in U.S.|pages=1|work=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118657253/2-uc-programs-are-tops-in-us/|accessdate=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2006-07-15|title=You want to be an architect?|pages=15|work=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118658369/you-want-to-be-an-architect/|accessdate=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbipụta ==

* {{Cite journal|author=Bailey|first=K|date=2017|title=Community Design of a Light Rail Transit-Oriented District using CAVE (Casewise Visual Evaluation)|doi=10.1016/j.seps.2006.04.002|journal=Socio-Economic Planning Sciences|volume=41|issue=3|pages=235–254}}

== Hụkwa ==

* African-American architects

== Ntụaka ==
obodo. &lt;ref name=&quot;WhoWho3&quot;&gt;&quot;Robinson, III, Harry G.&quot; ''Who's Who Among African Americans.'' New York: Gale Research, 2009, p. 1020.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Stevens3&quot;&gt;Stevens, Joann. &quot;New Howard Deans Aim to Help Restore Campus Glory.&quot; ''Washington Post.'' September 27, 1979.&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ nọ na steeti Morgan, Robinson nwetara ọtụtụ onyinye gọọmentị etiti iji mụọ atụmatụ obodo, wee mepụta mmemme gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụkpụrụ ụlọ na atụmatụ obodo. Steeti Morgan ghọrọ [[Kọleji na mahadum ojii mere eme|kọleji mbụ ma ọ bụ mahadum ojii]] nke [[Ụlọ ọrụ American Institute of Planners|American Institute of Planners]] nabatara ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stevens3&quot; /&gt; Ọ tọrọ ntọala wee bụrụ onye isi nke Center for Built Environment Studies, mmemme interdisciplinary na ije, atụmatụ obodo, ihe owuwu ala, na ime obodo.{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://saap.unm.edu/people/faculty/michaele-pride/index.html Profaịlụ] na Mahadum New Mexico
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6359" sha1="hcp0xevv2y73w9rcnl4tqccp26e1zlm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Michaele Pride-Wells''' (amụrụ 1956), &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaele Pride, Architect, and Educator|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/michaele-pride-architect-focused-on-urban-design-and-neighborhood-change/|work=African American Registry (AAREG)}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye nkuzi America. Ọ bụ prọfesọ nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Mahadum New Mexico .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu ụlọ nwanyị mbụ nwere ma na-arụ ọrụ na steeti California.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Pride-Wells bụ onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ RE: Architecture (1989–1996) na California.  Ọ bụkwa nwanyị Afrịka mbụ onye isi n'usoro ihe owuwu ụlọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbe ọ sonyere na Mahadum Kentucky na 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaele Pride-Wells na 1956 na mpaghara Granada Hills na Los Angeles, California nye ndị nne na nna Leatrice na Wallace Pride. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị John F. Kennedy na Granada Hills, klas nke 1974.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Pride-Wells gụsịrị akwụkwọ na B.Arch 1981 site na Mahadum steeti Arizona .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ọ lụrụ Reginald Wells na ha nwere otu nwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Betsky|first=Aaron|date=1993-09-26|title=Stylemaker: Building With Heart|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-26-tm-39097-story.html|accessdate=2023-02-15|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1989, o mepere ụlọ ọrụ RE: Architecture (nke a makwaara dị ka &quot;Regarding Architecture&quot; na Los Angeles na mgbe e mesịrị na Marina del Rey .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djrYAAAAMAAJ|title=Women in Architecture Speakers Bureau|date=1993|publisher=American Institute of Architects|others=[[American Institute of Architects]] Women in Architecture Committee|pages=1, 16|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu ụlọ nwanyị mbụ nwere ma na-arụkwa ọrụ na steeti California.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;O nyere aka chọta Njikọ Ndị Ọkachamara Kere, otu anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke jikọtara ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ndị injinia na ndị na-ewu ụlọ mgbe ọgba aghara 1992 Los Angeles gasịrị, iji nyere ndị obodo aka iwughachi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kamin|first=Blair|date=1993-02-01|title=Architect designs a program of hope for L.A. riot areas|pages=1|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118657439/architect-designs-a-program-of-hope-for/|accessdate=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Na 1995, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ gbasara ụkpụrụ ụlọ maka mmepe mpaghara Leimert Park, nke ndị Los Angeles Neighborhood Initiative kwadoro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1995-07-08|title=Leimert Park: Bolstering a 'Fragile' Place|pages=39|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118657635/leimert-park-bolstering-a-fragile/|accessdate=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule 1996, ọ mechiri ụlọ ọrụ ya na California ịkwaga Lexington, Kentucky. Ọ jere ozi dịka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ imewe obodo nke Mahadum Kentucky malite na 1996; na &quot;ghọrọ nwanyị Afrịka mbụ onye isi mmemme ihe owuwu ụlọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2001-11-08|title=UK students offer cures for downtown|pages=19|work=[[Lexington Herald-Leader]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118658152/uk-students-offer-cures-for-downtown/|accessdate=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpe iri na ise maka ịmepụta Oklahoma Bombing Memorial (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Oklahoma City National Memorial ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1997-07-13|title=New gallery opens in design center on Main|pages=112|work=[[The Courier Journal|The Courier-Journal]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118656715/new-gallery-opens-in-design-center-on/|accessdate=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1997-04-19|title=Memorial: A Driving Need for Catharsis|pages=A1, A17, A18|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118657028/memorial-a-driving-need-for-catharsis/|accessdate=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2001, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na M.AUD na Urban Design si Harvard University Graduate School of Design . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Tupu ịbanye na Mahadum New Mexico, ọ kụzikwara ihe na Mahadum Cincinnati (2003-2009); Mahadum California, Los Angeles ; Mahadum Woodbury ; na Mahadum Southern California .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2003-12-11|title=2 UC programs are tops in U.S.|pages=1|work=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118657253/2-uc-programs-are-tops-in-us/|accessdate=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2006-07-15|title=You want to be an architect?|pages=15|work=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118658369/you-want-to-be-an-architect/|accessdate=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbipụta ==

* {{Cite journal|author=Bailey|first=K|date=2017|title=Community Design of a Light Rail Transit-Oriented District using CAVE (Casewise Visual Evaluation)|doi=10.1016/j.seps.2006.04.002|journal=Socio-Economic Planning Sciences|volume=41|issue=3|pages=235–254}}

== Hụkwa ==

* African-American architects

== Ntụaka ==
obodo. &lt;ref name=&quot;WhoWho3&quot;&gt;&quot;Robinson, III, Harry G.&quot; ''Who's Who Among African Americans.'' New York: Gale Research, 2009, p. 1020.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Stevens3&quot;&gt;Stevens, Joann. &quot;New Howard Deans Aim to Help Restore Campus Glory.&quot; ''Washington Post.'' September 27, 1979.&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ nọ na steeti Morgan, Robinson nwetara ọtụtụ onyinye gọọmentị etiti iji mụọ atụmatụ obodo, wee mepụta mmemme gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụkpụrụ ụlọ na atụmatụ obodo. Steeti Morgan ghọrọ [[Kọleji na mahadum ojii mere eme|kọleji mbụ ma ọ bụ mahadum ojii]] nke [[Ụlọ ọrụ American Institute of Planners|American Institute of Planners]] nabatara ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stevens3&quot; /&gt; Ọ tọrọ ntọala wee bụrụ onye isi nke Center for Built Environment Studies, mmemme interdisciplinary na ije, atụmatụ obodo, ihe owuwu ala, na ime obodo.{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://saap.unm.edu/people/faculty/michaele-pride/index.html Profaịlụ] na Mahadum New Mexico
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5243" sha1="0d831kjph7nvcjs6bretnpalb20i8je" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Cheris F. Hodges''' (amụrụ 1977) bụ onye America-American odee akwụkwọ akụkọ ịhụnanya na onye nta akụkọ nweere onwe ya.

Hodges gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Johnson C. Smith na 1999 site na nzere na akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ọ bi na Charlotte, North Carolina . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fantasticfiction.com/h/cheris-hodges/|title=Cheris Hodges|work=Fantastic Fiction|accessdate=March 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.harlequin.com/shop/authors/23602_cheris-hodges.html|title=Cheris Hodges|work=Harlequin Enterprises|accessdate=March 10, 2019|archivedate=March 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330032528/https://www.harlequin.com/shop/authors/23602_cheris-hodges.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hodges edeela mbụ maka ''Creative Loafing Charlotte'' ma bụrụkwa onye mmeri nke onyinye nta akụkọ obodo North Carolina Press Association. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://clclt.com/author/cheris-hodges|title=Cheris Hodges|work=Creative Loafing Charlotte|accessdate=March 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.penguinrandomhouseretail.com/author/?authorid=303628|title=Cheris Hodges|work=Penguin Random House Retail|accessdate=March 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==

* Nrite akwụkwọ akụkọ obodo North Carolina Press Association

== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahọpụtara ==

* ''[[Betting on Love|ịkụ nzọ na ịhụnanya]]'' (2009) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-7582-3147-5|title=Fiction Book Review: Betting on Love|date=September 2009|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=March 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[More Than He Can Handle|Karịa O nwere ike ijikwa]]'' (2009) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-7582-3151-2|title=Fiction Book Review: More Than He Can Handle|date=December 2008|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=March 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[His Sexy Bad Habit|Àgwà ọjọọ ya nke sexy]]'' (2011) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-7582-4710-0|title=Fiction Book Review: His Sexy Bad Habit|date=November 2010|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=March 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Too Hot for TV (book)|Na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu maka TV]]'' (2011) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-7582-6571-5|title=Fiction Book Review: Too Hot for TV|date=June 2011|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=March 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Recipe for Desire|Ntụziaka maka ọchịchọ]]'' (2012) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-7582-6572-2|title=Fiction Book Review: Recipe for Desire|date=January 2012|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=March 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Forces of Nature (novel)|Ndị agha nke okike]]'' (2013) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-7582-7660-5|title=Fiction Book Review: Forces of Nature|date=March 2013|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=March 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Love After War (book)|Ịhụnanya Mgbe Agha gasịrị]]'' (2013) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-7582-7662-9|title=Fiction Book Review: Love After War|date=September 2013|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=March 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Rumor Has It (book)|Rumor nwere ya]]'' (2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-61773-379-6|title=Fiction Book Review: Rumor Has It|date=March 2015|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=March 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2015/10/02/hot-new-romance-books-october-2015/73217866/|title=Some hot new romance novels are in the house|date=October 2, 2015|work=USA Today|accessdate=March 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[I Heard a Rumor (book)|Anụrụ m asịrị]]'' (2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-61773-381-9|title=Fiction Book Review: I Heard a Rumor|date=October 2015|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=March 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Asịrị na-egbu egbu'' (2017) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/books/review/macomber-steel-james-romance.html|title=A Roundup of the Season’s Romance Novels|author=Gottlieb|first=Robert|date=September 27, 2017|work=The New York Times|accessdate=March 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/cheris-hodges/deadly-rumors/|title=Kirkus Review: Deadly Rumors|date=September 2017|work=Kirkus Reviews|accessdate=March 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[The Perfect Present|Ugbu a zuru oke]]'' (2017) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-4967-1018-5|title=Fiction Book Review: The Perfect Present|date=September 2017|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=March 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Seduction Strategic'' (2018) ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/cheris-hodges/strategic-seduction/|title=Kirkus Review: Strategic Seduction|date=March 2018|work=Kirkus Reviews|accessdate=March 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-4967-0930-1|title=Fiction Book Review: Strategic Seduction|date=April 2018|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=March 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
edeela mbụ maka Creative Loafing Charlotte ma bụrụkwa onye

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hodges, Cheris}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>B. T. Collins</title>
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      <text bytes="3675" sha1="f326o3solvwx5xi0xvwlecal7qsyf0d" xml:space="preserve">'''Brien Thomas &quot;B. T.&quot; Collins''' (October 17, 1940 – March 19, 1993)&lt;ref name=&quot;CADI-BTC&quot; /&gt; bu onye America n'eme Ihe ndoro ndoro Ọchịchị so na California nakwa buru onye out ndi Republican party.

== Afọ ndị mbụ ==
A mụrụ ya na New York City, &lt;ref name=&quot;CADI-BTC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ancestry.com|title=California Death Index, 1940-1997 [Database Online]|year=2000|publisher=The Generations Network|accessdate=2009-12-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211212148/http://www.ancestry.com/|archivedate=December 11, 2009}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.ancestry.com &quot;California Death Index, 1940-1997 &amp;#x5B;Database Online&amp;#x5D;&quot;]. Provo, Utah: The Generations Network. 2000. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091211212148/http://www.ancestry.com/ Archived] from the original on December 11, 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2009-12-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Collins jere ozi dị ka Green Beret Captain n'oge Agha Vietnam ma tụfuo aka nri ya na ụkwụ aka nri ya n'ihi mwakpo grenade na 1967. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na United States, Collins debanyere aha na Mahadum Santa Clara, nweta B.A. na 1970 na J.D. na 1973.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Collins nwụrụ site na nkụchi obi mberede na Machị 19, 1993 na Sacramento &lt;ref name=&quot;CADI-BTC&quot;/&gt; mgbe ọ na-eje ozi nke abụọ ya na Nzukọ nke Steeti. Alby meriri na ntuli aka pụrụ iche iji dochie ya.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A gụrụ ọtụtụ ebe na Sacramento aha iji sọpụrụ ya, gụnyere BT Collins Juvenile Justice Center na Sacramento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.saccourt.ca.gov/locations/jch.aspx|title=Juvenile Courthouse: Sacramento Superior Court|work=Saccourt.ca.gov|date=|accessdate=2017-01-20|archivedate=2015-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906053804/https://www.saccourt.ca.gov/locations/jch.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe a gbanwere Sacramento Army Depot dị ka Army Reserve Center n'etiti afọ ndị 1990, a gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ B.T. Collins Army Reserve Center.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

There is also a park in the City of Folsom named the B.T. Collins City Park located at 828 Willow Creek Drive, Folsom, California. The men's restroom in the Santa Clara University School of Law library was named the &quot;B.T. Collins Memorial Latrine&quot; in his honor;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Bold, profane, and utterly outrageous|url=http://www.scu.edu/scm/spring2009/broncoprofiles.cfm|accessdate=November 12, 2012|work=[[Santa Clara Magazine]]|date=Spring 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; it features a plaque over the urinal with a quote from Collins: &quot;If it ain't in Gilbert's, it ain't the Law.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Don|author=Marlais|title=That ain't what B.T. said|url=http://www.scu.edu/scm/summer2009/letters.cfm|accessdate=November 12, 2012|work=Santa Clara Magazine|date=Summer 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Collins, B. T.}}
[[Òtù:Living people]]
[[Òtù:Visibilizing disabilities in Nigeria (1.0)]]
[[Òtù:WikiforMiniorities]]</text>
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    <title>Elias Goldberg</title>
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      <text bytes="2814" sha1="pkwo3wqlxwvt45u510jm2sd7k9i2bny" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Elias Goldberg.png|thumb|Elias Goldberg ]]
 

Elias Goldberg (March 14, 1886 – Febụwarị 22, 1978) bụ onye ihe ọrụ America..

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Site na 1906 ruo 1909 Elias Goldberg bayanan George Bridgman na Art Students League of New York .  Na 1915 ọrụ ihe atụ ya nke e àgwà na The Masses na na 1917 Elias Goldberg tashar akwụkwọ Bekee nke &quot;Souvenirs Entomologiques&quot; nke French entomologist Jean Henri Fabre .

Na 1918 ọ nọ na ihe ngosi apụta nke abụọ nke Society of Independent Artists .  N'ime 1920 ọ bụ onye ihe atụ maka ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ Japan na maka Hal Marchbanks Press.  Ọ bụ n'oge a ka ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na ike na Europe wee Fast enyi Jules Pascin, Man Ray na Marcel Duchamp .  N'afọ 1935, o mere ihe ngosi otu nwoke mbụ na Ebe Ọzọ Gallery.

Na 1948 o nwere ihe ngosi mbụ na Charles Egan Gallery wee nwee ike igosi enyi na Willem de Kooning na Elaine de Kooning na Jackson Pollock .  N'afọ ndị 1950, o mere enyi ndị ọgbọ na-eto eto dị ka Knox Martin (onye na-ese ihe na Charles Egan Gallery ), Reuben Nakian, Herman Rose, Peter Golfinopoulos na Joseph Stapleton.  [1] N'afọ ndị 1960, o nwere usoro ihe ngosi otu nwoke ama na Charles Egan Gallery .  Na 1973 ọ natara onyinye site na Mark Rothko Foundation.

== Ọrụ ==
Goldberg kacha mara amara maka obodo, ndụ ndụ, ime ime, ihe ngosi na-egosi ala .  O kere ihe osise, agba mmiri, ụzọ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise obodo ya na- anya na mpaghara Washington Heights na Upper Manhattan, ebe o biri site na 1945 gaa n'ihu. &lt;ref&gt;William H. Gerdts, &quot;From Ashcan to Abstract: The Paintings of Elias Goldberg&quot;, Elias Goldberg Exhibition Catalogue, Janos Gat Gallery, 1999&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ==

* Lawrence Campbell, &quot;Elias Goldberg na-ese foto&quot;, ARTnews, 1963
* Rosalind Constable, &quot;The Pissarro nke Washington Heights&quot;, New York Magazine, Julaị 1970
* William H. Gerdts, &quot;Site na Ashcan ruo Abstract: Ihe osise nke Elias Goldberg&quot;, katalọgụ ngosi Elias Goldberg, Janos Gat Gallery, 1999
* Elaine de Kooning, &quot;New York Na-enweghị Anya mmiri: Ihe osise nke Elias Goldberg&quot;, Egan Gallery, 1948

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ntụaka ndị ọzọ ==

* [http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-elias-goldberg-12110 Bruce Hooton 1965 Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Elias Goldberg na Smithsonian Archives of American Art]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195057/http://hirshhorn.si.edu/search.asp?search=Elias+Goldberg Ọrụ 9 nke Elias Goldberg, Joseph H. Hirshhorn Bequest] na Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
* [http://www.askart.com/askart/artist.aspx?artist=5020681 Jụọ ntinye akwụkwọ maka Elias Goldberg]

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.janosgatgallery.com Janos Gat Gallery]</text>
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    <title>Rada Laykova</title>
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      <text bytes="2131" sha1="3aqixsxp51sibn0s3poae4aa93jkhvt" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:1718870320889 20240619 LAYKOVA Rada BG 007.jpg|thumb|Rada Laykova]]
'''Rada Stefanova Laykova''' ( Bulgarian  ; amuru 3 Eprel 1990) bu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Bulgarian nke Revival onye ahọpụtara onye otu nzuko omeiwu Europe na 2024 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://results.cik.bg/europe2024/rezultati/index.html|title=Избори за членове на Европейския парламент от Република България и за народни представители {{!}} 9 юни 2024: Сумарни данни|publisher=[[:bg:Централна избирателна комисия|Central Election Commission]]|language=bg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Laykova na Plovdiv, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nke Master na European Studies na Humboldt University of Berlin na nzere masta na iwu azụmahịa European na European University Viadrina . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://filternews.bg/kandidatat-za-evrodeputat-na-vazrazhdane-rada-lajkova-tryabva-da-se-chuva-glasat-na-darzhavite-v-evropa/|title=Кандидатът за евродепутат на „Възраждане“ Рада Лайкова: Трябва да се чува гласът на държавите в Европа|work=Filter News|date=29 May 2024|language=bg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na German Bundestag afọ isii, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bta.bg/en/news/world/710385-vazrazhdane-will-raise-at-eu-level-issue-of-referendum-on-keeping-bulgarian-lev-|title=Vazrazhdane Will Raise at EU Level Issue of Referendum on Keeping Bulgarian Lev - MEP Rada Laykova|publisher=[[Bulgarian News Agency]]|date=17 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọ bụ nnukwu onye ndụmọdụ maka ihe gbasara Europe na otu ndị omeiwu nke Alternative maka Germany . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.t-online.de/nachrichten/deutschland/parteien/id_100414132/afd-in-europa-bulgarische-partei-wiedergeburt-bietet-fraktion-an.html|title=Bulgarische Rechtsextreme machen der AfD ein Angebot|publisher=[[T-Online]]|date=27 May 2024|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Koshi Mizukami</title>
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Koshi Mizukami (水上恒司, Mizukami Kōshi, born 12 May 1999) is a Japanese actor. Until August 2022 he worked under the stage name Kenshi Okada (岡田健史).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=岡田健史、インスタでも事務所退所を報告 「水上恒司の血肉骨に宿らせて生きて参ります」 – スポニチ Sponichi Annex 芸能|url=https://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2022/08/31/kiji/20220831s00041000689000c.html|accessdate=16 August 2023|work=スポニチ Sponichi Annex|language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Mizukami na 12 May 1999 na Higashi ward, Fukuoka Prefecture . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/738607/|title=水上恒司|accessdate=May 2, 2024|work=Oricon}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere ịgba bọọlụ na klas nke abụọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị ma bụrụkwa onye na-akụ azụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=INC|first=SANKEI DIGITAL|date=2 November 2018|title=【スポーツ記者リポート】阪神のドラ5川原の先輩はドラマで活躍中の新人俳優|url=https://www.sankei.com/article/20181102-WQQIVPR2JRPBPAS22WBUQ5NX3I/|accessdate=16 August 2023|work=産経ニュース|language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Soseikan High School. &lt;ref name=&quot;taiga2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=岡田健史 初の大河出演！母校の&quot;甲子園出場&quot;刺激に「&quot;叫び&quot;にぜひ注目して」 – スポニチ Sponichi Annex 芸能|url=https://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2020/07/11/kiji/20200710s00041000516000c.html|accessdate=16 August 2023|work=スポニチ Sponichi Annex|language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye, Riku Kawahara [ ja ] nke ndị otu egwuregwu baseball ọkachamara [[Hanshin Tigers]] bụ nwata na klọb baseball, Mizukami bụ onye na-akụ azụ na Kawahara bụ onye ọkpọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=阪神ドラ5川原の野望 ビッグになって俳優・岡田健史先輩と再会を – スポニチ Sponichi Annex 野球|url=https://www.sponichi.co.jp/baseball/news/2019/01/07/kiji/20190107s00001173065000c.html|accessdate=18 August 2023|work=スポニチ Sponichi Annex|language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=INC|first=SANKEI DIGITAL|date=2 November 2018|title=【スポーツ記者リポート】阪神のドラ5川原の先輩はドラマで活躍中の新人俳優|url=https://www.sankei.com/article/20181102-WQQIVPR2JRPBPAS22WBUQ5NX3I/|accessdate=18 August 2023|work=[[Sankei Shimbun]]|language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
N'oge oyi nke afọ mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke obere, ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ Spice Power (nkewa nwoke nke Sweet Power lebara ya anya nke mbụ. ). Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-achụ ya afọ ise, mana ọ nọgidere na-ajụ ihe a nyere ya ka ọ na-emikpu na baseball ma na-achọ igwu egwu na Koshien . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=有村架純の相手役、19歳新人の岡田健史に決定 – ドラマ : 日刊スポーツ|url=https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/201808200000079.html|accessdate=16 August 2023|work=nikkansports.com|language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2017, mgbe ọ hapụrụ ụlọ egwuregwu bọọlụ mgbe ọ nọ n'afọ nke atọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, onye nkuzi bụ onye ndụmọdụ ụlọ egwuregwu ihe nkiri lebara ya anya ma kpọọ ya dị ka onye otu kamikaze n'ọrụ a na-akpọ &quot; ''Hair combing August'' &quot; wee sonye na asọmpi ihe nkiri nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị prefectural. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọrụ a ga-emeri ihe nrite kachasị elu na ngọngọ Kyushu nke asọmpi prefectural ma kwadoro ya maka asọmpi mba. Otú ọ dị, nke a abịaghị n'ihi usoro nke asọmpi ihe nkiri ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, bụ nke a na-eme n'ime afọ ruo na asọmpi ngọngọ na asọmpi mba, mana Mizukami gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'afọ sochirinụ, ya mere ọ nweghị ike. ịsọ mpi maka asọmpi mba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Na mbụ, ọ zubere ịga mahadum wee gaa n'ihu na-egwu baseball, mana ka o sonye na asọmpi prefectural, ọ malitere ịchọ ịghọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Nne na nna ya, bụ ndị megidere mkpebi ya na mbụ bịara n'ikpeazụ n'ihi na ha nwere mmasị na mpụta mbụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===

=== Ihe nkiri onyonyo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
! Aha
! Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ihe ndetu
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2018
| ''Zute m ka m gachara akwụkwọ''
| Akira Kuroiwa
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019
| ''Dọkịta-X: Dọkịta na-awa Michiko Daimon'' oge 6
| Kiyoaki Yokkaichi
| Nkeji 4
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2147679/full/|title=岡田健史、『ドクターX』第4話出演「ゲスト患者の中でも印象に残る存在に」|accessdate=August 17, 2023|work=Oricon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Ị cheghị na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị na-asụ n'olumba Hakata mara mma?''
| Miyako Azuma
| Ọrụ ndu; otu ihe nkiri
| &lt;ref name=&quot;hakataben&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 July 2019|title=岡田健史：初主演作「博多弁の女の子はかわいいと思いませんか?」がHuluで2位に ローカルドラマ初の快挙|url=https://mantan-web.jp/article/20190726dog00m200046000c.html|accessdate=16 August 2023|work=MANTANWEB（まんたんウェブ）|language=ja-JP}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2020
| ''Ezi akụkọ egwu 2020''
| Yohei Nke
| Ọrụ ndu; otu ihe nkiri
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thetv.jp/program/0000990270/4/|title=第3話 ほんとにあった怖い話 2020特別編「訳ありのカラオケ店」|accessdate=May 2, 2024|work=The Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''MIU404''
| Yohito Kokonoe
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;MIU404&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvdrama-db.com/drama_info/p/id-67018|title=MIU404|accessdate=August 17, 2023|work=TV drama database}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2021
| ''Rute Beyond the Blue Sky''
| Odaka Heikuru
| Ihe nkiri &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwATM&quot;&gt;Taiga&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thetv.jp/program/0000964902/cast/|title=青天を衝(つ)けの出演者・キャスト一覧|accessdate=May 2, 2024|work=The Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Kpao Nwa m nwanyi!''
| Hikaru Irino
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2186079/full/|title=岡田健史、『ウチカレ』光役への思いをつづる「役に役者が育てられる、という現象を、身をもって経験できた」|accessdate=May 2, 2024|work=Oricon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2023
| ''Cinderella nke Midsummer''
| Sosuke Hayakawa
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2279247/full/|title=森七菜&amp;間宮祥太朗が月9W初主演 男女8人の恋愛群像劇、神尾楓珠&amp;吉川愛ら主要キャストも発表|accessdate=May 17, 2023|work=Oricon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Boogie Woogie''
| Aisuke Murayama
| ''Asadora''
| &lt;ref name=&quot;asadora2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2023年度後期 連続テレビ小説『ブギウギ』キャスト発表 第2弾 – NHK|url=https://www.nhk.jp/g/blog/dt-07nxril/|accessdate=16 August 2023|work=NHKドラマ|language=ja|archivedate=22 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922020915/https://www.nhk.jp/g/blog/dt-07nxril/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

=== Akụkọ ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
! Aha
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ihe ndetu
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''Telementary &quot;Na-agwa Hiroshima-Nagasaki Peace Messenger&quot;''
|
| 
|-
| 2020
| ''Ederede TV serial nri &quot;Achọrọ m iso gị rie ihe&quot;''
|
| 
|-
| 2022
| ''Heartnet TV &quot;Ònye ka m bụ? Ụmụaka a mụrụ na AID&quot;''
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=日本放送協会|title=ハートネットTV 私は何者～AIDで生まれた子どもたち～ {{!}} NHK ハートネットTV|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/heart-net/program/heart-net/2217/|accessdate=8 November 2023|work=NHK福祉情報サイト ハートネット|language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== ÑIhe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+Afọ ewepụtara, aha emume nturu ugo, otu, onye ahọpụtara ihe nrite ahụ, na nsonaazụ nhọpụta ahụ.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Afọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | emume nturu ugo
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Otu
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ọrụ ahọpụtara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ref.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 2018
| 28th ''TV Life'' Drama Grand Prize
| Onye bịara ọhụrụ nke afọ
| ''Zute m ka m gachara akwụkwọ''| {{Won}}
| &lt;ref name=&quot;28TVLife&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TV LIFE年間ドラマ大賞 受賞リスト|url=https://www.tvlife.jp/dramaaward|accessdate=18 August 2023|work=TV LIFE web|language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2020
| 33rd Nikkan ihe nkiri ihe nkiri
| Ihe nrite onye bịara ọhụrụ nke Yujirọ Ishihara
| ''Ihe niile gbasara March'', ''The Legacy of Dr. Death: Black File'', and ''Hope''| {{Won}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=『鬼滅の刃』石原裕次郎賞受賞 『罪の声』が「日刊スポーツ映画大賞」作品賞に|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2180507/full/|accessdate=18 August 2023|work=ORICON NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2021
| Ihe nrite ihe nkiri Japan Academy nke 44
| Ihe nrite onye na-eme ihe nkiri ọhụrụ
| ''Ihe niile gbasara March'', ''The Legacy of Dr. Death: Black File'', and ''Hope''| {{Won}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 January 2021|title=『日本アカデミー賞』新人俳優賞発表 永瀬廉・森七菜・岡田健史・蒔田彩珠・奥平大兼・服部樹咲|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2182833/full/|accessdate=18 August 2023|work=ORICON NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2024
| Ihe nrite ihe nkiri Japan Academy nke 47
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Ruo mgbe anyị ga-ezute ọzọ na Lily Hill''| {{Nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2311800/full/|title=『第47回 日本アカデミー賞』受賞者・作品発表 授賞式司会は羽鳥慎一、岸井ゆきの【コメント全文】|accessdate=January 25, 2024|work=Oricon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ==

=== Akwụkwọ foto ===

* ''Kodou'' (12 Juun 2019) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Iñc|first=Natashì|title=岡田健史の1st写真集「鼓動」、発売前重版が決定|url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/331010|accessdate=18 August 2023|work=映画ナタリー|language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kalenda ===

* &quot; ''Kenshi Okada kalenda 2020.04 - 2021.03'' &quot; (14 February 2020) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 December 2019|title=俳優・岡田健史「皆様と一緒に素敵な1年間を過ごせたら」 カレンダー発売＆イベント開催決定|url=https://realsound.jp/book/2019/12/post-462314.html|accessdate=18 August 2023|work=Real Sound｜リアルサウンド ブック|language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot; ''Kenshi Okada kalenda 2021.04 - 2022.03'' &quot; (12 February 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 December 2020|title=岡田健史のカレンダーが発売！&quot;プライベート旅&quot;テーマに初挑戦も｜シネマトゥデイ|url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0120610|accessdate=18 August 2023|work=シネマトゥデイ|language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndetu ==

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Dhiman Roy</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder|website=}}
[[Faịlụ:MLA DHIMAN ROY.jpg|thumb|DHIMAN ROY]]
'''Dhiman Roy''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India nke steeti West Bengal. Ọ bụ onye otu ugboro abụọ nke West Bengal Legislative Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=651|title=West Bengal 2011 DHIMAN ROY (Winner) ASHOKNAGAR|work=myneta.info|accessdate=7 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mpaghara ==
Ọ na-anọchite anya Ashoknagar (mpaghara Vidhan Sabha). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/west-bengal/ashoknagar-mla-results|title=DHIMAN ROY ASHOKNAGAR|work=ndtv.com|accessdate=7 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/ashokenagar.html|title=Winner and Runner up Candidate in Ashokenagar assembly constituency|work=elections.in|accessdate=7 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
O sitere na All India Trinamool Congress. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/trinamool-congress-mla-dhiman-roy-assaults-bdo-for-removing-party-banners/1/352067.html|title=Trinamool Congress MLA Dhiman Roy assaults BDO for removing party banners|work=indiatoday.intoday.in/|accessdate=7 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Dhiman}}


[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>n5zrmr5ikoqu7zgsy02mu7wl8hdi6n6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Cathleen Calbert</title>
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{{Databox}}'''Cathleen Calbert''' bụ onye America na-ede uri na onye edemede, onye edemede nke mkpokọta uri ise. Ihe odide ya apụtala na ''Ms. Magazine, The Nation, New Republic, The New York Times, The Paris Review, Poetry, Ploughshares,'' &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pshares.org/authors/author-detail.cfm?authorID=231 ''Ploughshares'' &gt; Authors &amp; Articles &gt; Cathleen Calbert]&lt;/ref&gt; na ebe ndị ọzọ. Amụrụ ya na Jackson, Michigan ma zụlite na ndịda California. Ọ natara BA na Mahadum California na Berkeley, MA ya na Mahadum Syracuse, yana Ph.D. sitere na Mahadum Houston . Ugbu a, ọ bụ prọfesọ nke Bekee na Mahadum Rhode Island . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ric.edu/creativewriting/ |title=Rhode Island College &gt; Creative Writing Program |accessdate=2024-10-08 |archivedate=2017-03-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329005459/http://ric.edu/creativewriting/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ebipụtara ==
'''Akwụkwọ'''

* ''Ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ nọ n'ahụhụ'' (Mbipụta Obere Osisi Uhie, 2016)
* ''Soro onye ama ama ama'' (Akwụkwọ CW, 2007)
* ''Ikpe ọjọọ'' ( Akwụkwọ Sarabande, 1999)
* ''Ihe nkuzi na Space'' ( University Press of Florida, 1997)

== Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu ==

* Award Discovery &quot;The Nation&quot;.
* Ihe nrite Pushcart
* Gordon Barber Memorial Award, Poetry Society of America
* Sheila Motton Book Award, New England Poetry Club 

== Ntụaka ==
Poetry, Ploughshares, [1] na ebe ndị ọzọ. Amụrụ ya na Jackson, Michigan{{Reflist}}

== Isi mmalite ==

* [https://www.amazon.com/Cathleen-Calbert/e/B001K7YQSE/ref=sr_ntt_srch_lnk_1?qid=1469480607&amp;sr=8-1 Amazon ode akwụkwọ ibe]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125812/http://cathleencalbert.com/ Ibe weebụ Cathleen Calbert]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081201090847/http://www.custom-words.com./calbert.html Akwụkwọ CW]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120721221044/http://www.sarabandebooks.org/sarabande/Authors/Cathleen%20Calbert/998339821217/ Akwụkwọ Sarabande]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Calbert, Cathleen}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Johanna Hagström</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="6092" sha1="6r4g7akigksqp7a2b44ppgyxso6avml" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Johanna Hagström Goms 2018.jpg|thumb|Johanna Hagström]]
'''Johanna Hagström''' (amụrụ 27 Maachị 1998) bụ skier mba Sweden na-anọchite anya klọb Ulricehamns Ọ BỤRỤ SK. 

Hagström mere mpụta mbụ ya n'Iko Mbaụwa na Jenụwarị 2017 wee gbaa podium mbụ ya na Cogne, Italy, na February 2019, site n'ịmecha nke atọ na asọmpi sprint freestyle. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Johansson|first=Josefin|title=Superskrällen: &quot;Vet inte vad som hände&quot;|url=https://www.expressen.se/sport/langdskidor/hagstroms-succe-tog-pallplats-i-sprint/|publisher=[[Expressen]]|accessdate=8 March 2019|date=16 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2021, ọ sonyere na asọmpi ụwa na Oberstdorf, na-emecha nke anọ na sprint nke ọ bụla.

Nwanne ya nwanyị Sara Hagström bụ onye asọmpi orienteering .

== Nsonaazụ ski nke mba ==
E si na International Ski Federation (FIS) nweta nsonaazụ niile. 

=== Asọmpi mba ụwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%; text-align:center; border:grey solid 1px; border-collapse:collapse; background:#ffffff;&quot;
! style=&quot;background-color:#369; color:white; width:60px;&quot; |&amp;nbsp;Afọ&amp;nbsp;
! style=&quot;background-color:#369; color:white; width:40px;&quot; |&amp;nbsp;Afọ&amp;nbsp;
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;&quot; |&amp;nbsp;10&amp;nbsp;km&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&amp;nbsp;onye&amp;nbsp;
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;&quot; |&amp;nbsp;15&amp;nbsp;km&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&amp;nbsp;skiathlon&amp;nbsp;
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;&quot; |&amp;nbsp;30&amp;nbsp;km&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&amp;nbsp;uka&amp;nbsp;malite&amp;nbsp;
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;&quot; |&amp;nbsp;Sprint&amp;nbsp;
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;&quot; |&amp;nbsp;4&amp;nbsp;×&amp;nbsp;5&amp;nbsp;km&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&amp;nbsp;relay&amp;nbsp;
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;&quot; |&amp;nbsp;Otu&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&amp;nbsp;sprint&amp;nbsp;
|-
|2021
| ''22''
| -
| -
| -
| 4
| -
| -
|-
| 2023
| ''24''
| -
| -
| -
| 10
| -
| -
|}

=== Iko Mbaụwa ===

==== Oge ọkwa ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%; text-align:center; border:grey solid 1px; border-collapse:collapse; background:#ffffff;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#369; color:white; width:60px;&quot; |&amp;nbsp;Season&amp;nbsp;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#369; color:white; width:40px;&quot; |&amp;nbsp;Age&amp;nbsp;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white;&quot; |Discipline standings
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white;&quot; |Ski Tour standings
|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;&quot; |Overall
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;&quot; |Distance
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;&quot; |Sprint
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;&quot; |U23
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;&quot; |Nordic&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Opening
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;&quot; |Tour de&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ski
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;&quot; |Ski Tour&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2020
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;&quot; |World Cup&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Final
|-
|2017
|''18''
|{{Abbr|NC|Not classified}}
|{{Abbr|NC|Not classified}}
|—
|{{Abbr|NC|Not classified}}
|—
|—|| {{n/a}} 
|—
|-
|2018
|''19''
|{{Abbr|NC|Not classified}}
|{{Abbr|NC|Not classified}}
|{{Abbr|NC|Not classified}}
|{{Abbr|NC|Not classified}}
|—
|—||{{n/a}} 
|58
|-
|2019
|''20''
|55
|{{Abbr|NC|Not classified}}
|29
|8
|—
|—|| {{n/a}} 
|—
|-
|2020
|''21''
|51
|{{Abbr|NC|Not classified}}
|28
|9
|—
|—
|—|| {{n/a}}
|-
|2021
|''22''
|37
|61
|13
|6
|—
|—|| {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
|2022
|''23''
|19
|{{Abbr|NC|Not classified}}
|6|| {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} 
|43|| {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
|2023
|''24''
|18
|58
|4|| {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} 
|—|| {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
|2024
|''25''
|''33''
|''107''
|8|| {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} 
|{{Abbr|DNF|Did not finish}}|| {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|}

==== Ogige ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ====

* 6 oghere - (5 WC, 1 SWC )

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%; text-align:center; border:grey solid 1px; border-collapse:collapse; background:#ffffff;&quot;
! style=&quot;background-color:#369; color:white;&quot; |Mba.
! style=&quot;background-color:#369; color:white;&quot; | Oge
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:100px;&quot; | Ụbọchị
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:170px;&quot; | Ebe
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:170px;&quot; | Ọsọ
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:100px;&quot; | Ọkwa
! style=&quot;background-color:#4180be; color:white;&quot; | Ebe
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 2018–19
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Febụwarị 16, 2019
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Cogne]], Italy
| 1.6&amp;nbsp;km Sprint F
| Iko Mbaụwa
| Nke atọ
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 2020–21
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Febụwarị 6, 2021
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Ulricehamn]], Sweden
| 1.5&amp;nbsp;km Sprint F
| Iko Mbaụwa
| Nke abụọ
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 2021–22
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Nọvemba 26, 2021
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Rukatunturi]], Finland
| 1.4 km Sprint C
| Iko Mbaụwa
| Nke abụọ
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 Jenụwarị 2022
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Oberstdorf]], Germany
| 1.2 km Sprint C
| Ogbo iko mba ụwa
| Nke abụọ
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 5
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 2022–23
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Nọvemba 25, 2022
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Rukatunturi]], Finland
| 1.4 km Sprint C
| Iko Mbaụwa
| Nke abụọ
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 6
| Disemba 17, 2022
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Davos]], Switzerland
| 1.5&amp;nbsp;km Sprint F
| Iko Mbaụwa
| Nke atọ
|-
|}

== Ntụaka ==
Jenụwarị 2017 wee gbaa podium mbụ ya na Cogne, Italy, na February{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Johanna Hagström at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Amelie Nikisch</title>
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      <text bytes="3509" sha1="9fgjk07pz2swpjcx87tt7xrp6ztm2q8" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Amelie Nikisch portrait (5776006174).jpg|thumb|Amelie Nikisch]]
Amélie Heussner Nikisch (28 Disemba 1862 – 18 Jenụarị 1938) bụ onye Belgium soprano, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye nkuzi olu, na onye na-ede egwú.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Amélie Augusta Heussner na Brussels . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Grove|first=Sir George|authorlink=George Grove|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5R4PAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=Amelie+Nikisch&amp;pg=PA380|title=Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians|date=1907|publisher=Macmillan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Mgbe ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ, Heussner rụrụ ọrụ dị egwu na operas na Kassel na Leipzig.[1] Ọ kuziri nkuzi olu ka ọ lụchara na 1885.[2] Mgbe di ya, Arthur Nikisch, na-eduzi Orchestra Symphony Boston site na 1890 ruo 1893, ọ na-esokarị ndị egwu egwu egwu dịka onye soprano soloist.[3] &quot;Ọ bụrụ na ihe ọ bụla, Mme. Nikisch na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agụ ụda nwere ike mara dị ka oke okokụre maka ekele nke ọha ọha,&quot; kwuru na American akwụkwọ akụkọ na 1891, &quot;free si niile aghụghọ na ngwaọrụ ndị na-na-emekarị na-amalite maka mmetụta na ịkụ aka&quot;. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1891-05-08|title=Amusements|page=4|work=The Inter Ocean|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74826615/amusements/|accessdate=2021-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nikisch dere egwu na okwu maka obere opera. Ihe ndị o dere gụnyere ''Prince Adolar und das Tausendschönchen'' (1907, ya na Ilse Friedlaender), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 9, 1907|title=Leipsic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5xCAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=Amelie+Nikisch&amp;pg=RA1-PA32|journal=Musical Courier|volume=54}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meine Tante, deine Tante (1909), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=1909-08-08|title=Opera by Mrs. Nikisch; Wife of Musical Conductor Composes Both Words and Music|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1909/08/08/archives/opera-by-mrs-nikisch-wife-of-musical-conductor-composes-both-words.html|accessdate=2021-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Daniel na der Löwengrube'' (1914, ya na Friedlaender, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=June 1, 1913|title=Hamburg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4bcnXXgdYwC&amp;dq=Amelie+Nikisch&amp;pg=RA1-PA405|journal=[[The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular]]|volume=54}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ''Immer der Andere'' (1915).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 12, 1915|title=Operetta by Mme. Nikisch Brought Out in Leipsic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkc0AQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=Amelie+Nikisch&amp;pg=RA5-PA14|journal=Musical America|volume=22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ olu ya bụ American soprano Eleanor Painter Strong . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Goldenburg|first=William Smith|date=1930-03-23|title=Romance of the Stage|page=65|work=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74824117/romance-of-the-stagewilliam-smith/|accessdate=2021-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Amélie Heussner lụrụ onye nduzi Hungary Arthur Nikisch (1855–1922) na 1885.[1] Ha mụrụ ụmụ anọ; Nwa ha nwoke nke nta bụ onye pianist Mitja Nikisch (1899–1936).[2] Amélie Nikisch nwụrụ na 1938, na Berlin, dị afọ 75. Nwa ya nwanyị Eleanora (Nora) Schindler lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Juu, wee gbapụ mkpagbu Nazi site na enyemaka sitere na kọntaktị egwu Nikisches, kwaga United States na 1941. [11]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Abell|first=Arthur M.|date=April 27, 1941|title=An Appeal for Aid for Daughter of Artur Nikisch|page=X6|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==</text>
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    <title>Amir Ahmad Nasr</title>
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      <text bytes="7689" sha1="3j2ru52m56sncc1u9szamre2n04djno" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Amir Ahmad Nasr at Oslo Freedom Forum 2025.jpg|thumb|Amir Ahmad Nasr ]]
Amir Ahmad Nasr (Khartoum, 1986) bụ onye blọgụ Sudan na onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na ahịa ahịa. Ọ bụ onye dere blọgụ asụsụ Bekee, The Sudanese ThinkerAmir Ahmad Nasr (Khartoum, 1986) bụ onye blọgụ Sudan na onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na ahịa ahịa. Ọ bụ onye dere blọgụ asụsụ Bekee, The Sudanese Thinker &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt;
== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ na Khartoum, Nasr tolitere na Qatar na Malaysia. N'ịbụ ndị nne na nna na-abụghị ndị Alakụba na-asọpụrụ, ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Islam na Qatar na Kuala Lumpur. Nasr ghọrọ onye na-asọpụrụ Chineke n'ihi mmetụta nke ndị nkuzi ya, ma mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma na Kuala Lumpur, ọ zutere ndị Alakụba na-emesapụ aka na ntanetị na n'onwe ya wee malite ịjụ okwukwe ya. Ọ malitere blọọgụ nke ya, bụ́ ebe o dekọrọ echiche okpukpe ya na-agbanwe agbanwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324183204578567732234293030|title=From Islamist to Freethinker|first=Paul|author=Berman|date=1 July 2013|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ na-agbaso nzere masta na nkà ihe ọmụma ma na-eme nchọpụta banyere mmetụta nke mgbasa ozi ọhụrụ na echiche Alakụba taa.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/amir-ahmad-nasr|title=Amir Ahmad  Nasr - Speakers - Oslo Freedom Forum|first=Oslo Freedom|author=Forum|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Nasr malitere ide blọọgụ ya n'afọ 2006 n'ihi na o chere na ụmụ amaala Sudan ezughi ezu na-ekwu maka Darfur. Blog ya nyere aka gbaa ndị ọzọ nọ na Sudan ume ịmalite blọọgụ asụsụ Bekee. Ọ ghọkwara isi iyi dị mkpa nke ozi maka ndị nta akụkọ mba ọzọ na ndị na-ege ntị.

Na mbụ, blọọgụ Nasr bụ nke a na-amaghị aha ya, mana n'afọ 2011, n'oge Arab Spring, ọ kpughere onye ọ bụ. Kemgbe ahụ ọ ghọrọ onye edemede, onye na-eme ihe ike, onye ọchụnta ego ọha na eze, na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/amir-ahmad-nasr|title=Amir Ahmad  Nasr - Speakers - Oslo Freedom Forum|first=Oslo Freedom|author=Forum|publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFForum&quot;&gt;Forum, Oslo Freedom. [https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/amir-ahmad-nasr &quot;Amir Ahmad  Nasr - Speakers - Oslo Freedom Forum&quot;].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''My Isl@m: Otu Fundamentalism si zuo uche m - na obi abụọ tọhapụ mkpụrụ obi m'' ===
Na 2013, o bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, My Isl@m: How Fundamentalism Stole My Mind—Na Doubt Freed My Soul.[1] Na nlebanya nwere kpakpando, Ndị mbipụta akwụkwọ n'izu toro akwụkwọ ahụ maka &quot;ịgwakọta ihe ncheta na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ime ihe n'enweghị nsogbu.&quot; Onye edemede Clay Shirky akọwawo akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka “akwụkwọ ozi ịhụnanya maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwu.” Onye ode akwụkwọ ọzọ, Ken Wilber, kpọrọ ya “akwụkwọ dị mkpa na nke pụtara ìhè&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1250016797?ie=UTF8&amp;isInIframe=1&amp;n=283155&amp;redirect=true&amp;ref_=dp_proddesc_0&amp;s=books&amp;showDetailProductDesc=1#iframe-wrapper|title=My Isl@m: How Fundamentalism Stole My Mind---and Doubt Freed My Soul|first=Amir Ahmad|author=Nasr|date=11 June 2013|publisher=St. Martin's Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Al-Shawaf|first=Ryyan|title=Your Fatwa Does Not Apply Here’ and ‘My Isl@m’|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2013/08/24/book-review-your-fatwa-does-not-apply-here-karima-bennoune-and-isl-amir-ahmad-nasr/yoGO7NkxcOoLlz51uVWvqL/story.html|publisher=The Boston Globe|accessdate=20 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Berman|first=Paul|title=From Islamist to Freethinker|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324183204578567732234293030|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=20 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amir Ahmad Nasr|url=http://www.macmillanspeakers.com/amirahmadnasr|publisher=Macmillan Speakers Bureau|accessdate=21 January 2017|archivedate=31 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031154336/https://www.macmillanspeakers.com/amirahmadnasr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe odide ndị ọzọ ===
N'otu edemede June 2011 maka Guardian, o dere na nkewa nke ihe bụ [[South Sudan]] ugbu a agaghị akwụsị &quot;Nsogbu njirimara Afro-Arab&quot; nke Sudan ma ọ bụ &quot;iji anwansi mee ka mba ahụ bụrụ ezigbo mba Arab Islam n'agbanyeghị ihe Omar al-Bashir nwere ike ịchọ&quot;. N'ụzọ dị iche, o dere, &quot;Sudan abụwo ma ga-abụ mgbe niile ite agbụrụ, ọtụtụ okpukpe&quot;.

Na Jenụwarị 2012, o dere edemede maka Al Jazeera, nke akpọrọ &quot;Nweghachi ọhụụ ọhụrụ Sudan. Isiokwu a bụ maka John Garang, onye nnupụisi Ndị Kraịst nke Southern Sudan ghọrọ ndị ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/01/201211873055142443.html|title=Reviving the 'New Sudan' vision|first=Amir Ahmad|author=Nasr|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2012, o dere edemede maka ''Iwu Mba Ọzọ'' nke akpọrọ &quot;Sudan chọrọ mgbanwe&quot;. Ọ tụrụ aro na ebili mmiri ahụ &quot;na-agbanwe megide Bashir,&quot; nakwa na &quot;ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala Sudan anaghị achọ Islamism, kama ha na-elekwasị anya ma na-achọ ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ka mma, nghọta, na ịza ajụjụ&quot;. Ọ bụ ezie na &quot;agha a ga-emesị bụrụ ndị Sudan, ndị mba ụwa nwekwara ọrụ dị mkpa ha ga-arụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/06/26/sudan-needs-a-revolution/|title=Sudan Needs a Revolution|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ ndị ọzọ ===
Nasr bụ onye na-enye aka na Global Voices Online. Ọ haziri The Future of Islam In the Age of New Media, nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe n'ịntanetị nke nwere ndị ọkà okwu 60. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/amir-ahmad-nasr|title=Amir Ahmad  Nasr - Speakers - Oslo Freedom Forum|first=Oslo Freedom|author=Forum|publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFForum&quot;&gt;Forum, Oslo Freedom. [https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/amir-ahmad-nasr &quot;Amir Ahmad  Nasr - Speakers - Oslo Freedom Forum&quot;].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye otu Havel Prize Committee, na-enyere aka ikpebi ndị mmeri nke Václav Havel International Prize for Creative Dissent maka The Human Rights Foundation . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Havel Prize for Creative Dissent Recognizes Efforts in Bahrain, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe|url=http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-international-byo-109801.html|publisher=Bulawayo|accessdate=8 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ na onyinye ==
E depụtara Islam m na &quot;What to Read in 2013,&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What to Read in 2013|author=Slattery|first=Margaret|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/12/31/what-to-read-in-2013/|publisher=Foreign Policy|accessdate=8 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; blog Nasr bụ onye ikpeazụ ugboro atọ maka Weblog Awards. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/amir-ahmad-nasr|title=Amir Ahmad  Nasr - Speakers - Oslo Freedom Forum|first=Oslo Freedom|author=Forum|publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFForum&quot;&gt;Forum, Oslo Freedom. [https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/amir-ahmad-nasr &quot;Amir Ahmad  Nasr - Speakers - Oslo Freedom Forum&quot;].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Amanda Andradóttir</title>
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      <text bytes="4895" sha1="7qv0wkelemypmm5pq419w69ev4pxnqx" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Amanda Andradóttir bij FC Twente (2025).JPG|thumb|200x200px|Amanda Andradóttir]]
Amanda Jacobsen Andradóttir (amụrụ 18 Disemba 2003) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Iceland nke na-egwu egwu dị ka onye ọkpọ egwuregwu maka FC Twente na ndị otu mba Iceland.

Na 4 Ọgọst 2020, a mara ọkwa Amanda na Nordsjælland . {{Cite web|url=https://www.visir.is/g/20201997820d|title=Hin 16 ára Amanda skrifaði undir hjá Nordsjælland|work=[[Vísir.is]]|date=4 August 2020|accessdate=27 November 2021|author=Þórhallsson|first=Runólfur Trausti|language=Icelandic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 21 Disemba 2020, a mara ọkwa Amanda na Vålerenga . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mbl.is/sport/fotbolti/2020/12/21/annar_islendingur_til_noregsmeistaranna/|title=Annar Íslendingur til Noregsmeistaranna|language=Icelandic|work=www.mbl.is}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 15 Disemba 2021, a mara ọkwa Amanda na Kristianstads DFF . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mbl.is/sport/fotbolti/2021/12/15/amanda_til_lids_vid_kristianstad/|title=Amanda til liðs við Kristianstad|language=Icelandic|work=www.mbl.is}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 15 Julaị 2024, ekwuputara Amanda na FC Twente na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ.[1] Ọ mere egwuregwu mpụta mbụ ya megide Fortuna Sittard na 29 Septemba 2024.[2] Amanda gbara goolu mbụ ya n'asọmpi megide SC Heerenveen na 7 Disemba 2024, gbara na nkeji 51st.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/12/07/netherlands/vrouwen-eredivisie/sc-heerenveen/fc-twente/4440291/|title=Heerenveen vs Twente - 7 December 2024|work=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Amanda nwere ụmụ amaala Norway abụọ ma kpọọ ya n'òtù ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri na itoolu nke Norway n'otu oge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/amanda-andradottir/|title=Amanda Andradóttir|publisher=World Football|accessdate=27 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mbl.is/sport/fotbolti/2021/05/31/missir_island_af_landslidskonu_til_noregs/|title=Missir Ísland af landsliðskonu til Noregs?|work=[[Morgunblaðið]]|date=31 May 2021|accessdate=27 November 2021|language=Icelandic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amanda mere nke mbụ ya maka ndị otu mba Iceland na 21 Septemba 2021, na-abịa dị ka onye nọchiri Gunnhildur Yrsa Jónsdóttir na egwuregwu megide Netherlands. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-09-21/iceland-vs-netherlands/2480701/|title=Iceland vs Netherlands|publisher=Global Sports Archive|accessdate=27 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2022, a kpọrọ Amanda ka ọ bịa soro na ndị otu Iceland maka UEFA Women's Euro 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hópur A kvenna fyrir EM 2022|url=https://www.ksi.is/um-ksi/frettir/frettasafn/frett/2022/06/11/Hopur-A-kvenna-fyrir-EM-2022/|work=Knattspyrnusamband Íslands|date=11 June 2022|language=is|accessdate=10 March 2025|archivedate=11 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611133932/https://www.ksi.is/um-ksi/frettir/frettasafn/frett/2022/06/11/Hopur-A-kvenna-fyrir-EM-2022/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2023, a kpọrọ Amanda ka ọ bịa n'òtù Iceland maka iko Pinatar nke afọ 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ksi.is/um-ksi/frettir/frettasafn/frett/2023/02/03/A-kvenna-Hopurinn-fyrir-Pinatar-Cup-2023/|title=A kvenna - Hópurinn fyrir Pinatar Cup 2023|language=is|publisher=[[Football Association of Iceland]]|date=3 February 2023|accessdate=10 March 2025|archivedate=17 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517151049/https://www.ksi.is/um-ksi/frettir/frettasafn/frett/2023/02/03/A-kvenna-Hopurinn-fyrir-Pinatar-Cup-2023/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara goolu mba ụwa mbụ ya na 2023 Pinatar Cup final megide Philippines na 21 Febụwarị 2023, na-agba goolu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/02/21/world/pinatar-cup/philippines/iceland/4003751/|title=Philippines vs Iceland - 21 February 2023|work=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a nyeere Iceland aka imeri iko Pinatar na nke mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=21 February 2023|title=Pinatar Cup meistarar 2023|url=https://www.ksi.is/um-ksi/frettir/frettasafn/frett/2023/02/21/Pinatar-Cup-meistarar-2023/|work=ksi.is|accessdate=21 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa ===

: ''Ntinye na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Iceland na mbụ.''

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Nna Amanda bụ Andri Sigþórsson bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke nọchitere anya Iceland na mba ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amanda Father&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.visir.is/g/20201997820d|title=Hin 16 ára Amanda skrifaði undir hjá Nordsjælland|work=[[Vísir.is]]|date=4 August 2020|accessdate=27 November 2021|author=Þórhallsson|first=Runólfur Trausti|language=Icelandic}}
[[Category:CS1 Icelandic-language sources (is)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==

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    <title>Jennifer Kewley Draskau</title>
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        <username>Munachiso Excel</username>
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      <text bytes="12287" sha1="ap21fwh6njbiuzfkqcwxxjtyqnl307p" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Margaret Jennifer Kewley Draskau in the video 'Lady Derby – The Great Whore of Babylon'.png|thumb|Jennifer Kewley Draskau ]]
 

Margaret Jennifer Kewley Draskau (nwụrụ n'onyinye iri abụọ na otu n'n arịa Ọtoba n'afọ 2024) bụ onye Manx na-akọ ihe mere eme, akwụkwọ ozi, onye nkuzi, onye ike agbara na onye ama na Isle of Man.[1]   O feed ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, ọrụ ya mgbasa ama bụ akwụkwọ ntụle, ,pụta okwu napụta nke okwu 2008 na Asụsụ Manx Gaelic, Practical Manx .Ezigbo Manx.

== Ndụ ==
A match Draskau na Isle of Man, ebe nna ya bụ onye bụ onye nwe ndị uwe ojii na Isle nke Man.[1]  Ọ gara Akwụkwọ Buchan dị na Castletown, ma ngwaọrụ oge sum ya na ụmụ nwanne nne na-asụ Welsh na Wales.[2]  Ọ mara mara nke ọma, ọkpụkpọ Bekee, Danish, French, German na Manx, ma mara ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nke ọma.  Ọ gara n'ihu na nkwado ya na Mahadum Manchester . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 October 2024|title=Jennifer Kewley Draskau - a tribute|url=https://culturevannin.im/news/jennifer-kewley-draskau---a-tribute-878153/|accessdate=12 January 2025|work=Culture Vannin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Draskau mụrụ nwoke Danish.[1]  Ọ biri na Denmark ruo afọ iri abụọ, ebe ọ pịari na Mahadum Copenhagen na Mahadim Aarhus .  [2] N'afọ 1987, ọ nzere nzere doctorate na Mahadum Copenhagen maka edemede The Quest for Equivalence: On Translating Villon .  [3] Ahụ ya dị ka Honorary Senior Research Fellow na Ngalaba Bekee na Mahadum Liverpool na dị ka Senior Research Fello na Mahadum nke Center for Manx Studies.[2]  Ọ bụ ọrụ nwa oge dị ka onye nkuzi edemede maka mpaghara eze na Thailand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Curphey|first=Tom|date=28 October 2024|title=Tributes paid to renowned Manx historian and linguist Dr Jennifer Kewley Draskau|url=https://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/tributes-paid-to-renowned-manx-historian-and-linguist-dr-jennifer-kewley-draskau-733969|accessdate=12 January 2025|work=Isle of Man Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ la mfe Man, Draskau nhọrọ German na Ramsey Grammar School na Ramsey ma webata Manx Studies na usoro.[1]  N'afọ 1996, ọ guzoro maka ibu aka na ụlọ omebe iwu nke ngosi ahụ, House of Keys, na Michael sheading.  Okari 33.65% nke votu, mana David Cannan meri ya.[2]  Ọ na-abụkwa abụ na ndị ukwe Manx Cliogaree Twoaie, bungee wụliri elu ma mara na ọ na-egwu mmiri n'Oké Sirish..&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 October 2024|title=Jennifer Kewley Draskau - a tribute|url=https://culturevannin.im/news/jennifer-kewley-draskau---a-tribute-878153/|accessdate=12 January 2025|work=Culture Vannin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://culturevannin.im/news/jennifer-kewley-draskau---a-tribute-878153/ &quot;Jennifer Kewley Draskau - a tribute&quot;]. ''Culture Vannin''. 25 October 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 January&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2004, o kwuru okwu na Mahadum Harvard Celtic Colloquium, na-ekwu Okwu Ikwu &quot;Language death and mbilite n'ọnwụ in the Isle of Man: the continuity of Manx Gaelic exlified by the use of inflected verb tenes&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kewley Draskau (Jennifer)|url=https://codecs.vanhamel.nl/Kewley_Draskau_(Jennifer)|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=CODECS: Online Database and e-Resources for Celtic Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2006, o bipụtara nsụgharị ọhụrụ nke uri An Account of the Isle of Man in Song, ederede kachasị ochie e dere na Manx Gaelic (n'etiti ihe dị ka 1490 na 1530) nke a makwaara dị ka ''Manannan Ballad'' ma ọ bụ Manx Traditionary Ballad . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Matthews|first=Jodie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyssBwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Jennifer+Kewley+Draskau&amp;pg=PA177|title=Islands and Britishness: A Global Perspective|date=2011-11-15|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-3543-5|pages=164|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2008, Draskau akwụkwọ ntụaka akwụkwọ Manx Practical Manx, [1] nke ihe na mmemme na Manx Museum, Douglas.  [2] Ka ọ na-ede Practical Manx, Draskau amụola ihe odide ndị na-abụ afọ nke 15 na mbụ awụ de 18 nke Manx nke Bible, yana mmegide olu na-ahụ olu nke ahụ site n'ige ntĩ na nwunye ụka n'etiti ndị na-asụ asụsụ ahụ nke ọma.  [3] [3] [4] Mgbe e nyere akwụkwọ ahụ, o kwuru na: &quot;Enwere m ike na akwụkwọ m nwere ike ịbụ nke usoro a site na n'inye ụgwọ nhọrọ nke Asụsụ Manx, ihe atụ maka ndị ọrụ ma ọ bụ ewereere akwụkwọ ahụ.  anwụ.&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=4 February 2009|title=The melody of Manx|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/isleofman/content/articles/2009/02/03/manxmelody_feature.shtml|accessdate=2025-01-17|work=BBC Isle of Man|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2009-02-20|title=UN declares Manx Gaelic 'extinct'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/isle_of_man/7901763.stm|accessdate=2025-01-17|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'A 2019, ọ akara akwụkwọ Bekee nke Jon Leirfall's 1979 Norwegian view of the History of the Isle of Man, Tusen år på Man (A Thousand Years in Man), maka Culture Vannin .  [1] O biputara aha aha Manx n'azịaka akwụkwọ, Journal of Terminology Science and Research, Journal of Celtic Linguistics [2] na &quot;Contemporary Issues in Manx Culture&quot; nke nwere isiokwu, iche iche nke Celtic Cultural Studies..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Draskau|first=Jennifer Kewley|date=2009|title=Role of Joshua Fishman's Yians in Xish Revitalization: The Case of Manx Gaelic';|journal=Celtic Cultural Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Draskau sitere n'agbụrụ nna nke onye na-ahụ maka mba Manx na apụ nke iri na asaa bụ Illiam Dhone.[1][2]  Ihe ndị metụtara ndụ ya nke ịhụnanya Illiam Dhone: Patriot or Traitor?  na 2012 ma kwuo na akwụkwọ ahụ na &quot;ihe ọ blea ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu maka ikike ya dị ka onye nwụrụ n'ihi akwụkwọ ya, Associate ya na-aga n'ihu na-ejide ụgbọ..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Landmark nationalist tribute to Illiam Dhone|url=https://www.manxradio.com/news/isle-of-man-news/landmark-nationalist-tribute-to-illiam-dhone/|accessdate=2025-01-12|work=Manx Radio|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=6 December 2012|title=Biography presented to President of Tynwald|url=https://www.tynwald.org.im/news/biography-presented-to-president-of-tynwald|accessdate=12 January 2025|work=Tynwald}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 October 2024|title=Jennifer Kewley Draskau - a tribute|url=https://culturevannin.im/news/jennifer-kewley-draskau---a-tribute-878153/|accessdate=12 January 2025|work=Culture Vannin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://culturevannin.im/news/jennifer-kewley-draskau---a-tribute-878153/ &quot;Jennifer Kewley Draskau - a tribute&quot;]. ''Culture Vannin''. 25 October 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 January&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Clague|first=Lynsey|date=2013-08-02|title=Illiam Dhone and the Sheep under the Snow Dr. Jennifer Kewley Draskau|url=https://manxnationalheritage.im/news/illiam-dhone-and-the-sheep-under-the-snow-dr-jennifer-kewley-draskau/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=Manx National Heritage|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

meta ihe mere eme ya ndị ọzọ ajụjụ ndị agha ụwa nke mbụ na Isle of Man .  [1] Onye ọrụ na akwụkwọ ozi site na Douglas Internment Camp [2] ma ime ihe nkiri nke ọrụ ojii.  [3]][4] O weputara echiche na ndị inyom na-eme ihe ngosi n' nwaetiti ahụ &quot;rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ndị mmadụ na ibe ya na iwu nke ụmụ nwoke niile dị n'ime ụzọ ndị watch.  Lusitania anɔwo na-ebu ihe ụlọ 25,000 &quot;ndị iro&quot; ndị na-eje ije n'ogige abụọ na Man.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Morgan|first=Janis|date=7 September 2010|title=Isle of Man research inspires historical play|url=https://news.liverpool.ac.uk/2010/09/07/isle-of-man-research-inspires-historical-play/|accessdate=12 January 2025|work=University of Liverpool News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tinyere nyocha na-abụghị akụkọ ifo, Draskau dekwara egwuregwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ na-enweta ihe nrite. Nnyocha ya banyere ''Lusitania'' kpaliri egwuregwu The Sinking of Immaculate O&quot;Shea . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Morgan|first=Janis|date=7 September 2010|title=Isle of Man research inspires historical play|url=https://news.liverpool.ac.uk/2010/09/07/isle-of-man-research-inspires-historical-play/|accessdate=12 January 2025|work=University of Liverpool News|language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMorgan2010&quot;&gt;Morgan, Janis (7 September 2010). [http://web.archive.org/web/20230930035404/https://news.liverpool.ac.uk/2010/09/07/isle-of-man-research-inspires-historical-play/ &quot;Isle of Man research inspires historical play&quot;]. ''University of Liverpool News''. Archived from [https://news.liverpool.ac.uk/2010/09/07/isle-of-man-research-inspires-historical-play/ the original] on 30 September 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 January&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Emere ya na Isle of Man na New Zealand . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 October 2024|title=Jennifer Kewley Draskau - a tribute|url=https://culturevannin.im/news/jennifer-kewley-draskau---a-tribute-878153/|accessdate=12 January 2025|work=Culture Vannin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://culturevannin.im/news/jennifer-kewley-draskau---a-tribute-878153/ &quot;Jennifer Kewley Draskau - a tribute&quot;]. ''Culture Vannin''. 25 October 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 January&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ akụkọ ifo ya nke afọ 2020 bụ Transportee bu n'uche ime ka nsogbu nke ndị ikom na ndị inyom Manx bụ ndị e si n'àgwàetiti ahụ bubata ịrụ ọrụ na ndị Britain na-achị n'oge narị afọ nke iri na asaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=10 March 2021|title=Transported away|url=https://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/transported-away-239985|accessdate=12 January 2025|work=Isle of Man Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ nwụrụ na 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Curphey|first=Tom|date=28 October 2024|title=Tributes paid to renowned Manx historian and linguist Dr Jennifer Kewley Draskau|url=https://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/tributes-paid-to-renowned-manx-historian-and-linguist-dr-jennifer-kewley-draskau-733969|accessdate=12 January 2025|work=Isle of Man Today}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCurphey2024&quot;&gt;Curphey, Tom (28 October 2024). [https://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/tributes-paid-to-renowned-manx-historian-and-linguist-dr-jennifer-kewley-draskau-733969 &quot;Tributes paid to renowned Manx historian and linguist Dr Jennifer Kewley Draskau&quot;]. ''Isle of Man Today''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 January&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ ==

* ''Margaid nke Baldhoon'' (2000) 
* Ezigbo Manx (2008) 
* ''Agụ ojii'' (2013) 
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lVsrEkIlXIkC&amp;dq=Jennifer+Draskau&amp;lr=&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Illiam Dhone: Onye hụrụ mba n'anya ma ọ bụ onye sabo?]'' (2012)
* Tudor Rose: Princess Mary, Henry's Sister (2013) 
* ''Lusitania: Ọdachi Ka Ọdachi Ka Ojii Agha?'' (2015)
* ''Lady Derby, Nnukwu Nwanyị akwụna nke Babilọn'' (2020) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Wade|first=Mike|date=21 November 2020|title=Jennifer sheds new light on the 'Great Whore of Babylon'|url=https://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/jennifer-sheds-new-light-on-the-great-whore-of-babylon-238333|accessdate=12 January 2025|work=Isle of Man Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Onye na-ebugharị'' (2020) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 October 2024|title=Jennifer Kewley Draskau - a tribute|url=https://culturevannin.im/news/jennifer-kewley-draskau---a-tribute-878153/|accessdate=12 January 2025|work=Culture Vannin}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://culturevannin.im/news/jennifer-kewley-draskau---a-tribute-878153/ &quot;Jennifer Kewley Draskau - a tribute&quot;]. ''Culture Vannin''. 25 October 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 January&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Brunei Malay</title>
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'''Brunei Malay''', nke a na-akpọkwa '''Brunei Malay''' ( Malay   ; Jawi :

== fonology ==
Egosiri ngwa ahịa consonantal nke Brunei Malay n'okpuru:  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! Bilabial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ihu imi
| m
| n
| ɲ
| ŋ
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Na-egbu egbu /&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Mmekọrịta
! voiceless
| p
| t
| tʃ
| k
| ( ʔ )
|-
! voiced
| b
| d
| dʒ
| ɡ
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nke na-ese okwu
! voiceless
| ( f )
| s
| ʃ
| ( x )
| h
|-
! voiced
| ( v )
| ( z ) 
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Trill
|
| r 
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | N'akụkụ
|
| l 
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Odika
| w
|
| j
|
|
|}
ndetu:

# {{note|a}}{{IPA|/t/}} is dental in many varieties of Malay, but it is alveolar in Brunei.
# {{note|b}}{{IPA|/k/}} is velar in initial position, but it is realised as [[Uvular consonant|uvular]] {{IPA|[q]}} in coda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clynes2011&quot;&gt;Clynes, Adrian &amp; Deterding, David. (2011). Standard Malay (Brunei). ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41''(2), 259–268. [[doi:10.1017/S002510031100017X]]&lt;/ref&gt;
# {{note|c}}Parenthesised sounds occur only in loanwords.
# All consonants can occur in word-initial position, except {{IPA|/h/}}. Therefore, Standard Malay {{Lang|ms|hutan}} 'forest' became {{Lang|kxd|utan}} in Brunei Malay, and Standard Malay {{Lang|ms|hitam}} 'black' became {{Lang|kxd|itam}}.
# All consonants can occur in word-final position, except the palatals {{IPA|/tʃ, dʒ, ɲ/}} and voiced plosives {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ/}}. Exceptions can be found in a few borrowed words such as {{Lang|kxd|mac}} 'March' and {{Lang|kxd|kabab}} 'kebab'.
# {{note|d}}Some analysts exclude {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/j/}} from this table because they are 'margin high vowels', while others include /w/ but exclude /j/.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clynes2014&quot;&gt;Clynes, A. (2014). Brunei Malay: An Overview. In P. Sercombe, M. Boutin, &amp; A. Clynes (Eds.), ''Advances in Research on Linguistic and Cultural Practices in Borneo'' (pp. 153–200). Phillips, ME: Borneo Research Council. Pre-publication draft available at https://web.archive.org/web/20230829082537/https://fass.ubd.edu.bn/staff/docs/AC/Clynes-Brunei-Malay.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

Brunei Malay nwere usoro ụdaume atọ: {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} .   A na-egosi mgbanwe ụda olu na mmezu nke ụdaume ndị a n'ime nkata dị n'aka nri, dabere n'ịgụ obere ederede nke otu nwanyị na-ekwu okwu. 

== Iji asụsụ ==
Enwere ike were Brunei Malay, Kedayan na Kampong Ayer dị ka olumba asụsụ Malay. Ndị Brunei na-achị ọnụ ọgụgụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eji ''Brunei Malay'', bụ ndị na-ebi na mmiri, ebe ''Kedayan'' na-eji ndị ọrụ ugbo bi n'ala eme ihe, ndị bi n'osimiri nke ugwu nke isi obodo na-eji ''olumba Kampong Ayer'' .   A na-eme atụmatụ na 94% nke okwu Brunei Malay na Kedayan nwere njikọ na lex. 

Coluzzi mụrụ akara okporo ụzọ na Bandar Seri Begawan, isi obodo Brunei Darussalam . Onye nyocha ahụ kwubiri na ewezuga Chinese, &quot;asụsụ ndị pere mpe na Brunei enweghị ọhụụ ma na-arụ ọrụ dị oke oke karịa ezinụlọ na obere obodo.&quot; 

== Okwu okwu ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
!Brunei Malay
!Malaysian Malay
!Meaning
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Lang|kxd|Aku/ku}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |First person singular
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Lang|kxd|Saya}}
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Peramba}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Patik}}
|First person singular when in conversation with a Royal Family Member
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Lang|kxd|Awak}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Second person singular
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Lang|kxd|Kau}}
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Lang|kxd|Ko}}
|-
|{{Lang|kxd|Awda}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Anda}}
|From {{Lang|kxd|(si) '''aw'''ang}} and {{Lang|kxd|(si) '''da'''yang}}. It is used like the Malay word {{Lang|ms|anda}}.
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Lang|kxd|Kamu}}
|Second person plural
|-
|{{Lang|kxd|Ia}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Dia}}
|Third person singular
|-
|{{Lang|kxd|Kitani}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Kita}}
|First person plural (inclusive)
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Lang|kxd|Kita}}
|To be used either like {{Lang|kxd|kitani}} or {{Lang|kxd|biskita}}
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Si awang}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Lang|zsm|Beliau}}
|Male third person singular
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Si dayang}}
|Female third person singular
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Biskita}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Kita}}
|To address a listener of older age. Also first person plural
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Cinta}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Tercinta}}
|To address a loved one
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Ani}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Ini}}
|This
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Atu}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Itu}}
|That
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Lang|kxd|(Di) mana?}}
|Where (at)?
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Lang|kxd|Ke mana?}}
|Where to?
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Lang|kxd|Lelaki}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Male (human)
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Lang|kxd|Laki-laki}}
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Lang|kxd|Perempuan}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Female (human)
|-
|{{Lang|kxd|Bini-bini}}{{Efn-la|In Malay, {{Lang|kxd|Bini-bini}} is exclusively used in Brunei to refer to a woman. In Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, it is an informal way to refer to one's wives or a group of married women.}}
|
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Budiman}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Tuan/Encik}}
|A gentleman
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Kebawah Duli}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Baginda}}
|His Majesty
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Awu}}
|
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Yes
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Lang|kxd|Ya}}
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Inda}}
|
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |No
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Lang|kxd|Tidak}}
|-
|{{Lang|kxd|kabat}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Tutup}}
|To close (a door, etc.)
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Makan}}
|
|To eat
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Suka}}
|
|To like
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Cali}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Lawak}}
|Funny (adj.), derived from Charlie Chaplin
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Siuk}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Syok}}
|cf. Malaysian {{Lang|zsm|syok}}, Singaporean {{Lang|ms|shiok}}
|- 
|{{Lang|kxd|Lakas}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Lekas}}
|To be quick, (in a) hurry(ing) (also an interjection)
|-
|{{Lang|kxd|Karang}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Nanti}}
|At a later time, soon
|-
|{{Lang|kxd|Tarus}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Terus}}
|Straight ahead; immediately
|-
|{{Lang|kxd|Manada}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Mana ada}}
|Used as a term when in a state denial (as in 'No way!' or 'It can't be')
|-
|{{Lang|kxd|Baiktah}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Lebih baik}}
|'Might as well ... '
|-
|{{Lang|kxd|Orang putih}}
|{{Lang|zsm|Orang putih}}; {{Lang|zsm|Mat salleh}}
|Generally refers to a white Westerner.
|-
|{{Lang|kxd|Kaling}}
|{{Lang|zsm|[[Keling]]}}
|Refers to a Bruneian of Indian descent. (This is generally regarded as pejorative.)
|}
.

== Ọmụmụ ==
Ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta ọdịda anyanwụ na Borneo chịkọtara ma bipụtakwa okwu Brunei Malay gụnyere Pigafetta na 1521, De Crespigny na 1872, Charles Hose na 1893, AS Haynes na 1900, Sidney H. Ray na 1913, HB Marshall na 1921, na Mac Brunei na 1922ryan na GT. gụnyere na ''A Malay-English Dictionary'' nke RJ Wilkinson dere.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Anton Abraham Cense|title=Critical Survey of Studies on the Languages of Borneo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-gsBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA8|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-8925-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jatswan S. Sidhu|title=Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bry0sOwstIMC&amp;pg=PA283|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7078-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
dịkarịa ala impressionistically ugboro abụọ ka ogologo oge ndị ọzọ na-akwụsị. Ha dị iche na /b d͇ ɡ/ n'okpuru{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==
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    <title>Asụsụ cuman</title>
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'''Cuman''' ma ọ bụ '''Kuman''' (nke a na-akpọ '''Kipchak''', '''Qypchaq''' ma ọ bụ '''Polovtsian''', nke a na-akpọ onwe ya '''Tatar''' ( {{Lang|qwm|tatar til}} ) na Codex Cumanicus ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans|author=Florin Curta|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ asụsụ Turkic West Kipchak nke ndị Cuman (Polovtsy, Folban, Vallany, Kun) na Kipchaks na-asụ; asụsụ ahụ yiri asụsụ dị iche iche nke alaka West Kipchak taa. Edere Cuman na ọrụ ochie, gụnyere Codex Cumanicus, na n'ihe odide ọgbara ọhụrụ, dị ka akwụkwọ ndetu onye mọnk Benedictine Johannes ex Grafing. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Knauer|first=Georg Nicholaus|title=The Earliest Vocabulary of Romani Words (c. 1515) in the Collectanea of Johannes ex Grafing, a student of Johannes Reuchlin and Conrad Celtis|journal=[[Romani Studies (journal)|Romani Studies]]|date=2010|volume=20|issue=1|pages=1–15|doi=10.3828/rs.2010.1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ asụsụ a na-asụ n’Ebe Etiti na [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe]] bụ́ nke hapụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nketa akwụkwọ. Asụsụ ahụ ghọrọ isi asụsụ ( linga franca ) nke Golden Horde . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://old.unesco.kz/qypchaq/Memorials-En.htm|title=Turkic written memorials|work=Old.unesco.kz|accessdate=27 July 2019|archivedate=13 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013095659/http://old.unesco.kz/qypchaq/Memorials-En.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ndị Cuman bụ ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị bi na steepụ nke [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe]], n'ebe ugwu nke Oké Osimiri Ojii, tupu Golden Horde . Ọtụtụ ndị Turkic gụnyere Crimean Tatars, Karachays, Kumyks, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks na Balkars, Manavs sitere na ndị Cuman. Taa, ndị na-asụ asụsụ ndị a dị iche iche nke alaka Kipchak na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche metụtara asụsụ Cuman. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yilmaz|first=Adil|date=2018|title=Bızans'in Anadolu'ya Yerleştırdığı Son Türkler|url=https://www.academia.edu/36801899|journal=Eski̇çağ Araştirmalari Dergi̇si̇|language=tr|issue=3|pages=29–32}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=YALAKOVA'DAN YALOVA'YA Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık Anısına Yalova Tarihi Araştırmaları|url=http://www.yalovaozelidare.gov.tr/kurumlar/yalovaozelidare.gov.tr/Tasarim/yayinlarimiz/6_Yalakova_dan-Yalova_ya-Kitap-Metni.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anadolu'ya yerleştirilen Kumanlar (Manavlar)|url=http://m.belediyehaberleri.com.tr/yazarlar/ekrem-hayri-peker/anadoluya-yerlestirilen-kumanlar-manavlar/369#:~:text=Kumanlar%C4%B1n%20di%C4%9Fer%20ad%C4%B1%20K%C4%B1p%C3%A7ak't%C4%B1r,Anadolu'ya%20yerle%C5%9Ftirildikleri%20de%20yazmaktad%C4%B1r.|accessdate=2025-03-20|archivedate=2025-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831143126/https://m.belediyehaberleri.com.tr/yazarlar/ekrem-hayri-peker/anadoluya-yerlestirilen-kumanlar-manavlar/369#:~:text=Kumanlar%C4%B1n%20di%C4%9Fer%20ad%C4%B1%20K%C4%B1p%C3%A7ak't%C4%B1r,Anadolu'ya%20yerle%C5%9Ftirildikleri%20de%20yazmaktad%C4%B1r.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Acar|first=Kenan|title=GAGAVUZ TÜRKÇESİ İLE KOCAELİ YERLİ (MANAV) AĞIZLARI ARASINDAKİ PARALELLİKLER, 2022, VI. Uluslararası Türklerin Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu, PARALLELS BETWEEN GAGAVUZ TURKISH AND KOCAELİ NATİVE TURK (MANAV) DİALECTS, Kenan Acar, 2022, VI. International Turkish World Social Sciences Symposium|work=VI. Uluslararası Türklerin Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu|date=January 2022|url=https://academia.edu/resource/work/90576741}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị Cuman-Kipchaks nwere ọrụ dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Anatolia, [[Kazakhstan]], [[Yukrain|Ukraine]], [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]], Georgia, [[Hungary]], [[Romania]] (lee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro ndị eze Basarab ), Moldavia, Bessarabia na [[Bulgaria]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/bahasantara/sun-language-theory-part-2-the-steppes-of-tartary-tatar-bashkir-kazakh-kyrgyz-acfe3793938b|title=Sun Language Theory, Part 2: The Steppes of Tartary (Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh, Kyrgyz)|author=Sun|first=Kevin|date=2019-04-07|work=Medium|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ayönü&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ayönü|first=Yusuf|date=August 2012|title=Bati Anadolu'dakı Türk Yayilișina Karși Bızans İmparatorluğu'nun Kuman-Alan Topluluklarini Balkanlardan Anadolu'ya Nakletmesi|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1267764|journal=Belleten|language=tr|volume=76|issue=276|pages=403–418|doi=10.37879/belleten.2012.403|accessdate=October 12, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rustam M. Shukurov|title=Latent Turkification of Byzantium (ca. 1071–1461)|url=https://www.doaks.org/research/byzantine/fellows/shukurov-2004-2005|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dimitri Korobeinikov|date=2015|title=The Cumans in Paphlagonia|url=https://www.academia.edu/22592533|journal=Karadeniz İncelemeleri Dergisi|issue=18|pages=29–44}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Radlov kwenyere na n'etiti asụsụ ndị a na-asụ ugbu a, Cuman kacha nso n'asụsụ Mishar nke asụsụ Tatar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Публикация ННР О языке куманов: По поводу издания куманского словаря|url=http://books.e-heritage.ru/book/10085556|accessdate=2023-07-03|work=books.e-heritage.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe atụ ==
Site n'akwụkwọ a maara dị ka ''Codex Cumanicus'', Cuman Kipchak Turkic Pater Noster (nke e degharịrị na mkpụrụedemede Turkic nkịtị ):
 

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Asụsụ Mamluk-Kipchak|Mamluk-Kipchak]]
* [[Asụsụ Armen-Kipchak|Armeno-Kipchak]]

== Ntụaka ==
ugwu nke Oké Osimiri Ojii, tupu Golden Horde . Ọtụtụ ndị Turkic gụnyere Crimean Tatars, Karachays, Kumyks, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks{{Reflist}}

== Isi mmalite ==

* Güner, Galip (2013), Kıpçak Türkçesi Grameri, Kesit Press, Istanbul.
* Mustafa Argunşah, Galip Güner (2015), Codex Cumanicus, Kesit Yayınları, İstanbul.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121016110753/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-cuman.html Ederede na Ukrainian Cuman]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231448/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-cuman-hungary.html Ekpere Onye-nwe na Hungarian Cuman]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174735/http://www.unesco.kz/qypchaq/Memorials-En.htm Akwụkwọ edemede Kipchak Middle Age]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Łowicz</title>
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      <text bytes="13309" sha1="n97wxsybbwi4b33qgmlsq66oty5rxvv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Łowicz dialect|states=[[Poland]]|region={{ill|Duchy of Łowicz|pl|Księstwo łowickie}}|familycolor=Indo-European|fam2=[[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]|fam3=[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]|fam4=[[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]]|fam5=[[Lechitic languages|Lechitic]]|fam6=[[Polish language|Polish]]|fam7=[[Masovian dialect group|Masovian]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Karaś 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-mazowiecki&amp;l3=lowickie|title= Łowickie|last= Karaś|first= Halina|year= 2010|website= dialektologia.uw.edu.pl|access-date= 19 July 2024|accessdate= 21 March 2025|archivedate= 12 December 2024|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20241212010936/http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-mazowiecki&amp;l3=lowickie}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

'''Olumba Łowicz''' ma ọ bụ '''olumba Księżak''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Poradnik Językowy – archiwum cyfrowe|url=https://poradnik-jezykowy.uw.edu.pl/keywords/by_keyword/25|accessdate=2024-12-23|work=poradnik-jezykowy.uw.edu.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ olumba Polish nke ndị agbụrụ Łowiczans (Księżaks) na-asụ na mpaghara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a maara dị ka Duchy of Łowicz [ pl ] gburugburu obodo Łowicz na Skierniewice dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Masovia . Ọ bụ nke otu olumba Masovia ma kpuchiri olumba Mazovian nso n'ebe ugwu, olumba Polish Masovia Borderland nke dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, yana olumba Łęczyca na ndịda na ọdịda anyanwụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Karaś 2010&quot; /&gt; 

A na-arụrịta ụka maka nhazi nke olumba Łowicz. N'oge gara aga, a na-ewere ya dị ka obere olumba Polish, mana enwere ọtụtụ atụmatụ na-etinye ya n'ime otu Masovia. Olumba Łowicz na-egosi ọtụtụ atụmatụ mgbanwe n'etiti Masovia, Poland nta na Greater Poland. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-mazowiecki&amp;l3=lowickie&amp;l4=lowickie-gwara-regionu-mwr|author=Karaś|first=Halina|title=Gwary łowickie jako gwary pograniczne|year=2010|work=dialektologia.uw.edu.pl|accessdate=19 July 2024|archivedate=19 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619123353/http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-mazowiecki&amp;l3=lowickie&amp;l4=lowickie-gwara-regionu-mwr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;Karaś, Halina (2010). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== fonology ==
Ụdị nke Greater Polish nakwa dị ka obere olumba Polish, ikwu okwu nke ikpeazụ consonants tupu ụdaume na mmiri mmiri dị ebe a, gụnyere tupu clitics. Ụfọdụ obodo na-egosi devoicing n'okpuru mmetụta si Standard Polish. Ụdị olumba Masovia na obere asụsụ Polish bụ ọnụnọ nke mazuration . A na-emegharị usoro a maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, mana ụdị nwere mazuration ka na-achị. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;
=== Udaume ===
Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Polish nta, i na y na-agbada na e tupu l na ł: urobieły (urobiły), liceła (liczyła). N'otu aka ahụ, iR, yR nwere ike gbadata ruo eR. A na-agbakọkarị Ablaut: gnietły (gniotły), wietraki (wiatraki). Ikpeazụ -ej na-atụgharịkarị gaa na -i / -y, ọkachasị n'ịtụnyere okwu okwu, njedebe nke nwanyị / ebe njedebe -ej, na okwu okwu dịka dzisiaj: downi (dawniej), wincy (więcej), ty włody (tej wody), dzisiej (dzisiaj). Enwere ike ịchọta ihe atụ ole na ole nke mgbanwe mbụ ja-, ra- to je-, re-, dị ka n'asụsụ Masovia: redzić (radzić). A na-etinyekarị mkpanaka e: mita (metr). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt; ==== Ụdaume ndị a kpọpụrụ akpọchi ====
A na-aghọtakarị ụdaume akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka na Polish Standard n'ihi mmetụta sitere na ya, mana enwere ike ịghọta ya n'ụzọ dị iche. Slanted á nwere ike ibuli o ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke a ghọtara dị ka a, ma ọ bụ na-adịkarị oge na ọ naghị adịkebe idowe dị ka á. Slanted ọ bụ n'ozuzu ghọtara dị ka u. Slanted é ewedaala wee jikọta ya na e, ebe ọtụtụ olumba ndị agbataobi na-ebuli é ka y/i, mana nzụlite na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ na y (mgbe consonants siri ike)/i (mgbe consonants dị nro) nwere ike ịnụ mgbe ụfọdụ. Nkịtị e nwere ike hụrụ na adjectival declension dochie akụkọ ihe mere eme é, nke bụ ụdị nke nta Polish olumba, ma reflexes é nwekwara ike hụrụ, dị ka Masovia na ndị ọzọ karịsịa Greater Polish. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;==== Udaume imi ====
Udaume imi medially na-ebuli ma rere ere n'ihu ndị na-abụghị ndị sibilants: lyngły (lęgły), winkse (większe), przyglundała (przyglądała) ma ọ bụ naanị bulie ka į (mgbe consonants dị nro) / y̨ (mgbe consonants siri ike) na ų tupu sibilants. Udaume imi tupu l ł nwere ike inye n: wzino (wzięło), zaceny (zaczęły). Final -ą na-emekarị decomposes to -om na mgbe ụfọdụ na-ebuli na -um: oglądajom (oglądają), najedzum (najedzą). Final -ę na-emekarị denasalizes to -e na mgbe ụfọdụ na-ebuli to -y: na marmolady (na marmoladę), takom jaglanom kase (taką jaglaną kasę). N'ozuzu, otu eN na onN na-ebulikarị elu, ma mgbe ụfọdụ onN adịghị: chłopokim (chłopakiem), latym (latem), struny (strony), dónica, donica (donica). A naghị ebulitekarị on on, nke bụ nsonaazụ nke Standard Polish. A na-ebulikwa: nie móm (nie mam). N'otu aka ahụ, iN nwere ike ịdaba na eN mgbe ụfọdụ, dịka ọ dị n'asụsụ Polish Nta: jendyk (indyk), na UN nwere ike gbadaa na óN, on. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt; 
==== Prothesis ====
Nke mbụ o- na-emekarị labializes, dị ka ọ na-adịkarịghị mbụ u-. Medial-o- nwekwara ike na-agbapụta oge ụfọdụ, dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Polish nta. Mmalite u- nwekwara ike nweta prothetic j-, dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Polish Greater: juzda (uzda). Mmalite a-, i- na mgbe ụfọdụ medial -a-, -i- nwere ike nweta prothetic j-: jiść (iść), strojeły (stroiły). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;=== Consonants ===
b nwere ike dochie w, nke a na-ahụkarị na olumba Polish: grzyba (grzywa). Ọtụtụ ụyọkọ consonant na-adị mfe. kt na-atụgharịkarị na cht: chtoś (ktoś). n tupu k na-emekarị ka a na-akpọ ya velarly, dị ka n'asụsụ Polish Greater na obere asụsụ. chrz gbanwere na krz: krześcijanin (chrześcijanin). strz, zdrz, trz, drz na-ebelata ka szcz, żdż, cz, dż gburugburu Głuchów . A na-ahụ nke a na obere Poland na Greater Poland. dl na-agbanwekarị na l. św' nwere ike sie ike, dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Masovia: śwyniom (świniom). li nwere ike sie ike, dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Masovia: ślywki (śliwki). kie na gie siri ike naanị obere oge: cuker (cukier). chy nwere ike ime ka ọ dị nro: pod pachi (pod pachy). Labials dị nro na njikọ ngwaa nwere ike sie ike mgbe mgbe, dịka ọ dị n'asụsụ Polish Nta: złame (złamię). tw na-agbanwe na kw: kwardy (twardy); tch ka ćch: ćchórz (tchórz); abụọ ruo cw: łacwo (łatwo). Ndị a bụ mgbanwe ndị a na-ahụ n'asụsụ Polish nta. Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Polish ka nta, s nwere ike mgbe ụfọdụ a na-amịpụta mkpụrụ na mgbe ụfọdụ dissimilated: bosso, bosco (boso). w nwere ike ọ na-esiri ike ịgbanwe gaa ł, na w'ị j: dziełosłomb (dziewosłąb), strachoji (strachowi). Enwere ike ime nro dị nro. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke a bụ ihe ọhụrụ, ndị ọzọ ochie: bibiuły (bibuły), wesielo (wesela). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;
=== Nkwekọrịta ===
Ngwaa na-apụtakarị n'ụdị enweghị nkwekọrịta, dịka ọ dị n'asụsụ Masovia: sie bojała (bała się). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot;/&gt;
== Ntughari ==
Enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta sitere na otu olumba dị iche iche na ntụgharị. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot;/&gt;
=== Aha aha ===
Otu nwa nwoke nwere ike ịbụ -oji kama -owi n'ihi mgbanwe ụda. -oju nwere ike ịpụta dị ka otu nwoke site na mmetọ nke -owi na -u, dịka n'asụsụ Masovia. Ọgwụgwụ ọtụtụ ihe eji eme ihe -ami na-esikarị ike -amy, dịka ọ dị na olumba Masovia: przed namy (przed nami). -ów ka eji dị ka genitive plural agwụ agwụ n'agbanyeghị okike. A na-ejigide otu ihe gbasara nwanyị mgbe ochie -ą maka aha na-agwụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme -á: w Wilijom (w Wigilię), na kolacyjo (na kolację). Mgbe ụfọdụ neuter nouns na-agwụ na -ę nwere declension larịị, dị ka n'asụsụ Masovia. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot;/&gt;=== Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals ===
Dative singular nke ja (mi) na-esikarị ike nye m, dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Masovia: jak my powies (jak mi powiesz). N'otu aka ahụ, -ymi/-imi nke adjective declension nwekwara ike sie ike: z tymy (z tymi). Ọgwụgwụ ọtụtụ ihe akụrụngwa -ymi/-imi nwekwara ike sie ike: z tymy (z tymi). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot;/&gt;=== Ngwaa ===
Oge gara aga nwere ike ịbụ -uł kama -ył/-ił n'ihi mgbanwe ụda. Ikpeazụ -aj na-atụgharị gaa na -ej na mkpa nke ngwaa: pogodej (pogadaj). Nke a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Poland obere na Greater Poland. Ụdị ngwaa ụfọdụ nwere ike ịpụta na mgbanaka siri ike n'ihi mgbanwe ụda: złame (złamię). Ụfọdụ ngwaa na-egosi -ja- kama -wa-, njirimara nke Polish nta: dajać (dawać), wstajać (wstawać). Ngwaa na-agwụ na -nąć anaghị enwekarị -ną-, -nę- na declensions: pragła (pragnęła). Mmadụ nke abụọ ọtụtụ ngwaa na-abụkarị -ta: świętujeta (świętujecie), widzieliśta (widzieliście), chowejta (chowajcie). -wa maka onye mbụ plural gara aga ụdị na mkpa nke ngwaa nwere ike izute: przemówieliźwa się (przemówiliśmy się), nieśwa (nieśmy). Nke a bụ ụdị olumba Polish na nke Masovia. Enwere ike kpụrụ onye mbụ plural imperative na -ma, dị ka ọ dị na Greater Polish: nieśma (nieśmy). Ngwaa mmadụ nke atọ nwere ike ịbụ -eli mgbe ụfọdụ kama Standard Polish -ali, dịka n'asụsụ Masovia. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot;/&gt;

=== Prepositions na prefixes ===
A na-ejikarị mkpanaka e agbatị prepositions w, z, dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Polish Greater na obere asụsụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot;/&gt;
== Okwu okwu ==

=== Nhazi Okwu ===
Enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta sitere na otu olumba dị iche iche na nhazi okwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot;/&gt;
==== Aha aha ====
Enwere ike iji -yszek, -yszko, -yszka mepụta obere ihe, dị ka ọ dị na Polish Greater. A na-emepụta aha ndị na-egosi ụmụ anụmanụ na-eto eto na -ok (&lt;-ák), dị ka n'asụsụ Masovia: źrebok (źrebię). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot;/&gt;
Enwere ike iji -ejszy maka ntụnyere adjectives n'ọnọdụ ọkọlọtọ Polish -szy, dịka n'asụsụ Masovia. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ụfọdụ -ni nwere ike ịhụ n'ọnọdụ Standard Polish -ny maka ụfọdụ adjectives, nke bụ ụdị nke obere Polish: tylni (tylny). N'otu aka ahụ, enwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ adjectives na -ity, -yty, -aty, dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Polish Greater. Ọnụọgụgụ na-ejigidekarị archaic -i na declensions, nke a na-asụkarị n'asụsụ Polish Greater na obere asụsụ: pięci (pięciu). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot;/&gt;
==== Ngwaa ====
Roz- prefix na-atụkarịkarị r- mbụ, dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Polish nta. A na-emepụta ugboro ugboro na -ywać, dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Polish Standard na Masovia, ebe a na-eji obere Poland -ować eme ihe. Ugboro ugboro nke abụọ dị ka strasywało (straszyło) dịkwa na olumba. -ać nwekwara ike iji, nke bụkwa ụdị nke asụsụ Masovia: kupać. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot;/&gt;

== Syntax ==
Ọtụtụ mgbe, nwoke na nwanyị na-ejikọta onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ anụmanụ nwoke: jak zyły teście (jak żyli teściowie). Mgbe ụfọdụ a na-eji ọtụtụ nkwanye ùgwù : godali mój dziadek (gadał mój dziadek). A na-eji preposition bez mee ihe kama ịbụ ọkọlọtọ polish przez: bez dziurke (przez dziurkę). Enwere ike iji Dwa maka aha nwanyị kama dwie: dwa świnie (dwie świnie). A na-eji Masovian na dwór (n'èzí) kama ịbụ obere Polish na ogwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot;/&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Olumba nke asụsụ Polish
* Asụsụ nke Europe
* Asụsụ Polish

== Ntụaka ==
na ndenye ọkọwa okwu. A na-eme ya site na iji ụdị ngwaa nke Abụọ gbakwunyere ngwụcha -o, -aw, ma ọ bụ -á . Ụdị enweghị njedebe a dị na olumba niile ebe a na-eji ụdị gerund eme ihe n'otu aka ahụ na English -ing gerund. A na-emepụtakwa njedebe nke abụọ site na iji ụdị stem II gbakwunyere njedebe - an . Ọ nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka gerund ma na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu okwu na Bekee ruo-infinitive. Agbanyeghị, ojiji ya na-ebelata n'olumba ugwu ebe a na-eji ụdị ngwaa edochi ya n'ọdịnihu. Na olumba ebe a na-eji ma ụdị n'ọdịnihu na nke abụọ enweghị njedebe, a na-emepụta ụdị n'ọdịnihu site na iji azuokokoosisi m gbakwunyere njedebe agbanwe{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Christine Bakundufite</title>
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      <text bytes="1783" sha1="rzhztn42viiuropnlmxev4t5upfjdjl" xml:space="preserve">Christine Bakundufite (amuru ya na Septemba 29, 1970) bu onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na onye okachamara ego na Rwanda. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye otu nzuko omeiwu nke Rwanda's Chamber of Deputies for Gatsibo District na Eastern Province. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MPs Profile 2018-2023|url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/index.php?id=131|author=|first=|date=|work=Republic of Rwanda Parliament|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616234659/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/index.php?id=131|archivedate=June 16, 2020|accessdate=May 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/rubavu-women-candidates-pledge-economic-empowerment-and-accountability|title=Rubavu: Women candidates pledge economic empowerment and accountability|date=2 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtara Bakundufite ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu n'afọ 2018. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, onye na-ahụ maka ego, na onye na-ekwu maka ego.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/budget-energy-sector-faces-90-deficit|title=Budget: Energy sector faces 90% deficit|date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe omuma agụmakwụkwọ ==

== Ọrụ Ya / Ọrụ Dị Mkpa ==

* Site na 2018 ruo ugbu a: Onye omeiwu

* Site na 2012-2018: Ọkachamara n'ihe ndekọ ego na NAEB/PRICE [https://twitter.com/RwandAgriExport/status/1050272618849406976?s=20]

* Site na 2011-2012: Ọ na-ahụ maka mmefu ego na NAEB

* Site na 2005-2011: Accountant na OCIR - CAFÉ

* Site na 2003-2005: Onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ na Groupe Scolaire Bumba [https://web.archive.org/web/20260212105921/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/chamber-of-deputies-2/member-profile/deputies-profiles]

== Edemsibia ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakundufite, Christine}}
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    <title>Victoria Princewill</title>
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      <text bytes="14733" sha1="ts10u5sgkksfnul9pbib29ivvots97a" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Victoria princewill 2022 1.jpg|thumb|Victoria princewill]]
'''Victoria Frances Princewill''' FRSA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thersa.org/blog/2023/10/meet-4-fellows-making-impact-racial-justice-equity-inclusion|title=Meet four Fellows making an impact towards racial justice, equity and inclusion|date=October 23, 2023|work=The RSA}}&lt;/ref&gt; (amụrụ 1990) bụ onye edemede Bekee nke akụkọ ifo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/black-british-female-authors|title=Bernardine Evaristo: 2023 Is A Breakthrough Year For Black British Women Novelists|first=Bernardine|author=Evaristo|date=26 March 2023|work=British Vogue}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gal-dem.com/meet-the-new-generation-creating-their-own-happily-ever-after-in-the-white-publishing-world/|title=Meet the new generation creating their own happily ever after in the white publishing world|work=gal-dem|accessdate=2025-03-23|archivedate=2024-08-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805005821/https://gal-dem.com/meet-the-new-generation-creating-their-own-happily-ever-after-in-the-white-publishing-world/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2021 – primadonnafestival.com|url=https://primadonnafestival.com/year-2021/|work=primadonnafestival.com|accessdate=2025-03-23|archivedate=2024-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009190903/https://primadonnafestival.com/year-2021/}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dere akwụkwọ akụkọ ''na Obí nke ifuru'' (2021) na ''Diary nke Sarah Forbes Bonetta'' (2023).

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ na Manchester, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://aalbc.com/authors/Victoria+Princewill|title=Victoria Princewill|work=African American Literature Book Club|accessdate=21 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Princewill sitere na agbụrụ Kalabari Naijiria. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2012 na Bachelor of Arts (BA) [[Asụsụ Bekee|English Language]] and Literature si Keble College, Oxford University .  Ọ gụchara Master of Arts (MA) na Philosophy na University College [[London]] (UCL) na 2015 tupu ọ laghachi Oxford na 2017 maka MA (Oxon) nke abụọ na Bekee. Dịka nke 2021, ọ na-achụ Master of Science (MSc) na neuroscience na King's College London . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Spalding-Mulcock|first=Paul|date=2021-05-11|title=Interview With Victoria Princewill|url=https://www.yorkshiretimes.co.uk/article/Interview-with-Victoria-Princewill|accessdate=2025-02-01|work=Yorkshire Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na-ede ==

=== ''Na Obí nke Okooko osisi'' ===
Akwụkwọ akụkọ mpụta mbụ nke Princewill, ''Na Obí nke Okooko osisi'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=April 27, 2021|title=In The Palace of Flowers by Victoria Princewill|url=https://cassavarepublic.biz/product/in-the-palace-of-flowers-victoria-princewill/|work=cassavarepublic.biz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cassava Republic Press bipụtara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 11, 2020|title=18 Books by Black British Writers to Read Now|url=https://www.anothermag.com/design-living/12592/books-by-black-british-writers-to-read-rainbow-milk-paul-mendez-nels-abbey|work=AnOther}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Readings &amp;#124; Writers Project of Ghana|url=https://writersprojectghana.com/pagyafest/2021/2021-09-28-events-readings/|work=writersprojectghana.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nịm n'ụlọ ikpe Qajar nke Iran na 1894, ''N'ime Obí nke okooko osisi'' sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ site n'otu n'ime akụkọ mmadụ mbụ dịnụ banyere nwanyị ojii gbara ohu ebe ahụ. Princewill na-akọ akụkọ banyere ahia ohu Trans-Saharan nke a maara nke ọma, ahụmahụ na-emegiderịta onwe ya ebe ndị ohu gụrụ akwụkwọ; ha bụ ndị iko nwaanyị na ndị ọnaozi nwere akụ na ụba na ike. N'ịbụ onye gụrụ akwụkwọ mana enyeghị ikike, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ sochiri Jamila na Abimelek, ndị Abyssin abụọ, na-agbaso ndụ pụtara ìhè ka ha na-agagharị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-egbu egbu na ụlọikpe Peshia ọjọọ, n'etiti ịhụ mba n'anya na-arị elu, ihe karịrị afọ iri tupu Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Peshia .  &lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=HistFest 2022|url=https://histfest.org/histfest-2022/|accessdate=2025-02-01|work=HistFest}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=July 7, 2021|title=#InclusiveIndies 2021 Summer Campaign|url=https://jacarandabooks.co.uk/blogs/news/inclusiveindies-2021-summer-campaign|accessdate=2025-02-01|work=Jacaranda Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Na Palace of Flowers'' ka akpọrọ Top 5 Books of 2021 site Times' Radio site Mariella Frostrup, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Princewell|first=Victoria|date=2021-12-23|title=Thanks to the queen of @timesradio @mariella_frostrup cc @thetimes for the recognition of #INTHEPALACEOFFLOWERS|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CX0sw7Hqsok/?igsh=MXJwOTB0M3ZiM2l0dg==|accessdate=2025-02-01|work=[[Instagram]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Best Books of 2021 site African Arguments, Royal African Society's online magazine &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sawlani|first=Samira|date=December 8, 2021|title=The best African books of 2021|url=https://africanarguments.org/2021/12/the-best-african-books-of-2021/|work=African Arguments}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Harvard kwadoro ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=In the Palace of Flowers - Harvard Book Store|url=https://www.harvard.com/book/in_the_palace_of_flowers/|work=www.harvard.com|accessdate=2025-03-23|archivedate=2024-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803021944/https://www.harvard.com/book/in_the_palace_of_flowers/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Paul Spalding-Mulcock, na-enyocha ya na The Yorkshire Times, kwuru, sị, &quot;Victoria Princewill's mpụta mbụ [...] ihe atụ na-adọrọ adọrọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke kachasị mma&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Times|first=Yorkshire|title='We Shall Be Forgotten' : In The Palace Of Flowers By Victoria Princewill|url=https://www.yorkshiretimes.co.uk/article/We-shall-be-forgottten--In-the-Palace-of-Flowers-by-Victoria-Princewill|work=yorkshiretimes.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-agbakwụnye na &quot;prose ya bụ ihe a tụrụ atụ, ịma mma mara mma.&quot;

Samira Sawlani, onye nta akụkọ Al-jazeera &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Samira Sawlani &amp;#124; Al Jazeera News &amp;#124; Today's latest from Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/author/samira_sawlani_200113054102615|work=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye nchoputa nke Bare Lit Festival kwuru na &quot;Site na ọmarịcha prose Victoria Prince nwere nnukwu onyinye ga-ebuga anyị n'oge ọzọ na ụwa, na-akọ akụkọ nke nwere obi ụtọ kpamkpam. Ịhụnanya, ihe egwu, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkà, Na Obí nke okooko osisi bụ ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ na-adọrọ adọrọ nke nwere akụkọ ifo.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cardona|first=Maria|date=February 24, 2021|title='In The Palace of Flowers': Victoria Princewill's debut novel|url=https://www.pontas-agency.com/in-the-palace-of-flowers/|archivedate=|accessdate=2025-02-01|work=Pontas}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ekele anyị|Minna Salami]] toro ya &quot;nkà ịkọ akụkọ na-adọrọ adọrọ na ọmarịcha ihe ọmụma akụkọ ihe mere eme&quot;, na-akọwa akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka &quot;akwụkwọ akụkọ na-atụ egwu, dị ike na nke siri ike banyere akụkụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa nke ole na ole ndị edemede ndị ọzọ kọrọ.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;/&gt; N'ịkpọ akwụkwọ ahụ &quot;mweghachi&quot; na &quot;na-enye ìhè&quot;, o dere na ọ &quot;jikwa asụsụ doro anya na nke na-eduhie eduhie n'uche onye na-agụ ya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot; /&gt;

N'ịbụ onye na-ede banyere ya maka akwụkwọ ọkụ eletrik, Megan Benard kpọrọ ya 'akụkọ na-akpali akpali ma mara mma nke nwanyị na-agbalị ịchọta nnwere onwe ọ na-enweghị mgbe nile' ma tinye ya ''na Obí nke okooko osisi'' na akwụkwọ 11 ya banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-aghọtahieghị na akụkọ ihe mere eme. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Assistant2|first=E. L.|date=August 30, 2023|title=11 Books About Misunderstood Women in History and Mythology|url=https://electricliterature.com/11-books-about-misunderstood-women-in-history-and-mythology/|accessdate=2025-02-01|work=[[Electric Literature]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aincre Evans, ọkà mmụta nke ozizi feminist nke Africa na onye DPhil na Oxford, depụtara na Palace of Flowers dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ 5 ha ga-agụrịrị nke African Feminist Books, na-ezo aka na &quot;Princewill [dị ka inwe] na-akpa [d] atụmatụ mara mma nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ịhụnanya, nguzogide, na akụkọ ihe mere eme.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=5 African Feminist Books curated by aincre evans|url=https://www.feminists.co/discover/african-feminist-books-5-must-reads-curated-by-aincre-evans|work=Feminist}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mkpali ya maka ide ''na Obí nke Okooko osisi'', Princewill ekwuola na Jamila&lt;blockquote&gt;Odewo akwụkwọ ozi nke kọwara ịdị adị ya ma ọ bụ naanị n'ezie nna nna ya, ọnọdụ ya dị ka nwanyị ohu na Iran na ndị ikom e rere ya n'etiti. Nke ya bụ naanị akụkọ dị njikere na naanị eziokwu na ọ dịlarịrị mgbe enwere mbọ niile iji kpochapụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Abyssin na Iran mere ka m kpebisie ike ime ihe ziri ezi n'ihe m weere dị ka ntachi obi ya na inye ya ụdị mmadụ a jụrụ ajụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Onafuye|first=Peace Yetunde|date=April 17, 2023|title=On Writing and Reading Women as Historical Actors|url=https://republic.com.ng/april-may-2023/women-as-historical-actors/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sarah Forbes Bonetta'' ===
Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ na nke kachasị ọhụrụ nke Princewill, ''The Diary of Sarah Forbes Bonetta: A Novel'', bụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na-eto eto na-abịa, nke Scholastic bipụtara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 21, 2023|title=New YA Fiction Re-imagines the True Story of Victorian-Era Yoruba Princess Who Lived in England|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/03/new-ya-fiction-re-imagines-the-true-story-of-victorian-era-yoruba-princess-who-lived-in-england/|work=Brittle Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Diary of Sarah Forbes Bonetta: A Novel|url=https://shop.scholastic.co.uk/products/The-Diary-of-Sarah-Forbes-Bonetta-A-Novel-Victoria-Princewill-9780702311482|work=Scholastic Shop}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=February 17, 2023|title=A retelling of African princess Sara Forbes Bonetta's life by Victoria Princewill is out now with Scholastic|url=https://www.pontas-agency.com/a-retelling-of-african-princess-sara-forbes-bonettas-life-by-victoria-princewill-is-out-now-with-scholastic/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ [[Sara Forbes Bonetta|Sarah Forbes Bonetta]], adaeze Afrịka na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ ghọrọ nwa mgbei nke ebugara England wee zụlite ya dịka ngalaba nke [[Queen Victoria]] . Ekelere akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nke ukwuu maka onyinye nturu ugo Young Quills 2024, &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=July 11, 2024|title=Young Quills winners 2024|url=https://www.history.org.uk/primary/categories/969/news/4328/young-quills-winners-2024|work=The Historical Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma edepụtala ya ogologo oge maka onyinye onyinye akwụkwọ dị iche iche 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2024 LONGLIST|url=https://www.thediversebookawards.co.uk/2024-longlist|work=The DB Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Banyere ''The Diary of Sarah Forbes Bonetta'', onye na-eto eto na-agụ akwụkwọ dere, sị, &quot;N'ozuzu, akwụkwọ a emewo ka m ghọta na m nwere olu, na m kwesịrị iji ya mee ihe. O mere ka m nwee mmetụta nke ike nke ịmara uru onwe m na ókèala m. Ọ gbanwere m dị ka mmadụ; maka mma. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.org.uk/primary/module/8853/young-quills-reviews-2024/12413/the-diary-of-sarah-forbes-bonetta-a-novel|title=The Diary of Sarah Forbes Bonetta: A Novel* / Young Quills reviews 2024 / Historical Association|work=www.history.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; ''N'ihi na Sarah'' ''Telegraph nke Daily'' Bourn, bụ Emily Bearn Review. kpọrọ ya &quot;na-etinye aka nke ukwuu&quot;, na-ekwupụta na, &quot;Victoria Prince ga-eji akọ chegharịa akụkọ [Bonetta]&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bearn|first=Emily|date=February 9, 2023|title=The unlikely meeting of Queen Victoria and a young African princess|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/childrens-books/diary-sarah-forbes-bonetta-novel-victoria-princewill-review/|work=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'inye ya kpakpando 4/5, Bearn gbakwụnyere na &quot;ezigbo nkà [Princewill] bụ ịmepụta heroine Victoria nke na-eme ka obi sie ya ike na onye ọ bụla na-agụ akwụkwọ nke oge a ga-emetụta.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt;

=== Ndị ọzọ ===
Ihe edemede Princewill maka Granta, &quot;Gịnị bụ aha?&quot; nyochara site na nkpughe nke British Vogue na ' Thandie' Newton, onye na-eme ihe nkiri Britain, bụ n'ezie a na-akpọ Thandiwe Newton, na otú ịkpọ aha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ahụmahụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na-ede banyere aha ezinụlọ nke ya: &quot;Aha anyị, na onwe anyị, ọrụ, nke mbụ, na oghere ndị mmadụ, dị ka echiche na-atụgharịghachi azụ anyị.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Princewell|first=Victoria|date=July 7, 2021|title=What's in a Name?|url=https://granta.com/whats-in-a-name/|accessdate=2025-02-01|work=[[Granta]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edemede a bụ aha n'etiti nchịkọta akụkọ &quot;kachasị mma nke ịntanetị&quot; Literary Hub maka Julaị 6-10, 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=July 10, 2021|title=Lit Hub Weekly: July 6 – 10|url=https://lithub.com/lit-hub-weekly-june-28-july-2-2021-2/|accessdate=2025-02-01|work=[[LitHub]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O dere maka ''n+1'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 29, 2017|title=Hear Our Voice|url=https://www.nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/hear-our-voice/|accessdate=2025-02-01|work=[[N+1]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Guardian, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Princewill|first=Victoria|date=December 22, 2015|title=It was racism at Oxford, not a statue, that made me buckle|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/dec/22/statue-racism-oxford-university-cecil-rhodes-must-fall-black-student|accessdate=2025-02-01|work=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''London Review of Books'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Princewill|first=Victoria|date=February 13, 2017|title=Victoria Princewill &amp;#124; David Davis, Diane Abbott and Misogynoir|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2017/february/david-davis-diane-abbott-and-misogynoir|accessdate=2025-02-01|work=[[London Review of Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị ọzọ.

== Mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|title=In the Palace of Flowers|date=2021|publisher=Cassava Republic|isbn=978-1911115755}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Diary of Sarah Forbes Bonetta: A Novel|date=2023|publisher=Scholastic|isbn=9780702311482}}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Clotilde Mukamurera</title>
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      <text bytes="2485" sha1="h77k85icqtpwjfs49lw8l00r3kvpwfd" xml:space="preserve">'''Clotilde Mukamurera''' bụ onye ọka ikpe [[Rwanda|Rwandan]] na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Azụmaahịa nke Rwanda . Onye isi ala Paul Kagame họpụtara ya ma Senate kwado ya na 28 Eprel 2021, ọ nọchiri Emanuel Kamere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Senate approves the appointment of Judges|url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/news-detail?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=14279&amp;cHash=399f6abc407409dba2c187acbf12e33a|work=Parliament|accessdate=2025-03-23|archivedate=2023-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216013611/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/news-detail?tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;action&amp;#93;=detail&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;controller&amp;#93;=News&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;news&amp;#93;=14279&amp;cHash=399f6abc407409dba2c187acbf12e33a}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
Clotilde Mukamurera nwetara nzere masta na iwu azụmahịa site na Mahadum Cape Town, South Africa ma zụọ ya na mkpezi ikpe, ụlọ akụ, ịzụ ahịa, ịgbazinye ego na ikike ọgụgụ isi. Mukamurara malitere ọrụ ikpe ya dị ka onye ọka ikpe na Gisenyi Intermediate Court na 2000 ma emesịa họpụta ya onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Intermediate Rusizi. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye otu High Council of Judiciary of Rwanda site na 2008 ruo 2015 mgbe a họpụtara ya onye ọka ikpe na Court of Justice nke Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (Comesa). O nwetara 13 n'ime vootu iri na ise e mere na ntuliaka ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-21|title=Kagame Appoints Courts' Presidents, Supreme Court Justice|url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/04/kagame-appoints-courts-presidents-supreme-court-justice/|accessdate=2023-12-08|work=KT PRESS|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hon. Justice Clotilde Mukamurera appointed as President of the Commercial High Court of Rwanda – Welcome to COMESA Court of Justice|url=https://comesacourt.org/blog/2021/07/08/hon-justice-clotilde-mukamurera-has-appointed-as-president-of-commercial-high-court-of-rwanda/|accessdate=2023-12-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/|accessdate=2023-12-08|work=www.msn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Times|date=2015-03-05|title=Rwandan Judge elected to Comesa court|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/116627/News/rwandan-judge-elected-to-comesa-court|accessdate=2023-12-08|work=The New Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==

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      <text bytes="4165" sha1="jbyobx4zynkmmzxzsbm37isjw83n9cs" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Fordjour fordjour.jpg|thumb|John Ntim Fordjour]]
 

Reverend John Ntim Fordjour bụ onye soja nke Ghana na onye otu nke asaa Republic nke anọ nke Ghana, na-anya anya Assin South Constituency na Central Region na tiketi nke New Patriotic Party.  Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka osote minista nke njikọ mgbe H.E Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo mgbaàmà ya ma nata Nkwado ndị omeiwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Govt commits to breaking digital divide – Ntim Fordjour|url=https://www.businessghana.com/|accessdate=2022-11-25|work=BusinessGhana}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-12|title='Stick to your core mandate'- Rev Ntim Fordjour charges Technical Universities - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/stick-to-your-core-mandate-rev-ntim-fordjour-charges-technical-universities/|accessdate=2022-11-25|work=Myjoyonline.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=John Ntim Fordjour, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/John-Ntim-Fordjour-2281|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=GhanaWeb.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ bụ osote minista na-ahụ maka njikọ a [1] na onye omeiwu maka Assin South Constituency nke ụlọ omeiwu nke Ghana.  Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Ghana-Canada Parliamentary Friendship Association, osote onye isi oche Ndị Kọmitii omeiwu na ndị otu na-ejide onwe nke uru yana onye otu onye nhọrọ nke ndị omeiwu na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ọzọ.  [2] Ọ bụ Onye isi isi nke Victory Bible Church International (VBCI) Higher Heights Sanctuary na East Legon . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-21|title=Profile of Deputy Education Minister-designate, Rev. John Ntim Fordjour|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/04/profile-of-deputy-education-minister-designate-rev-john-ntim-fordjour/|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Akwụkwọ akụkọ Fordjour na 28th Mee 1986 ma si Assin Kruwa na Central Region nke Ghana.[1]  Ọ gara Assin Manso Senior High School.  O nwere ngalaba na Mining, Economic Policy Management na mba ụwa.  Rev. Ntim Fordjour bụ ugbu a PhD Candidate na Ngalaba Sayensị ike ndị na Mahadum Ghana.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ na Mineral Engineering na Mahadum nke Mines na Technology (UMaT), Tarkwa na 2007, ma ihe nye ya nzere Master of Arts na Economic Policy Management site na Mahadum nke Ghana na 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biography|url=http://johnfordjour.com/index.php/biography|accessdate=2019-04-27|work=johnfordjour.|language=en-gb|archivedate=2022-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126145622/https://johnfordjour.com/index.php/biography}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Fordjour bụ onye otu New Patriotic Party . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=36|accessdate=2022-11-25|work=Parliament Of Ghana|archivedate=2024-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302032502/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=36}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ntuli aka nke afọ 2016, ọ nwetara vootu 23,308 n'ime vootu 39,887 ziri ezi, na-anọchite anya vootu 58.99% iji bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Assin South Constituency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Fordjour, John Ntim|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5416|accessdate=2019-04-27|work=GhanaMps.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ugbu a osote Oga oche maka ndị otu Holding Offices of Profit Committee yana onye otu Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka igbochi Mba Ọzọ na ndị omeiwu.  John Ntim Fordjour bụ onye otu Governing Board of Ghana Integrated Iron &amp; Steel Development Corporation (GIISDEC) ma na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke Investments and Strategy Committee of the Board.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Fordjour lụrụ Tracy Fordjour ma nwee ụmụ atọ, ụmụ nwanyị niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221126145622/https://johnfordjour.com/index.php/biography Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fordjour, John Ntim}}
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    <title>Esther Lungu</title>
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      <text bytes="6605" sha1="elvdsbmzf90lr8dg9qm0mwy8t41sogy" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Esther Nyawa Lungu.jpg|thumb|Esther  Lungu]]
Esther Nyawa Lungu (amuru 2 June 1957[1]) bu onye ama ama oha na eze si Zambia, onye jere ozi dika First Lady nke obodo site na 25 Jenuarị 2015 rue 24 August 2021.[2] Ọ bụ nwunye onye bụbu onye isi ala Zambia Edgar Lungu, ha nwekwara ụmụ isii. Amụrụ na 2 Juun 1957, nne na nna ya sitere na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Zambia toro na mbụ.

Mgbe ọ bụ onye Katọlik, Esther Nyawa Lungu na di ya na-eme ndị Baptist ugbu a. N'afọ 2015, [1] ọ gara United States iji sonye n'ọtụtụ mmemme, gụnyere nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na ụmụ nwanyị na George W. Bush Institute na Dallas, Texas, na United Nations na New York City. Na ogbako Invest in Women na Dallas, Esther Nyawa Lungu bụ onye ọka iwu ama ama, nke Cherie Blair na-ahazi nnọkọ ahụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;ltimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=First Lady, Esther Lungu, arrives in USA for High Level meetings|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/09/20/first-lady-esther-lungu-arrives-in-usa-for-high-level-meetings/|work=Lusaka Times|date=20 September 2015|accessdate=20 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ya dị ka nwunye mbụ nke Zambia, Esther Nyawa Lungu bụ onye na-akwado ịlụ di na nwunye. Na Disemba 2015, o guzobere Esther Lungu Foundation, ebe ọ na-eje ozi dịka onye isi oche na onye ndụmọdụ. Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ntọala ahụ bụ inye ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nọ na Zambia ike.[1] Na Mee 2024, e jidere Esther Lungu maka igwu wayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zambian ex-first lady arrested on fraud charges|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpp00ry5o|work=BBC (bbc.com)|date=31 May 2024|accessdate=31 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Esther Phiri na 2 June 1957 &lt;ref name=&quot;PF&quot; /&gt; n'aka Agnes na Island Phiri, ndị sitere na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ. A zụlitere ya na Katọlik, mana ya na di ya na-eme Baptist ugbu a. O kwuru, &quot;Mgbe anyị zutere na mbụ, Edgar nwere akwụkwọ ukwe UCZ ya mgbe m nwere akwụkwọ katkizim Katọlik m, ruo mgbe anyị mechara chọta ihe jikọrọ ya na okwukwe Baptist. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Web Editor|title=Lungu is a kind man|url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/lungu-is-a-kind-man/|work=daily-mail.co.zm|accessdate=18 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nleta gọọmentị ==
Edgar Lungu ghọrọ obere minista n'Ọfịs osote onye isi ala na 2011, Minista na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị n'ime ụlọ na 9 Julaị 2012 na Minista na nchekwa na 24 Disemba 2013 na gọọmentị Patriotic Front. A nabatara Lungu dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala maka Patriotic Front n'oge ntuli aka onye isi ala na Jenụwarị 2015, mgbe ọnwụ Michael Sata gasịrị. O meriri onye mmegide ahụ ma ṅụọ iyi dị ka Onye isi ala nke Zambia na 25 Jenụwarị 2015 na nwunye ya Esther ghọrọ Nwanyị Mbụ nke Zambia.&lt;ref name=&quot;N1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=One Zambia, One Nation, One Country|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQX3CwAAQBAJ&amp;q=esther+lungu&amp;pg=PT128|author=Musambachime|first=Mwelwa C|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|year=2016|isbn=9781514462287}}&lt;/ref&gt;   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)&quot;&gt;self-published source&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

N'ịbụ nwanyị mbụ, Esther so n'ọtụtụ nleta steeti ya na Onye isi ala. N'afọ 2015, ọ gara ọtụtụ nzukọ na United States of America ma ụlọ ọrụ George W. Bush kpọrọ ya ka ọ sonye na nzukọ nwanyị mbụ ma kwurịta isiokwu gbasara ike ụmụ nwanyị, ahụike na teknụzụ. Minista ahụike nke [[Saudi Arabia|Alaeze nke Saudi Arabia]] na Princess Latifa Bint Abulazis Al Saud kpọrọ ya ka ọ kwurịta nkwado maka ụmụ nwanyị na mmemme ọdịmma ụmụaka na Zambia. Dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ enyemaka ya na-aga n'ihu, ọ malitere Esther Lungu Foundation na Disemba 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Africa Yearbook Volume 12: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2015|date=13 October 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nfc6DQAAQBAJ&amp;q=esther+lungu|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004333239|editor=Abbink}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ==
Lungu malitere ego ntụkwasị obi nke na-achọ ibelata adịghị ike nke ndị na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma site na iji ụzọ na-emetụta nwoke na nwanyị, nke na-ekere òkè na nke na-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi iji melite ndụ ha. Esther Lungu Foundation Trust (ELFT) na-ezube iji mee ka ọnọdụ ya dị ike iji dozie nsogbu ndị metụtara Ikike akụ na ụba, ịmụ nwa, ụmụaka, ahụike ọhụrụ, na ịdị ọcha mmiri.

ELFT, na Muslim Social and Welfare Trust, wụnyere mgbapụta aka nwere oghere n'ọtụtụ ebe na Chongwe District. Mpaghara ahụ na-eche oke ụkọ mmiri ihu ka ebe nchekwa dị na Osimiri Chongwe belatara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=More boreholes coming – Esther Lungu|url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/?p=83197|date=20 October 2016|accessdate=22 October 2016|publisher=Zambi Daily Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere ịchọpụta ezinụlọ ndị na-adịghị ike, ebe inye ụmụ nwanyị ike nwere ike iwepụ ịda ogbenye na mba ahụ. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ngalaba nke mmepe obodo na agụmakwụkwọ n'ozuzu iji debanye aha ụmụ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Esther Lungu foundation to identify vulnerable families|url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/?p=69539|date=15 June 2016|accessdate=22 October 2016|publisher=Zambi Daily Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ncha aka Lungu tụrụ aro nwere ike ibelata otu n'ime atọ ọ bụla nke [[afọ ọsịsa]] nwata.[1] Ọ kwadoro ka e mee ka ndụ ndị agadi nwanyị Zambia ka mma, ma nyekwa òtù ụmụ nwanyị isii dị na Chilanga puku 30,000.[2] Ọ kelere di ya maka ịhọrọ nwanyị ka ọ ga-eso ya, nke mbụ na obodo ya.[3] Ụfọdụ ndị nta akụkọ na-ahụ ọrụ mmekọrịta ya dị ka mkpọsa maka di ya na ntuli aka onye isi ala na-abịanụ, nke Patriotic Front na-agọnahụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;PF&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=PF defends First lady Esther Lungu|url=https://lusakavoice.com/2015/06/06/pf-defends-first-lady-esther-lungu/|date=6 June 2015|accessdate=6 June 2015|publisher=Lusaka Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Special Olympics nyere Lungu aha nke 50th Anniversary Ambassador maka mpaghara Africa, na Septemba 2017, na 50th anniversary nke Special Olympics Leadership Academy, nke Zambia kwadoro na Olympic Youth Development Centre.

== Edemsibia ==

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    <title>Vimbai Mutinhiri</title>
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      <text bytes="4282" sha1="79f4ivr4nwrn7vga46wrrm7ihhd86mp" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Osas, Vimbia and IK.jpg|thumb|Vimbai Mutinhiri na 2014]]
Vimbai Mutinhiri (amuru 18 Februa 1987) bu onye omere, ihe nlere na omume onyonyo nke Zimbabwe. A mụrụ ya na Harare, Zimbabwe ma zụlite na Belgrade, Serbia na na Johannesburg, South Africa. Tupu o sonye na Big Brother Africa Amplified na 2011, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na South Africa na-agụsị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cape Town na nzere nsọpụrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nkà ihe ọmụma na akụnụba.

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
Vimbai bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ anọ nke Ambrose Mutinhiri na [[Tracy Mutinhiri]], ha abụọ bụ ndị minista Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nehandaradio.com/2011/05/09/mother-denies-vimbai-has-identity-crisis/|title=Mother denies Vimbai has identity crisis — Nehanda Radio|publisher=Nehandaradio.com|date=2011-05-09|accessdate=2013-07-22|archivedate=2014-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108044045/http://nehandaradio.com/2011/05/09/mother-denies-vimbai-has-identity-crisis/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/feb10a_2004.html#link6|title=The Zimbabwe Situation|publisher=The Zimbabwe Situation|date=|accessdate=2013-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gara na St Edward's School, Oxford na Arundel School na Harare, [1] [2] gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2000 na 2002 n'otu n'otu. O wee mụọ Social Sciences na Mahadum Cape Town, wee gụchaa na 2008 na nzere bachelọ.

== Ọrụ ==
Vimbai started her career at the age of 15 years as an actress in Zimbabwe, in a short film titled “Who’s In Charge”, which featured at the Zimbabwe International Film Festival.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; She had a lead role in Zimbabwe's first soap opera titled “Studio 263”. While studying at the University of Cape Town, she continued modelling{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}.

N'afọ 2011, Vimbai sonyere na Big Brother Africa oge 6 (Amplified).

Ọ kwadoro ihe omume dị iche iche dị mkpa n'Afrịka, gụnyere [[Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards]] nke mbụ a na-agbasa na mba 54 site na Lagos, Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nehandaradio.com/2013/03/03/vimbai-makes-history-as-she-co-hosts-african-oscars/|title=Vimbai makes history as she co-hosts 'African Oscars' — Nehanda Radio|publisher=Nehandaradio.com|date=2013-03-03|accessdate=2013-07-22|archivedate=2013-03-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306044321/http://nehandaradio.com/2013/03/03/vimbai-makes-history-as-she-co-hosts-african-oscars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Currently the Face of Castle Milk Stout (Cameroon){{citation needed|date=January 2014}}, she has also been on the runway at the SA Fashion Week{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} and the Zimbabwe Fashion Week{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}.

=== Big Brother Amplified ===
Vimbai bụ onye ya na ya bi na 16 a chụpụrụ, n'ụbọchị 84.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Aha ya
!Ụdị
!Ụbọchị
!Ọrụ
!Nkọwa
|-
|''Big Brother Africa Amplified''
|Ihe nkiri TV
|2011
|Ya onwe ya
|Ọ bụ onye nke itoolu n'ime iri abụọ na isii
|}

=== Star Gist ===
Mgbe Big Brother gachara, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye ngosi ọhụrụ maka ihe ngosi ntụrụndụ na ụdị ndụ, &quot;Star Gist&quot; na Africa Magic Entertainment. Vimbai na-akwado ihe ngosi a, nke a na-agbasa n'ofe Africa, ya na South Africa dị afọ 22, Lawrence Maleka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://africamagic.dstv.com/category/shows/star-gist/|title=Star Gist &amp;#124; Africa Magic|publisher=Africamagic.dstv.com|date=|accessdate=2013-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Na Mee 2020, n'oge ọrịa COVID-19, Vimbai lụrụ Andrew Ekpenyong na [[Calabar]], Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/vimbai-mutinhiri-is-married-dru-ekpenyong/|title=Vimbai Mutinhiri &amp; her Beau Dru Ekpenyong are MARRIED! #ForeverYong|date=May 8, 2020|publisher=Bella Naija|accessdate=March 28, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==

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    <title>Chido Cleopatra Mpemba</title>
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ÌChido Cleopatra Mpemba (amuru July 1988) na-eje ozi ugbua dika onye nnochi anya puru iche maka ndi ntorobia na African Union Commission (AUC).[1][2] Onye isi oche nke African Union Commission Moussa Faki họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya nke abụọ nke African Union na Nọvemba 2021, dị ka onye isi oche kacha nta na akụkọ ntolite nke African Union na onye nnọchi anya onye nnọchi anya nke ọdụdụ na onye isi oche.[3][4] Chido weghaara Aya Chebbi site na Tunisia.[5] Dị ka onye isi oche nke African Union Commission, Moussa Faki si kwuo, ọrụ nke ndị ntorobịa AU bụ inye aka n'ịkwado okwu mmepe ntorobịa n'Africa.''.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Union Commission Chairperson announces Ms Chido Mpemba as the AU Youth Envoy {{!}} African Union|url=https://au.int/pt/articles/african-union-commission-chairperson-announces-ms-chido-mpemba-au-youth-envoy|accessdate=2022-12-03|work=au.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Ms. Mpemba mụrụ na 1988 na Mbuya Nehanda Maternity Clinic na Harare, zụlitere na Bulawayo wee gaa Ụlọ Akwụkwọ High School nke Girls' College.[1] Tupu o debanye aha na mmemme MBA na Midlands State University, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta ya na Labour Organisational Psychology and Human Resource Management na Mahadum Cape Town na South Africa.[1] Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ndu na azụmaahịa na Dartmouth College n'oge Mandela Washington Fellowship na 2016 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fellowship Alumna Appointed AU Youth Envoy|url=https://www.mandelawashingtonfellowship.org/program-impact-stories/fellowship-alumna-appointed-au-youth-envoy/|accessdate=2022-12-03|work=Mandela Washington Fellowship|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203152945/https://www.mandelawashingtonfellowship.org/program-impact-stories/fellowship-alumna-appointed-au-youth-envoy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Tupu a họpụta ya na African Union dị ka onye nnọchi anya ndị ntorobịa na 1 Nọvemba 2021, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-echekwa ego na Standard Chartered Bank, ma rụọkwa ọrụ na Ministry of Youth, Sport, Arts and Recreation na mba ya, [[Zimbabwe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zim woman makes waves at AU – Zimbabwe Situation|date=6 February 2022|url=https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/zim-woman-makes-waves-at-au/|accessdate=2022-12-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara fellowships, jere ozi na bọọdụ dị iche iche, nke o depụtara n'okpuru ebe a: &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chido Cleopatra Mpemba {{!}} One Young World|url=https://www.oneyoungworld.com/speaker/chido-cleopatra-mpemba|accessdate=2022-12-03|work=www.oneyoungworld.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Onye isi ngalaba nchekwa na-apụta (ESSL), Africa Center of Strategic Studies, National Defense University, US Department of Defense.
* Onye otu na Trustee, Old Mutual Youth Fund
* Onye otu Global Leader Council (GLC), GenU nke UNICEF Executive Director na PWC Global Chairman na-achị.
* Onye otu ndị isi, AFRICA Reach Onye isi oche ya bụ H.E Monica Geingos First Lady of Namibia na Onye isi oche nke Organisation of Africa First Ladies.
* 2016 Mandela Washington Fellow, President Obama's Young African Leaders Initiative
* Onye ndú nke eziokwu ihu igwe, nke onye bụbu onye nnọchi anya US Al Gore zụrụ.
* Onye bụbu onye ndụmọdụ nke Minista nke Ndị Ntorobịa, Egwuregwu, Nkà na Ntụrụndụ Kirsty Coventry
* Onye na-enweta Global Award na ụlọ akụ na-ahụ maka ihe ize ndụ na Standard Chartered Bank.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250223184848/https://x.com/AU_YouthEnvoy Twitter gọọmentị]
* [https://www.instagram.com/chido_cleo_mpemba?igsh=OGQ5ZDc2ODk2ZA== Instagram gọọmentị]

== Edemsibia ==

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    <title>Richard A. Cohen</title>
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      <text bytes="9699" sha1="pen3mzah69iks01kfu38poolkkl3jzd" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Richard Cohen updated.jpg|thumb|Richard A. Cohen ]]
'''Richard A. Cohen''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1952) bụ onye Christian psychotherapist na onye edemede jikọtara ya na ndị na-emebu nwoke idina nwoke. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Positive Approaches to Healthy Sexuality (nke a na-akpọbu Positive Alternatives to Homosexuality) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 2, 2015|title=PATH|url=http://www.pathinfo.org/index.html|accessdate=August 10, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302174303/http://www.pathinfo.org/index.html|archivedate=March 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke na-enye usoro ọgwụgwọ a na-akparaghị ókè nke na-ekwu na ọ ga-agbanwe mmadụ site na nwoke idina nwoke gaa na nwoke idira nwoke.

Ọ bụ onye dere Alfie's Home, akwụkwọ ụmụaka nke na-egosi ndina ụdị onwe dị ka ọnọdụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ọ nwetara nlebara anya mgbasa ozi mgbe ọ gosipụtara ọgwụgwọ ya na-emetụ n'ahụ na The Daily Show, nke gụnyere ịmakụ ndị ikom na ịkụ ihe n'elu pillow.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Cohen n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu na Filadelfia. N'oge uto, a kọrọ na Cohen nọrọ &quot;ọtụtụ afọ na ọgwụgwọ psychiatric kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na-agbalị ime ka ọ kwụ ọtọ.&quot;.

Cohen gosipụtara na ọ bụ nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya n'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Boston. Ọ rịọrọ ndụmọdụ maka ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ya na-achọghị nwoke na nwanyị. Ọ ghọrọ Onye Kraịst na-ekwusa ozi ọma, ma mesịa sonye na Chọọchị Unification . &lt;ref name=&quot;post&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Boodman|first=Sandra G.|date=August 16, 2005|title=A Conversion Therapist's Unusual Odyssey|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/2005/08/16/a-conversion-therapists-unusual-odyssey/8e1a190d-edc8-4914-b847-310098afed61/|accessdate=August 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1980, Cohen lụrụ Jae Sook, nwanyị South Korea, na 1995, Cohen na ezinụlọ ya hapụrụ Unification Church.&lt;ref name=&quot;post&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Boodman|first=Sandra G.|date=August 16, 2005|title=A Conversion Therapist's Unusual Odyssey|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/2005/08/16/a-conversion-therapists-unusual-odyssey/8e1a190d-edc8-4914-b847-310098afed61/|accessdate=August 5, 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBoodman2005&quot;&gt;Boodman, Sandra G. (August 16, 2005). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/2005/08/16/a-conversion-therapists-unusual-odyssey/8e1a190d-edc8-4914-b847-310098afed61/ &quot;A Conversion Therapist's Unusual Odyssey&quot;]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286 0190-8286]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;August 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=July 28, 2014|title=Richard Cohen|url=https://www.glaad.org/cap/richard-cohen|accessdate=March 28, 2019|work=[[GLAAD]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cohen na ndị ikom nwere mmekọahụ, na-ahapụkarị nwunye ya na ụmụ ya ogologo oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Besen|first=Wayne R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ornnFZ6uffgC&amp;pg=PA164|title=Anything But Straight: Unmasking the Scandals and Lies Behind the Ex-gay Myth|date=2003|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|isbn=978-1-56023-446-3|location=|pages=164 - 167|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ The Washington Post si kwuo, ọ &quot;meriri nwoke idina nwoke&quot; na 1987 site na &quot;mmekọrịta siri ike ma platonic&quot; ya na nwoke kwụ ọtọ nke &quot;nyere m ihunanya nke ịhụnanya papa m.&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;post&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Boodman|first=Sandra G.|date=August 16, 2005|title=A Conversion Therapist's Unusual Odyssey|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/2005/08/16/a-conversion-therapists-unusual-odyssey/8e1a190d-edc8-4914-b847-310098afed61/|accessdate=August 5, 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBoodman2005&quot;&gt;Boodman, Sandra G. (August 16, 2005). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/2005/08/16/a-conversion-therapists-unusual-odyssey/8e1a190d-edc8-4914-b847-310098afed61/ &quot;A Conversion Therapist's Unusual Odyssey&quot;]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286 0190-8286]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;August 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Cohen nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Fine Arts na Mahadum Boston yana nzere Master of Arts na Ndụmọdụ Psychology sitere na Mahadum Antioch. &lt;ref name=&quot;post&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Boodman|first=Sandra G.|date=August 16, 2005|title=A Conversion Therapist's Unusual Odyssey|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/2005/08/16/a-conversion-therapists-unusual-odyssey/8e1a190d-edc8-4914-b847-310098afed61/|accessdate=August 5, 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBoodman2005&quot;&gt;Boodman, Sandra G. (August 16, 2005). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/2005/08/16/a-conversion-therapists-unusual-odyssey/8e1a190d-edc8-4914-b847-310098afed61/ &quot;A Conversion Therapist's Unusual Odyssey&quot;]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286 0190-8286]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;August 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye dere Alfie's Home, akwụkwọ ụmụaka nke na-egosi ndina ụdị onwe dị ka ọnọdụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Blue|first=Miranda|date=February 1, 2013|title=Will the Supreme Court read the most horrific children's book of all time?|url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2013/02/will-the-supreme-court-read-the-most-horrific-childrens-book-of-all-time/|accessdate=September 28, 2020|work=[[LGBTQ Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Parents and Friends of Ex-Gays and Gays (PFOX), otu na-akwalite ọgwụgwọ nkwụghachi ụgwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Potok|first=Mark|date=2016|title=Quacks: 'Conversion Therapists,' the Anti-LGBT Right, and the Demonization of Homosexuality|url=https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/splc_report_on_conversion_therapy_small.pdf|work=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|pages=40–41}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ịchụpụ ya na ACA ===
N'afọ 2002, a chụpụrụ Cohen na American Counseling Association (ACA) maka imebi iwu ya na mgbasa ozi, itinye aka na mmekọrịta abụọ metụtara ndị ahịa na ndị ndụmọdụ, na imebi ọdịmma ndị ahịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Potok|first=Mark|date=2016|title=Quacks: 'Conversion Therapists,' the Anti-LGBT Right, and the Demonization of Homosexuality|url=https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/splc_report_on_conversion_therapy_small.pdf|work=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|pages=40–41}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPotok2016&quot;&gt;Potok, Mark (2016). [https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/splc_report_on_conversion_therapy_small.pdf &quot;Quacks: 'Conversion Therapists,' the Anti-LGBT Right, and the Demonization of Homosexuality&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]''. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;40–&lt;/span&gt;41.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rịọghị arịrịọ maka mkpebi ACA.&lt;ref name=&quot;post&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Boodman|first=Sandra G.|date=August 16, 2005|title=A Conversion Therapist's Unusual Odyssey|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/2005/08/16/a-conversion-therapists-unusual-odyssey/8e1a190d-edc8-4914-b847-310098afed61/|accessdate=August 5, 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBoodman2005&quot;&gt;Boodman, Sandra G. (August 16, 2005). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/2005/08/16/a-conversion-therapists-unusual-odyssey/8e1a190d-edc8-4914-b847-310098afed61/ &quot;A Conversion Therapist's Unusual Odyssey&quot;]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286 0190-8286]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;August 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mpụta mgbasa ozi ===
Jason Jones gbara Cohen ajụjụ ọnụ na March 19, 2007, ihe omume nke The Daily Show . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/mon-march-19-2007/diagnosis--mystery-pt--2|title=The Daily Show with Trevor Noah|date=March 19, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara nlebara anya mgbasa ozi maka igosi na ya na ndị ikom na-amakụ na ịkụ ohiri isi dị ka usoro maka ịgwọ nwoke idina nwoke.

Cohen nọ na ''Jimmy Kimmel Live!'' na June 28, 2006, a gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ na The Rachel Maddow Show na December 8, 2009, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title='The Rachel Maddow Show' for Tuesday, December 8, 2009|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34345821|accessdate=December 31, 2023|work=NBC News|date=December 9, 2009|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma nọrọ na The Michelangelo Signorile Show na netwọk redio Sirius na April 17, 2010.  {{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

== Edemsibia ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Elizabeth Mataka</title>
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'''Elizabeth Mataka''' bụ onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche nke mba United Nations maka HIV/AIDS n'Africa, dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke UN, Ban Ki-moon, họpụtara na 21 Mee 2007, wee dochie Stephen Lewis. Ọ nọ n'ọkwa a ruo 13 Julaị 2012. Mataka bụ onye mba Botswana ma bụrụkwa onye bi na Zambia. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka osote onyeisi oche nke ndị otu Global Fund iji lụso AIDS, ụkwara nta na ịba ọgụ.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ ya ma zụlite ya na Francistown, Botswana, Mataka kwagara Lusaka na ngwụcha afọ 1960 iji mụọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Mahadum Zambia. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1970, ọ lụrụ di. Nne nke ụmụ anọ, Mataka nyere aka mepụta Children in Distress, mmemme nke nyeere obodo aka ịnagide ụmụ mgbei AIDS.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet&quot; /&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Schatz|first=Joseph J|date=2007-12-01|title=Elizabeth Mataka: UN Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa|journal=[[The Lancet]]|language=en-gb|volume=370|issue=9602|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61762-0|pmid=18061045|issn=0140-6736}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mmalite ==
Mataka nọrọ afọ iri abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na gọọmentị na ngalaba onwe onye tupu ọ banye Family Health Trust, obere ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, dị ka onye isi nchịkwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Schatz|first=Joseph J|date=2007-12-01|title=Elizabeth Mataka: UN Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa|journal=[[The Lancet]]|language=en-gb|volume=370|issue=9602|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61762-0|pmid=18061045|issn=0140-6736}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Morénike Giwa Onaiwu</title>
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      <comment>/* Akụkọ ndụ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="14215" sha1="jl2r2ux66kljd2qn9e7mcb31mse009d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|image=|alt=|caption=|nationality=American|alma_mater=[[United States International University]] (BA); [[University of Texas of the Permian Basin]] (MA)|occupation=Educator, activist, author|website=https://morenikego.com/}}

'''Morénike Giwa Onaiwu''' bụ onye nkuzi  si mba Amerịka, onye odee, na onye na-akwado nyocha orịa autism Nje HIV . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://awards.wegohealth.com/nominees/8891|title=Check out Morénike Giwa Onaiwu's #WEGOHealthAwards Nomination|work=WEGO Health Awards|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-03|archivedate=2018-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193133/https://awards.wegohealth.com/nominees/8891}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/03/15/listen-black-female-and-autistic-hiding-in-plain-sight/|title=LISTEN: Black, female and autistic — hiding in plain sight|date=2017-03-15|work=Salon|first=Matthew|author=Rozsa|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkụ E. Ashkenazy na Lydia Brown, Onaiwu bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke All the Weight of Our Dreams, akwụkwọ nka na ederede kpamkpam site n'aka ndị autistic nke agba bipụtara site na ótù Autism Women's Network na ọnwa Juun afo 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.autismandrace.com/|title=All the weight of our dreams – On living racialized autism|work=Autism and Race|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
=== Ndụ onwe onye ===
A mụrụ Giwa Onaiwu na obodo [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] n'aka ndị nne na nna si obodo Naịjịrịa na obodo [[Cape Verde]], ebe ọtụtụ ndị ikwu ya ka bi. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-akọwahie ihe mgbaàmà mbụ nke autism dị ka àgwà nke &quot;onye ojii [...] na-agbalị ịbanye na gburugburu ebe obibi ọcha&quot;, karịsịa na mgbaàmà anụ ahụ na-akọwahie dị ka &quot;stereotype nke ndị na-eme ihe ike ma ọ bụ n'elu mmetụta uche ma ọ bụ onye isi ojii&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/03/15/listen-black-female-and-autistic-hiding-in-plain-sight/|title=LISTEN: Black, female and autistic — hiding in plain sight|date=2017-03-15|work=Salon|first=Matthew|author=Rozsa|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRozsa2017&quot;&gt;Rozsa, Matthew (2017-03-15). [https://www.salon.com/2017/03/15/listen-black-female-and-autistic-hiding-in-plain-sight/ &quot;LISTEN: Black, female and autistic — hiding in plain sight&quot;]. ''Salon''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ụlọ mgbasa ọzi ''Quartz'', o kwuru, sị: &quot;Ọtụtụ àgwà m nwere nke doro anya na ọ bụ agbụrụ m ma ọ bụ okike. N'ihi ya, ọ bụghị nanị na a napụrụ m nkwado ndị gaara enye aka, a ghọtahiere m, nakwa, mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-emegbu m. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/804204/asd-in-girls-gender-stereotypes-have-made-us-horrible-at-recognizing-autism-in-women-and-girls/|title=Gender stereotypes have made us horrible at recognizing autism in women and girls|author=Rosza|first=Matthew|date=2018-10-12|work=Quartz|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Giwa Onaiwu gara Mahadum Mba Nile nke United States na San Diego, steetị California . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ na ụmụaka gbara ọsọ ndụ na ọrụ ụlọ na dịka onye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Citizen Autistic 2|url=https://rampyourvoice.tumblr.com/post/139117648029/citizen-autistic-2|accessdate=2021-05-27|work=Ramp Your Voice!|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ jiri BA na International Relations, Giwa Onaiwu rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na ọtụtụ ndị na-enweghị ikike, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, na ezinụlọ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://autismwomensnetwork.org/directory/morenike-giwa-onaiwu/|title=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu - Autism Women's Network|work=Autism Women's Network|accessdate=2018-05-11|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nkuchi na ụmụ ọmụmụ, nke abụọ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa autism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://autismwomensnetwork.org/directory/morenike-giwa-onaiwu/|title=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu - Autism Women's Network|work=Autism Women's Network|accessdate=2018-05-11|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://autismwomensnetwork.org/directory/morenike-giwa-onaiwu/ &quot;Morénike Giwa Onaiwu - Autism Women's Network&quot;]. ''Autism Women's Network''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-05-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/07/25/what-it-feels-like-to-be-an-autistic-person-of-color-in-the-eyes-of-the-police|title=What It Feels Like To Be An Autistic Person of Color in the Eyes of the Police|author=Garcia|first=Eric|date=2016-07-25|work=The Daily Beast|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Giwa Onaiwu na-eji nnọchiaha &quot;ya&quot; na &quot;ha&quot;.

Giwa Onaiwu gụsịrị akwụkwọ jiri nzere Masters na Special Education na Mahadum Texas nke Permian Basin . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu&quot;&gt;Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ &quot;LinkedIn&quot;]. ''LinkedIn''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbalị ===
Giwa Onaiwu ewepụtala ma duru ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi maka ikike mmadụ, gbadoro anya na nkwado orịa obirinajọcha na orịa Autism.  N'afọ 2009,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu&quot;&gt;Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ &quot;LinkedIn&quot;]. ''LinkedIn''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ọ malitere dị ka onye nsonye kwusiri ike na nyocha na nkwado orịa obirinajọcha, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://anchorstudy.org/baylor/team/mor%C3%A9nike-giwa-onaiwu|title=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|author=Siedle-Khan|first=Bob|date=2016-05-19|work=anchorstudy.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-09|archivedate=2018-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162727/https://anchorstudy.org/baylor/team/mor%C3%A9nike-giwa-onaiwu}}&lt;/ref&gt; o guzoberu otu Positive Playdates iji baara ezinụlọ ndị nwere orịa obirinajọcha metụtara uru. A ga-ejikọta nzukọ a n' ime otu Advocacy Without Borders, nzukọ o guzobere na 2014 iji kwado ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocacywithoutborders.org/|title=Advocacy Without Borders|work=advocacywithoutborders.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Giwa Onaiwu bụ onye isi oche otu ndị ọrụ nyocha HIV nke ụmụ nwanyị na kọmitii Sayensị Sayensị Obodo ACTG họpụtara onye nnọchi anya otu cross-network Community Partners Working Group.  Ọ bụ onye isi oche kọmitii Autism na Race for the Autistic Women's Network site na 2014 ruo 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu&quot;&gt;Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ &quot;LinkedIn&quot;]. ''LinkedIn''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://autismwomensnetwork.org/directory/morenike-giwa-onaiwu/|title=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu - Autism Women's Network|work=Autism Women's Network|accessdate=2018-05-11|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://autismwomensnetwork.org/directory/morenike-giwa-onaiwu/ &quot;Morénike Giwa Onaiwu - Autism Women's Network&quot;]. ''Autism Women's Network''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-05-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye isi na onye bụbu onye isi na ndị ndụmọdụ nke ọtụtụ òtù, gụnyere ije ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke òtù Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN) Board of Directors site na afo 2016 ruo afo 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://autisticadvocacy.org/about-asan/leadership/|title=Leadership|work=Autistic Self Advocacy Network|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agbanyeghị, n'afọ 2021, Giwa Onaiwu bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ozi na-ekwupụta na Autistic Self Advocacy Network na-agbachi ndị pere mpe na ndị autistic nwere nkwarụ ọgụgụ isi.Ebubo gụnyere na ASAN kparịrị ọrụ onye ndọrọndọrọ onye America, na ọtụtụ ndị otu bọọdụ bụ obere agbụrụ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ihi ịkpa oke agbụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;openletter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hear Our Cry: Call for Solidarity with Autistic BIPoC and Autistic People with Intellectual Disabilities: Demands presented to the Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN) for their June 20th Board Meeting|url=https://morenikego.com/memo-to-asan-2021/|work=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|accessdate=24 May 2022|date=20 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara kwuwapụta na ọ na-ahapụ mmegharị ahụ #actuallyautistic n'ihi okwu ndị dị ka microaggressions.&lt;ref name=&quot;matrix&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|title=Leaving the Matrix|url=https://morenikego.com/leaving-the-matrix-aka-the-autistic-community/|work=Just Being Me...Who Needs 'Normalcy' Anyway?|accessdate=24 May 2022|date=26 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'èzí ụlọ ọrụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike.  N'afọ 2015, ọ malitere akwụkwọ mkpesa ka ọ chụpụ ebubo mwakpo ọjọọ megide nwa akwụkwọ etiti autistic ma nyefee ya n'ụlọ ikpe n'akụkụ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-akwado autism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.richmond.com/news/petition-asks-for-charges-to-be-dropped-against-linkhorne-middle/article_f5b4a9b2-b55a-5379-994b-42ced62982ce.html|title=Petition asks for charges to be dropped against Linkhorne Middle School student with autism|author=Dix|first=Katrina|date=2015-08-30|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ọnwa Maachị 2018, e gosipụtara Giwa Onaiwu  na otu Simons Foundation's Spectrum gunyere kwa ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ndị ọzọ, ha niile na-ekwu maka ahụmịhe ha dị iche iche dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-arịa ọrịa autism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/multimedia/spectrum-presents-flying-university-women-autism-spectrum/|title=Spectrum presents 'Flying University: Women on the autism spectrum'|date=2018-07-12|work=Spectrum {{!}} Autism Research News|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Giwa Onaiwu na-ekwu okwu na mmemme iji mee ka ndị mmadụ mara ma kwalite ike nke obodo ndị a na-akparaghị ókè, gụnyere ndị lanarịrị mmegbu, ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ndị nwere nkwarụ gụnyere ụmụ agbọghọ na ndị na-arịa ọrịa autistic na ndị na'acha ọbara ọbara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.unmultimedia.org/s/photo/detail/756/0756460.html|title=Special Event Marks World Autism Awareness Day|author=Felipe|first=Loey|date=2018-04-05|work=United Nations Photo|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị na - aria oria obirinajọcha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/events/autismday/assets/pdf/2018-programme.pdf|title=Empowering Women and Girls with Autism|work=United Nations Department of Public Information and Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pwn-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2018-program-for-web.pdf|title=Positive Women's Network USA|work=2018 Program}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha na edemede ===
Giwa Onaiwu enweela ọtụtụ ọkwa ndu na netwọk nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ maka nyocha ahụike maka oria obirinajocha, autism, na okike. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye edemede nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere nchịkọta edepụtara, isi, isiokwu ndị ọgbọ nyochara, na op eds. Akwụkwọ ya kachasị ọhụrụ, Sincerely, Your Autistic Child: What People on the Autism Spectrum Wish Their Parents Knew About Growing Up, Acceptance, and Identity, bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Beacon Press bipụtara ma soro ndị ụlọ ọrụ Autistic Women na Nonbinary Network dezie. Ọ ga-ewepụta ''Neurodiversity En Noir: A Collection of Black Neurodiverse Voices'', na Jessica Kingsley Publishing na ngwụcha afo 2021.

== Akwụkwọ ==

* {{Cite book|title=All the Weight of Our Dreams: On Living Racialized Autism|publisher=Autism Women's Network|year=2017|isbn=9780997504507|editor=Brown}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* All the Weight of Our Dreams, onye nchịkọta akụkọ
* [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/670589/sincerely-your-autistic-child-by-autistic-women-and-nonbinary-network/ Eziokwu, Nwa Gị Na-arịa Onwe Gị], onye nchịkọta akụkọ
* [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0 Autistic Community na Neurodiversity Movement], onye edemede
* Ịmara Ihe kpatara ya, onye edemede
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Real_Experts.html?id=IUYCjwEACAAJ Ezigbo Ndị Ọkachamara: Ihe Ndị Nne na Nna nke Ụmụaka Autistic], onye edemede
* [http://whoneedsnormalcy.com/ Blog, &quot;Onye chọrọ ịdị mma&quot;]

== Edensibia ==
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      <text bytes="13716" sha1="o636c0ihq3mn4fnqo1kgu2fzn3hpqp0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|image=|alt=|caption=|nationality=American|alma_mater=[[United States International University]] (BA); [[University of Texas of the Permian Basin]] (MA)|occupation=Educator, activist, author|website=https://morenikego.com/}}

'''Morénike Giwa Onaiwu''' bụ onye nkuzi  si mba Amerịka, onye odee, na onye na-akwado nyocha orịa autism Nje HIV . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://awards.wegohealth.com/nominees/8891|title=Check out Morénike Giwa Onaiwu's #WEGOHealthAwards Nomination|work=WEGO Health Awards|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-03|archivedate=2018-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193133/https://awards.wegohealth.com/nominees/8891}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/03/15/listen-black-female-and-autistic-hiding-in-plain-sight/|title=LISTEN: Black, female and autistic — hiding in plain sight|date=2017-03-15|work=Salon|first=Matthew|author=Rozsa|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkụ E. Ashkenazy na Lydia Brown, Onaiwu bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke All the Weight of Our Dreams, akwụkwọ nka na ederede kpamkpam site n'aka ndị autistic nke agba bipụtara site na ótù Autism Women's Network na ọnwa Juun afo 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.autismandrace.com/|title=All the weight of our dreams – On living racialized autism|work=Autism and Race|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
=== Ndụ onwe onye ===
A mụrụ Giwa Onaiwu na obodo [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] n'aka ndị nne na nna si obodo Naịjịrịa na obodo [[Cape Verde]], ebe ọtụtụ ndị ikwu ya ka bi. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-akọwahie ihe mgbaàmà mbụ nke autism dị ka àgwà nke &quot;onye ojii [...] na-agbalị ịbanye na gburugburu ebe obibi ọcha&quot;, karịsịa na mgbaàmà anụ ahụ na-akọwahie dị ka &quot;stereotype nke ndị na-eme ihe ike ma ọ bụ n'elu mmetụta uche ma ọ bụ onye isi ojii&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/03/15/listen-black-female-and-autistic-hiding-in-plain-sight/|title=LISTEN: Black, female and autistic — hiding in plain sight|date=2017-03-15|work=Salon|first=Matthew|author=Rozsa|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRozsa2017&quot;&gt;Rozsa, Matthew (2017-03-15). [https://www.salon.com/2017/03/15/listen-black-female-and-autistic-hiding-in-plain-sight/ &quot;LISTEN: Black, female and autistic — hiding in plain sight&quot;]. ''Salon''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ụlọ mgbasa ọzi ''Quartz'', o kwuru, sị: &quot;Ọtụtụ àgwà m nwere nke doro anya na ọ bụ agbụrụ m ma ọ bụ okike. N'ihi ya, ọ bụghị nanị na a napụrụ m nkwado ndị gaara enye aka, a ghọtahiere m, nakwa, mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-emegbu m. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/804204/asd-in-girls-gender-stereotypes-have-made-us-horrible-at-recognizing-autism-in-women-and-girls/|title=Gender stereotypes have made us horrible at recognizing autism in women and girls|author=Rosza|first=Matthew|date=2018-10-12|work=Quartz|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Giwa Onaiwu gara Mahadum Mba Nile nke United States na San Diego, steetị California . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ na ụmụaka gbara ọsọ ndụ na ọrụ ụlọ na dịka onye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Citizen Autistic 2|url=https://rampyourvoice.tumblr.com/post/139117648029/citizen-autistic-2|accessdate=2021-05-27|work=Ramp Your Voice!|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ jiri BA na International Relations, Giwa Onaiwu rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na ọtụtụ ndị na-enweghị ikike, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, na ezinụlọ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://autismwomensnetwork.org/directory/morenike-giwa-onaiwu/|title=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu - Autism Women's Network|work=Autism Women's Network|accessdate=2018-05-11|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nkuchi na ụmụ ọmụmụ, nke abụọ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa autism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/07/25/what-it-feels-like-to-be-an-autistic-person-of-color-in-the-eyes-of-the-police|title=What It Feels Like To Be An Autistic Person of Color in the Eyes of the Police|author=Garcia|first=Eric|date=2016-07-25|work=The Daily Beast|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Giwa Onaiwu na-eji nnọchiaha &quot;ya&quot; na &quot;ha&quot;.

Giwa Onaiwu gụsịrị akwụkwọ jiri nzere Masters na Special Education na Mahadum Texas nke Permian Basin . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu&quot;&gt;Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ &quot;LinkedIn&quot;]. ''LinkedIn''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbalị ===
Giwa Onaiwu ewepụtala ma duru ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi maka ikike mmadụ, gbadoro anya na nkwado orịa obirinajọcha na orịa Autism.  N'afọ 2009,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu&quot;&gt;Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ &quot;LinkedIn&quot;]. ''LinkedIn''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ọ malitere dị ka onye nsonye kwusiri ike na nyocha na nkwado orịa obirinajọcha, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://anchorstudy.org/baylor/team/mor%C3%A9nike-giwa-onaiwu|title=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|author=Siedle-Khan|first=Bob|date=2016-05-19|work=anchorstudy.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-09|archivedate=2018-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162727/https://anchorstudy.org/baylor/team/mor%C3%A9nike-giwa-onaiwu}}&lt;/ref&gt; o guzoberu otu Positive Playdates iji baara ezinụlọ ndị nwere orịa obirinajọcha metụtara uru. A ga-ejikọta nzukọ a n' ime otu Advocacy Without Borders, nzukọ o guzobere na 2014 iji kwado ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocacywithoutborders.org/|title=Advocacy Without Borders|work=advocacywithoutborders.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Giwa Onaiwu bụ onye isi oche otu ndị ọrụ nyocha HIV nke ụmụ nwanyị na kọmitii Sayensị Sayensị Obodo ACTG họpụtara onye nnọchi anya otu cross-network Community Partners Working Group.  Ọ bụ onye isi oche kọmitii Autism na Race for the Autistic Women's Network site na 2014 ruo 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu&quot;&gt;Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ &quot;LinkedIn&quot;]. ''LinkedIn''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://autismwomensnetwork.org/directory/morenike-giwa-onaiwu/|title=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu - Autism Women's Network|work=Autism Women's Network|accessdate=2018-05-11|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://autismwomensnetwork.org/directory/morenike-giwa-onaiwu/ &quot;Morénike Giwa Onaiwu - Autism Women's Network&quot;]. ''Autism Women's Network''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-05-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye isi na onye bụbu onye isi na ndị ndụmọdụ nke ọtụtụ òtù, gụnyere ije ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke òtù Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN) Board of Directors site na afo 2016 ruo afo 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://autisticadvocacy.org/about-asan/leadership/|title=Leadership|work=Autistic Self Advocacy Network|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agbanyeghị, n'afọ 2021, Giwa Onaiwu bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ozi na-ekwupụta na Autistic Self Advocacy Network na-agbachi ndị pere mpe na ndị autistic nwere nkwarụ ọgụgụ isi.Ebubo gụnyere na ASAN kparịrị ọrụ onye ndọrọndọrọ onye America, na ọtụtụ ndị otu bọọdụ bụ obere agbụrụ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ihi ịkpa oke agbụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;openletter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hear Our Cry: Call for Solidarity with Autistic BIPoC and Autistic People with Intellectual Disabilities: Demands presented to the Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN) for their June 20th Board Meeting|url=https://morenikego.com/memo-to-asan-2021/|work=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|accessdate=24 May 2022|date=20 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara kwuwapụta na ọ na-ahapụ mmegharị ahụ #actuallyautistic n'ihi okwu ndị dị ka microaggressions.&lt;ref name=&quot;matrix&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|title=Leaving the Matrix|url=https://morenikego.com/leaving-the-matrix-aka-the-autistic-community/|work=Just Being Me...Who Needs 'Normalcy' Anyway?|accessdate=24 May 2022|date=26 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'èzí ụlọ ọrụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike.  N'afọ 2015, ọ malitere akwụkwọ mkpesa ka ọ chụpụ ebubo mwakpo ọjọọ megide nwa akwụkwọ etiti autistic ma nyefee ya n'ụlọ ikpe n'akụkụ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-akwado autism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.richmond.com/news/petition-asks-for-charges-to-be-dropped-against-linkhorne-middle/article_f5b4a9b2-b55a-5379-994b-42ced62982ce.html|title=Petition asks for charges to be dropped against Linkhorne Middle School student with autism|author=Dix|first=Katrina|date=2015-08-30|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ọnwa Maachị 2018, e gosipụtara Giwa Onaiwu  na otu Simons Foundation's Spectrum gunyere kwa ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ndị ọzọ, ha niile na-ekwu maka ahụmịhe ha dị iche iche dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-arịa ọrịa autism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/multimedia/spectrum-presents-flying-university-women-autism-spectrum/|title=Spectrum presents 'Flying University: Women on the autism spectrum'|date=2018-07-12|work=Spectrum {{!}} Autism Research News|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Giwa Onaiwu na-ekwu okwu na mmemme iji mee ka ndị mmadụ mara ma kwalite ike nke obodo ndị a na-akparaghị ókè, gụnyere ndị lanarịrị mmegbu, ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ndị nwere nkwarụ gụnyere ụmụ agbọghọ na ndị na-arịa ọrịa autistic na ndị na'acha ọbara ọbara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.unmultimedia.org/s/photo/detail/756/0756460.html|title=Special Event Marks World Autism Awareness Day|author=Felipe|first=Loey|date=2018-04-05|work=United Nations Photo|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị na - aria oria obirinajọcha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/events/autismday/assets/pdf/2018-programme.pdf|title=Empowering Women and Girls with Autism|work=United Nations Department of Public Information and Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pwn-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2018-program-for-web.pdf|title=Positive Women's Network USA|work=2018 Program}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha na edemede ===
Giwa Onaiwu enweela ọtụtụ ọkwa ndu na netwọk nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ maka nyocha ahụike maka oria obirinajocha, autism, na okike. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye edemede nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere nchịkọta edepụtara, isi, isiokwu ndị ọgbọ nyochara, na op eds. Akwụkwọ ya kachasị ọhụrụ, Sincerely, Your Autistic Child: What People on the Autism Spectrum Wish Their Parents Knew About Growing Up, Acceptance, and Identity, bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Beacon Press bipụtara ma soro ndị ụlọ ọrụ Autistic Women na Nonbinary Network dezie. Ọ ga-ewepụta ''Neurodiversity En Noir: A Collection of Black Neurodiverse Voices'', na Jessica Kingsley Publishing na ngwụcha afo 2021.

== Akwụkwọ ==

* {{Cite book|title=All the Weight of Our Dreams: On Living Racialized Autism|publisher=Autism Women's Network|year=2017|isbn=9780997504507|editor=Brown}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* All the Weight of Our Dreams, onye nchịkọta akụkọ
* [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/670589/sincerely-your-autistic-child-by-autistic-women-and-nonbinary-network/ Eziokwu, Nwa Gị Na-arịa Onwe Gị], onye nchịkọta akụkọ
* [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0 Autistic Community na Neurodiversity Movement], onye edemede
* Ịmara Ihe kpatara ya, onye edemede
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Real_Experts.html?id=IUYCjwEACAAJ Ezigbo Ndị Ọkachamara: Ihe Ndị Nne na Nna nke Ụmụaka Autistic], onye edemede
* [http://whoneedsnormalcy.com/ Blog, &quot;Onye chọrọ ịdị mma&quot;]

== Edensibia ==
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      <text bytes="13217" sha1="ovpg59fe6up69wih3l0vft4may7ca0w" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|image=|alt=|caption=|nationality=American|alma_mater=[[United States International University]] (BA); [[University of Texas of the Permian Basin]] (MA)|occupation=Educator, activist, author|website=https://morenikego.com/}}

'''Morénike Giwa Onaiwu''' bụ onye nkuzi  si mba Amerịka, onye odee, na onye na-akwado nyocha orịa autism Nje HIV . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://awards.wegohealth.com/nominees/8891|title=Check out Morénike Giwa Onaiwu's #WEGOHealthAwards Nomination|work=WEGO Health Awards|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-03|archivedate=2018-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193133/https://awards.wegohealth.com/nominees/8891}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/03/15/listen-black-female-and-autistic-hiding-in-plain-sight/|title=LISTEN: Black, female and autistic — hiding in plain sight|date=2017-03-15|work=Salon|first=Matthew|author=Rozsa|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkụ E. Ashkenazy na Lydia Brown, Onaiwu bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke All the Weight of Our Dreams, akwụkwọ nka na ederede kpamkpam site n'aka ndị autistic nke agba bipụtara site na ótù Autism Women's Network na ọnwa Juun afo 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.autismandrace.com/|title=All the weight of our dreams – On living racialized autism|work=Autism and Race|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
=== Ndụ onwe onye ===
A mụrụ Giwa Onaiwu na obodo [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] n'aka ndị nne na nna si obodo Naịjịrịa na obodo [[Cape Verde]], ebe ọtụtụ ndị ikwu ya ka bi. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-akọwahie ihe mgbaàmà mbụ nke autism dị ka àgwà nke &quot;onye ojii [...] na-agbalị ịbanye na gburugburu ebe obibi ọcha&quot;, karịsịa na mgbaàmà anụ ahụ na-akọwahie dị ka &quot;stereotype nke ndị na-eme ihe ike ma ọ bụ n'elu mmetụta uche ma ọ bụ onye isi ojii&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/03/15/listen-black-female-and-autistic-hiding-in-plain-sight/|title=LISTEN: Black, female and autistic — hiding in plain sight|date=2017-03-15|work=Salon|first=Matthew|author=Rozsa|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRozsa2017&quot;&gt;Rozsa, Matthew (2017-03-15). [https://www.salon.com/2017/03/15/listen-black-female-and-autistic-hiding-in-plain-sight/ &quot;LISTEN: Black, female and autistic — hiding in plain sight&quot;]. ''Salon''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ụlọ mgbasa ọzi ''Quartz'', o kwuru, sị: &quot;Ọtụtụ àgwà m nwere nke doro anya na ọ bụ agbụrụ m ma ọ bụ okike. N'ihi ya, ọ bụghị nanị na a napụrụ m nkwado ndị gaara enye aka, a ghọtahiere m, nakwa, mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-emegbu m. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/804204/asd-in-girls-gender-stereotypes-have-made-us-horrible-at-recognizing-autism-in-women-and-girls/|title=Gender stereotypes have made us horrible at recognizing autism in women and girls|author=Rosza|first=Matthew|date=2018-10-12|work=Quartz|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Giwa Onaiwu gara Mahadum Mba Nile nke United States na San Diego, steetị California . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ na ụmụaka gbara ọsọ ndụ na ọrụ ụlọ na dịka onye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Citizen Autistic 2|url=https://rampyourvoice.tumblr.com/post/139117648029/citizen-autistic-2|accessdate=2021-05-27|work=Ramp Your Voice!|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ jiri BA na International Relations, Giwa Onaiwu rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na ọtụtụ ndị na-enweghị ikike, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, na ezinụlọ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://autismwomensnetwork.org/directory/morenike-giwa-onaiwu/|title=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu - Autism Women's Network|work=Autism Women's Network|accessdate=2018-05-11|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nkuchi na ụmụ ọmụmụ, nke abụọ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa autism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/07/25/what-it-feels-like-to-be-an-autistic-person-of-color-in-the-eyes-of-the-police|title=What It Feels Like To Be An Autistic Person of Color in the Eyes of the Police|author=Garcia|first=Eric|date=2016-07-25|work=The Daily Beast|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Giwa Onaiwu na-eji nnọchiaha &quot;ya&quot; na &quot;ha&quot;.

Giwa Onaiwu gụsịrị akwụkwọ jiri nzere Masters na Special Education na Mahadum Texas nke Permian Basin . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu&quot;&gt;Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ &quot;LinkedIn&quot;]. ''LinkedIn''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbalị ===
Giwa Onaiwu ewepụtala ma duru ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi maka ikike mmadụ, gbadoro anya na nkwado orịa obirinajọcha na orịa Autism.  N'afọ 2009,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu&quot;&gt;Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ &quot;LinkedIn&quot;]. ''LinkedIn''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ọ malitere dị ka onye nsonye kwusiri ike na nyocha na nkwado orịa obirinajọcha, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://anchorstudy.org/baylor/team/mor%C3%A9nike-giwa-onaiwu|title=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|author=Siedle-Khan|first=Bob|date=2016-05-19|work=anchorstudy.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-09|archivedate=2018-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162727/https://anchorstudy.org/baylor/team/mor%C3%A9nike-giwa-onaiwu}}&lt;/ref&gt; o guzoberu otu Positive Playdates iji baara ezinụlọ ndị nwere orịa obirinajọcha metụtara uru. A ga-ejikọta nzukọ a n' ime otu Advocacy Without Borders, nzukọ o guzobere na 2014 iji kwado ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocacywithoutborders.org/|title=Advocacy Without Borders|work=advocacywithoutborders.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Giwa Onaiwu bụ onye isi oche otu ndị ọrụ nyocha HIV nke ụmụ nwanyị na kọmitii Sayensị Sayensị Obodo ACTG họpụtara onye nnọchi anya otu cross-network Community Partners Working Group.  Ọ bụ onye isi oche kọmitii Autism na Race for the Autistic Women's Network site na 2014 ruo 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu&quot;&gt;Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ &quot;LinkedIn&quot;]. ''LinkedIn''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ onye isi na onye bụbu onye isi na ndị ndụmọdụ nke ọtụtụ òtù, gụnyere ije ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke òtù Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN) Board of Directors site na afo 2016 ruo afo 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://autisticadvocacy.org/about-asan/leadership/|title=Leadership|work=Autistic Self Advocacy Network|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agbanyeghị, n'afọ 2021, Giwa Onaiwu bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ozi na-ekwupụta na Autistic Self Advocacy Network na-agbachi ndị pere mpe na ndị autistic nwere nkwarụ ọgụgụ isi.Ebubo gụnyere na ASAN kparịrị ọrụ onye ndọrọndọrọ onye America, na ọtụtụ ndị otu bọọdụ bụ obere agbụrụ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ihi ịkpa oke agbụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;openletter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hear Our Cry: Call for Solidarity with Autistic BIPoC and Autistic People with Intellectual Disabilities: Demands presented to the Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN) for their June 20th Board Meeting|url=https://morenikego.com/memo-to-asan-2021/|work=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|accessdate=24 May 2022|date=20 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara kwuwapụta na ọ na-ahapụ mmegharị ahụ #actuallyautistic n'ihi okwu ndị dị ka microaggressions.&lt;ref name=&quot;matrix&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|title=Leaving the Matrix|url=https://morenikego.com/leaving-the-matrix-aka-the-autistic-community/|work=Just Being Me...Who Needs 'Normalcy' Anyway?|accessdate=24 May 2022|date=26 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'èzí ụlọ ọrụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike.  N'afọ 2015, ọ malitere akwụkwọ mkpesa ka ọ chụpụ ebubo mwakpo ọjọọ megide nwa akwụkwọ etiti autistic ma nyefee ya n'ụlọ ikpe n'akụkụ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-akwado autism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.richmond.com/news/petition-asks-for-charges-to-be-dropped-against-linkhorne-middle/article_f5b4a9b2-b55a-5379-994b-42ced62982ce.html|title=Petition asks for charges to be dropped against Linkhorne Middle School student with autism|author=Dix|first=Katrina|date=2015-08-30|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ọnwa Maachị 2018, e gosipụtara Giwa Onaiwu  na otu Simons Foundation's Spectrum gunyere kwa ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ndị ọzọ, ha niile na-ekwu maka ahụmịhe ha dị iche iche dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-arịa ọrịa autism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/multimedia/spectrum-presents-flying-university-women-autism-spectrum/|title=Spectrum presents 'Flying University: Women on the autism spectrum'|date=2018-07-12|work=Spectrum {{!}} Autism Research News|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Giwa Onaiwu na-ekwu okwu na mmemme iji mee ka ndị mmadụ mara ma kwalite ike nke obodo ndị a na-akparaghị ókè, gụnyere ndị lanarịrị mmegbu, ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ndị nwere nkwarụ gụnyere ụmụ agbọghọ na ndị na-arịa ọrịa autistic na ndị na'acha ọbara ọbara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.unmultimedia.org/s/photo/detail/756/0756460.html|title=Special Event Marks World Autism Awareness Day|author=Felipe|first=Loey|date=2018-04-05|work=United Nations Photo|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị na - aria oria obirinajọcha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/events/autismday/assets/pdf/2018-programme.pdf|title=Empowering Women and Girls with Autism|work=United Nations Department of Public Information and Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pwn-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2018-program-for-web.pdf|title=Positive Women's Network USA|work=2018 Program}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha na edemede ===
Giwa Onaiwu enweela ọtụtụ ọkwa ndu na netwọk nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ maka nyocha ahụike maka oria obirinajocha, autism, na okike. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye edemede nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere nchịkọta edepụtara, isi, isiokwu ndị ọgbọ nyochara, na op eds. Akwụkwọ ya kachasị ọhụrụ, Sincerely, Your Autistic Child: What People on the Autism Spectrum Wish Their Parents Knew About Growing Up, Acceptance, and Identity, bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Beacon Press bipụtara ma soro ndị ụlọ ọrụ Autistic Women na Nonbinary Network dezie. Ọ ga-ewepụta ''Neurodiversity En Noir: A Collection of Black Neurodiverse Voices'', na Jessica Kingsley Publishing na ngwụcha afo 2021.

== Akwụkwọ ==

* {{Cite book|title=All the Weight of Our Dreams: On Living Racialized Autism|publisher=Autism Women's Network|year=2017|isbn=9780997504507|editor=Brown}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* All the Weight of Our Dreams, onye nchịkọta akụkọ
* [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/670589/sincerely-your-autistic-child-by-autistic-women-and-nonbinary-network/ Eziokwu, Nwa Gị Na-arịa Onwe Gị], onye nchịkọta akụkọ
* [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0 Autistic Community na Neurodiversity Movement], onye edemede
* Ịmara Ihe kpatara ya, onye edemede
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Real_Experts.html?id=IUYCjwEACAAJ Ezigbo Ndị Ọkachamara: Ihe Ndị Nne na Nna nke Ụmụaka Autistic], onye edemede
* [http://whoneedsnormalcy.com/ Blog, &quot;Onye chọrọ ịdị mma&quot;]

== Edensibia ==
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      <text bytes="12580" sha1="7kozsukw7znvxdojke4dtxfnsfd7e35" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|image=|alt=|caption=|nationality=American|alma_mater=[[United States International University]] (BA); [[University of Texas of the Permian Basin]] (MA)|occupation=Educator, activist, author|website=https://morenikego.com/}}

'''Morénike Giwa Onaiwu''' bụ onye nkuzi  si mba Amerịka, onye odee, na onye na-akwado nyocha orịa autism Nje HIV . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://awards.wegohealth.com/nominees/8891|title=Check out Morénike Giwa Onaiwu's #WEGOHealthAwards Nomination|work=WEGO Health Awards|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-03|archivedate=2018-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193133/https://awards.wegohealth.com/nominees/8891}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/03/15/listen-black-female-and-autistic-hiding-in-plain-sight/|title=LISTEN: Black, female and autistic — hiding in plain sight|date=2017-03-15|work=Salon|first=Matthew|author=Rozsa|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkụ E. Ashkenazy na Lydia Brown, Onaiwu bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke All the Weight of Our Dreams, akwụkwọ nka na ederede kpamkpam site n'aka ndị autistic nke agba bipụtara site na ótù Autism Women's Network na ọnwa Juun afo 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.autismandrace.com/|title=All the weight of our dreams – On living racialized autism|work=Autism and Race|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
=== Ndụ onwe onye ===
A mụrụ Giwa Onaiwu na obodo [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] n'aka ndị nne na nna si obodo Naịjịrịa na obodo [[Cape Verde]], ebe ọtụtụ ndị ikwu ya ka bi. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-akọwahie ihe mgbaàmà mbụ nke autism dị ka àgwà nke &quot;onye ojii [...] na-agbalị ịbanye na gburugburu ebe obibi ọcha&quot;, karịsịa na mgbaàmà anụ ahụ na-akọwahie dị ka &quot;stereotype nke ndị na-eme ihe ike ma ọ bụ n'elu mmetụta uche ma ọ bụ onye isi ojii&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ụlọ mgbasa ọzi ''Quartz'', o kwuru, sị: &quot;Ọtụtụ àgwà m nwere nke doro anya na ọ bụ agbụrụ m ma ọ bụ okike. N'ihi ya, ọ bụghị nanị na a napụrụ m nkwado ndị gaara enye aka, a ghọtahiere m, nakwa, mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-emegbu m. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/804204/asd-in-girls-gender-stereotypes-have-made-us-horrible-at-recognizing-autism-in-women-and-girls/|title=Gender stereotypes have made us horrible at recognizing autism in women and girls|author=Rosza|first=Matthew|date=2018-10-12|work=Quartz|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Giwa Onaiwu gara Mahadum Mba Nile nke United States na San Diego, steetị California . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ na ụmụaka gbara ọsọ ndụ na ọrụ ụlọ na dịka onye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Citizen Autistic 2|url=https://rampyourvoice.tumblr.com/post/139117648029/citizen-autistic-2|accessdate=2021-05-27|work=Ramp Your Voice!|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ jiri BA na International Relations, Giwa Onaiwu rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na ọtụtụ ndị na-enweghị ikike, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, na ezinụlọ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://autismwomensnetwork.org/directory/morenike-giwa-onaiwu/|title=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu - Autism Women's Network|work=Autism Women's Network|accessdate=2018-05-11|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nkuchi na ụmụ ọmụmụ, nke abụọ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa autism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/07/25/what-it-feels-like-to-be-an-autistic-person-of-color-in-the-eyes-of-the-police|title=What It Feels Like To Be An Autistic Person of Color in the Eyes of the Police|author=Garcia|first=Eric|date=2016-07-25|work=The Daily Beast|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Giwa Onaiwu na-eji nnọchiaha &quot;ya&quot; na &quot;ha&quot;.

Giwa Onaiwu gụsịrị akwụkwọ jiri nzere Masters na Special Education na Mahadum Texas nke Permian Basin . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu&quot;&gt;Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ &quot;LinkedIn&quot;]. ''LinkedIn''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbalị ===
Giwa Onaiwu ewepụtala ma duru ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi maka ikike mmadụ, gbadoro anya na nkwado orịa obirinajọcha na orịa Autism.  N'afọ 2009,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu&quot;&gt;Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ &quot;LinkedIn&quot;]. ''LinkedIn''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ọ malitere dị ka onye nsonye kwusiri ike na nyocha na nkwado orịa obirinajọcha, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://anchorstudy.org/baylor/team/mor%C3%A9nike-giwa-onaiwu|title=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|author=Siedle-Khan|first=Bob|date=2016-05-19|work=anchorstudy.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-09|archivedate=2018-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162727/https://anchorstudy.org/baylor/team/mor%C3%A9nike-giwa-onaiwu}}&lt;/ref&gt; o guzoberu otu Positive Playdates iji baara ezinụlọ ndị nwere orịa obirinajọcha metụtara uru. A ga-ejikọta nzukọ a n' ime otu Advocacy Without Borders, nzukọ o guzobere na 2014 iji kwado ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocacywithoutborders.org/|title=Advocacy Without Borders|work=advocacywithoutborders.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Giwa Onaiwu bụ onye isi oche otu ndị ọrụ nyocha HIV nke ụmụ nwanyị na kọmitii Sayensị Sayensị Obodo ACTG họpụtara onye nnọchi anya otu cross-network Community Partners Working Group.  Ọ bụ onye isi oche kọmitii Autism na Race for the Autistic Women's Network site na 2014 ruo 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu&quot;&gt;Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ &quot;LinkedIn&quot;]. ''LinkedIn''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ onye isi na onye bụbu onye isi na ndị ndụmọdụ nke ọtụtụ òtù, gụnyere ije ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke òtù Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN) Board of Directors site na afo 2016 ruo afo 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://autisticadvocacy.org/about-asan/leadership/|title=Leadership|work=Autistic Self Advocacy Network|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agbanyeghị, n'afọ 2021, Giwa Onaiwu bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ozi na-ekwupụta na Autistic Self Advocacy Network na-agbachi ndị pere mpe na ndị autistic nwere nkwarụ ọgụgụ isi.Ebubo gụnyere na ASAN kparịrị ọrụ onye ndọrọndọrọ onye America, na ọtụtụ ndị otu bọọdụ bụ obere agbụrụ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ihi ịkpa oke agbụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;openletter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hear Our Cry: Call for Solidarity with Autistic BIPoC and Autistic People with Intellectual Disabilities: Demands presented to the Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN) for their June 20th Board Meeting|url=https://morenikego.com/memo-to-asan-2021/|work=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|accessdate=24 May 2022|date=20 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara kwuwapụta na ọ na-ahapụ mmegharị ahụ #actuallyautistic n'ihi okwu ndị dị ka microaggressions.&lt;ref name=&quot;matrix&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|title=Leaving the Matrix|url=https://morenikego.com/leaving-the-matrix-aka-the-autistic-community/|work=Just Being Me...Who Needs 'Normalcy' Anyway?|accessdate=24 May 2022|date=26 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'èzí ụlọ ọrụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike.  N'afọ 2015, ọ malitere akwụkwọ mkpesa ka ọ chụpụ ebubo mwakpo ọjọọ megide nwa akwụkwọ etiti autistic ma nyefee ya n'ụlọ ikpe n'akụkụ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-akwado autism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.richmond.com/news/petition-asks-for-charges-to-be-dropped-against-linkhorne-middle/article_f5b4a9b2-b55a-5379-994b-42ced62982ce.html|title=Petition asks for charges to be dropped against Linkhorne Middle School student with autism|author=Dix|first=Katrina|date=2015-08-30|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ọnwa Maachị 2018, e gosipụtara Giwa Onaiwu  na otu Simons Foundation's Spectrum gunyere kwa ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ndị ọzọ, ha niile na-ekwu maka ahụmịhe ha dị iche iche dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-arịa ọrịa autism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/multimedia/spectrum-presents-flying-university-women-autism-spectrum/|title=Spectrum presents 'Flying University: Women on the autism spectrum'|date=2018-07-12|work=Spectrum {{!}} Autism Research News|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Giwa Onaiwu na-ekwu okwu na mmemme iji mee ka ndị mmadụ mara ma kwalite ike nke obodo ndị a na-akparaghị ókè, gụnyere ndị lanarịrị mmegbu, ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ndị nwere nkwarụ gụnyere ụmụ agbọghọ na ndị na-arịa ọrịa autistic na ndị na'acha ọbara ọbara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.unmultimedia.org/s/photo/detail/756/0756460.html|title=Special Event Marks World Autism Awareness Day|author=Felipe|first=Loey|date=2018-04-05|work=United Nations Photo|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị na - aria oria obirinajọcha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/events/autismday/assets/pdf/2018-programme.pdf|title=Empowering Women and Girls with Autism|work=United Nations Department of Public Information and Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pwn-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2018-program-for-web.pdf|title=Positive Women's Network USA|work=2018 Program}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha na edemede ===
Giwa Onaiwu enweela ọtụtụ ọkwa ndu na netwọk nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ maka nyocha ahụike maka oria obirinajocha, autism, na okike. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye edemede nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere nchịkọta edepụtara, isi, isiokwu ndị ọgbọ nyochara, na op eds. Akwụkwọ ya kachasị ọhụrụ, Sincerely, Your Autistic Child: What People on the Autism Spectrum Wish Their Parents Knew About Growing Up, Acceptance, and Identity, bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Beacon Press bipụtara ma soro ndị ụlọ ọrụ Autistic Women na Nonbinary Network dezie. Ọ ga-ewepụta ''Neurodiversity En Noir: A Collection of Black Neurodiverse Voices'', na Jessica Kingsley Publishing na ngwụcha afo 2021.

== Akwụkwọ ==

* {{Cite book|title=All the Weight of Our Dreams: On Living Racialized Autism|publisher=Autism Women's Network|year=2017|isbn=9780997504507|editor=Brown}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* All the Weight of Our Dreams, onye nchịkọta akụkọ
* [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/670589/sincerely-your-autistic-child-by-autistic-women-and-nonbinary-network/ Eziokwu, Nwa Gị Na-arịa Onwe Gị], onye nchịkọta akụkọ
* [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0 Autistic Community na Neurodiversity Movement], onye edemede
* Ịmara Ihe kpatara ya, onye edemede
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Real_Experts.html?id=IUYCjwEACAAJ Ezigbo Ndị Ọkachamara: Ihe Ndị Nne na Nna nke Ụmụaka Autistic], onye edemede
* [http://whoneedsnormalcy.com/ Blog, &quot;Onye chọrọ ịdị mma&quot;]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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      <text bytes="5187" sha1="08hx28g0p2sr7tkdkfenlpntv6grzi5" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Dr Naa Ashelley.jpg|thumb|Naa Ashelley Dordor]]
  

'''Naa Asheley Dordor''' bụ onye Ghana Chiropractor na onye isi nchịkwa nke Nova Wellness Center, aụlọ ọrụ ahụike nke na-agụnye chiropractic, nri nri, mgbatị ahụ na ịhịa aka n'ahụ iji gwọọ ndị ọrịa .&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr Naa Dordor is Best Health SME provider|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/dr-naa-dordor-is-best-health-sme-provider.html|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ankiilu|first=Masahudu|date=2019-04-16|title=Breaking Barriers in Male-dominated Profession: The Untold Story of Dr Naa Asheley Dordor|url=https://africaneyereport.com/breaking-barriers-in-male-dominated-profession-the-untold-story-of-dr-naa-asheley-dordor/|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=African Eye Report|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CEO of Nova Wellness Center wins big at Ghana-West Africa Business Excellence Awards.|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/ceo-of-nova-wellness-center-wins-big-at-ghana-west-africa-business-excellence-awards.html|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Nova Wellness Center.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CEO of Nova Wellness Center wins big at Ghana-West Africa Business Excellence Awards.|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/ceo-of-nova-wellness-center-wins-big-at-ghana-west-africa-business-excellence-awards.html|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghanaians advised to take spinal care seriously|url=https://www.businessghana.com/|accessdate=2021-10-08|work=BusinessGhana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ya malitere dị ka onye na-akpakọrịta chiropractor na chiropractor Glen Huntly, mgbe ọ gara na mmemme mgbasa ozi .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ankiilu|first=Masahudu|date=2019-04-16|title=Breaking Barriers in Male-dominated Profession: The Untold Story of Dr Naa Asheley Dordor|url=https://africaneyereport.com/breaking-barriers-in-male-dominated-profession-the-untold-story-of-dr-naa-asheley-dordor/|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=African Eye Report|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ otu afọ na Chicago, Illinois ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ tupu ọ kwaga Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr Naa Dordor is Best Health SME provider|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/dr-naa-dordor-is-best-health-sme-provider.html|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọgwụ spinal na Ghana otu afọ tupu ịmalite ụlọ ọrụ ahụike nke ya na afọ 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
Dordor nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na Mahadum Saint Mary na Halifax, Canada. Ọ bụ ọkachamara dịka Chiropractor na Palmer College of Chiropractic na Davenport Modalities na USA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr Naa Dordor is Best Health SME provider|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/dr-naa-dordor-is-best-health-sme-provider.html|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ankiilu|first=Masahudu|date=2019-04-16|title=Breaking Barriers in Male-dominated Profession: The Untold Story of Dr Naa Asheley Dordor|url=https://africaneyereport.com/breaking-barriers-in-male-dominated-profession-the-untold-story-of-dr-naa-asheley-dordor/|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=African Eye Report|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==
Ọ meriri ihe nrite maka onye isi nke afọ (Akụkụ ahụike na ahụike)  na Ghana-West Africa Business Excellence Awards (GWABEA) nke atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-31|title=Nova Wellness Center CEO honoured at Ghana-West Africa Business Excellence Awards|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/05/nova-wellness-center-ceo-honoured-at-ghana-west-africa-business-excellence-awards/|accessdate=2021-10-08|work=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2018, onyinye 40 Under 40 nabatara ya maka ntinye aka ya na ụlọ ọrụ Chiropractic na Ghana. O meriri Nwanyị ọchụnta ego nke afọ na 2018 site na atụmatụ Small Medium Enterprises Ghana Awards (SMEGA). Na afọ 2017, ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ya, Nova Wellness Center, meriri kacha mma Small &amp; Medium Enterprises (SME) na ahụike na SMEGA Awards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ankiilu|first=Masahudu|date=2019-04-16|title=Breaking Barriers in Male-dominated Profession: The Untold Story of Dr Naa Asheley Dordor|url=https://africaneyereport.com/breaking-barriers-in-male-dominated-profession-the-untold-story-of-dr-naa-asheley-dordor/|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=African Eye Report|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr Naa Dordor is Best Health SME provider|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/dr-naa-dordor-is-best-health-sme-provider.html|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dordor, Naa Asheley}}


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      <text bytes="7603" sha1="5kh7ui025tvn1sjuvkqsmabztrmzqjz" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware as Ambassador to Armenia (as well) in January 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lesley Anya Opoku  Ware]]
 

Her Royal Highness '''Oheneba Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware''' bụ dibia bekee na onye mba Ghana. Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Ghana na Russian Federation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 March 2021|title=The Ambassador {{!}} The Ghana Embassy, Moscow-Russia|url=https://ghanaembassy-russia.com/mission/ambassador/|accessdate=12 October 2021|language=en-US|archivedate=4 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604033819/https://ghanaembassy-russia.com/mission/ambassador/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zụrụkwa Opoku Ware ka ọ bụrụ dibịa bekee ezinụlọ. Na afọ 2017, onye isi ala Ghana họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya mba Russia. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchianya n'ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ gụnyere  Armenia.

== Ndụ mbido na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Princess Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware bụ ada Victoria (amụrụ Victoria Nana Akua Afiiriyie Bando) na Princess Opoku Ware II , Eze nke iri na ise nke ala eze Ashanti (Asantehene) ya mere prefix nke aha ya, &quot;Oheneba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times 1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Her Highness Lady Victoria Opoku-Ware II|url=https://archive.org/details/NewsUK1996UKEnglish/Mar%2023%201996%2C%20The%20Times%2C%20%2365535%2C%20UK%20%28en%29/page/n24/mode/1up|accessdate=18 October 2021|date=23 March 1996|work=[[The Times]]|pages=25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya abụọ bụ ndị eze Ashanti; ha lụrụ na afọ 1945.&lt;ref name=&quot;royal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 October 2011|title=Obituary: King Opoku Ware II of Ashanti|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-king-opoku-ware-ii-of-ashanti-1078403.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-king-opoku-ware-ii-of-ashanti-1078403.html|archivedate=14 June 2022|accessdate=16 October 2021|work=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lesley bụ nwa nwanyi nke ọdụdụ nke Asantehene. O nwere ụmụnne abụọ tọrọ ya, Gifty Opoku Ware nwụrụ n'afọ 2018 na Nana Osei Opoku Ware nwụrụ n'afọ 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;Nna Lesley ghọrọ eze mgbe ọ nọ n'oche na afọ 1970. Ọ bụ Asantehene, ma akpọrọ ya Otumfuo, ma ọ bụ “kasị elu” . Nne ya bụ́ Victoria bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n’ebe ndị nwunye eze ahụ na-enwechaghị mmetụta dị ka nne eze; Victoria ghọrọ onye ọchịchị na onye na-emetụta amụma, na-enyere Eze aka ijide ocheeze ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;royal&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Times 1996&quot; /&gt; Dị ka nwanyị mbụ, Victoria nwere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke diplomatic ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na afọ 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;royal&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian 1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Woman Behind the King|url=https://archive.org/details/TheGuardian1996UKEnglish/Mar%2028%201996%2C%20The%20Guardian%2C%20%2346512%2C%20UK%20%28en%29/page/n9/mode/1up|accessdate=18 October 2021|date=28 March 1996|work=[[The Guardian]]|pages=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna Lesley nwụrụ na afọ 1999 ma nwa ya eketaghị aha ahụ .&lt;ref name=&quot;royal&quot; /&gt;

Opoku Ware gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Royal College of Surgeons na Dublin n'afọ 1981. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Royal College of General Practitioners na nzere General Practice dị ka dibịa ezinụlọ na afọ 2003. (U.K) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
[[Faịlụ:President_Sarkissian_and_Ambassador_Lesley_Akyaa_Opoku_Ware.jpg|thumb|Onye isi ala Armenia  Armen Sarkissian na onye nnọchi anya Ghana Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware na afọ 2019 ]]
Opoku Ware nọrọ ọtụtụ ọrụ ya na United Kingdom. Edere ya aha dị ka ọkachamara dibịa bekee ezinụlọ na Ghana Medical and Dental Practice Board na afọ 2013, wee rụọ ọrụ maka ọrụ ahụike Ghana obere oge tupu ọ malite njem a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Opoku Ware nwetara asambodo mba ụwa nke njem nlegharị anya n'aha obodo maka ịkwalite njem nlegharị anya dịka akụkụ dị mkpa nke azụmaahịa, nkwado akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana Gets Certificate Of Tourism Attraction|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/852367/ghana-gets-certificate-of-tourism-attraction.html|accessdate=12 October 2021|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nana Akufo-Addo, Onye isi ala Ghana, nyere ya ọrụ ka onye nnọchi anya Ghana na Russian Federation na 12 ọnwa Septemba afọ 2017.  Na 11 Eprel afọ 2018, o nyere onye isi oche nke Federation, Vladimir Putin nzere ya.  Ọ ka nọ na Moscow mgbe o nyere Onye isi ala Armen Sarkissian nzere ya na Armenia na ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana's Ambassador Present Credentials To Armenian President|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/916281/ghanas-ambassador-present-credentials-to-armenian.html|accessdate=12 October 2021|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe e mesịrị, n'Eprel afọ 2019, o gosipụtara nzere ya na Moldova ma Tudor Ulianovschi mesiri ya obi ike na Moldova bu n'obi ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya nke ya na Ghana iji meziwanye mmekọrịta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghanaian ambassador agreed presents copies of credentials to Moldovan foreign ministry|url=https://www.moldpres.md/en/news/2019/04/17/19003064|accessdate=16 October 2021|publisher=www.moldpres.md|language=en|archivedate=16 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016191806/https://www.moldpres.md/en/news/2019/04/17/19003064}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Juun 21, e nyere ya nzere ọhụrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya Russia. Onye isi ala, Nana Akufo-Addo, gbara ya na ndị nnọchi anya iri abụọ ọzọ ma ọ bụ ndị kọmishọna dị elu ume ka ha nyere obodo ha aka na mgbake mgbe ọrịa COVID-19 gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akufo-Addo presents credentials to 21 envoys|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1085468/akufo-addo-presents-credentials-to-21-envoys.html|accessdate=16 October 2021|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2021}} Dị ka n'afọ 2021, ọ bụ onye nnọchianya na Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova na Russia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Opoku Ware lụrụ di ma mụọ ụmụ ise .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press release on Deputy Foreign Minister Mikhail Bogdanov's meeting with Ambassador of the Republic of Ghana to Russia Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware|url=https://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/3944933|accessdate=12 October 2021|work=www.mid.ru|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=edemtrends|date=20 September 2021|title=Dr. Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware: Daughter of Late Asantehene Otumfour Opoku Ware II|url=https://edemtrendsgh.com/dr-lesley-akyaa-opoku-ware-daughter-of-late-asantehene-otumfour-opoku-ware-ii/|accessdate=12 October 2021|work=Edem Trends GH|language=en-US|archivedate=24 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024173612/https://edemtrendsgh.com/dr-lesley-akyaa-opoku-ware-daughter-of-late-asantehene-otumfour-opoku-ware-ii/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmata ==

* Onye isi nchịkwa nke Euracare Medical Center na Accra. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;
* Onye isi oche nke mmepe obodo Petronia (2012 - 2015). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Onye nnọchi anya Ghana na Russia.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=See the 21 ambassadors, high commissioners who have been presented with their credentials|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/president-akufo-addo-presents-credentials-to-21-ambassadors-high-commissioners.html|accessdate=12 October 2021|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}} 
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'''Gertrude &quot;Trudy&quot;''' &lt;ref name=&quot;jwa.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/elion-gertrude-belle|title=Gertrude Elion {{!}} Jewish Women's Archive|work=jwa.org|accessdate=2019-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 - February 21, 1999) bụ onye American biochemist na ọkachamara n'ịzụ ọgwụ, bụ onye keere 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine na George H. Hitchings na Sir James Black maka ojiji nke ụzọ ọhụrụ nke imepụta ọgwụ ezi uche dị na ya maka mmepe ọgwụ ọhụrụ.  Usoro ọhụrụ a lekwasịrị anya n'ịghọta ebumnuche ọgwụ ahụ kama iji naanị iji nnwale na njehie. Ọrụ ya mere ka e mepụta ọgwụ mgbochi retroviral AZT, nke bụ ọgwụ mbụ e ji alụso ọrịa AIDS ọgụ. Ọrụ ya a ma ama na-agụnyekwa mmepe nke ọgwụ mbụ nke immunosuppressive, azathioprine, nke a na-eji alụso ndị a jụrụ ajụ na transplants akụkụ ahụ, na ọgwụ mbụ na-aga nke ọma nke antiviral, acyclovir (ACV), nke a na-eji agwọ ọrịa herpes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kresge|first=Nicole|title=Developing the Purine Nucleoside Analogue Acyclovir: the Work of Gertrude B. Elion|journal=J. Biol. Chem.|date=May 9, 2008|volume=283|issue=19|doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(20)59806-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Elion na New York City na Jenụwarị 23, 1918, &lt;ref name=&quot;formemrs&quot; /&gt;nye ndị nne na nna Robert Elion, onye Juu kwabatara na Lithuania na dọkịta ezé, na Bertha Cohen, onye Juu kwabatara na Poland. Ezinụlọ ya tụfuru akụ na ụba ha mgbe Mkpọka Wall Street nke 1929 gasịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stille&quot; /&gt; : 64 Elion bụ nwa akwụkwọ magburu onwe ya nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Walton High School mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;jwa.org&quot; /&gt; Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, nna nna ya nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa afọ, na ịnọnyere ya n'oge ikpeazụ ya kpaliri Elion ịchụso ọrụ na sayensị na ọgwụ na kọleji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gertrude Elion, M.Sc. Biography and Interview|work=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/achiever/gertrude-elion/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Larsen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Larsen|first=Kristine|title=Gertrude Elion 1918–1999|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/elion-gertrude-belle|work=Jewish Women's Archive Encyclopedia|accessdate=November 1, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ Phi Beta Kappa  na Hunter College, nke o nwere ike ịga n'efu n'ihi akara ya, gụsịrị akwụkwọ summa cum laude na 1937 na nzere na chemistry.  &lt;ref name=&quot;jwa.org&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Colburn&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Colburn|first=Don|title=PATHWAY TO THE PRIZE|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/1988/10/25/pathway-to-the-prize/12924d14-d134-455b-aa9f-d7a494ddeb86/|accessdate=25 November 2019|work=Washington Post|date=October 25, 1988}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Elion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Elion|first=Gertrude|title=Les Prix Nobel|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/elion-bio.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=February 21, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enweghị ike ịchọta ọrụ nyocha na-akwụ ụgwọ mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ihi na ọ bụ nwanyị, Elion rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ na onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ n'ọnọdụ akwụghị ụgwọ na ụlọ nyocha kemịkalụ. N'ikpeazụ, ọ kpakọbara ego zuru ezu iji gaa Mahadum New York wee nweta M.Sc. na 1941, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'ụbọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Avery|first=Mary Ellen|date=2008-12-12|title=Gertrude Belle Elion. 23 January 1918 — 21 February 1999|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|language=en|volume=54|pages=161–168|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2007.0051|issn=0080-4606}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ mgbe ọ natara onyinye Nobel ya, o kwuru na ya kwenyere na naanị ihe mere o ji nwee ike ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya dị ka nwa agbọghọ bụ n'ihi na o nwere ike ịga Hunter College n'efu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1988/elion/biographical/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988|work=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; A jụrụ arịrịọ enyemaka ego ya iri na ise maka ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ihi ajọ mbunobi nwoke na nwanyị, ya mere ọ debanyere aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ odeakwụkwọ, ebe ọ gara naanị izu isii tupu ọ chọta ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stille&quot; /&gt; : 65 : 65 

N'enweghị ike inweta ọkwa nyocha gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta nri na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa A&amp;amp;amp;P &lt;ref name=&quot;Stille&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Stille|first=Darlene R.|title=Extraordinary Women Scientists|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780516405858|publisher=Childrens Press|date=1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 65na maka ụlọ nyocha nri na New York, na-anwale acidity nke pickles na agba nkochi ime akwa na-abanye na Mayonezi. Ọ kwagara n'ọkwa na Johnson &amp; Johnson nke o nwere olile anya na ọ ga-akawanye mma, mana n'ikpeazụ gụnyere ịnwale ike nke sutures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The Legacy of Great Science: The Work of Nobel Laureate Gertrude Elion Lives On|journal=The Oncologist|volume=11|issue=9|pages=961–965|author=Koeing|first=Rick|doi=10.1634/theoncologist.11-9-961|pmid=17030634|year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1944, ọ hapụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere George H. Hitchings aka na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ Burroughs-Wellcome (nke bụ GlaxoSmithKline ugbu a) na Tuckahoe, New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1988/elion-autobio.html|title=Autobiography of Elion at NobelPrize.org|work=Nobel.se|accessdate=March 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/|title=Biographical Memoirs Home|work=nasonline.org|accessdate=March 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/womenofvalor/elion|title=Gertrude Elion - Jewish Women's Archive|work=JWA.org|accessdate=March 2, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519221129/https://jwa.org/womenofvalor/elion|archivedate=May 19, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/23/us/gertrude-elion-drug-developer-dies-at-81.html|title=Gertrude Elion, Drug Developer, Dies at 81|first=Lawrence K.|author=Altman|date=February 23, 1999|accessdate=March 2, 2019|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bouton&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bouton|first=Katherine|title=The Nobel Pair|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/29/magazine/the-nobel-pair.html|accessdate=25 November 2019|work=The New York Times|date=January 29, 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hitchings na-eji ụzọ ọhụrụ nke ịmepụta ọgwụ, site na ịkpachara anya iṅomi ihe ndị sitere n'okike kama site na nnwale na njehie. N'ụzọ doro anya, o nwere mmasị na ijikọta ndị na-emegide ya na nucleic acid derivatives, na ebumnuche na ndị na-eguzogide ya ga-abanye n'ime ụzọ ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Avery|first=Mary Ellen|date=2008-12-12|title=Gertrude Belle Elion. 23 January 1918 — 21 February 1999|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|language=en|volume=54|pages=161–168|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2007.0051|issn=0080-4606}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwenyere na ọ bụrụ na ọ nwere ike ịghọ aghụghọ mkpụrụ ndụ kansa ka ha nabata ihe ndị aka mere maka uto ha, enwere ike ibibi ha n'emeghị ka ha bibie mkpụrụ ndụ nkịtị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stille&quot; /&gt; : 65 Elion mepụtara anti-metabolites nke purines, na 1950, ọ mepụtara ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa kansa Tioguanine na mercaptopurine. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stille&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; : 66 : 66 

Ọ gara akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị na Mahadum New York Tandon School of Engineering (nke bụ Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute n'oge ahụ), mana mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke njem dị anya gasịrị, a gwara ya na ọ gaghịzi enwe ike ịga n'ihu na doctorate ya na nwa oge, mana ọ ga-achọ ịhapụ ọrụ ya wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ oge niile. Elion mere mkpebi dị oke mkpa na ndụ ya, wee nọgide na ọrụ ya ma kwụsị ịchụso doctorate ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elion&quot; /&gt; Ọ nwetụbeghị Ph.D. n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, mana e mechara nye ya Ph.D nke nsọpụrụ site na Mahadum New York Tandon School of Engineering (nke bụ mgbe ahụ Mahadum Polytechnic nke New York) na 1989 na nzere S.D. nke nsọpụrụ na Mahadim Harvard na 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;CHF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=George Hitchings and Gertrude Elion|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/george-hitchings-and-gertrude-elion|work=Science History Institute|accessdate=20 March 2018|date=June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Hunter College, Elion zutere Leonard Canter, nwa akwụkwọ ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ na City College of New York (CCNY). Ha mere atụmatụ ịlụ di na nwunye, mana Canter dara ọrịa. Na June 25, 1941, ọ nwụrụ site na endocarditis bacteria, ọrịa nke valves nke obi ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;McDowell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McDowell|first=Julie L.|date=2002|title=A lifetime quest for a cure|url=http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/mdd/v05/i10/pdf/1002timeline.pdf|journal=Modern Drug Discovery|issue=October|pages=51–52|accessdate=February 14, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ Nobel ya, o kwuru na nke a mere ka ọ bụrụ onye sayensị na-eme nchọpụta na onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ.

Elion alụghị di ma ọ bụ mụọ ụmụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stille&quot;/&gt; : 65 O depụtara ihe omume ntụrụndụ ya dị ka foto, njem, opera na ballet, na ige egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/elion-autobio.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988: Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings|author=Staff|year=1988|publisher=Nobelprize.org|accessdate=October 20, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Burroughs Wellcome kwagara Research Triangle Park na North Carolina, Elion kwagara Chapel Hill dị nso. Ọ lara ezumike nká na 1983 site na Burroughs Wellcome iji nwetakwuo oge na-eme njem na ịga opera. Ọ gara n'ihu na-enye onyinye sayensị dị mkpa mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Otu n'ime ihe na-atọ ya ụtọ n'oge a bụ ịgba ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ ume ịchụso ọrụ na sayensị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; &gt;{{Cite journal|title=Gertrude Belle Elion (1918-1999)|journal=Science|volume=284|issue=5419|pages=1480|author=Colvin|first=Michael|date=May 28, 1999|doi=10.1126/science.284.5419.1480|pmid=10383327}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elion nwụrụ na North Carolina na 1999, mgbe ọ dị afọ 81.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stille&quot;/&gt; : 76 : 76 

== Ọrụ na nyocha ==
Ọ bụ ezie na Elion nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ iji kwado onwe ya ma tinye onwe ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, Elion rụkwara ọrụ maka National Cancer Institute, American Association for Cancer Research, na World Health Organization, n'etiti òtù ndị ọzọ. Site na 1967 ruo 1983, ọ bụ onye isi nke ngalaba nke ọgwụgwọ nnwale maka Burroughs Wellcome. Ọ lara ezumike nká na Burroughs na Wellcome na 1983.

Ọ sonyeere Mahadum Duke dị ka osote prọfesọ nke ọgwụ na nke ọgwụ nnwale site na 1971 ruo 1983 na prọfesor nyocha site na 1983 ruo 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wayne|first=Tiffany K.|title=American Women of Science Since 1900: Essays A–H. Vol. 1|date=October 11, 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1598841589}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Duke, o lekwasịrị anya n'ịduzi ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike na ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ. O bipụtara ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri abụọ na ise ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ọ zụrụ na Duke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Gertrude Belle Elion (1918-1999)|journal=Science|volume=284|issue=5419|pages=1480|author=Colvin|first=Michael|date=May 28, 1999|doi=10.1126/science.284.5419.1480|pmid=10383327}}&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Ọbụna mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na Burroughs Wellcome, Gertrude gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ oge niile na ụlọ nyocha ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke AZT, otu n'ime ọgwụ ndị mbụ e ji gwọọ HIV na AIDS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ọ dịkwa mkpa na mmepe nke nelarabine, nke ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Kama ịdabere na ikpe na njehie, Elion na Hitchings chọpụtara ọgwụ ọhụrụ site na iji usoro ọgwụgwọ ezi uche dị na ya, bụ nke ji ọdịiche dị na biochemistry na metabolism dị n'etiti sel mmadụ nkịtị na pathogens (ọrịa na-akpata ọrịa dị ka mkpụrụ ndụ cancer, protozoa, nje bacteria na nje) iji chepụta ọgwụ ndị nwere ike igbu ma ọ bụ gbochie mmepụta nke ụfọdụ nje na-emerụghị emerụ ahụ mmadụ. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị ha mepụtara agwọ ọrịa dị iche iche, dị ka leukemia, ịba, lupus, ịba ọcha n'anya, ogbu na nkwonkwo, gout, &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; ịjụ transplantation (azathioprine), yana herpes (acyclovir, nke bụ ọgwụ mbụ ahọrọ ma dị irè nke ụdị ya). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wasserman|first=Elga R.|title=The door in the dream : conversations with eminent women in science|date=2000|publisher=Joseph Henry Press|isbn=978-0-309-06568-9|url=https://archive.org/details/doorindream00elga/page/47}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ mbụ Elion sitere na ojiji na mmepe nke purine derivatives. Nnyocha Elion nyere aka na mmepe nke:
 

== Ọrụ ndị Gertrude B. Elion họọrọ ==

* {{Cite journal|year=1951|title=Antagonists of Nucleic Acid Derivatives. VI. Purines|url=http://www.jbc.org/content/192/2/505.full.pdf|journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume=192|issue=2|pages=505–518|pmid=14907641|author=Elion GB|doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(19)77771-0}}
* &quot;Mmekọrịta nke ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa kansa na Enzymes. &quot; Na Pharmacological Basis of Cancer Chemotherapy (1975).
* {{Cite journal|year=1989|title=The Purine Path to Chemotherapy|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=2649979|journal=Science|volume=244|issue=4900|pages=41–47|doi=10.1126/science.2649979|author=Elion|first=G.|pmid=2649979}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Elion|first=G. B.|year=1977|title=Selectivity of Action of an Antiherpetic Agent, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=74|issue=12|pages=5716–5720|doi=10.1073/pnas.74.12.5716|pmid=202961}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Elion|first=Gertrude B.|year=1955|title=The Synthesis of 6-Thioguanine|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=77|issue=6|doi=10.1021/ja01611a082}}

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==
N'afọ 1988, Elion nwetara [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]], ya na Hitchings na Sir James Black maka nchọpụta nke &quot;ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ dị mkpa nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wasserman|first=Elga R.|title=The door in the dream : conversations with eminent women in science|publisher=Joseph Henry Press|isbn=978-0-309-06568-9|year=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/doorindream00elga/page/46}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elion bụ nwanyị nke ise nwetara ihe nrite Nobel na Medicine na nke itoolu na sayensị n'ozuzu ya, yana otu n'ime mmadụ ole na ole nwetara ihe nrise na-enweghị nzere doctoral.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/womenofvalor/elion|title=Gertrude Elion {{!}} Jewish Women's Archive|work=jwa.org|accessdate=2019-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519221129/https://jwa.org/womenofvalor/elion|archivedate=2018-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ naanị nwanyị e nyere onyinye Nobel n'afọ ahụ. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu National Academy of Sciences na 1990,  onye otu Institute of Medicine na 1991  na Fellow nke American Academy of Arts and Sciences kwa na 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gertrude B. Elion|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/1653.html|work=National Academy of Sciences|accessdate=July 26, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter E|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterE.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=July 25, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nrite ya gụnyere Garvan-Olin Medal (1968), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Francis P. Garvan–John M. Olin Medal|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/funding-and-awards/awards/national/bytopic/francis-p-garvan-john-m-olin-medal.html|work=American Chemical Society|accessdate=14 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sloan-Kettering Institute Judd Award (1983), &lt;ref name=&quot;jwa.org&quot; /&gt; American Chemical Society Distinguished Chemist Award (1985), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement|work=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}&lt;/ref&gt; American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award (1989), [3] American Association for Cancer Research Award Cain (1985), &lt;ref name=&quot;NSF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff|title=The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details: Gertrude B. Elion|publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=118|accessdate=October 20, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; American Cancer Society Medal of Honor (1990), [4] National Medal of Science (1991), [4] na Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award (1997).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=$100,000 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award Winners|url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/sites/default/files/content/documents/events/lemelson-mit-lifetime_achievement-1.pdf|work=MIT Technology Review Custom + Lemelson-MIT Program|accessdate=14 February 2018|archivedate=March 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329111211/https://lemelson.mit.edu/sites/default/files/content/documents/events/lemelson-mit-lifetime_achievement-1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1991, Elion ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ a nabatara na National Inventors Hall of Fame. &lt;ref name=&quot;InventNow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff|title=Invent Now: Hall of Fame: Gertrude Belle Elion|publisher=[[National Inventors Hall of Fame]]|url=http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/51.html|accessdate=October 20, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901222110/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/51.html|archivedate=September 1, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A nabatara ya na National Women's Hall of Fame kwa na 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/gertrude-belle-elion/|title=Elion, Gertrude Belle|work=National Women's Hall of Fame|accessdate=March 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1992, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye Injinia na Ụlọ Nzukọ Sayensị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wasserman|first=Elga R.|title=The door in the dream : conversations with eminent women in science|date=2000|publisher=Joseph Henry Press|isbn=978-0-309-06568-9|url=https://archive.org/details/doorindream00elga/page/49}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye mba ọzọ nke Royal Society (ForMemRS) n'afọ 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;formemrs&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Avery|first=Mary Ellen|authorlink=Mary Ellen Avery|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2007.0051|title=Gertrude Belle Elion. 23 January 1918 – 21 February 1999|journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|volume=54|pages=161–168|year=2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Usoro oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị
* Ndepụta nke ndị Juu nwetara nrite Nobel

== Edemsibia ==

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Cecilia Eckelmann Battistello''' (13 Eprel 1950 - 6 Machị 2024) bụ onye ọchụnta ego nke mba Britain a mụrụ n'Ịtali bụ onye isi oche na onye isi nchịkwa nke otu Contship Italia.

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
Battistello malitere ọrụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ Ụgbọ mmiri CP Switzerland dị ka onye nnọchi anya azụmahịa maka Contship Containerlines. N'oge afọ 1988, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ma n' oge afọ 1989 ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke UK India Pakistan Bangladesh Shipping Conference . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=I primati di Cecilia la signora dello shipping|url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2001/11/19/primati-di-cecilia-la-signora-dello.html|work=Repubblica.it|accessdate=3 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; N' oge afọ 1993, ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi ala ma n' oge afọ 1996 a họpụtara ya dịka onyeisi oche na onye isi otu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Profile|url=https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Cecilia-E-M-Eckelmann-Battistello-070QRK-E/biography/|work=Marketscreener.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; N' oge afọ 1998, mgbe eresiri Contship Containerlines nye ndi CP Ships, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka Onye isi oche nke Board wee ghọọ Onye isi oche nke otu Contship Italia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;The Lady&quot;, l’italiana regina dei container|url=http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/lady-l-italiana-regina-dei-container.html|work=il Giornale.it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na oge afọ 2005 ruo oge afọ 2010 ọ bụ onye isi oche nke FEPORT (Federation of European Private Port Operators). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Battistello a tempo di record|url=http://www.ship2shore.it/it/rubriche/battistello-a-tempo-di-record_40330.htm|work=ship2shore.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Febụwarị nke oge afọ 2020, e bipụtara akụkọ ndụ ya &quot;Il sogno di Cecilia - Una Nave Rosa Attraverso l&quot;Oceano&quot;. Onye nduzi na onye edemede telivishọn bụ Aldo Innocenti bọ onye dezikwara akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka onye edemede ma Mondadori bọzi onye bipụtara ya. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Battistello nwụrụ n’obodo Hamburg n’ọbọchi isii nke ọnwa  Maachị nke oge afọ 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 73. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Latorre|first=Michele|title=European transport mourns the loss of Cecilia Eckelmann Battistello|url=https://www.trasportoeuropa.it/english/european-transport-mourns-the-loss-of-cecilia-eckelmann-battistello/|work=TrasportoEuropa|accessdate=6 March 2024|date=6 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==
N'oge afọ 1992, akwụkwọ akụkọ The Times raara ya nye otu isiokwu maka iwebata usoro ụgbọ mmiri ndị e sere ákwà ha na elu ha na-achazikwa pinki pinki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Times, London|url=http://gdc.galegroup.com/gdc/artemis/NewspapersDetailsPage/NewspapersDetailsWindow?disableHighlighting=false&amp;displayGroupName=DVI-Newspapers&amp;docIndex=1&amp;prodId=TTDA&amp;mode=view&amp;limiter=&amp;display-query=OQE+Battistello&amp;contentModules=&amp;action=e&amp;sortBy=&amp;windowstate=normal&amp;currPage=1&amp;dviSelectedPage=&amp;scanId=&amp;query=OQE+Battistello&amp;search_within_results=&amp;p=TTDA&amp;catId=&amp;displayGroups=&amp;documentId=GALE%7CIF0500596179&amp;activityType=BasicSearch&amp;failOverType=&amp;commentary=&amp;navigationOption=page&amp;source=Bookmark&amp;u=times&amp;jsid=6db49a86a7749603bcfe5462116a86a0|date=25 November 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Battistello: &quot;Ho voluto una nave rosa, è stata un’idea folle ma riuscita&quot;|url=https://www.lastampa.it/2019/05/29/societa/battistello-ho-voluto-una-nave-rosa-stata-unidea-folle-ma-riuscita-Y4EfgTYmo49tYqHscRshBP/pagina.html|work=LaStampa.it|accessdate=2025-09-01|archivedate=2019-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703023829/https://www.lastampa.it/2019/05/29/societa/battistello-ho-voluto-una-nave-rosa-stata-unidea-folle-ma-riuscita-Y4EfgTYmo49tYqHscRshBP/pagina.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N' oge afọ 2014, o ritere ihe nrite Bellisario na ngalaba &quot;Entrepreneurship&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=26a edizione: Donne ad Alta Quota|url=http://www.fondazionebellisario.org/il-premio/edizioni-del-premio-marisa-bellisario/il-premio-2014/|work=fondazionebellisario.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N' oge afọ 2015, London Containerisation International nyere ya Lifetime Achievement Award iji kwado ọrụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri zuzikwara ụwa ọnụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cecilia Eckelmann-Battistello presented with CI's Lifetime Achievement Award|url=https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/LL017241/Cecilia-EckelmannBattistello-presented-with-CIs-Lifetime-Achievement-Award|work=Lloyd's List}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cecilia Battistello wins Life Time Achievement Award|url=https://www.contshipitalia.com/en/news-room/cecilia-battistello-wins-life-time-achievement-award|work=Contshipitalia.com|accessdate=2025-09-01|archivedate=2019-05-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503090113/https://www.contshipitalia.com/en/news-room/cecilia-battistello-wins-life-time-achievement-award}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge afọ 2016, e gosipụtara ya na Lloyd's Top 100 Most Influential People in Shipping . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The most influential people in the shipping industry - one Hundred|url=https://maritimecyprus.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/ll7top100a.pdf|work=Lloyd's List, One Hundred - Edition Seven|accessdate=3 May 2019|archivedate=3 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503090104/https://maritimecyprus.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/ll7top100a.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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[[Faịlụ:Claudia Goldin (cropped).jpg|thumb|Claudia Goldin]]
'''Claudia Dale Goldin''' (amụrụ na Mee 14, 1946) bụ onye America na-Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụ na ụba ọrụ. Ọ bụ Henry Lee Prọfesọ nke Economics na Mahadum Harvard . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2023, e nyere ya ihe nrite Nobel Memorial Prize na sayensị akụ na ụba &quot;n'ihi ịkwalite nghọta anyị banyere nsonaazụ ahịa Ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto13&quot; /&gt; Nwanyị nke atọ meriri ihe nrite ahụ, ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ meriri ihe mmeri ahụ n'onwe ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ onye ntụzi aka (onye na-eduzi Claudia Olivetti na Jessica Goldberg) nke National Bureau of Economic Research's (NBER) Gender na otu ọmụmụ Economy, [1] ma bụrụkwa onye isi NBER's Development of the American Economy program site na 1989 ruo 2017. 

Ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Goldin na ụmụ nwanyị na akụnụba America bụ ihe a kacha mara ya.Banyere isiokwu ahụ, akwụkwọ ya kacha emetụta bụ nke gbasara mmetụta ọgwụ mgbochi ime na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na mkpebi alụmdi na nwunye.agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ndị nwoke ọnụ na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na-achụso ọrụ na ezinụlọ, aha ikpeazụ ụmụ nwanyị mgbe alụmdi na nwunye dị ka ihe ngosi ọha mmadụ, ihe kpatara ọtụtụ ndị na-agụghị akwụkwọ ugbu a bụ ụmụ nwanyị, na akụkọ ndụ ọhụrụ nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bio for Claudia Goldin|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/goldin/biocv|accessdate=October 11, 2023|work=scholar.harvard.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1990, Goldin ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba akụ na ụba nke Harvard.&lt;ref name=&quot;crims&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2013 ọ bụ oge isi oche nke American Economic Association . 

== Akụkọ ndụ ==

=== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ===
A mụrụ Claudia Goldin na Bronx, New York City na Mee 14, 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2023/10/claudia-goldin-67-wins-nobel-prize-economics|title=Claudia Goldin '67 wins Nobel Prize in Economics &amp;#124; Cornell Chronicle|work=news.cornell.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ ya bụ ndị Juu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/nobel-prize-harvard-professor-claudia-goldin-economics-b2427243.html|title=Sheryl Sandberg interview on Harvard professor Claudia Goldin winning Nobel Prize|date=October 11, 2023|work=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya Leon Goldin (1918-2011) rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa nhazi data na Burlington Industries,  nne ya Lucille Rosansky Goldin (1919-2020) bụ onye isi nke Public School 105 na Bronx.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/dailycamera/name/lucille-goldin-obituary?id=8221782|title=Lucille Goldin Obituary (2020) – Boulder, CO – The Daily Camera|work=Legacy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/en-ca/obituaries/boulder-co/lucille-goldin-9346732|title=Lucille Goldin Obituary – Boulder, CO|work=Dignity Memorial}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka nwatakịrị, Claudia kpebisiri ike ịghọ onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie, mana mgbe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ Paul nke Kruif's Microbe Hunters (1926)  na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ dọtara mmasị ya na nkà mmụta nje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=de Kruif|first=Paul|date=1926|title=Microbe Hunters|series=Blue Ribbon Books|publisher=Harcourt Brace &amp; Company Inc.|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.221187/page/n3/mode/2up|accessdate=May 8, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'oge ọkọchị na Microbiology na Mahadum Cornell ma mgbe ọ gụsịrịụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bronx High School of Science ọ banyere Mahadum cornell na ebumnuche nke ịmụ microbiology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Claudia Goldin|url=https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/econ_focus/2014/q4/interview|accessdate=October 9, 2023|work=www.richmondfed.org|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Detective-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Economist as Detective|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/goldin/files/detective.doc|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921031030/http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/goldin/files/detective.doc|archivedate=September 21, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Walker-2018&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ nke abụọ ya, Goldin weere Alfred Kahn klas, &quot;bụ onye obi ụtọ ya n'iji akụ na ụba kpughee eziokwu zoro ezo mere maka akụ na ụba ihe akụkọ Paul de Kruif mere maka microbiology.Na 1967 ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cornell na BA na akụnụba, na 1969 ọ gụchara akara ugo mmụta masta ya na akụ na ụba na Mahadum Chicago.

Goldin nwetara PhD ya na Industrial Organization na Labor Economics na Mahadum Chicago na 1972. &lt;ref name=&quot;Walker-2018&quot; /&gt; O dere edemede ya (&quot;The Economics of Urban Slavery: 1820 to 1860&quot;) banyere ịgba ohu n'obodo ndịda antebellum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mag.uchicago.edu/economics-business/delight-discovery|title=The University of Chicago Magazine|work=mag.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Goldin|first=Claudia|title=Urban Slavery in the American South|url=https://www.rareamericana.com/pages/books/3729616/claudia-dale-goldin/urban-slavery-in-the-american-south-1820-1860-a-quantitative-history|work=Rare Americana|accessdate=August 20, 2021|archivedate=August 20, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820003004/https://www.rareamericana.com/pages/books/3729616/claudia-dale-goldin/urban-slavery-in-the-american-south-1820-1860-a-quantitative-history}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ ===
Site na 1971 ruo 1973, ọ bụ osote prọfesọ nke akụnụba na Mahadum Wisconsin.  Ọ bụkwa osote prọfesọ nke akụnụba site na 1973 ruo 1979, na Mahadum Princeton.  Site na 1979 ruo 1985 ọ bụ osote prọfesọ nke akụnụba na Mahadum Pennsylvania, na site na 1985 ruo 1990 ọ bụ onye prọfesọ nke akụnụba ebe ahụ.[1]  Ọ sonyeere ngalaba mmụta akụ na ụba na Mahadum Harvard na 1990, ebe ọ bụ na 1990 nwanyị mbụ enyere ikike na ngalaba ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;crims&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Alexander|first=Sophie M.|title=Goldin Demystifies Gender Economics|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2007/4/26/goldin-demystifies-gender-economics-gender-will/|work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]|date=April 26, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Goldin bụ onye isi oche nke American Economic Association na 2013 na onye isi oche of Economic History Association na 1999/2000. A họpụtala ya dịka onye otu ọtụtụ òtù, gụnyere American Academy of Political and Social Science, [[Society of Labor Economists]], Econometric Society, na American Academy of Arts and Sciences.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aea profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Claudia Goldin, Distinguished Fellow 2014|url=https://www.aeaweb.org/about-aea/honors-awards/distinguished-fellows/claudia-goldin|work=aeaweb.org|publisher=[[American Economic Association]]|accessdate=October 10, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye otu ngalaba 53 (Social and Political Sciences) na 54 (Economic Sciences) nke National Academy of Sciences . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Claudia D. Goldin|url=https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/1094.html|work=nasonline.org|publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]]|accessdate=October 10, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ natala ọtụtụ nzere doctorate nsọpụrụ gụnyere Mahadum Nebraska,   Mahadum Lund,  European University Institute, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Honorary Degrees|url=https://nebraska.edu/-/media/projects/unca/docs/board-of-regents/awards-and-recognition/honorary-degrees/honorary-degrees-alphabetical-2020.pdf|publisher=[[University of Nebraska system]]|accessdate=October 10, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahadum Zurich, [4] Dartmouth College, [4] na Mahadum Rochester.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Clement|first=Douglas|title=Interview with Claudia Goldin {{!}} Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis|url=https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2004/interview-with-claudia-goldin|work=minneapolisfed.org|publisher=[[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]]|accessdate=October 10, 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LUSEM honorary doctor receives the Prize in Economic Sciences 2023|url=https://www.lusem.lu.se/news/lusem-honorary-doctor-receives-the-prize-in-economic-sciences-2023|work=Lund University School of Economics and Management|accessdate=October 10, 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Doctor Honoris Causa of the EUI|url=https://www.eui.eu/ServicesAndAdmin/AcademicService/Honorary-Doctorates|work=European University Institute|accessdate=October 10, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prof. Dr. Claudia Goldin|url=https://www.uzh.ch/de/explore/portrait/awards/hc/2020/oec.html|work=uzh.ch|publisher=[[University of Zurich]]|accessdate=October 10, 2023|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Claudia Goldin, Doctor of Humane Letters {{!}} Dartmouth|url=https://home.dartmouth.edu/news/2022/06/claudia-goldin-doctor-humane-letters|work=home.dartmouth.edu|publisher=[[Dartmouth College]]|accessdate=October 10, 2023|language=en|date=June 22, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Honorary degrees|url=https://www.rochester.edu/commencement/class-of-2023/honorary-degrees/|work=rochester.edu|publisher=[[University of Rochester]]|accessdate=October 10, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Journal of Economic History, site na 1984 ruo 1988. &lt;ref name=&quot;Aea profile&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2015, site n'iji ego sitere na Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Goldin na Tatyana Avilova malitere ihe ịma aka ụmụ nwanyị na-agụsị akwụkwọ na akụ na ụba (UWE) na-enwe olileanya ibelata ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ na akụnụba. E mere nnwale a na-achịkwa na mberede maka otu afọ site na iji ụlọ ọrụ iri abụọ iji nweta ọgwụgwọ na iri isii na asatọ ndị ọzọ dị ka njikwa iji hụ ma ọ bụrụ na mmetụ ọkụ, ntinye aka dị ala nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị isi akụ na ụba. Achọpụtara na ọgwụgwọ ahụ &quot;ma eleghị anya gara nke ọma na kọleji nka na ikekwe na mahadum ndị buru ibu nke, na mgbakwunye, nwere RCT nke ha [nnwale a na-achịkwa na mberede]. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Undergraduate Women in Economics (UWE)|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/goldin/UWE|work=scholar.harvard.edu|accessdate=October 10, 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Avilova|first=Tatyana|title=What the Undergraduate Women in Economics Challenge did for economics|url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/what-undergraduate-women-economics-challenge-did-economics|work=CEPR|accessdate=October 10, 2023|language=en|date=August 21, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruo afọ 28 na-agwụ na 2017, Goldin bụ onye nduzi nke Development of the American Economy (DAE) Program na National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). &lt;ref name=&quot;Walker-2018&quot; /&gt;

== Nnyocha ==

=== Omume akụkọ ihe mere eme na itinye aka n'ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ===
Nnyocha Claudia Goldin agbanweela nghọta nke ihe mere ụgwọ ọrụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ji dị ala karịa nke ụmụ nwoke ma chọpụta isi ihe na-akpali ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị n'ahịa ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2023|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2023/press-release/|accessdate=2025-02-27|work=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'akwụkwọ ya bụ Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women (1990), o dere banyere ọganihu nke ndị ọrụ nwanyị na United States site na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ ruo ngwụcha nke narị afọ nke abụọ, na-elekwasị anya n'okwu gbasara ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị n'ebe ọrụ ma na-ama nghọta a na-ahụkarị na ọganihu ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị bụ nzaghachi maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya karịa ọganihu akụ na ụba ogologo oge. Ọ na-egosipụta na ọdịiche ụgwọ ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị adịla kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ ma bụrụkwa nke e mere site na ụkpụrụ ọha mmadụ, usoro ahịa ọrụ, na mmachi iwu.[1]  Goldin na-eleba anya n'okwu abụọ bụ isi &quot;okwu ụmụ nwanyị&quot; na akụnụba taa: Gịnị kpatara ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè ji rịa elu nke ukwuu n'ime ọkara narị afọ gara aga, karịsịa maka ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di?  Kedu ihe kpatara ọdịiche dị n'etiti ego ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị ji na-aga n'ihu n'otu oge a? &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wright|first=Gavin|date=1991|title=Understanding the Gender Gap: A Review Article|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2727615|journal=Journal of Economic Literature|volume=29|issue=3|pages=1153–1163|issn=0022-0515}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'akwụkwọ ọrụ ya &quot;The U-Shaped Female Labor Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History&quot; (1994) Goldin dere banyere otu ụmụ nwanyị si etinye aka na ọrụ na-agbaso usoro U. Na mbido, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, ma ka mmepụta mmepụta ihe na-aga n'ihu, òkè ha na-ebelata n'ihi ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na mgbanwe nke ahịa ọrụ n'ime akụkụ ndị nwoke na-achị.  Otú ọ dị, ka agụmakwụkwọ na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị na-alaghachi n'ọrụ ọrụ, ya mere U-ụdị.  Usoro a na-enyere aka ịkọwa usoro ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke mba.

Otu n'ime akwụkwọ ya kacha akpọtụrụ, &quot;A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Ikpeazụ Chapter&quot; (2014), na-akọwapụta otú ime ka ọrụ dịkwuo mfe ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na imechi ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị.  Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka nkà na ụzụ, sayensị, na ahụike, anabatala usoro ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, mgbanwe ndị a ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ejide ọrụ dịka azụmahịa ụlọ ọrụ, ego, na iwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Goldin|first=Claudia|date=April 2014|title=A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter|url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.104.4.1091|journal=American Economic Review|language=en|volume=104|issue=4|pages=1091–1119|doi=10.1257/aer.104.4.1091|issn=0002-8282}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwụkwọ Goldin bụ Career and Family: Women's Century-Long Journey Toward Equity (2021) bụ nchịkọta zuru oke nke nyocha ya sara mbara, na-enyocha etu ụkpụrụ ọha na eze, ike akụ na ụba, na nhọrọ onwe onye si ejikọta ma kpụzie ndụ na ohere ụmụ nwanyị na narị afọ gara aga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Goldin|first=Claudia|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691226736/html|title=Career and Family: Women's Century-Long Journey toward Equity|date=2021-10-12|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-22673-6|language=en|doi=10.1515/9780691226736}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-achọpụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji na-emeso nsogbu nke ijikọ ọrụ na ezinụlọ na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na United States, gụnyere mmetụta nke ọrịa COVID-19 na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị. N'ime akwụkwọ ahụ, Goldin na-agbagha nkwenkwe ndị dị mfe banyere ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị, na ọ bụ maka nhọrọ onwe onye, na-enweghị mkpa ọ bụla maka itinye aka na iwu. Ọ na-ekwu nke ọma na nhọrọ na-akpụzi site na mgbochi nke ọha mmadụ, teknụzụ, usoro iwu, na atụmanya onwe onye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Stevenson|first=Betsey|date=2024-09-01|title=Career and Family: Women's Century-Long Journey toward Equity|url=https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jel.62.3.1256.r3|journal=Journal of Economic Literature|language=en|volume=62|issue=3|pages=1259–1261|doi=10.1257/jel.62.3.1256.r3|issn=0022-0515}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ọrụ nke mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ====
Isiokwu &quot;The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women's Career and Marriage Decisions&quot; (August 2002), nke Goldin na Lawrence F. Katz, gosipụtara otu ịnweta igbochi ọmụmụ si gbanwee ohere akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị. Ọgwụ ahụ na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị aka igbu oge ịlụ di na nwunye na ịmụ nwa, ma na-enye ha ohere itinye ego na agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ dị elu, ya mere na-eduga n'inwekwu ndị ọrụ na ọganihu ọkachamara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Goldin|first=Claudia|date=August 2002|title=The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women's Career and Marriage Decisions|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/340778|journal=Journal of Political Economy|volume=110|issue=4|pages=730–770|doi=10.1086/340778|issn=0022-3808}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'isiokwu &quot;The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Employment, Education, and Family&quot; (May 2006), Goldin na-akọwa etu ịnweta igbochi ọmụmụ, ịgbanwe ọchịchọ, na iwu ebe ọrụ si mee ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị chụsoo ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ dị elu. Nnyocha Goldin na-achọpụta mgbanwe atọ na ntinye aka nke ụmụ nwanyị na narị afọ nke 20, na-agwụcha ihe ọ na-akpọ &quot;mgbanwe dị jụụ&quot;. N'oge mbụ, ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole lụrụ di na-arụ ọrụ, ọganihu akụ na ụba naanị ezughị iji mụbaa ntinye aka ha. Otú ọ dị, mgbanwe ọha na eze, dịka ọmụmaatụ ịrị elu nke &quot;ọrụ dị mma&quot; nke belatara echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di na-arụ ọrụ, melite ohere agụmakwụkwọ, na iwebata ọrụ nwa oge, jikwa nwayọọ nwayọọ mee ka ọrụ dịkwuo mma. Site na nke atọ, malite na 1960s, ụmụ agbọghọ malitere ịhazi ọrụ dịka nnweta nke ọgwụ mgbochi ọmụmụ, na-ahụ ịrị elu nke ịgba alụkwaghịm, na mgbanwe atụmanya mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Mgbanwe a dugara n'ịbawanye itinye ego na agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ, ya mere o nyere aka n'ịgbanwe ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na ahịa ọrụ, na-anọpụ iche na di ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Goldin|first=Claudia|date=May 2006|title=The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Employment, Education, and Family|url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/000282806777212350|journal=American Economic Review|language=en|volume=96|issue=2|pages=1–21|doi=10.1257/000282806777212350|issn=0002-8282}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama ===
Goldin dere banyere [[Agha Obodo America]] na ịgba ohu. N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, ya na onye nwụrụ anwụ Frank Lewis, dere edemede &quot;The Economic Cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and Implications&quot; (1975). .&lt;ref name=&quot;auto14&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/abs/economic-cost-of-the-american-civil-war-estimates-and-implications/2722ABEE2FA74722D17AA9D40E552448|doi=10.1017/S0022050700075070|title=The Economic Cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and Implications|date=1975|author=Goldin|first=Claudia D.|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=35|issue=2|pages=299–326}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto15&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26235409.pdf|title=The American Civil War in Economic Perspective: Basic Questions and Some Answers|author=Coclanis|first=Peter A.|journal=Southern Cultures|date=October 15, 1996|volume=2|issue=2|pages=163–175|doi=10.1353/scu.1996.0000}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọzọkwa, na 1976 akwụkwọ ya Urban Slavery in the American South, 1820 ruo 1860: A Quantitative History e bipụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 11, 2023|title=Claudia Goldin {{!}} Biography, Nobel Prize, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Claudia-Goldin|accessdate=October 11, 2023|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot; The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the College Gender Gap&quot; (2006), nke Goldin, Lawrence F. Katz, na Ilyana Kuziemko dere, nke e bipụtara na Journal of Economic Perspectives (20), na-enye nkọwa nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze n'azụ ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na ndebanye aha na kọleji site na 1930, nke ruru nhata na 1980s, n'ikpeazụ gbanwee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Goldin|first=Claudia|date=December 2006|title=The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the College Gender Gap|url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.20.4.133|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|language=en|volume=20|issue=4|pages=133–156|doi=10.1257/jep.20.4.133|issn=0895-3309}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Goldin na Katz dere banyere mmekọrịta agụmakwụkwọ na ọganihu teknụzụ n'akwụkwọ The Race Between Education and Technology (2009). Akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwu na mgbanwe teknụzụ, agụmakwụkwọ, na enweghị nhata etinyela aka n'ụdị agbụrụ. N'ime afọ iri asatọ mbụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, mmụba nke ndị ọrụ gụrụ akwụkwọ dị elu karịa ihe achọrọ ha. Nke a nwere mmetụta nke ịkwalite ego maka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na ibelata ahaghị nhata. Otú ọ dị, ihe dị iche bụ eziokwu kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 1980. Mbelata agụmakwụkwọ a na-esonyere enweghị nhata na-arịwanye elu. Ndị dere ya na-atụle ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya kpatara nke a, na ihe a ga-eme iji melite ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;amzn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Race between Education and Technology|isbn=978-0674035300|author=Goldin|first=Claudia Dale|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674035300|title=The Race between Education and Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eto akwụkwọ a dị ka &quot;nnukwu mmezu nke na-enye usoro dị n'otu maka ịkọwa otú ọchịchọ na ịnye ego mmadụ si kpụzie nkesa nke ego n'ahịa ọrụ US na narị afọ nke iri abụọ&quot;, [1] na Alan Krueger nke Mahadum Princeton kwuru na ọ &quot;na-anọchite anya ihe kachasị  mma nke ihe akụ na ụba nwere inye&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Daron Acemoğlu|title=What Does Human Capital Do? A Review of Goldin and Katz's ''The Race between Education and Technology''|journal=[[Journal of Economic Literature]]|date=June 2012|volume=50|issue=2|pages=426–463|doi=10.1257/jel.50.2.426|url=http://economics.mit.edu/files/7490}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Claudia na Katz rụkọkwara ọrụ ọnụ n'ịkọwa uru nke agụmakwụkwọ kọleji n'ahịa ọrụ na akwụkwọ ha nke afọ 2016 &quot;The Value of Postsecondary Credentials in the Labor Market: An Experimental Study&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Deming|first=David J.|date=March 2016|title=The Value of Postsecondary Credentials in the Labor Market: An Experimental Study|journal=American Economic Review|language=en|volume=106|issue=3|pages=778–806|doi=10.1257/aer.20141757|issn=0002-8282}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Goldin arụwokwa ọrụ na isiokwu ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere mmetụta nke inye mmiri dị ọcha na usoro nsị dị irè na ọnwụ ụmụ ọhụrụ, [1] na otú Japan na United States nwere ike isi belata nrụgide nke ịka  nká. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Goldin|first=Claudia|date=2016|title=How Japan and the US Can Reduce the Stress of Aging, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, Working Paper 22445|url=https://goldin.scholars.harvard.edu/sites/g/files/omnuum5966/files/goldin/files/goldin_how_japan_and_the_us.pdf|work=Harvard University website, Claudia Goldin publications page|publisher=|accessdate=February 28, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Goldin lụrụ onye prọfesọ akụ na ụba Harvard ibe ya Lawrence F. Katz. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2023/10/09/united-states/economics-nobel-awarded-to-claudia-goldin-for-work-on-women-in-the-labor-market|title=Economics Nobel awarded to Claudia Goldin for work on women in the labor market|first=Ron|author=Kampeas|date=October 9, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2023/12/PIE-the-inequality-economist|title=The Inequality Economist|work=IMF}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere Golden Retrievers malite na 1970, ma aha nke mbụ ya bụ Kelso. Pika, ya na di ya Golden Retriever onye nwụrụ na 2024, bụ ndị a ma ama maka ihe nrite ya na asọmpi ísì, a zụrụ ya maka asọmpi nrubeisi, ma bụrụkwa nkịta ọgwụgwọ n'ụlọ ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi n'ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pika the Golden Retriever|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/goldin/pages/pika|accessdate=August 4, 2021|work=scholar.harvard.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==

* 1990, 2008, 2021: Ugboro atọ laureate nke Richard A. Lester Award maka akwụkwọ pụtara ìhè na mmekọrịta ụlọ ọrụ na akụ na ụba ọrụ &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Richard A. Lester Book Award|url=https://irs.princeton.edu/lester-award|work=The Richard A. Lester Book Award|publisher=Princeton University Industrial Relations Section}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Richard A. Lester Book Award|url=https://irs.princeton.edu/lester-award|accessdate=October 10, 2023|work=Industrial Relations Section|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1991: Allan Sharlin Memorial Book Award site na Social Science History Association &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 13, 2025|title=Allan Sharlin Memorial Book Award|url=https://ssha.org/awards/sharlin_award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2005: Carolyn Shaw Bell Award site na American Economic Association &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=453|title=Claudia Goldin Named the Recipient of the 2005 Carolyn Shaw Bell Award}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008: R.R. Hawkins Award, The Professional and Scholarly Publishing Division nke Association of American Publishers &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Glaser|first=Linda B.|title=Oct. 23 talk will show path to full gender equality {{!}} Cornell Chronicle|url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2014/10/oct-23-talk-will-show-path-full-gender-equality|work=Cornell Chronicle|date=October 15, 2014|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: Jacob Mincer Award site na Society of Labor Economists &lt;ref name=&quot;Walker-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Walker|first=Peter J.|title=Profile of Harvard Economist Claudia Goldin|work=IMF Finance &amp; Development Magazine|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2018/12/profile-of-harvard-economist-claudia-goldin|publisher=IMF|date=December 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: Onyinye John R. Commons &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0569434520980962|title=The John R. Commons Award|date=March 17, 2021|journal=The American Economist|volume=66|issue=1|doi=10.1177/0569434520980962}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: IZA Prize na Labor Economics &quot;maka ọrụ ya ogologo oge na akụkọ akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwanyị na agụmakwụkwọ na ahịa ọrụ&quot; 
* 2019: BBVA Foundation Frontiers in Knowledge Award na ngalaba nke Economics, Finance, and Management maka onyinye ya na nyocha ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/bf-tbf032619.php|title=The BBVA Foundation recognizes Claudia Goldin for pioneering analysis of the gender gap|date=March 26, 2019|work=EurekAlert!|language=en|accessdate=March 31, 2019|archivedate=March 31, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331050653/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/bf-tbf032619.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: Clarivate Citation laureate na sayensị akụ na ụba 
* 2020: Erwin Plein Nemmers Prize na Economics 
* 2021: Society for Progress Medal &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2021 Progress Medal laureates announcement|url=http://societyforprogress.org/press/2021-progress-medal-laureates-announcement.pdf|publisher=Society for Progress|date=October 3, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022: Onyinye ọhụụ sitere na Council for Economic Education &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2022 Visionary Awards Benefit Dinner|url=https://www.councilforeconed.org/2022-visionary-awards-benefit-dinner/|work=Council for Economic Education|date=May 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023: Ihe nrite Sveriges Riksbank na sayensị akụ na ụba na Ncheta Alfred Nobel &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/claudia-goldin-wins-2023-nobel-economics-prize-2023-10-09/|title=Nobel economics prize goes to Claudia Goldin|first=Simon|author=Johnson|work=Reuters|date=October 9, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023: A gụnyere ya na ndepụta 100 nke ụmụ nwanyị nke BBC &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=November 23, 2023|title=BBC 100 Women 2023: Who is on the list this year?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-02d9060e-15dc-426c-bfe0-86a6437e5234|accessdate=2023-11-24|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023: E nyere ya ihe nrite Nobel Memorial Prize na sayensị akụ na ụba &lt;ref name=&quot;auto13&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=October 9, 2023|title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2023|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2023/summary/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024: Otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị iri na abụọ gụnyere na ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ nke magazin Time  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/greta-gerwig-among-2024-times-women-of-the-year-list/articleshow/107890652.cms?from=mdr|title=Greta Gerwig among 2024 Time's Women Of The Year list|work=The Economic Times|date=February 21, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024: A họpụtara ya site na Miriam's Cup, nke site na 2024 kwa afọ &quot;na-amata nwanyị Juu nke ihe ịga nke ọma&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://miriamscup.com/honorees/|title=Honorees - Miriam's Cup|date=April 14, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

* Goldin, Claudia Dale ''Ịghọta ọdịiche dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị: Akụkọ akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwanyị America''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990,  . 
* Goldin, Claudia Dale et al. Strategic Factors in Nineteenth Century American Economic History: A Volume to Honor Robert W. Fogel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992,  . 
* Goldin, Claudia Dale na Gary D. Libecap. Usoro akụ na ụba a na-achịkwa: Ụzọ akụkọ ihe mere eme maka akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994,  . 
* Bordo, Michael D., Claudia Dale Goldin, na Eugene Nelson White. Oge Nkọwa: Oké Ndakpọ Akụ̀ na Ụba na Ụba America na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998,  . 
* Glaeser, Edward L. na Claudia Dale Goldin. Nrụrụ aka na Mgbanwe: Ihe mmụta sitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006,  . 
* Goldin, Claudia Dale na Lawrence F. Katz. ''Asọmpi dị n'etiti agụmakwụkwọ na teknụzụ''. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press nke Harvard University Press, 2008,  . 
* Goldin, Claudia and Alsan, M. &quot;Watersheds in Child Mortality: The Role of Effective Water and Sewerage Infrastructure, 1880 to 1920&quot;, Journal of Political Economy 127 (2, 2018), pp. 586-638&amp;nbsp;
* Goldin, Claudia na Lawrence F. Katz. Ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ ogologo oge: Ọrụ na-abawanye na ndị agadi. Chicago: Mahadum nke Chicago Press, 2018. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53250-9|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-226-53250-9&lt;/bdi&gt;]] &amp;nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọrụ &amp; Ezinụlọ: Njem ogologo oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na-aga n'ihu. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 2021. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20178-8|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-691-20178-8&lt;/bdi&gt;]] &amp;nbsp;
* &quot;A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter,&quot; American Economic Review 104 (April 2014), peeji nke 1091-119.&amp;nbsp;

== Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Na June 2024, ndị nrite Nobel iri na isii na akụ na ụba, gụnyere Goldin, bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi na-ekwu na iwu ego na azụmahịa nke [[Donald Trump]] tinyere mbọ iji belata nnwere onwe nke Federal Reserve ga-eme ka ọnụ ahịa na United States. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Nichols|first=Hans|date=June 25, 2024|title=Scoop: 16 Nobel economists see a Trump inflation bomb|url=https://www.axios.com/2024/06/25/nobel-prize-winners-biden-economy-trump-inflation|accessdate=June 26, 2024|work=Axios|publisher=Cox Enterprises}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Picciotto|first=Rebecca|date=June 25, 2024|title=Sixteen Nobel Prize-winning economists warn a second Trump term would 'reignite' inflation|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/06/25/nobel-prize-economists-warn-trump-inflation.html|accessdate=June 26, 2024|publisher=CNBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=June 25, 2024|title=16 Nobel Prize-winning economists warn that Trump's economic plans could reignite inflation|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-economy-nobel-prize-winners-letter-inflation-warning/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709175720/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-economy-nobel-prize-winners-letter-inflation-warning/|archivedate=July 9, 2024|accessdate=July 12, 2024|work=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|quote=Trump's policies could prove to be inflationary, other economists also warned, such as his proposal to create a 10% across-the-board tariff on all imports to deporting immigrants. The tariff plan would add $1,700 in annual costs for the typical U.S. household, essentially acting as an inflationary tax, according to experts at the Peterson Institute for International Economics.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2025, Goldin kwuru na ọ na-eche banyere nchịkwa Donald Trump na-ewepụ ma na-eji data gọọmentị eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2025/2/19/claudia-goldin-iop-forum/|title=Nobel Laureate Claudia Goldin Warns of Federal Data Misuse at IOP Forum &amp;#124; News &amp;#124; The Harvard Crimson|work=www.thecrimson.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị Juu nwetara nrite Nobel

== Edensibia ==
{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Christopher A. Sims]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=President of the [[American Economic Association]]|years=2013–2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Nordhaus]]}}
{{s-end}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://scholar.harvard.edu/goldin/publications Akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ] nke Claudia Goldin.
* AppearancesnaC-SPAN
* [https://scholar.harvard.edu/sites/scholar.harvard.edu/files/goldin/files/cgcv2023.pdf Claudia Goldin Curriculum vitae (PDF)]
* Claudia Goldinna Nobelprize.org
** [https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/advanced-economicsciencesprize2023.pdf Nzọụkwụ sayensị maka ihe nrite Nobel na Economics (PDF)]
** [https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/popular-economicsciencesprize2023.pdf Nkwado sayensị maka ihe nrite Nobel na Economics (ụdị a ma ama) (PDF)]
* [http://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=3316 Ajụjụ ọnụ] Goldin site na The Region of the Minneapolis Fed
* The Economist as Detective, edemede dị mkpirikpi nke Claudia Goldin. Na: M. Szenberg (ed.). ''Mmasị na Ọrụ: Ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na-arụ ọrụ''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998,  . 
* Works by or about Claudia GoldinnaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goldin, Claudia}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Agnes J. Quirk</title>
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'''Agnes J. Quirk''' (1884-1974) bụ onye America na-amụ banyere nje bacteria, onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa osisi, na onye mepụtara ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;portsmouth1932&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Staff writer|authorlink=Staff writer|title=See Them Now|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PSpBAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6928,2359767|work=[[The Portsmouth Times]]|publisher=John Clark|date=January 24, 1932|accessdate=May 1, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ahụ maka ịzụlite nje bacteria na Laboratory of Plant Pathology na United States Department of Agriculture's Bureau of Plant Industry .  Ọ natara ikike ikike  maka mmepụta nke ebu penicillin na jelly na 1952. &lt;ref name=&quot;Office1952&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Patent Office|title=Official gazette of the United States Patent Office|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4TYGlmzT4XcC|accessdate=30 March 2012|year=1952|publisher=The Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
B.T na-akwụ ụgwọ Galloway, onye duru Laboratory of Plant Pathology na USDA's Bureau of Plant Industry. N'ebe ahụ, na 1901, ọ ghọrọ onye enyemaka nke onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa pathologist Erwin Frink Smith, bụ onye &quot;nwere mpako maka ndekọ ya nke ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị ịrụ ọrụ na ngalaba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ainsworth1981&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ristaino2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jean Beagle Ristaino|title=Pioneering women in plant pathology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPsfAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=30 March 2012|year=2008|publisher=APS Press|isbn=978-0-89054-359-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha Quirk lekwasịrị anya na ihe omume oxidation nke okpueze na ọdịbendị ndị a na-eji na nyocha pathogenic, na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ Nellie A. Brown.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ainsworth1981&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Geoffrey Clough Ainsworth|title=Introduction to the history of plant pathology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-s8AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA70|accessdate=30 March 2012|date=30 June 1981|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-23032-2|pages=70–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Utu aha ọrụ mbụ ya na ụlọ nyocha ahụ gụnyere &quot;onye enyemaka ụlọ nyocha&quot; na &quot;onye enyemaka sayensị&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quirk1923&quot; /&gt;Mgbe ọ bụ onye na-enyere ya aka na ụlọ nyocha, Quirk nwere atọ n'ime ndị na-enyere aka ịkwadebe mgbasa ozi na-eto eto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=23 March 1916|title=Norwich Bulletin|work=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014086/1916-03-23/ed-1/seq-13/}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mepụtara ngwaọrụ ọhụrụ iji nyere aka tụọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mgbasa ozi n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-enweghị funnels.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Na 1923, ya na Edna H. Fawcett rụkọrọ ọrụ iji bipụta akwụkwọ gbasara mkpokọta hydrogen-ion na usoro omenala. Nnyocha nkwonkwo ha tụlere &quot;ihe dị ka oke uto (acid-alkaline) nke ihe karịrị nje bacteria 24 na-ebute ihe ọkụkụ. &quot;

Site na 1928 ruo 1948, Quirk bụ onye isi ụlọ nyocha ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Science Source - Agnes J. Quirk, American Bacteriologist|url=https://www.sciencesource.com/archive/Agnes-J--Quirk--American-Bacteriologist-SS21872183.html|work=www.sciencesource.com|accessdate=2020-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Symposium on Bacterial Dissociation and Life Cycles of the Society of American Bacteriologists, Quirk wepụtara &quot;Technical Five-fold for Producing the Filterable Form of Bacillus phytophthorus,&quot; na-egosi nkà ya na nje bacteria..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=33rd Annual Meeting|author=Society of American Bacteriologists|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|date=1931|volume=23|issue=1|pages=14–56|doi=10.1128/JB.23.1.14-56.1932|pmid=16559534}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka onye na-amụ banyere nje bacteria nwere ahụmịhe, Quirk ga-ekerịta usoro ịzụlite dị iche iche, dị ka usoro maka poteto agar na ihe ọhụrụ na-eto eto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=American Scientific Congress (8th : 1940 : Washington, D.C.)|title=Proceedings of the eighth American Scientific Congress held in Washington May 10-18, 1940, under the auspices of the government of the United States of America.|date=1943|publisher=Dept. of State|oclc=37532619}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Hydrogen-ion concentration vs. titratable acidity na omenala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quirk1923&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Agnes J. Quirk|title=Hydrogen-ion concentration vs. titratable acidity in culture mediums|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rm0GHAAACAAJ|accessdate=30 March 2012|year=1923}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''A Begonia Immune to Crowngall: Site na Nnyocha na osisi ndị ọzọ na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ ma ọ bụ Semi-Immune''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlxsBgAAQBAJ|publisher=Routledge|date=2003-12-16|isbn=9781135963422|language=en|first=Marilyn|author=Ogilvie|authorlink=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mmetụta nke bacteriophage na Bacterium tumefaciens, na ụfọdụ ọmụmụ nke filtrates.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Pure Smooth and Rough Colony Types at Will: Science Vol. 74 Friday, November 6, 1931, No. 1923
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Njikọ nke Omume nje na nke Osisi na Omenala A manyere Ọdịbendị Aledium'' Environment. Journal of Bacteriology 1934 (J. Bacteriol. 1934, 27 (1):22. )&lt;ref name=&quot;Quirk1923&quot; /&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Edemsibia[http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_306404 Agnes J. Quirk] site na Smithsonian InstitutionỤlọ Ọrụ Smithsonian</text>
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'''Françoise d'Eaubonne (   ; 12 Maachị 1920 – 3 Ọgọst 2005) bụ onye edemede French , onye na-akwado ikike ndị ọrụ, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, na [[Feminism|onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị]].  Akwụkwọ ya na 1974, Le Féminisme ou la mort, webatara okwu ecofeminism.O so guzobe Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire, njikọ mgbanwe nke nwoke na nwoke na Paris.'''

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
Nne ya bụ onye nkuzi, nwa nke onye mgbanwe mgbanwe nke Carlist.  Nna ya bụ onye anarcho-syndicalist na odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị.Ndị mụrụ ya abụọ bụ ndị òtù okpukpe Sillon.[1]  Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii , Agha Obodo Spain dara.  Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ ga-egosipụta mmetụta ya n'oge a nke ndụ ya na aha Chienne de Jeunesse.&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Onye otu French Communist Party site na 1945-1957, na 1971, ọ kwadoro Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire (FHAR), otu ndị na-eme mgbanwe. N'afọ ahụ kwa, ọ bịanyere aka na Manifesto nke 343 na-ekwupụta na ọ tụfuru afọ ime.&lt;ref name=&quot;ManifesteDes343&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidem.org/themes/egalite_hommes_femmes/ega_infos/eclairages/ega_k003.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010423084113/http://www.cidem.org/themes/egalite_hommes_femmes/ega_infos/eclairages/ega_k003.html|title=Le manifeste des 343|archivedate=April 23, 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewere ya dị ka onye guzobere usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ecofeminism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gates|first=B. T.|title=A Root of Ecofeminism: Ecoféminisme|journal=Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment|date=1 July 1996|volume=3|issue=1|pages=7–16|doi=10.1093/isle/3.1.7}}&lt;/ref&gt; O guzobere Ecology-Feminism (Ecologie-Feminisme) Center na Paris na 1972. N'afọ 1974, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya bụ Le Féminisme ou la mort (Feminism ma ọ bụ Ọnwụ) ebe o bu ụzọ chepụta okwu ecofeminism. N'ime akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ na-ekwu maka njikọ pụrụ iche nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ekerịta ihe okike ma na-agba ume ime ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi .  Ọ na-ekwu na oke nwoke na-egbu egbu bụ ihe na-akpata mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, mmetọ, na mmetụta ndị ọzọ na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi.  Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekerịta echiche d'Eaubonne banyere njikọ ụmụ nwanyị nwere na okike.  Ndị ọkà mmụta a gụnyere Sherry Ortner, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Susan Griffin, na Carolyn Merchant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Allison|first=Juliann Emmons|date=2010-03-01|title=Ecofeminism and Global Environmental Politics|url=https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-158|journal=Oxford Research Encyclopedias|language=en|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.158|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ nduzi ya, &quot;Ọ bụghị ụbọchị na-enweghị ahịrị&quot;, Françoise d'Eaubonne dere ihe karịrị ọrụ 50, site na Colones de l'âme (abụ 1942) ruo L'Évangile de Véronique (edemede, 2003). A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya Comme un vol de gerfauts (1947) n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka A Flight of Falcons, na ihe ndị sitere na edemede ya Feminism or Death pụtara na 1974 anthology New French Feminisms . O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị, dị ka L'échiquier du temps na Rêve de feu, Le sous-marin de l'espace.

== Akwụkwọ ==

* Akwụkwọ akụkọ: Le cœur de Watteau, 1944 Comme un vol de gerfauts, prix des lecteurs 1947 Indomptable Murcie 1949 Belle Humeur ou la Véridique Histoire de Mandrin,1957 M ga-agbọpụta n'ili gị, 1959 (mgbe ihe nkiri I Spit on Your Grave gasịrị) Les Tricheurs, 1959 (site na ihe nkiri Les Tricheures) Ruo n'aka ekpe, 1963 Les Bergères de l'Apocalypse, 1978 A na-akpọ gị ndị na-eyi ọha egwu, 1979 A mụrụ m maka ọzara, 1982 Flora's
** ''Obi Watteau'', 1944
** Dị ka ihe na-ezu ohi, ọnụahịa ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ 1947
** ''Murcia a Na-apụghị Ịchịkwa Ike'' 1949
** Belle Humeur ma ọ bụ eziokwu Akụkọ Mandrin,1957
** M ga-agbọpụta n'ili gị, 1959 (mgbe ihe nkiri I Spit on Your Grave gasịrị) 
** Les Tricheurs, 1959 (mgbe ihe nkiri Les Tricheur gasịrị) 
** ''Ruo n'aka ekpe'', 1963
** Akwụkwọ bụ́ Bergères de l'Apocalypse, 1978
** ''A na-akpọ gị ndị na-eyi ọha egwu'', 1979
** A mụghị ịnwụ, 1982
** Ọchịchịrị ndị na-eyi ọha egwu, 1987
** ''Osisi ndị dị n'ọzara'', 1995
* Akụkọ ndụ: La vie passionnée d'Arthur Rimbaud, 1957 La vie passionée de Verlaine, 1959 Une femme témoin de son siècle, Germaine de Staël, 1966 La couronne de sable, vie d'Isabelle Eberhardt, 1967 L'éventail de fer ou la vie de Qiu Jin, 1977 Moi, Kristine, eze nwanyị nke Sweden, 1979 L'impératrice rouge: moi, Jiang King, di ya nwụrụ Mao, 1981 L'Amazone Sombre: ndụ Antoinettex, Vonique, L's, L'ouche, L'une, L'é, L'îche, L ' Vande, L'homme, L'Ouiseiseise, L'ÉVanneanneanneanne, L'estne, L'auche, Lande, L &amp;uve, L'Evangelle, L'Ante, L'Vie, L'honne, L &amp;uneuneuneune, L &amp;auche, 1983 Louise
** Ndụ na-akpali akpali nke Arthur Rimbaud, 1957
** Ndụ Verlaine ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi, 1959
** ''Nwanyị hụrụ narị afọ ya, Germaine de Staël'', 1966
** ''Okpueze ájá, ndụ Isabelle Eberhardt'', 1967
** ''Igwe ọkụ ma ọ bụ ndụ Qiu Jin'', 1977
** ''Mụ onwe m, Kristine, eze nwanyị Sweden'', 1979
** Eze Nwanyị Na-acha Uhie: Mụ, Jiang King, nwanyị di ya nwụrụ Mao, 1981
** L'Amazone Sombre: ndụ nke Antoineette Lix, 1983
** ''Louise Michel onye Kanaca'', 1985
** ''Nwanyị aha ya bụ Castor'', 1986
** Ndị na-''Ihe ihere'', 1990
** ''Oziọma Veronica'', 2000
* Essays: Le complexe de Diane, erotisme ou féminisme, 1951 E nwere ụmụ nwoke ka? , 1964 Eros minoritaire, 1970 Feminisme ou la mort, 1974 Feminisme or death, 2022 Les femmes avant le patriarcat, 1976 Contre violence ou résistance à l'état, 1978 Histoire de l'art et lutte des sexes, 1978 Ecologie, féminisme: révolution ou mutation ? , 1978 S dị ka ịrọ òtù, 1982 Nwanyị Russia, 1988 Nwanyị na nkà ihe ọmụma: ihe na-adịghị anabata ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, 1997 Onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na lyre, 1997 Mgbukpọ nke ndị amoosu, 1999
** ''Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke Diane, ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ihe na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị'', 1951
** ''Ọ̀ bụ na e nwere ndị ikom?'' , 1964
** Eros nke nta, 1970
** Ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ ọnwụ, 1974 Ụmụ nwanyị maọbụ ọnwụ, 2022
*** Ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ ọnwụ, 2022
** ''Ụmụ nwanyị tupu nna ochie'', 1976
** ''Imegide ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ iguzogide ọchịchị'', 1978
** ''Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọgụ nwoke na nwanyị'', 1978
** ''Ecology, feminist: mgbanwe ma ọ bụ mgbanwe?  '' , 1978
** ''S dị ka òtù nzuzo'', 1982
** ''Nwanyị Russia'', 1988
** ''Ụmụ nwanyị na nkà ihe ọmụma: ihe na-adịghị anabata ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme '', 1997
** Ihe na-agụ ya na ihe na-akpọ lyre, 1997
** ''Mgbukpọ nke ndị amoosu'', 1999
* Abụ: Colonnes de l'Ame, 1942 (Columns of the Soul) Rutten, 1951 Ọ dịghị ebe ma ọ bụ mita, 1981
** ''Ogidi nke Ame'', 1942 (Ogidi nke Mkpụrụ Obi) 
** ''Rutten'', 1951
** Ebe ma ọ bụ mita, 1981

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
Mgbasa ozi metụtaraFrançoise d'Eaubonnena Wikimedia Commons</text>
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    <title>Alice F. Tryon</title>
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      <text bytes="6088" sha1="9roa9gkd7sljc9x07bsx0ldxdppglpr" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Alicetryon brazil.jpg|thumb|Alice F. Tryon ]]
 

Alice Faber Tryon (1920-2009) bụ onye American botanist bụ ọkachamara na usoro nke ferns na ndị ọzọ na-agbasasị osisi (pteridology) &lt;ref name=&quot;obit&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gastony|first=G. J.|title=Obituary: Alice Faber Tryon (1920–2009)|journal=American Fern Journal|date=2009|volume=99|issue=4|pages=231–235|doi=10.1640/0002-8444-99.4.231|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/230944}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere ebe abụọ na-adọrọ mmasị n'ọrụ ya, nke mbụ na-etinye ojiji nke spore surface patterns n'ime nghọta nke fern dị iche iche na sistemụ, na nke abụọ ezinụlọ fern Pteridaceae.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;obit&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gastony|first=G. J.|title=Obituary: Alice Faber Tryon (1920–2009)|journal=American Fern Journal|date=2009|volume=99|issue=4|pages=231–235|doi=10.1640/0002-8444-99.4.231|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/230944}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alice Faber Tryon mụrụ Alice Elizabeth Faber na Milwaukee, Wisconsin, na August 2, 1920, nye Arthur na Laura Bindrich Faber.

Alice Tryon completed her Bachelor's degree in 1941 at Milwaukee State Teacher’s College (now the University of Wisconsin).&lt;ref name=&quot;obit&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gastony|first=G. J.|title=Obituary: Alice Faber Tryon (1920–2009)|journal=American Fern Journal|date=2009|volume=99|issue=4|pages=231–235|doi=10.1640/0002-8444-99.4.231|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/230944}}&lt;/ref&gt; She completed her master’s thesis on the taxonomic utility of spore characters in the spikemoss genus ''Selaginella'' at the University of Wisconsin in 1945. Her Doctoral degree she received at Washington University in 1952, where her PhD dissertation was on the diversity and taxonomy of the New World species of ''Pellaea'', a genus of xerically adapted ferns in the Pteridaceae.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rolla Milton Tryon Jr.|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/06/rolla-milton-tryon-jr/|work=Harvard Gazette|date=3 June 2013|accessdate=2015-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; She first began working with Rolla Milton Tryon, Jr. in 1945 as a student at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.  In 1946, she became a member of the American Fern Society and became an honorary member in 1978.&lt;ref name=&quot;obit&quot; /&gt; The Tryons moved to Harvard in 1958, where they spent the majority of their professional careers.&lt;ref name=&quot;obit2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gastony|first=Gerald J.|title=Obituary: Rolla Milton Tryon, Jr. (1916–2001)|journal=American Fern Journal|year=2002|volume=92|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1640/0002-8444(2002)092[0001:ormtj]2.0.co;2|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/230750}}&lt;/ref&gt; At Harvard, they organized and offered an annual New England Fern Conference, which brought students and professors together in an informal and productive setting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smtpBM7UgXEC|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|date=2010-11-11|isbn=9781441971623|first=Helena|author=Fernández}}&lt;/ref&gt; Becoming the first woman member of the New England Botanical Club in 1968, Tryon was elected President in 1978.&lt;ref name=&quot;obit&quot; /&gt;

.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Obituary: Rolla Milton Tryon Jr. (1916-2001)|url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753002914619#page/2/mode/2up/search/alice|work=|accessdate=2015-12-17|date=March 2002|publisher=American Fern Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

OThroughout her career she worked closely with her husband, traveling internationally and frequently publishng together—including their systematic survey of the ferns, with emphasis on tropical America.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rolla Milton Tryon Jr.|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/06/rolla-milton-tryon-jr/|work=Harvard Gazette|date=3 June 2013|accessdate=2015-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Obituary: Rolla Milton Tryon Jr. (1916-2001)|url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753002914619#page/2/mode/2up/search/alice|work=|accessdate=2015-12-17|date=March 2002|publisher=American Fern Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Tryon|first=R.M.|title=Ferns and Allied Plants with Special Reference to Tropical America|date=1982|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her work on spore surface patterns was enhanced by her incorporation of scanning electron microscope images. With Bernard Lugardon, an authority on the interior structure of fern spores using transmission electron microscope images, published a complete survey of fern spore diversity in 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Tryon|first=A.F.|title=Spores of the Pteridophyta|date=1991|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tryon also made significant contributions to the study of fern reproductive biology with her studies of apomixis in ''Pellaea''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tryon|first=A.F.|title=Comparisons of sexual and apogamous races in the fern genus ''Pellaea''|journal=Rhodora|date=1968|volume=70|pages=1–24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tryon|first=A.F.|title=Spores, chromosomes and relations of the fern ''Pellaea atropurpurea''|journal=Rhodora|date=1972|volume=74|pages=220–241}}&lt;/ref&gt;

.'&lt;ref name=&quot;obit&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gastony|first=G. J.|title=Obituary: Alice Faber Tryon (1920–2009)|journal=American Fern Journal|date=2009|volume=99|issue=4|pages=231–235|doi=10.1640/0002-8444-99.4.231|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/230944}}&lt;/ref&gt;afọ 

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Tryonia, a new taenitidoid fern genus segregated from Jamesonia and Eriosorus (Pteridaceae)|journal=PhytoKeys|date=2014-02-26|issn=1314-2011|pmid=24843287|pages=23–43|issue=35|doi=10.3897/phytokeys.35.6886|first=Alyssa T.|author=Cochran}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na 2014, a kọwara Tryonia dị ka ụdị ọhụrụ taenitidoid fern genus na Pteridaceae kewapụr na Jamesonia na Eriosorus. Aha ahụ kwanyere Tryon ugwu maka ọrụ ya &quot;pụrụ iche&quot; na fern systematics, nke gụnyere mbipụta mbipụta nke ọgbọ abụọ gara aga.

 
== Edemsibia ==
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    <title>Alice Haskins</title>
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'''Alice Crane Haskins Swingle''' (1880-1971) bụ onye American government botanist . &lt;ref name=&quot;Rossiter&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rossiter|first=Margaret W.|date=January 1, 1982|title=Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJr6ZfkDbE4C|location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]]|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|pages=62|isbn=9780801825095|accessdate=March 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya na di ya, onye na-akụ osisi Deane Bret Swingle (1879–1944), o dekọrọ akwụkwọ 1928 A Textbook of Systematic Botany. . 

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Haskins na 24 Eprel 1880, na Acton, Massachusetts na Helen A. Crane na John R. Haskins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Person Details for Alice Crane Haskins, &quot;Massachusetts Births and Christenings, 1639-1915&quot;|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:FCYW-KFH|work=FamilySearch.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụchara nzere bachelọ na Mahadum Smith na 1903. Haskins rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye enyemaka nyocha na Laboratory Plant Pathology Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture site na 1903 ruo 1906.

Erwin Frink Smith, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ nke Ngalaba Agriculture nke United States, na-ewekarị ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na Bureau of Plant Industry iji mụọ ọrịa osisi. Haskins so n'òtù ahụ, nke gụnyere Nellie A. Brown, Clara H. Hasse, Florence Hedges, Agnes J. Quirk, Della Watkins, na Mary K. Bryan na-arụ ọrụ na nsogbu ọrụ ugbo dị ka okpueze, citrus cankers, na ọka na chestnut blight.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rossiter&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1906, ọ lụrụ Swingle, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na onye ọrụ ibe ya, wee kwaga Bozeman, Montana, ebe Swingle ghọrọ Prọfesọ nke Botany na Bacteriology na Montana State College of Agriculture (mgbe e mesịrị Montana State University).&lt;ref name=&quot;smith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=1938|title=Biographies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMrOAAAAMAAJ|journal=[[The Smith Alumnae Quarterly]]|volume=30-31|pages=444|accessdate=March 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=List of members of the American Phytopathological Society|journal=Phytopathology|date=1913|volume=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4hNAAAAYAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haskins nwụrụ na 16 Ọktoba 1971, na Santa Clara, California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Person Details for Alice H Swingle, &quot;California Death Index, 1940-1997&quot;|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VPK1-5HJ|work=FamilySearch.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Alicia Margaret Tyssen Amherst, Baroness Rockley''' CBE GCStJ (30 Julaị 1865 – 14 Septemba 1941) bụ onye bekee na-akụ ahịhịa, botanist, na onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ izizi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke bekee.

== Ndụ ezinụlọ na nke onwe onye ==
A mụrụ Alicia Amherst na 1865 na Poole, Dorset,  otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị asaa nke William Tyssen-Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst nke Hackney, onye mechara bụrụ onye omeiwu Conservative maka West Norfolk.  Nne ya, Margaret Susan Mitford, bụ onye na-elekọta ubi nke ukwuu ma nye Amherst ala nke ya ka ọ lekọta ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri. Mmasị ya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme sitere n'inweta nnukwu ọbá akwụkwọ nna ya.

Na 1898, ọ lụrụ Evelyn Cecil wee nweta aha nke abụọ ọ ga-ebipụta, Oriakụ Evelyn Cecil. Ha mụrụ ụmụ atọ. Evelyn Cecil, onye otu nzuko omeiwu Conservative, bụ onye ama ama na, na 1934, zụlitere ya na ọgbọ dị ka Baron Rockley, yabụ ọ ghọrọ Lady Rockley nke Lytchett Heath wee bụrụ onye dowager Baroness Rockley, aha abụọ ọzọ ọ ga-ebipụta n'okpuru ya.

Ọ nwụrụ na Poole na 1941.

== Ide ihe ==
Amherst ghọrọ onye a ma ama maka akwụkwọ mbụ ya na nke a ma ama, The History of Gardening in England (1895), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Review of ''A History of Gardening in England'' by Alicia Amherst, 1895|journal=The Quarterly Journal|volume=184|date=July 1896|pages=54–75|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039439487;view=1up;seq=64}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke e bipụtara n'okpuru aha Alicia M. T. Amherst.  Na mberede maka onye dere ya, ọ bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma ozugbo. Maka mbipụta nke abụọ, nke e mere nkwekọrịta n'ime otu ọnwa nke mbụ, Amherst nwetara okpukpu iri nke ego e nyere ya maka nke mbụ.

N'oge ahụ, ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ubi bụ akwụkwọ ntuziaka bara uru, Amherst bụkwa onye edemede mbụ iji nlezianya lee akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịkọ ubi n'England, na-alaghachi azụ karịa ndị edemede ndị ọzọ gbasara ubi. N'ezie, ọ butere ụzọ n'ide edemede mbụ banyere ''Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Ogige'' Europe na America, ya na ọrụ ndị a ma ama dị ka Rose Standish Nichols 'English Pleasure Gardens na-esote na 1902 na Marie-Luise Gothein's A History of Garden Art na 1913. N'ịbụ onye gụrụ akwụkwọ karịa onye ya na ya dịkọrọ ndụ Gertrude Jekyll, Amherst aghọghị onye a ma ama ma ọ bụ onye nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu dị ka onye edemede na ịkọ ubi. Mana site na nkọwa ya zuru oke na akwụkwọ edemede zuru oke, The History of Gardening in England ghọrọ ọrụ nwere ikike n'ọhịa ya ma bụrụ nke bara uru nye ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme taa.

Amherst dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere abụọ maka ụmụaka mgbe ọ ghọsịrị nne: Children's Gardens (1902) na Children and Gardens (19 08).  Her London Parks and Gardens (1907) bụ akwụkwọ mbụ siri ike na nke nwere ihe ọmụma miri emi banyere oghere oghere dị na London.

Amherst dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ubi, yana na-eto eto na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ubi nke ya na ịnakọta ihe atụ na njem ndị mba ọzọ maka Kew Gardens.

=== Akwụkwọ ===
[[Faịlụ:London_parks_and_gardens_(IA_londonparksgarde00ceci).pdf|thumb|''Ogige Ntụrụndụ na Ogige Ndị Dị na London'' (1907) ]]

* The History of Gardening in England (1896, dị ka Alicia M. T. Amherst) 
* ''Ogige Ụmụaka'' (1902, dị ka Hon'ble Mrs. Evelyn Cecil) 
* London Parks and Gardens (1907, dị ka Hon'ble Mrs. Evelyn Cecil; na ihe osise nke Lady Victoria Manners) 
* ''Ụmụaka na Ogige'' (1908) 
* Wild Flowers nke Great Dominions nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain (Macmillan, 1935, dị ka Lady Rockley) 
* ''Ụfọdụ okooko osisi ọhịa nke Canada: Ịbụ akụkụ mbụ nke okooko osisi nke Great Dominions nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain'' (1937, dị ka Lady Rockley) 
* ''Ogige Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke England'' (1938, dị ka Oriakụ Evelyn Cecil) 

== Ọrụ botanical na horticultural ndị ọzọ ==
Njem nchịkọta Amherst kpọgara ya Mozambique na South Africa (1899), Rhodesia (1900), na Ceylon, New Zealand, Australia, na Canada (1927). 

Nke a bụ oge a na-eguzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ horticulture na England, Amherst kwadoro maka ụmụ nwanyị na-abanye n'ọhịa.

A makwaara Amherst dị ka ezigbo onye na-ese ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ.  N'afọ 1900, di ya bipụtara On the Eve of the War: A Narrative of Impressions During a Journey in Cape Colony, the Free State, the Transvaal, Natal, and Rhodesia na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise ya sitere na eserese ma ọ bụ foto nke Amherst.

O sonyere na mkpọsa iji chekwaa Chelsea Physic Garden, ogige London nke malitere na 1673. Ọ nọdụrụ na kọmitii njikwa ya, ogige ahụ nwekwara ihe ndekọ ya ugbu a.

== Nsọpụrụ na ihe nketa ==
Ọ bụ naanị ya bụ nwanyị natara nnwere onwe nke ụlọ ọrụ na-efe ofufe nke ndị ọrụ ubi, ụlọ ọrụ London livery (ụdị otu azụmahịa ma ọ bụ guild) nke e debere na 1605.. 

Osisi ''Hebe'' 'Alicia Amherst' - osisi na-acha odo odo nke na-anọchite anya ''H. veitchii'' yana ụdị osisi ''Kaempferia ceciliae'' N.E.Br.  (ezinụlọ Zingiberaceae) - a gụrụ aha ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Glen|first=H.F.|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/244776|title=Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa : :An illustrated history of early botanical literature on the Cape Flora, Biographical accounts of the leading plant collectors and their activities in southern Africa form the days of the East India Company until the modern times.|date=2010|publisher=SANBI|isbn=978-1-919976-54-9|edition=2nd.|location=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E bipụtara akụkọ ndụ mbụ, The Well-Connected Gardener: A Biography of Alicia Amherst, Founder of Garden History, na 2010. 
 

== Ihe edeturu na ntụaka ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Reflist|refs=&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ogilvie&quot;&gt;[[Marilyn Ogilvie|Ogilvie, Marilyn]], and [[Joy Harvey]]. &quot;Rockley, Lady Alicia Margaret (Amherst) (1865-1941)&quot;. In ''The biographical dictionary of women in science: pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century''. Routledge, 2003, p. 1116.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=way&gt;Way, Twigs. ''Virgins, Weeders and Queens: A History of Women in the Garden''. Stroud: The History Press, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=dnhas&gt;Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society. &quot;The Gardens of Lytchett Heath.&quot; ''Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club'', vol. 28, pp. lxxiii–lxxv.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=mbg&gt;[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=248475 &quot;''Hebe'' 'Alicia Amherst'&quot;]. Missouri Botanical Garden website.&lt;/ref&gt;


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'''Alicia Lourteig''' (1913-2003) bụ onye Argentine na onye France na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, ọkachamara n'ụwa na Oxalidaceae.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-12-17|title=Alicia Lourteig, botánica|url=https://ztfnews.eus/2013/12/17/centenario-del-nacimiento-de-la-botanica-alicia-lourteig/|accessdate=2020-06-19|language=es-ES|archivedate=2020-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621085622/https://ztfnews.eus/2013/12/17/centenario-del-nacimiento-de-la-botanica-alicia-lourteig/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Alicia Lourteig na Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ndị mụrụ ya sitere na France na Argentina. Ọ gụrụ ọgwụ na biochemistry na mahadum dị na Buenos Aires, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta doctorate na 1946. &lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalPlants&quot; /&gt;
== Ọrụ ==
N'agbanyeghị ihe ọmụmụ ọ gụrụ na mahadum, ọrụ Lourteig bụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, ọkachasị dị ka onye ọkachamara na Lythraceae, Ranunculaceae, Mayacaceae na Oxalidaceae. Mmasị ya gbatịrị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke botany na South America na Antilles.&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalPlants&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lourteig, Alicia (1913-2003)|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000005169|work=JSTOR - Global Plants|accessdate=18 December 2020}}&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ site na 1938 ruo 1947 na Miguel Lillo Institute n'ime Mahadum Tucuman. Ọ kwagara na Darwinion Botanic Institute na San Isidro . &lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalPlants&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lourteig, Alicia (1913-2003)|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000005169|work=JSTOR - Global Plants|accessdate=18 December 2020}}&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; O nwere ike ileta herbaria ndị ọzọ na America na Europe. Ndị a gụnyere Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, UK (1948 ruo 1950) na herbaria na Stockholm (1950-1951), Copenhagen (1951), Boston (1952-1953) na Washington (1953). &lt;ref name=&quot;Sastre2003&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1955, ụlọ ọrụ French National Center for Scientific Research wetara ya wee sonye na National Museum of Natural History, France dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mkpokọta ihe ọkụkụ nke ụwa ọhụrụ. O nyere aka na mgbakwunye nke Flore de France site na Hippolyte Coste na ntụgharị nke International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sastre2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sastre|first=C|title=Alicia Lourteig (1913-2003)|journal=Adansonia|date=2003|volume=25|issue=2|pages=149–150}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ haziri nchịkọta nke Aimé Bonpland (1773-1858), José Celestino Mutis (1732-1808), Surian na Charles Plumier (1646-1704) mere nke dị na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Paris.&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalPlants&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lourteig, Alicia (1913-2003)|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000005169|work=JSTOR - Global Plants|accessdate=18 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ onye na-eme nchọpụta na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na 1979. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sastre2003&quot; /&gt;

Lourteig chịkọtara ihe ọkụkụ na South America ma chịkọtakwa na French Antarctic na 1963-1964 na 1969. &lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalPlants&quot;/&gt;

Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Lilloa'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalPlants&quot;/&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==
Lourteig bụ onye edemede ma ọ bụ onye edemedo nke ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 200. Ụfọdụ n'ime akwụkwọ ya kachasị mkpa bụ:

* Piedrahita, SD; A Lourteig.  (1991) ''Jenesis De Una Flora''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales. 334 peeji nke   
* Lourteig, A. (1963) ''Flora del Uruguay, Mayacaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Celastraceae, Lythraceae, Primulaceae''. Ọ bụ ihe mere e ji dee ya A mụrụ ya n'obodo Hist. Ọ bụ n'oge a mụrụ ya , Montevideo. 38 peeji nke 14 mbadamba&amp;nbsp;
* Lourteig, A. (1956) Ranunculaceas nke South America tropical peeji nke 19-88. ''[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Sayensị Okike La Salle''. 16: 43. Caracas&amp;nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  (1955) Celastráceas nke Argentina na Chile. BA: Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Series: Publication technique, 15, pp 52 
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  (1943) Euphoriaceae nke Argentina. Phyllantheae, Dalechampieae, Cluytiae, Manihoteae. ''Lilloa'' nke Itoolu
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  (1942) Acalypheae nke Argentina (Euphorbiaceae) ''Lilloa'' nke asatọ.

== Onyinye ==

* N'afọ 1999, e nyere ya onyinye Millennium maka ihe ọ rụzuru na ndụ ya na XVI International Botanical Congress &lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalPlants&quot; /&gt;
* Lac Alicia na Australia Island, otu n'ime Kerguelen Islands na French Antarctica ka akpọrọ aha ya &lt;ref name=&quot;Sastre2003&quot;/&gt;
* a na-akpọ ụzọ ụkwụ n'otu n'ime ebe nchekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na Serro de Mar na Brazil aha ya 
* A na-akpọ ihe dị ka ụdị osisi 20 na ụdị ya,  gụnyere ''Alicia'' W.R.Anderson sitere na ezinụlọ Malpighiaceae, &lt;ref name=&quot;Sastre2003&quot; /&gt; ''Lourteigia'' R.M. King &amp; H. Rob.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Anderson|first=W. R.|title=Alicia|journal=Novon|date=2006|volume=16|url=http://herbarium.lsa.umich.edu/malpigh/ChrClade/Alicia/Ali1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;  (site n'ezinụlọ Asteraceae),  nakwa ''Lourtella'' S.A.Graham, Baas &amp; Tobe sitere n'ezin ụlọ Lythraceae. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=''Lourtella'' S.A.Graham, Baas &amp; Tobe {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:925080-1|work=Plants of the World Online|accessdate=27 May 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==</text>
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    <title>Amalie Dietrich</title>
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'''Koncordie Amalie Dietrich''' (née Nelle) (26 May 1821 – 9 March 1891)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eoas.info/biogs/P000366b.htm|title=Encyclopedia of Australian Science}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye German na-ahụ maka okike nke amara nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na Australia site na 1863 ruo 1872, na-anakọta ihe atụ maka Museum Godeffroy na Hamburg.

== Australia ==
Dietrich bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị bi na-asụ German - dị ka Ludwig Becker, Hermann Beckler, William Blandowski, Wilhelm Haacke, Diedrich Henne, Gerard Krefft, Johann Luehmann, Johann Menge, Carl Mücke (a.k.a. Muecke), Ludwig Preiss, Carl Ludwig Christian Rümker (a.K.k.A. Ruemker), Moritz Richard Schomburgk, Richard Schomburk, Richard Semon, Karl Ultrik, George Ultriked, George Ul Ultrikder, Stay, George, George Ulder, Steng, Stayed, George, Stayl, Stayland, Stayne, George, na Australia, George Uldy, Staych, Staynd, Stay na-ad, Stay.&amp;nbsp;

=== Arụmụka ===
Mgbe ọ nọ na Queensland, Australia, Dietrich &quot;na-achọsi ike ọkpụkpụ Aboriginal ọhụrụ maka ndị ahịa ya na Europe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Clarke|first=Philip|title=Aboriginal Plant Collectors: Botanists and Australian Aboriginal People in the Nineteenth Century|publisher=Rosenberg Publishing|year=2008|location=Kenthurst|pages=144}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na nke a nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke akụkọ akụkọ obodo na-egosi Dietrich dị ka 'Angel of Black Death, a nabatara na o zipụrụ ozu mmadụ nke ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala Australia na Hamburg. Ntụnye aka ya na colonialism - gbasara ma ihe gbasara mmadụ yana akụkụ ihe ọkụkụ - bụ isiokwu nke arụmụka agụmakwụkwọ na nso nso a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Affeldt|first=Stefanie|date=2020|title=From 'Plant Hunter' to 'Tomb Raider': The Changing Image of Amalie Dietrich|url=https://australienstudien.org/ZfA/2019-20%2033-34/ZfA_3334-201920_06_AffeldtHund.pdf|journal=Zeitschrift für Australienstudien / Australian Studies Journal|pages=89–124|doi=10.35515/zfa/asj.3334/201920.06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Amalie Dietrich na Siebenlehn, Saxon, German Confederation. N'afọ 1846, ọ lụrụ Wilhelm August Salomo Dietrich, onye dọkịta. N'enweghị ọzụzụ ọ bụla, ọ mụtara ihe niile o nwere ike ime n'aka ya banyere ịnakọta ma ha mere atụmatụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke. N'agbata afọ 1845 na 1862 ha biri ndụ dị ize ndụ na-anakọta ụdị Alpine iji ree ndị na-emepụta ọgwụ maka ọgwụ na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie maka nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme ha. Enwere ike ịhụ ụfọdụ n'ime okooko osisi alpine ndị ọ chịkọtara n'oge a na ngosi na Natural History Museum na Freiburg

Dietrich nọrọ afọ site na 1863 - 1872 na Queensland, Australia ebe ọ chịkọtara ụdị dịgasị iche iche yana ihe ndị ndị ụmụ amaala Australia mepụtara. A na-eche na ọ bụ onye Europe mbụ chọtara ma chịkọta agwọ Taipan mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amalie Dietrich {{!}} Shellers From the Past and Present|url=https://www.conchology.be/?t=9001&amp;id=17263|accessdate=2022-11-03|work=www.conchology.be|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụdị dị iche iche ==
[[Faịlụ:Persoonia_amaliae.jpg|thumb|''Persoonia amaliae'']]
Ọ chịkọtara ụdị ụdị nke ọtụtụ ụdị, na n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ onye dere nkọwa ahụ sọpụrụ ya na ụdị aha (dietrichiae, ''dietrichiana'', ''amaliae'', wdg). Ụdị ndị ọ chịkọtara gụnyere:
 
Aha ndị dị ugbu a, synonymy wdg dabere na ọchụchọ nke Australian Plant Name Index na Plants of the World online. Ebe ọ dịghị aha ọzọ e nyere n'elu, aha ụdị bụ nke otu ma ọ bụ abụọ n'ime isi mmalite ndị a nabatara ma e wezụga ahịhịa mmiri. ) 

== Nchịkọta ==
Nchị[[Naturhistorisches Museum Wien|W]]-redirect cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;229&quot; href=&quot;./Naturalis&quot; id=&quot;mwgg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Naturalis&quot;&gt;L=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;228&quot; href=&quot;./Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew&quot; id=&quot;mwgQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew&quot;&gt;K ya [[Smithsonian Institution|US]]&quot; id=&quot;mwfA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum&quot;&gt;B ntọala nke ''Zur Flora von Queensland'' (&quot;On Queensland's Flora&quot;, 1875) &lt;su a=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;./Muséum_National_d'Histoire_Naturelle&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;P about=&quot;#mwt32&quot; class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; data-cx=&quot;{}&quot; data-mw='{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;trove&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;html&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}' data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-trove_11-0&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;[./Amalie_Dietrich#cite_note-trove-11 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;] nke Christian Luerssen. Mgbe ọ nọ n'Australia, ọ gara Ferdinand von Mueller, na 1881 Mueller nwetara ụfọdụ ụdị ya site na Luerssen.  (National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL) nwere 2790 nke ụdị ya. )  O bipụtara ihe ọ bụla n'aha ya. Otú ọ dị, nchịkọta ya na-aga n'ihu na-abụ ihe dị mkpa na herbaria gburugburu ụwa (MEL, B, BM, BRSL, HBG, JE, K, L, MO, P, US, W).

== Ebe nri na-eri nri ==
A na-akpọ Dietrich Place na mpaghara Canberra nke Chisholm iji kwado ọrụ ya na Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Schedule 'B' National Memorials Ordinance 1928-1972 Street Nomenclature List of Additional Names with Reference to Origin: Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. Special (National : 1977 - 2012) - 8 Feb 1978|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article240628906|work=Trove|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Usoro oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị

== Ihe edeturu ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Edemsibia ==

* Barrett, L., Eckstein, L., Hurley, A.W. &amp; Schwarz A. (2018), &quot;Cheta German-Australian Colonial Entanglement: An Introduction&quot;, Postcolonial Studies, Vol.21, No.1, (January 2018), pp.1-5. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/13688790.2018.1443671|10.1080/13688790.2018.1443671]] 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Stefanie Affeldt, Wulf D. Hund, &quot;Site na 'Plant Hunter' ruo 'Tomb Raider&quot;. The Changing Image of Amalie Dietrich&quot;, na Australian Studies Journal Leo Zeitschrift für Australienstudien, 33-34, 2019-2020, peeji nke 89-124, [https://australienstudien.org/ZfA/2019-20%2033-34/ZfA_3334-201920_06_AffeldtHund.pdf ohere mepere emepe]
* Ọrụ Australian Science Archives. 1998. [http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/exhib/dietrich/dietrich.htm Amalie Dietrich 1821-1891]
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050317210634/http://comstech.com.au/~venteman/Amalie.htm Akwụkwọ ozi Amalie Dietrich]''
*  
* [http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/rpr/index.php/objectbiographies/72-10-queensland-photographs Foto ndị Queensland na Pitt-Rivers Museum]
* The Hard Road, Charitas Bischoff, Martin Hopkinson Ltd, London, 1931
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Australische Briefe / von Amalie Dietrich; na akụkọ ndụ, mmega ahụ na okwu, nke Augustin Lodewyckx dezigharịrị. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press na njikọ ya na Oxford University Press.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot; Amalie Dietrich, otu Leben von Charitas Bischoff.  (Grote'sche Sammlung von Werken zeitgenössischer Schriftsteller; Bd. 97). Berlin: Grote
* Lüttge, U., &amp; Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen. (1988). [https://search.sl.nsw.gov.au/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=SLNSW_ALMA2195255960002626&amp;context=L&amp;vid=SLNSW&amp;search_scope=EEA&amp;tab=default_tab&amp;lang=en_US Amalie Dietrich (1821-1891) onye Germany na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na Australia], otuto maka Bicentenary nke Australia, 1988 / nke Ulrich Lüttge dezigharịrị.  (Nnyocha na mmekọrịta ọdịbendị mba ụwa; v. 29). Stuttgart: Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [https://search.sl.nsw.gov.au/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=SLNSW_ALMA2191113190002626&amp;context=L&amp;vid=SLNSW&amp;search_scope=EEA&amp;tab=default_tab&amp;lang=en_US Nwanyị nọ n'ọzara, Akụkọ Amalie Dietrich na Australia], Ray Sumner. Kensington, NSW, Australia: New South Wales University Press.
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    <title>Tarek Hussein</title>
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'''Tarek Hussein''' bụ onye ọka iwu Ijipt. A mụrụ ya n'afọ pụkụ, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na atọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na onye guzobere Constitution Party na otu n'ime ndị isi na-eto eto nke pati ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2017/06/06/from-political-prisoner-to-rights-defender-the-story-of-egyptian-tarek-hussein/|title=From Political Prisoner to Rights Defender: The Story of Egyptian Tarek Hussein  {{!}} Egyptian Streets|work=egyptianstreets.com|language=en-US|accessdate=25 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Hussein na n'afo pụkụ na narị itoolu na ịrị itọọlu na atọ n'otu n'ime Obodo nta dị na Qalyubia. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Faculty of Law na Mahadum Benha na n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na isii . Ọ sonyeere Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights dị ka onye ọka iwu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ.

== Mgbalị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
[[Faịlụ:طارق.jpg|thumb|Tarek Hussien]]
Hussein sonyere n'ịmepụta Constitution Party (Ijipt) n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na abụọ ma bụrụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere ya ma nwee ọtụtụ ọkwa n'ime pati ahụ n'ime mpaghara ya na [[Qalyubiya]] ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ osote odeakwụkwọ nke Kọmitii na-ahụ maka ikike na nnwere onwe nke pati site n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na ise ruo ugbu a ma sonye na nguzobe mkpọsa a ma ama iji kwado Khaled Ali Onye isi ala Ijipt ruo mgbe ọ kwụsịrị [[Khaled Ali]]&quot;&gt;Khalid Ali n'ihi ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na mmegide nke ndị isi ala na-ewu ewu na-akwado Khaled

== Oge Mohamed Morsi ==
O sonyere n'ọtụtụ ngagharị iwe udo nke na-akpọ maka ebumnuche nke [[January revolution|Mgbanwe nke Jenụwarị]] ruo mgbe e jidere ya n'otu n'ime ngagharị iwe nke ndị agha na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ihu Ọfịs Nduzi na n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na atọ na ebubo nke ngagharị iwe na mgbalị ịkwatu Ọchịchị ahụ ma chụpụ ya mgbe ụbọchị anọ gachara ka a tọhapụrụ ya ma mee mkpesa na mkpebi ikpe ahụ Ụlọikpe nke Cassation ka ọ kagbuo ụlọ ikpe afọ atọ na-anọghị ya ọzọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.aswatmasriya.com/en/news/details/16079|title=Egyptian activist Tarek 'Tito' acquitted in Muslim Brotherhood guidance bureau case|accessdate=25 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge nke Onye isi ala Adly Mansour ==
E jidere ya na ngagharị iwe nke ndị agha Mgbanwe na Maadi na n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na anọ iji chọọ ka e mezuo ebumnuche nke mgbanwe nke Jenụwarị ma katọọ mmebi iwu na iwepụ oche n'ụzọ obi ọjọọ na iwepụta iwu mkpesa na oge ahụ chere ebubo nke ngagharị iwe na ịnakọta na ịbụ nke Muslim Brotherhood ihu wee ghọọ Tarek n'oge ahụ nyere iwu Ụlọikpe Maadi Misdemeanor mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ abụọ na afọ abụọ ruo mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ ikpe nke abụọ karịa ọnwa atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.

== Njide na ikpe ==
Onye isi ala Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta maka ókèala mmiri na [[Saudi Arabia]] na n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na isii. e jidere ya na ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe mgbe ọ kwadoro nkwekọrịta ahụ nke ndị omeiwu na ebubo nke ịkpali ime ngagharị iwe megide nkwekọrịta Tiran na Sanafir. N'ime ndị ọkàiwu ọha na eze na mgbapụta nke 2000 Egyptian pound &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fidh.org/en/issues/human-rights-defenders/egypt-release-of-mr-tarek-hussein|title=Egypt: Release of Mr. Tarek Hussein|work=Worldwide Movement for Human Rights|language=fr-FR|accessdate=25 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime Ijipt kwụsịtụrụ mkpebi ahụ ịhapụ ikpe ahụ site n'ịkwado ikpe mpụ megide ya. Otu ìgwè ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe guzobere akwụkwọ mkpesa eletrọniki na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Avaz iji chọọ ka Ministri Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime tọhapụ ya. Tarek zigara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi n'isi onye ọka iwu Sameh Ashour site n'ime ụlọ mkpọrọ ya ma mgbe ọ gosipụtara The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) chọrọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fidh.org/en/issues/human-rights-defenders/egypt-incommunicado-detention-of-mr-tarek-hussein-known-as-tito|title=Egypt: Incommunicado detention of Mr. Tarek Hussein (known as Tito)|work=Worldwide Movement for Human Rights|language=fr-FR|accessdate=25 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ndị ọchịchị Ijipt tọhapụ ya ma kwe ka onye ọka iwu ya hụ ya. International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) 

== Ntọhapụ ==
N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Julaị, mgbe ihe karịrị ụbọchị iri anọ na abụọ nke njide na-enweghị isi gasịrị, Ministri nke Interior tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Khanka na Amnesty International &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.amnesty.org.nz/egypt-human-rights-defender-tarek-hussein-freed-prison|title=Egypt: Human rights defender Tarek Hussein freed from prison!|work=Amnesty International NZ|accessdate=25 May 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na International Federation for Human Rights wepụtara nkwupụta na-anabata ntọhapụ ya. Iji gbaa ya ajụjụ ọnụ banyere mmebi iwu ndị e mere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ndị Ijipt, gụnyere Guardian, ebe ya na ya kwurịtara okwu n'ụlọ ikpe ndị Ijipt. &quot;nke BBC sụgharịrị &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/18/egypt-guilty-of-kidnap-torture-and-abuse-says-former-detainee|title=Egypt guilty of kidnap, torture and abuse, says former detainee|author=Shenker|first=Jack|date=18 September 2017|work=the Guardian|language=en|accessdate=25 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibịa ==

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Abayomi Rotimi Mighty (amụrụ na Machị iri abụọ na itoolu, n'afọ pụkụ na narị itoolu na ịrị asatọ na ịse) bụ onye nnọchi anya ndị ntorobịa Naijiria na United Nations. Mighty bụ onye ndu ndị ntorobịa nke Naijiria (NIM) nke onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ bụ [[Olisa Agbakoba]] na-eduzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Agbakoba Asks Nigerians to Take over Country with the National Intervention Movement - THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/12/08/agbakoba-asks-nigerians-to-take-over-country-with-the-national-intervention-movement|accessdate=2023-07-12|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye otu National Steering Committee nke Coalition of United Political Parties (CUPP).  &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/6000-apc-pdp-ad-members-defect-to-adc/|title=6000-apc pdp ad members defect to adc|work=punchng.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/263125-agbakoba-balewa-others-form-new-group-demand-restructuring.html|title=Balewa others form new group demand restructuring|work=premiumtimesng.com|date=March 26, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsrangers.com/just-innigeria-intervention-movement-sets-to-dislodge-buhari-in-2019/|title=just innigeria intervention movement sets to dislodge buhari in 2019|work=newsrangers.com|date=March 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1159957-top-nigerians-political-group-formed-2019.html|title=top nigerians political group formed 2019|work=legit.ng|date=March 26, 2018|accessdate=January 16, 2019|archivedate=September 25, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925070958/https://www.legit.ng/1159957-top-nigerians-political-group-formed-2019.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, ọ bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ndị ntorobịa Africa nke United Nations (UN) na African Leaders Summit on HIV / AIDS nke mepụtara Abuja Declaration (2001) Okwu ya keere òkè na nguzobe na ihe ịga nke ọma nke 'Youth Involvement Revolution' nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu n'Afrika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2001/sgt2276.doc.htm|title=World Summit|work=un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/news/2002/11/29/struggling-promote-awareness|title=struggling promote awareness|work=irinnews.org|date=November 29, 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200211290139.html|title=Stories|work=allafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.panapress.com/African-AiDS-Summit-opens-in-Abuja--12-446940-66-lang2-index.html|title=African AiDS Summit opens in Abuja|work=allafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/transforming-africas-development-landscape-a-new-era-of-impact|title=Africa development|work=guardian.ng|date=2023-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abayomi bụ onye na-ekwuchitere ọha na eze ma nwee akwụkwọ akpọrọ 'Things for Teens' na 'The Thumb Revolution'. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/features/meet-these-seven-young-influencers-making-waves-on-their-respective-fields-in-nigeria/|title=meet these seven young influencers making waves on their respective fields in nigeria|work=guardian.ng|date=2022-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theinterview.ng/2018/10/02/icon-masterclass-september-2018/|title=icon-masterclass|work=theinterview.ng|date=October 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://olikareporters.com/there-is-a-tide-maximizing-your-potential-in-adolescence-and-become-by-abayomi-rotimi-mighty/|title=there is a tide maximizing your potential in adolescence and become|work=olikareporters.com|date=2019|accessdate=January 17, 2019|archivedate=March 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329091437/https://olikareporters.com/there-is-a-tide-maximizing-your-potential-in-adolescence-and-become-by-abayomi-rotimi-mighty/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theconscience.com.ng/2018/11/abayomi-mightys-victory-will-not-come.html?m=1|title=abayomi mightys victory will not come|work=theconscience.com.ng|date=2018|accessdate=January 17, 2019|archivedate=March 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329074536/https://www.theconscience.com.ng/2018/11/abayomi-mightys-victory-will-not-come.html?m=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/03/19/eminent-leaders-to-speak-on-nigerias-political-future/|title=Eminent Leaders to Speak on Nigeria's Political Future|date=March 19, 2018|work=THISDAYLIVE|accessdate=March 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dere egwu di pụkụ na narị abụọ na ịrị na asaa ma mepụta akụkọ dị Narị itọọlu na ịrị asatọ na asaa  dị njikere ka a kọọ ya ma dee ya na fim na akwụkwọ akụkọ na-edekwa akwụkwọ banyere [[Damola Victor Ayegbayo]] banyere aha ndụ ya 'Nka bụ ndụ'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/arts-2/damola-ayegbayo-making-waves-in-art-industry/|title=damola ayegbayo making waves in art industry|work=guardian.ng|date=2022-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Project Manager nke Adegrange Child Foundation otu NGO nke onye bụbu Minista Ahụike nke Naịjirịa bụ Prọfesọ [[Adenike Grange]] guzobere   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/11/young-nigerians-making-the-difference-2/amp/|title=young Nigerians making the difference|work=vanguardngr.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://peacechild.org/a-social-entrepreneur-nigeria/|title=social entrepreneur nigeria|work=peacechild.org|date=June 14, 2016|accessdate=January 16, 2019|archivedate=February 20, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220212819/https://peacechild.org/a-social-entrepreneur-nigeria/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://internationalyouthcouncil.com/profile/AbayomiRotimiMighty|title=Abayomi Rotimi Mighty|work=internationalyouthcouncil.com|accessdate=January 16, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014226/http://internationalyouthcouncil.com/profile/AbayomiRotimiMighty|archivedate=September 26, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thereflector.com.ng/group-move-to-foster-unity-in-yorubaland/|title=group move to foster unity in Yoruba land|work=thereflector.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abayomi bụ onye nnọchi anya ndị ntorobịa [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na United Nations. Ọ bụ ugbu a onye ndu ntorobịa nke National Youth Movement (NIM) nke [[Olisa Agbakoba]] na-eduzi nke na-ejikọ aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na People's Trust (PT) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/11/06/pt-tops-newly-registered-parties-with-highest-number-of-candidates/?amp|title=PT tops newly registered parties with highest number of candidates|work=thisdaylive.com|date=November 6, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/06/2019-agbakobas-nim-collapses-political-party/|title=agbakobas nim collapses political party|work=vanguardngr.com|date=June 19, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.peoplesdailyng.com/new-party-peoples-trust-names-interim-national-chairman-adopts-candidate-for-osun-guber-election/|title=new party peoples trust names interim national chairman adopts candidate for osun guberelection|work=peoplesdailyng.com|date=June 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma bụrụkwa onye otu National Steering Committee nke Coalition of United Political Parties (CUPP). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/6000-apc-pdp-members-dump-parties-adc-146954|title=6000 apc pdp members dump parties|work=today.ng|date=August 28, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/soyinka-agbakoba-labour-movement-others-endorse-coalition-for-2019/|title=Soyinka agbakoba labour movement others endorse coalition for 2019|work=theeagleonline.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thereflector.com.ng/group-move-to-foster-unity-in-yorubaland/|title=group move to foster unity|work=thereflector.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.naija.ng/1159957-top-nigerians-political-group-formed-2019.html|title=top Nigerians political group formed|work=naija.ng|date=March 26, 2018|accessdate=January 16, 2019|archivedate=September 26, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014258/https://www.naija.ng/1159957-top-nigerians-political-group-formed-2019.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/139414/|title=National Youth leader|work=tribuneonlineng.com|accessdate=2025-09-13|archivedate=2018-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014253/https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/139414/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

== Onyinye ==
Global New Leader for Tomorrow Award site na Crans Montana Forum, Monaco na Yessiey Awards.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://newleaders-cransmontana.org|title=New Leader for Tomorrow Award|work=newleaders-cransmontana.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ex edo governorship candidate Mabel oboh bags yessiey award|url=https://leadership.ng/ex-edo-governorship-candidate-mabel-oboh-bags-yessiey-award/|accessdate=2023-11-13|work=leadership.ng|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibịa ==

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'''Charly Alberti (amụrụ Carlos Alberto Ficicchia; 27 Maachị 1963) bụ onye egwu Argentine.[1]  Ọ bụ onye na-akụ egwu maka otu egwu rock Soda Stereo, nke e guzobere na 1982 wee kesaa na 1997''' 

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Alberti na 27 Maachị 1963 na Buenos Aires.  Ọ bụ nwa nwoke onye egwu jazz na onye na-akụ ọkpọ Tito Alberti.  Ọ malitere ịmụ egwú mgbe ọ dị afọ isii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Charly Alberti {{!}} Remo|url=https://remo.com/profile/charly-alberti|accessdate=19 January 2025|work=remo.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alberti zutere Gustavo Cerati, onye ga-abụ abụ na onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara nke Soda Stereo, site na Maria Laura Cerati, nwanne nwanyị Gustavo, onye na-agabu ọdọ mmiri River Plate.N'ebe ahụ Alberti na-akpọ waterpolo ma na-akparịta ụka ugboro ugboro na Maria Laura na-agbalị ime ka ọ masị ya.  Ọ gwara ya na nwanne ya nwoke nwekwara mmasị na The Police ma kpọọ ụbọ.  Ya mere, ọ gwara ya ka ya na Cerati kpọtụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Izquierdo|first=Manuel|date=27 March 2024|title=&quot;Vengan los dos a mi casa&quot;: la llamada de Charly Alberti a Gustavo Cerati que dio origen a Soda Stereo|url=https://www.theclinic.cl/2024/03/27/llamada-charly-alberti-gustavo-cerati-dio-origen-soda-stereo-baterista-zeta-bosio-cumpleanos/|accessdate=6 February 2025|work=The Clinic|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1982, Alberti mebere otu  egwu rock  Argentine Soda Stereo.[1]  N'afọ 1986, Remo Belli, onye isi oche nke Remo, ụlọ ọrụ ngwá ọrụ egwu, kwadoro Alberti iji Remo drumheads. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

N'afọ 1997, Alberti malitere Cybrel Digital Entertainment, ụlọ ọrụ ngwa ọdịnaya dabere na teknụzụ avant-garde.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Na 1997, Soda Stereo kwụsịrị ka emechara egwu ikpeazụ na River Plate Stadium na Buenos Aires.[1]  Akpọrọ ya AppleMaster site Steve Jobs, onye rụpụtara Apple.  Ọ ghọrọ naanị AppleMaster na-asụ Spanish na akụkọ ya.  Na njedebe nke otu afọ ahụ, ọ malitere URL Magazine, URL Records, na Yeyeye.com.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 March 2007|title=www.charlyalberti.com – Biografia|url=http://www.charlyalberti.com/bioabajo.htm|accessdate=24 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319054736/http://www.charlyalberti.com/bioabajo.htm|archivedate=19 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2003, MTV Latin America kpọrọ Charly Alberti, Ricky Martín, na Juanes ka ha rụọ ọrụ na MTV Video Music Awards Latinoamérica 2003. N'afọ 2005, ya na nwanne ya nwoke Andrés Alberti (guitar), na ndị otu Ezequial Dasso (Chorus na Bass) na Sergio Bufi (Singer na 2nd guitar) guzobere MOLE. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, MOLE wepụtara abọm mbụ ha, MOLE . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Charly Alberti {{!}} Remo|url=https://remo.com/profile/charly-alberti#:~:text=Charly%20Alberti%20%7C%20Remo.%20Soda%20Stereo,%20MOLE.%20He|accessdate=7 January 2025|work=remo.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2008, MOLE meriri &quot;Best Album by a New Rock Band&quot; site na Gardel Awards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, na arịrịọ nke odeakwụkwọ nke njem nleta nke mba ahụ, Alberti chepụtara ma duzie ọrụ &quot;National Secretariat of Tourism of Argentina&quot;.Ọrụ a nwetara ihe nrite na Webby Awards.  N'afọ 2009, ọ laghachiri n'ọgbọ egwuregwu River, ugbu a ya na MOLE, ka ya na ndị otu British Oasis kerịta egwuregwu ahụ.  Na May 2009, ọ gara Nashville, Tennessee, ịga nzukọ kwa afọ nke ndị nduzi nke The Climate Project Foundation (TCP), ebe o zutere onye bụbu osote onye isi oche nke United States na Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Al Gore, bụ onye kpọrọ ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ahụ. 

Na 2015, Alberti nọchitere nzukọ ya, R21, nke na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwalite nkwado, na Latin Alternative Music Conference (LAMC) na New York.[1]  Alberti kpọrọ oku ime ihe maka nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge ngosi kwa afọ nke ememme na Central Park SummerStage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Cantor-Navas |first=Judy |date=5 July 2015 |title=Charly Alberti on Everyday Environmental Activism &amp; Cirque de Soleil's Soda Stereo Show |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/charly-alberti-soda-stereo-environment-cirque-de-soleil-6619940/ |access-date=3 January 2025 |magazine=Billboard |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2017, ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya U.N. Development Program Goodwill . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Charly Alberti {{!}} Remo|url=https://remo.com/profile/charly-alberti#:~:text=Charly%20Alberti%20%7C%20Remo.%20Soda%20Stereo,%20MOLE.%20He|accessdate=27 September 2024|work=remo.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2019, mgbe otu afọ nke nkwadebe gasịrị, Soda Stereo malitere njem nlegharị anya mba ụwa nke gafere kọntinent a na-akpọ &quot;Gracias Totales&quot;, iji mee ka ọha na eze hụ ìgwè ahụ ka ọ dị ndụ otu 'oge ikpeazụ'.  N'oge njem ha n'ofe kọntinent ahụ, Soda Stereo emeela ihe omume gụnyere ịkụ osisi 4,700 iji mebie akara ụkwụ carbon&quot;, [1] bụ otu n'ime njem nlegharị anya Latin America mbụ mere ya.

N'afọ 2022, Alberti jikọtara aka na Cerveza Quilmes wee malite 27 Eazy, ụdị biya nke ejiri [[malt]] mepụtara site na usoro mmelite mee.

Na 23 Septemba 2024, UN Environment Programme (UNEP) họpụtara Alberti ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya ọdịmma mpaghara maka Caribbean na Latin America.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 September 2024|title=Argentinian musician Charly Alberti named UN Environment Programme Goodwill Ambassador|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/argentinian-musician-charly-alberti-named-un-environment-programme|accessdate=27 September 2024|work=www.unep.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngwá Ọrụ ==
Kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ ya, Charly ejirila Remo drumheads, Zildjian cymbals, Shure microphones, Gibraltar hardware, Roland Electronic Drums, na Pro-Mark drumsticks.

Kemgbe etiti afọ 2007, Charly Alberti anọwo na-akpọ ụbọ Yamaha, na-emebi omenala ya nke iji ụbọ Remo.Charly kwuru na Yamaha nyere ụda okwute ahụ, Remo nọkwa na-emefu karịa n'ịgba maka jazz;  Emere mkpebi a na njikọ Charly na Remo Belli, onye guzobere Remo. 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
Mgbasa ozi metụtaraCharly Albertina Wikimedia Commons

* Charly AlbertinaFacebook
* [https://www.revolucion21.org/ www.revolucion21.org]
* [http://www.sodastereo.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Soda Stereo]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alberti, Charly}}
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    <title>Elizardo Sánchez</title>
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'''Elizardo Sánchez Santa Cruz-Pacheco''' (Santiago de Cuba, 29 June 1944) bụ onye bụbu prọfesọ [[Ákọ na Uche|nkà ihe ọmụma]] na Mahadum nke Havana, &lt;ref name=&quot;elizardoAI1&quot;/&gt;onye isi oche nke Cuban Commission for National Reconciliation and Human Rights (CCDHRN), otu òtù na-ahụ maka [[Ikike mmadụ|Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ]] nke e guzobere na 1987 nke a nabatara ọrụ ya n'ụwa niile site n'inweta ihe nrite Human Rights Watch na 1991 na ihe nrite nke Human Rights nke [[France|French Republic]] na 1996. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Agir Ensemble pour les Droits de l’Homme|date=2000|title=CCDHRN Comisión Cubana de Derechos y Reconciliación Nacional|url=http://www.aedh.org/new_es/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=91:ccdhrn&amp;catid=35:soutien-et-protection-des-victimes&amp;Itemid=59|accessdate=25 May 2013|language=es, fr|archivedate=14 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314030314/http://www.aedh.org/new_es/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=91:ccdhrn&amp;catid=35:soutien-et-protection-des-victimes&amp;Itemid=59}}&lt;/ref&gt;

onye otu kansụl nhazi nke Cuban Patriotic Union, [1] [2] nke Ngalaba Ọchịchị United States kọwara dị ka &quot;otu kachasị na mmegide Cuba&quot;, [3] nzukọ a na-agbaso mmegide udo na mmegide nke nnwere onwe obodo na  Cuba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sobre UNPACU: la creación de UNPACU&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Sobre UNPACU: la creación de UNPACU|journal=Web Oficial Unión Patriótica de Cuba|url=http://www.unpacu.org/acerca-de/sobre-unpacu/|accessdate=22 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onye mgbagha ama ama na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ na Cuba, ekwupụtala ya ọtụtụ oge ịbụ onye mkpọrọ nke akọ na uche kemgbe 1989.[1][2]  Ọ bụrụla ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ akwụkwọ ntụaka zuru ụwa ọnụ maka òtù ndị ruuru mmadụ na ndị nta akụkọ mba ụwa banyere ọnọdụ ikike mmadụ na mba agwaetiti ahụ na ọnọdụ ndị mkpọrọ nke akọ na uche.&lt;ref name=&quot;ElizardoAI2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=1989–2013|title=24 Documentos de Amnistía Internacional sobre Elizardo Sánchez|url=http://www.amnesty.org/es/ai_search?keywords=elizardo%20s%C3%A1nchez&amp;op=Buscar&amp;form_id=search_theme_form&amp;form_token=682f6bade51edc45d64541cd6c9b2712|journal=Amnistía Internacional|accessdate=25 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CCDHRN-HRW1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2009–2013|title=Documentos de Human Rights Watch en que se cita como fuente al CCDHRN|url=http://www.hrw.org/es/search/apachesolr_search/%22Comisi%C3%B3n%20Cubana%20de%20Derechos%20Humanos%20y%20Reconciliaci%C3%B3n%20Nacional%22|journal=Human Rights Watch Reports|accessdate=25 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ElizardoHRW1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=June 2011|title=Cuba no debe continuar encarcelando a disidentes pacíficos|url=http://www.hrw.org/es/news/2011/06/01/cuba-no-debe-continuar-encarcelando-disidentes-pac-ficos|journal=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=25 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==

=== Onye mkpọrọ nke  Akọnuche ===
Dị ka akụkọ Amnesty International nke afọ 1989 si kwuo, &lt;ref name=&quot;elizardoAI1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=August 1989|title=Legal concern: Professor Elizardo Sanchez Santa Cruz|url=http://www.amnesty.org/es/library/asset/AMR25/013/1989/es/829d4495-ee72-11dd-96f1-9fdd7e6f4873/amr250131989es.html|journal=Amnistía Internacional|volume=AMR 25/13/89/s|accessdate=25 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elizardo Sánches e jidere n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1980 ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ isii, ebubo na ọ na-agbasa &quot;mgbasa mgbasa ozi ndị iro&quot;. A tọhapụrụ ya na 29 Disemba 1985 mana e jidere ya ọzọ, ya na ndị otu CCDHRN abụọ ọzọ, na Septemba 1986 ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ n'ebughị ebubo ma ọ bụ ikpe ruo mgbe a tọhapụrụ ye na Mee 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;elizardoAI1&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sánchez, Elizardo}}
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    <title>Chaima Issa</title>
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'''Chaima Issa''' (Arabic) bụ onye nta akụkọ mba  Tunisia, onye edemede, onye na-ede uri na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. Ọ bụ onye isi otu National Salvation Front, otu ndị mmegide a ma ama na Tunisia. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mmegide nke Onye isi ala Kais Saied jidere maka ebubo nke &quot;ịgba izu megide nchekwa steeti&quot;, ma kpọọ ya ndị na-eyi ọha egwu na Febụwarị n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị abụọ na atọ. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a tụrụ mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'okpuru ọchịchị Onye isi ala Kais Saied . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-06-23|title=Prosecutors block release of Tunisian opposition figure Chaima Issa|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/tunisian-judge-decides-free-chaima-issa-opponent-president-lawyer-2023-06-23/|accessdate=2023-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Mmalite na ọrụ ==
Nna Chaima Issa bụ onye ama ama nke Islamic Tendency Movement (Ennahdha) nke a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'afọ ndị pụkụ na narị itoolu na ịrị itọọlu. Issa gụrụ okpukpe na Mahadum Zitouna tupu ọ gaa France maka ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ọ gbara ọsọ na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke Tunisia n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na anọ mana o meriri. N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị abụọ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye njikwa ọrụ na Minista na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ezinụlọ n'oge ọ bipụtara Féminisme et religion . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-04-05|title=Tunisia: Chaima Issa, the first female political prisoner under Kais Saied's regime|language=en|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2023/04/05/tunisia-shaima-issa-the-first-woman-political-prisoner-under-kais-saied-s-regime_6021760_124.html|accessdate=2023-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị abụọ na otu, Issa sonyeere National Salvation Front, njikọ nke ndị otu mmegide megide &quot;nchịkwa ọchịchị nke 2021&quot; nke Onye isi ala Kais Saied. E jidere ya na ubochi iri abụọ na abụọ n'onwa Febụwarị n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị abụọ na atọ ma boo ya ebubo &quot;ịgba izu megide nchekwa steeti&quot; ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ. A gbapụtara ya site n'aka onye ọka ikpe na ụlọ ikpe na-ahụ maka ndị na-eyi ọha egwu na June site na mkpesa nke onye ọkàiwu gọọmentị tinyere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2023-06-24|title=Tunisia public prosecutor refuses to release opposition figure Chaima Issa|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230624-tunisia-public-prosecutor-refuses-to-release-opposition-figure-chaima-issa/|accessdate=2023-08-13|work=Middle East Monitor|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi ala Saied kpọrọ ndị mmegide e jidere gụnyere Issa ndị na-eyi ọha egwu, ndị omempụ na ndị sabo ma yie egwu na onye ọka ikpe ọ bụla tọhapụrụ ha ga-ahụ dị ka onye na-akwado mpụ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chaima Issa Archives|url=https://theafricanmirror.africa/tag/chaima-issa/|accessdate=2023-08-13|work=The African Mirror|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prosecutor blocks release of Tunisian opposition figure|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/23/tunisian-judge-to-free-president-opponent-chaima-issa|accessdate=2023-08-13|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Buchi ịrị na atọ n'onwa disemba n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị abụọ na atọ, ụlọ ikpe ndị agha mara Chaïma Issa ikpe ịga mkpọrọ otu afọ nke chọpụtara na ikpe mara ya maka &quot;ịmebi&quot; Onye isi ala Kaïs Saïed na ndabere nke nkwupụta e mere na mgbasa ozi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tunisie : l’opposante Chaïma Issa condamnée à un an de prison avec sursis|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/12/13/tunisie-l-opposante-chaima-issa-condamnee-a-un-an-de-prison-avec-sursis_6205584_3212.html|accessdate=2023-12-14|work=Le Monde|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Issa, Chaima}}
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'''Crispin Kugiza Kaheru''' (amụrụ na n'ubochi ịrị abụọ n'onwa Machị , n'afọ pụkụ na narị itoolu na ịrị asatọ na atọ ) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na ihe ndị ruola mmadụ na mba Uganda, na-eje ozi ugbu a na ndị isi kọmitii dị ka onye otu na Uganda Human Rights Commission.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-22|title=Crispin Kaheru|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/crispin-kaheru-3206508|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=Monitor|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Crispin Kaheru Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/crispin-kaheru/|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Crispin Kaheru Archives - Page 2 of 3|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/crispin-kaheru/page/2/|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=sabasabaupdates|date=2021-08-24|title=I will 'Carefully' consider the proposal to serve on Human Rights Commission -Crispin Kaheru|url=https://sabasabaupdates.com/2021/08/24/i-will-carefully-consider-the-proposal-to-serve-on-human-rights-commission-crispin-kaheru/|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=Sabasaba Updates|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe omuma agụmakwụkwọ ==
Kaheru gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na Kabalega Primary School ma mesịa gaa mba United Kingdom, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya site na ụlọ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; O mechara laghachi ma nọdụ maka asambodo agụmakwụkwọ ya na Masindi Academy . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; O mechara sonye na Busoga College Mwiri maka Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ise, o nwetara nzere bachelọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Makerere . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na itoolu, o nwetara diplọma postgraduate na Peace and Security Studies na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na abụọ, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere masta na Public Administration and Management na Mahadum Makerere . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na asatọ, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Practice of Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation na John F. Kennedy School of Government . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Na mgbakwunye na agụmakwụkwọ ya, Kaheru sonyere na nkuzi ọzụzụ nchịkwa ntuli aka nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị nke African Union, European Union's Election Observation and Democracy Support, National Democratic Institute (NDI), International Republican Institute (IRI), na Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA) haziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na atọ, o sonyere na East African Uongozi Summer Institute na Mahadum Dar es Salaam . N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ise, ọ bụ onye otu ndị otu mbụ nke British Council's Inter Action Leadership Programme . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Akụkọ onwe onye na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ ya na Ụbọchị ịrị abụọ n'onwa Machị  afọ pụkụ na narị itoolu na ịrị asatọ na atọ, na Mpaghara Masindi nke Micheal Stephen Kaheru na Christine Namakula Kaheru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Nna ya bụ onye nchịkwa gọọmentị ebe nne ya bụ onye nkuzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Nwunye ya bụ Jemimah Naburri, onye ọ zutere na ụbọchị ịrị abụọ n'onwa Machị , afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịse. Ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, Crystal Kaheru na Imara Kaheru . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kaheru bụ Ford Foundation Fellow n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịse, mgbe ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Electoral Commission nke mba  Uganda . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ivan|first=Mubiru|date=2019-10-08|title=PROFILE: Who is Crispin Kaheru, the former CCEDU Coordinator?|url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20191008/79547/profile-who-is-crispin-kaheru-the-former-ccedu-coordinator.html|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=Watchdog Uganda|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara sonye na International Republican Institute (IRI) n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na isii dị ka onye enyemaka mmemme ma bulie ya n'ọkwa onye enyemaka mmemme na onye ọrụ mmemme na ụlọ ọrụ IRI na mba Uganda, mba Bangladesh, mba mba Pakistan na mba  United States n'etiti afọ pụkụ abụọ na ise na  afọ pụkụ abụọ na itoolu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mgbe ọ laghachiri  mba Uganda n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na itoolu, ọ sonyeere Citizens&quot; Coalition for Electoral Democracy in Uganda (CCEDU) dị ka onye nhazi ma gbaa arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya n'ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọktoba, n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na itọọlu mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ afọ itoolu na CCEDU.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|title=Crispin Kaheru resigns as CCEDU National Coordinator|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/crispin-kaheru-resigns-as-ccedu-national-coordinator-1852174|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=Monitor|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Crispin Kaheru {{!}} The Kampala Post|url=https://kampalapost.com/index.php/taxonomy/term/1896|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=kampalapost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Serugo|first=Geoffery|date=2019-10-08|title=CCEDU boss Crispin Kaheru resigns after nine years at helm|url=https://eagle.co.ug/2019/10/08/ccedu-boss-crispin-kaheru-resigns-after-nine-years-at-helm/|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=Eagle Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-10-08|title=Breaking News: Crispin Kaheru Resigns from CCEDU|url=https://chimpreports.com/breaking-news-crispin-kaheru-resigns-from-ccedu/|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=ChimpReports|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-29|title=Crispin Kaheru quits CCEDU|url=https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/national/crispin-kaheru-quits-ccedu-2419248|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=NTV Uganda|language=en|archivedate=2024-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724125519/https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/national/crispin-kaheru-quits-ccedu-2419248}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye otu Media Focus International (MFI) kemgbe afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na anọ, Kọmitii Elections nke Federation of Women Lawyers of Uganda (FIDA-U) kemgbe afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na anọ Elections Watch Committee nke iwu Uganda Law Society (ULS) (pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na ise/ịrị na isii), Citizens&quot; Election Observation Network - Uganda (CEON-U) (pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na ise/ịrị na isii), na Anti-Corruption Coalition of Uganda (ACCU) kemgbe afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na atọ .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị abụọ na atọ, ọ hụrụ ntuli aka onye isi ala Naịjirịa dị ka ọkachamara na ntuli aka onwe ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-02-24|title=Uganda's Crispin Kaheru to observe Nigeria's presidential polls|url=https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/national/uganda-s-crispin-kaheru-to-observe-nigeria-s-presidential-polls-4136166|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=NTV Uganda|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi ala nke mba Uganda họpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị kọmishọna na Uganda Human Rights Commission.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=KAZIBWE|first=KENNETH|date=24 August 2021|title=Museveni appoints former Minister Lokodo, Crispin Kaheru to Human Rights Commission|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/113605/museveni-appoints-former-minister-lokodo-crispin-kaheru-to-human-rights-commission|accessdate=24 July 2024|work=Nile Post|pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parts of Beijing locked down due to fresh virus cluster|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_186|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=New Vision|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global forum tipped on people-centered democracy|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/tag/crispin-kaheru|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=PML Daily|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=We need more human rights defenders - Kaheru|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_169769|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=New Vision|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

== Edemsibịa ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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'''Coralia Cartis''' bụ onye Romania na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Oxford onye nchọpụta ya gụnyere sensing abiakọrọ ọnu, nyocha ọnụọgụ, na usoro nhazi na njikarịcha mgbakọ na mwepụta. Na Oxford, ọ bụ Prọfesọ na Numerical Optimization na Mathematical Institute, na onye nkuzi nke Balliol College.{{R|profile}}

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ ya na Cluj-Napoca, [[Romania]],  Cartis nwetara nzere bachelọ na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Babeș-Bolyai, {{R|floreat}} wee mechaa PhD ya n'afọ 2005 na Mahadum Cambridge .{{R|turing}} Michael J. D. Powell lekọtara akwụkwọ edemede ya, On Interior Point Methods for Linear Programming. {{R|mg}} N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mmeri onye nke abụọ nke Leslie Fox Prize for Numerical Analysis.{{R|fox}}

Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka onye nchọpụta na Rutherford Appleton Laboratory na onye nchọpụta postdoctoral na Oxford, ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi na Mahadum Edinburgh n'afọ 2007.  Ọ nwetara ọnọdụ ya ugbu a na Oxford n'afọ 2013.{{R|turing}}

N'afọ 2018 ọ ghọrọ onye otu sayensị nke Smith Institute for Industrial Mathematics and System Engineering,  ma bụrụkwa ọkà okwu zuru oke na 16th EUROPT Workshop on Advances in Continuous Optimization na mba Spain. {{R|smith}}{{R|europt}}

A họpụtara Cartis na klas nke 2023 nke SIAM Fellows. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SIAM Announces Class of 2023 Fellows|url=https://sinews.siam.org/Details-Page/siam-announces-class-of-2023-fellows|accessdate=2023-04-08|work=SIAM News|date=30 March 2023|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==

* {{Cite journal|author=Cartis|first=Coralia|year=2011|title=Adaptive cubic regularisation methods for unconstrained optimization. Part I: motivation, convergence and numerical results|journal=[[Mathematical Programming]]|volume=127|issue=2|pages=245–295|doi=10.1007/s10107-009-0286-5}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Boumal|first=Nicolas|date=2019-01-25|title=Global rates of convergence for nonconvex optimization on manifolds|journal=[[IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis]]|volume=39|issue=1|pages=1–33|doi=10.1093/imanum/drx080}}
* {{Cite book|author=Cartis|first=C.|url=|title=Evaluation complexity of algorithms for nonconvex optimization: theory, computation, and perspectives|date=2022|publisher=Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics|isbn=978-1-61197-698-4|location=Philadelphia|oclc=1295352789}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=europt&gt;{{citation|url=http://www2.ual.es/EurOPT18/program/|title=EUROPT 18 program|access-date=2020-02-29|archive-date=2020-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301225242/http://www2.ual.es/EurOPT18/program/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=fox&gt;{{citation|url=https://ima.org.uk/awards-medals/ima-leslie-fox-prize-numerical-analysis/|publisher=Institute of Mathematics and its Applications|title=IMA Leslie Fox Prize for Numerical Analysis|access-date=2020-02-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=mg&gt;{{mathgenealogy|id=113138}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=profile&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/people/coralia.cartis|title=Prof. Coralia Cartis|work=Mathematical Institute People|publisher=University of Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=smith&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.smithinst.co.uk/insights/professor-coralia-cartis-joins-the-smith-institutes-scientific-board/|title=Professor Coralia Cartis joins the Smith Institute's Scientific Board|first=Judy|last=Reynolds|date=June 28, 2018|publisher=The Smith Institute for Industrial Mathematics and System Engineering}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=turing&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.turing.ac.uk/people/researchers/coralia-cartis|title=Professor Coralia Cartis|work=Turing Fellows|publisher=The Alan Turing Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=floreat&gt;{{citation|url=https://issuu.com/balliol/docs/floreat_domus_2015/32|title=Balliol maths: a plurality of women|date=May 26, 2015|page=30|work=Floreat Domus|publisher=Balliol College|access-date=November 9, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Coralia Cartis mbipụta ndị edepụtara site na Onye Ọkà mmụta Google
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cartis, Coralia}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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'''Louise Doris Adams''' (2 Julaị 1889 – 24 Disemba 1965) bụ onye nkuzi mgbakọ na mwepụ na Britain na onye nyocha ụlọ akwụkwọ (HMI) onye dere akwụkwọ 1953 A Background to Primary School Mathematics (Oxford University Press){{R|cook|edres}}  wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke Mathematical Association na 1959.{{R|pres}}&amp;nbsp;

== Ndụ ==
Adams nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Bedford College, London, na nkwanye ùgwù nke abụọ na mgbakọ na mwepụ na 1911.  {{R|obit|ulhr}} Ọrụ ya dị ka onye nyocha na-elekwasị anya na West Country na karịsịa Bristol; ọ lara ezumike nká na nyocha na 1950. {{R|obit}}

Ọ sonyeere Mathematical Association n'ihe dị ka 1915, ọ bụkwa onye otu ruo afọ 51.  Ọ ghọrọ onye otu Teaching Sub-Committee of the Mathematiical Association na 1946, nke ọ ghọrọ Onye isi oche na 1954 ma nọgide na-abụ onye otu ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. {{R|obit}}{{R|melrose}} Ọ bụkwa onye so na kọmitii Ngwa, Arithmetic na Secondary Modern. Mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Association Mathematical na 1959, ọ ghọrọ naanị nwanyị nke abụọ na-arụ ọrụ ahụ kemgbe e guzobere otu ahụ na 1871, mgbe Mary Cartwright gasịrị na 1951.   na HMI nke abụọ, mgbe W. C. Fletcher gasịrị na 1939.{{R|pres|obit}}

Ọ nwụrụ na 1965. {{R|obit}}

== Onyinye ==
Adams nwere &quot;ahụmahụ dị egwu dị ka onye nkuzi na onye nyocha&quot; wee dee akwụkwọ ya, A Background to Primary School Mathematics (1953), na ndabere nke ahụmahụ ahụ.{{R|edres}} Ebumnuche ya bụ maka ndị nkuzi nke mgbakọ na mwepụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ma jiri ọmụmụ ihe sitere n'ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 80 kwado ijikọ nkuzi nke lissafi na ahụmịhe ụmụ akwụkwọ.{{R|cook}} Akwụkwọ ya &quot;kpaliri ọtụtụ ndị nkuzi&quot; ma gosipụta nkwenye dị ukwuu n'ịgba egwu na ngwaọrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ karịa mmụta.{{R|breakell}}

Dị ka onye otu Kọmitii nkuzi nke Mathematical Association, Adams nyere aka gbanwee uche nke njikọ ahụ &quot;site na nkuzi gaa na mmụta&quot;  na ihe a ga-akụziri ka a ga-esi kụzie ya, ma kwalite itinye agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị na nke sekọndrị n'ime ọrụ ahụ. {{R|breakell}}{{R|obit}}Ma akwụkwọ ya na okwu onye isi ala ya nye ndị otu mgbakọ na mwepụ bụ nnukwu ihe mkpali na mgbanwe nke mmụta mgbakọ na mwepụ na UK, dịkwa ka akwụkwọ akụkọ Sub-Committee Teaching 1955 The Teaching of Mathematics in Primary School, bụ nke o nyere aka n'ide.{{R|breakell}}{{R|obit}}

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=breakell&gt;{{citation
 | last = Breakell | first = John
 | date = September 2001
 | pages = 18, 176–177, 249
 | publisher = University of London
 | title = The teaching of mathematics in schools in England and Wales during the early years of the Schools Council 1964 to 1975
 | url = https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10019044/7/Breakell%2C%20John_Redacted.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=cook&gt;{{citation
 | last = Cook | first = H. M.
 | date = September 1954
 | doi = 10.2307/3609069
 | issue = 325
 | pages = 238–239
 | journal = The Mathematical Gazette
 | title = Review: ''A Background of Primary School Mathematics''
 | volume = 38| jstor = 3609069
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=edres&gt;{{citation
 | date = January 1958
 | doi = 10.1080/0013188580010108
 | issue = 1
 | journal = Educational Research
 | pages = 74–79
 | title = The teaching of arithmetic – Improvements on current methods
 | volume = 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=melrose&gt;{{citation
 | last = Melrose | first = Jean
 | pages = 20–21
 | publisher = Durham University
 | series = Durham theses
 | title = The mathematical association diploma in mathematical education as an instrument for in-service education for primary school teachers
 | url = https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7058/
 | year = 1986}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=obit&gt;{{citation
 | last1 = Williams | first1 = E. M. | author1-link = Elizabeth Williams (educationist)
 | last2 = Sowden | first2 = K.
 | date = October 1965
 | issue = 373
 | journal = The Mathematical Gazette
 | jstor = 3614670
 | pages = 255–258
 | title = Obituary: Louise Doris Adams
 | volume = 50| doi = 10.1017/S0025557200054498 | doi-access = free
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=pres&gt;{{citation
 | accessdate = 2018-10-06
 | publisher = [[Mathematical Association]]
 | title = Presidents of the Association
 | url = https://www.m-a.org.uk/presidents}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=rollett&gt;{{citation
 | last = Rollett | first = A. P.
 | date = October 1968
 | doi = 10.2307/3614161
 | issue = 381
 | pages = 219–241
 | journal = The Mathematical Gazette
 | title = Presidential address: Class consciousness
 | volume = 52| jstor = 3614161
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ulhr&gt;{{citation
 | page = 523
 | publisher = University of London Press
 | title = University of London, the Historical Record: (1836-1912) Being a Supplement to the Calendar, Completed to September 1912
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vyPiAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA523
 | year = 1912}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} </text>
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    <title>Richard Desjardins</title>
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'''Richard Desjardins (amuru na Maachị 16, 1948) bu onye ọbụ abụ na onye isi ihe nkiri Québécois.'''

== Ọrụ ==
Desjardins na ndị enyi ya guzobere otu egwu rock nke obodo Abbitibbi n'afọ ndị 1970; Desjardines na-akpọ piano, guitar, ma na-abụ abụ. Mgbe otu ahụ gbasara na 1982, Desjardins chụpụrụ ọrụ n'onwe ya. O weputara otutu abọm n'onwe ya, gụnyere Tu m'aimes-tu na 1990 na Boom Boom, nke pụtara na RPM 100 Top Albums list na 1998.

Desjardins chọpụtakwara ọrụ na-eme ihe nkiri, ọkachasị ihe ngosi. Mmekọrịta a na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Quebec mere ka ọ soro duzie ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ogologo oge. A maara ya maka ịgba mbọ gburugburu ebe obibi ya, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara ichekwa oke ọhịa pụọ ​​na mmegbu nke ukwuu, na ịkwalite nke a ya na Robert Monderie mepụtara ihe nkiri akwụkwọ akụkọ Forest Alert (L'erreur boréale) na 1999.[1]  Na 2007 Desjardins, ọzọ na Monderie, kere The Invisible Nation (Le Peuple invisible), akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere mba Algonquin na Quebec.

Desjardins gara njem nleta na 2013, na-akwalite abọm ya L'existoire; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ pụtara mgbe ụfọdụ, gụnyere 2018 Festival guitares du monde na Abitibi.

Na 2017 otu ndị na-agụ egwú gbakọtara na Steve Jolin's Rouyn-Noranda ndekọ ụlọ ọrụ na-edekọ Chanter Richard Desjardins, a ụtụ ụtụ nke Desjardins' songs.

E gosipụtara ya na ihe nkiri Lisette Marcotte nke 2019 The Last Nataq (Le dernier Nataq). 

== Nkọwapụta ==
Abọm

* 1981-Boom Town Café (ya na Abbittibbi) 
* 1988 - Ụmụ mmadụ Ikpeazụ
* 1989-Akụ̀ nke Asụsụ (ya na René Lussier) 
* 1990- Ị hụrụ m n'anya
* 1992-Ndị Ikpeazụ Mmadụ (ihe ndekọ ọhụrụ) 
* 1994-Ọkụ bụ abalị (ya na Abbittibbi) 
* 1998-Ọganihu
* 2003-Kanasuta&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cormier|first=Sylvain|date=2011-04-20|title=Desjardins, le nouvel album - Pour ne pas désespérer tout seul|url=https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/musique/321556/desjardins-le-nouvel-album-pour-ne-pas-desesperer-tout-seul|accessdate=2023-03-01|work=Le Devoir|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011-Akụkọ ndụ

Abọm ndị dị ndụ

* 1993-Richard Desjardins na Club Soda
* 1996-Desjardins Abbittibbi Live (ya na Abbittibby) 

Akara ụda

* 1990-Okpukpọ

DVD

* Kanasuta - Ebe ekwensu ga-agba egwú (2005) 

== Ihe nkiri ==

* 1977 - A Raging Disaster (Comme des chiens en pacage) nke Desjardins na Robert Monderie dere
* 1978 - Firefly (Mouche à feu), nke Desjardins na Robert Monderie dere
* 1999 - Forest Alert (L'erreur boréale) nke Desjardins na Robert Monderie
* 2007 - The Invisible Nation (Le peuple invisible) nke Desjardins na Robert Monderie dere
* 2011 - The Hole Story (Akụkọ ọgba aghara) nke Desjardins na Robert Monderie dere

== Egwú maka ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri ==

* À double tour (English title: Twice Convicted), nke Marie Cadieux, 1994
* The Party (Le Party) nke Pierre Falardeau, 1990
* La Nuit avec Hortense (N'abalị na Hortense), nke Jean Chabot, 1988
* Noranda, nke Robert Monderie na Daniel Corvec, 1984
* Nkwekọrịta dị nro (Soft Sharing) nke Sylvie van Brabant, 1983
* Kemgbe ụwa bụ ụwa nke Sylvie van Brabant, 1981
* Blue Winter (L'hiver bleu) nke André Blanchard, 1978
* Beat site n'aka André Blanchard, 1976 (Desjardins na Abbittibbi yana ndị egwu ndị ọzọ) 
* O dere egwu maka ma bụrụ onye nduzi egwu nke &quot;Têtes rondes et têtes pointues&quot; (&quot;The Roundheads and the Peakheads&quot;) nke Bertold Brecht, na 1986 Brecht International Festival na Toronto.
* Ọrịa ịba ụba, 2024

== Akwụkwọ ==

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.richarddesjardins.qc.ca/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Desjardins]
* [http://www.paroles.net/artis/1295 Okwu 59 nke egwu Desjardins.]  (ebe dị n'okpuru) 
* [http://www.radio-canada.ca/radio/profondeur/RichardDesjardins/accueil.shtml Redio Canada] (Ihe ndekọ banyere Richard Desjardins) (n'asụsụ French) 
* [http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-bleu/?nr=a3be0249e12691962c5865b4ce3743a1&amp;64681ca89cc5822eb14114823c2a170b_container_id=645&amp;64681ca89cc5822eb14114823c2a170b_container_mode=instances&amp;64681ca89cc5822eb14114823c2a170b_article_id=39463 Redio France, France Blue] (ajụjụ ọnụ na Desjardins) (n'asụsụ French) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305113526/http://www.tryskell.com/html/richard.php Nchịkọta nke ọrụ Desjardins Life] (n'asụsụ French) 
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Joanna Leunis</title>
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'''Joanna Leunis''' (amụrụ na ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na abụọ n'onwa Mee n'afọ pụkụ na narị itoolu na ịrị asatọ na otụ na Rocourt, Liège, [[Belgium]]), bụ onye na-agba egwú mba Latin. Ya na Michael Malitowski, ọ bụbu onye mmeri World Latin Dance &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Result Service - Competition info|url=http://www.danceplaza.com/index.tpl?style=results&amp;action=view&amp;what=27552|work=Danceplaza.com|accessdate=2012-06-18|archivedate=2012-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606032413/http://www.danceplaza.com/index.tpl?style=results&amp;action=view&amp;what=27552}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye mmeri International Latin American Dance ugbu a. Di na nwunye ahụ nọchitere anya [[Poland]] ruo n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na otụ, wee họrọ ịnọchite anya England ruo mgbe ha lara ezumike nká n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na ise.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, ọ na-arịa ọrịa ọbara yiri leukemia na ólú bekee, mana ọ gbakere mgbe otu afọ gachara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.easy2relate2.com/joanna.htm|title=Joanna Leunis|accessdate=2009-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027043221/http://www.easy2relate2.com/joanna.htm|archivedate=2009-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Joanna na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ, gụnyere French, English, Dutch na German, a na-ekwukwa na ọ na-amụta Italian. Egwú Joanna gụnyere ọzụzụ na ballet, tap na ballroom na ịgba egwu Latin America. Tupu ya na Michael Malitowski na-arụkọ ọrụ, Joanna nwere ọtụtụ mmekọrịta na-aga nke ọma. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, Joanna meriri World Amateur Latin Championship, ya na Slavik Kryklyvyy. Mgbe e mesịrị, ya na Malitowski, ọ meriri WDC World Professional Latin Championship na pụkụ abụọ na asatọ na pụkụ abụọ na itoolu. N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na abụọ, Leunis na Malitowski ghọrọ ndị mmeri Open British.

Njikọ di na nwunye ahụ gụnyere mmeri na asọmpi ịgba egwú Latin niile kachasị ewu ewu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dancesportinfo.net/displayCouple.aspx?coupleId=4013|title=DancesportInfo.net|accessdate=2009-10-22|archivedate=2009-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328034613/http://www.dancesportinfo.net/DisplayCouple.aspx?CoupleID=4013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ndị na-agba egwú asọmpi, ha bụ ndị ọkachamara kpamkpam na ịgba egwú Latin.

Mgbe ha meriri Professional Latin Championship na Blackpool Dance Festival 2015 maka oge nke asatọ, Michael na Joanna kwupụtara ezumike nká ha na asọmpi asọmpi ahụ.

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na itọọlu, a mara ọkwa na Michael na Joanna ekpebiela ịhapụ. Ha anaghịzi ebi, na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na-agba egwú ọnụ.

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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'''Christine Johanna Buisman''' (   ; 22 Maachị 1900 – 27 Maachị 1936) bụ onye Dutch phytopathologist nke nyefere obere oge ọrụ ya na nyocha nke ọrịa Dutch elm na nhọrọ nke mkpụrụ osisi elm na-eguzogide ọgwụ. Na 1927, Buisman nyere ihe akaebe ikpeazụ na Graphium ulmi (nke e mechara kpọwa Ophiostoma ulmi) bụ onye na-akpata ọrịa ahụ, mechiri esemokwu nke kpalitere n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Dutch na German kemgbe 1922.

Buisman mepụtara usoro inoculation maka nyochaa ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke osisi elm maka iguzogide, na 1932 chọpụtara ụdị na-emepụta fungus, ''Ceratostomella ulmi''. A gụrụ clone elm mbụ na-eguzogide na Netherlands aha ya na 1937, mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'afọ gara aga.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Buisman bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụaka anọ a zụlitere n'ezinụlọ na-emesapụ aka na nke ọha mmadụ na Leeuwarden. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ mgbatị ahụ dị n'ógbè ahụ na 1919, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ banyere Biology na Amsterdam, ihe kacha amasị ya n'oge ahụ bụ ahịhịa mmiri. N'ime 1923–24, Buisman sonyeere nkuzi bara uru na ụlọ nyocha phytopathology &quot;Willie Commelin Scholten&quot; na Baarn, obere obodo dị nso na Amsterdam. E debere ụlọ nyocha ahụ na Villa Java dị n'akụkụ Centraal Bureau voor Schimmelcultures (fungiculture) (CBS), ebe Buisman rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Johanna Westerdijk (1883-1961) duziri ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ahụ, nwanyị prọfesọ mbụ na Netherlands, nke a họpụtara na 1917. N'afọ 1927, Mahadum Utrecht nyere Buisman nzere doctorate maka ọrụ na Phycomycetes na-ere ure (''Phytophthora'' na ''Pythium'').  &lt;ref name=&quot;Holmes&amp;Heybroek1989&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Holmes|first=Francis W.|title=Dutch Elm Disease - the Early Papers|chapter=Dutch Elm Disease—The Early Papers|date=1989|publisher=American Phytopathological Society|location=St Paul, Minnesota|pages=154|doi=10.1094/9780890545102.001|isbn=978-0-89054-510-2|url=https://doi.org/10.1094/9780890545102.001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnyocha ọrịa Elm ==
Na ngwụcha afọ 1926, e nyere ego maka nyocha ọzọ gbasara ọrịa Dutch elm. A na-ebo Buisman ebubo maka ọrụ afọ abụọ a, a kụkwara akụkụ nke ogige ahụ nke ọma. Iji bute ọtụtụ osisi, Buisman nwalere iji agịga, usoro a ga-eji mee ihe n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ. N'afọ 1927, o nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta ma vascular discolouration na akwụkwọ na-agbaze, naanị site n'ịgba osisi nnwale ya n'oge ọkọchị karịa ka Bea Schwarz mere na 1921, na-akwado nsonaazụ [[Hans Wilhelm Wollenweber|Wollenweber]] na Stapp nwetara na Berlin, na-enye ihe akaebe doro anya na ''Graphium ulmi'' kpatara ọrịa Dutch elm (DED).

N'afọ 1929, Buisman hapụrụ CBS maka ịmụtakwu na Dahlem Berlin. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ ahụ, ọ gara nnọkọ nke International Federation of University Women na Geneva, ebe ọ zutere Bernice Cronkhite, dean nke Mahadum Harvard's Radcliffe College na Boston, US. Buisman jiri ohere ahụ tinye akwụkwọ maka mkpakọrịta iji mụọ ọrịa elms na elm na US, na n'ọnwa na-esote ọ malitere ọmụmụ otu afọ ya na Boston, na ebumnuche bụ isi nke ịchọpụta ma ''Graphium ulmi'' dịkwa na US. Ọ bụghị ruo n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ tupu ọ laghachi Europe ka o jisiri ike kewapụ fungus ahụ na samples sitere na Cleveland, ịbụ onye mbụ kwupụtara ọnụnọ nke fungus na kọntinent North America. Ọ mụtakwara ọrịa elm ndị ọzọ, site na onyinye nke mkpụrụ osisi ''Ulmus americana'' sitere na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US. O dekọrọ nyocha a n'akwụkwọ e bipụtara na Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, Vol. XII (1931): &quot;Ụdị atọ nke ''Botryodiplodia'' Sacc. na Elm Trees na United States&quot;.

== Kọmitii Dutch Elm ==
N'oge Buisman nọrọ na US, egwu nke DED na Netherlands weere nke ọma, na Febụwarị 1930, mgbalị nke abụọ dugara na ntọala Kọmitii maka Nnyocha na Nchịkwa nke Ọrịa Elm. Westerdijk kpọrọ Buisman ka ọ nabata ọkwa onye nchọpụta na Baarn mgbe ọ lọtara n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1930. N'ime afọ ya na Baarn, Buisman dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ọrịa elm, na-ekwu okwu n'ime na n'èzí Netherlands (ọ na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ), na-eme ka onwe ya bụrụ ọkachamara elm kachasị na Europe.

Site na puku kwuru puku seedlings n'okpuru ule, site na 1935 Buisman ahọrọla ọtụtụ ekwe nkwa elm clones na a budata mma iguzogide DED, akpan akpan abụọ si France (clone no. 1) na Spain (clone mba. 24), nke ọ kwadebere iji na hybridization nnwale na The Hague, aka Simon Doorenbos, director nke obodo ahụ ogige ngalaba ngalaba..

Na March 1936, Buisman gara ụlọ ọgwụ gynecology. Agbanyeghi na ịwa ahụ pụtara na mbụ ọ gara nke ọma, ọ butere ọrịa na Machị 27, naanị ụbọchị ise ka ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya dị afọ 36 gasịrị. E liri Buisman ụbọchị atọ ka e mesịrị n'ebe a na-eli ozu 'Westerveld' na Driehuis, nke e debere na dunes nke North Sea n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Amsterdam..
[[Faịlụ:RN_Ulmus_hollandica_Christine_Buisman_(amsteldijk_amsterdam)_030223c.JPG|thumb|Ulmus obere 'Christine Buisman' na Amsterdam, 2007]]
Mgbe Kọmitii Dutch Elm kpebiri ịhapụ clone No. 24 na 1937, a kpọrọ aha clone maka onye nyocha elm raara onwe ya nye. Ọ bụ ezie na 'Christine Buisman' elm emezughị atụmanya gbasara àgwà uto ya, ma ọ dị ka ọ nwere ike ịnweta Coral Spot fungus, Nectria cinnabarina, ọtụtụ ụdị tozuru okè ka na-adị ndụ na Netherlands, England na US dị ka ihe akaebe dị ndụ nke mmezu ya.

== Akụkọ Mgbasa Ozi ==
Ọrụ ịzụlite ihe na-eguzogide ihe na Dutch gara n'ihu ruo n'afọ 1992, ọrụ ndị yiri ya na North America, Ịtali, na Spain sochiri ya, na-ahapụ ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbochi ihe na-acha uhie uhie na azụmahịa.

=== Ntọala Christine Buisman ===
N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ndị nne na nna Buisman meghere Christine Buisman Foundation, nke na-enye aka na mmefu maka ọmụmụ mba ọzọ site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị Dutch biology.

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

; Ebe ndị bụ isi e si nweta ya

* Johanna Westerdijk Archive, inventory No. 285 - ihe odide - &quot;Helgoland&quot;; na &quot;A Botanical Excursion to the Marine Laboratory at Wimereux, nso Bologne, France&quot;
* Leeuwarder Courant, akwụkwọ akụkọ, (1919-07-03, isi okwu Buisman) 
* National Library of The Netherlands, akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme (1917-01-09), The Hague

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223250/http://www.atria.nl/atria/eng/zoek/head Institute on Gender Equality and Women's History], Amsterdam
* [http://geelvinck.nl/ Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Geelvinck Hinlopen Huis], Amsterdam. Onye mepụtara ihe ngosi nka ahụ bụ nwa nwanne ya nwoke, Jurn Buisman.  (Ogige ahụ meghere maka ọha na eze ma gụnye Buisman-elm) 
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Buisman, Christine}}
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    <title>Clara Eaton Cummings</title>
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'''Clara Eaton Cummings''' (13 Julaị 1855 - 28 Disemba 1906) bụ onye American cryptogamic botanist na Hunnewell Prọfesọ nke Cryptogamic Botany na Wellesley College na Massachusetts.

== Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Cummings na Plymouth, New Hampshire, na Julaị 13, 1855 nye Noa Conner na Elmira George Cummings..&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1876, ọ debanyere aha na kọleji nka nka na-emesapụ aka nke ụmụ nwanyị Wellesley, naanị otu afọ ka emepechara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

== Ọrụ ==
Cummings buru ụzọ mụọ ihe ọkụkụ cryptogamous (spore-reproducing) dị ka mosses na lichens. Ọ mara ọtụtụ narị ụdị lichen mana ọ &quot;nwere oke nchekwa&quot; n'ịkpọsa ụdị ọhụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;eden&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Palmieri|first=Patricia Ann|title=In Adamless Eden: The Community of Women Faculty at Wellesley}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya pụtara n'akwụkwọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ, &lt;ref name=&quot;eden&quot; /&gt; ọ bụ ezie na o bipụtara katalọgụ nke liverworts na mosses nke North America na 1885. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Cummings|first=Clara|title=Catalogue of Musci and Hepaticae of North America, North of Mexico.|url=https://archive.org/details/catalogueofmusci00cumm|year=1885|publisher=Howard and Stiles}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ ghọrọ onye nlekọta na ebe ngosi ihe ọkụkụ na Wellesley site na 1878-79 ma were ya n'ọrụ na Wellesleys dị ka osote prọfesọ nke botany maka afọ akwụkwọ 1879. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Granite Monthly: A New Hampshire Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYIbAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Granite Monthly Co.|date=1907-01-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;book&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kiser|first=Helene Barker|title=Notable Women Scientists|year=1999|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=978-0-7876-3900-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/notablewomenscie00pame/page/119 119–120]|editor=Pamela Proffitt|chapter=Clara Eaton Cummings|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/notablewomenscie00pame|url=https://archive.org/details/notablewomenscie00pame/page/119}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1886 na 1887 ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Dr. Arnold Dodel na Mahadum Zurich ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ onwe ya ma kwadebe chaatị maka ihe osise Cryptogamic Botany. Mgbe ọ nọ na Europe, ọ gara n'ogige ahịhịa dị iche iche iji mụọ ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta ahịhịhịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Wellesley news : Free Download &amp; Streaming|url=https://archive.org/details/wellesleynews616well|accessdate=2015-11-21|publisher=Wellesley, Mass : Wellesley College}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe o si Zurich lọta, Cummings ghọrọ osote prọfesọ nke cryptogamic botany na Wellesey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'agbata afọ 1892 na 1903 o bipụtara akwụkwọ atọ exsiccata a na-akpọ Decades of North American lichens na Thomas Albert Williams na Arthur Bliss Seymour dị ka ndị nchịkọta akụkọ.

Na 1904, o bipụtara katalọgụ nke ụdị 217 ụdị Alaska lichens anakọtara n'oge njem Harriman nke gụnyere ụdị 76 ọhụrụ na Alaska na opekata mpe ụdị abụọ ọhụrụ na sayensị..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fink|first=Bruce|title=A Memoir of Clara E. Cummings|journal=The Bryologist|date=3 May 1907|volume=10|issue=3|pages=37–41|doi=10.1639/0007-2745(1907)10[37:amocec]2.0.co;2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Febụwarị na Machị 1905, Cummings gara [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]] ebe ọ chịkọtara lichens. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, e zigara nchịkọta ya na New York Botanical Garden . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=An Enumeration of Lichens Collected by Clara Eaton Cummings in Jamaica: I|journal=Mycologia|date=1912-05-01|pages=125–140|volume=4|issue=3|doi=10.2307/3753489|first=Lincoln W.|author=Riddle}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cummings bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Plant World &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wayne, Tiffany K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPGZJ_YuMwgC&amp;pg=PA94|isbn=9781598841589|title=American Women of Science Since 1900|year=2011|publisher=Abc-Clio}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma kpọọ aha na 1899 onye otu American Association for the Advancement of Science . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Historic Fellows|work=American Association for the Advancement of Science|url=https://www.aaas.org/fellows/historic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ onye otu Society of Plant Morphology and Physiology ma jee ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche na 1904. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cummings, Clara Eaton (1855-1906)|url=http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000045679}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye otu Mycological society, Torrey Botanical Club, Boston Mycological Club, na Boston Society of Natural History . &lt;ref name=&quot;book&quot; /&gt;

== Akụkụ nke akwụkwọ ==

* ''Ndepụta nke Musci na Hepaticae nke North America, North nke Mexico'' (1885) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* ''Lichens nke Alaska'' (1904) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The lichens of Alaska|publisher=Washington|first=Clara Eaton|author=Cummings}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe edeturu ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Works by Clara Eaton CummingsnaLibriVox (Akwụkwọ ndị a na-ege ntị n'ógbè ọha na eze) 
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    <title>Clara H. Hasse</title>
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'''Clara Henriette Hasse''' (1880 - 10 Ọktoba 1926)bụ onye America na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ nke nyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na pathology osisi. A maara ya maka ịchọpụta ihe kpatara citrus canker, nke na-eyi ihe ọkụkụ egwu na Deep South..

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Hasse attended the University of Michigan. While at U of M, she was appointed an assistant in botany in 1902.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Proceedings of the Board of Regents (1901-1906)|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/u/umregproc/ACW7513.1901.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext|author=University of Michigan. Board of Regents.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasse was a founding member of the Women's Research Club at U of M as women were not allowed in the Research Club at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Michigan|first=University of|url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AAS3302.0001.001|title=The University of Michigan, an encyclopedic survey ... Wilfred B. Shaw, editor.|date=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; After graduating from the University of Michigan in 1903 with a PhB,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rossiter|first=Margaret W.|title=&quot;Women's Work&quot; in Science, 1880-1910|journal=Isis|date=September 1980|volume=71|issue=3|pages=381–398|doi=10.1086/352540}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Calendar of the University of Michigan for ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kec_AAAAYAAJ|publisher=The University|date=1900-01-01|first=University of|author=Michigan}}&lt;/ref&gt; she went to [[Washington, D.C.]], to take up an appointment as assistant [[Ubi ugbo|horticulturist]] and botanist in the Bureau of Plant Industry at the U.S. Department of Agriculture under Erwin Frink Smith, the USDA's pathologist-in-charge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Hasse was one of the twenty assistants that Smith hired during his tenure at the USDA.  She later worked at the [[Florida Agricultural Experiment Station]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_297438|title=Clara H. Hasse (1880?-1926)|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|work=Collection Record|accessdate=30 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasse died at her home in Muskegon, Michigan, aged 46.

== Nnyocha ==
Akwụkwọ ya &quot;Pseudomonas citri, ihe kpatara citrus canker&quot;, nke e bipụtara na Journal of Agricultural Research na 1915, bụ onye mbụ chọpụtara ihe kpatara citrus canker. Ọ bụ ezie na mbụ a kwenyere na citrus canker sitere na fungoid, Hasse chọpụtara na nje bacteria dị na isi iyi ya.. Hasse wepụrụ nje bacteria, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ''Xanthomonas axonopodis'' pv. citri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jordan|first=Edwin Oakes|title=A text-book of general bacteriology|date=1918|publisher=W. B. Saunders company|location=Philadelphia and London|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.68463}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Citrus canker|url=https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disandpath/prokaryote/pdlessons/Pages/CitrusCanker.aspx|work=Citrus canker|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;. E tinyere ọrụ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo iji gosipụta ọrịa nke osisi akụ na ụba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1926|title=Department Bulletin No. 1366|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MlFAQAAIAAJ|journal=United States Department of Agriculture|author=Killough|first=Hugh Baxter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thomas Swann Harding na-ekwu na nyocha a mere ka &quot;n'ụzọ nchịkwa nke gbochiri ọrịa a ikpochapụ ihe ọkụkụ citrus na Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, na Texas&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Two Blades Of Grass|author=Thomas Swann Harding|date=1947|publisher=Norman University Of Oklahoma Press|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201994}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkụ nke akwụkwọ ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130408115948/http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/IND43965477/PDF#:~:text=The%20cells%20in%20the%20canker,conditions%20of%20temperature%20and%20moisture.&amp;text=As%20a%20result%20the%20diseased,above%20the%20normal%20leaf%20surface. &quot;Pseudomonas citri, ihe na-akpata ọrịa kansa Citrus&quot;], Journal of Agricultural Research, mpịakọta. IV, nke 1, April 15, 1915, peeji nke 97-100

== Edemsibia ==
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    <title>Clarissa Tracy</title>
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'''Clarissa Tucker Tracy''' (November 12, 1818 - November 13, 1905) bụ onye America na-amụ banyere ihe ọkụkụ na onye nkuzi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sterling1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Sterling|first=Keir Brooks|title=Biographical Dictionary of American and Canadian Naturalists and Environmentalists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdFuHC3DhwAC&amp;pg=PA780|date=January 1, 1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-23047-9|pages=780–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Tracy na Jackson, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, nwa nwanyị nke ndị ọsụ ụzọ Stephen Tucker na Lucy Tucker (née Harris). 

Mgbe Tracy dị afọ atọ, ọ malitere ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ógbè ahụ, ka ọ na-erulekwa n'ihe dị ka 1832, ọ nọ na-ezi ihe, ka ọ nọgidere na-amụ ihe. Site na 1835 ruo 1840 ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi na Franklin Academy na Harford. Na 1840 ọ ghọrọ onye enyemaka na Ladies Seminary, Honesdale, a họpụtara ya onyeisi gburugburu 1842 wee jide ọkwa ahụ ruo 1846. Na 1844 ọ nọrọ otu okwu na Troy Female Seminary, New York. Ọzọkwa na 1844 ọ lụrụ Horace Hyde Tracey, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ abụọ

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 1848, di Tracy nwụrụ. Site n'ihe dị ka 1849 ruo 1851, ọ na-elekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye na Honesdale. Site n'oge ahụ ruo n'ihe dị ka 1856, a na-ejikọta ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. N'agbata afọ 1856 na 1859, ọ na-elekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye ọzọ na Neenah, Wisconsin. 

N'afọ 1859, a họpụtara Tracy ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka nhazi ụlọ, onye isi ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị na onye nkuzi na Ripon College na Ripon, Wisconsin. Ọ mụrụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri atọ, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ ya na 1889, dabere kpamkpam na ụdị ndị ụmụ akwụkwọ ya chịkọtara.

Tracy lara ezumike nká na 1893, zụta ụlọ na mpụga ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-akụzi ma nọgide na-enwe mmekọrịta ya na Ripon College ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1905. 

== Ọrụ ==

* {{Cite book|title=Catalogue of Plants Growing Without Cultivation in Ripon and the Near Vicinity|location=Ripon, Wisconsin|date=1889}} 26 pages.

== Edemsibia ==
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'''Constance Endicott Hartt''' (November 2, 1900 - December 21, 1984) bụ onye US botanist ama ama maka nyocha ya na okpete.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ ya na Passaic, New Jersey. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mount Holyoke College na 1922. She taught at [[:en:St._Lawrence_University|St. Lawrence University]] and [[:en:Connecticut_College|Connecticut College]]. She also worked as a [[:en:Botanist|botanist]] for the [[:en:Hawaiian_Sugar_Planters'_Association|Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association]]. Hartt died in Hawaii in 1984 at the age of 84.&lt;ref name=&quot;siarchives.si.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Constance Endicott Hartt (1900-1984)|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_297434|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=24 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RaghavendraSage2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Raghavendra|first=A. S.|title=C4 Photosynthesis and Related CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=oiJXe1mu_dwC&amp;pg=PA13|date=20 October 2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-481-9407-0|pages=13–15|chapter=Chapter 2 Constance Endicott Hartt (1900-1984) and the Path of Carbon in the Sugarcane Leaf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
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    <title>Edith Coleman</title>
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'''Edith Coleman''' (1874-1951) bụ onye Australia na-ahụ maka ihe okike na onye na-ede akwụkwọ okike nke mere nchọpụta dị mkpa banyere ọrịa pollination na ụdị osisi Australia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Clode|first=Danielle|authorlink=|date=2018|title=The Wasp and the Orchid: The remarkable life of Australian naturalist Edith Coleman|url=https://danielleclode.com.au/wasp-%26-orchid-1|location=Sydney|publisher=Picador|isbn=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Coleman Edith Harms na 29 Julaị 1874 na Woking, Surrey. Ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Australia na 1887 wee ghọọ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ.Na 1898, ọ lụrụ James G. Coleman, onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ọsụ ụzọ na onye guzobere RACV. Ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, Dorothy na Gladys wee kwaga 'Walsham' na Blackburn, Victoria. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ akụkọ ntolite okike Coleman ka emere n'ime ubi na oke ohia gbara Walsham gburugburu, yana ụlọ ha dị na Healesville na Sorrento, Victoria. Ọ nwụrụ na 3 June 1951 na Sorrento, Victoria. . 

== Enyemaka na sayensị ==
Coleman sonyeere Field Naturalists Club nke Victoria na 11 Septemba 1922.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Willis|first=J. H.|date=1950|title=First Lady Recipient of Natural History Medallion - Mrs. Edith Coleman|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40916809|journal=The Victorian Naturalist|language=en|volume=67|pages=99–100|issn=0042-5184}}&lt;/ref&gt; O bipụtara ihe karịrị 350 isiokwu ndị a ma ama na nke sayensị site n'oge ahụ gaa n'ihu na The Victorian Naturalist yana akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin.  O bipụtara otu akwụkwọ pụrụ iche n'ọrụ ya banyere ihe ọ chọpụtara na Victorian Wattles . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Presland|first=Gary|date=2018|title=The Wasp and the Orchid: the Remarkable Life of Australian Naturalist Edith Coleman|journal=The Victorian Naturalist|volume=135|issue=3|pages=89+}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyere nnukwu aka na nkà mmụta sayensị na ọmụmụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị Australia, gụnyere orchids, mistletoe, spiders, ụmụ ahụhụ, nnụnụ na azụ yana akwụkwọ na herbs, ugbo na akụkọ ihe mere eme.

Akwụkwọ dị ịrịba ama nke Coleman na pseudocopulation na orchid doziri ihe omimi ogologo oge na orchid pollination &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Coleman|first=Edith|date=1927|title=Pollination of the orchid ''Cryptostylis leptochila''|journal=Victorian Naturalist|volume=44|pages=20–2}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke juru ọtụtụ ndị anya, gụnyere Charles Darwin. Ọrụ ya gosipụtara na, kama imepụta ihe na-atọ ụtọ iji dọta ndị na-eme ntụ ọka, ụfọdụ ụdị orchid na-eṅomi ụmụ nwanyị wasps na ísì, anya na aka nke ọma nke na ụmụ nwoke wasps na-enwe mmekọahụ (ma na-eme ka) orchid. Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ n'Oxford bụ Edward Bagnall Poulton bipụtara ọrụ ya na mba ụwa ma bụrụ onye na-ahụ Maka ụmụ ahụhụ n'Harvard bụ Oakes Ames.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Coleman|first=Edith|date=1928|title=Pollination of an Australian orchid by the male ichneumonid ''Lissopimpla semipunctata''|journal=Transactions of the Entomological Society Part II|volume=76|issue=2|pages=533–9|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2311.1929.tb01419.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ames|first=Oakes|date=1937|title=Pollination of orchids through pseudocopulation|journal=Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University|volume=5|issue=1|pages=1–29|doi=10.5962/p.295103|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/295103}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ma na-emetụta ọtụtụ ndị okike gụnyere Rica Erickson, Herman Rupp, Jean Galbraith, na Richard Sanders Rogers onye kpọrọ Prasophyllum colemaniae aha ya na ụmụ ya nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clode, Danielle|date=2019|title=Connecting collections and collecting connections: Reconstructing the life of Mrs Edith Coleman|journal=Unlikely|volume=4|url=http://unlikely.net.au/issue-04/connecting-collections}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Coleman bụkwa onye na-akwalite akwụkwọ Australia (na akwụkwọ Bekee) n'ihe odide ya ma Kate Baker weere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi na akwụkwọ Australia n'oge ahụ.

== Onyinye ==
E nyere Coleman ihe nrite Australian Natural History Medallion na 1949. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=L.Y.|title=A Feminist Movement|journal=The Victorian Naturalist|date=1950|volume=67|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40916768|accessdate=6 April 2018|language=en|issn=0042-5184}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme natara nsọpụrụ a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clode|first=Danielle|date=2018|title=Connecting collections and collecting connections: Reconstructing the life of Mrs Edith Coleman|journal=Journal for Creative Arts|issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Orchid ọhịa. ''Osisi Gum'', December, 5-8.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ụfọdụ orchid oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ. Victorian Naturalist, 39, 103-8.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mbilite n'ọnwụ nke osisi: Orchid ọhịa - oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ. The Age, Satọdee 26, 12 June.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mkpụrụ osisi orchid ''Cryptostylis leptochila''. Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke nke oge Victoria, 44, 20-2.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mkpụrụ osisi nke ''Cryptostylis leptochila''. Victorian Naturalist, 44, 333-40.
* {{Cite journal|author=Coleman|first=Edith|date=1928|title=Pollination of an Australian orchid by the male ichneumonid ''Lissopimpla semipunctata'', Kirkby.|journal=Ecological Entomology|volume=76|issue=2|pages=533–539|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2311.1929.tb01419.x}}
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Gafee kọntinent ahụ ruo Perth: Mmetụta nke agba na nnukwu anya. ''Argus'', Satọdee 23, 10 Nọvemba.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mkpụrụ osisi orchid nke abụọ nke Australia site na ichneumon Lissopimpla semipunctata Kirby (Hymenoptera, Parasitica). ''Ihe omume nke Royal Entomological Society of London Series A General Entomology'', 5 (2), 15.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mkpụrụ osisi orchid ụfọdụ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Australia. Victorian Naturalist, 46, 203-6.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Oge opupu ihe ubi na Healesville. The Age, Satọdee 12, 4 Septemba.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ozizi nke Okike: Ihe mmụta sitere na osisi na ụmụ ahụhụ. The Age, Satọdee 26, 4 Septemba.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nkwado nne: Ndụ nke àjà nke nne Scorpion-Spider. The Australian Women's Mirror, 9 (29), 11, 47.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Echidna n'agbụ. The Australian Woman's Mirror, 23, 12 Ọktoba, 47.
* {{Cite book|author=Coleman|first=Edith|title=Come back in wattle time : an illustrated handbook to our Australian wattles|publisher=Robertson &amp; Mullens|series=National Handbooks|date=1935|location=Melbourne|language=en|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/12498685}}
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ihe nzuzo nke Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/MU937313
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịdị ọcha n'Ụlọ [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/MU937060j
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ihe odide ndị ọzọ banyere Mountain Grasshopper, ''Acridopeza reticulata''. Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke nke oge Victoria, 55, 119-22.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nnyocha ndị ọzọ gbasara pseudocopulation nke nwoke ''Lissopimpla semipunctata'' Kirby (Hymenoptera, Parasitica) na orchid Australia C''ryptostylis leptochila'' Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 13, 82-3.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ugo na-achụ nta (''Isopeda immanis''): Mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị, itinye àkwá na mpụta nke ududo. The Australian Zoologist, 9, 180-90.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mmiri ozuzo anwansi na-eme ka 'ime ala' dị n'ime ala' nwee obi ike: ọtụtụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke 'ọzara' nke na-abụghị ọzara. The ''Argus'', Saturday 11, 4 June,6.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Anụ otu nwoke. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Enweghị akwụkwọ na Orchids (Cryptostylis). Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke n'oge Victoria, 56, 48.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ihe edeturu na Great Brown Stick-Insect: Akụkụ nke Mbụ - Mmepe nke àkwá na ụmụ. Onye na-ahụ maka ihe okike n'oge Victoria, 59, 46.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nchịkọta nke Wood-Swallows. Onye na-ahụ maka ihe okike n'oge Victoria, 61, 44.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Cricket ọhụrụ nke Victoria. Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke n'oge Victoria, 60, 144.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Onye nwụrụ anwụ Lt. Col. Bede Theodoric Goadby (WA botanist). Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke n'oge Victoria, 62, 30.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Miss G. Nokes na ''Calochilus imberbis'', Victorian Naturalist, 62, 108.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Parthenogenesis na Phasmids. Onye na-ahụ maka ihe okike n'oge Victoria, 61, 180.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nri nke tawny frogmouth. Victorian Naturalist, 63, 111-5.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Rọshịhịa ịnyịnya. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Australasia nke ọgwụ'', 27 (317), 381
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịzụlite ụcha na budgerigars. Victorian Naturalist, 64, 214.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịhazi ubi ahịhịa. ''Ogige Gị'', 1 (2), 22-23.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ahịhịa na-agbanye: Meadow Sweet ma ọ bụ Bridewort. ''Ogige Gị'', 1 (8), 42-43.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Vascular anatomy nke okooko osisi orchid. Victorian Naturalist, 65, 282-3.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ihe odide ndị ọzọ gbasara mistletoe. Victorian Naturalist, 66, 191-4.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] George Bass, onye nchọpụta mbụ na onye na-ahụ maka ihe okike na Victoria. Onye na-ahụ maka ihe okike n'oge Victoria, 67, 3.
* {{Cite journal|author=Coleman|first=Edith|date=May 1950|title=George Bass, Victoria's first explorer and naturalist.|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40916711|journal=The Victorian Naturalist|volume=67|pages=3–9}}
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Prọfesọ Oakes Ames (onye America na-ahụ maka orchid). Victorian Naturalist, 67, 184.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ndị ọbịa n'oge oyi n'ụlọ Blairgowrie. Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke n'oge Victoria, 68, 47-8.

== Edemsibia ==
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    <title>Edith Katherine Cash</title>
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'''Edith Katherine Cash''' (Ọktoba 14, 1890 - Eprel 6, 1992)  bụ onye America na-ahụ maka mycology.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Edith Cash na Binghamton, New York, nke John Ferris Cash na Adella Knapp Cash. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum George Washington na 1912 jiri nzere AB na akụkọ ihe mere eme na asụsụ wee bụrụ onye nnata ihe nrite nke Thomas F. Walsh maka agụmakwụkwọ kacha mma. Ọ maara nke ọma banyere akwụkwọ ndị Europe, na dị ka katalọgụ sitere na Mahadum George Washington si kwuo, isi ya bụ na French na obere na French na Bekee. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ dị ka onye enyemaka naanị otu abalị kwa izu n'ime ọnwa isii (Ọktoba 1921 ruo Mee 1922) iji nweta ọzụzụ mycology ya, na USDA Graduate School. Ya na Flora Wambaugh Patterson na William Webster Diehl wepụtara usoro exsiccata-dị ka Mycological exchange nke 1921 na ụdị ndị USDA kesara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mycological exchange of 1921: IndExs ExsiccataID=585967540|work=IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae|publisher=Botanische Staatssammlung München|url=https://www.botanischestaatssammlung.de/DatabaseClients/IndExs/Exsiccatae_IndExs_Details.jsp?ExsiccataID=585967540|accessdate=22 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nọrọ ọrụ nyocha ya niile na ụlọ ọrụ a. Cash malitere dị ka onye ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ na 1913. Mgbe afọ iri na otu gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu site n'ọkwa ahụ gaa na onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa (1924). Ọ nwetara ọkwa dị ka onye enyemaka na-ahụ maka ọrịa na 1929, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị dị ka onye na-ahụ Maka mycology na 1944 ma mesịa bụrụ onye na-amụ banyere mycology n'afọ 1956. 

== Ọrụ ==
Ndị ọrụ ibe ya na-ahụ maka mycology na botanist na-echeta Cash dị ka onye ọkà mmụta na onye nduzi maka ndị na-eto eto na ọrụ ha. Dị ka onye ọkachamara, a maara ya maka nlebara anya ya na nkọwa na izi ezi, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ngalaba mycology nke Biological Abstracts ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na naanị onye mezue oge afọ ise atọ dị ka onye otu na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Mycologia''.

Cash bipụtara akwụkwọ 14 n'ime afọ iri mbụ ya dị ka ọkà mmụta ọrịa-mycologist, 11 n'ime ha nọ na Discomycetes, ebe ọ kọwara ụdị ọhụrụ 37. Ndị Discomycetes bụbu otu taxonomic n'ime ascomycetes. A na-akpọkwa ero ndị nwere apothecia nwere iko dị ka Discomycetes .  Ọ kọwakwara ọtụtụ ụdị sitere na ''Sclerotinia'',  na-akwalite mmasị na ọmụmụ nke ụdị a. 

N'oge ọrụ nyocha ya, ọ kọwara ụdị Discomycetes sitere n'ọtụtụ mba na ụdị fungus ndị ọzọ. Akwụkwọ ya gụnyere nkọwa nke Discomycetes si [[California]] (Cash 1958), [[Hawaii]] (Cash 1938), Discomycèes na Hysteriales si [[Flórídạ|Florida]] (Cash 1943), South America, India na fungi a hụrụ na [[orchid]] dị ndụ. Ndị na-enyocha nke Plant Quarantine Branch, Agricultural Research Services, United States of Agriculture chịkọtara ụdị fungus n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, a kọrọ na mbụ na orchid (Cash na Watson 1955). O bipụtakwara A Mycological English-Latin Glossary na 1965. Na mgbakwunye na akwụkwọ ya, Cash kọwara ụdị fungus ọhụrụ 134, niile kọrọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị ndị ọgbọ nyochara, ma chọpụta ihe karịrị ụdị fungus 11000, gụnyere ịkọwa ihe karịrị ụdị fungi 600 na osisi na Latin maka ndị ọrụ ibe ya n'ụwa niile.

Ego nkịtị lara ezumike nká na May 31, 1958, mana ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na nyocha nke ya na ịkwadebe nkọwa na Latin maka ndị ọrụ ibe ya gburugburu ụwa. N'afọ 1975, Cash na nwanne ya nwanyị kwagara Binghamton, New York, ebe ọ malitere ịkụziri ndị otu obodo ka ha nwee ọ enjoyụ na ịmata osisi ifuru mpaghara. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ lụrụ di ma ọ bụ 101 afọ mgbe ọ nwụrụ na April 6, 1992. Ozu ya dị na Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington D.C. nso na nke nwanne ya nwanyị tọrọ Lillian Claire Cash, onye bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị microbiologist.

== Nsọpụrụ na onyinye ==
Cash nwetara asọmpi US Government Superior Service Award na 1956. maka ndepụta ero ero zuru ụwa ọnụ, bụ nke ejiri mee ihe dị ka isi mmalite maka ozi ndabere na nomenclature ero na taxonomy. Enyere ya ugwu na Gallery of Contemporary Noted Mycologists n'ime afọ atọ nke ezumike nka ya. Cash bụ onye otu American Phytopathological Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, nke edepụtara na American Men of Science na 1960, yana onye otu akwụkwọ ikike nke Mycological Society of America. Fungal taxa aha ya na nsọpụrụ ya gụnyere ụdị ''Cashiella'',  na fungus ''[[Lamprospora cashiae]]''. 

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

* {{Cite journal|author=Cash E. K.|year=1938|title=New records of Hawaiian Discomycetes|journal=Mycologia|volume=30|issue=1|pages=97–107|doi=10.2307/3754484|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0030/001/0097.htm}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Cash E. K.|year=1943|title=Some new or rare Florida Discomycetes and Hysteriales|journal=Mycologia|volume=35|issue=6|pages=595–603|doi=10.2307/3754902|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0035/006/0595.htm}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Cash E. K.|year=1955|title=Some fungi on Orchidaceae|journal=Mycologia|volume=47|issue=5|pages=729–747|doi=10.2307/3755582|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0047/005/0729.htm}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Cash E. K.|year=1958|title=Some new Discomycetes from California|journal=Mycologia|volume=50|issue=5|pages=642–656|doi=10.2307/3756172|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0050/005/0642.htm}}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke mycologists

== Ihe odide ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Works by or about Edith Katherine CashnaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet
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'''Ilka Agricola''' (amụrụ n'abalị asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1973 na The Hague)  bụ onye Germany na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ nke na-ahụ maka geometry dị iche iche na ngwa ya na physics mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọ bụ dean nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na sayensị kọmputa na Mahadum nke Marburg, ebe ọ bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ime ka ọha mara nchịkọta nke mahadum nke ụdị mgbakọ na mwepụta.

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
Agricola gụrụ physics na Technical University of Munich na Mahadum Munich site na 1991 ruo 1996.[1] Mgbe ọ nọsịrị ọbịa na Mahadum Rutgers dị na New Jersey (United States) nke dịruru na njedebe nke 1997 ọ gara Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, ebe na 2000 ọ nwetara nzere mgbakọ na mwepụ n'okpuru Thomas Friedrich [de].

Site na 2003 ruo 2008, ọ duru otu n'ime Volkswagen Foundation kwadoro otu nyocha na Mahadum Humboldt na ngalaba nke geometry pụrụ iche na physics mgbakọ na mwepụ. Site na 2004 ruo 2008 ọ bụ onye njikwa ọrụ na mmemme izizi maka string theory na German Research Foundation na Collaborative Research Center 1080. Agricola weere Habilitation na 2004 na Mahadum Greifswald na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Na 2008 a họpụtara ya prọfesọ zuru oke na Mahadum Marburg. Site na Nọvemba 2014 ruo Ọktoba 2018, ọ bụla onye isi ngalaba nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na sayensị Kọmputa. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke German Mathematical Society maka 2021–2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathematik.de/dmv-blog/2756-p-wahlen-2020|title=Die neuen Präsidiumsmitglieder stehen fest}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agricola bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ abụọ na mgbakọ na mwepụ nke Springer Science + Business Media bipụtara, Annals of Global Analysis and Geometry (site na 2015) na Mathematische Semesterberichte (site na 2021). Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Communications in Mathematics nke De Gruyter bipụtara.

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==
In 2003, Ilka Agricola received the Medal of Honor of Charles University in Prague. In 2016, she was awarded the Ars legendi faculty prize [de] of the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft and German Rectors' Conference for excellence in teaching mathematics. Akpọrọ ya aha onye otu nke American Mathematical Society, na klaasị 2022, &quot;maka ntinye aka na geometry dị iche iche, ọkachasị manifolds nwere holonomy pụrụ iche yana n'ụdị geometric anaghị etinye aka na maka ijere obodo mgbakọ na mwepụ&quot;.

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==

=== Akwụkwọ ===

* . Andreas Nestke sụgharịrị ya site na 2001 German mbụ. 
* Agricola, Ilka; Friedrich, Thomas (2008), Elementary geometry, Student Mathematical Library, mpịakọta. 43, Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, doi:10.1090/stml/043, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8218-4347-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. A sụgharịrị ya site na 2005 German mbụ site na Philip G. Spain. 

=== Akwụkwọ ===

* Agricola, Ilka (2003), &quot;Mmekọrịta na oghere ndị na-ebelata, onye ọrụ Dirac ha na ụdị homogeneous na nkuzi eriri&quot;, Communications in Mathematical Physics, 232 (3): 535-563, arXiv:math/0202094, Bibcode:2003CMaPh.232. 535A, doi:10.1007/s00220-002-0743-y, MR 1952476, S2CID 10049585. 
* Agricola, Ilka; Goodman, Roe (2003), &quot;The algebra of K-invariant vector fields on a symmetric space G/K&quot;, Michigan Mathematical Journal, 51 (3): 607-630, arXiv:math/0207161, doi:10.1307/mmj/1070919563, MR 2021011, S2CID 8439498. 
* . 
* Agricola, Ilka (2008), &quot;Old na ọhụrụ na otu pụrụ iche G2&quot; (PDF), Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 55 (8): 922-929, MR 2441524. 

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ilka Agricola homepage na Mahadum nke Marburg
* [[zbMATH]].org/authors/?q=ai:agricola.ilka&quot; id=&quot;mw2A&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Profaịlụ onye edemede nke Ilka Agricola na nchekwa data zbMATH
* Akwụkwọ nke Ilka Agricola depụtara na ResearchGate
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'''Dorit Aharonov''' (Hibru: דורית אהרונוב; amụrụ n'afọ 1970) bụ onye sayensị kọmputa nke Israel bụ ọkachamara na quantum computing.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Aharonov na Washington, D.C. wee tolite na Haifa, ada nke onye mgbakọ na mwepụ Dov Aharonov na nwa nwanne nke physics Yakir Aharonov.

Aharonov gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Weizmann Institute of Science na MSc na physics. Ọ natara nzere doctorate ya maka Sayensị Kọmputa na 1999 site na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem, akwụkwọ edemede ya bụ Noisy Quantum Computation . &lt;ref name=&quot;thesis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Noisy Quantum Computation|url=http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/~doria/thesis.ps}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mekwara post-doctorate ya na ngalaba mgbakọ na mwepụ nke Mahadum Princeton na ngalaba sayensị kọmputa nke Mahadim California Berkeley . &lt;ref name=&quot;iqc&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ onye nkuzi nleta na Institute for Advanced Study na 1998-99 . 

Aharonov enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye maka ọrụ nyocha ya. N'afọ 2005, magazin Nature họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime &quot;ndị na-eto eto na-eto eto kachasị ama n'ọhịa ha&quot;, n'afọ sochirinụ, e nyere ya ihe nrite Creel maka ọkachamma na nyocha sayensị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=כתב העת &quot;נייצ'ר&quot; בחר בד&quot;ר דורית אהרונוב כאחת מארבעת מדעני הפיסיקה המבטיחים בעולם|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2005-01-09/ty-article/0000017f-ec65-d639-af7f-edf724360000|accessdate=2024-01-25|work=הארץ|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aharonov bụ onye ọkà okwu a kpọrọ òkù na International Congress of Mathematicians 2010, Hyderabad na isiokwu nke &quot;Akụkụ mgbakọ na mwepụ nke Sayensị Kọmputa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ICM Plenary and Invited Speakers since 1897|url=http://www.mathunion.org/db/ICM/Speakers/SortedByCongress.php|publisher=[[International Congress of Mathematicians]]|accessdate=2013-08-14|archivedate=2017-11-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108012153/http://www.mathunion.org/db/ICM/Speakers/SortedByCongress.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu National Academy of Sciences na 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2024-nas-election.html|title=News - NAS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnyocha ==
Nnyocha Aharonov na-elekwasị anya na usoro ozi quantum, nke gụnyere:&lt;ref name=&quot;iqc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Institute for Quantum Computing|url=http://www.iqc.ca/people/person.php?id=144|accessdate=2011-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dorit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dorit Aharonov's Home Page|url=http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/~doria/|accessdate=2011-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* algọridim dị iche iche
* quantum cryptography na mgbagwoju anya nke mgbakọ na mwepụ
* mgbazi njehie nke ọnụọgụ na nnagide njehie
* njikọ dị n'etiti quantum computation na quantum Markov chains na lattices
* quantum Hamiltonian mgbagwoju anya na njikọ ya na physics nke ihe mkpirikpi
* mgbanwe site na quantum gaa na physics oge ochie
* nghọta mgbagwoju anya site n'ịmụ ihe mgbagwoju ike

== Nsọpụrụ na onyinye ==

* 2006 - Krill Prize for Excellence in Scientific Research&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=מיכל|date=2020-01-07|title=Dorit Aharonov|url=https://wolffund.org.il/dorit-aharonov/|accessdate=2024-05-17|work=Wolf Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 - Michael Bruno Memorial Award  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-01-22|title=Dorit Aharonov|url=https://www.simonsfoundation.org/people/dorit-aharonov/|accessdate=2024-05-17|work=Simons Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bruno Laureates|url=https://iias.huji.ac.il/brunolaureates|accessdate=2024-05-17|work=iias.huji.ac.il}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024 - ahọpụtara onye otu National Academy of Sciences

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* [http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/~doria/ Ebe obibi Aharonov na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem]
* [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7021/full/433009a.html Nkọwa n'Oké Ọdịdị''Okike'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027215540/http://www.q2cfestival.com/play.php?lecture_id=7757 Dorit Aharonov na mkparịta ụka panel, &quot;Harnessing Quantum Physics&quot;] na Michele Mosca, Avi Wigderson, Daniel Gottesman, Peter Shor, na Ignacio Cirac.
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Aharonov, Dorit}}
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'''Edna Hague Fawcett''' (1879 - 1960) bụ onye America na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na ọkachamara na nsogbu ahụike osisi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GSln=fawcett&amp;GSfn=edna&amp;GSbyrel=all&amp;GSdyrel=all&amp;GSob=n&amp;GRid=39208819&amp;df=all&amp;|title=Edna H Fawcett (1879-1960) - Find A Grave...|work=www.findagrave.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
Fawcett nwetara nzere bachelọ na Smith College na 1901.  N'otu oge a, Fawcett nwere ọnọdụ nwa oge dị ka onye enyemaka n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze na Springfield, Massachusetts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The Smith College Monthly|year=1901|volume=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrQAAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=edna+h.+fawcett&amp;pg=PA58|accessdate=18 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Barnard College tupu ọ banye n'ọkwa na New York Botanical Garden. Ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ nyocha nke Bureau of Plant Industry na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States na 1906. Ka ọ na-esi n'ọkwa onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ, Fawcett mechara bụrụ osote onye na-amụ banyere ọrịa na 1930.

Otu n'ime ihe ọmụmụ ya kachasị ama ama bụ Stabilization of Boric Acid Buffers Site Aeration na Nsogbu nke Dilution na Colorimetric H-Ion Measurements, nke edere ha na njikọ SF Acree..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fawcett|first=Edna H.|title=Stabilization of boric acid buffers by aeration|url=https://archive.org/details/stabilizationofb64757fawc|accessdate=18 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fawcett|first=Edna H.|title=The Problem of Dilution in Colormetric H-Ion Measurements|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|date=March 1929|volume=17|issue=3|pages=163–204|doi=10.1128/jb.17.3.163-204.1929|pmid=16559360|url=http://jb.asm.org/content/17/3/163.full.pdf|accessdate=18 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==</text>
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| name                = Chidi Nwaogu
| image               = File:Chidi Nwaogu Publiseer.jpg
| alt                 = 
| birth_name          = 
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1990|05|20|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Lagos State]], Nigeria
| nationality         = [[Nigerian]]
| education           = [[University of Lagos]]
| occupation          = Entrepreneur
| awards              = Africa's Business Heroes by Jack Ma Foundation
| website             = {{URL|https://nwaogu.com/}}
}}

'''Chidi Nwaogu''' (amụrụ na 20 Mee 1990) bụ onye ọchụnta ego teknụzụ na onye mmepe ngwanrọ nke Naijiria, onye bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Pub Twitter ugbu a, ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ dijitalụ na Lagos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-06-01|title=Chidi Nwaogu from Nigeria is OD Young Person of the Month for June 2019! – Opportunity Desk|url=https://opportunitydesk.org/2019/06/01/chidi-nwaogu-from-nigeria-od-ypom-june-2019/|accessdate=2023-12-11|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Foundation|first=French-African|date=2022-02-01|title=Spotlight - Chidi Nwaogu|url=https://en.french-african.org/post/spotlight-chidi-nwaogu-1|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=French African|language=en|archivedate=2024-11-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105073744/https://en.french-african.org/post/spotlight-chidi-nwaogu-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-12|title=Lagos-based digital publisher Publiseer wins Startup World Cup Nigeria finals|url=https://ventureburn.com/2019/02/publiseer-startup-world-cup-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=Ventureburn|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tupu e mepụta Pub Twitter, o guzobere ma ree ụlọ ọrụ abụọ,  nke gụnyere LAGbook, netwọk mmekọrịta nwere ihe karịrị otu nde ndị ọrụ debanyere aha, nke e nwetara na 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How One Platform Helps African Artists Pave Their Way to Success|url=https://www.seedstars.com/content-hub/life/how-one-platform-helps-african-artists-pave-their-way-success/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=Seedstars}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Young Nigerian Receives Africa's Business Heroes Prize by Chinese Billionaire Jack Ma - THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/11/29/young-nigerian-receives-africas-business-heroes-prize-by-chinese-billionaire-jack-ma|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=www.thisdaylive.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2021, Jack Ma Foundation nabatara Chidi dị ka otu n'ime ndị dike azụmahịa iri kacha elu n'Africa[1] wee depụta ya na Ndepụta Ike YNaija dị ka otu n'ime 100 ndị Naijirịa na-eto eto kachasị ike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Okafor|first=Chinedu|date=2021-09-01|title=#YNaijaPowerList2021: Davido, Ola Brown, Tacha, Dare Adekoya, Tunde Ednut listed among most powerful young Nigerians » Page 7 of 11 » YNaija|url=https://ynaija.com/ynaijapowerlist2021-davido-ola-brown-tacha-dare-adekoya-tunde-ednut-listed-among-most-powerful-young-nigerians/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Publiseer ==
Tọrọ ntọala na 2017 ya na ejima ya, Chika,  Publiseer na-arụ ọrụ na ndị okike Africa nwere onwe ha iji nweta ego ihe okike ha na mba 100. Dị ka nke Septemba 2022, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ esorola ndị okike 8,000 rụọ ọrụ na Africa, gụnyere ndị na-ese ihe ndekọ Nigeria, Erigga na CDQ.[5]  Na mmekorita ya na Google, Onye mbipụta dị na Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, South Africa, na Egypt. Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị okike n'elu ikpo okwu ya, a na-akpọ Publiseer, &quot;otu n'ime ndị mbipụta dijitalụ nweere onwe ha na Africa&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-02-22|title=Nigeria's Publiseer is a finalist at Harvard Business School's New Venture Competition 2018|url=https://techpoint.africa/2018/02/22/publiseer-hbs-new-venture-competition/|accessdate=2023-12-11|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Anderson|first=Porter|date=2019-06-12|title=Nigerian Entrepreneurs Chidi and Chika Nwaogu: Publiseer|url=https://publishingperspectives.com/2019/06/publiseer-entrepreneurs-chidi-and-chika-nwaogu-emerging-markets-ipa-nairobi-2019-seminar/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=Publishing Perspectives|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-24|title=Nigeria's Publiseer to distribute songs on YouTube Music|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/node/36304|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=Music In Africa|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Olukotun|first=Oluwasegun|title=African Digital Content Distribution Platform Publishers Secures Distribution Partnership with Citeste.ro|url=https://innovation-village.com/african-digital-content-distribution-platfrom-publiseers-secures-distribution-partnership-with-citeste-ro/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=innovation-village.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Egbedi|first=Hadassah|date=2019-01-08|title=Brothers, Chidi and Chika Nwaogu, founders of Publiseer, are on a mission to take over Africa's digital publishing space|url=https://venturesafrica.com/brothers-chidi-and-chika-nwaogu-founders-of-publiseer-are-on-a-mission-to-take-over-africas-digital-publishing-space/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=Ventures Africa|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|date=2019-01-09|title=Nigeria's Publiseer partners with Google Play Books, targets Egypt|url=https://itweb.africa/content/Pero3MZxPOYvQb6m|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=ITWeb Africa|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-03-14|title=This Nigerian Startup Is Allowing Creatives Independently Publish And Distribute Their Work|url=http://www.konbini.com/ng/lifestyle/nigerian-startup-creatives-digitally-publish-distribute-work/|accessdate=2023-12-11|archivedate=2018-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042812/http://www.konbini.com/ng/lifestyle/nigerian-startup-creatives-digitally-publish-distribute-work/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Savvy ==
Chidi bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Savvy, mmemme nke na-azụ, na-akwado, ma na-akwado ndị ọchụnta ego.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ibemere|first=Dave|date=2022-10-28|title=Nigerian tech entrepreneur Chidi Nwaogu beats 3,488 nominees to win global award|url=https://www.legit.ng/business-economy/technology/1499493-technigerian-tech-entrepreneur-chidi-nwaogu-receives-global-award-education-innovation/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mmekorita ya na Kenya Private Sector Alliance, Savvy azụọla ndị ọchụnta ego 7,500.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-09-19|title=Savvy to train 1 000 start-up founders in Kenya|url=https://ventureburn.com/2022/09/savvy-to-train-1-000-start-up-founders-in-kenya/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=Ventureburn|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hiwere Savvy na 2020, usoro ihe omume a na-eme nke ọma dịkwa n'ihe dị ka asụsụ 100  ma bụrụ nke International Telecommunication Union na United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation na-akwado. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-24|title=Fellowship programme for entrepreneurs expands|url=https://ventureburn.com/2021/03/fellowship-programme-for-entrepreneurs-expands/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=Ventureburn|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ibemere|first=Dave|date=2021-12-03|title=After Jack Ma award, Chidi Nwaogu gets funding from UN to grow his company|url=https://www.legit.ng/business-economy/technology/1446195-young-nigerian-secures-funding-from-the-international-telecommunication-union-and-the-united-nations/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== LAGbook ==
LAGbook bụ ọrụ netwọk mmekọrịta sitere na Naijiria, nke lekwasịrị anya na ndị na-eto eto nọ n'agbata afọ 18 na 30, na-achọ imete ndị enyi n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2014-02-17|title=The top African social networks you probably don't know about|url=https://htxt.co.za/2014/02/17/top-african-social-networks-probably-dont-know/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=htxt|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na ndebanye aha ọhụrụ 4,000 kwa ụbọchị, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; netwọk mmekọrịta nwekwara ndị ọrụ si India, Germany, Canada, na Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Floyd|first=Ignacio|date=2019-01-08|title=Top 5 African Social Networks|url=https://www.goodchristianchat.com/top-5-african-social-networks/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=Good Christian Chat|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-03-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301164738/https://www.goodchristianchat.com/top-5-african-social-networks/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chidi na nwanne ya nwoke, Chika, guzobere ya na 2010 mgbe ha ka na-agụ akwụkwọ na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]],  LAGbook ruru otu nde ndị debanyere aha n'ime afọ atọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Busayo|date=2012-10-11|title=Nigerian Social Network Partners South Africa's Umuntu Media|url=https://venturesafrica.com/lagbook-partners-south-africa-umuntu-media/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=Ventures Africa|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kojo|date=2019-09-16|title=Nigerian entrepreneur wins first prize at the Africa 35.35 Awards|url=https://www.itnewsafrica.com/2019/09/nigerian-entrepreneur-wins-first-prize-at-the-africa-35-35-awards/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=IT News Africa {{!}} Business Technology, Telecoms and Startup News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na mmata ==
N'afọ 2020, Chidi nwetara ihe nrite nke Migration Entrepreneurship site n'aka ngalaba gọọmentị etiti mba ofesi Switzerland.[1]  Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ gụnyere onyinye nturu ugo azụmaahịa nke Africa site n'aka Bank of Africa, [2] Roddenberry Foundation Catalyst Award, International Telecommunication Union Award for Global Innovation, [3] na onyinye otu narị Global Collection Award for Leading Education Innovation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chidi Nwaogu|url=https://meaningful.business/team/chidi-nwaogu/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=Meaningful Business Community|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2025, [[Legit.ng]] nabatara Chidi dị ka otu n'ime &quot;Ndị na-eto eto Naijiria na-etinye ego nke ga-eme ka 2025 dị mma&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ibemere|first=Dave|date=2025-01-05|title=&quot;We believe&quot;: Nelson Elemi and 3 other young investors that will shape 2025|url=https://www.legit.ng/business-economy/economy/1633965-nelson-elemi-young-investors-shape2025/|accessdate=2025-01-07|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 2022, dị ka otu'ime &quot;ndị azụmaahịa asatọ kachasị mma na Naijiria&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Enengedi|first=Victor|date=2023-01-10|title=Tunji Andrews, Tito Ovia, others make Legit Business Names of 2022 for Startups|url=https://www.legit.ng/business-economy/technology/1509991-legitngs-outstanding-business-personalities-nigeria-startups/|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nwaogu, Chidi}}
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{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Lawrencia Laraba-Mallam
| honorific_suffix    = 
| image               = Global Citizen 2015 Earth Day (17211715141) (Lawrencia Mallam).jpg
| office              = [[Federal Ministry of Environment (Nigeria)|Minister of Environment]]
| president           = [[Goodluck Jonathan]]
| term_start          = 5 March 2014
| term_end            = 29 May 2015
| predecessor         = 
| successor           = [[Amina Mohammed]]
| office1             = National president, Catholic Women Organization (CWO)
| president1          = 
| termstart1          = 
| termend1            = 5 March 2014
| predecessor1        = 
| successor1          = 
| birth_date          = &lt;!-- {{birth date and age|yyyy|mm|dd|df=y}} --&gt;
| birth_place         = [[British Nigeria|Nigeria]]
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| spouse              = Pius Mallam
| children            = 
| citizenship         = Nigeria
| education           = 
| caption             = Ụbọchị ụmụ amaala zuru ụwa ọnụ 2015
}}

'''Lawrencia Laraba-Mallam''' bụ onye bụbu Minista Naijiria na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi n'etiti  n'afọ 2014 ruo n'afọ 2015. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị minista iri na abụọ nke Onye isi ala [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ṅụrụ iyi n'ọnwa Maachị n'afọ 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2014/03/05/gusau-obanikoro-to-run-nigerias-defence-ministry/|title=Gusau, Obanikoro to run Nigeria's defence ministry|date=March 5, 2014|publisher=PM News|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201403051470.html|title=Nigeria: Jonathan Drops Bolaji Abdullahi, Swears in 11 New Ministers|date=March 5, 2014|publisher=This Day|work=All Africa|author=Andrews|first=Jaiyeola|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/amp/nollywood/27182/breaking-newspresident-jonathan-sacks-sports-minister.html|title=Breaking News:President Jonathan Sacks Sports Minister|author=Chima|first=Amechi B.|date=March 5, 2014|publisher=Modern Ghana|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/dons-brainstorm-alternative-energy-minister-flags-enville-seminar/|title=Dons brainstorm on alternative energy as minister flags off Enville seminar|author=Adesulu|first=Dayo|date=October 9, 2014|publisher=Vanguard Nigeria|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/135346/jonathan-names-gasau-obanikoro-boni-haruna-as-ministers.html|title=Jonathan names Gasau, Obanikoro, Boni Haruna as ministers|date=January 22, 2014|publisher=The Nigerian Voice|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://aminiya.ng/aliyu-gusau-ne-ministan-tsaro/|title=Aliyu Gusau ne Ministan Tsaro|author=Mustapha|first=Olusegun|language=ha|publisher=Aminiya|date=March 6, 2014|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDkUDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=lawrencia+laraba+mallam&amp;pg=PA918|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2016|date=February 7, 2017|isbn=9781349578238|format=ebook|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|editor=Heath-Brown, Nick|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Amina J. Mohammed|Amina Mohammed]] nọchiri ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kid&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/ex-minister-husband-released-48-hours-captivity/amp/|title=Ex-minister, husband released after 48 hours in captivity|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=TheCable|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tupu nhọpụta ya dị ka onye ozi, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ala, Catholic Women Organization (CWO). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/what-becomes-of-jonathans-women/|title=What becomes of Jonathan's women?|date=April 5, 2015|publisher=TheNation|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ozi ==
N'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa, a kwadoro iwu National Great Green Wall (GGW), iji nye iwu iwu maka ọrụ ndị e mere iji gbochie mmetụta nke ọzara na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Maka nke ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ijeri narịa iri na isii ka onye isi ala wepụtara n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2014, maka mmalite nke ọrụ ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2015/02/11/council-approves-draft-bills-boost-transportation/amp/|title=Council Approves Draft Bills To Boost Transportation|date=February 11, 2015|publisher=[[Channels Television]]|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ikwu okwu mgbe eweputara ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Gas Flare Tracker site na Ngalaba [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] maka Mmepe Mba Nile, nke na-akọwa ole gas na-agbafe Niger Delta, n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2014, Mallam kwuru,
 

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/satellite-tracker-throws-light-on-gas-flaring-in-nigeria/2536982.html|title=Satellite Tracker Throws Light on Gas Flaring in Nigeria|date=November 27, 2014|author=Stein|first=Chris|publisher=[[VOA]]|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntọrọ na ntọhapụ ==
N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2016, a tọọrọ Lawrencia na di ya dị afọ iri asaa na atọ, Pius Mallam, na Jere, n'okporo ụzọ Kaduna-Abuja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-gunmen-kidnap-former-environment-minister-husband/amp/|title=Gunmen kidnap ex-minister, husband|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=TheCable|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ha nwetaghachiri nnwere onwe ha ihe dị ka awa 48 mgbe ihe ahụ mere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kid&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/ex-minister-husband-released-48-hours-captivity/amp/|title=Ex-minister, husband released after 48 hours in captivity|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=TheCable|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebemsibịa ==
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[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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      <comment>removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.9s</comment>
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{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Lawrencia Laraba-Mallam
| honorific_suffix    = 
| image               = Global Citizen 2015 Earth Day (17211715141) (Lawrencia Mallam).jpg
| office              = [[Federal Ministry of Environment (Nigeria)|Minister of Environment]]
| president           = [[Goodluck Jonathan]]
| term_start          = 5 March 2014
| term_end            = 29 May 2015
| predecessor         = 
| successor           = [[Amina Mohammed]]
| office1             = National president, Catholic Women Organization (CWO)
| president1          = 
| termstart1          = 
| termend1            = 5 March 2014
| predecessor1        = 
| successor1          = 
| birth_date          = &lt;!-- {{birth date and age|yyyy|mm|dd|df=y}} --&gt;
| birth_place         = [[British Nigeria|Nigeria]]
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| spouse              = Pius Mallam
| children            = 
| citizenship         = Nigeria
| education           = 
| caption             = Ụbọchị ụmụ amaala zuru ụwa ọnụ 2015
}}

'''Lawrencia Laraba-Mallam''' bụ onye bụbu Minista Naijiria na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi n'etiti  n'afọ 2014 ruo n'afọ 2015. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị minista iri na abụọ nke Onye isi ala [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ṅụrụ iyi n'ọnwa Maachị n'afọ 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2014/03/05/gusau-obanikoro-to-run-nigerias-defence-ministry/|title=Gusau, Obanikoro to run Nigeria's defence ministry|date=March 5, 2014|publisher=PM News|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201403051470.html|title=Nigeria: Jonathan Drops Bolaji Abdullahi, Swears in 11 New Ministers|date=March 5, 2014|publisher=This Day|work=All Africa|author=Andrews|first=Jaiyeola|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/amp/nollywood/27182/breaking-newspresident-jonathan-sacks-sports-minister.html|title=Breaking News:President Jonathan Sacks Sports Minister|author=Chima|first=Amechi B.|date=March 5, 2014|publisher=Modern Ghana|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/dons-brainstorm-alternative-energy-minister-flags-enville-seminar/|title=Dons brainstorm on alternative energy as minister flags off Enville seminar|author=Adesulu|first=Dayo|date=October 9, 2014|publisher=Vanguard Nigeria|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/135346/jonathan-names-gasau-obanikoro-boni-haruna-as-ministers.html|title=Jonathan names Gasau, Obanikoro, Boni Haruna as ministers|date=January 22, 2014|publisher=The Nigerian Voice|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://aminiya.ng/aliyu-gusau-ne-ministan-tsaro/|title=Aliyu Gusau ne Ministan Tsaro|author=Mustapha|first=Olusegun|language=ha|publisher=Aminiya|date=March 6, 2014|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDkUDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=lawrencia+laraba+mallam&amp;pg=PA918|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2016|date=February 7, 2017|isbn=9781349578238|format=ebook|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|editor=Heath-Brown, Nick|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Amina J. Mohammed|Amina Mohammed]] nọchiri ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kid&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/ex-minister-husband-released-48-hours-captivity/|title=Ex-minister, husband released after 48 hours in captivity|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=TheCable|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tupu nhọpụta ya dị ka onye ozi, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ala, Catholic Women Organization (CWO). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/what-becomes-of-jonathans-women/|title=What becomes of Jonathan's women?|date=April 5, 2015|publisher=TheNation|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ozi ==
N'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa, a kwadoro iwu National Great Green Wall (GGW), iji nye iwu iwu maka ọrụ ndị e mere iji gbochie mmetụta nke ọzara na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Maka nke ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ijeri narịa iri na isii ka onye isi ala wepụtara n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2014, maka mmalite nke ọrụ ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2015/02/11/council-approves-draft-bills-boost-transportation/amp/|title=Council Approves Draft Bills To Boost Transportation|date=February 11, 2015|publisher=[[Channels Television]]|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ikwu okwu mgbe eweputara ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Gas Flare Tracker site na Ngalaba [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] maka Mmepe Mba Nile, nke na-akọwa ole gas na-agbafe Niger Delta, n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2014, Mallam kwuru,
 

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/satellite-tracker-throws-light-on-gas-flaring-in-nigeria/2536982.html|title=Satellite Tracker Throws Light on Gas Flaring in Nigeria|date=November 27, 2014|author=Stein|first=Chris|publisher=[[VOA]]|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntọrọ na ntọhapụ ==
N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2016, a tọọrọ Lawrencia na di ya dị afọ iri asaa na atọ, Pius Mallam, na Jere, n'okporo ụzọ Kaduna-Abuja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-gunmen-kidnap-former-environment-minister-husband/|title=Gunmen kidnap ex-minister, husband|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=TheCable|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ha nwetaghachiri nnwere onwe ha ihe dị ka awa 48 mgbe ihe ahụ mere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kid&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/ex-minister-husband-released-48-hours-captivity/|title=Ex-minister, husband released after 48 hours in captivity|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=TheCable|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>9xgwpkx5y5utpn29od7sjyn6ac6itho</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Benjamin Anyene</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="4394" sha1="7jtst0zpuja59zuqh22xqnlj5q16tx3" xml:space="preserve">'''Benjamin Chukwudum Nnamdi Anyene''' (n'ọnwa Junn ụbọchị asatọ, n'afọ 1951 - n'ọnwa Disemba ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na itọọlu, n'afọ 2019) bụ dọkịta Naịjirịa, ọkà mmụta nje, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-eme mgbanwe ahụike ọha na eze. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Kọmishọna maka ahụike na Anambra Steeti site n'afọ 2000 ruo afọ 2003. 

O nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịhụ na a bịanyere aka na Iwu Ahụike Mba Naịjirịa n'ime iwu ma bụrụ onye na-ebute ụzọ n'ịchọ mmejuputa ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu.  web|url=https://dailytimes.ng/2018/07/20/national-healthcare-act-key-improving-healthcare-system|title=National Healthcare Act, key in improving heNational healthcare act key improving healthcare system|date=20 July 2018|work=Daily Times|accessdate=9 March 2020|archivedate=29 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129123247/https://dailytimes.ng/2018/07/20/national-healthcare-act-key-improving-healthcare-system}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Dr. Anyene lụrụ Lady Ngozi K. Anyene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pai|first=Bilkisu|title=Group calls for full implementation of National Health Act|url=https://www.von.gov.ng/group-calls-for-full-implementation-of-national-health-act|work=VON|publisher=Voice of Nigeria|accessdate=9 March 2020|date=20 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha nwere ụmụ anọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nigeria Health Watch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|accessdate=2020-03-07|title=Dr Ben Anyene: A visionary Health reformer|url=http://nigeriahealthwatch.com/dr-ben-anyene-a-visionary-health-reformer-who-spoke-truth-to-power/#.XmQBv2Qo-DZ|date=23 January 2020|work=Nigeria Health Watch|archivedate=2020-03-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301025913/https://nigeriahealthwatch.com/dr-ben-anyene-a-visionary-health-reformer-who-spoke-truth-to-power/#.XmQBv2Qo-DZ}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200301025913/https://nigeriahealthwatch.com/dr-ben-anyene-a-visionary-health-reformer-who-spoke-truth-to-power/#.XmQBv2Qo-DZ &quot;Dr Ben Anyene: A visionary Health reformer&quot;]. ''Nigeria Health Watch''. 23 January 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-03-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ na kọmitii ==
Dr. Anyene bụ onye na-ahụ maka ahụike, onye na-eme mgbanwe, onye ọhụụ, na onye na-akwado ngalaba ahụike nke Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke National Immunization Financing Task Force Team (NIFT) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pai|first=Bilkisu|title=Group calls for full implementation of National Health Act|url=https://www.von.gov.ng/group-calls-for-full-implementation-of-national-health-act|work=VON|publisher=Voice of Nigeria|accessdate=9 March 2020|date=20 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche of the Health Sector Reform Coalition (HSRC). 

Ọ bụ onye otu na onye isi oche Kọmitii Nkà na ụzụ, National Primary Health Care Development Agency n'etiti afọ 2001 na 2015. Ọ duziri mmepe na nkwado maka ịgafe nke National Health Bill site na National Assembly na nkwado ya site n'aka onye isi ala [[Goodluck Jonathan]] n'afọ 2014.

N'agbata afọ 2008 na afọ 2014, Dr. Anyene jere ozi dịka onye ndụmọdụ gbasara amụma/ọgwụ mgbochi, mmemme gọọmentị DFID na Norwegian maka ime ka ọgwụ mgbochi dịghachi ndụ na ahụike ụmụ ọhụrụ na ụmụaka dị na ugwu Naịjirịa.

Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote onyeisi oche nke [[White Ribbon Alliance]] Nigeria for Safe Motherhood, ọ bụkwa onye otu Nigeria Academy of Science Vaccines and Immunization Committee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pai|first=Bilkisu|title=Group calls for full implementation of National Health Act|url=https://www.von.gov.ng/group-calls-for-full-implementation-of-national-health-act|work=VON|publisher=Voice of Nigeria|accessdate=9 March 2020|date=20 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O mere ọrụ nke otu onye otu kọmitii Iwuanyanwu nke chịkọtara ego maka isonye mbụ Naịjirịa na asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke afọ 1994 nke USA FIFA Football.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pai|first=Bilkisu|title=Group calls for full implementation of National Health Act|url=https://www.von.gov.ng/group-calls-for-full-implementation-of-national-health-act|work=VON|publisher=Voice of Nigeria|accessdate=9 March 2020|date=20 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibịa ==
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  <page>
    <title>Dhoihir Dhoulkamal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>72524</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T14:17:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elcarim1</username>
        <id>62511</id>
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      <comment>Added an image to the article</comment>
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      <text bytes="2059" sha1="rew6ww3x7dn8l4cw0dmh68eu9escjag" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Dhoihir Dhoulkamal.jpg|thumb|'''Dhoihir Dhoulkamal''']]
'''Dhoihir Dhoulkamal''' ((amụrụ na 6 Ọgọst 1969) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Comorian si '''Anjouan'''. O jere ozi dịka '''minister of foreign affairs''' site na 28 Septemba 2020 ruo 9 Julaị 2024 na [[Comoros]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wang Yi Holds Talks with Comorian Foreign Minister Dhoihir Dhoulkamal|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/kjgzbdfyyq/202201/t20220108_10480237.html|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=www.fmprc.gov.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=COMOROS FOREIGN MINISTER MEETS WITH CS OMAMO IN NAIROBI – FOREIGN AFFAIRS {{!}} KENYA|url=https://mfa.go.ke/comoros-foreign-minister-meets-with-cs-omamo-in-nairobi/|accessdate=2022-11-13|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615134659/https://mfa.go.ke/comoros-foreign-minister-meets-with-cs-omamo-in-nairobi/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Mach 2025, usoro ikpe ziri ezi nke '''La Réunion''' wepụtara iwu ọchụchọ mba ụwa megide ya. A na-eche ya na ọ metụtara ịtụfu ego enyemaka ọha French ruru ihe dị ka Euro 251,000..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fraudes aux prestations sociales : un mandat de recherche lancé contre l'ancien ministre des affaires étrangères comorien|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/outre-mer/article/2025/03/25/fraudes-aux-prestations-sociales-un-mandat-de-recherche-lance-contre-l-ancien-ministre-comorien-des-affaires-etrangeres_6586009_1840826.html|accessdate=2025-03-25|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==

# “Wang Yi na-eme Mkparịta Ụka na Minista Mpaghara Ọha Comorian Dhoihir Dhoulkamal”. ''www.fmprc.gov.cn''. E wepụtara na 13 Novemba 2022.
# “MINISTA MPAGHA COMOROS ZUTE CS OMAMO NA NAIROBI – MPỤTA MPAGHA | KENYA”. E wepụtara na 13 Novemba 2022.
# “Ịgha ụgha na Nkwado Ọha: A Kpọpụtara Nchọpụta Megide Onye Ọzọ Gara Aga Minista Mpaghara Ọha Comorian” (n’Asụsụ French). E wepụtara na 25 Maach 2025.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhoulkamal, Dhoihir}}
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'''Chinonyerem Macleans''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1999) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba maka klọb Saudi Women's Premier League Al-Shabab na [[Ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Naịjirịa|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].

== Ọrụ klọb ==
N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2020, ọ hapụrụ Bayelsa Queens iji sonyere ndị mmeri ugboro iri na otu, Bobruichanka Bobruisk, na league Belarus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/nigeria-striker-chinonyerem-at-the-double-as-bobruichanka-thrash-bostor/zg6djp7o40be1s90h9ixjtxq9|title=Nigeria striker Chinonyerem at the double as Bobruichanka thrash Bostor|date=October 4, 2020|work=goal.com|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 30 Nọvemba 2020, Stomilanki Olsztyn kwupụtara mbinye aka nke Macleans. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://stomilanki.pl/aktualnosci/2012/2152-macleans-chinonyerem-zosta%C5%82a-now%C4%85-stomilank%C4%85.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawFq3ZZleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHWqa7WMORGNkTKr33I8DCPsJsqW6MOSdG7tBjws3YkCHv-5EUIsSNAtUGw_aem_ygQ4M4PW5oYRQEhWPqheYA|title=Macleans Chinonyerem została nową Stomilanką!|language=pl|date=30 November 2020|work=stomilanki.pl|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021, ọ kwagara n'akụkụ Poland Górnik Łęczna . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dziennikwschodni.pl/sport/pilka-nozna/ekstraklasa-kobiet/chinonyerem-macleans-ma-stanowic-o-sile-ofensywnej-gornika-leczna,n,1000294059.html|title=Chinonyerem Macleans ma stanowić o sile ofensywnej Górnika Łęczna|language=pl|date=19 August 2021|work=dziennikwschodni.pl|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe otu oge gachara na Polish top-flight, ọ hapụrụ Górnik iji sonye na klọb na asọmpi asọmpi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dziennikwschodni.pl/sport/pilka-nozna/ekstraklasa-kobiet/chinonyerem-macleans-opuszcza-zespol-gks-gornika-leczna,n,1000309167.html|title=Chinonyerem Macleans opuszcza zespół GKS Górnika Łęczna|language=pl|date=June 9, 2022|work=dziennikwschodni.pl|accessdate=October 3, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lokomotiv Moscow ===
N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2022, ọ sonyeere Russian Women's Football Championship na-agbachitere ndị mmeri Lokomotiv Moscow. N'agba anọ mbụ nke asọmpi ahụ, ọ rụpụtara mmetụta dị ukwuu, wee nye goolu ise, ma bụrụkwa ndị Fans họpụtara ya onye ọkpụkpọ kachasị mma nke ọnwa maka March.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wfl.rfs.ru/posts/1091520|title=Маклинс Чиноньерем: «Хочу попробовать себя в модельном бизнесе»|language=ru|date=13 April 2023|work=wfl.rfs.ru|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fclm.ru/news/n/emsi-khochu-poradovatsya-za-vsyu-komandu-pobeda-menya-ochen-vdokhnovlyaet/|title=ЭмСи: Хочу порадоваться за всю команду. Победа меня очень вдохновляет|language=ru|date=12 March 2023|work=fclm.ru|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  N'egwuregwu na-eso ya, a kpọrọ ya Player nke egwuregwu ahụ, na-aga n'ihu n'ụdị ya mara mma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nigeriasoccernet.com/chinonyerem-macleans-continues-impressive-form-wins-potm|title=Chinonyerem Macleans' continues impressive form, wins POTM|date=April 25, 2023|work=nigeriasoccernet.com|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ afọ abụọ ya na klọb Russia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eaglestrackerng.com/blogs/transfer-news/macleans-departs-lokomotiv|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091115/https://eaglestrackerng.com/blogs/transfer-news/macleans-departs-lokomotiv|archivedate=7 October 2024|title=Super Falcons Star Quits Russian Club Lokomotiv Moscow|date=August 11, 2024|work=eaglestrackerng.com|accessdate=October 3, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Al-Shabab ===
N'abalị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2024, ndị otu Saudi Women's Premier League bụ Al-Shabab kwupụtara na ha bịanyere aka na onye na-aga n'ihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africafootunited.com/transfert-f-la-nigeriane-macleans-chinonyerem-sengage-avec-al-shabab/|title=Transfert (F) : La Nigériane Macleans Chinonyerem s'engage avec Al-Shabab|language=fr|date=2 October 2024|work=africafootunited.com|accessdate=3 October 2024|archivedate=7 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091132/https://africafootunited.com/transfert-f-la-nigeriane-macleans-chinonyerem-sengage-avec-al-shabab/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://superfalconsshow.com/chinonyerem-macleans-joins-al-shabab-women-fc/|title=Chinonyerem Macleans Joins Al Shabab Women FC.|date=2 October 2024|work=superfalconsshow.com|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
N'ọnwa June afọ 2022, MacLeans natara oku mbụ ya [[Ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Naịjirịa|Ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke Naijiria]] maka 2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/nigeria-awcon-2022-squad-confirmed-waldrum-names-barcelona-oshoala-and-leicester-city-plumptre/blt06ff2e0670f22679|title=Nigeria's Wafcon 2022 squad confirmed: Waldrum names Barcelona's Oshoala and Leicester City's Plumptre|date=June 25, 2024|work=goal.com|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị asaa n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2022, o mere nke mbụ ya maka otu ahụ, na-abịa dị ka onye nọchiri [[Ifeoma Onumonu]] na nkeji nke iri asatọ na atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2022-07-07/botswana-vs-nigeria/2686342/|title=WAFCON 2022: Botswana 0–2 Nigeria - match report|date=7 July 2022|work=globalsportsarchive.com|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CfxA0hWFmMd/|title=Grateful for My Official Super Falcons Debut|date=8 July 2022|publisher=Chinonyerem Macleans|accessdate=October 3, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 3 n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2024, a gụnyere Macleans na ndepụta nke Naijiria na 2024 Summer Olympics. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fclm.ru/news/n/Macleans-khochu-vyigrat-olimpiadu/|title=Чиноньерем Маклинс: Хочу выиграть Олимпиаду!|language=ru|date=July 23, 2024|work=fclm.ru|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Onye ọ bụla'''

* Onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ na Ekstraliga: 2021-22&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Strzelcy|url=http://www.90minut.pl/strzelcy.php?id=11804|work=90minut.pl|accessdate=19 January 2026|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Chinonyerem Macleansna FBref.com
* Chinonyerem Macleansna Global Sports Archive
* Chinonyerem MacleansnaSofascore
* Chinonyerem Macleansn'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ  (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie naIhe ndekọ) 
* Chinonyerem Macleansna WorldFootball.net  (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie naIhe ndekọ) 
* Chinonyerem MacleansnaOlympics.com
* Chinonyerem MacleansnaOlympedia 
* Chinonyerem MacleansnaInstagram 
{{Navboxes|title=Nigeria squads|bg=#008751|fg=white|bordercolor=#00703C|list1={{Nigeria squad 2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations}}
{{Nigeria women's football squad 2024 Summer Olympics}}}}
[[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria n'agba bọọlụ]]
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'''Damola Hannah Ojo''' (amụrụ na 23 Juun 2003) bụ onye mgba freestyle nke Naịjirịa. O meriri ihe nrite ọlaedo na asọmpi mgba Afrịka nke 2025 na ihe nrite ọlaọcha na egwuregwu Islamic Solidarity nke 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uww.org/athletes/ojo-damola-hannah|title=OJO Damola Hannah athlete profile|publisher=United World Wrestling|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uww.org/athletes-results/damola-hannah-ojo-203537-profile|title=Damola Hannah Ojo results|publisher=United World Wrestling|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Na asọmpi mgba Afrịka nke afọ 2025 na Casablanca, Ojo meriri ihe nrite ọlaedo na asọmpi freestyle nke ụmụ nwanyị nke kilogram 76. Ndekọ egwuregwu UWW gosiri na o meriri Rayhana Benrezik nke Algeria site na ọdịda wee merie Amy Youin nke Ijipt 6–0 na njedebe ikpeazụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uww.org/athletes/ojo-damola-hannah|title=OJO Damola Hannah athlete profile|publisher=United World Wrestling|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uww.org/article/nigeria-perfect-womens-wrestling-egypt-wins-freestyle-title|title=Nigeria perfect in women's wrestling, Egypt wins freestyle title|publisher=United World Wrestling|date=5 May 2025|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị nta akụkọ Naịjirịa kọkwara na ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa anọ meriri ọlaedo na mmalite nke asọmpi ahụ na Morocco. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/792098-african-wrestling-championship-nigeria-wins-four-gold-medals-on-day-one.html|title=African Wrestling Championship: Nigeria wins four gold medals on day one|publisher=Premium Times|date=4 May 2025|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-finish-second-at-african-wrestling-championships/|title=Nigeria finish second at African Wrestling Championships|publisher=Punch|date=6 May 2025|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe e mesịrị na 2025, Ojo meriri ihe nrite ọlaọcha na 2025 Islamic Solidarity Games na Riyadh na otu ụmụ nwanyị nke 76 kg freestyle. Nsonaazụ gọọmentị gosiri na o meriri Samar Amer Ibrahim Hamza nke Ijipt 8–2 na nkeji iri na ise na Pelagie Wilita nke Congo 10–0 na ọkara ikpeazụ tupu ya emerie Aeperi Medet Kyrgyzstan na njedebe ikpeazụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wrs-isg2025.com/discipline/WRE/results/WREWFS76KG------------QFNL0002----/results/|title=Islamic Solidarity Games 2025 wrestling results – Women's freestyle 76 kg quarter-finals|publisher=Islamic Solidarity Games Riyadh 2025|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wrs-isg2025.com/discipline/WRE/results/WREWFS76KG------------FNL-0001----/results/|title=Islamic Solidarity Games 2025 wrestling results – Women's freestyle 76 kg final|publisher=Islamic Solidarity Games Riyadh 2025|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na asọmpi mgba ụwa nke ụmụnwaanyị dị afọ 23 nke afọ 2025, Ojo sonye na asọmpi nke ụmụnwaanyị nke kilogram 76 n'efu ma mechaa n'ọkwa nke iri na anọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uww.org/ru/athletes/ojo-damola-hannah|title=OJO Damola Hannah athlete profile|publisher=United World Wrestling|accessdate=12 March 2026|archivedate=13 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260413215606/https://uww.org/ru/athletes/ojo-damola-hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

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      <text bytes="9931" sha1="0hum60y01l8mvx1ioy47ik0a76egr8r" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Sandra Benede.png|thumb|Sandra Benede na Ọgọstụ 2025]]
'''Sandra Ebipade Benede''' (amụrụ na 22 June 1996), nke a maara dị ka '''Sandra Benede''', bụ onye Naịjiria-Amerịka a ma ama, onye ọchụnta ego ejiji, onye na-eme ihe ọchị, na onye na-emepụta ọdịnaya dijitalụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Naijiria site na ime ihe ngosi na ime ihe nlereanya tupu ọ banye na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, ebe ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri TikTok.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Sandra Benede na ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ọnwa Juun afọ 1996 na Warri, Delta State, Naịjirịa, n'ezinụlọ Ijaw nke sitere n'aka ndị nna nna ya na Ojobo, Gọọmentị Burutu. Nna ya, Ebiegberi Benede, si Delta State, nne ya, Awoziere Benede, si Peretoru dị na Gọọmentị Ekeremo dị na Bayelsa State. Ọ gara Girls Model Enwerni, Delta Career College, na Royal School Ovwian tupu ọ mụọ ọrụ ugbo na Mahadum Port Harcourt. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Akinola|first=Ifeoluwa|date=2025-04-03|title=Sandra Benede: A unique blend of fashion and social advocacy|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/sandra-benede-a-unique-blend-of-fashion-and-social-advocacy/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara kwaga United States, ebe ọ gụrụ Psychology na Georgia State University na Atlanta, Georgia . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Benede mechara bụrụ nwa amaala US.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi ===
Benede malitere ọrụ ya na asọmpi ịma mma, merie Miss Minna na Miss Peace Day Bayelsa State . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Akinola|first=Ifeoluwa|date=2025-04-03|title=Sandra Benede: A unique blend of fashion and social advocacy|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/sandra-benede-a-unique-blend-of-fashion-and-social-advocacy/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAkinola2025&quot;&gt;Akinola, Ifeoluwa (2025-04-03). [https://tribuneonlineng.com/sandra-benede-a-unique-blend-of-fashion-and-social-advocacy/ &quot;Sandra Benede: A unique blend of fashion and social advocacy&quot;]. ''Tribune Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-08-26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rutekwara n'ọkwa ọkara nke asọmpi Miss Jetset na mba Amerịka. Na mgbakwunye na asọmpi ahụ, ọ pụtara dịka onye otu vidiyo na vidiyo egwu maka ndị egwu Naịjirịa bụ Phyno na Timaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2014, Benede dọtara uche ndị mgbasa ozi mgbe onye na-eme ihe nkiri Nollywood bụ [[Jim Iyke]] jikọtara ya na akụkọ ntụrụndụ na-esote mmekọrịta ya na onye na-ese ihe nkiri bụ [[Nadia Buari]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=25 July 2014|title=Who's that girl! Jim Iyke moves on from Nadia Buari to sexy model (PHOTOS)|url=https://ynaija.com/whos-that-girl-jim-iyke-moves-on-from-nadia-buari-to-sexy-model-photos/|work=YNaija|accessdate=26 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na TikTok ===
Benede gbanwere site na ime ihe ngosi gaa na ịmepụta ọdịnaya dijitalụ, na-ebu ụzọ guzobe onwe ya na Instagram ma mesịa na TikTok.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Michael|first=Chisom|date=2025-08-19|title=Sandra Benede builds strong audience as TikTok highlights leading live streamers|url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/sandra-benede-builds-strong-audience-as-tiktok-highlights-leading-live-streamers/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2025, o nwere ihe karịrị nde 1.2 na-eso ụzọ TikTok ma ghọọ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na Naijiria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Meshioye|first=David|date=2025-08-22|title=Sandra Benede bags LivePro badge, as TikTok highlights leading live streamers|url=https://guardian.ng/life/sandra-benede-bags-livepro-badge-as-tiktok-highlights-leading-live-streamers/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Aiyejina|first=Tana|date=2025-08-22|title=Live TikTok streaming keeps me relevant, says Influencer Sandra Benede|url=https://punchng.com/live-tiktok-streaming-keeps-me-relevant-says-influencer-sandra-benede/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere ya baajị LivePro nke TikTok iji kwado mmekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide ma nweta ọkwa 44 na usoro onyinye nke ikpo okwu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nkiri ya na-adị ndụ adọtawo n'etiti nde mmadụ 3 na nde mmadụ 4.7, dị ka nyocha TikTok nke Pulse Nigeria kọrọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael&quot; /&gt; Ihe dị n'ime ya jikọtara ọchị na mmekọrịta, o kwukwara na mmekọrịta dị ndụ na-enye ya ohere ijikọ ya na ndị na-ege ntị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ndị na-akọwa mgbasa ozi akọwaala ihe ịga nke ọma ya dị ka ihe na-egosipụta usoro sara mbara nke ndị Naijiria na-enwe mmetụta na-ewu obodo dijitalụ site na ọdịnaya mmekọrịta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ebere ==
Benede ejirila ikpo okwu ya kwado ndị mmadụ na ezinụlọ ndị nwere nsogbu, gụnyere ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, ikpuchi ụgwọ, na ịkwụ ụgwọ obere azụmaahịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Akinola|first=Ifeoluwa|date=2025-04-03|title=Sandra Benede: A unique blend of fashion and social advocacy|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/sandra-benede-a-unique-blend-of-fashion-and-social-advocacy/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAkinola2025&quot;&gt;Akinola, Ifeoluwa (2025-04-03). [https://tribuneonlineng.com/sandra-benede-a-unique-blend-of-fashion-and-social-advocacy/ &quot;Sandra Benede: A unique blend of fashion and social advocacy&quot;]. ''Tribune Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-08-26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na mbọ ọ na-agba iji nyere ndị mmadụ ọrụ ebere sitere na ahụmịhe nke nsogbu ego ya mgbe ọ na-etolite.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Benede ekwuola maka ihe nketa Ijaw ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị asụ asụsụ ahụ nke ọma. O depụtara onye mgbasa ozi America bụ [[Kim Kardashian]] dị ka ihe nlereanya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Live TikTok streaming keeps me relevant, says Influencer Sandra Benede|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/nigeria/live-tiktok-streaming-keeps-me-relevant-says-influencer-sandra-benede/ar-AA1L3kq3?apiversion=v2&amp;noservercache=1&amp;domshim=1&amp;renderwebcomponents=1&amp;wcseo=1&amp;batchservertelemetry=1&amp;noservertelemetry=1|accessdate=2025-08-26|publisher=MSN}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikọta ya na onye na-agụ egwu Naijiria [[Naira Marley]] na mgbasa ozi, mgbe ya na ya kerịtara vidiyo na foto ụbọchị ọmụmụ na 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=11 May 2022|title=Excitement as Naira Marley reportedly falls in love|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/excitement-as-naira-marley-reportedly-falls-in-love/|accessdate=26 August 2025|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2025, asịrị gbasara na ọ bụ nne ụmụ ejima Marley, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gọnahụrụ nkwupụta ahụ n'ihu ọha, na-eme ka o doo anya na a na-eme ihe ọchị n'oge ndụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=23 April 2025|title=I'm not the mother of Naira Marley's children – Sandra Benede|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/im-not-the-mother-of-naira-marleys-children-sandra-benede/|accessdate=26 August 2025|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=23 April 2025|title=I'm not mother of Naira Marley's twins – Sandra Benede U-turns|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/23/im-not-mother-of-naira-marleys-twins-sandra-benede-u-turns/|accessdate=26 August 2025|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru ==
Benede enwetala nkwado na TikTok, gụnyere baajị LivePro nke enyere na 2025 maka ọrụ ya na ndụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Meshioye|first=David|date=2025-08-22|title=Sandra Benede bags LivePro badge, as TikTok highlights leading live streamers|url=https://guardian.ng/life/sandra-benede-bags-livepro-badge-as-tiktok-highlights-leading-live-streamers/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMeshioye2025&quot;&gt;Meshioye, David (2025-08-22). [https://guardian.ng/life/sandra-benede-bags-livepro-badge-as-tiktok-highlights-leading-live-streamers/ &quot;Sandra Benede bags LivePro badge, as TikTok highlights leading live streamers&quot;]. ''The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-08-26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ele ihe ndị ọ rụzuru ọ bụghị naanị n'ihe gbasara ọnụọgụ ịntanetị kamakwa site na ọrụ ebere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Akinola|first=Ifeoluwa|date=2025-04-03|title=Sandra Benede: A unique blend of fashion and social advocacy|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/sandra-benede-a-unique-blend-of-fashion-and-social-advocacy/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAkinola2025&quot;&gt;Akinola, Ifeoluwa (2025-04-03). [https://tribuneonlineng.com/sandra-benede-a-unique-blend-of-fashion-and-social-advocacy/ &quot;Sandra Benede: A unique blend of fashion and social advocacy&quot;]. ''Tribune Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-08-26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O kwupụtara atụmatụ ịgbasawanye na mgbasa ozi ma guzobe ntọala iji jikọta ntụrụndụ na mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.

== Edemsibia ==
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Lucy E. Parsons (c. - Maachị 7, 1942) bụ onye America socialist anarchist na emesia anarcho-communist, nke amara nke ọma n'oge ndụ ya ogologo maka okwu na edemede ya. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Industrial Workers of the World. Enwere ụdị dị iche iche nke ndụ nwata Parsons: ya onwe ya kwuru na ya sitere na Mexico na American Indian; ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kwenyere na a mụrụ ya n'aka onye Africa-American nwere ohu, ikekwe na Virginia, wee lụọ nwoke ojii nweere onwe ya na Texas. Ọ zutere onye mkpochapụ Albert Parsons na Waco, Texas, ma ekwuru na ọ lụrụ ya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị ndekọ ahụghị. Ha kwagara Chicago ọnụ na ngwụsị 1873 na echiche ya sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ mmegide ime ihe ike nke ndị ọrụ na Chicago Railroad Strike nke 1877. Ọ rụrụ ụka maka nzukọ ọrụ na mgba otu, na-ede akụkọ na-ese okwu na-ekwu okwu na ihe omume. Ọ sonyeere United States Labour Union ma mesịa ghọọ Knights of Labour, na enyi ya Lizzie Swank na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ tọrọ ntọala Chicago Working Women's Union.

Parsons nwere ụmụ abụọ wee rụọ ọrụ na Chicago dị ka akwa akwa, na-ere ụlọ nke ya. Mgbe e gbuchara di ya na 1887 mgbe a mara ya ikpe na ọ bụ onye ndu na Haymarket Riots, ọ bịara mara ụwa niile dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu anarchist, na-eme njem ugboro ugboro n'ofe United States ma na-eleta England. O dere edemede ma dezie akwụkwọ ndị na-akpa ike. Enyemaka na nkwado ndị ọsụ ụzọ kwadoro ya n'ụzọ ego wee dee Life of Albert R. Parsons site n'enyemaka nke Martin Lacher. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochiri Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia nke 1917, Parsons nọgidere na-abụ onye Kọmunist. Ndị uwe ojii Chicago weere ya dị ka onye agha dị ize ndụ ma na-egbochikarị ya ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha. Ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye toro eto, na-emegide onye anarchist Emma Goldman maka ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ha na ihe ịma aka nke ikpe ziri ezi na ikpe nke Angelo Herndon, Tom Mooney, na Scottsboro Boys. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọkụ ụlọ na March 7, 1942. Onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ bụ George Markstall nọ na olili ozu ahụ wee hụ ụlọ ahụ na-ere ọkụ ma o nweghị ike ịzọpụta ya; ọ nwụrụ n’echi ya. E liri ya na ebe a na-eli ozu Waldheim German, ebe ncheta Haymarket Martyrs dị. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, a maara Parsons dị ka Albert Parsons, ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mgbe mmadụ abụọ dị ndụ na-echeta ihe ndị ọ rụzuru. Mpaghara Chicago Park kpọrọ okporo ụzọ dị na Belmont Avenue aha ya na 2004.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Amachaghị ihe gbasara ndụ nwata Parsons. [A] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Caroline Ashbaugh na-ekwu na ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ kwenyere na Parsons bụ ohu na 1849 na a na-akpọ ya Lucy Gathings; N'ime ndụ ya niile, Parsons jikwa aha nna Carter, Diaz, Gonzalez na Hull. [1]: 11, 12 E nwere ihe ndekọ dị iche iche nke aha etiti Parsons; ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Philip S. Foner nyere ya dị ka Eldine, na mgbe e mesịrị nke nwa ya nwanyị Ella.[2] :: 267  Parsons n'onwe ya nyere akụkọ dị iche iche banyere ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ.[2] : : 268  Ọ gọrọ agọ na ọ bụ onye Afrịka wee kwuo na ya nwere nne na nna Mexico na American India, na-atụgharị n'etiti ha abụọ. Mgbe ihe omume ndị butere ọnwụ ya mere ka a mara ya, akwụkwọ ndekọ ahụike na-agụnye ihe nketa Texas ya mana o deghị aha ya n'ezie.[3][4] Otu echiche bụ na ọ lụrụ na Texas na Marie del Gather (nke sitere na Spanish-Mexica) na John Waller, onye bụ onye Muscogee.[5] Akụkọ ya na American National Biography na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ịbụ nwa Pedro Díaz González, onye nyere ya Marie. Ọ bụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a ole na ole kwuru banyere usoro ọmụmụ ya.[6][5]

N'akwụkwọ akụkọ onwe ya, Pasons, onye akụkọ ihe mere eme ọha na eze Jacqueline Jones na-ekwu na e rere ya dị ka ohu na Virginia na 1863 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, na onye nwe ya, Thomas J. Taliaferro, kpọọrọ ya na nne ya na nwanne ya na McLennan County, Texas. N’ihi ya, a kpọrọ ya Lucia; ọ kwagara Waco, Texas, ebe a na-egosi ndị mmadụ na-aga n'ihu na ndụ ha gara aga dị ka ndị ohu ma ọ bụ ndị agha Confederate. Ya na ya “biri” (ma o doro anya na ọ lụọla) nwoke ojii aha ya bụ Oliver Benton, nke a maara dị ka Oliver Gathings n'ihi na e nyere ndị ohu aha ikpeazụ nke ndị nwe ha. Ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ 35 ma ọ bụ 36 mana ọ dị iche iche 16 ma ọ bụ 17. Benton nwetara $1.50 kwa ule maka ngwaọrụ ya na-ebu akwụkwọ ojii n'osimiri ahụ, ọ pụkwara ịbụ na ọ nwere nwatakịrị nwụrụ anwụ.[1] Ashbaugh na-atụ aro na Parsons bụ (dị ka Benton) bụbu ohu nke ezinụlọ Gathings, ebe Philip Gathings nwere nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Lucy na 1849 ma rụọ ọrụ ahụ n'aha Parsons. Ọ bụ ebe a na-edobe ụfọdụ ndị ohu, ezinụlọ Gathings nwekwara ụmụ ndị ohu na 1860 bụ ndị ga-anọrịrị n'afọ Parsons.[2] : 267 : 267

Mgbe ọ nọ na Waco, Lucy zutere Albert Parsons. Ọ bụ nwoke nke bụbu onye agha Confederate nke agha obodo America na onye Radical Republican bụ onye na-akwado ụda olu maka ikike ndị isi ojii; a gbagburu ya n’ụkwụ maka inyere ndị ojii aka ịdebanye aha ịtụ vootu. A kwenyere na ha alụrụla di na nwunye kemgbe oge ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[1] : 13-14 E kwuru na ha zutere na Austin na 1872, ọ gwakwara Dictionary of American Biography for Albert's state na ha lụrụ na June 10, 1871. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Lucie C. Price kwuru na Parsons bụ ohu ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nke Parsons na ọ bụ ya dere akụkọ ahụ. : 12, 461 Ashbaugh siri ọnwụ na ọ ga-esiri ha ike ịlụ di na nwunye n'otu ụzọ ahụ, mana di na nwunye na di ya na nwunye ya bụ otu ihe, ebe Lucy na-akpọ aha ikpeazụ Parsons.[1] :  13–14 : 13–14

Lucy na Albert Parsons kwagara Chicago na ngwụcha afọ 1873. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 15 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 15 Obodo mmepụta ihe na-eto ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 3: A local war|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ biri n'ụlọ ndị ogbenye na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu Larrabee Street na North Avenue na North Side.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 16 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt; Albert Parsons rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-Ebe Ugwu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na Lucy Parsons nwetara ego dị ka onye ịkwa akwa. Di na nwunye ahụ sonyere na Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America, mgbe e mesịrị na Workingmen'S Party of the United States. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 17 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt; Parsons gosikwara njikere ya iguzo maka ikike ya site n'ịkpọrọ ndị ọcha ugboro abụọ gaa n'ụlọ ikpe na 1875, n'ihi ụgwọ a na-akwụghị ụgwọ na nsogbu ndị agbata obi, n'otu n'otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe Ọgbaghara ụgbọ okporo ígwè Chicago nke 1877 mere dị ka akụkụ nke Great Upheaval, Albert Parsons na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ibe ya Philip Van Patten na George Schilling gwara ìgwè mmadụ 25,000 okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 20, 21 A chụpụrụ ya n'ọrụ ya na Chicago Times ma tinye ya na Ndepụta ojii; ndị ikom abụọ a na-amaghị ama tinyere égbè n'isi ya mgbe ọ gara ''Chicago Tribune'' ịrịọ maka ọrụ. : 31, 32 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 3: A local war|edition=e-book}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJones2017&quot;&gt;Jones, Jacqueline (2017). &quot;Chapter 3: A local war&quot;. ''Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical'' (e-book&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York NY: Basic Books. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9726-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-9726-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A manyere Lucy Parsons inweta ọrụ iji kwado ezinụlọ ya wee malite ụlọ ahịa na-ere uwe na uwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 25 Ọ gbasaa azụmahịa ahụ n'ime Parsons &amp; Co., Manufacturers of Ladies' and Children's Clothing, na-emeghe ebe ọrụ na 306 Mohawk Street ma na-ewe onye mmekọ ya ugbu a na-edepụtaghị aha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 4: Farewell to the ballot box|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ mbụ Parsons bipụtara bụ akwụkwọ ozi o degaara onye nchịkọta akụkọ The Socialist banyere agụụ na ịda ogbenye nke ndị ọrụ. Ọ malitere nkuzi mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa ya nwoke, Albert Parsons Jr., na Septemba 1879 (na akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ya o depụtara aha nwa agbọghọ ya dị ka Carter na Virginia dịka ebe ọmụmụ ya). [1]: 30 [2] Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Parsons na-agbanwe, o kpebiri na nsogbu nke ya adịghị mkpa ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị otu òtù ọha na eze nwere ike ime mgbanwe. Ọ bụ onye agha karịa onye òtù ọlụlụ ya, na-eme mkpọsa megide votu ahụ n'oge a na-enyeghị ya ikike ime otú ahụ n'onwe ya. [1]: 32, 39 [3] Ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara banyere ọgba aghara ahụ e mere na 1877 kụziiri ya na ndị ọrụ na-esikwu ike mgbe ha jikọrọ aka. [4] Ọ zụlitere echiche anarchist ya, bụ nke kwadoro ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kwadoro ịgbachitere onwe ya megide ime ihe ike agbụrụ, ma kpọọ oku maka mgba megide okpukpe. [5]: 92, 96 O nyeere aka chọta Chicago Working Women's Union (WWU) na ụmụ nwanyị dịka Elizabeth Chambers Morgan, Elizabeth Flynn Rodgers, Alzina Stevens, na Lizzie Swank wee gaa nzukọ n'oge ime ime ya, n'oge a na-atụ anya ka ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'ụlọ mgbe ha na-amụ nwa. Swank ghọrọ ezigbo enyi Parsons, ma ozugbo ndị Knights of Labour kpebiri ịnakwere ụmụ nwanyị, ha abụọ sonyeere.[1] : 34 WWU gbara ụmụnwaanyị ume ka ha sonye n'otu ndị ọrụ ma kwalite ụbọchị awa asatọ. [2][7]

Na Eprel 20, 1881, Parsons mụrụ nwa ya nke abụọ, Lulu Eda, onye nwụrụ site na lymphedema mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 41 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;451&amp;#x200A; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;: 41 N'afọ 1883, onye nnupụisi anarchist Johann Most gara Chicago wee zute ezinụlọ Parsons. : 43 N'ọnwa Nọvemba, Albert Parsons guzobere American Group of Chicago dị ka ngalaba mpaghara nke International Working People's Association (IWPA). Lucy gara nzukọ, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụlọ ya, na-azụlite ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka ekpe ya. Mgbe IWPA bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ siri ike The Alarm na 1884, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi nyere aka, na-ekwu na ime ihe ike bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na ọgụ nke ndị otu ọrụ bụ ihe na-akpali mgbanwe ahụ. O dere ederede nke gụnyere &quot;Mmalite anyị. Ọ bara uru ịzọpụta?&quot;, &quot;Nwatakịrị ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe ọjọọ ha gosipụtara na nnapụta ha chọrọ&quot; na &quot;The negro. Ka ọ hapụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nye onye ndọrọ ọchịchị ma kpegara onye nkwusa ekpere&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 99 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 54, 57, 63, 64, 99 E bipụtara edemede ya &quot;Nye ndị na-enweghị ọrụ, ndị a napụrụ ihe nketa na ndị nhụsianya&quot; site na The Alarm ma ree ihe karịrị 10,000 n'etiti Mee na Nọvemba 1885. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; :: 135  N'otu afọ ahụ, Parsons bipụtara &quot;Dynamite! Nanị olu ndị mmegbu nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta&quot; na Denver Labor Enquirer, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke nkwalite nke mgbasa ozi nke omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 56 Na Eprel 28, 1885, Parsons na Lizzie Holmes (née Swank) duziri ngagharị iwe IWPA iji mee ngagharị iwe n'èzí oriri na Board of Trade Building, nke e wuru ọhụrụ na ọnụahịa nke $ 2 nde.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 59 &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt;:: 146  N'oge a, Parsons na onye mmekọ ya na-agwakarị ìgwè mmadụ 1,000 ruo 5,000 na Sunday n'ikperé mmiri nke Lake Michigan. Onye na-ahazi ọrụ Mother Jones gara ma chee na okwu ndị ahụ kwadoro ime ihe ike dị ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 60 : 60 

Na Mee 5, ụbọchị mgbe bọmbụ ahụ gasịrị, Lucy Parsons nọ n'ọfịs nke ''Arbeiter-Zeitung'' mgbe ndị uwe ojii wakporo ya n'enweghị akwụkwọ ikike ịchọ ya. Ha jidere ndị ọrụ niile gụnyere Parsons, onye otu onye uwe ojii kpọrọ &quot;nwaanyị ojii&quot;; a tọhapụrụ ya n'ebughị ebubo ebe ọ bụ na ndị uwe ojii nwere olileanya na ọ ga-eduga ha na onye mmekọ ya. N'ime ọnwa isii sochirinụ, e jidere ya obere oge ọtụtụ ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 226-227 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;: E jidere mmadụ iri asatọ na otu ma mee nnyocha iwu na-akwadoghị na Julius S. Grinnell, onye ọka iwu Illinois nke ga-aga n'ihu na-ekpe ikpe ahụ, kwuru &quot;Bido mee ka mwakpo ahụ leba anya n'iwu mgbe e mesịrị&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 84 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lucy Parsons kwuru na Denver Labor Enquirer mwakpo ahụ buru ibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 85 Otu nnukwu ndị ọka ikpe mara ebubo megide ndị ikom 31 na Mee 27, gụnyere ebubo igbu ọchụ megide mmadụ iri, ndị na-akwado mgbasa ozi site na omume ahụ (gụnyere Lucy Parsons na Lizzie Holmes) ebughị ebubo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 83, 84, 87 : 83, 84, 87 

Àgwà nke ndị ọrụ US n'ebe ndị a na-ebo ebubo nọ dị mgbagwoju anya, na ụfọdụ ndị agha na-ekwupụta nkwado na ndị ọzọ na-echegbu onwe ha maka ọnwụ nke ndụ na square.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 88 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Albert nọ na nzuzo, o degaara Lucy Parsons akwụkwọ ozi na-arịọ ya ka ya na ọkàiwu William P. Black kwurịta okwu ma kwurịta ọnọdụ nke inyefe onwe ya. Black gbara ya ume ka ọ kpọbata ya n'ụlọ ikpe, na-ekwere na ohere dị nta maka ikpe. Onye isi enyemaka ya William A. Foster ekwenyeghị, na-eche na ọ ka mma na Parsons nọgidere na-enwere onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 252, 254, 255 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 90 N'ụbọchị mbụ nke ikpe, Albert Parsons pụtara mgbe ya na Lucy nọrọ awa ole na ole ma nyefee onwe ya n'aka Onyeikpe Joseph Gary. : 90, 91 Mgbasa mgbasa ozi na-emegide ndị anarchist siri ike, na ''Chicago Tribune'' na-akpọ maka ogbugbu na akwụkwọ akụkọ Texas na-eleghachi anya na ihe ihere nke Parsons na-ahapụ alụmdi na nwunye ya na Oliver Benton maka Albert. The Waco Day bụ isi akụkọ &quot;Beast Parsons: mkparị na-ezighị ezi site na ụfọdụ omume ọma nke ọ na-ezo na ya; onye na-agwakọta agbụrụ, onye ogbu mmadụ, onye omekome, onye osisi na-echere&quot;. Na nzaghachi, Parsons gara leta onye ya na ya nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na onye nta akụkọ si na Tribune ma kwuo na ya na nwunye Benton nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya mana na ọ bụ onye dị iche na Lucy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 86, 87 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot; /&gt;

Lucy Parsons gara ụbọchị ọ bụla nke ikpe ahụ ma nọrọ ebe ahụ mgbe a mara onye mmekọ ya, George Engel, Samuel Fielden, Adolph Fischer, Louis Lingg, Michael Schwab na August Spies ikpe Ọnwụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o mere njem nkuzi izu asaa iji nweta ego maka ndị a na-ebo ebubo; ọ gwara ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 okwu n'ebe ndị dị ka Cincinnati, New York na Philadelphia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 297, 298 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:: 108 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;105&amp;#x200A; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJones2017&quot;&gt;Jones, Jacqueline (2017). &quot;Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio&quot;. ''Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical'' (e-book&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York NY: Basic Books. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9726-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-9726-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 8: The dusky goddess of anarchy speaks her mind|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na New Haven, Connecticut, o kwuru &quot;Ị nwere ike ịtụ anya na m ga-agbapụta nnukwu ire ọkụ nke dynamite ma jiri bọmbụ guzo n'ihu gị n'aka m. Ọ bụrụ na enwere nkụda mmụọ, ị nwere naanị ndị nta akụkọ nke isi obodo iji kelee ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 108 Ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Thomas J. Morgan kwurịtara okwu na nzukọ na Sheffield, Indiana, nke dị n'ofe akara steeti site na Illinois, nke mere na ndị uwe ojii Chicago enweghị ike ịkwụsị ihe omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; :: 306  Na Columbus, Ohio, e gbochiri ya ikwu okwu ma zigara ya n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Franklin County.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 113  Mgbe ọ na-adịghị akụzi ihe, Parsons ga-eleta onye ibe ya nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, na-akpọrọ ụmụaka ahụ. Ọ kwụsịrị ụlọ ahịa ịkwa ákwà ya ma manye ezinụlọ ahụ ịpụ n'ụlọ ha dị n'okporo ámá Indiana gaa na nke ọzọ dị na Milwaukee Avenue.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; :: 323  Mgbe a mara ọkwa ikpe ọnwụ ya, Albert Parsons degaara nwunye ya akwụkwọ ozi &quot;Enwere m otu arịrịọ ka m mee gị: Emeghị ihe ngwa ngwa n'onwe gị mgbe m hapụrụ, mana were nnukwu ihe kpatara Socialism ebe a manyere m ịtọ ya. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt;:: 322  E guzobere Amnesty Association ma mee ihe iji zọpụta Albert Parsons na ndị ikom isii ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọnụ ọnwụ; Lucy Parsons jiri oge ya na-anakọta ego na ịbịanye aka n'okporo ámá, na mkpọsa iji gbanwee ikpe ahụ ọbụna site na Melville onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Chicago News, onye nchịkọta akụkọ Daily, onye a mara ndị ahụ, onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Chicago, onye na-akwado ọbụna dị ka Melville News, onye na mbụ, : 337, 338 : 337, 338 

Na Thursday November 10, Gọvanọ Illinois Richard J. Oglesby mara ọkwa na a ga-egbu Parsons na mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ n'echi ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 138 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;134&amp;#x200A; N'ụtụtụ echi ya, Lucy Parsons kpọọrọ ụmụaka ahụ hụ ya maka oge ikpeazụ, ya na Lizzie Holmes. A na-egbochi ya ịbanye n'ụlọ mkpọrọ site na eriri ndị uwe ojii ma mgbe ọ nwara ịgafe ya, e jidere ìgwè ahụ ma kpọga ha n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Chicago Avenue ebe a chọtara ha maka bọmbụ ma jide ha ruo elekere 15:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 396 , 387 E bugara igbe ozu nke Albert Parsons n'ụlọ ahịa Lucy Parsons, ebe ihe karịrị mmadụ 10,000 bịara ịsọpụrụ n'otu ụbọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 138 Ngụkọta nke mmadụ dị n'agbata 10,000 na 15,000 bịara olili ozu na Sunday, November 13; Parsons gara n'azụ igbe ozu ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 396 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 138, 140 Afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị, o dezigharịrị ma bipụta The famous speeches of the eight Chicago anarchists in court nke rere ihe karịrị 10,000 n'ime ọnwa 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gabriel&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gabriel|first=Elun|title=Performing persecution: Witnessing and martyrdom in the anarchist tradition|journal=Radical History Review|date=May 1, 2007|volume=2007|issue=98|pages=34–62|doi=10.1215/01636545-2006-026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:1886_Photo_Lucy_Parsons.jpg|alt=Three quarter length photograph of standing woman in striped dress|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto nke Parsons e sere na 1886]]
Mgbe emesịrị olili ozu nke onye mmekọ ya, Parsons gara n'ihu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Òtù Pioneer Aid and Support Association nyere ya ego enyemaka nke $ 12 kwa izu ma na Machị 1888 ọ gara East Coast na-ekwu okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 159 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;156&amp;#x200A;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;155&amp;#x200A; N'oge ntuli aka onye isi obodo Chicago nke 1887, Parsons kwadoro onye United Labor Party megide onye mmeri, [[Republican Party (United States)|Onye Republican]] John A. Roche. Roche haziri asọmpi ahụ dị ka agha dị n'etiti ọkọlọtọ US na ọkọlọtọ nke anarchism na ọchịchị Kọmunist, mgbe e mesịrị gbalịa machibido iji ọkọlọtọ na-acha ọbara ọbara na nzukọ ndị aka ekpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 121  &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Parsons malitere ịrụ ọrụ na akụkọ ndụ nke o mechara bipụta dị ka The Life of Albert R. Parsons . Martin Lacher, nwa okorobịa German nke ya na ya biri site na 1889 gaa n'ihu ma mesịa ghọọ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya nyeere ya aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 156 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1888, ọ gara London, ebe ọ zutere ndị anarchist Peter Kropotkin na William Morris wee gaa na Tower of London na Westminster Abbey na Jane Morris. Ọ gwara ndị Socialist League okwu ma kwenyeghị na Annie Besant, onye ndú nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, n'ihe gbasara ime ihe ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 159 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Mgbe o ji ụgbọ mmiri laghachi na New York City, otu onye nta akụkọ gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ wee kwuo na ọ na-alụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị German [[Eduard Bernstein]]. Ndị anarchist nke oge Parsons dị ka Justus Schwab katọrọ akụkọ ahụ ma ọ gọnahụrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 10: The widow Parsons sets her course|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Parsons laghachiri Chicago na 1889, nzukọ ọhụrụ a kpọrọ Albert R. Parsons nke Knights of Labor kpọsara okwu na-abịa site n'aka ya nke akpọrọ Review of the Labor Movement in Europe. Onye isi ndị uwe ojii Chicago George W. Hubbard kpebiri ịkwụsị ihe omume ahụ ma n'ụbọchị ahụ n'onwe ya, e jidere Lacher na nwoke ọzọ ka ha na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ikike Parsons nwere ikwu okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 161,: 183 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;182&amp;#x200A; Hubbard kwupụtara na &quot;ọ pụghị ikwu okwu na Chicago&quot; ma kwụsị ihe omume na-eme ugboro ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 10: The widow Parsons sets her course|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Parsons bipụtara The Life of Albert R. Parsons na okwu mbido nke George Schilling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 175  Na Nọvemba 1890, a gbochiri Johann Most, Parsons na Hugh O. Pentikọst ikwu okwu na Newark, New Jersey mgbe ndị uwe ojii mechiri ụlọ nzukọ ahụ. Parsons gbalịrị ikwu okwu n'okporo ámá: e jidere ya ma boo ya ebubo na ọ na-ịkpali ọgba aghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 182 Ọ dezigharịrị Freedom akwụkwọ akụkọ anarchist-communist kwa ọnwa site na 1891 gaa n'ihu &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;:: 449  &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 183 ma wuo ụlọ na 999 Hammond Avenue, mgbe e mesịrị North Troy Street[C] na Avondale.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù Pioneer Aid and Support Association nyeere ya aka n'ụzọ ego, mana ụfọdụ ndị otu ahụ malitere iwe maka mkpa ego ya, na-azọrọ na ọ ka na-azọ ụgwọ iji kwado nwa ya nwanyị, onye nwụrụ anwụ. Mmekọrịta ya na Lacher bụ ihe arụmụka ebe ọ bụ na ọ nọgidere na-alụ onye ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke a, a malitere ịhụ di na nwunye ahụ ọnụ n'ihu ọha ruo mgbe mmekọrịta ha kwụsịrị ma ha gara ụlọ ikpe. Parsons boro Lacher ebubo na ọ na-eji anyụike wakpo ihe onwunwe ezinụlọ ya. O kwetara na ya mebiri arịa ụlọ ahụ mana o kwuru na ọ bụ nke ya ma kwụọ ya $ 25 na ego maka omume aghara aghara. O kwukwara na o dere ọtụtụ n'ime Life of Albert R. Parsons . [1] : 178, 179 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Parsons jiri ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Freedom wakpo Lacher, na-azọrọ na o zuru ego n'aka otu ìgwè dị n'ógbè ahụ ma na-achọ ịbọ ọbọ megide ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt;

Ka Parsons na-etolite, e nwere ihe omume iji mee ememe ncheta nke Haymarket na ndị uwe ojii nọgidere na-akwụsị ya ikwu okwu na nzukọ ndị a na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 412, 413 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:: 197 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;198&amp;#x200A; Mgbe onye anarchist Alexander Berkman nwara igbu onye mmepụta ihe Henry Clay Frick na 1892, Parsons dere na Freedom &quot;N'akụkụ anyị anyị, anyị nwere naanị mmasị kachasị ukwuu maka dike dị ka Berkman&quot; ma ọ kwadoro ndị enyi ya Henry Bauer na [[Carl Nold]] bụ ndị e jidere maka ebubo nkata aghụghọ n'agbanyeghị na ha etinyeghị aka. A mara Berkman ikpe afọ iri abụọ na abụọ ma nye Nold na Bauer afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 184, 185 N'afọ 1893, Parsons sooro onye isi obodo kwurịta okwu na ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ katụghị ya ikpe, wee gaa n'ihu ma kwuo ozugbo na onye isi obodo ahụ abụghị onye ka mma karịa eze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 192, 193 N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1896, ụlọ ya gbara ọkụ ma mebie akwụkwọ ya, ọ bụ ezie na o mechara ree akwụkwọ Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Scientific Basis na The Life of Albert R. Parsons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 197 

Parsons dọtara mmasị na ọrụ nke Social Democracy of America, nke Eugene V. Debs duziri, wee zute Emma Goldman site na otu ahụ na 1897. Ọ bụ ezie na Goldman na-akwalite Ịhụnanya n'efu, nnwere onwe maka ụmụ nwanyị na nnwere onwe nke onye ọ bụla, Parsons (n'agbanyeghị inwe mmekọahụ na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na ndụ onwe ya) kwadoro ịlụ otu nwanyị, alụmdi na ụba na ịbụ nne n'ihu ọha, ọ ka kwenyere na ọ bụ isi nke ọgụ nke ndị ọrụ n'ozuzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 200, 201 N'oge ahụ, Goldman, Parsons na Louise Michel so n'ime obere ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị ndị a ma ama n'ụwa niile dị ka ndị anarchist na ndị ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bantman&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bantman|first=Constance|title=Louise Michel's London years: A political reassessment (1890–1905)|journal=Women's History Review|date=2017|volume=26|issue=6|pages=994–1012|doi=10.1080/09612025.2017.1294393}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Oscar Rotter dere banyere ịhụnanya n'efu na mbibi nke mmekọrịta ihe onwunwe na akwụkwọ akụkọ anarchist Free Society, Parsons ji iwe zaghachi na nkwado nke otu nwanyị na nke a dugara na esemokwu na-adịgide adịgide na Goldman, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 203, 206 onye mere mkpesa na Parsons na-ebi ndụ site na ihe nketa nke onye ya e gburu egbu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shone&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shone|first=Steve J.|title=American anarchism|date=2013|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-25195-3|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 75 Parsons megidere ma Agha Spain na America na Agha Philippine na America; mgbe nwa ya nwoke Albert Jr. nwara ịbanye, o tinyere ya na Northern Illinois State Mental Hospital na 1899; ọ nọgidere n'ebe ahụ maka ndụ ya fọdụrụnụ, ọ nwụrụ na 1919 n'ihi ụkwara nta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 451 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 207, 208 : 207, 208 

== Afọ 1900 ==
[[Faịlụ:The_Liberator_(Chicago)_front_page_1905-09-10.png|alt=Black and white picture of front page of newspaper|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Peeji ihu nke September 10, 1905, mbipụta nke The Liberator]]
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, Parsons bụ onye nnọchi anya Chicago maka Free Society nke ndị uwe ojii bibiri ígwè obibi akwụkwọ ya mgbe ogbugbu nke Onye isi ala William McKinley gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 210, 211 N'otu afọ ahụ, onye anarchist Errico Malatesta letara Parsons ma kwuo okwu n'akụkụ onye otu ọrụ Jay Fox na picnic na Memorial Day. N'afọ 1905, Parsons guzobere ndị ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ụwa (IWW) na Eugene V. Debs, Bill Haywood na Nne Jones. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 451, 452 Ọ gara US na-ekwu okwu ma na-ere akwụkwọ nta, n'otu oge ahụ na-edezi akwụkwọ akụkọ The Liberator na The Alarm. Ndị uwe ojii na-egbochi ya ikwu okwu, ọkachasị na Chicago, ma ọ nọgidere na-akụzi ruo n'afọ 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 452, 453 N'afọ 1912, ọ kwadoro nzukọ nke guzobere Syndicalist League of North America. Ọ bụ William Z. Foster duziri ya, onye ya na Parsons nọrọ n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSHA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Parsons, Lucy|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/parsons-lucy|work=Texas state historical association (TSHA)|accessdate=June 10, 2023|archivedate=March 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328174401/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/parsons-lucy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 12: Tending the sacred flame of Haymarket|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Parsons kwuru okwu na njem agụụ na Jenụwarị 1915 na Chicago nke mechiri na mmadụ 1,500 na-enweghị ọrụ na ndị uwe ojii na-alụ ọgụ na nso Hull House na Halsted Street, e jidere ya na Nna Irwin St. John Tucker na mmadụ 19 ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slug&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Women help slug police; bullets fly|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-1500-idle-riot-around-h/131031977/|accessdate=September 1, 2023|work=Chicago Daily Tribune|date=January 18, 1915|pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia gasịrị na 1917, Parsons gara n'ihu na ọchịchị Kọmunist. O mechara degara Carl Nold akwụkwọ na ndị Kọmunist bụ &quot;naanị ụyọkọ na-eme ngagharị iwe siri ike megide ọnọdụ ọjọọ dị ugbu a!&quot; ma kwaa arịrị na &quot;ọchịchị anarchism bụ okwu nwụrụ anwụ na ndụ America taa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 253 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;453&amp;#x200A; :: 254  Ọ sonyeere International Labor Defense na 1930, ọ gwara ọtụtụ puku mmadụ okwu na May Day (International Workers' Day) ihe omume na Ashland Auditorium na Chicago, na-ekwu okwu nke e bipụtara ọzọ na Hearings Before a Special Committee to Investigate Communist Activities na US. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 253 &lt;ref name=&quot;Zandy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Floyd|author=Zandy|first=Janet|title=Becoming visible: Women's presence in late nineteenth-century America|date=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-420-2978-1|pages=41–62|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789042029781_004|chapter=Dangerous working-class women: Mother Jones, Lucy Parsons, and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn|doi=10.1163/9789042029781_004}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 55 N'ịga n'ihu na asọmpi ha, Emma Goldman katọrọ ya maka ịwụli elu site n'otu ihe kpatara mgbanwe gaa na nke ọzọ. Parsons mechara sonye na Communist Party na 1939. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 516 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 261 : 261 

Parsons nwere Ọrịa pleurisy na 1932, na-agbake nke ọma iji gaa Chicago World's Fair n'afọ sochirinụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 254  Ọ nwere nkụda mmụọ banyere òtù anarchist nke US, na-atụle ọdịda ya na ndị enyi dị ka Nord, ma ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ya, na-akwado ihe ịma aka maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi na ikpe gbasara Angelo Herndon, Tom Mooney na Scottsboro Boys.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 256-258  Ọ kpuru ìsì, nweta ezumike nká ma biri na ịda ogbenye na Avondale na North Troy Street na ọbá akwụkwọ nke ihe dị ka akwụkwọ 3,000 nke gosipụtara ọrụ nke ndị Socialist French, Victor Hugo, Jack London, Marx na Engels, Rousseau, [[Leo Tolstoy]] na Voltaire. &lt;ref name=&quot;BP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=(1886) Lucy Parsons, 'I am an anarchist'|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1886-lucy-parsons-i-am-anarchist/|work=BlackPast.org|accessdate=June 5, 2023|date=January 28, 2007|archivedate=May 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526231628/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1886-lucy-parsons-i-am-anarchist/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 453 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 262 : 262 

== Ọnwụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Grave_of_Lucy_Parsons_1may2015_by_IWPCHI.jpg|alt=Red roses on simple headstone which reads LUCY PARSONS 1859–1942|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ili Parsons na German Waldheim Cemetery na Forest Park, Illinois]]
N’ụbọchị ikpeazụ ya na Mee 1941, Parsons sonyeere Kọmitii Na-ahazi Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo dị ka onye ọbịa nri. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 91, ọ nwụrụ n'ọkụ ụlọ na March 7, 1942. [D] Onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge bụ George Markstall na-arịa ọrịa nke ukwuu ịhụ ka ụlọ ahụ na-ere ọkụ ma enweghị ike ịzọpụta ya; ọ nwụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya n'echi ya.[1] : :  263   Ọ gwara Ben Reitman ka o hazie olili ya wee dee akwụkwọ ikike na 1938, hapụ ụlọ Markstall na Pioneer Aid and Support Association mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ ka e rere ụlọ ahụ $800 na 1943. [1]: 263, 265, 266 Ọkụ ahụ bibiri ọbá akwụkwọ ya, ma akwụkwọ ndị ahụ emebighị; Mgbe otu enyi ya gara ịgbalị inweta akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, a gwara ya na ha bụ adịgboroja. Ndị uwe ojii nọ n’ọ́bá akwụkwọ ahụ gakwuuru ya gwa ya na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchọpụta Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha (FBI) ejidela ha. Ndị FBI jụrụ itinye aka na akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, mgbe Reitman laghachiri Chicago Red Squad, a gwara ya na ndị FBI nwere ha; eweghachighị akwụkwọ ndị ahụ.[1] : 263, 266 Afọ mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ, William Morris 'A na-etinye akara ngosi nke mgbanwe maka ire ere, na-ebu nraranye &quot;To Lucy E. Parsons, nke William Morris, Nov. 15th 1888&quot; na stampụ sitere na Library nke Congress na FBI.

Mmadụ 300 bịara emume akwụkwọ maka Parsons na Markstall na Machị 12. Reitman kwuru, na-akpọ ya &quot;nke ikpeazụ n'ime dinosaurs, otu ndị Chicago Anarchists nwere obi ike.&quot; E liri Parsons na German Waldheim Cemetery na Forest Park, Illinois, n'Haymarket Martyrs Monument ebe e liri di ya. E liri Voltairine nke Cleyre, Emma Goldman, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-eme ọnụ iwe n'ebe ahụ.[1] : 283 : 283
 
Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe nke Parsons bụ [[Elizabeth Gurley Flynn]] chetara ya dị ka ọkà okwu na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na onye na-eme mgbanwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 265  Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Ruth Kinna kwuru n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2020 Great Anarchists na a na-akpọ Parsons n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka nwunye Albert Parsons, ma ọ bụ n'ezie &quot;onye edemede nwere nkà, ọkà okwu na onye nhazi n'onwe ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kinna&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kinna|first=Ruth|title=Great Anarchists|publisher=Active Distribution and Dog Section Press|pages=90–100|location=Bristol; London|isbn=9781916036567|chapter=Lucy Parsons|date=November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 91 Ruo mgbe Ashbaugh dere akụkọ ndụ ya n'afọ 1976, a na-ekwukarị na Parsons n'ihe odide ala ala: n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, akụkọ banyere ọrụ ya amụbaala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guy-Sheftall&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Guy-Sheftall|first=Beverly|title=Black women's studies: The interface of women's studies and black studies|journal=Phylon|date=1992|volume=49|issue=1/2|pages=33–41|doi=10.2307/3132615|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3132615|issn=0031-8906|accessdate=June 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù dị iche iche na-akwado aka ekpe ekwuola na ọ bụ onye isi ma kpọọ ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta onwe ya na Boston aha ya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Sims&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sims|first=Anna|title=The rise of socialism in Boston|url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2019/02/22/boston-socialism/|accessdate=June 9, 2023|work=Boston Magazine|date=February 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Gale Ahrens, Mary Condé, na Robin Kelley akatọọla okwu Parsons na-agbasi mbọ ike na mgba nke ndị Africa America, na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ọ dị ka ndị ọrụ bilie megide ndị were ha n'ọrụ, karịa mkpa maka ịha nhata. Otu ihe kpatara ya bụ na, ebe ọ bụ na ọ gọnahụrụ ihe nketa ojii nke ya, o lekwasịrị anya na ide nke otu ahụ.[1][2] : 70 N'ihi ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na onye isi ojii Chicago mgbe ahụ Ida Wells-Barnett, ma ọ bụ National Association of Colored Women na National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.[3][4] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme lekwasịrị anya na njụta Parsons jụrụ usoro USB, ebe n'oge ahụ, akara ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na Albert Parsons dere, sị: &quot;A na-akpọ anyị ndị Kọmunist, ma ọ bụ ndị Socialist, ma ọ bụ Anarchists. Anyị na-anabata usoro ndị ahụ niile. &quot;[5]

Obodo Chicago guzobere ihe ịrịba ama akụkọ ihe mere eme a raara nye Parsons na di ya na 1997 n'ebe ụlọ ha dị, 1908 North Mohawk Street, na mpaghara Old Town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Albert and Lucy Parsons Historical Marker|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=261151|accessdate=January 28, 2025|work=www.hmdb.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpaghara Chicago Park kpọrọ obere ebe dị na Belmont Avenue ogige &quot;Lucy Ella Gonzales Parsons&quot; n'afọ 2004, mkpebi nke Fraternal Order of Police megidere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shone&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shone|first=Steve J.|title=American anarchism|date=2013|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-25195-3|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 62 N'afọ 2022, a kpọrọ ụlọ ọhụrụ na Logan Square, Chicago nke nwere pasent 100 dị ọnụ ala Lucy Gonzalez Parsons Apartments.&lt;ref name=&quot;BCC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2022/05/20/all-affordable-logan-square-apartment-complex-opens-after-years-of-planning-this-is-nothing-less-than-a-day-of-resurrection/|title=All-affordable Logan Square apartment complex opens after years of planning: 'This is nothing less than a day of resurrection'|first=Quinn|author=Myers|date=May 20, 2022|accessdate=August 12, 2022|archivedate=July 26, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726210530/https://blockclubchicago.org/2022/05/20/all-affordable-logan-square-apartment-complex-opens-after-years-of-planning-this-is-nothing-less-than-a-day-of-resurrection/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Parsons|first=Lucy E.|editor=Ahrens|title=Lucy Parsons: Freedom, equality and solidarity – writings and speeches, 1878–1937|year=2004|publisher=Charles H. Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0882863009}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Parsons|title=The famous speeches of the eight Chicago anarchists in court: When asked if they had anything to say why sentence of death should not be passed upon them - October 7, 8, and 9, 1886|date=1910|publisher=Lucy E. Parsons|location=Chicago|oclc=21042544}}
* {{Cite book|author=Parsons|first=Lucy|title=Life of Albert R. Parsons, with brief history of the labor movement in America|date=1889|publisher=L.E. Parsons|location=Chicago|oclc=1048339877}}

== Ihe edeturu ==

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 
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      <text bytes="50956" sha1="eev25nrnq5k0pmjiayxjg3qgn2prvfo" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Lucy Parsons.1920.jpg|thumb|Lucy Parsons]]
 

Lucy E. Parsons (c. - Maachị 7, 1942) bụ onye America socialist anarchist na emesia anarcho-communist, nke amara nke ọma n'oge ndụ ya ogologo maka okwu na edemede ya. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Industrial Workers of the World. Enwere ụdị dị iche iche nke ndụ nwata Parsons: ya onwe ya kwuru na ya sitere na Mexico na American Indian; ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kwenyere na a mụrụ ya n'aka onye Africa-American nwere ohu, ikekwe na Virginia, wee lụọ nwoke ojii nweere onwe ya na Texas. Ọ zutere onye mkpochapụ Albert Parsons na Waco, Texas, ma ekwuru na ọ lụrụ ya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị ndekọ ahụghị. Ha kwagara Chicago ọnụ na ngwụsị 1873 na echiche ya sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ mmegide ime ihe ike nke ndị ọrụ na Chicago Railroad Strike nke 1877. Ọ rụrụ ụka maka nzukọ ọrụ na mgba otu, na-ede akụkọ na-ese okwu na-ekwu okwu na ihe omume. Ọ sonyeere United States Labour Union ma mesịa ghọọ Knights of Labour, na enyi ya Lizzie Swank na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ tọrọ ntọala Chicago Working Women's Union.

Parsons nwere ụmụ abụọ wee rụọ ọrụ na Chicago dị ka akwa akwa, na-ere ụlọ nke ya. Mgbe e gbuchara di ya na 1887 mgbe a mara ya ikpe na ọ bụ onye ndu na Haymarket Riots, ọ bịara mara ụwa niile dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu anarchist, na-eme njem ugboro ugboro n'ofe United States ma na-eleta England. O dere edemede ma dezie akwụkwọ ndị na-akpa ike. Enyemaka na nkwado ndị ọsụ ụzọ kwadoro ya n'ụzọ ego wee dee Life of Albert R. Parsons site n'enyemaka nke Martin Lacher. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochiri Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia nke 1917, Parsons nọgidere na-abụ onye Kọmunist. Ndị uwe ojii Chicago weere ya dị ka onye agha dị ize ndụ ma na-egbochikarị ya ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha. Ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye toro eto, na-emegide onye anarchist Emma Goldman maka ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ha na ihe ịma aka nke ikpe ziri ezi na ikpe nke Angelo Herndon, Tom Mooney, na Scottsboro Boys. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọkụ ụlọ na March 7, 1942. Onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ bụ George Markstall nọ na olili ozu ahụ wee hụ ụlọ ahụ na-ere ọkụ ma o nweghị ike ịzọpụta ya; ọ nwụrụ n’echi ya. E liri ya na ebe a na-eli ozu Waldheim German, ebe ncheta Haymarket Martyrs dị. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, a maara Parsons dị ka Albert Parsons, ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mgbe mmadụ abụọ dị ndụ na-echeta ihe ndị ọ rụzuru. Mpaghara Chicago Park kpọrọ okporo ụzọ dị na Belmont Avenue aha ya na 2004.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Amachaghị ihe gbasara ndụ nwata Parsons. [A] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Caroline Ashbaugh na-ekwu na ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ kwenyere na Parsons bụ ohu na 1849 na a na-akpọ ya Lucy Gathings; N'ime ndụ ya niile, Parsons jikwa aha nna Carter, Diaz, Gonzalez na Hull. [1]: 11, 12 E nwere ihe ndekọ dị iche iche nke aha etiti Parsons; ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Philip S. Foner nyere ya dị ka Eldine, na mgbe e mesịrị nke nwa ya nwanyị Ella.[2] :: 267  Parsons n'onwe ya nyere akụkọ dị iche iche banyere ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ.[2] : : 268  Ọ gọrọ agọ na ọ bụ onye Afrịka wee kwuo na ya nwere nne na nna Mexico na American India, na-atụgharị n'etiti ha abụọ. Mgbe ihe omume ndị butere ọnwụ ya mere ka a mara ya, akwụkwọ ndekọ ahụike na-agụnye ihe nketa Texas ya mana o deghị aha ya n'ezie.[3][4] Otu echiche bụ na ọ lụrụ na Texas na Marie del Gather (nke sitere na Spanish-Mexica) na John Waller, onye bụ onye Muscogee.[5] Akụkọ ya na American National Biography na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ịbụ nwa Pedro Díaz González, onye nyere ya Marie. Ọ bụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a ole na ole kwuru banyere usoro ọmụmụ ya.[6][5]

N'akwụkwọ akụkọ onwe ya, Pasons, onye akụkọ ihe mere eme ọha na eze Jacqueline Jones na-ekwu na e rere ya dị ka ohu na Virginia na 1863 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, na onye nwe ya, Thomas J. Taliaferro, kpọọrọ ya na nne ya na nwanne ya na McLennan County, Texas. N’ihi ya, a kpọrọ ya Lucia; ọ kwagara Waco, Texas, ebe a na-egosi ndị mmadụ na-aga n'ihu na ndụ ha gara aga dị ka ndị ohu ma ọ bụ ndị agha Confederate. Ya na ya “biri” (ma o doro anya na ọ lụọla) nwoke ojii aha ya bụ Oliver Benton, nke a maara dị ka Oliver Gathings n'ihi na e nyere ndị ohu aha ikpeazụ nke ndị nwe ha. Ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ 35 ma ọ bụ 36 mana ọ dị iche iche 16 ma ọ bụ 17. Benton nwetara $1.50 kwa ule maka ngwaọrụ ya na-ebu akwụkwọ ojii n'osimiri ahụ, ọ pụkwara ịbụ na ọ nwere nwatakịrị nwụrụ anwụ.[1] Ashbaugh na-atụ aro na Parsons bụ (dị ka Benton) bụbu ohu nke ezinụlọ Gathings, ebe Philip Gathings nwere nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Lucy na 1849 ma rụọ ọrụ ahụ n'aha Parsons. Ọ bụ ebe a na-edobe ụfọdụ ndị ohu, ezinụlọ Gathings nwekwara ụmụ ndị ohu na 1860 bụ ndị ga-anọrịrị n'afọ Parsons.[2] : 267 : 267

Mgbe ọ nọ na Waco, Lucy zutere Albert Parsons. Ọ bụ nwoke nke bụbu onye agha Confederate nke agha obodo America na onye Radical Republican bụ onye na-akwado ụda olu maka ikike ndị isi ojii; a gbagburu ya n’ụkwụ maka inyere ndị ojii aka ịdebanye aha ịtụ vootu. A kwenyere na ha alụrụla di na nwunye kemgbe oge ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[1] : 13-14 E kwuru na ha zutere na Austin na 1872, ọ gwakwara Dictionary of American Biography for Albert's state na ha lụrụ na June 10, 1871. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Lucie C. Price kwuru na Parsons bụ ohu ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nke Parsons na ọ bụ ya dere akụkọ ahụ. : 12, 461 Ashbaugh siri ọnwụ na ọ ga-esiri ha ike ịlụ di na nwunye n'otu ụzọ ahụ, mana di na nwunye na di ya na nwunye ya bụ otu ihe, ebe Lucy na-akpọ aha ikpeazụ Parsons.[1] :  13–14 : 13–14

Lucy na Albert Parsons kwagara Chicago na ngwụcha afọ 1873. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 15 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 15 Obodo mmepụta ihe na-eto ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 3: A local war|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ biri n'ụlọ ndị ogbenye na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu Larrabee Street na North Avenue na North Side.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 16 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt; Albert Parsons rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-Ebe Ugwu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na Lucy Parsons nwetara ego dị ka onye ịkwa akwa. Di na nwunye ahụ sonyere na Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America, mgbe e mesịrị na Workingmen'S Party of the United States. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 17 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt; Parsons gosikwara njikere ya iguzo maka ikike ya site n'ịkpọrọ ndị ọcha ugboro abụọ gaa n'ụlọ ikpe na 1875, n'ihi ụgwọ a na-akwụghị ụgwọ na nsogbu ndị agbata obi, n'otu n'otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe Ọgbaghara ụgbọ okporo ígwè Chicago nke 1877 mere dị ka akụkụ nke Great Upheaval, Albert Parsons na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ibe ya Philip Van Patten na George Schilling gwara ìgwè mmadụ 25,000 okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 20, 21 A chụpụrụ ya n'ọrụ ya na Chicago Times ma tinye ya na Ndepụta ojii; ndị ikom abụọ a na-amaghị ama tinyere égbè n'isi ya mgbe ọ gara ''Chicago Tribune'' ịrịọ maka ọrụ. : 31, 32 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 3: A local war|edition=e-book}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJones2017&quot;&gt;Jones, Jacqueline (2017). &quot;Chapter 3: A local war&quot;. ''Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical'' (e-book&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York NY: Basic Books. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9726-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-9726-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A manyere Lucy Parsons inweta ọrụ iji kwado ezinụlọ ya wee malite ụlọ ahịa na-ere uwe na uwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 25 Ọ gbasaa azụmahịa ahụ n'ime Parsons &amp; Co., Manufacturers of Ladies' and Children's Clothing, na-emeghe ebe ọrụ na 306 Mohawk Street ma na-ewe onye mmekọ ya ugbu a na-edepụtaghị aha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 4: Farewell to the ballot box|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ mbụ Parsons bipụtara bụ akwụkwọ ozi o degaara onye nchịkọta akụkọ The Socialist banyere agụụ na ịda ogbenye nke ndị ọrụ. Ọ malitere nkuzi mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa ya nwoke, Albert Parsons Jr., na Septemba 1879 (na akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ya o depụtara aha nwa agbọghọ ya dị ka Carter na Virginia dịka ebe ọmụmụ ya). [1]: 30 [2] Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Parsons na-agbanwe, o kpebiri na nsogbu nke ya adịghị mkpa ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị otu òtù ọha na eze nwere ike ime mgbanwe. Ọ bụ onye agha karịa onye òtù ọlụlụ ya, na-eme mkpọsa megide votu ahụ n'oge a na-enyeghị ya ikike ime otú ahụ n'onwe ya. [1]: 32, 39 [3] Ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara banyere ọgba aghara ahụ e mere na 1877 kụziiri ya na ndị ọrụ na-esikwu ike mgbe ha jikọrọ aka. [4] Ọ zụlitere echiche anarchist ya, bụ nke kwadoro ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kwadoro ịgbachitere onwe ya megide ime ihe ike agbụrụ, ma kpọọ oku maka mgba megide okpukpe. [5]: 92, 96 O nyeere aka chọta Chicago Working Women's Union (WWU) na ụmụ nwanyị dịka Elizabeth Chambers Morgan, Elizabeth Flynn Rodgers, Alzina Stevens, na Lizzie Swank wee gaa nzukọ n'oge ime ime ya, n'oge a na-atụ anya ka ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'ụlọ mgbe ha na-amụ nwa. Swank ghọrọ ezigbo enyi Parsons, ma ozugbo ndị Knights of Labour kpebiri ịnakwere ụmụ nwanyị, ha abụọ sonyeere.[1] : 34 WWU gbara ụmụnwaanyị ume ka ha sonye n'otu ndị ọrụ ma kwalite ụbọchị awa asatọ. [2][7]

Na Eprel 20, 1881, Parsons mụrụ nwa ya nke abụọ, Lulu Eda, onye nwụrụ site na lymphedema mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ.:: 41 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;451&amp;#x200A; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;: 41 N'afọ 1883, onye nnupụisi anarchist Johann Most gara Chicago wee zute ezinụlọ Parsons. : 43 N'ọnwa Nọvemba, Albert Parsons guzobere American Group of Chicago dị ka ngalaba mpaghara nke International Working People's Association (IWPA). Lucy gara nzukọ, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụlọ ya, na-azụlite ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka ekpe ya. Mgbe IWPA bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ siri ike The Alarm na 1884, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi nyere aka, na-ekwu na ime ihe ike bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na ọgụ nke ndị otu ọrụ bụ ihe na-akpali mgbanwe ahụ. O dere ederede nke gụnyere &quot;Mmalite anyị. Ọ bara uru ịzọpụta?&quot;, &quot;Nwatakịrị ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe ọjọọ ha gosipụtara na nnapụta ha chọrọ&quot; na &quot;The negro. Ka ọ hapụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nye onye ndọrọ ọchịchị ma kpegara onye nkwusa ekpere&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 99 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 54, 57, 63, 64, 99 E bipụtara edemede ya &quot;Nye ndị na-enweghị ọrụ, ndị a napụrụ ihe nketa na ndị nhụsianya&quot; site na The Alarm ma ree ihe karịrị 10,000 n'etiti Mee na Nọvemba 1885. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; :: 135  N'otu afọ ahụ, Parsons bipụtara &quot;Dynamite! Nanị olu ndị mmegbu nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta&quot; na Denver Labor Enquirer, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke nkwalite nke mgbasa ozi nke omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 56 Na Eprel 28, 1885, Parsons na Lizzie Holmes (née Swank) duziri ngagharị iwe IWPA iji mee ngagharị iwe n'èzí oriri na Board of Trade Building, nke e wuru ọhụrụ na ọnụahịa nke $ 2 nde.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 59 &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt;:: 146  N'oge a, Parsons na onye mmekọ ya na-agwakarị ìgwè mmadụ 1,000 ruo 5,000 na Sunday n'ikperé mmiri nke Lake Michigan. Onye na-ahazi ọrụ Mother Jones gara ma chee na okwu ndị ahụ kwadoro ime ihe ike dị ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 60 : 60 

Na Mee 5, ụbọchị mgbe bọmbụ ahụ gasịrị, Lucy Parsons nọ n'ọfịs nke ''Arbeiter-Zeitung'' mgbe ndị uwe ojii wakporo ya n'enweghị akwụkwọ ikike ịchọ ya. Ha jidere ndị ọrụ niile gụnyere Parsons, onye otu onye uwe ojii kpọrọ &quot;nwaanyị ojii&quot;; a tọhapụrụ ya n'ebughị ebubo ebe ọ bụ na ndị uwe ojii nwere olileanya na ọ ga-eduga ha na onye mmekọ ya. N'ime ọnwa isii sochirinụ, e jidere ya obere oge ọtụtụ ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 226-227 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;: E jidere mmadụ iri asatọ na otu ma mee nnyocha iwu na-akwadoghị na Julius S. Grinnell, onye ọka iwu Illinois nke ga-aga n'ihu na-ekpe ikpe ahụ, kwuru &quot;Bido mee ka mwakpo ahụ leba anya n'iwu mgbe e mesịrị&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 84 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lucy Parsons kwuru na Denver Labor Enquirer mwakpo ahụ buru ibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 85 Otu nnukwu ndị ọka ikpe mara ebubo megide ndị ikom 31 na Mee 27, gụnyere ebubo igbu ọchụ megide mmadụ iri, ndị na-akwado mgbasa ozi site na omume ahụ (gụnyere Lucy Parsons na Lizzie Holmes) ebughị ebubo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 83, 84, 87 : 83, 84, 87 

Àgwà nke ndị ọrụ US n'ebe ndị a na-ebo ebubo nọ dị mgbagwoju anya, na ụfọdụ ndị agha na-ekwupụta nkwado na ndị ọzọ na-echegbu onwe ha maka ọnwụ nke ndụ na square.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 88 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Albert nọ na nzuzo, o degaara Lucy Parsons akwụkwọ ozi na-arịọ ya ka ya na ọkàiwu William P. Black kwurịta okwu ma kwurịta ọnọdụ nke inyefe onwe ya. Black gbara ya ume ka ọ kpọbata ya n'ụlọ ikpe, na-ekwere na ohere dị nta maka ikpe. Onye isi enyemaka ya William A. Foster ekwenyeghị, na-eche na ọ ka mma na Parsons nọgidere na-enwere onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 252, 254, 255 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 90 N'ụbọchị mbụ nke ikpe, Albert Parsons pụtara mgbe ya na Lucy nọrọ awa ole na ole ma nyefee onwe ya n'aka Onyeikpe Joseph Gary. : 90, 91 Mgbasa mgbasa ozi na-emegide ndị anarchist siri ike, na ''Chicago Tribune'' na-akpọ maka ogbugbu na akwụkwọ akụkọ Texas na-eleghachi anya na ihe ihere nke Parsons na-ahapụ alụmdi na nwunye ya na Oliver Benton maka Albert. The Waco Day bụ isi akụkọ &quot;Beast Parsons: mkparị na-ezighị ezi site na ụfọdụ omume ọma nke ọ na-ezo na ya; onye na-agwakọta agbụrụ, onye ogbu mmadụ, onye omekome, onye osisi na-echere&quot;. Na nzaghachi, Parsons gara leta onye ya na ya nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na onye nta akụkọ si na Tribune ma kwuo na ya na nwunye Benton nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya mana na ọ bụ onye dị iche na Lucy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 86, 87 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot; /&gt;

Lucy Parsons gara ụbọchị ọ bụla nke ikpe ahụ ma nọrọ ebe ahụ mgbe a mara onye mmekọ ya, George Engel, Samuel Fielden, Adolph Fischer, Louis Lingg, Michael Schwab na August Spies ikpe Ọnwụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o mere njem nkuzi izu asaa iji nweta ego maka ndị a na-ebo ebubo; ọ gwara ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 okwu n'ebe ndị dị ka Cincinnati, New York na Philadelphia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 297, 298 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:: 108 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;105&amp;#x200A; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJones2017&quot;&gt;Jones, Jacqueline (2017). &quot;Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio&quot;. ''Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical'' (e-book&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York NY: Basic Books. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9726-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-9726-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 8: The dusky goddess of anarchy speaks her mind|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na New Haven, Connecticut, o kwuru &quot;Ị nwere ike ịtụ anya na m ga-agbapụta nnukwu ire ọkụ nke dynamite ma jiri bọmbụ guzo n'ihu gị n'aka m. Ọ bụrụ na enwere nkụda mmụọ, ị nwere naanị ndị nta akụkọ nke isi obodo iji kelee ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 108 Ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Thomas J. Morgan kwurịtara okwu na nzukọ na Sheffield, Indiana, nke dị n'ofe akara steeti site na Illinois, nke mere na ndị uwe ojii Chicago enweghị ike ịkwụsị ihe omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; :: 306  Na Columbus, Ohio, e gbochiri ya ikwu okwu ma zigara ya n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Franklin County.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 113  Mgbe ọ na-adịghị akụzi ihe, Parsons ga-eleta onye ibe ya nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, na-akpọrọ ụmụaka ahụ. Ọ kwụsịrị ụlọ ahịa ịkwa ákwà ya ma manye ezinụlọ ahụ ịpụ n'ụlọ ha dị n'okporo ámá Indiana gaa na nke ọzọ dị na Milwaukee Avenue.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; :: 323  Mgbe a mara ọkwa ikpe ọnwụ ya, Albert Parsons degaara nwunye ya akwụkwọ ozi &quot;Enwere m otu arịrịọ ka m mee gị: Emeghị ihe ngwa ngwa n'onwe gị mgbe m hapụrụ, mana were nnukwu ihe kpatara Socialism ebe a manyere m ịtọ ya. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt;:: 322  E guzobere Amnesty Association ma mee ihe iji zọpụta Albert Parsons na ndị ikom isii ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọnụ ọnwụ; Lucy Parsons jiri oge ya na-anakọta ego na ịbịanye aka n'okporo ámá, na mkpọsa iji gbanwee ikpe ahụ ọbụna site na Melville onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Chicago News, onye nchịkọta akụkọ Daily, onye a mara ndị ahụ, onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Chicago, onye na-akwado ọbụna dị ka Melville News, onye na mbụ, : 337, 338 : 337, 338 

Na Thursday November 10, Gọvanọ Illinois Richard J. Oglesby mara ọkwa na a ga-egbu Parsons na mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ n'echi ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 138 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;134&amp;#x200A; N'ụtụtụ echi ya, Lucy Parsons kpọọrọ ụmụaka ahụ hụ ya maka oge ikpeazụ, ya na Lizzie Holmes. A na-egbochi ya ịbanye n'ụlọ mkpọrọ site na eriri ndị uwe ojii ma mgbe ọ nwara ịgafe ya, e jidere ìgwè ahụ ma kpọga ha n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Chicago Avenue ebe a chọtara ha maka bọmbụ ma jide ha ruo elekere 15:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 396 , 387 E bugara igbe ozu nke Albert Parsons n'ụlọ ahịa Lucy Parsons, ebe ihe karịrị mmadụ 10,000 bịara ịsọpụrụ n'otu ụbọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 138 Ngụkọta nke mmadụ dị n'agbata 10,000 na 15,000 bịara olili ozu na Sunday, November 13; Parsons gara n'azụ igbe ozu ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 396 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 138, 140 Afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị, o dezigharịrị ma bipụta The famous speeches of the eight Chicago anarchists in court nke rere ihe karịrị 10,000 n'ime ọnwa 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gabriel&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gabriel|first=Elun|title=Performing persecution: Witnessing and martyrdom in the anarchist tradition|journal=Radical History Review|date=May 1, 2007|volume=2007|issue=98|pages=34–62|doi=10.1215/01636545-2006-026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:1886_Photo_Lucy_Parsons.jpg|alt=Three quarter length photograph of standing woman in striped dress|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto nke Parsons e sere na 1886]]
Mgbe emesịrị olili ozu nke onye mmekọ ya, Parsons gara n'ihu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Òtù Pioneer Aid and Support Association nyere ya ego enyemaka nke $ 12 kwa izu ma na Machị 1888 ọ gara East Coast na-ekwu okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 159 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;156&amp;#x200A;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;155&amp;#x200A; N'oge ntuli aka onye isi obodo Chicago nke 1887, Parsons kwadoro onye United Labor Party megide onye mmeri, [[Republican Party (United States)|Onye Republican]] John A. Roche. Roche haziri asọmpi ahụ dị ka agha dị n'etiti ọkọlọtọ US na ọkọlọtọ nke anarchism na ọchịchị Kọmunist, mgbe e mesịrị gbalịa machibido iji ọkọlọtọ na-acha ọbara ọbara na nzukọ ndị aka ekpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 121  &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Parsons malitere ịrụ ọrụ na akụkọ ndụ nke o mechara bipụta dị ka The Life of Albert R. Parsons . Martin Lacher, nwa okorobịa German nke ya na ya biri site na 1889 gaa n'ihu ma mesịa ghọọ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya nyeere ya aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 156 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1888, ọ gara London, ebe ọ zutere ndị anarchist Peter Kropotkin na William Morris wee gaa na Tower of London na Westminster Abbey na Jane Morris. Ọ gwara ndị Socialist League okwu ma kwenyeghị na Annie Besant, onye ndú nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, n'ihe gbasara ime ihe ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 159 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Mgbe o ji ụgbọ mmiri laghachi na New York City, otu onye nta akụkọ gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ wee kwuo na ọ na-alụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị German [[Eduard Bernstein]]. Ndị anarchist nke oge Parsons dị ka Justus Schwab katọrọ akụkọ ahụ ma ọ gọnahụrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 10: The widow Parsons sets her course|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Parsons laghachiri Chicago na 1889, nzukọ ọhụrụ a kpọrọ Albert R. Parsons nke Knights of Labor kpọsara okwu na-abịa site n'aka ya nke akpọrọ Review of the Labor Movement in Europe. Onye isi ndị uwe ojii Chicago George W. Hubbard kpebiri ịkwụsị ihe omume ahụ ma n'ụbọchị ahụ n'onwe ya, e jidere Lacher na nwoke ọzọ ka ha na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ikike Parsons nwere ikwu okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 161,: 183 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;182&amp;#x200A; Hubbard kwupụtara na &quot;ọ pụghị ikwu okwu na Chicago&quot; ma kwụsị ihe omume na-eme ugboro ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 10: The widow Parsons sets her course|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Parsons bipụtara The Life of Albert R. Parsons na okwu mbido nke George Schilling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 175  Na Nọvemba 1890, a gbochiri Johann Most, Parsons na Hugh O. Pentikọst ikwu okwu na Newark, New Jersey mgbe ndị uwe ojii mechiri ụlọ nzukọ ahụ. Parsons gbalịrị ikwu okwu n'okporo ámá: e jidere ya ma boo ya ebubo na ọ na-ịkpali ọgba aghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 182 Ọ dezigharịrị Freedom akwụkwọ akụkọ anarchist-communist kwa ọnwa site na 1891 gaa n'ihu &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;:: 449  &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 183 ma wuo ụlọ na 999 Hammond Avenue, mgbe e mesịrị North Troy Street[C] na Avondale.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù Pioneer Aid and Support Association nyeere ya aka n'ụzọ ego, mana ụfọdụ ndị otu ahụ malitere iwe maka mkpa ego ya, na-azọrọ na ọ ka na-azọ ụgwọ iji kwado nwa ya nwanyị, onye nwụrụ anwụ. Mmekọrịta ya na Lacher bụ ihe arụmụka ebe ọ bụ na ọ nọgidere na-alụ onye ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke a, a malitere ịhụ di na nwunye ahụ ọnụ n'ihu ọha ruo mgbe mmekọrịta ha kwụsịrị ma ha gara ụlọ ikpe. Parsons boro Lacher ebubo na ọ na-eji anyụike wakpo ihe onwunwe ezinụlọ ya. O kwetara na ya mebiri arịa ụlọ ahụ mana o kwuru na ọ bụ nke ya ma kwụọ ya $ 25 na ego maka omume aghara aghara. O kwukwara na o dere ọtụtụ n'ime Life of Albert R. Parsons . [1] : 178, 179 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Parsons jiri ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Freedom wakpo Lacher, na-azọrọ na o zuru ego n'aka otu ìgwè dị n'ógbè ahụ ma na-achọ ịbọ ọbọ megide ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt;

Ka Parsons na-etolite, e nwere ihe omume iji mee ememe ncheta nke Haymarket na ndị uwe ojii nọgidere na-akwụsị ya ikwu okwu na nzukọ ndị a na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 412, 413 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:: 197 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;198&amp;#x200A; Mgbe onye anarchist Alexander Berkman nwara igbu onye mmepụta ihe Henry Clay Frick na 1892, Parsons dere na Freedom &quot;N'akụkụ anyị anyị, anyị nwere naanị mmasị kachasị ukwuu maka dike dị ka Berkman&quot; ma ọ kwadoro ndị enyi ya Henry Bauer na [[Carl Nold]] bụ ndị e jidere maka ebubo nkata aghụghọ n'agbanyeghị na ha etinyeghị aka. A mara Berkman ikpe afọ iri abụọ na abụọ ma nye Nold na Bauer afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 184, 185 N'afọ 1893, Parsons sooro onye isi obodo kwurịta okwu na ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ katụghị ya ikpe, wee gaa n'ihu ma kwuo ozugbo na onye isi obodo ahụ abụghị onye ka mma karịa eze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 192, 193 N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1896, ụlọ ya gbara ọkụ ma mebie akwụkwọ ya, ọ bụ ezie na o mechara ree akwụkwọ Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Scientific Basis na The Life of Albert R. Parsons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 197 

Parsons dọtara mmasị na ọrụ nke Social Democracy of America, nke Eugene V. Debs duziri, wee zute Emma Goldman site na otu ahụ na 1897. Ọ bụ ezie na Goldman na-akwalite Ịhụnanya n'efu, nnwere onwe maka ụmụ nwanyị na nnwere onwe nke onye ọ bụla, Parsons (n'agbanyeghị inwe mmekọahụ na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na ndụ onwe ya) kwadoro ịlụ otu nwanyị, alụmdi na ụba na ịbụ nne n'ihu ọha, ọ ka kwenyere na ọ bụ isi nke ọgụ nke ndị ọrụ n'ozuzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 200, 201 N'oge ahụ, Goldman, Parsons na Louise Michel so n'ime obere ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị ndị a ma ama n'ụwa niile dị ka ndị anarchist na ndị ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bantman&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bantman|first=Constance|title=Louise Michel's London years: A political reassessment (1890–1905)|journal=Women's History Review|date=2017|volume=26|issue=6|pages=994–1012|doi=10.1080/09612025.2017.1294393}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Oscar Rotter dere banyere ịhụnanya n'efu na mbibi nke mmekọrịta ihe onwunwe na akwụkwọ akụkọ anarchist Free Society, Parsons ji iwe zaghachi na nkwado nke otu nwanyị na nke a dugara na esemokwu na-adịgide adịgide na Goldman, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 203, 206 onye mere mkpesa na Parsons na-ebi ndụ site na ihe nketa nke onye ya e gburu egbu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shone&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shone|first=Steve J.|title=American anarchism|date=2013|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-25195-3|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 75 Parsons megidere ma Agha Spain na America na Agha Philippine na America; mgbe nwa ya nwoke Albert Jr. nwara ịbanye, o tinyere ya na Northern Illinois State Mental Hospital na 1899; ọ nọgidere n'ebe ahụ maka ndụ ya fọdụrụnụ, ọ nwụrụ na 1919 n'ihi ụkwara nta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 451 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 207, 208 : 207, 208 

== Afọ 1900 ==
[[Faịlụ:The_Liberator_(Chicago)_front_page_1905-09-10.png|alt=Black and white picture of front page of newspaper|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Peeji ihu nke September 10, 1905, mbipụta nke The Liberator]]
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, Parsons bụ onye nnọchi anya Chicago maka Free Society nke ndị uwe ojii bibiri ígwè obibi akwụkwọ ya mgbe ogbugbu nke Onye isi ala William McKinley gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 210, 211 N'otu afọ ahụ, onye anarchist Errico Malatesta letara Parsons ma kwuo okwu n'akụkụ onye otu ọrụ Jay Fox na picnic na Memorial Day. N'afọ 1905, Parsons guzobere ndị ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ụwa (IWW) na Eugene V. Debs, Bill Haywood na Nne Jones. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 451, 452 Ọ gara US na-ekwu okwu ma na-ere akwụkwọ nta, n'otu oge ahụ na-edezi akwụkwọ akụkọ The Liberator na The Alarm. Ndị uwe ojii na-egbochi ya ikwu okwu, ọkachasị na Chicago, ma ọ nọgidere na-akụzi ruo n'afọ 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 452, 453 N'afọ 1912, ọ kwadoro nzukọ nke guzobere Syndicalist League of North America. Ọ bụ William Z. Foster duziri ya, onye ya na Parsons nọrọ n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSHA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Parsons, Lucy|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/parsons-lucy|work=Texas state historical association (TSHA)|accessdate=June 10, 2023|archivedate=March 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328174401/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/parsons-lucy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 12: Tending the sacred flame of Haymarket|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Parsons kwuru okwu na njem agụụ na Jenụwarị 1915 na Chicago nke mechiri na mmadụ 1,500 na-enweghị ọrụ na ndị uwe ojii na-alụ ọgụ na nso Hull House na Halsted Street, e jidere ya na Nna Irwin St. John Tucker na mmadụ 19 ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slug&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Women help slug police; bullets fly|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-1500-idle-riot-around-h/131031977/|accessdate=September 1, 2023|work=Chicago Daily Tribune|date=January 18, 1915|pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia gasịrị na 1917, Parsons gara n'ihu na ọchịchị Kọmunist. O mechara degara Carl Nold akwụkwọ na ndị Kọmunist bụ &quot;naanị ụyọkọ na-eme ngagharị iwe siri ike megide ọnọdụ ọjọọ dị ugbu a!&quot; ma kwaa arịrị na &quot;ọchịchị anarchism bụ okwu nwụrụ anwụ na ndụ America taa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 253 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;453&amp;#x200A; :: 254  Ọ sonyeere International Labor Defense na 1930, ọ gwara ọtụtụ puku mmadụ okwu na May Day (International Workers' Day) ihe omume na Ashland Auditorium na Chicago, na-ekwu okwu nke e bipụtara ọzọ na Hearings Before a Special Committee to Investigate Communist Activities na US. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 253 &lt;ref name=&quot;Zandy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Floyd|author=Zandy|first=Janet|title=Becoming visible: Women's presence in late nineteenth-century America|date=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-420-2978-1|pages=41–62|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789042029781_004|chapter=Dangerous working-class women: Mother Jones, Lucy Parsons, and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn|doi=10.1163/9789042029781_004}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 55 N'ịga n'ihu na asọmpi ha, Emma Goldman katọrọ ya maka ịwụli elu site n'otu ihe kpatara mgbanwe gaa na nke ọzọ. Parsons mechara sonye na Communist Party na 1939. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 516 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 261 : 261 

Parsons nwere Ọrịa pleurisy na 1932, na-agbake nke ọma iji gaa Chicago World's Fair n'afọ sochirinụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 254  Ọ nwere nkụda mmụọ banyere òtù anarchist nke US, na-atụle ọdịda ya na ndị enyi dị ka Nord, ma ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ya, na-akwado ihe ịma aka maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi na ikpe gbasara Angelo Herndon, Tom Mooney na Scottsboro Boys.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 256-258  Ọ kpuru ìsì, nweta ezumike nká ma biri na ịda ogbenye na Avondale na North Troy Street na ọbá akwụkwọ nke ihe dị ka akwụkwọ 3,000 nke gosipụtara ọrụ nke ndị Socialist French, Victor Hugo, Jack London, Marx na Engels, Rousseau, [[Leo Tolstoy]] na Voltaire. &lt;ref name=&quot;BP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=(1886) Lucy Parsons, 'I am an anarchist'|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1886-lucy-parsons-i-am-anarchist/|work=BlackPast.org|accessdate=June 5, 2023|date=January 28, 2007|archivedate=May 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526231628/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1886-lucy-parsons-i-am-anarchist/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 453 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 262 : 262 

== Ọnwụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Grave_of_Lucy_Parsons_1may2015_by_IWPCHI.jpg|alt=Red roses on simple headstone which reads LUCY PARSONS 1859–1942|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ili Parsons na German Waldheim Cemetery na Forest Park, Illinois]]
N’ụbọchị ikpeazụ ya na Mee 1941, Parsons sonyeere Kọmitii Na-ahazi Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo dị ka onye ọbịa nri. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 91, ọ nwụrụ n'ọkụ ụlọ na March 7, 1942. [D] Onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge bụ George Markstall na-arịa ọrịa nke ukwuu ịhụ ka ụlọ ahụ na-ere ọkụ ma enweghị ike ịzọpụta ya; ọ nwụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya n'echi ya.[1] : :  263   Ọ gwara Ben Reitman ka o hazie olili ya wee dee akwụkwọ ikike na 1938, hapụ ụlọ Markstall na Pioneer Aid and Support Association mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ ka e rere ụlọ ahụ $800 na 1943. [1]: 263, 265, 266 Ọkụ ahụ bibiri ọbá akwụkwọ ya, ma akwụkwọ ndị ahụ emebighị; Mgbe otu enyi ya gara ịgbalị inweta akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, a gwara ya na ha bụ adịgboroja. Ndị uwe ojii nọ n’ọ́bá akwụkwọ ahụ gakwuuru ya gwa ya na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchọpụta Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha (FBI) ejidela ha. Ndị FBI jụrụ itinye aka na akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, mgbe Reitman laghachiri Chicago Red Squad, a gwara ya na ndị FBI nwere ha; eweghachighị akwụkwọ ndị ahụ.[1] : 263, 266 Afọ mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ, William Morris 'A na-etinye akara ngosi nke mgbanwe maka ire ere, na-ebu nraranye &quot;To Lucy E. Parsons, nke William Morris, Nov. 15th 1888&quot; na stampụ sitere na Library nke Congress na FBI.

Mmadụ 300 bịara emume akwụkwọ maka Parsons na Markstall na Machị 12. Reitman kwuru, na-akpọ ya &quot;nke ikpeazụ n'ime dinosaurs, otu ndị Chicago Anarchists nwere obi ike.&quot; E liri Parsons na German Waldheim Cemetery na Forest Park, Illinois, n'Haymarket Martyrs Monument ebe e liri di ya. E liri Voltairine nke Cleyre, Emma Goldman, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-eme ọnụ iwe n'ebe ahụ.[1] : 283 : 283
 
Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe nke Parsons bụ [[Elizabeth Gurley Flynn]] chetara ya dị ka ọkà okwu na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na onye na-eme mgbanwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 265  Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Ruth Kinna kwuru n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2020 Great Anarchists na a na-akpọ Parsons n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka nwunye Albert Parsons, ma ọ bụ n'ezie &quot;onye edemede nwere nkà, ọkà okwu na onye nhazi n'onwe ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kinna&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kinna|first=Ruth|title=Great Anarchists|publisher=Active Distribution and Dog Section Press|pages=90–100|location=Bristol; London|isbn=9781916036567|chapter=Lucy Parsons|date=November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 91 Ruo mgbe Ashbaugh dere akụkọ ndụ ya n'afọ 1976, a na-ekwukarị na Parsons n'ihe odide ala ala: n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, akụkọ banyere ọrụ ya amụbaala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guy-Sheftall&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Guy-Sheftall|first=Beverly|title=Black women's studies: The interface of women's studies and black studies|journal=Phylon|date=1992|volume=49|issue=1/2|pages=33–41|doi=10.2307/3132615|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3132615|issn=0031-8906|accessdate=June 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù dị iche iche na-akwado aka ekpe ekwuola na ọ bụ onye isi ma kpọọ ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta onwe ya na Boston aha ya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Sims&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sims|first=Anna|title=The rise of socialism in Boston|url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2019/02/22/boston-socialism/|accessdate=June 9, 2023|work=Boston Magazine|date=February 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Gale Ahrens, Mary Condé, na Robin Kelley akatọọla okwu Parsons na-agbasi mbọ ike na mgba nke ndị Africa America, na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ọ dị ka ndị ọrụ bilie megide ndị were ha n'ọrụ, karịa mkpa maka ịha nhata. Otu ihe kpatara ya bụ na, ebe ọ bụ na ọ gọnahụrụ ihe nketa ojii nke ya, o lekwasịrị anya na ide nke otu ahụ.[1][2] : 70 N'ihi ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na onye isi ojii Chicago mgbe ahụ Ida Wells-Barnett, ma ọ bụ National Association of Colored Women na National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.[3][4] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme lekwasịrị anya na njụta Parsons jụrụ usoro USB, ebe n'oge ahụ, akara ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na Albert Parsons dere, sị: &quot;A na-akpọ anyị ndị Kọmunist, ma ọ bụ ndị Socialist, ma ọ bụ Anarchists. Anyị na-anabata usoro ndị ahụ niile. &quot;[5]

Obodo Chicago guzobere ihe ịrịba ama akụkọ ihe mere eme a raara nye Parsons na di ya na 1997 n'ebe ụlọ ha dị, 1908 North Mohawk Street, na mpaghara Old Town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Albert and Lucy Parsons Historical Marker|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=261151|accessdate=January 28, 2025|work=www.hmdb.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpaghara Chicago Park kpọrọ obere ebe dị na Belmont Avenue ogige &quot;Lucy Ella Gonzales Parsons&quot; n'afọ 2004, mkpebi nke Fraternal Order of Police megidere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shone&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shone|first=Steve J.|title=American anarchism|date=2013|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-25195-3|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 62 N'afọ 2022, a kpọrọ ụlọ ọhụrụ na Logan Square, Chicago nke nwere pasent 100 dị ọnụ ala Lucy Gonzalez Parsons Apartments.&lt;ref name=&quot;BCC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2022/05/20/all-affordable-logan-square-apartment-complex-opens-after-years-of-planning-this-is-nothing-less-than-a-day-of-resurrection/|title=All-affordable Logan Square apartment complex opens after years of planning: 'This is nothing less than a day of resurrection'|first=Quinn|author=Myers|date=May 20, 2022|accessdate=August 12, 2022|archivedate=July 26, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726210530/https://blockclubchicago.org/2022/05/20/all-affordable-logan-square-apartment-complex-opens-after-years-of-planning-this-is-nothing-less-than-a-day-of-resurrection/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Parsons|first=Lucy E.|editor=Ahrens|title=Lucy Parsons: Freedom, equality and solidarity – writings and speeches, 1878–1937|year=2004|publisher=Charles H. Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0882863009}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Parsons|title=The famous speeches of the eight Chicago anarchists in court: When asked if they had anything to say why sentence of death should not be passed upon them - October 7, 8, and 9, 1886|date=1910|publisher=Lucy E. Parsons|location=Chicago|oclc=21042544}}
* {{Cite book|author=Parsons|first=Lucy|title=Life of Albert R. Parsons, with brief history of the labor movement in America|date=1889|publisher=L.E. Parsons|location=Chicago|oclc=1048339877}}

== Ihe edeturu ==

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 
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Lucy E. Parsons (c. - Maachị 7, 1942) bụ onye America socialist anarchist na emesia anarcho-communist, nke amara nke ọma n'oge ndụ ya ogologo maka okwu na edemede ya. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Industrial Workers of the World. Enwere ụdị dị iche iche nke ndụ nwata Parsons: ya onwe ya kwuru na ya sitere na Mexico na American Indian; ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kwenyere na a mụrụ ya n'aka onye Africa-American nwere ohu, ikekwe na Virginia, wee lụọ nwoke ojii nweere onwe ya na Texas. Ọ zutere onye mkpochapụ Albert Parsons na Waco, Texas, ma ekwuru na ọ lụrụ ya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị ndekọ ahụghị. Ha kwagara Chicago ọnụ na ngwụsị 1873 na echiche ya sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ mmegide ime ihe ike nke ndị ọrụ na Chicago Railroad Strike nke 1877. Ọ rụrụ ụka maka nzukọ ọrụ na mgba otu, na-ede akụkọ na-ese okwu na-ekwu okwu na ihe omume. Ọ sonyeere United States Labour Union ma mesịa ghọọ Knights of Labour, na enyi ya Lizzie Swank na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ tọrọ ntọala Chicago Working Women's Union.

Parsons nwere ụmụ abụọ wee rụọ ọrụ na Chicago dị ka akwa akwa, na-ere ụlọ nke ya. Mgbe e gbuchara di ya na 1887 mgbe a mara ya ikpe na ọ bụ onye ndu na Haymarket Riots, ọ bịara mara ụwa niile dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu anarchist, na-eme njem ugboro ugboro n'ofe United States ma na-eleta England. O dere edemede ma dezie akwụkwọ ndị na-akpa ike. Enyemaka na nkwado ndị ọsụ ụzọ kwadoro ya n'ụzọ ego wee dee Life of Albert R. Parsons site n'enyemaka nke Martin Lacher. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochiri Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia nke 1917, Parsons nọgidere na-abụ onye Kọmunist. Ndị uwe ojii Chicago weere ya dị ka onye agha dị ize ndụ ma na-egbochikarị ya ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha. Ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye toro eto, na-emegide onye anarchist Emma Goldman maka ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ha na ihe ịma aka nke ikpe ziri ezi na ikpe nke Angelo Herndon, Tom Mooney, na Scottsboro Boys. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọkụ ụlọ na March 7, 1942. Onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ bụ George Markstall nọ na olili ozu ahụ wee hụ ụlọ ahụ na-ere ọkụ ma o nweghị ike ịzọpụta ya; ọ nwụrụ n’echi ya. E liri ya na ebe a na-eli ozu Waldheim German, ebe ncheta Haymarket Martyrs dị. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, a maara Parsons dị ka Albert Parsons, ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mgbe mmadụ abụọ dị ndụ na-echeta ihe ndị ọ rụzuru. Mpaghara Chicago Park kpọrọ okporo ụzọ dị na Belmont Avenue aha ya na 2004.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Amachaghị ihe gbasara ndụ nwata Parsons. [A] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Caroline Ashbaugh na-ekwu na ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ kwenyere na Parsons bụ ohu na 1849 na a na-akpọ ya Lucy Gathings; N'ime ndụ ya niile, Parsons jikwa aha nna Carter, Diaz, Gonzalez na Hull. [1]: 11, 12 E nwere ihe ndekọ dị iche iche nke aha etiti Parsons; ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Philip S. Foner nyere ya dị ka Eldine, na mgbe e mesịrị nke nwa ya nwanyị Ella.[2] :: 267  Parsons n'onwe ya nyere akụkọ dị iche iche banyere ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ.[2] : : 268  Ọ gọrọ agọ na ọ bụ onye Afrịka wee kwuo na ya nwere nne na nna Mexico na American India, na-atụgharị n'etiti ha abụọ. Mgbe ihe omume ndị butere ọnwụ ya mere ka a mara ya, akwụkwọ ndekọ ahụike na-agụnye ihe nketa Texas ya mana o deghị aha ya n'ezie.[3][4] Otu echiche bụ na ọ lụrụ na Texas na Marie del Gather (nke sitere na Spanish-Mexica) na John Waller, onye bụ onye Muscogee.[5] Akụkọ ya na American National Biography na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ịbụ nwa Pedro Díaz González, onye nyere ya Marie. Ọ bụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a ole na ole kwuru banyere usoro ọmụmụ ya.[6][5]

N'akwụkwọ akụkọ onwe ya, Pasons, onye akụkọ ihe mere eme ọha na eze Jacqueline Jones na-ekwu na e rere ya dị ka ohu na Virginia na 1863 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, na onye nwe ya, Thomas J. Taliaferro, kpọọrọ ya na nne ya na nwanne ya na McLennan County, Texas. N’ihi ya, a kpọrọ ya Lucia; ọ kwagara Waco, Texas, ebe a na-egosi ndị mmadụ na-aga n'ihu na ndụ ha gara aga dị ka ndị ohu ma ọ bụ ndị agha Confederate. Ya na ya “biri” (ma o doro anya na ọ lụọla) nwoke ojii aha ya bụ Oliver Benton, nke a maara dị ka Oliver Gathings n'ihi na e nyere ndị ohu aha ikpeazụ nke ndị nwe ha. Ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ 35 ma ọ bụ 36 mana ọ dị iche iche 16 ma ọ bụ 17. Benton nwetara $1.50 kwa ule maka ngwaọrụ ya na-ebu akwụkwọ ojii n'osimiri ahụ, ọ pụkwara ịbụ na ọ nwere nwatakịrị nwụrụ anwụ.[1] Ashbaugh na-atụ aro na Parsons bụ (dị ka Benton) bụbu ohu nke ezinụlọ Gathings, ebe Philip Gathings nwere nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Lucy na 1849 ma rụọ ọrụ ahụ n'aha Parsons. Ọ bụ ebe a na-edobe ụfọdụ ndị ohu, ezinụlọ Gathings nwekwara ụmụ ndị ohu na 1860 bụ ndị ga-anọrịrị n'afọ Parsons.[2] : 267 : 267

Mgbe ọ nọ na Waco, Lucy zutere Albert Parsons. Ọ bụ nwoke nke bụbu onye agha Confederate nke agha obodo America na onye Radical Republican bụ onye na-akwado ụda olu maka ikike ndị isi ojii; a gbagburu ya n’ụkwụ maka inyere ndị ojii aka ịdebanye aha ịtụ vootu. A kwenyere na ha alụrụla di na nwunye kemgbe oge ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[1] : 13-14 E kwuru na ha zutere na Austin na 1872, ọ gwakwara Dictionary of American Biography for Albert's state na ha lụrụ na June 10, 1871. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Lucie C. Price kwuru na Parsons bụ ohu ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nke Parsons na ọ bụ ya dere akụkọ ahụ. : 12, 461 Ashbaugh siri ọnwụ na ọ ga-esiri ha ike ịlụ di na nwunye n'otu ụzọ ahụ, mana di na nwunye na di ya na nwunye ya bụ otu ihe, ebe Lucy na-akpọ aha ikpeazụ Parsons.[1] :  13–14 : 13–14

Lucy na Albert Parsons kwagara Chicago na ngwụcha afọ 1873. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 15 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 15 Obodo mmepụta ihe na-eto ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 3: A local war|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ biri n'ụlọ ndị ogbenye na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu Larrabee Street na North Avenue na North Side.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 16 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt; Albert Parsons rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-Ebe Ugwu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na Lucy Parsons nwetara ego dị ka onye ịkwa akwa. Di na nwunye ahụ sonyere na Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America, mgbe e mesịrị na Workingmen'S Party of the United States. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 17 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt; Parsons gosikwara njikere ya iguzo maka ikike ya site n'ịkpọrọ ndị ọcha ugboro abụọ gaa n'ụlọ ikpe na 1875, n'ihi ụgwọ a na-akwụghị ụgwọ na nsogbu ndị agbata obi, n'otu n'otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe Ọgbaghara ụgbọ okporo ígwè Chicago nke 18757 mere dị ka akụkụ nke Great Upheaval, Albert Parsons na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ibe ya Philip Van Patten na George Schilling gwara ìgwè mmadụ 25,000 okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 20, 21 A chụpụrụ ya n'ọrụ ya na Chicago Times ma tinye ya na Ndepụta ojii; ndị ikom abụọ a na-amaghị ama tinyere égbè n'isi ya mgbe ọ gara ''Chicago Tribune'' ịrịọ maka ọrụ. : 31, 32 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 3: A local war|edition=e-book}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJones2017&quot;&gt;Jones, Jacqueline (2017). &quot;Chapter 3: A local war&quot;. ''Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical'' (e-book&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York NY: Basic Books. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9726-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-9726-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A manyere Lucy Parsons inweta ọrụ iji kwado ezinụlọ ya wee malite ụlọ ahịa na-ere uwe na uwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 25 Ọ gbasaa azụmahịa ahụ n'ime Parsons &amp; Co., Manufacturers of Ladies' and Children's Clothing, na-emeghe ebe ọrụ na 306 Mohawk Street ma na-ewe onye mmekọ ya ugbu a na-edepụtaghị aha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 4: Farewell to the ballot box|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ mbụ Parsons bipụtara bụ akwụkwọ ozi o degaara onye nchịkọta akụkọ The Socialist banyere agụụ na ịda ogbenye nke ndị ọrụ. Ọ malitere nkuzi mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa ya nwoke, Albert Parsons Jr., na Septemba 1879 (na akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ya o depụtara aha nwa agbọghọ ya dị ka Carter na Virginia dịka ebe ọmụmụ ya). [1]: 30 [2] Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Parsons na-agbanwe, o kpebiri na nsogbu nke ya adịghị mkpa ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị otu òtù ọha na eze nwere ike ime mgbanwe. Ọ bụ onye agha karịa onye òtù ọlụlụ ya, na-eme mkpọsa megide votu ahụ n'oge a na-enyeghị ya ikike ime otú ahụ n'onwe ya. [1]: 32, 39 [3] Ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara banyere ọgba aghara ahụ e mere na 1877 kụziiri ya na ndị ọrụ na-esikwu ike mgbe ha jikọrọ aka. [4] Ọ zụlitere echiche anarchist ya, bụ nke kwadoro ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kwadoro ịgbachitere onwe ya megide ime ihe ike agbụrụ, ma kpọọ oku maka mgba megide okpukpe. [5]: 92, 96 O nyeere aka chọta Chicago Working Women's Union (WWU) na ụmụ nwanyị dịka Elizabeth Chambers Morgan, Elizabeth Flynn Rodgers, Alzina Stevens, na Lizzie Swank wee gaa nzukọ n'oge ime ime ya, n'oge a na-atụ anya ka ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'ụlọ mgbe ha na-amụ nwa. Swank ghọrọ ezigbo enyi Parsons, ma ozugbo ndị Knights of Labour kpebiri ịnakwere ụmụ nwanyị, ha abụọ sonyeere.[1] : 34 WWU gbara ụmụnwaanyị ume ka ha sonye n'otu ndị ọrụ ma kwalite ụbọchị awa asatọ. [2][7]

Na Eprel 20, 1881, Parsons mụrụ nwa ya nke abụọ, Lulu Eda, onye nwụrụ site na lymphedema mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ.:: 41 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;451&amp;#x200A; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;: 41 N'afọ 1883, onye nnupụisi anarchist Johann Most gara Chicago wee zute ezinụlọ Parsons. : 43 N'ọnwa Nọvemba, Albert Parsons guzobere American Group of Chicago dị ka ngalaba mpaghara nke International Working People's Association (IWPA). Lucy gara nzukọ, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụlọ ya, na-azụlite ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka ekpe ya. Mgbe IWPA bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ siri ike The Alarm na 1884, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi nyere aka, na-ekwu na ime ihe ike bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na ọgụ nke ndị otu ọrụ bụ ihe na-akpali mgbanwe ahụ. O dere ederede nke gụnyere &quot;Mmalite anyị. Ọ bara uru ịzọpụta?&quot;, &quot;Nwatakịrị ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe ọjọọ ha gosipụtara na nnapụta ha chọrọ&quot; na &quot;The negro. Ka ọ hapụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nye onye ndọrọ ọchịchị ma kpegara onye nkwusa ekpere&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 99 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 54, 57, 63, 64, 99 E bipụtara edemede ya &quot;Nye ndị na-enweghị ọrụ, ndị a napụrụ ihe nketa na ndị nhụsianya&quot; site na The Alarm ma ree ihe karịrị 10,000 n'etiti Mee na Nọvemba 1885. :: 135  N'otu afọ ahụ, Parsons bipụtara &quot;Dynamite! Nanị olu ndị mmegbu nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta&quot; na Denver Labor Enquirer, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke nkwalite nke mgbasa ozi nke omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 56 Na Eprel 28, 1885, Parsons na Lizzie Holmes (née Swank) duziri ngagharị iwe IWPA iji mee ngagharị iwe n'èzí oriri na Board of Trade Building, nke e wuru ọhụrụ na ọnụahịa nke $ 2 nde.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 59 &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt;:: 146  N'oge a, Parsons na onye mmekọ ya na-agwakarị ìgwè mmadụ 1,000 ruo 5,000 na Sunday n'ikperé mmiri nke Lake Michigan. Onye na-ahazi ọrụ Mother Jones gara ma chee na okwu ndị ahụ kwadoro ime ihe ike dị ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 60 : 60 

Na Mee 5, ụbọchị mgbe bọmbụ ahụ gasịrị, Lucy Parsons nọ n'ọfịs nke ''Arbeiter-Zeitung'' mgbe ndị uwe ojii wakporo ya n'enweghị akwụkwọ ikike ịchọ ya. Ha jidere ndị ọrụ niile gụnyere Parsons, onye otu onye uwe ojii kpọrọ &quot;nwaanyị ojii&quot;; a tọhapụrụ ya n'ebughị ebubo ebe ọ bụ na ndị uwe ojii nwere olileanya na ọ ga-eduga ha na onye mmekọ ya. N'ime ọnwa isii sochirinụ, e jidere ya obere oge ọtụtụ ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 226-227 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;: E jidere mmadụ iri asatọ na otu ma mee nnyocha iwu na-akwadoghị na Julius S. Grinnell, onye ọka iwu Illinois nke ga-aga n'ihu na-ekpe ikpe ahụ, kwuru &quot;Bido mee ka mwakpo ahụ leba anya n'iwu mgbe e mesịrị&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 84 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lucy Parsons kwuru na Denver Labor Enquirer mwakpo ahụ buru ibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 85 Otu nnukwu ndị ọka ikpe mara ebubo megide ndị ikom 31 na Mee 27, gụnyere ebubo igbu ọchụ megide mmadụ iri, ndị na-akwado mgbasa ozi site na omume ahụ (gụnyere Lucy Parsons na Lizzie Holmes) ebughị ebubo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 83, 84, 87 : 83, 84, 87 

Àgwà nke ndị ọrụ US n'ebe ndị a na-ebo ebubo nọ dị mgbagwoju anya, na ụfọdụ ndị agha na-ekwupụta nkwado na ndị ọzọ na-echegbu onwe ha maka ọnwụ nke ndụ na square.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 88 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Albert nọ na nzuzo, o degaara Lucy Parsons akwụkwọ ozi na-arịọ ya ka ya na ọkàiwu William P. Black kwurịta okwu ma kwurịta ọnọdụ nke inyefe onwe ya. Black gbara ya ume ka ọ kpọbata ya n'ụlọ ikpe, na-ekwere na ohere dị nta maka ikpe. Onye isi enyemaka ya William A. Foster ekwenyeghị, na-eche na ọ ka mma na Parsons nọgidere na-enwere onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 252, 254, 255 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 90 N'ụbọchị mbụ nke ikpe, Albert Parsons pụtara mgbe ya na Lucy nọrọ awa ole na ole ma nyefee onwe ya n'aka Onyeikpe Joseph Gary. : 90, 91 Mgbasa mgbasa ozi na-emegide ndị anarchist siri ike, na ''Chicago Tribune'' na-akpọ maka ogbugbu na akwụkwọ akụkọ Texas na-eleghachi anya na ihe ihere nke Parsons na-ahapụ alụmdi na nwunye ya na Oliver Benton maka Albert. The Waco Day bụ isi akụkọ &quot;Beast Parsons: mkparị na-ezighị ezi site na ụfọdụ omume ọma nke ọ na-ezo na ya; onye na-agwakọta agbụrụ, onye ogbu mmadụ, onye omekome, onye osisi na-echere&quot;. Na nzaghachi, Parsons gara leta onye ya na ya nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na onye nta akụkọ si na Tribune ma kwuo na ya na nwunye Benton nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya mana na ọ bụ onye dị iche na Lucy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 86, 87 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot; /&gt;

Lucy Parsons gara ụbọchị ọ bụla nke ikpe ahụ ma nọrọ ebe ahụ mgbe a mara onye mmekọ ya, George Engel, Samuel Fielden, Adolph Fischer, Louis Lingg, Michael Schwab na August Spies ikpe Ọnwụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o mere njem nkuzi izu asaa iji nweta ego maka ndị a na-ebo ebubo; ọ gwara ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 okwu n'ebe ndị dị ka Cincinnati, New York na Philadelphia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 297, 298 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:: 108 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;105&amp;#x200A; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJones2017&quot;&gt;Jones, Jacqueline (2017). &quot;Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio&quot;. ''Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical'' (e-book&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York NY: Basic Books. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9726-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-9726-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 8: The dusky goddess of anarchy speaks her mind|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na New Haven, Connecticut, o kwuru &quot;Ị nwere ike ịtụ anya na m ga-agbapụta nnukwu ire ọkụ nke dynamite ma jiri bọmbụ guzo n'ihu gị n'aka m. Ọ bụrụ na enwere nkụda mmụọ, ị nwere naanị ndị nta akụkọ nke isi obodo iji kelee ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 108 Ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Thomas J. Morgan kwurịtara okwu na nzukọ na Sheffield, Indiana, nke dị n'ofe akara steeti site na Illinois, nke mere na ndị uwe ojii Chicago enweghị ike ịkwụsị ihe omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; :: 306  Na Columbus, Ohio, e gbochiri ya ikwu okwu ma zigara ya n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Franklin County.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 113  Mgbe ọ na-adịghị akụzi ihe, Parsons ga-eleta onye ibe ya nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, na-akpọrọ ụmụaka ahụ. Ọ kwụsịrị ụlọ ahịa ịkwa ákwà ya ma manye ezinụlọ ahụ ịpụ n'ụlọ ha dị n'okporo ámá Indiana gaa na nke ọzọ dị na Milwaukee Avenue.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; :: 323  Mgbe a mara ọkwa ikpe ọnwụ ya, Albert Parsons degaara nwunye ya akwụkwọ ozi &quot;Enwere m otu arịrịọ ka m mee gị: Emeghị ihe ngwa ngwa n'onwe gị mgbe m hapụrụ, mana were nnukwu ihe kpatara Socialism ebe a manyere m ịtọ ya. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt;:: 322  E guzobere Amnesty Association ma mee ihe iji zọpụta Albert Parsons na ndị ikom isii ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọnụ ọnwụ; Lucy Parsons jiri oge ya na-anakọta ego na ịbịanye aka n'okporo ámá, na mkpọsa iji gbanwee ikpe ahụ ọbụna site na Melville onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Chicago News, onye nchịkọta akụkọ Daily, onye a mara ndị ahụ, onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Chicago, onye na-akwado ọbụna dị ka Melville News, onye na mbụ, : 337, 338 : 337, 338 

Na Thursday November 10, Gọvanọ Illinois Richard J. Oglesby mara ọkwa na a ga-egbu Parsons na mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ n'echi ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 138 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;134&amp;#x200A; N'ụtụtụ echi ya, Lucy Parsons kpọọrọ ụmụaka ahụ hụ ya maka oge ikpeazụ, ya na Lizzie Holmes. A na-egbochi ya ịbanye n'ụlọ mkpọrọ site na eriri ndị uwe ojii ma mgbe ọ nwara ịgafe ya, e jidere ìgwè ahụ ma kpọga ha n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Chicago Avenue ebe a chọtara ha maka bọmbụ ma jide ha ruo elekere 15:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 396 , 387 E bugara igbe ozu nke Albert Parsons n'ụlọ ahịa Lucy Parsons, ebe ihe karịrị mmadụ 10,000 bịara ịsọpụrụ n'otu ụbọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 138 Ngụkọta nke mmadụ dị n'agbata 10,000 na 15,000 bịara olili ozu na Sunday, November 13; Parsons gara n'azụ igbe ozu ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 396 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 138, 140 Afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị, o dezigharịrị ma bipụta The famous speeches of the eight Chicago anarchists in court nke rere ihe karịrị 10,000 n'ime ọnwa 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gabriel&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gabriel|first=Elun|title=Performing persecution: Witnessing and martyrdom in the anarchist tradition|journal=Radical History Review|date=May 1, 2007|volume=2007|issue=98|pages=34–62|doi=10.1215/01636545-2006-026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:1886_Photo_Lucy_Parsons.jpg|alt=Three quarter length photograph of standing woman in striped dress|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto nke Parsons e sere na 1886]]
Mgbe emesịrị olili ozu nke onye mmekọ ya, Parsons gara n'ihu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Òtù Pioneer Aid and Support Association nyere ya ego enyemaka nke $ 12 kwa izu ma na Machị 1888 ọ gara East Coast na-ekwu okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 159 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;156&amp;#x200A;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;155&amp;#x200A; N'oge ntuli aka onye isi obodo Chicago nke 1887, Parsons kwadoro onye United Labor Party megide onye mmeri, [[Republican Party (United States)|Onye Republican]] John A. Roche. Roche haziri asọmpi ahụ dị ka agha dị n'etiti ọkọlọtọ US na ọkọlọtọ nke anarchism na ọchịchị Kọmunist, mgbe e mesịrị gbalịa machibido iji ọkọlọtọ na-acha ọbara ọbara na nzukọ ndị aka ekpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 121  &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Parsons malitere ịrụ ọrụ na akụkọ ndụ nke o mechara bipụta dị ka The Life of Albert R. Parsons . Martin Lacher, nwa okorobịa German nke ya na ya biri site na 1889 gaa n'ihu ma mesịa ghọọ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya nyeere ya aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 156 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1888, ọ gara London, ebe ọ zutere ndị anarchist Peter Kropotkin na William Morris wee gaa na Tower of London na Westminster Abbey na Jane Morris. Ọ gwara ndị Socialist League okwu ma kwenyeghị na Annie Besant, onye ndú nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, n'ihe gbasara ime ihe ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 159 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Mgbe o ji ụgbọ mmiri laghachi na New York City, otu onye nta akụkọ gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ wee kwuo na ọ na-alụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị German [[Eduard Bernstein]]. Ndị anarchist nke oge Parsons dị ka Justus Schwab katọrọ akụkọ ahụ ma ọ gọnahụrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 10: The widow Parsons sets her course|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Parsons laghachiri Chicago na 1889, nzukọ ọhụrụ a kpọrọ Albert R. Parsons nke Knights of Labor kpọsara okwu na-abịa site n'aka ya nke akpọrọ Review of the Labor Movement in Europe. Onye isi ndị uwe ojii Chicago George W. Hubbard kpebiri ịkwụsị ihe omume ahụ ma n'ụbọchị ahụ n'onwe ya, e jidere Lacher na nwoke ọzọ ka ha na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ikike Parsons nwere ikwu okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 161,: 183 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;182&amp;#x200A; Hubbard kwupụtara na &quot;ọ pụghị ikwu okwu na Chicago&quot; ma kwụsị ihe omume na-eme ugboro ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 10: The widow Parsons sets her course|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Parsons bipụtara The Life of Albert R. Parsons na okwu mbido nke George Schilling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 175  Na Nọvemba 1890, a gbochiri Johann Most, Parsons na Hugh O. Pentikọst ikwu okwu na Newark, New Jersey mgbe ndị uwe ojii mechiri ụlọ nzukọ ahụ. Parsons gbalịrị ikwu okwu n'okporo ámá: e jidere ya ma boo ya ebubo na ọ na-ịkpali ọgba aghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 182 Ọ dezigharịrị Freedom akwụkwọ akụkọ anarchist-communist kwa ọnwa site na 1891 gaa n'ihu &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;:: 449  &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 183 ma wuo ụlọ na 999 Hammond Avenue, mgbe e mesịrị North Troy Street[C] na Avondale.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù Pioneer Aid and Support Association nyeere ya aka n'ụzọ ego, mana ụfọdụ ndị otu ahụ malitere iwe maka mkpa ego ya, na-azọrọ na ọ ka na-azọ ụgwọ iji kwado nwa ya nwanyị, onye nwụrụ anwụ. Mmekọrịta ya na Lacher bụ ihe arụmụka ebe ọ bụ na ọ nọgidere na-alụ onye ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke a, a malitere ịhụ di na nwunye ahụ ọnụ n'ihu ọha ruo mgbe mmekọrịta ha kwụsịrị ma ha gara ụlọ ikpe. Parsons boro Lacher ebubo na ọ na-eji anyụike wakpo ihe onwunwe ezinụlọ ya. O kwetara na ya mebiri arịa ụlọ ahụ mana o kwuru na ọ bụ nke ya ma kwụọ ya $ 25 na ego maka omume aghara aghara. O kwukwara na o dere ọtụtụ n'ime Life of Albert R. Parsons . [1] : 178, 179 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Parsons jiri ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Freedom wakpo Lacher, na-azọrọ na o zuru ego n'aka otu ìgwè dị n'ógbè ahụ ma na-achọ ịbọ ọbọ megide ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt;

Ka Parsons na-etolite, e nwere ihe omume iji mee ememe ncheta nke Haymarket na ndị uwe ojii nọgidere na-akwụsị ya ikwu okwu na nzukọ ndị a na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 412, 413 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:: 197 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;198&amp;#x200A; Mgbe onye anarchist Alexander Berkman nwara igbu onye mmepụta ihe Henry Clay Frick na 1892, Parsons dere na Freedom &quot;N'akụkụ anyị anyị, anyị nwere naanị mmasị kachasị ukwuu maka dike dị ka Berkman&quot; ma ọ kwadoro ndị enyi ya Henry Bauer na [[Carl Nold]] bụ ndị e jidere maka ebubo nkata aghụghọ n'agbanyeghị na ha etinyeghị aka. A mara Berkman ikpe afọ iri abụọ na abụọ ma nye Nold na Bauer afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 184, 185 N'afọ 1893, Parsons sooro onye isi obodo kwurịta okwu na ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ katụghị ya ikpe, wee gaa n'ihu ma kwuo ozugbo na onye isi obodo ahụ abụghị onye ka mma karịa eze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 192, 193 N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1896, ụlọ ya gbara ọkụ ma mebie akwụkwọ ya, ọ bụ ezie na o mechara ree akwụkwọ Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Scientific Basis na The Life of Albert R. Parsons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 197 

Parsons dọtara mmasị na ọrụ nke Social Democracy of America, nke Eugene V. Debs duziri, wee zute Emma Goldman site na otu ahụ na 1897. Ọ bụ ezie na Goldman na-akwalite Ịhụnanya n'efu, nnwere onwe maka ụmụ nwanyị na nnwere onwe nke onye ọ bụla, Parsons (n'agbanyeghị inwe mmekọahụ na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na ndụ onwe ya) kwadoro ịlụ otu nwanyị, alụmdi na ụba na ịbụ nne n'ihu ọha, ọ ka kwenyere na ọ bụ isi nke ọgụ nke ndị ọrụ n'ozuzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 200, 201 N'oge ahụ, Goldman, Parsons na Louise Michel so n'ime obere ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị ndị a ma ama n'ụwa niile dị ka ndị anarchist na ndị ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bantman&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bantman|first=Constance|title=Louise Michel's London years: A political reassessment (1890–1905)|journal=Women's History Review|date=2017|volume=26|issue=6|pages=994–1012|doi=10.1080/09612025.2017.1294393}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Oscar Rotter dere banyere ịhụnanya n'efu na mbibi nke mmekọrịta ihe onwunwe na akwụkwọ akụkọ anarchist Free Society, Parsons ji iwe zaghachi na nkwado nke otu nwanyị na nke a dugara na esemokwu na-adịgide adịgide na Goldman, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 203, 206 onye mere mkpesa na Parsons na-ebi ndụ site na ihe nketa nke onye ya e gburu egbu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shone&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shone|first=Steve J.|title=American anarchism|date=2013|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-25195-3|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 75 Parsons megidere ma Agha Spain na America na Agha Philippine na America; mgbe nwa ya nwoke Albert Jr. nwara ịbanye, o tinyere ya na Northern Illinois State Mental Hospital na 1899; ọ nọgidere n'ebe ahụ maka ndụ ya fọdụrụnụ, ọ nwụrụ na 1919 n'ihi ụkwara nta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 451 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 207, 208 : 207, 208 

== Afọ 1900 ==
[[Faịlụ:The_Liberator_(Chicago)_front_page_1905-09-10.png|alt=Black and white picture of front page of newspaper|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Peeji ihu nke September 10, 1905, mbipụta nke The Liberator]]
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, Parsons bụ onye nnọchi anya Chicago maka Free Society nke ndị uwe ojii bibiri ígwè obibi akwụkwọ ya mgbe ogbugbu nke Onye isi ala William McKinley gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 210, 211 N'otu afọ ahụ, onye anarchist Errico Malatesta letara Parsons ma kwuo okwu n'akụkụ onye otu ọrụ Jay Fox na picnic na Memorial Day. N'afọ 1905, Parsons guzobere ndị ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ụwa (IWW) na Eugene V. Debs, Bill Haywood na Nne Jones. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 451, 452 Ọ gara US na-ekwu okwu ma na-ere akwụkwọ nta, n'otu oge ahụ na-edezi akwụkwọ akụkọ The Liberator na The Alarm. Ndị uwe ojii na-egbochi ya ikwu okwu, ọkachasị na Chicago, ma ọ nọgidere na-akụzi ruo n'afọ 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 452, 453 N'afọ 1912, ọ kwadoro nzukọ nke guzobere Syndicalist League of North America. Ọ bụ William Z. Foster duziri ya, onye ya na Parsons nọrọ n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSHA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Parsons, Lucy|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/parsons-lucy|work=Texas state historical association (TSHA)|accessdate=June 10, 2023|archivedate=March 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328174401/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/parsons-lucy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 12: Tending the sacred flame of Haymarket|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Parsons kwuru okwu na njem agụụ na Jenụwarị 1915 na Chicago nke mechiri na mmadụ 1,500 na-enweghị ọrụ na ndị uwe ojii na-alụ ọgụ na nso Hull House na Halsted Street, e jidere ya na Nna Irwin St. John Tucker na mmadụ 19 ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slug&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Women help slug police; bullets fly|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-1500-idle-riot-around-h/131031977/|accessdate=September 1, 2023|work=Chicago Daily Tribune|date=January 18, 1915|pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia gasịrị na 1917, Parsons gara n'ihu na ọchịchị Kọmunist. O mechara degara Carl Nold akwụkwọ na ndị Kọmunist bụ &quot;naanị ụyọkọ na-eme ngagharị iwe siri ike megide ọnọdụ ọjọọ dị ugbu a!&quot; ma kwaa arịrị na &quot;ọchịchị anarchism bụ okwu nwụrụ anwụ na ndụ America taa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 253 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;453&amp;#x200A; :: 254  Ọ sonyeere International Labor Defense na 1930, ọ gwara ọtụtụ puku mmadụ okwu na May Day (International Workers' Day) ihe omume na Ashland Auditorium na Chicago, na-ekwu okwu nke e bipụtara ọzọ na Hearings Before a Special Committee to Investigate Communist Activities na US. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 253 &lt;ref name=&quot;Zandy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Floyd|author=Zandy|first=Janet|title=Becoming visible: Women's presence in late nineteenth-century America|date=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-420-2978-1|pages=41–62|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789042029781_004|chapter=Dangerous working-class women: Mother Jones, Lucy Parsons, and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn|doi=10.1163/9789042029781_004}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 55 N'ịga n'ihu na asọmpi ha, Emma Goldman katọrọ ya maka ịwụli elu site n'otu ihe kpatara mgbanwe gaa na nke ọzọ. Parsons mechara sonye na Communist Party na 1939. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 516 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 261 : 261 

Parsons nwere Ọrịa pleurisy na 1932, na-agbake nke ọma iji gaa Chicago World's Fair n'afọ sochirinụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 254  Ọ nwere nkụda mmụọ banyere òtù anarchist nke US, na-atụle ọdịda ya na ndị enyi dị ka Nord, ma ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ya, na-akwado ihe ịma aka maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi na ikpe gbasara Angelo Herndon, Tom Mooney na Scottsboro Boys.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 256-258  Ọ kpuru ìsì, nweta ezumike nká ma biri na ịda ogbenye na Avondale na North Troy Street na ọbá akwụkwọ nke ihe dị ka akwụkwọ 3,000 nke gosipụtara ọrụ nke ndị Socialist French, Victor Hugo, Jack London, Marx na Engels, Rousseau, [[Leo Tolstoy]] na Voltaire. &lt;ref name=&quot;BP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=(1886) Lucy Parsons, 'I am an anarchist'|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1886-lucy-parsons-i-am-anarchist/|work=BlackPast.org|accessdate=June 5, 2023|date=January 28, 2007|archivedate=May 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526231628/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1886-lucy-parsons-i-am-anarchist/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 453 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 262 : 262 

== Ọnwụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Grave_of_Lucy_Parsons_1may2015_by_IWPCHI.jpg|alt=Red roses on simple headstone which reads LUCY PARSONS 1859–1942|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ili Parsons na German Waldheim Cemetery na Forest Park, Illinois]]
N’ụbọchị ikpeazụ ya na Mee 1941, Parsons sonyeere Kọmitii Na-ahazi Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo dị ka onye ọbịa nri. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 91, ọ nwụrụ n'ọkụ ụlọ na March 7, 1942. [D] Onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge bụ George Markstall na-arịa ọrịa nke ukwuu ịhụ ka ụlọ ahụ na-ere ọkụ ma enweghị ike ịzọpụta ya; ọ nwụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya n'echi ya.[1] : :  263   Ọ gwara Ben Reitman ka o hazie olili ya wee dee akwụkwọ ikike na 1938, hapụ ụlọ Markstall na Pioneer Aid and Support Association mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ ka e rere ụlọ ahụ $800 na 1943. [1]: 263, 265, 266 Ọkụ ahụ bibiri ọbá akwụkwọ ya, ma akwụkwọ ndị ahụ emebighị; Mgbe otu enyi ya gara ịgbalị inweta akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, a gwara ya na ha bụ adịgboroja. Ndị uwe ojii nọ n’ọ́bá akwụkwọ ahụ gakwuuru ya gwa ya na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchọpụta Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha (FBI) ejidela ha. Ndị FBI jụrụ itinye aka na akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, mgbe Reitman laghachiri Chicago Red Squad, a gwara ya na ndị FBI nwere ha; eweghachighị akwụkwọ ndị ahụ.[1] : 263, 266 Afọ mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ, William Morris 'A na-etinye akara ngosi nke mgbanwe maka ire ere, na-ebu nraranye &quot;To Lucy E. Parsons, nke William Morris, Nov. 15th 1888&quot; na stampụ sitere na Library nke Congress na FBI.

Mmadụ 300 bịara emume akwụkwọ maka Parsons na Markstall na Machị 12. Reitman kwuru, na-akpọ ya &quot;nke ikpeazụ n'ime dinosaurs, otu ndị Chicago Anarchists nwere obi ike.&quot; E liri Parsons na German Waldheim Cemetery na Forest Park, Illinois, n'Haymarket Martyrs Monument ebe e liri di ya. E liri Voltairine nke Cleyre, Emma Goldman, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-eme ọnụ iwe n'ebe ahụ.[1] : 283 : 283
 
Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe nke Parsons bụ [[Elizabeth Gurley Flynn]] chetara ya dị ka ọkà okwu na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na onye na-eme mgbanwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 265  Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Ruth Kinna kwuru n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2020 Great Anarchists na a na-akpọ Parsons n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka nwunye Albert Parsons, ma ọ bụ n'ezie &quot;onye edemede nwere nkà, ọkà okwu na onye nhazi n'onwe ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kinna&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kinna|first=Ruth|title=Great Anarchists|publisher=Active Distribution and Dog Section Press|pages=90–100|location=Bristol; London|isbn=9781916036567|chapter=Lucy Parsons|date=November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 91 Ruo mgbe Ashbaugh dere akụkọ ndụ ya n'afọ 1976, a na-ekwukarị na Parsons n'ihe odide ala ala: n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, akụkọ banyere ọrụ ya amụbaala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guy-Sheftall&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Guy-Sheftall|first=Beverly|title=Black women's studies: The interface of women's studies and black studies|journal=Phylon|date=1992|volume=49|issue=1/2|pages=33–41|doi=10.2307/3132615|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3132615|issn=0031-8906|accessdate=June 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù dị iche iche na-akwado aka ekpe ekwuola na ọ bụ onye isi ma kpọọ ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta onwe ya na Boston aha ya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Sims&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sims|first=Anna|title=The rise of socialism in Boston|url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2019/02/22/boston-socialism/|accessdate=June 9, 2023|work=Boston Magazine|date=February 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Gale Ahrens, Mary Condé, na Robin Kelley akatọọla okwu Parsons na-agbasi mbọ ike na mgba nke ndị Africa America, na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ọ dị ka ndị ọrụ bilie megide ndị were ha n'ọrụ, karịa mkpa maka ịha nhata. Otu ihe kpatara ya bụ na, ebe ọ bụ na ọ gọnahụrụ ihe nketa ojii nke ya, o lekwasịrị anya na ide nke otu ahụ.[1][2] : 70 N'ihi ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na onye isi ojii Chicago mgbe ahụ Ida Wells-Barnett, ma ọ bụ National Association of Colored Women na National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.[3][4] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme lekwasịrị anya na njụta Parsons jụrụ usoro USB, ebe n'oge ahụ, akara ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na Albert Parsons dere, sị: &quot;A na-akpọ anyị ndị Kọmunist, ma ọ bụ ndị Socialist, ma ọ bụ Anarchists. Anyị na-anabata usoro ndị ahụ niile. &quot;[5]

Obodo Chicago guzobere ihe ịrịba ama akụkọ ihe mere eme a raara nye Parsons na di ya na 1997 n'ebe ụlọ ha dị, 1908 North Mohawk Street, na mpaghara Old Town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Albert and Lucy Parsons Historical Marker|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=261151|accessdate=January 28, 2025|work=www.hmdb.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpaghara Chicago Park kpọrọ obere ebe dị na Belmont Avenue ogige &quot;Lucy Ella Gonzales Parsons&quot; n'afọ 2004, mkpebi nke Fraternal Order of Police megidere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shone&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shone|first=Steve J.|title=American anarchism|date=2013|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-25195-3|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 62 N'afọ 2022, a kpọrọ ụlọ ọhụrụ na Logan Square, Chicago nke nwere pasent 100 dị ọnụ ala Lucy Gonzalez Parsons Apartments.&lt;ref name=&quot;BCC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2022/05/20/all-affordable-logan-square-apartment-complex-opens-after-years-of-planning-this-is-nothing-less-than-a-day-of-resurrection/|title=All-affordable Logan Square apartment complex opens after years of planning: 'This is nothing less than a day of resurrection'|first=Quinn|author=Myers|date=May 20, 2022|accessdate=August 12, 2022|archivedate=July 26, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726210530/https://blockclubchicago.org/2022/05/20/all-affordable-logan-square-apartment-complex-opens-after-years-of-planning-this-is-nothing-less-than-a-day-of-resurrection/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Parsons|first=Lucy E.|editor=Ahrens|title=Lucy Parsons: Freedom, equality and solidarity – writings and speeches, 1878–1937|year=2004|publisher=Charles H. Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0882863009}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Parsons|title=The famous speeches of the eight Chicago anarchists in court: When asked if they had anything to say why sentence of death should not be passed upon them - October 7, 8, and 9, 1886|date=1910|publisher=Lucy E. Parsons|location=Chicago|oclc=21042544}}
* {{Cite book|author=Parsons|first=Lucy|title=Life of Albert R. Parsons, with brief history of the labor movement in America|date=1889|publisher=L.E. Parsons|location=Chicago|oclc=1048339877}}

== Ihe edeturu ==

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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Lucy E. Parsons (c. - Maachị 7, 1942) bụ onye America socialist anarchist na emesia anarcho-communist, nke amara nke ọma n'oge ndụ ya ogologo maka okwu na edemede ya. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Industrial Workers of the World. Enwere ụdị dị iche iche nke ndụ nwata Parsons: ya onwe ya kwuru na ya sitere na Mexico na American Indian; ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kwenyere na a mụrụ ya n'aka onye Africa-American nwere ohu, ikekwe na Virginia, wee lụọ nwoke ojii nweere onwe ya na Texas. Ọ zutere onye mkpochapụ Albert Parsons na Waco, Texas, ma ekwuru na ọ lụrụ ya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị ndekọ ahụghị. Ha kwagara Chicago ọnụ na ngwụsị 1873 na echiche ya sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ mmegide ime ihe ike nke ndị ọrụ na Chicago Railroad Strike nke 1877. Ọ rụrụ ụka maka nzukọ ọrụ na mgba otu, na-ede akụkọ na-ese okwu na-ekwu okwu na ihe omume. Ọ sonyeere United States Labour Union ma mesịa ghọọ Knights of Labour, na enyi ya Lizzie Swank na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ tọrọ ntọala Chicago Working Women's Union.

Parsons nwere ụmụ abụọ wee rụọ ọrụ na Chicago dị ka akwa akwa, na-ere ụlọ nke ya. Mgbe e gbuchara di ya na 1887 mgbe a mara ya ikpe na ọ bụ onye ndu na Haymarket Riots, ọ bịara mara ụwa niile dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu anarchist, na-eme njem ugboro ugboro n'ofe United States ma na-eleta England. O dere edemede ma dezie akwụkwọ ndị na-akpa ike. Enyemaka na nkwado ndị ọsụ ụzọ kwadoro ya n'ụzọ ego wee dee Life of Albert R. Parsons site n'enyemaka nke Martin Lacher. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochiri Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia nke 1917, Parsons nọgidere na-abụ onye Kọmunist. Ndị uwe ojii Chicago weere ya dị ka onye agha dị ize ndụ ma na-egbochikarị ya ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha. Ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye toro eto, na-emegide onye anarchist Emma Goldman maka ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ha na ihe ịma aka nke ikpe ziri ezi na ikpe nke Angelo Herndon, Tom Mooney, na Scottsboro Boys. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọkụ ụlọ na March 7, 1942. Onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ bụ George Markstall nọ na olili ozu ahụ wee hụ ụlọ ahụ na-ere ọkụ ma o nweghị ike ịzọpụta ya; ọ nwụrụ n’echi ya. E liri ya na ebe a na-eli ozu Waldheim German, ebe ncheta Haymarket Martyrs dị. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, a maara Parsons dị ka Albert Parsons, ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mgbe mmadụ abụọ dị ndụ na-echeta ihe ndị ọ rụzuru. Mpaghara Chicago Park kpọrọ okporo ụzọ dị na Belmont Avenue aha ya na 2004.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Amachaghị ihe gbasara ndụ nwata Parsons. [A] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Caroline Ashbaugh na-ekwu na ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ kwenyere na Parsons bụ ohu na 1849 na a na-akpọ ya Lucy Gathings; N'ime ndụ ya niile, Parsons jikwa aha nna Carter, Diaz, Gonzalez na Hull. [1]: 11, 12 E nwere ihe ndekọ dị iche iche nke aha etiti Parsons; ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Philip S. Foner nyere ya dị ka Eldine, na mgbe e mesịrị nke nwa ya nwanyị Ella.[2] :: 267  Parsons n'onwe ya nyere akụkọ dị iche iche banyere ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ.[2] : : 268  Ọ gọrọ agọ na ọ bụ onye Afrịka wee kwuo na ya nwere nne na nna Mexico na American India, na-atụgharị n'etiti ha abụọ. Mgbe ihe omume ndị butere ọnwụ ya mere ka a mara ya, akwụkwọ ndekọ ahụike na-agụnye ihe nketa Texas ya mana o deghị aha ya n'ezie.[3][4] Otu echiche bụ na ọ lụrụ na Texas na Marie del Gather (nke sitere na Spanish-Mexica) na John Waller, onye bụ onye Muscogee.[5] Akụkọ ya na American National Biography na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ịbụ nwa Pedro Díaz González, onye nyere ya Marie. Ọ bụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a ole na ole kwuru banyere usoro ọmụmụ ya.[6][5]

N'akwụkwọ akụkọ onwe ya, Pasons, onye akụkọ ihe mere eme ọha na eze Jacqueline Jones na-ekwu na e rere ya dị ka ohu na Virginia na 1863 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, na onye nwe ya, Thomas J. Taliaferro, kpọọrọ ya na nne ya na nwanne ya na McLennan County, Texas. N’ihi ya, a kpọrọ ya Lucia; ọ kwagara Waco, Texas, ebe a na-egosi ndị mmadụ na-aga n'ihu na ndụ ha gara aga dị ka ndị ohu ma ọ bụ ndị agha Confederate. Ya na ya “biri” (ma o doro anya na ọ lụọla) nwoke ojii aha ya bụ Oliver Benton, nke a maara dị ka Oliver Gathings n'ihi na e nyere ndị ohu aha ikpeazụ nke ndị nwe ha. Ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ 35 ma ọ bụ 36 mana ọ dị iche iche 16 ma ọ bụ 17. Benton nwetara $1.50 kwa ule maka ngwaọrụ ya na-ebu akwụkwọ ojii n'osimiri ahụ, ọ pụkwara ịbụ na ọ nwere nwatakịrị nwụrụ anwụ.[1] Ashbaugh na-atụ aro na Parsons bụ (dị ka Benton) bụbu ohu nke ezinụlọ Gathings, ebe Philip Gathings nwere nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Lucy na 1849 ma rụọ ọrụ ahụ n'aha Parsons. Ọ bụ ebe a na-edobe ụfọdụ ndị ohu, ezinụlọ Gathings nwekwara ụmụ ndị ohu na 1860 bụ ndị ga-anọrịrị n'afọ Parsons.[2] : 267 : 267

Mgbe ọ nọ na Waco, Lucy zutere Albert Parsons. Ọ bụ nwoke nke bụbu onye agha Confederate nke agha obodo America na onye Radical Republican bụ onye na-akwado ụda olu maka ikike ndị isi ojii; a gbagburu ya n’ụkwụ maka inyere ndị ojii aka ịdebanye aha ịtụ vootu. A kwenyere na ha alụrụla di na nwunye kemgbe oge ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[1] : 13-14 E kwuru na ha zutere na Austin na 1872, ọ gwakwara Dictionary of American Biography for Albert's state na ha lụrụ na June 10, 1871. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Lucie C. Price kwuru na Parsons bụ ohu ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nke Parsons na ọ bụ ya dere akụkọ ahụ. : 12, 461 Ashbaugh siri ọnwụ na ọ ga-esiri ha ike ịlụ di na nwunye n'otu ụzọ ahụ, mana di na nwunye na di ya na nwunye ya bụ otu ihe, ebe Lucy na-akpọ aha ikpeazụ Parsons.[1] :  13–14 : 13–14

Lucy na Albert Parsons kwagara Chicago na ngwụcha afọ 1873. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 15 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 15 Obodo mmepụta ihe na-eto ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 3: A local war|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ biri n'ụlọ ndị ogbenye na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu Larrabee Street na North Avenue na North Side.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 16 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt; Albert Parsons rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-Ebe Ugwu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na Lucy Parsons nwetara ego dị ka onye ịkwa akwa. Di na nwunye ahụ sonyere na Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America, mgbe e mesịrị na Workingmen'S Party of the United States. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 17 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt; Parsons gosikwara njikere ya iguzo maka ikike ya site n'ịkpọrọ ndị ọcha ugboro abụọ gaa n'ụlọ ikpe na 1875, n'ihi ụgwọ a na-akwụghị ụgwọ na nsogbu ndị agbata obi, n'otu n'otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe Ọgbaghara ụgbọ okporo ígwè Chicago nke 18757 mere dị ka akụkụ nke Great Upheaval, Albert Parsons na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ibe ya Philip Van Patten na George Schilling gwara ìgwè mmadụ 25,000 okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 20, 21 A chụpụrụ ya n'ọrụ ya na Chicago Times ma tinye ya na Ndepụta ojii; ndị ikom abụọ a na-amaghị ama tinyere égbè n'isi ya mgbe ọ gara ''Chicago Tribune'' ịrịọ maka ọrụ. : 31, 32 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 3: A local war|edition=e-book}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJones2017&quot;&gt;Jones, Jacqueline (2017). &quot;Chapter 3: A local war&quot;. ''Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical'' (e-book&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York NY: Basic Books. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9726-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-9726-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A manyere Lucy Parsons inweta ọrụ iji kwado ezinụlọ ya wee malite ụlọ ahịa na-ere uwe na uwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 25 Ọ gbasaa azụmahịa ahụ n'ime Parsons &amp; Co., Manufacturers of Ladies' and Children's Clothing, na-emeghe ebe ọrụ na 306 Mohawk Street ma na-ewe onye mmekọ ya ugbu a na-edepụtaghị aha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 4: Farewell to the ballot box|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ mbụ Parsons bipụtara bụ akwụkwọ ozi o degaara onye nchịkọta akụkọ The Socialist banyere agụụ na ịda ogbenye nke ndị ọrụ. Ọ malitere nkuzi mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa ya nwokeg, Albert Parsons Jr., na Septemba 1879 (na akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ya o depụtara aha nwa agbọghọ ya dị ka Carter na Virginia dịka ebe ọmụmụ ya). [1]: 30 [2] Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Parsons na-agbanwe, o kpebiri na nsogbu nke ya adịghị mkpa ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị otu òtù ọha na eze nwere ike ime mgbanwe. Ọ bụ onye agha karịa onye òtù ọlụlụ ya, na-eme mkpọsa megide votu ahụ n'oge a na-enyeghị ya ikike ime otú ahụ n'onwe ya. [1]: 32, 39 [3] Ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara banyere ọgba aghara ahụ e mere na 1877 kụziiri ya na ndị ọrụ na-esikwu ike mgbe ha jikọrọ aka. [4] Ọ zụlitere echiche anarchist ya, bụ nke kwadoro ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kwadoro ịgbachitere onwe ya megide ime ihe ike agbụrụ, ma kpọọ oku maka mgba megide okpukpe. [5]: 92, 96 O nyeere aka chọta Chicago Working Women's Union (WWU) na ụmụ nwanyị dịka Elizabeth Chambers Morgan, Elizabeth Flynn Rodgers, Alzina Stevens, na Lizzie Swank wee gaa nzukọ n'oge ime ime ya, n'oge a na-atụ anya ka ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'ụlọ mgbe ha na-amụ nwa. Swank ghọrọ ezigbo enyi Parsons, ma ozugbo ndị Knights of Labour kpebiri ịnakwere ụmụ nwanyị, ha abụọ sonyeere.[1] : 34 WWU gbara ụmụnwaanyị ume ka ha sonye n'otu ndị ọrụ ma kwalite ụbọchị awa asatọ. [2][7]

Na Eprel 20, 1881, Parsons mụrụ nwa ya nke abụọ, Lulu Eda, onye nwụrụ site na lymphedema mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ.:: 41 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;451&amp;#x200A; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;: 41 N'afọ 1883, onye nnupụisi anarchist Johann Most gara Chicago wee zute ezinụlọ Parsons. : 43 N'ọnwa Nọvemba, Albert Parsons guzobere American Group of Chicago dị ka ngalaba mpaghara nke International Working People's Association (IWPA). Lucy gara nzukọ, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụlọ ya, na-azụlite ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka ekpe ya. Mgbe IWPA bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ siri ike The Alarm na 1884, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi nyere aka, na-ekwu na ime ihe ike bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na ọgụ nke ndị otu ọrụ bụ ihe na-akpali mgbanwe ahụ. O dere ederede nke gụnyere &quot;Mmalite anyị. Ọ bara uru ịzọpụta?&quot;, &quot;Nwatakịrị ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe ọjọọ ha gosipụtara na nnapụta ha chọrọ&quot; na &quot;The negro. Ka ọ hapụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nye onye ndọrọ ọchịchị ma kpegara onye nkwusa ekpere&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 99 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 54, 57, 63, 64, 99 E bipụtara edemede ya &quot;Nye ndị na-enweghị ọrụ, ndị a napụrụ ihe nketa na ndị nhụsianya&quot; site na The Alarm ma ree ihe karịrị 10,000 n'etiti Mee na Nọvemba 1885. :: 135  N'otu afọ ahụ, Parsons bipụtara &quot;Dynamite! Nanị olu ndị mmegbu nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta&quot; na Denver Labor Enquirer, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke nkwalite nke mgbasa ozi nke omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 56 Na Eprel 28, 1885, Parsons na Lizzie Holmes (née Swank) duziri ngagharị iwe IWPA iji mee ngagharị iwe n'èzí oriri na Board of Trade Building, nke e wuru ọhụrụ na ọnụahịa nke $ 2 nde.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 59 :: 146  N'oge a, Parsons na onye mmekọ ya na-agwakarị ìgwè mmadụ 1,000 ruo 5,000 na Sunday n'ikperé mmiri nke Lake Michigan. Onye na-ahazi ọrụ Mother Jones gara ma chee na okwu ndị ahụ kwadoro ime ihe ike dị ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 60 : 60 

Na Mee 5, ụbọchị mgbe bọmbụ ahụ gasịrị, Lucy Parsons nọ n'ọfịs nke ''Arbeiter-Zeitung'' mgbe ndị uwe ojii wakporo ya n'enweghị akwụkwọ ikike ịchọ ya. Ha jidere ndị ọrụ niile gụnyere Parsons, onye otu onye uwe ojii kpọrọ &quot;nwaanyị ojii&quot;; a tọhapụrụ ya n'ebughị ebubo ebe ọ bụ na ndị uwe ojii nwere olileanya na ọ ga-eduga ha na onye mmekọ ya. N'ime ọnwa isii sochirinụ, e jidere ya obere oge ọtụtụ ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 226-227 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;: E jidere mmadụ iri asatọ na otu ma mee nnyocha iwu na-akwadoghị na Julius S. Grinnell, onye ọka iwu Illinois nke ga-aga n'ihu na-ekpe ikpe ahụ, kwuru &quot;Bido mee ka mwakpo ahụ leba anya n'iwu mgbe e mesịrị&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 84 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lucy Parsons kwuru na Denver Labor Enquirer mwakpo ahụ buru ibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 85 Otu nnukwu ndị ọka ikpe mara ebubo megide ndị ikom 31 na Mee 27, gụnyere ebubo igbu ọchụ megide mmadụ iri, ndị na-akwado mgbasa ozi site na omume ahụ (gụnyere Lucy Parsons na Lizzie Holmes) ebughị ebubo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 83, 84, 87 : 83, 84, 87 

Àgwà nke ndị ọrụ US n'ebe ndị a na-ebo ebubo nọ dị mgbagwoju anya, na ụfọdụ ndị agha na-ekwupụta nkwado na ndị ọzọ na-echegbu onwe ha maka ọnwụ nke ndụ na square.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 88 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Albert nọ na nzuzo, o degaara Lucy Parsons akwụkwọ ozi na-arịọ ya ka ya na ọkàiwu William P. Black kwurịta okwu ma kwurịta ọnọdụ nke inyefe onwe ya. Black gbara ya ume ka ọ kpọbata ya n'ụlọ ikpe, na-ekwere na ohere dị nta maka ikpe. Onye isi enyemaka ya William A. Foster ekwenyeghị, na-eche na ọ ka mma na Parsons nọgidere na-enwere onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 252, 254, 255 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 90 N'ụbọchị mbụ nke ikpe, Albert Parsons pụtara mgbe ya na Lucy nọrọ awa ole na ole ma nyefee onwe ya n'aka Onyeikpe Joseph Gary. : 90, 91 Mgbasa mgbasa ozi na-emegide ndị anarchist siri ike, na ''Chicago Tribune'' na-akpọ maka ogbugbu na akwụkwọ akụkọ Texas na-eleghachi anya na ihe ihere nke Parsons na-ahapụ alụmdi na nwunye ya na Oliver Benton maka Albert. The Waco Day bụ isi akụkọ &quot;Beast Parsons: mkparị na-ezighị ezi site na ụfọdụ omume ọma nke ọ na-ezo na ya; onye na-agwakọta agbụrụ, onye ogbu mmadụ, onye omekome, onye osisi na-echere&quot;. Na nzaghachi, Parsons gara leta onye ya na ya nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na onye nta akụkọ si na Tribune ma kwuo na ya na nwunye Benton nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya mana na ọ bụ onye dị iche na Lucy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 86, 87 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot; /&gt;

Lucy Parsons gara ụbọchị ọ bụla nke ikpe ahụ ma nọrọ ebe ahụ mgbe a mara onye mmekọ ya, George Engel, Samuel Fielden, Adolph Fischer, Louis Lingg, Michael Schwab na August Spies ikpe Ọnwụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o mere njem nkuzi izu asaa iji nweta ego maka ndị a na-ebo ebubo; ọ gwara ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 okwu n'ebe ndị dị ka Cincinnati, New York na Philadelphia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 297, 298 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:: 108 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;105&amp;#x200A; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJones2017&quot;&gt;Jones, Jacqueline (2017). &quot;Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio&quot;. ''Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical'' (e-book&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York NY: Basic Books. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9726-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-9726-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 8: The dusky goddess of anarchy speaks her mind|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na New Haven, Connecticut, o kwuru &quot;Ị nwere ike ịtụ anya na m ga-agbapụta nnukwu ire ọkụ nke dynamite ma jiri bọmbụ guzo n'ihu gị n'aka m. Ọ bụrụ na enwere nkụda mmụọ, ị nwere naanị ndị nta akụkọ nke isi obodo iji kelee ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 108 Ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Thomas J. Morgan kwurịtara okwu na nzukọ na Sheffield, Indiana, nke dị n'ofe akara steeti site na Illinois, nke mere na ndị uwe ojii Chicago enweghị ike ịkwụsị ihe omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; :: 306  Na Columbus, Ohio, e gbochiri ya ikwu okwu ma zigara ya n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Franklin County.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 113  Mgbe ọ na-adịghị akụzi ihe, Parsons ga-eleta onye ibe ya nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, na-akpọrọ ụmụaka ahụ. Ọ kwụsịrị ụlọ ahịa ịkwa ákwà ya ma manye ezinụlọ ahụ ịpụ n'ụlọ ha dị n'okporo ámá Indiana gaa na nke ọzọ dị na Milwaukee Avenue.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; :: 323  Mgbe a mara ọkwa ikpe ọnwụ ya, Albert Parsons degaara nwunye ya akwụkwọ ozi &quot;Enwere m otu arịrịọ ka m mee gị: Emeghị ihe ngwa ngwa n'onwe gị mgbe m hapụrụ, mana were nnukwu ihe kpatara Socialism ebe a manyere m ịtọ ya. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt;:: 322  E guzobere Amnesty Association ma mee ihe iji zọpụta Albert Parsons na ndị ikom isii ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọnụ ọnwụ; Lucy Parsons jiri oge ya na-anakọta ego na ịbịanye aka n'okporo ámá, na mkpọsa iji gbanwee ikpe ahụ ọbụna site na Melville onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Chicago News, onye nchịkọta akụkọ Daily, onye a mara ndị ahụ, onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Chicago, onye na-akwado ọbụna dị ka Melville News, onye na mbụ, : 337, 338 : 337, 338 

Na Thursday November 10, Gọvanọ Illinois Richard J. Oglesby mara ọkwa na a ga-egbu Parsons na mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ n'echi ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 138 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;134&amp;#x200A; N'ụtụtụ echi ya, Lucy Parsons kpọọrọ ụmụaka ahụ hụ ya maka oge ikpeazụ, ya na Lizzie Holmes. A na-egbochi ya ịbanye n'ụlọ mkpọrọ site na eriri ndị uwe ojii ma mgbe ọ nwara ịgafe ya, e jidere ìgwè ahụ ma kpọga ha n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Chicago Avenue ebe a chọtara ha maka bọmbụ ma jide ha ruo elekere 15:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 396 , 387 E bugara igbe ozu nke Albert Parsons n'ụlọ ahịa Lucy Parsons, ebe ihe karịrị mmadụ 10,000 bịara ịsọpụrụ n'otu ụbọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 138 Ngụkọta nke mmadụ dị n'agbata 10,000 na 15,000 bịara olili ozu na Sunday, November 13; Parsons gara n'azụ igbe ozu ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 396 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 138, 140 Afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị, o dezigharịrị ma bipụta The famous speeches of the eight Chicago anarchists in court nke rere ihe karịrị 10,000 n'ime ọnwa 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gabriel&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gabriel|first=Elun|title=Performing persecution: Witnessing and martyrdom in the anarchist tradition|journal=Radical History Review|date=May 1, 2007|volume=2007|issue=98|pages=34–62|doi=10.1215/01636545-2006-026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:1886_Photo_Lucy_Parsons.jpg|alt=Three quarter length photograph of standing woman in striped dress|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto nke Parsons e sere na 1886]]
Mgbe emesịrị olili ozu nke onye mmekọ ya, Parsons gara n'ihu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Òtù Pioneer Aid and Support Association nyere ya ego enyemaka nke $ 12 kwa izu ma na Machị 1888 ọ gara East Coast na-ekwu okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 159 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;156&amp;#x200A;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;155&amp;#x200A; N'oge ntuli aka onye isi obodo Chicago nke 1887, Parsons kwadoro onye United Labor Party megide onye mmeri, [[Republican Party (United States)|Onye Republican]] John A. Roche. Roche haziri asọmpi ahụ dị ka agha dị n'etiti ọkọlọtọ US na ọkọlọtọ nke anarchism na ọchịchị Kọmunist, mgbe e mesịrị gbalịa machibido iji ọkọlọtọ na-acha ọbara ọbara na nzukọ ndị aka ekpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 121  &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Parsons malitere ịrụ ọrụ na akụkọ ndụ nke o mechara bipụta dị ka The Life of Albert R. Parsons . Martin Lacher, nwa okorobịa German nke ya na ya biri site na 1889 gaa n'ihu ma mesịa ghọọ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya nyeere ya aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 156 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1888, ọ gara London, ebe ọ zutere ndị anarchist Peter Kropotkin na William Morris wee gaa na Tower of London na Westminster Abbey na Jane Morris. Ọ gwara ndị Socialist League okwu ma kwenyeghị na Annie Besant, onye ndú nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, n'ihe gbasara ime ihe ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 159 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Mgbe o ji ụgbọ mmiri laghachi na New York City, otu onye nta akụkọ gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ wee kwuo na ọ na-alụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị German [[Eduard Bernstein]]. Ndị anarchist nke oge Parsons dị ka Justus Schwab katọrọ akụkọ ahụ ma ọ gọnahụrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 10: The widow Parsons sets her course|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Parsons laghachiri Chicago na 1889, nzukọ ọhụrụ a kpọrọ Albert R. Parsons nke Knights of Labor kpọsara okwu na-abịa site n'aka ya nke akpọrọ Review of the Labor Movement in Europe. Onye isi ndị uwe ojii Chicago George W. Hubbard kpebiri ịkwụsị ihe omume ahụ ma n'ụbọchị ahụ n'onwe ya, e jidere Lacher na nwoke ọzọ ka ha na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ikike Parsons nwere ikwu okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 161,: 183 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;182&amp;#x200A; Hubbard kwupụtara na &quot;ọ pụghị ikwu okwu na Chicago&quot; ma kwụsị ihe omume na-eme ugboro ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 10: The widow Parsons sets her course|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Parsons bipụtara The Life of Albert R. Parsons na okwu mbido nke George Schilling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 175  Na Nọvemba 1890, a gbochiri Johann Most, Parsons na Hugh O. Pentikọst ikwu okwu na Newark, New Jersey mgbe ndị uwe ojii mechiri ụlọ nzukọ ahụ. Parsons gbalịrị ikwu okwu n'okporo ámá: e jidere ya ma boo ya ebubo na ọ na-ịkpali ọgba aghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 182 Ọ dezigharịrị Freedom akwụkwọ akụkọ anarchist-communist kwa ọnwa site na 1891 gaa n'ihu &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;:: 449  &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 183 ma wuo ụlọ na 999 Hammond Avenue, mgbe e mesịrị North Troy Street[C] na Avondale.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù Pioneer Aid and Support Association nyeere ya aka n'ụzọ ego, mana ụfọdụ ndị otu ahụ malitere iwe maka mkpa ego ya, na-azọrọ na ọ ka na-azọ ụgwọ iji kwado nwa ya nwanyị, onye nwụrụ anwụ. Mmekọrịta ya na Lacher bụ ihe arụmụka ebe ọ bụ na ọ nọgidere na-alụ onye ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke a, a malitere ịhụ di na nwunye ahụ ọnụ n'ihu ọha ruo mgbe mmekọrịta ha kwụsịrị ma ha gara ụlọ ikpe. Parsons boro Lacher ebubo na ọ na-eji anyụike wakpo ihe onwunwe ezinụlọ ya. O kwetara na ya mebiri arịa ụlọ ahụ mana o kwuru na ọ bụ nke ya ma kwụọ ya $ 25 na ego maka omume aghara aghara. O kwukwara na o dere ọtụtụ n'ime Life of Albert R. Parsons . [1] : 178, 179 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Parsons jiri ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Freedom wakpo Lacher, na-azọrọ na o zuru ego n'aka otu ìgwè dị n'ógbè ahụ ma na-achọ ịbọ ọbọ megide ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt;

Ka Parsons na-etolite, e nwere ihe omume iji mee ememe ncheta nke Haymarket na ndị uwe ojii nọgidere na-akwụsị ya ikwu okwu na nzukọ ndị a na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 412, 413 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:: 197 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;198&amp;#x200A; Mgbe onye anarchist Alexander Berkman nwara igbu onye mmepụta ihe Henry Clay Frick na 1892, Parsons dere na Freedom &quot;N'akụkụ anyị anyị, anyị nwere naanị mmasị kachasị ukwuu maka dike dị ka Berkman&quot; ma ọ kwadoro ndị enyi ya Henry Bauer na [[Carl Nold]] bụ ndị e jidere maka ebubo nkata aghụghọ n'agbanyeghị na ha etinyeghị aka. A mara Berkman ikpe afọ iri abụọ na abụọ ma nye Nold na Bauer afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 184, 185 N'afọ 1893, Parsons sooro onye isi obodo kwurịta okwu na ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ katụghị ya ikpe, wee gaa n'ihu ma kwuo ozugbo na onye isi obodo ahụ abụghị onye ka mma karịa eze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 192, 193 N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1896, ụlọ ya gbara ọkụ ma mebie akwụkwọ ya, ọ bụ ezie na o mechara ree akwụkwọ Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Scientific Basis na The Life of Albert R. Parsons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 197 

Parsons dọtara mmasị na ọrụ nke Social Democracy of America, nke Eugene V. Debs duziri, wee zute Emma Goldman site na otu ahụ na 1897. Ọ bụ ezie na Goldman na-akwalite Ịhụnanya n'efu, nnwere onwe maka ụmụ nwanyị na nnwere onwe nke onye ọ bụla, Parsons (n'agbanyeghị inwe mmekọahụ na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na ndụ onwe ya) kwadoro ịlụ otu nwanyị, alụmdi na ụba na ịbụ nne n'ihu ọha, ọ ka kwenyere na ọ bụ isi nke ọgụ nke ndị ọrụ n'ozuzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 200, 201 N'oge ahụ, Goldman, Parsons na Louise Michel so n'ime obere ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị ndị a ma ama n'ụwa niile dị ka ndị anarchist na ndị ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bantman&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bantman|first=Constance|title=Louise Michel's London years: A political reassessment (1890–1905)|journal=Women's History Review|date=2017|volume=26|issue=6|pages=994–1012|doi=10.1080/09612025.2017.1294393}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Oscar Rotter dere banyere ịhụnanya n'efu na mbibi nke mmekọrịta ihe onwunwe na akwụkwọ akụkọ anarchist Free Society, Parsons ji iwe zaghachi na nkwado nke otu nwanyị na nke a dugara na esemokwu na-adịgide adịgide na Goldman, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 203, 206 onye mere mkpesa na Parsons na-ebi ndụ site na ihe nketa nke onye ya e gburu egbu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shone&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shone|first=Steve J.|title=American anarchism|date=2013|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-25195-3|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 75 Parsons megidere ma Agha Spain na America na Agha Philippine na America; mgbe nwa ya nwoke Albert Jr. nwara ịbanye, o tinyere ya na Northern Illinois State Mental Hospital na 1899; ọ nọgidere n'ebe ahụ maka ndụ ya fọdụrụnụ, ọ nwụrụ na 1919 n'ihi ụkwara nta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 451 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 207, 208 : 207, 208 

== Afọ 1900 ==
[[Faịlụ:The_Liberator_(Chicago)_front_page_1905-09-10.png|alt=Black and white picture of front page of newspaper|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Peeji ihu nke September 10, 1905, mbipụta nke The Liberator]]
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, Parsons bụ onye nnọchi anya Chicago maka Free Society nke ndị uwe ojii bibiri ígwè obibi akwụkwọ ya mgbe ogbugbu nke Onye isi ala William McKinley gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 210, 211 N'otu afọ ahụ, onye anarchist Errico Malatesta letara Parsons ma kwuo okwu n'akụkụ onye otu ọrụ Jay Fox na picnic na Memorial Day. N'afọ 1905, Parsons guzobere ndị ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ụwa (IWW) na Eugene V. Debs, Bill Haywood na Nne Jones. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 451, 452 Ọ gara US na-ekwu okwu ma na-ere akwụkwọ nta, n'otu oge ahụ na-edezi akwụkwọ akụkọ The Liberator na The Alarm. Ndị uwe ojii na-egbochi ya ikwu okwu, ọkachasị na Chicago, ma ọ nọgidere na-akụzi ruo n'afọ 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 452, 453 N'afọ 1912, ọ kwadoro nzukọ nke guzobere Syndicalist League of North America. Ọ bụ William Z. Foster duziri ya, onye ya na Parsons nọrọ n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSHA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Parsons, Lucy|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/parsons-lucy|work=Texas state historical association (TSHA)|accessdate=June 10, 2023|archivedate=March 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328174401/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/parsons-lucy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 12: Tending the sacred flame of Haymarket|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Parsons kwuru okwu na njem agụụ na Jenụwarị 1915 na Chicago nke mechiri na mmadụ 1,500 na-enweghị ọrụ na ndị uwe ojii na-alụ ọgụ na nso Hull House na Halsted Street, e jidere ya na Nna Irwin St. John Tucker na mmadụ 19 ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slug&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Women help slug police; bullets fly|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-1500-idle-riot-around-h/131031977/|accessdate=September 1, 2023|work=Chicago Daily Tribune|date=January 18, 1915|pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia gasịrị na 1917, Parsons gara n'ihu na ọchịchị Kọmunist. O mechara degara Carl Nold akwụkwọ na ndị Kọmunist bụ &quot;naanị ụyọkọ na-eme ngagharị iwe siri ike megide ọnọdụ ọjọọ dị ugbu a!&quot; ma kwaa arịrị na &quot;ọchịchị anarchism bụ okwu nwụrụ anwụ na ndụ America taa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 253 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;453&amp;#x200A; :: 254  Ọ sonyeere International Labor Defense na 1930, ọ gwara ọtụtụ puku mmadụ okwu na May Day (International Workers' Day) ihe omume na Ashland Auditorium na Chicago, na-ekwu okwu nke e bipụtara ọzọ na Hearings Before a Special Committee to Investigate Communist Activities na US. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 253 &lt;ref name=&quot;Zandy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Floyd|author=Zandy|first=Janet|title=Becoming visible: Women's presence in late nineteenth-century America|date=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-420-2978-1|pages=41–62|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789042029781_004|chapter=Dangerous working-class women: Mother Jones, Lucy Parsons, and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn|doi=10.1163/9789042029781_004}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 55 N'ịga n'ihu na asọmpi ha, Emma Goldman katọrọ ya maka ịwụli elu site n'otu ihe kpatara mgbanwe gaa na nke ọzọ. Parsons mechara sonye na Communist Party na 1939. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 516 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 261 : 261 

Parsons nwere Ọrịa pleurisy na 1932, na-agbake nke ọma iji gaa Chicago World's Fair n'afọ sochirinụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 254  Ọ nwere nkụda mmụọ banyere òtù anarchist nke US, na-atụle ọdịda ya na ndị enyi dị ka Nord, ma ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ya, na-akwado ihe ịma aka maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi na ikpe gbasara Angelo Herndon, Tom Mooney na Scottsboro Boys.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 256-258  Ọ kpuru ìsì, nweta ezumike nká ma biri na ịda ogbenye na Avondale na North Troy Street na ọbá akwụkwọ nke ihe dị ka akwụkwọ 3,000 nke gosipụtara ọrụ nke ndị Socialist French, Victor Hugo, Jack London, Marx na Engels, Rousseau, [[Leo Tolstoy]] na Voltaire. &lt;ref name=&quot;BP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=(1886) Lucy Parsons, 'I am an anarchist'|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1886-lucy-parsons-i-am-anarchist/|work=BlackPast.org|accessdate=June 5, 2023|date=January 28, 2007|archivedate=May 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526231628/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1886-lucy-parsons-i-am-anarchist/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 453 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 262 : 262 

== Ọnwụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Grave_of_Lucy_Parsons_1may2015_by_IWPCHI.jpg|alt=Red roses on simple headstone which reads LUCY PARSONS 1859–1942|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ili Parsons na German Waldheim Cemetery na Forest Park, Illinois]]
N’ụbọchị ikpeazụ ya na Mee 1941, Parsons sonyeere Kọmitii Na-ahazi Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo dị ka onye ọbịa nri. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 91, ọ nwụrụ n'ọkụ ụlọ na March 7, 1942. [D] Onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge bụ George Markstall na-arịa ọrịa nke ukwuu ịhụ ka ụlọ ahụ na-ere ọkụ ma enweghị ike ịzọpụta ya; ọ nwụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya n'echi ya.[1] : :  263   Ọ gwara Ben Reitman ka o hazie olili ya wee dee akwụkwọ ikike na 1938, hapụ ụlọ Markstall na Pioneer Aid and Support Association mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ ka e rere ụlọ ahụ $800 na 1943. [1]: 263, 265, 266 Ọkụ ahụ bibiri ọbá akwụkwọ ya, ma akwụkwọ ndị ahụ emebighị; Mgbe otu enyi ya gara ịgbalị inweta akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, a gwara ya na ha bụ adịgboroja. Ndị uwe ojii nọ n’ọ́bá akwụkwọ ahụ gakwuuru ya gwa ya na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchọpụta Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha (FBI) ejidela ha. Ndị FBI jụrụ itinye aka na akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, mgbe Reitman laghachiri Chicago Red Squad, a gwara ya na ndị FBI nwere ha; eweghachighị akwụkwọ ndị ahụ.[1] : 263, 266 Afọ mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ, William Morris 'A na-etinye akara ngosi nke mgbanwe maka ire ere, na-ebu nraranye &quot;To Lucy E. Parsons, nke William Morris, Nov. 15th 1888&quot; na stampụ sitere na Library nke Congress na FBI.

Mmadụ 300 bịara emume akwụkwọ maka Parsons na Markstall na Machị 12. Reitman kwuru, na-akpọ ya &quot;nke ikpeazụ n'ime dinosaurs, otu ndị Chicago Anarchists nwere obi ike.&quot; E liri Parsons na German Waldheim Cemetery na Forest Park, Illinois, n'Haymarket Martyrs Monument ebe e liri di ya. E liri Voltairine nke Cleyre, Emma Goldman, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-eme ọnụ iwe n'ebe ahụ.[1] : 283 : 283
 
Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe nke Parsons bụ [[Elizabeth Gurley Flynn]] chetara ya dị ka ọkà okwu na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na onye na-eme mgbanwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 265  Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Ruth Kinna kwuru n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2020 Great Anarchists na a na-akpọ Parsons n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka nwunye Albert Parsons, ma ọ bụ n'ezie &quot;onye edemede nwere nkà, ọkà okwu na onye nhazi n'onwe ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kinna&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kinna|first=Ruth|title=Great Anarchists|publisher=Active Distribution and Dog Section Press|pages=90–100|location=Bristol; London|isbn=9781916036567|chapter=Lucy Parsons|date=November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 91 Ruo mgbe Ashbaugh dere akụkọ ndụ ya n'afọ 1976, a na-ekwukarị na Parsons n'ihe odide ala ala: n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, akụkọ banyere ọrụ ya amụbaala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guy-Sheftall&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Guy-Sheftall|first=Beverly|title=Black women's studies: The interface of women's studies and black studies|journal=Phylon|date=1992|volume=49|issue=1/2|pages=33–41|doi=10.2307/3132615|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3132615|issn=0031-8906|accessdate=June 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù dị iche iche na-akwado aka ekpe ekwuola na ọ bụ onye isi ma kpọọ ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta onwe ya na Boston aha ya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Sims&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sims|first=Anna|title=The rise of socialism in Boston|url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2019/02/22/boston-socialism/|accessdate=June 9, 2023|work=Boston Magazine|date=February 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Gale Ahrens, Mary Condé, na Robin Kelley akatọọla okwu Parsons na-agbasi mbọ ike na mgba nke ndị Africa America, na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ọ dị ka ndị ọrụ bilie megide ndị were ha n'ọrụ, karịa mkpa maka ịha nhata. Otu ihe kpatara ya bụ na, ebe ọ bụ na ọ gọnahụrụ ihe nketa ojii nke ya, o lekwasịrị anya na ide nke otu ahụ.[1][2] : 70 N'ihi ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na onye isi ojii Chicago mgbe ahụ Ida Wells-Barnett, ma ọ bụ National Association of Colored Women na National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.[3][4] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme lekwasịrị anya na njụta Parsons jụrụ usoro USB, ebe n'oge ahụ, akara ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na Albert Parsons dere, sị: &quot;A na-akpọ anyị ndị Kọmunist, ma ọ bụ ndị Socialist, ma ọ bụ Anarchists. Anyị na-anabata usoro ndị ahụ niile. &quot;[5]

Obodo Chicago guzobere ihe ịrịba ama akụkọ ihe mere eme a raara nye Parsons na di ya na 1997 n'ebe ụlọ ha dị, 1908 North Mohawk Street, na mpaghara Old Town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Albert and Lucy Parsons Historical Marker|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=261151|accessdate=January 28, 2025|work=www.hmdb.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpaghara Chicago Park kpọrọ obere ebe dị na Belmont Avenue ogige &quot;Lucy Ella Gonzales Parsons&quot; n'afọ 2004, mkpebi nke Fraternal Order of Police megidere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shone&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shone|first=Steve J.|title=American anarchism|date=2013|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-25195-3|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 62 N'afọ 2022, a kpọrọ ụlọ ọhụrụ na Logan Square, Chicago nke nwere pasent 100 dị ọnụ ala Lucy Gonzalez Parsons Apartments.&lt;ref name=&quot;BCC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2022/05/20/all-affordable-logan-square-apartment-complex-opens-after-years-of-planning-this-is-nothing-less-than-a-day-of-resurrection/|title=All-affordable Logan Square apartment complex opens after years of planning: 'This is nothing less than a day of resurrection'|first=Quinn|author=Myers|date=May 20, 2022|accessdate=August 12, 2022|archivedate=July 26, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726210530/https://blockclubchicago.org/2022/05/20/all-affordable-logan-square-apartment-complex-opens-after-years-of-planning-this-is-nothing-less-than-a-day-of-resurrection/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Parsons|first=Lucy E.|editor=Ahrens|title=Lucy Parsons: Freedom, equality and solidarity – writings and speeches, 1878–1937|year=2004|publisher=Charles H. Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0882863009}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Parsons|title=The famous speeches of the eight Chicago anarchists in court: When asked if they had anything to say why sentence of death should not be passed upon them - October 7, 8, and 9, 1886|date=1910|publisher=Lucy E. Parsons|location=Chicago|oclc=21042544}}
* {{Cite book|author=Parsons|first=Lucy|title=Life of Albert R. Parsons, with brief history of the labor movement in America|date=1889|publisher=L.E. Parsons|location=Chicago|oclc=1048339877}}

== Ihe edeturu ==

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 
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      <text bytes="50894" sha1="8tgzv09a99uim1izjpnvcqyk3o8x3ro" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Lucy Parsons.1920.jpg|thumb|Lucy Parsons]]
 

Lucy E. Parsons (c. - Maachị 7, 1942) bụ onye America socialist anarchist na emesia anarcho-communist, nke amara nke ọma n'oge ndụ ya ogologo maka okwu na edemede ya. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Industrial Workers of the World. Enwere ụdị dị iche iche nke ndụ nwata Parsons: ya onwe ya kwuru na ya sitere na Mexico na American Indian; ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kwenyere na a mụrụ ya n'aka onye Africa-American nwere ohu, ikekwe na Virginia, wee lụọ nwoke ojii nweere onwe ya na Texas. Ọ zutere onye mkpochapụ Albert Parsons na Waco, Texas, ma ekwuru na ọ lụrụ ya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị ndekọ ahụghị. Ha kwagara Chicago ọnụ na ngwụsị 1873 na echiche ya sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ mmegide ime ihe ike nke ndị ọrụ na Chicago Railroad Strike nke 1877. Ọ rụrụ ụka maka nzukọ ọrụ na mgba otu, na-ede akụkọ na-ese okwu na-ekwu okwu na ihe omume. Ọ sonyeere United States Labour Union ma mesịa ghọọ Knights of Labour, na enyi ya Lizzie Swank na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ tọrọ ntọala Chicago Working Women's Union.

Parsons nwere ụmụ abụọ wee rụọ ọrụ na Chicago dị ka akwa akwa, na-ere ụlọ nke ya. Mgbe e gbuchara di ya na 1887 mgbe a mara ya ikpe na ọ bụ onye ndu na Haymarket Riots, ọ bịara mara ụwa niile dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu anarchist, na-eme njem ugboro ugboro n'ofe United States ma na-eleta England. O dere edemede ma dezie akwụkwọ ndị na-akpa ike. Enyemaka na nkwado ndị ọsụ ụzọ kwadoro ya n'ụzọ ego wee dee Life of Albert R. Parsons site n'enyemaka nke Martin Lacher. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochiri Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia nke 1917, Parsons nọgidere na-abụ onye Kọmunist. Ndị uwe ojii Chicago weere ya dị ka onye agha dị ize ndụ ma na-egbochikarị ya ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha. Ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye toro eto, na-emegide onye anarchist Emma Goldman maka ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ha na ihe ịma aka nke ikpe ziri ezi na ikpe nke Angelo Herndon, Tom Mooney, na Scottsboro Boys. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọkụ ụlọ na March 7, 1942. Onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ bụ George Markstall nọ na olili ozu ahụ wee hụ ụlọ ahụ na-ere ọkụ ma o nweghị ike ịzọpụta ya; ọ nwụrụ n’echi ya. E liri ya na ebe a na-eli ozu Waldheim German, ebe ncheta Haymarket Martyrs dị. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, a maara Parsons dị ka Albert Parsons, ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mgbe mmadụ abụọ dị ndụ na-echeta ihe ndị ọ rụzuru. Mpaghara Chicago Park kpọrọ okporo ụzọ dị na Belmont Avenue aha ya na 2004.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Amachaghị ihe gbasara ndụ nwata Parsons. [A] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Caroline Ashbaugh na-ekwu na ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ kwenyere na Parsons bụ ohu na 1849 na a na-akpọ ya Lucy Gathings; N'ime ndụ ya niile, Parsons jikwa aha nna Carter, Diaz, Gonzalez na Hull. [1]: 11, 12 E nwere ihe ndekọ dị iche iche nke aha etiti Parsons; ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Philip S. Foner nyere ya dị ka Eldine, na mgbe e mesịrị nke nwa ya nwanyị Ella.[2] :: 267  Parsons n'onwe ya nyere akụkọ dị iche iche banyere ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ.[2] : : 268  Ọ gọrọ agọ na ọ bụ onye Afrịka wee kwuo na ya nwere nne na nna Mexico na American India, na-atụgharị n'etiti ha abụọ. Mgbe ihe omume ndị butere ọnwụ ya mere ka a mara ya, akwụkwọ ndekọ ahụike na-agụnye ihe nketa Texas ya mana o deghị aha ya n'ezie.[3][4] Otu echiche bụ na ọ lụrụ na Texas na Marie del Gather (nke sitere na Spanish-Mexica) na John Waller, onye bụ onye Muscogee.[5] Akụkọ ya na American National Biography na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ịbụ nwa Pedro Díaz González, onye nyere ya Marie. Ọ bụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a ole na ole kwuru banyere usoro ọmụmụ ya.[6][5]

N'akwụkwọ akụkọ onwe ya, Pasons, onye akụkọ ihe mere eme ọha na eze Jacqueline Jones na-ekwu na e rere ya dị ka ohu na Virginia na 1863 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, na onye nwe ya, Thomas J. Taliaferro, kpọọrọ ya na nne ya na nwanne ya na McLennan County, Texas. N’ihi ya, a kpọrọ ya Lucia; ọ kwagara Waco, Texas, ebe a na-egosi ndị mmadụ na-aga n'ihu na ndụ ha gara aga dị ka ndị ohu ma ọ bụ ndị agha Confederate. Ya na ya “biri” (ma o doro anya na ọ lụọla) nwoke ojii aha ya bụ Oliver Benton, nke a maara dị ka Oliver Gathings n'ihi na e nyere ndị ohu aha ikpeazụ nke ndị nwe ha. Ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ 35 ma ọ bụ 36 mana ọ dị iche iche 16 ma ọ bụ 17. Benton nwetara $1.50 kwa ule maka ngwaọrụ ya na-ebu akwụkwọ ojii n'osimiri ahụ, ọ pụkwara ịbụ na ọ nwere nwatakịrị nwụrụ anwụ.[1] Ashbaugh na-atụ aro na Parsons bụ (dị ka Benton) bụbu ohu nke ezinụlọ Gathings, ebe Philip Gathings nwere nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Lucy na 1849 ma rụọ ọrụ ahụ n'aha Parsons. Ọ bụ ebe a na-edobe ụfọdụ ndị ohu, ezinụlọ Gathings nwekwara ụmụ ndị ohu na 1860 bụ ndị ga-anọrịrị n'afọ Parsons.[2] : 267 : 267

Mgbe ọ nọ na Waco, Lucy zutere Albert Parsons. Ọ bụ nwoke nke bụbu onye agha Confederate nke agha obodo America na onye Radical Republican bụ onye na-akwado ụda olu maka ikike ndị isi ojii; a gbagburu ya n’ụkwụ maka inyere ndị ojii aka ịdebanye aha ịtụ vootu. A kwenyere na ha alụrụla di na nwunye kemgbe oge ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[1] : 13-14 E kwuru na ha zutere na Austin na 1872, ọ gwakwara Dictionary of American Biography for Albert's state na ha lụrụ na June 10, 1871. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Lucie C. Price kwuru na Parsons bụ ohu ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nke Parsons na ọ bụ ya dere akụkọ ahụ. : 12, 461 Ashbaugh siri ọnwụ na ọ ga-esiri ha ike ịlụ di na nwunye n'otu ụzọ ahụ, mana di na nwunye na di ya na nwunye ya bụ otu ihe, ebe Lucy na-akpọ aha ikpeazụ Parsons.[1] :  13–14 : 13–14

Lucy na Albert Parsons kwagara Chicago na ngwụcha afọ 1873. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 15 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 15 Obodo mmepụta ihe na-eto ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 3: A local war|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ biri n'ụlọ ndị ogbenye na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu Larrabee Street na North Avenue na North Side.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 16 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt; Albert Parsons rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-Ebe Ugwu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na Lucy Parsons nwetara ego dị ka onye ịkwa akwa. Di na nwunye ahụ sonyere na Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America, mgbe e mesịrị na Workingmen'S Party of the United States. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 17 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt; Parsons gosikwara njikere ya iguzo maka ikike ya site n'ịkpọrọ ndị ọcha ugboro abụọ gaa n'ụlọ ikpe na 1875, n'ihi ụgwọ a na-akwụghị ụgwọ na nsogbu ndị agbata obi, n'otu n'otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe Ọgbaghara ụgbọ okporo ígwè Chicago nke 18757 mere dị ka akụkụ nke Great Upheaval, Albert Parsons na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ibe ya Philip Van Patten na George Schilling gwara ìgwè mmadụ 25,000 okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 20, 21 A chụpụrụ ya n'ọrụ ya na Chicago Times ma tinye ya na Ndepụta ojii; ndị ikom abụọ a na-amaghị ama tinyere égbè n'isi ya mgbe ọ gara ''Chicago Tribune'' ịrịọ maka ọrụ. : 31, 32 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 3: A local war|edition=e-book}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJones2017&quot;&gt;Jones, Jacqueline (2017). &quot;Chapter 3: A local war&quot;. ''Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical'' (e-book&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York NY: Basic Books. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9726-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-9726-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A manyere Lucy Parsons inweta ọrụ iji kwado ezinụlọ ya wee malite ụlọ ahịa na-ere uwe na uwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 25 Ọ gbasaa azụmahịa ahụ n'ime Parsons &amp; Co., Manufacturers of Ladies' and Children's Clothing, na-emeghe ebe ọrụ na 306 Mohawk Street ma na-ewe onye mmekọ ya ugbu a na-edepụtaghị aha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 4: Farewell to the ballot box|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ mbụ Parsons bipụtara bụ akwụkwọ ozi o degaara onye nchịkọta akụkọ The Socialist banyere agụụ na ịda ogbenye nke ndị ọrụ. Ọ malitere nkuzi mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa ya nwokeg, Albert Parsons Jr., na Septemba 1879 (na akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ya o depụtara aha nwa agbọghọ ya dị ka Carter na Virginia dịka ebe ọmụmụ ya). [1]: 30 [2] Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Parsons na-agbanwe, o kpebiri na nsogbu nke ya adịghị mkpa ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị otu òtù ọha na eze nwere ike ime mgbanwe. Ọ bụ onye agha karịa onye òtù ọlụlụ ya, na-eme mkpọsa megide votu ahụ n'oge a na-enyeghị ya ikike ime otú ahụ n'onwe ya. [1]: 32, 39 [3] Ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara banyere ọgba aghara ahụ e mere na 1877 kụziiri ya na ndị ọrụ na-esikwu ike mgbe ha jikọrọ aka. [4] Ọ zụlitere echiche anarchist ya, bụ nke kwadoro ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kwadoro ịgbachitere onwe ya megide ime ihe ike agbụrụ, ma kpọọ oku maka mgba megide okpukpe. [5]: 92, 96 O nyeere aka chọta Chicago Working Women's Union (WWU) na ụmụ nwanyị dịka Elizabeth Chambers Morgan, Elizabeth Flynn Rodgers, Alzina Stevens, na Lizzie Swank wee gaa nzukọ n'oge ime ime ya, n'oge a na-atụ anya ka ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'ụlọ mgbe ha na-amụ nwa. Swank ghọrọ ezigbo enyi Parsons, ma ozugbo ndị Knights of Labour kpebiri ịnakwere ụmụ nwanyị, ha abụọ sonyeere.[1] : 34 WWU gbara ụmụnwaanyị ume ka ha sonye n'otu ndị ọrụ ma kwalite ụbọchị awa asatọ. [2][7]

Na Eprel 20, 1881, Parsons mụrụ nwa ya nke abụọ, Lulu Eda, onye nwụrụ site na lymphedema mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ.:: 41 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;451&amp;#x200A; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;: 41 N'afọ 1883, onye nnupụisi anarchist Johann Most gara Chicago wee zute ezinụlọ Parsons. : 43 N'ọnwa Nọvemba, Albert Parsons guzobere American Group of Chicago dị ka ngalaba mpaghara nke International Working People's Association (IWPA). Lucy gara nzukọ, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụlọ ya, na-azụlite ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka ekpe ya. Mgbe IWPA bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ siri ike The Alarm na 1884, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi nyere aka, na-ekwu na ime ihe ike bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na ọgụ nke ndị otu ọrụ bụ ihe na-akpali mgbanwe ahụ. O dere ederede nke gụnyere &quot;Mmalite anyị. Ọ bara uru ịzọpụta?&quot;, &quot;Nwatakịrị ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe ọjọọ ha gosipụtara na nnapụta ha chọrọ&quot; na &quot;The negro. Ka ọ hapụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nye onye ndọrọ ọchịchị ma kpegara onye nkwusa ekpere&quot;. : 99 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 54, 57, 63, 64, 99 E bipụtara edemede ya &quot;Nye ndị na-enweghị ọrụ, ndị a napụrụ ihe nketa na ndị nhụsianya&quot; site na The Alarm ma ree ihe karịrị 10,000 n'etiti Mee na Nọvemba 1885. :: 135  N'otu afọ ahụ, Parsons bipụtara &quot;Dynamite! Nanị olu ndị mmegbu nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta&quot; na Denver Labor Enquirer, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke nkwalite nke mgbasa ozi nke omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 56 Na Eprel 28, 1885, Parsons na Lizzie Holmes (née Swank) duziri ngagharị iwe IWPA iji mee ngagharị iwe n'èzí oriri na Board of Trade Building, nke e wuru ọhụrụ na ọnụahịa nke $ 2 nde.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 59 :: 146  N'oge a, Parsons na onye mmekọ ya na-agwakarị ìgwè mmadụ 1,000 ruo 5,000 na Sunday n'ikperé mmiri nke Lake Michigan. Onye na-ahazi ọrụ Mother Jones gara ma chee na okwu ndị ahụ kwadoro ime ihe ike dị ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 60 : 60 

Na Mee 5, ụbọchị mgbe bọmbụ ahụ gasịrị, Lucy Parsons nọ n'ọfịs nke ''Arbeiter-Zeitung'' mgbe ndị uwe ojii wakporo ya n'enweghị akwụkwọ ikike ịchọ ya. Ha jidere ndị ọrụ niile gụnyere Parsons, onye otu onye uwe ojii kpọrọ &quot;nwaanyị ojii&quot;; a tọhapụrụ ya n'ebughị ebubo ebe ọ bụ na ndị uwe ojii nwere olileanya na ọ ga-eduga ha na onye mmekọ ya. N'ime ọnwa isii sochirinụ, e jidere ya obere oge ọtụtụ ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 226-227 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;: E jidere mmadụ iri asatọ na otu ma mee nnyocha iwu na-akwadoghị na Julius S. Grinnell, onye ọka iwu Illinois nke ga-aga n'ihu na-ekpe ikpe ahụ, kwuru &quot;Bido mee ka mwakpo ahụ leba anya n'iwu mgbe e mesịrị&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 84 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lucy Parsons kwuru na Denver Labor Enquirer mwakpo ahụ buru ibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 85 Otu nnukwu ndị ọka ikpe mara ebubo megide ndị ikom 31 na Mee 27, gụnyere ebubo igbu ọchụ megide mmadụ iri, ndị na-akwado mgbasa ozi site na omume ahụ (gụnyere Lucy Parsons na Lizzie Holmes) ebughị ebubo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 83, 84, 87 : 83, 84, 87 

Àgwà nke ndị ọrụ US n'ebe ndị a na-ebo ebubo nọ dị mgbagwoju anya, na ụfọdụ ndị agha na-ekwupụta nkwado na ndị ọzọ na-echegbu onwe ha maka ọnwụ nke ndụ na square.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 88 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Albert nọ na nzuzo, o degaara Lucy Parsons akwụkwọ ozi na-arịọ ya ka ya na ọkàiwu William P. Black kwurịta okwu ma kwurịta ọnọdụ nke inyefe onwe ya. Black gbara ya ume ka ọ kpọbata ya n'ụlọ ikpe, na-ekwere na ohere dị nta maka ikpe. Onye isi enyemaka ya William A. Foster ekwenyeghị, na-eche na ọ ka mma na Parsons nọgidere na-enwere onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 252, 254, 255 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 90 N'ụbọchị mbụ nke ikpe, Albert Parsons pụtara mgbe ya na Lucy nọrọ awa ole na ole ma nyefee onwe ya n'aka Onyeikpe Joseph Gary. : 90, 91 Mgbasa mgbasa ozi na-emegide ndị anarchist siri ike, na ''Chicago Tribune'' na-akpọ maka ogbugbu na akwụkwọ akụkọ Texas na-eleghachi anya na ihe ihere nke Parsons na-ahapụ alụmdi na nwunye ya na Oliver Benton maka Albert. The Waco Day bụ isi akụkọ &quot;Beast Parsons: mkparị na-ezighị ezi site na ụfọdụ omume ọma nke ọ na-ezo na ya; onye na-agwakọta agbụrụ, onye ogbu mmadụ, onye omekome, onye osisi na-echere&quot;. Na nzaghachi, Parsons gara leta onye ya na ya nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na onye nta akụkọ si na Tribune ma kwuo na ya na nwunye Benton nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya mana na ọ bụ onye dị iche na Lucy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 86, 87 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot; /&gt;

Lucy Parsons gara ụbọchị ọ bụla nke ikpe ahụ ma nọrọ ebe ahụ mgbe a mara onye mmekọ ya, George Engel, Samuel Fielden, Adolph Fischer, Louis Lingg, Michael Schwab na August Spies ikpe Ọnwụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o mere njem nkuzi izu asaa iji nweta ego maka ndị a na-ebo ebubo; ọ gwara ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 okwu n'ebe ndị dị ka Cincinnati, New York na Philadelphia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 297, 298 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:: 108 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;105&amp;#x200A; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJones2017&quot;&gt;Jones, Jacqueline (2017). &quot;Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio&quot;. ''Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical'' (e-book&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York NY: Basic Books. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9726-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-9726-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 8: The dusky goddess of anarchy speaks her mind|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na New Haven, Connecticut, o kwuru &quot;Ị nwere ike ịtụ anya na m ga-agbapụta nnukwu ire ọkụ nke dynamite ma jiri bọmbụ guzo n'ihu gị n'aka m. Ọ bụrụ na enwere nkụda mmụọ, ị nwere naanị ndị nta akụkọ nke isi obodo iji kelee ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 108 Ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Thomas J. Morgan kwurịtara okwu na nzukọ na Sheffield, Indiana, nke dị n'ofe akara steeti site na Illinois, nke mere na ndị uwe ojii Chicago enweghị ike ịkwụsị ihe omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; :: 306  Na Columbus, Ohio, e gbochiri ya ikwu okwu ma zigara ya n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Franklin County.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 113  Mgbe ọ na-adịghị akụzi ihe, Parsons ga-eleta onye ibe ya nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, na-akpọrọ ụmụaka ahụ. Ọ kwụsịrị ụlọ ahịa ịkwa ákwà ya ma manye ezinụlọ ahụ ịpụ n'ụlọ ha dị n'okporo ámá Indiana gaa na nke ọzọ dị na Milwaukee Avenue.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; :: 323  Mgbe a mara ọkwa ikpe ọnwụ ya, Albert Parsons degaara nwunye ya akwụkwọ ozi &quot;Enwere m otu arịrịọ ka m mee gị: Emeghị ihe ngwa ngwa n'onwe gị mgbe m hapụrụ, mana were nnukwu ihe kpatara Socialism ebe a manyere m ịtọ ya. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt;:: 322  E guzobere Amnesty Association ma mee ihe iji zọpụta Albert Parsons na ndị ikom isii ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọnụ ọnwụ; Lucy Parsons jiri oge ya na-anakọta ego na ịbịanye aka n'okporo ámá, na mkpọsa iji gbanwee ikpe ahụ ọbụna site na Melville onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Chicago News, onye nchịkọta akụkọ Daily, onye a mara ndị ahụ, onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Chicago, onye na-akwado ọbụna dị ka Melville News, onye na mbụ, : 337, 338 : 337, 338 

Na Thursday November 10, Gọvanọ Illinois Richard J. Oglesby mara ọkwa na a ga-egbu Parsons na mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ n'echi ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 138 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;134&amp;#x200A; N'ụtụtụ echi ya, Lucy Parsons kpọọrọ ụmụaka ahụ hụ ya maka oge ikpeazụ, ya na Lizzie Holmes. A na-egbochi ya ịbanye n'ụlọ mkpọrọ site na eriri ndị uwe ojii ma mgbe ọ nwara ịgafe ya, e jidere ìgwè ahụ ma kpọga ha n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Chicago Avenue ebe a chọtara ha maka bọmbụ ma jide ha ruo elekere 15:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 396 , 387 E bugara igbe ozu nke Albert Parsons n'ụlọ ahịa Lucy Parsons, ebe ihe karịrị mmadụ 10,000 bịara ịsọpụrụ n'otu ụbọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 138 Ngụkọta nke mmadụ dị n'agbata 10,000 na 15,000 bịara olili ozu na Sunday, November 13; Parsons gara n'azụ igbe ozu ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 396 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 138, 140 Afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị, o dezigharịrị ma bipụta The famous speeches of the eight Chicago anarchists in court nke rere ihe karịrị 10,000 n'ime ọnwa 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gabriel&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gabriel|first=Elun|title=Performing persecution: Witnessing and martyrdom in the anarchist tradition|journal=Radical History Review|date=May 1, 2007|volume=2007|issue=98|pages=34–62|doi=10.1215/01636545-2006-026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:1886_Photo_Lucy_Parsons.jpg|alt=Three quarter length photograph of standing woman in striped dress|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto nke Parsons e sere na 1886]]
Mgbe emesịrị olili ozu nke onye mmekọ ya, Parsons gara n'ihu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Òtù Pioneer Aid and Support Association nyere ya ego enyemaka nke $ 12 kwa izu ma na Machị 1888 ọ gara East Coast na-ekwu okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 159 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;156&amp;#x200A;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;155&amp;#x200A; N'oge ntuli aka onye isi obodo Chicago nke 1887, Parsons kwadoro onye United Labor Party megide onye mmeri, [[Republican Party (United States)|Onye Republican]] John A. Roche. Roche haziri asọmpi ahụ dị ka agha dị n'etiti ọkọlọtọ US na ọkọlọtọ nke anarchism na ọchịchị Kọmunist, mgbe e mesịrị gbalịa machibido iji ọkọlọtọ na-acha ọbara ọbara na nzukọ ndị aka ekpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 121  &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Parsons malitere ịrụ ọrụ na akụkọ ndụ nke o mechara bipụta dị ka The Life of Albert R. Parsons . Martin Lacher, nwa okorobịa German nke ya na ya biri site na 1889 gaa n'ihu ma mesịa ghọọ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya nyeere ya aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 156 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1888, ọ gara London, ebe ọ zutere ndị anarchist Peter Kropotkin na William Morris wee gaa na Tower of London na Westminster Abbey na Jane Morris. Ọ gwara ndị Socialist League okwu ma kwenyeghị na Annie Besant, onye ndú nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, n'ihe gbasara ime ihe ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 159 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Mgbe o ji ụgbọ mmiri laghachi na New York City, otu onye nta akụkọ gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ wee kwuo na ọ na-alụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị German [[Eduard Bernstein]]. Ndị anarchist nke oge Parsons dị ka Justus Schwab katọrọ akụkọ ahụ ma ọ gọnahụrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 10: The widow Parsons sets her course|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Parsons laghachiri Chicago na 1889, nzukọ ọhụrụ a kpọrọ Albert R. Parsons nke Knights of Labor kpọsara okwu na-abịa site n'aka ya nke akpọrọ Review of the Labor Movement in Europe. Onye isi ndị uwe ojii Chicago George W. Hubbard kpebiri ịkwụsị ihe omume ahụ ma n'ụbọchị ahụ n'onwe ya, e jidere Lacher na nwoke ọzọ ka ha na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ikike Parsons nwere ikwu okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 161,: 183 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;182&amp;#x200A; Hubbard kwupụtara na &quot;ọ pụghị ikwu okwu na Chicago&quot; ma kwụsị ihe omume na-eme ugboro ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 10: The widow Parsons sets her course|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Parsons bipụtara The Life of Albert R. Parsons na okwu mbido nke George Schilling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 175  Na Nọvemba 1890, a gbochiri Johann Most, Parsons na Hugh O. Pentikọst ikwu okwu na Newark, New Jersey mgbe ndị uwe ojii mechiri ụlọ nzukọ ahụ. Parsons gbalịrị ikwu okwu n'okporo ámá: e jidere ya ma boo ya ebubo na ọ na-ịkpali ọgba aghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 182 Ọ dezigharịrị Freedom akwụkwọ akụkọ anarchist-communist kwa ọnwa site na 1891 gaa n'ihu &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;:: 449  &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 183 ma wuo ụlọ na 999 Hammond Avenue, mgbe e mesịrị North Troy Street[C] na Avondale.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù Pioneer Aid and Support Association nyeere ya aka n'ụzọ ego, mana ụfọdụ ndị otu ahụ malitere iwe maka mkpa ego ya, na-azọrọ na ọ ka na-azọ ụgwọ iji kwado nwa ya nwanyị, onye nwụrụ anwụ. Mmekọrịta ya na Lacher bụ ihe arụmụka ebe ọ bụ na ọ nọgidere na-alụ onye ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke a, a malitere ịhụ di na nwunye ahụ ọnụ n'ihu ọha ruo mgbe mmekọrịta ha kwụsịrị ma ha gara ụlọ ikpe. Parsons boro Lacher ebubo na ọ na-eji anyụike wakpo ihe onwunwe ezinụlọ ya. O kwetara na ya mebiri arịa ụlọ ahụ mana o kwuru na ọ bụ nke ya ma kwụọ ya $ 25 na ego maka omume aghara aghara. O kwukwara na o dere ọtụtụ n'ime Life of Albert R. Parsons . [1] : 178, 179 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Parsons jiri ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Freedom wakpo Lacher, na-azọrọ na o zuru ego n'aka otu ìgwè dị n'ógbè ahụ ma na-achọ ịbọ ọbọ megide ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt;

Ka Parsons na-etolite, e nwere ihe omume iji mee ememe ncheta nke Haymarket na ndị uwe ojii nọgidere na-akwụsị ya ikwu okwu na nzukọ ndị a na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 412, 413 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:: 197 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;198&amp;#x200A; Mgbe onye anarchist Alexander Berkman nwara igbu onye mmepụta ihe Henry Clay Frick na 1892, Parsons dere na Freedom &quot;N'akụkụ anyị anyị, anyị nwere naanị mmasị kachasị ukwuu maka dike dị ka Berkman&quot; ma ọ kwadoro ndị enyi ya Henry Bauer na [[Carl Nold]] bụ ndị e jidere maka ebubo nkata aghụghọ n'agbanyeghị na ha etinyeghị aka. A mara Berkman ikpe afọ iri abụọ na abụọ ma nye Nold na Bauer afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 184, 185 N'afọ 1893, Parsons sooro onye isi obodo kwurịta okwu na ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ katụghị ya ikpe, wee gaa n'ihu ma kwuo ozugbo na onye isi obodo ahụ abụghị onye ka mma karịa eze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 192, 193 N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1896, ụlọ ya gbara ọkụ ma mebie akwụkwọ ya, ọ bụ ezie na o mechara ree akwụkwọ Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Scientific Basis na The Life of Albert R. Parsons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 197 

Parsons dọtara mmasị na ọrụ nke Social Democracy of America, nke Eugene V. Debs duziri, wee zute Emma Goldman site na otu ahụ na 1897. Ọ bụ ezie na Goldman na-akwalite Ịhụnanya n'efu, nnwere onwe maka ụmụ nwanyị na nnwere onwe nke onye ọ bụla, Parsons (n'agbanyeghị inwe mmekọahụ na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na ndụ onwe ya) kwadoro ịlụ otu nwanyị, alụmdi na ụba na ịbụ nne n'ihu ọha, ọ ka kwenyere na ọ bụ isi nke ọgụ nke ndị ọrụ n'ozuzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 200, 201 N'oge ahụ, Goldman, Parsons na Louise Michel so n'ime obere ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị ndị a ma ama n'ụwa niile dị ka ndị anarchist na ndị ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bantman&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bantman|first=Constance|title=Louise Michel's London years: A political reassessment (1890–1905)|journal=Women's History Review|date=2017|volume=26|issue=6|pages=994–1012|doi=10.1080/09612025.2017.1294393}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Oscar Rotter dere banyere ịhụnanya n'efu na mbibi nke mmekọrịta ihe onwunwe na akwụkwọ akụkọ anarchist Free Society, Parsons ji iwe zaghachi na nkwado nke otu nwanyị na nke a dugara na esemokwu na-adịgide adịgide na Goldman, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 203, 206 onye mere mkpesa na Parsons na-ebi ndụ site na ihe nketa nke onye ya e gburu egbu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shone&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shone|first=Steve J.|title=American anarchism|date=2013|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-25195-3|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 75 Parsons megidere ma Agha Spain na America na Agha Philippine na America; mgbe nwa ya nwoke Albert Jr. nwara ịbanye, o tinyere ya na Northern Illinois State Mental Hospital na 1899; ọ nọgidere n'ebe ahụ maka ndụ ya fọdụrụnụ, ọ nwụrụ na 1919 n'ihi ụkwara nta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 451 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 207, 208 : 207, 208 

== Afọ 1900 ==
[[Faịlụ:The_Liberator_(Chicago)_front_page_1905-09-10.png|alt=Black and white picture of front page of newspaper|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Peeji ihu nke September 10, 1905, mbipụta nke The Liberator]]
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, Parsons bụ onye nnọchi anya Chicago maka Free Society nke ndị uwe ojii bibiri ígwè obibi akwụkwọ ya mgbe ogbugbu nke Onye isi ala William McKinley gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 210, 211 N'otu afọ ahụ, onye anarchist Errico Malatesta letara Parsons ma kwuo okwu n'akụkụ onye otu ọrụ Jay Fox na picnic na Memorial Day. N'afọ 1905, Parsons guzobere ndị ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ụwa (IWW) na Eugene V. Debs, Bill Haywood na Nne Jones. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 451, 452 Ọ gara US na-ekwu okwu ma na-ere akwụkwọ nta, n'otu oge ahụ na-edezi akwụkwọ akụkọ The Liberator na The Alarm. Ndị uwe ojii na-egbochi ya ikwu okwu, ọkachasị na Chicago, ma ọ nọgidere na-akụzi ruo n'afọ 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 452, 453 N'afọ 1912, ọ kwadoro nzukọ nke guzobere Syndicalist League of North America. Ọ bụ William Z. Foster duziri ya, onye ya na Parsons nọrọ n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSHA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Parsons, Lucy|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/parsons-lucy|work=Texas state historical association (TSHA)|accessdate=June 10, 2023|archivedate=March 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328174401/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/parsons-lucy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 12: Tending the sacred flame of Haymarket|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Parsons kwuru okwu na njem agụụ na Jenụwarị 1915 na Chicago nke mechiri na mmadụ 1,500 na-enweghị ọrụ na ndị uwe ojii na-alụ ọgụ na nso Hull House na Halsted Street, e jidere ya na Nna Irwin St. John Tucker na mmadụ 19 ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slug&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Women help slug police; bullets fly|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-1500-idle-riot-around-h/131031977/|accessdate=September 1, 2023|work=Chicago Daily Tribune|date=January 18, 1915|pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia gasịrị na 1917, Parsons gara n'ihu na ọchịchị Kọmunist. O mechara degara Carl Nold akwụkwọ na ndị Kọmunist bụ &quot;naanị ụyọkọ na-eme ngagharị iwe siri ike megide ọnọdụ ọjọọ dị ugbu a!&quot; ma kwaa arịrị na &quot;ọchịchị anarchism bụ okwu nwụrụ anwụ na ndụ America taa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 253 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;453&amp;#x200A; :: 254  Ọ sonyeere International Labor Defense na 1930, ọ gwara ọtụtụ puku mmadụ okwu na May Day (International Workers' Day) ihe omume na Ashland Auditorium na Chicago, na-ekwu okwu nke e bipụtara ọzọ na Hearings Before a Special Committee to Investigate Communist Activities na US. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 253 &lt;ref name=&quot;Zandy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Floyd|author=Zandy|first=Janet|title=Becoming visible: Women's presence in late nineteenth-century America|date=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-420-2978-1|pages=41–62|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789042029781_004|chapter=Dangerous working-class women: Mother Jones, Lucy Parsons, and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn|doi=10.1163/9789042029781_004}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 55 N'ịga n'ihu na asọmpi ha, Emma Goldman katọrọ ya maka ịwụli elu site n'otu ihe kpatara mgbanwe gaa na nke ọzọ. Parsons mechara sonye na Communist Party na 1939. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 516 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 261 : 261 

Parsons nwere Ọrịa pleurisy na 1932, na-agbake nke ọma iji gaa Chicago World's Fair n'afọ sochirinụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 254  Ọ nwere nkụda mmụọ banyere òtù anarchist nke US, na-atụle ọdịda ya na ndị enyi dị ka Nord, ma ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ya, na-akwado ihe ịma aka maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi na ikpe gbasara Angelo Herndon, Tom Mooney na Scottsboro Boys.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 256-258  Ọ kpuru ìsì, nweta ezumike nká ma biri na ịda ogbenye na Avondale na North Troy Street na ọbá akwụkwọ nke ihe dị ka akwụkwọ 3,000 nke gosipụtara ọrụ nke ndị Socialist French, Victor Hugo, Jack London, Marx na Engels, Rousseau, [[Leo Tolstoy]] na Voltaire. &lt;ref name=&quot;BP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=(1886) Lucy Parsons, 'I am an anarchist'|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1886-lucy-parsons-i-am-anarchist/|work=BlackPast.org|accessdate=June 5, 2023|date=January 28, 2007|archivedate=May 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526231628/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1886-lucy-parsons-i-am-anarchist/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 453 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 262 : 262 

== Ọnwụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Grave_of_Lucy_Parsons_1may2015_by_IWPCHI.jpg|alt=Red roses on simple headstone which reads LUCY PARSONS 1859–1942|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ili Parsons na German Waldheim Cemetery na Forest Park, Illinois]]
N’ụbọchị ikpeazụ ya na Mee 1941, Parsons sonyeere Kọmitii Na-ahazi Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo dị ka onye ọbịa nri. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 91, ọ nwụrụ n'ọkụ ụlọ na March 7, 1942. [D] Onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge bụ George Markstall na-arịa ọrịa nke ukwuu ịhụ ka ụlọ ahụ na-ere ọkụ ma enweghị ike ịzọpụta ya; ọ nwụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya n'echi ya.[1] : :  263   Ọ gwara Ben Reitman ka o hazie olili ya wee dee akwụkwọ ikike na 1938, hapụ ụlọ Markstall na Pioneer Aid and Support Association mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ ka e rere ụlọ ahụ $800 na 1943. [1]: 263, 265, 266 Ọkụ ahụ bibiri ọbá akwụkwọ ya, ma akwụkwọ ndị ahụ emebighị; Mgbe otu enyi ya gara ịgbalị inweta akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, a gwara ya na ha bụ adịgboroja. Ndị uwe ojii nọ n’ọ́bá akwụkwọ ahụ gakwuuru ya gwa ya na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchọpụta Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha (FBI) ejidela ha. Ndị FBI jụrụ itinye aka na akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, mgbe Reitman laghachiri Chicago Red Squad, a gwara ya na ndị FBI nwere ha; eweghachighị akwụkwọ ndị ahụ.[1] : 263, 266 Afọ mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ, William Morris 'A na-etinye akara ngosi nke mgbanwe maka ire ere, na-ebu nraranye &quot;To Lucy E. Parsons, nke William Morris, Nov. 15th 1888&quot; na stampụ sitere na Library nke Congress na FBI.

Mmadụ 300 bịara emume akwụkwọ maka Parsons na Markstall na Machị 12. Reitman kwuru, na-akpọ ya &quot;nke ikpeazụ n'ime dinosaurs, otu ndị Chicago Anarchists nwere obi ike.&quot; E liri Parsons na German Waldheim Cemetery na Forest Park, Illinois, n'Haymarket Martyrs Monument ebe e liri di ya. E liri Voltairine nke Cleyre, Emma Goldman, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-eme ọnụ iwe n'ebe ahụ.[1] : 283 : 283
 
Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe nke Parsons bụ [[Elizabeth Gurley Flynn]] chetara ya dị ka ọkà okwu na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na onye na-eme mgbanwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 265  Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Ruth Kinna kwuru n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2020 Great Anarchists na a na-akpọ Parsons n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka nwunye Albert Parsons, ma ọ bụ n'ezie &quot;onye edemede nwere nkà, ọkà okwu na onye nhazi n'onwe ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kinna&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kinna|first=Ruth|title=Great Anarchists|publisher=Active Distribution and Dog Section Press|pages=90–100|location=Bristol; London|isbn=9781916036567|chapter=Lucy Parsons|date=November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 91 Ruo mgbe Ashbaugh dere akụkọ ndụ ya n'afọ 1976, a na-ekwukarị na Parsons n'ihe odide ala ala: n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, akụkọ banyere ọrụ ya amụbaala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guy-Sheftall&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Guy-Sheftall|first=Beverly|title=Black women's studies: The interface of women's studies and black studies|journal=Phylon|date=1992|volume=49|issue=1/2|pages=33–41|doi=10.2307/3132615|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3132615|issn=0031-8906|accessdate=June 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù dị iche iche na-akwado aka ekpe ekwuola na ọ bụ onye isi ma kpọọ ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta onwe ya na Boston aha ya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Sims&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sims|first=Anna|title=The rise of socialism in Boston|url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2019/02/22/boston-socialism/|accessdate=June 9, 2023|work=Boston Magazine|date=February 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Gale Ahrens, Mary Condé, na Robin Kelley akatọọla okwu Parsons na-agbasi mbọ ike na mgba nke ndị Africa America, na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ọ dị ka ndị ọrụ bilie megide ndị were ha n'ọrụ, karịa mkpa maka ịha nhata. Otu ihe kpatara ya bụ na, ebe ọ bụ na ọ gọnahụrụ ihe nketa ojii nke ya, o lekwasịrị anya na ide nke otu ahụ.[1][2] : 70 N'ihi ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na onye isi ojii Chicago mgbe ahụ Ida Wells-Barnett, ma ọ bụ National Association of Colored Women na National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.[3][4] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme lekwasịrị anya na njụta Parsons jụrụ usoro USB, ebe n'oge ahụ, akara ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na Albert Parsons dere, sị: &quot;A na-akpọ anyị ndị Kọmunist, ma ọ bụ ndị Socialist, ma ọ bụ Anarchists. Anyị na-anabata usoro ndị ahụ niile. &quot;[5]

Obodo Chicago guzobere ihe ịrịba ama akụkọ ihe mere eme a raara nye Parsons na di ya na 1997 n'ebe ụlọ ha dị, 1908 North Mohawk Street, na mpaghara Old Town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Albert and Lucy Parsons Historical Marker|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=261151|accessdate=January 28, 2025|work=www.hmdb.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpaghara Chicago Park kpọrọ obere ebe dị na Belmont Avenue ogige &quot;Lucy Ella Gonzales Parsons&quot; n'afọ 2004, mkpebi nke Fraternal Order of Police megidere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shone&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shone|first=Steve J.|title=American anarchism|date=2013|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-25195-3|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 62 N'afọ 2022, a kpọrọ ụlọ ọhụrụ na Logan Square, Chicago nke nwere pasent 100 dị ọnụ ala Lucy Gonzalez Parsons Apartments.&lt;ref name=&quot;BCC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2022/05/20/all-affordable-logan-square-apartment-complex-opens-after-years-of-planning-this-is-nothing-less-than-a-day-of-resurrection/|title=All-affordable Logan Square apartment complex opens after years of planning: 'This is nothing less than a day of resurrection'|first=Quinn|author=Myers|date=May 20, 2022|accessdate=August 12, 2022|archivedate=July 26, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726210530/https://blockclubchicago.org/2022/05/20/all-affordable-logan-square-apartment-complex-opens-after-years-of-planning-this-is-nothing-less-than-a-day-of-resurrection/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Parsons|first=Lucy E.|editor=Ahrens|title=Lucy Parsons: Freedom, equality and solidarity – writings and speeches, 1878–1937|year=2004|publisher=Charles H. Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0882863009}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Parsons|title=The famous speeches of the eight Chicago anarchists in court: When asked if they had anything to say why sentence of death should not be passed upon them - October 7, 8, and 9, 1886|date=1910|publisher=Lucy E. Parsons|location=Chicago|oclc=21042544}}
* {{Cite book|author=Parsons|first=Lucy|title=Life of Albert R. Parsons, with brief history of the labor movement in America|date=1889|publisher=L.E. Parsons|location=Chicago|oclc=1048339877}}

== Ihe edeturu ==

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 
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Lucy E. Parsons (c. - Maachị 7, 1942) bụ onye America socialist anarchist na emesia anarcho-communist, nke amara nke ọma n'oge ndụ ya ogologo maka okwu na edemede ya. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Industrial Workers of the World. Enwere ụdị dị iche iche nke ndụ nwata Parsons: ya onwe ya kwuru na ya sitere na Mexico na American Indian; ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kwenyere na a mụrụ ya n'aka onye Africa-American nwere ohu, ikekwe na Virginia, wee lụọ nwoke ojii nweere onwe ya na Texas. Ọ zutere onye mkpochapụ Albert Parsons na Waco, Texas, ma ekwuru na ọ lụrụ ya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị ndekọ ahụghị. Ha kwagara Chicago ọnụ na ngwụsị 1873 na echiche ya sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ mmegide ime ihe ike nke ndị ọrụ na Chicago Railroad Strike nke 1877. Ọ rụrụ ụka maka nzukọ ọrụ na mgba otu, na-ede akụkọ na-ese okwu na-ekwu okwu na ihe omume. Ọ sonyeere United States Labour Union ma mesịa ghọọ Knights of Labour, na enyi ya Lizzie Swank na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ tọrọ ntọala Chicago Working Women's Union.

Parsons nwere ụmụ abụọ wee rụọ ọrụ na Chicago dị ka akwa akwa, na-ere ụlọ nke ya. Mgbe e gbuchara di ya na 1887 mgbe a mara ya ikpe na ọ bụ onye ndu na Haymarket Riots, ọ bịara mara ụwa niile dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu anarchist, na-eme njem ugboro ugboro n'ofe United States ma na-eleta England. O dere edemede ma dezie akwụkwọ ndị na-akpa ike. Enyemaka na nkwado ndị ọsụ ụzọ kwadoro ya n'ụzọ ego wee dee Life of Albert R. Parsons site n'enyemaka nke Martin Lacher. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochiri Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia nke 1917, Parsons nọgidere na-abụ onye Kọmunist. Ndị uwe ojii Chicago weere ya dị ka onye agha dị ize ndụ ma na-egbochikarị ya ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha. Ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye toro eto, na-emegide onye anarchist Emma Goldman maka ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ha na ihe ịma aka nke ikpe ziri ezi na ikpe nke Angelo Herndon, Tom Mooney, na Scottsboro Boys. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọkụ ụlọ na March 7, 1942. Onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ bụ George Markstall nọ na olili ozu ahụ wee hụ ụlọ ahụ na-ere ọkụ ma o nweghị ike ịzọpụta ya; ọ nwụrụ n’echi ya. E liri ya na ebe a na-eli ozu Waldheim German, ebe ncheta Haymarket Martyrs dị. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, a maara Parsons dị ka Albert Parsons, ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mgbe mmadụ abụọ dị ndụ na-echeta ihe ndị ọ rụzuru. Mpaghara Chicago Park kpọrọ okporo ụzọ dị na Belmont Avenue aha ya na 2004.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Amachaghị ihe gbasara ndụ nwata Parsons. [A] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Caroline Ashbaugh na-ekwu na ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ kwenyere na Parsons bụ ohu na 1849 na a na-akpọ ya Lucy Gathings; N'ime ndụ ya niile, Parsons jikwa aha nna Carter, Diaz, Gonzalez na Hull. [1]: 11, 12 E nwere ihe ndekọ dị iche iche nke aha etiti Parsons; ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Philip S. Foner nyere ya dị ka Eldine, na mgbe e mesịrị nke nwa ya nwanyị Ella.[2] :: 267  Parsons n'onwe ya nyere akụkọ dị iche iche banyere ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ.[2] : : 268  Ọ gọrọ agọ na ọ bụ onye Afrịka wee kwuo na ya nwere nne na nna Mexico na American India, na-atụgharị n'etiti ha abụọ. Mgbe ihe omume ndị butere ọnwụ ya mere ka a mara ya, akwụkwọ ndekọ ahụike na-agụnye ihe nketa Texas ya mana o deghị aha ya n'ezie.[3][4] Otu echiche bụ na ọ lụrụ na Texas na Marie del Gather (nke sitere na Spanish-Mexica) na John Waller, onye bụ onye Muscogee.[5] Akụkọ ya na American National Biography na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ịbụ nwa Pedro Díaz González, onye nyere ya Marie. Ọ bụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a ole na ole kwuru banyere usoro ọmụmụ ya.[6][5]

N'akwụkwọ akụkọ onwe ya, Pasons, onye akụkọ ihe mere eme ọha na eze Jacqueline Jones na-ekwu na e rere ya dị ka ohu na Virginia na 1863 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, na onye nwe ya, Thomas J. Taliaferro, kpọọrọ ya na nne ya na nwanne ya na McLennan County, Texas. N’ihi ya, a kpọrọ ya Lucia; ọ kwagara Waco, Texas, ebe a na-egosi ndị mmadụ na-aga n'ihu na ndụ ha gara aga dị ka ndị ohu ma ọ bụ ndị agha Confederate. Ya na ya “biri” (ma o doro anya na ọ lụọla) nwoke ojii aha ya bụ Oliver Benton, nke a maara dị ka Oliver Gathings n'ihi na e nyere ndị ohu aha ikpeazụ nke ndị nwe ha. Ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ 35 ma ọ bụ 36 mana ọ dị iche iche 16 ma ọ bụ 17. Benton nwetara $1.50 kwa ule maka ngwaọrụ ya na-ebu akwụkwọ ojii n'osimiri ahụ, ọ pụkwara ịbụ na ọ nwere nwatakịrị nwụrụ anwụ.[1] Ashbaugh na-atụ aro na Parsons bụ (dị ka Benton) bụbu ohu nke ezinụlọ Gathings, ebe Philip Gathings nwere nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Lucy na 1849 ma rụọ ọrụ ahụ n'aha Parsons. Ọ bụ ebe a na-edobe ụfọdụ ndị ohu, ezinụlọ Gathings nwekwara ụmụ ndị ohu na 1860 bụ ndị ga-anọrịrị n'afọ Parsons.[2] : 267 : 267

Mgbe ọ nọ na Waco, Lucy zutere Albert Parsons. Ọ bụ nwoke nke bụbu onye agha Confederate nke agha obodo America na onye Radical Republican bụ onye na-akwado ụda olu maka ikike ndị isi ojii; a gbagburu ya n’ụkwụ maka inyere ndị ojii aka ịdebanye aha ịtụ vootu. A kwenyere na ha alụrụla di na nwunye kemgbe oge ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[1] : 13-14 E kwuru na ha zutere na Austin na 1872, ọ gwakwara Dictionary of American Biography for Albert's state na ha lụrụ na June 10, 1871. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Lucie C. Price kwuru na Parsons bụ ohu ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nke Parsons na ọ bụ ya dere akụkọ ahụ. : 12, 461 Ashbaugh siri ọnwụ na ọ ga-esiri ha ike ịlụ di na nwunye n'otu ụzọ ahụ, mana di na nwunye na di ya na nwunye ya bụ otu ihe, ebe Lucy na-akpọ aha ikpeazụ Parsons.[1] :  13–14 : 13–14

Lucy na Albert Parsons kwagara Chicago na ngwụcha afọ 1873. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 15 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 15 Obodo mmepụta ihe na-eto ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 3: A local war|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ biri n'ụlọ ndị ogbenye na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu Larrabee Street na North Avenue na North Side.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 16 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt; Albert Parsons rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-Ebe Ugwu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na Lucy Parsons nwetara ego dị ka onye ịkwa akwa. Di na nwunye ahụ sonyere na Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America, mgbe e mesịrị na Workingmen'S Party of the United States. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 17 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt; Parsons gosikwara njikere ya iguzo maka ikike ya site n'ịkpọrọ ndị ọcha ugboro abụọ gaa n'ụlọ ikpe na 1875, n'ihi ụgwọ a na-akwụghị ụgwọ na nsogbu ndị agbata obi, n'otu n'otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe Ọgbaghara ụgbọ okporo ígwè Chicago nke 18757 mere dị ka akụkụ nke Great Upheaval, Albert Parsons na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ibe ya Philip Van Patten na George Schilling gwara ìgwè mmadụ 25,000 okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 20, 21 A chụpụrụ ya n'ọrụ ya na Chicago Times ma tinye ya na Ndepụta ojii; ndị ikom abụọ a na-amaghị ama tinyere égbè n'isi ya mgbe ọ gara ''Chicago Tribune'' ịrịọ maka ọrụ. : 31, 32 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 3: A local war|edition=e-book}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJones2017&quot;&gt;Jones, Jacqueline (2017). &quot;Chapter 3: A local war&quot;. ''Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical'' (e-book&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York NY: Basic Books. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9726-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-9726-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A manyere Lucy Parsons inweta ọrụ iji kwado ezinụlọ ya wee malite ụlọ ahịa na-ere uwe na uwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 25 Ọ gbasaa azụmahịa ahụ n'ime Parsons &amp; Co., Manufacturers of Ladies' and Children's Clothing, na-emeghe ebe ọrụ na 306 Mohawk Street ma na-ewe onye mmekọ ya ugbu a na-edepụtaghị aha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 4: Farewell to the ballot box|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ mbụ Parsons bipụtara bụ akwụkwọ ozi o degaara onye nchịkọta akụkọ The Socialist banyere agụụ na ịda ogbenye nke ndị ọrụ. Ọ malitere nkuzi mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa ya nwokeg, Albert Parsons Jr., na Septemba 1879 (na akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ya o depụtara aha nwa agbọghọ ya dị ka Carter na Virginia dịka ebe ọmụmụ ya). [1]: 30 [2] Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Parsons na-agbanwe, o kpebiri na nsogbu nke ya adịghị mkpa ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị otu òtù ọha na eze nwere ike ime mgbanwe. Ọ bụ onye agha karịa onye òtù ọlụlụ ya, na-eme mkpọsa megide votu ahụ n'oge a na-enyeghị ya ikike ime otú ahụ n'onwe ya. [1]: 32, 39 [3] Ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara banyere ọgba aghara ahụ e mere na 1877 kụziiri ya na ndị ọrụ na-esikwu ike mgbe ha jikọrọ aka. [4] Ọ zụlitere echiche anarchist ya, bụ nke kwadoro ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kwadoro ịgbachitere onwe ya megide ime ihe ike agbụrụ, ma kpọọ oku maka mgba megide okpukpe. [5]: 92, 96 O nyeere aka chọta Chicago Working Women's Union (WWU) na ụmụ nwanyị dịka Elizabeth Chambers Morgan, Elizabeth Flynn Rodgers, Alzina Stevens, na Lizzie Swank wee gaa nzukọ n'oge ime ime ya, n'oge a na-atụ anya ka ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'ụlọ mgbe ha na-amụ nwa. Swank ghọrọ ezigbo enyi Parsons, ma ozugbo ndị Knights of Labour kpebiri ịnakwere ụmụ nwanyị, ha abụọ sonyeere.[1] : 34 WWU gbara ụmụnwaanyị ume ka ha sonye n'otu ndị ọrụ ma kwalite ụbọchị awa asatọ. [2][7]

Na Eprel 20, 1881, Parsons mụrụ nwa ya nke abụọ, Lulu Eda, onye nwụrụ site na lymphedema mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ.:: 41 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;451&amp;#x200A; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;: 41 N'afọ 1883, onye nnupụisi anarchist Johann Most gara Chicago wee zute ezinụlọ Parsons. : 43 N'ọnwa Nọvemba, Albert Parsons guzobere American Group of Chicago dị ka ngalaba mpaghara nke International Working People's Association (IWPA). Lucy gara nzukọ, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụlọ ya, na-azụlite ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka ekpe ya. Mgbe IWPA bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ siri ike The Alarm na 1884, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi nyere aka, na-ekwu na ime ihe ike bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na ọgụ nke ndị otu ọrụ bụ ihe na-akpali mgbanwe ahụ. O dere ederede nke gụnyere &quot;Mmalite anyị. Ọ bara uru ịzọpụta?&quot;, &quot;Nwatakịrị ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe ọjọọ ha gosipụtara na nnapụta ha chọrọ&quot; na &quot;The negro. Ka ọ hapụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nye onye ndọrọ ọchịchị ma kpegara onye nkwusa ekpere&quot;. : 99 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 54, 57, 63, 64, 99 E bipụtara edemede ya &quot;Nye ndị na-enweghị ọrụ, ndị a napụrụ ihe nketa na ndị nhụsianya&quot; site na The Alarm ma ree ihe karịrị 10,000 n'etiti Mee na Nọvemba 1885. :: 135  N'otu afọ ahụ, Parsons bipụtara &quot;Dynamite! Nanị olu ndị mmegbu nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta&quot; na Denver Labor Enquirer, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke nkwalite nke mgbasa ozi nke omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 56 Na Eprel 28, 1885, Parsons na Lizzie Holmes (née Swank) duziri ngagharị iwe IWPA iji mee ngagharị iwe n'èzí oriri na Board of Trade Building, nke e wuru ọhụrụ na ọnụahịa nke $ 2 nde.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 59 :: 146  N'oge a, Parsons na onye mmekọ ya na-agwakarị ìgwè mmadụ 1,000 ruo 5,000 na Sunday n'ikperé mmiri nke Lake Michigan. Onye na-ahazi ọrụ Mother Jones gara ma chee na okwu ndị ahụ kwadoro ime ihe ike dị ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 60 : 60 

Na Mee 5, ụbọchị mgbe bọmbụ ahụ gasịrị, Lucy Parsons nọ n'ọfịs nke ''Arbeiter-Zeitung'' mgbe ndị uwe ojii wakporo ya n'enweghị akwụkwọ ikike ịchọ ya. Ha jidere ndị ọrụ niile gụnyere Parsons, onye otu onye uwe ojii kpọrọ &quot;nwaanyị ojii&quot;; a tọhapụrụ ya n'ebughị ebubo ebe ọ bụ na ndị uwe ojii nwere olileanya na ọ ga-eduga ha na onye mmekọ ya. N'ime ọnwa isii sochirinụ, e jidere ya obere oge ọtụtụ ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 226-227 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;: E jidere mmadụ iri asatọ na otu ma mee nnyocha iwu na-akwadoghị na Julius S. Grinnell, onye ọka iwu Illinois nke ga-aga n'ihu na-ekpe ikpe ahụ, kwuru &quot;Bido mee ka mwakpo ahụ leba anya n'iwu mgbe e mesịrị&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 84 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lucy Parsons kwuru na Denver Labor Enquirer mwakpo ahụ buru ibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 85 Otu nnukwu ndị ọka ikpe mara ebubo megide ndị ikom 31 na Mee 27, gụnyere ebubo igbu ọchụ megide mmadụ iri, ndị na-akwado mgbasa ozi site na omume ahụ (gụnyere Lucy Parsons na Lizzie Holmes) ebughị ebubo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 83, 84, 87 : 83, 84, 87 

Àgwà nke ndị ọrụ US n'ebe ndị a na-ebo ebubo nọ dị mgbagwoju anya, na ụfọdụ ndị agha na-ekwupụta nkwado na ndị ọzọ na-echegbu onwe ha maka ọnwụ nke ndụ na square.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 88 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Albert nọ na nzuzo, o degaara Lucy Parsons akwụkwọ ozi na-arịọ ya ka ya na ọkàiwu William P. Black kwurịta okwu ma kwurịta ọnọdụ nke inyefe onwe ya. Black gbara ya ume ka ọ kpọbata ya n'ụlọ ikpe, na-ekwere na ohere dị nta maka ikpe. Onye isi enyemaka ya William A. Foster ekwenyeghị, na-eche na ọ ka mma na Parsons nọgidere na-enwere onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 252, 254, 255 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 90 N'ụbọchị mbụ nke ikpe, Albert Parsons pụtara mgbe ya na Lucy nọrọ awa ole na ole ma nyefee onwe ya n'aka Onyeikpe Joseph Gary. : 90, 91 Mgbasa mgbasa ozi na-emegide ndị anarchist siri ike, na ''Chicago Tribune'' na-akpọ maka ogbugbu na akwụkwọ akụkọ Texas na-eleghachi anya na ihe ihere nke Parsons na-ahapụ alụmdi na nwunye ya na Oliver Benton maka Albert. The Waco Day bụ isi akụkọ &quot;Beast Parsons: mkparị na-ezighị ezi site na ụfọdụ omume ọma nke ọ na-ezo na ya; onye na-agwakọta agbụrụ, onye ogbu mmadụ, onye omekome, onye osisi na-echere&quot;. Na nzaghachi, Parsons gara leta onye ya na ya nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na onye nta akụkọ si na Tribune ma kwuo na ya na nwunye Benton nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya mana na ọ bụ onye dị iche na Lucy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 86, 87 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot; /&gt;

Lucy Parsons gara ụbọchị ọ bụla nke ikpe ahụ ma nọrọ ebe ahụ mgbe a mara onye mmekọ ya, George Engel, Samuel Fielden, Adolph Fischer, Louis Lingg, Michael Schwab na August Spies ikpe Ọnwụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o mere njem nkuzi izu asaa iji nweta ego maka ndị a na-ebo ebubo; ọ gwara ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 okwu n'ebe ndị dị ka Cincinnati, New York na Philadelphia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 297, 298 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:: 108 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;105&amp;#x200A; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio|edition=e-book}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJones2017&quot;&gt;Jones, Jacqueline (2017). &quot;Chapter 7: Bitter fruit of braggadocio&quot;. ''Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical'' (e-book&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York NY: Basic Books. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9726-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-9726-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 8: The dusky goddess of anarchy speaks her mind|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na New Haven, Connecticut, o kwuru &quot;Ị nwere ike ịtụ anya na m ga-agbapụta nnukwu ire ọkụ nke dynamite ma jiri bọmbụ guzo n'ihu gị n'aka m. Ọ bụrụ na enwere nkụda mmụọ, ị nwere naanị ndị nta akụkọ nke isi obodo iji kelee ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 108 Ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Thomas J. Morgan kwurịtara okwu na nzukọ na Sheffield, Indiana, nke dị n'ofe akara steeti site na Illinois, nke mere na ndị uwe ojii Chicago enweghị ike ịkwụsị ihe omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; :: 306  Na Columbus, Ohio, e gbochiri ya ikwu okwu ma zigara ya n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Franklin County.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 113  Mgbe ọ na-adịghị akụzi ihe, Parsons ga-eleta onye ibe ya nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, na-akpọrọ ụmụaka ahụ. Ọ kwụsịrị ụlọ ahịa ịkwa ákwà ya ma manye ezinụlọ ahụ ịpụ n'ụlọ ha dị n'okporo ámá Indiana gaa na nke ọzọ dị na Milwaukee Avenue.:: 323  Mgbe a mara ọkwa ikpe ọnwụ ya, Albert Parsons degaara nwunye ya akwụkwọ ozi &quot;Enwere m otu arịrịọ ka m mee gị: Emeghị ihe ngwa ngwa n'onwe gị mgbe m hapụrụ, mana were nnukwu ihe kpatara Socialism ebe a manyere m ịtọ ya. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt;:: 322  E guzobere Amnesty Association ma mee ihe iji zọpụta Albert Parsons na ndị ikom isii ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọnụ ọnwụ; Lucy Parsons jiri oge ya na-anakọta ego na ịbịanye aka n'okporo ámá, na mkpọsa iji gbanwee ikpe ahụ ọbụna site na Melville onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Chicago News, onye nchịkọta akụkọ Daily, onye a mara ndị ahụ, onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Chicago, onye na-akwado ọbụna dị ka Melville News, onye na mbụ, : 337, 338 : 337, 338 

Na Thursday November 10, Gọvanọ Illinois Richard J. Oglesby mara ọkwa na a ga-egbu Parsons na mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ n'echi ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 138 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;134&amp;#x200A; N'ụtụtụ echi ya, Lucy Parsons kpọọrọ ụmụaka ahụ hụ ya maka oge ikpeazụ, ya na Lizzie Holmes. A na-egbochi ya ịbanye n'ụlọ mkpọrọ site na eriri ndị uwe ojii ma mgbe ọ nwara ịgafe ya, e jidere ìgwè ahụ ma kpọga ha n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Chicago Avenue ebe a chọtara ha maka bọmbụ ma jide ha ruo elekere 15:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 396 , 387 E bugara igbe ozu nke Albert Parsons n'ụlọ ahịa Lucy Parsons, ebe ihe karịrị mmadụ 10,000 bịara ịsọpụrụ n'otu ụbọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 138 Ngụkọta nke mmadụ dị n'agbata 10,000 na 15,000 bịara olili ozu na Sunday, November 13; Parsons gara n'azụ igbe ozu ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 396 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 138, 140 Afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị, o dezigharịrị ma bipụta The famous speeches of the eight Chicago anarchists in court nke rere ihe karịrị 10,000 n'ime ọnwa 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gabriel&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gabriel|first=Elun|title=Performing persecution: Witnessing and martyrdom in the anarchist tradition|journal=Radical History Review|date=May 1, 2007|volume=2007|issue=98|pages=34–62|doi=10.1215/01636545-2006-026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:1886_Photo_Lucy_Parsons.jpg|alt=Three quarter length photograph of standing woman in striped dress|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto nke Parsons e sere na 1886]]
Mgbe emesịrị olili ozu nke onye mmekọ ya, Parsons gara n'ihu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Òtù Pioneer Aid and Support Association nyere ya ego enyemaka nke $ 12 kwa izu ma na Machị 1888 ọ gara East Coast na-ekwu okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 159 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;156&amp;#x200A;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;155&amp;#x200A; N'oge ntuli aka onye isi obodo Chicago nke 1887, Parsons kwadoro onye United Labor Party megide onye mmeri, [[Republican Party (United States)|Onye Republican]] John A. Roche. Roche haziri asọmpi ahụ dị ka agha dị n'etiti ọkọlọtọ US na ọkọlọtọ nke anarchism na ọchịchị Kọmunist, mgbe e mesịrị gbalịa machibido iji ọkọlọtọ na-acha ọbara ọbara na nzukọ ndị aka ekpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 121  &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Parsons malitere ịrụ ọrụ na akụkọ ndụ nke o mechara bipụta dị ka The Life of Albert R. Parsons . Martin Lacher, nwa okorobịa German nke ya na ya biri site na 1889 gaa n'ihu ma mesịa ghọọ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya nyeere ya aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 156 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1888, ọ gara London, ebe ọ zutere ndị anarchist Peter Kropotkin na William Morris wee gaa na Tower of London na Westminster Abbey na Jane Morris. Ọ gwara ndị Socialist League okwu ma kwenyeghị na Annie Besant, onye ndú nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, n'ihe gbasara ime ihe ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 159 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Mgbe o ji ụgbọ mmiri laghachi na New York City, otu onye nta akụkọ gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ wee kwuo na ọ na-alụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị German [[Eduard Bernstein]]. Ndị anarchist nke oge Parsons dị ka Justus Schwab katọrọ akụkọ ahụ ma ọ gọnahụrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 10: The widow Parsons sets her course|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Parsons laghachiri Chicago na 1889, nzukọ ọhụrụ a kpọrọ Albert R. Parsons nke Knights of Labor kpọsara okwu na-abịa site n'aka ya nke akpọrọ Review of the Labor Movement in Europe. Onye isi ndị uwe ojii Chicago George W. Hubbard kpebiri ịkwụsị ihe omume ahụ ma n'ụbọchị ahụ n'onwe ya, e jidere Lacher na nwoke ọzọ ka ha na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ikike Parsons nwere ikwu okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 161,: 183 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;182&amp;#x200A; Hubbard kwupụtara na &quot;ọ pụghị ikwu okwu na Chicago&quot; ma kwụsị ihe omume na-eme ugboro ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 10: The widow Parsons sets her course|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Parsons bipụtara The Life of Albert R. Parsons na okwu mbido nke George Schilling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; :: 175  Na Nọvemba 1890, a gbochiri Johann Most, Parsons na Hugh O. Pentikọst ikwu okwu na Newark, New Jersey mgbe ndị uwe ojii mechiri ụlọ nzukọ ahụ. Parsons gbalịrị ikwu okwu n'okporo ámá: e jidere ya ma boo ya ebubo na ọ na-ịkpali ọgba aghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 182 Ọ dezigharịrị Freedom akwụkwọ akụkọ anarchist-communist kwa ọnwa site na 1891 gaa n'ihu &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;:: 449  &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 183 ma wuo ụlọ na 999 Hammond Avenue, mgbe e mesịrị North Troy Street[C] na Avondale.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù Pioneer Aid and Support Association nyeere ya aka n'ụzọ ego, mana ụfọdụ ndị otu ahụ malitere iwe maka mkpa ego ya, na-azọrọ na ọ ka na-azọ ụgwọ iji kwado nwa ya nwanyị, onye nwụrụ anwụ. Mmekọrịta ya na Lacher bụ ihe arụmụka ebe ọ bụ na ọ nọgidere na-alụ onye ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke a, a malitere ịhụ di na nwunye ahụ ọnụ n'ihu ọha ruo mgbe mmekọrịta ha kwụsịrị ma ha gara ụlọ ikpe. Parsons boro Lacher ebubo na ọ na-eji anyụike wakpo ihe onwunwe ezinụlọ ya. O kwetara na ya mebiri arịa ụlọ ahụ mana o kwuru na ọ bụ nke ya ma kwụọ ya $ 25 na ego maka omume aghara aghara. O kwukwara na o dere ọtụtụ n'ime Life of Albert R. Parsons . [1] : 178, 179 &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt; Parsons jiri ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Freedom wakpo Lacher, na-azọrọ na o zuru ego n'aka otu ìgwè dị n'ógbè ahụ ma na-achọ ịbọ ọbọ megide ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter10&quot; /&gt;

Ka Parsons na-etolite, e nwere ihe omume iji mee ememe ncheta nke Haymarket na ndị uwe ojii nọgidere na-akwụsị ya ikwu okwu na nzukọ ndị a na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 412, 413 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:: 197 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;198&amp;#x200A; Mgbe onye anarchist Alexander Berkman nwara igbu onye mmepụta ihe Henry Clay Frick na 1892, Parsons dere na Freedom &quot;N'akụkụ anyị anyị, anyị nwere naanị mmasị kachasị ukwuu maka dike dị ka Berkman&quot; ma ọ kwadoro ndị enyi ya Henry Bauer na [[Carl Nold]] bụ ndị e jidere maka ebubo nkata aghụghọ n'agbanyeghị na ha etinyeghị aka. A mara Berkman ikpe afọ iri abụọ na abụọ ma nye Nold na Bauer afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 184, 185 N'afọ 1893, Parsons sooro onye isi obodo kwurịta okwu na ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ katụghị ya ikpe, wee gaa n'ihu ma kwuo ozugbo na onye isi obodo ahụ abụghị onye ka mma karịa eze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 192, 193 N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1896, ụlọ ya gbara ọkụ ma mebie akwụkwọ ya, ọ bụ ezie na o mechara ree akwụkwọ Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Scientific Basis na The Life of Albert R. Parsons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 197 

Parsons dọtara mmasị na ọrụ nke Social Democracy of America, nke Eugene V. Debs duziri, wee zute Emma Goldman site na otu ahụ na 1897. Ọ bụ ezie na Goldman na-akwalite Ịhụnanya n'efu, nnwere onwe maka ụmụ nwanyị na nnwere onwe nke onye ọ bụla, Parsons (n'agbanyeghị inwe mmekọahụ na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na ndụ onwe ya) kwadoro ịlụ otu nwanyị, alụmdi na ụba na ịbụ nne n'ihu ọha, ọ ka kwenyere na ọ bụ isi nke ọgụ nke ndị ọrụ n'ozuzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 200, 201 N'oge ahụ, Goldman, Parsons na Louise Michel so n'ime obere ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị ndị a ma ama n'ụwa niile dị ka ndị anarchist na ndị ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bantman&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bantman|first=Constance|title=Louise Michel's London years: A political reassessment (1890–1905)|journal=Women's History Review|date=2017|volume=26|issue=6|pages=994–1012|doi=10.1080/09612025.2017.1294393}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Oscar Rotter dere banyere ịhụnanya n'efu na mbibi nke mmekọrịta ihe onwunwe na akwụkwọ akụkọ anarchist Free Society, Parsons ji iwe zaghachi na nkwado nke otu nwanyị na nke a dugara na esemokwu na-adịgide adịgide na Goldman, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 203, 206 onye mere mkpesa na Parsons na-ebi ndụ site na ihe nketa nke onye ya e gburu egbu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shone&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shone|first=Steve J.|title=American anarchism|date=2013|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-25195-3|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 75 Parsons megidere ma Agha Spain na America na Agha Philippine na America; mgbe nwa ya nwoke Albert Jr. nwara ịbanye, o tinyere ya na Northern Illinois State Mental Hospital na 1899; ọ nọgidere n'ebe ahụ maka ndụ ya fọdụrụnụ, ọ nwụrụ na 1919 n'ihi ụkwara nta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 451 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 207, 208 : 207, 208 

== Afọ 1900 ==
[[Faịlụ:The_Liberator_(Chicago)_front_page_1905-09-10.png|alt=Black and white picture of front page of newspaper|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Peeji ihu nke September 10, 1905, mbipụta nke The Liberator]]
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, Parsons bụ onye nnọchi anya Chicago maka Free Society nke ndị uwe ojii bibiri ígwè obibi akwụkwọ ya mgbe ogbugbu nke Onye isi ala William McKinley gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 210, 211 N'otu afọ ahụ, onye anarchist Errico Malatesta letara Parsons ma kwuo okwu n'akụkụ onye otu ọrụ Jay Fox na picnic na Memorial Day. N'afọ 1905, Parsons guzobere ndị ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ụwa (IWW) na Eugene V. Debs, Bill Haywood na Nne Jones. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 451, 452 Ọ gara US na-ekwu okwu ma na-ere akwụkwọ nta, n'otu oge ahụ na-edezi akwụkwọ akụkọ The Liberator na The Alarm. Ndị uwe ojii na-egbochi ya ikwu okwu, ọkachasị na Chicago, ma ọ nọgidere na-akụzi ruo n'afọ 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 452, 453 N'afọ 1912, ọ kwadoro nzukọ nke guzobere Syndicalist League of North America. Ọ bụ William Z. Foster duziri ya, onye ya na Parsons nọrọ n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSHA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Parsons, Lucy|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/parsons-lucy|work=Texas state historical association (TSHA)|accessdate=June 10, 2023|archivedate=March 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328174401/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/parsons-lucy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-Chapter12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Jacqueline|title=Goddess of anarchy: The life and times of Lucy Parsons, American radical|date=2017|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York NY|isbn=978-1-5416-9726-3|chapter=Chapter 12: Tending the sacred flame of Haymarket|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Parsons kwuru okwu na njem agụụ na Jenụwarị 1915 na Chicago nke mechiri na mmadụ 1,500 na-enweghị ọrụ na ndị uwe ojii na-alụ ọgụ na nso Hull House na Halsted Street, e jidere ya na Nna Irwin St. John Tucker na mmadụ 19 ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slug&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Women help slug police; bullets fly|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-1500-idle-riot-around-h/131031977/|accessdate=September 1, 2023|work=Chicago Daily Tribune|date=January 18, 1915|pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia gasịrị na 1917, Parsons gara n'ihu na ọchịchị Kọmunist. O mechara degara Carl Nold akwụkwọ na ndị Kọmunist bụ &quot;naanị ụyọkọ na-eme ngagharị iwe siri ike megide ọnọdụ ọjọọ dị ugbu a!&quot; ma kwaa arịrị na &quot;ọchịchị anarchism bụ okwu nwụrụ anwụ na ndụ America taa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 253 &quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;453&amp;#x200A; :: 254  Ọ sonyeere International Labor Defense na 1930, ọ gwara ọtụtụ puku mmadụ okwu na May Day (International Workers' Day) ihe omume na Ashland Auditorium na Chicago, na-ekwu okwu nke e bipụtara ọzọ na Hearings Before a Special Committee to Investigate Communist Activities na US. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 253 &lt;ref name=&quot;Zandy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Floyd|author=Zandy|first=Janet|title=Becoming visible: Women's presence in late nineteenth-century America|date=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-420-2978-1|pages=41–62|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789042029781_004|chapter=Dangerous working-class women: Mother Jones, Lucy Parsons, and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn|doi=10.1163/9789042029781_004}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 55 N'ịga n'ihu na asọmpi ha, Emma Goldman katọrọ ya maka ịwụli elu site n'otu ihe kpatara mgbanwe gaa na nke ọzọ. Parsons mechara sonye na Communist Party na 1939. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot; /&gt; : 516 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 261 : 261 

Parsons nwere Ọrịa pleurisy na 1932, na-agbake nke ọma iji gaa Chicago World's Fair n'afọ sochirinụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 254  Ọ nwere nkụda mmụọ banyere òtù anarchist nke US, na-atụle ọdịda ya na ndị enyi dị ka Nord, ma ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ya, na-akwado ihe ịma aka maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi na ikpe gbasara Angelo Herndon, Tom Mooney na Scottsboro Boys.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt; : 256-258  Ọ kpuru ìsì, nweta ezumike nká ma biri na ịda ogbenye na Avondale na North Troy Street na ọbá akwụkwọ nke ihe dị ka akwụkwọ 3,000 nke gosipụtara ọrụ nke ndị Socialist French, Victor Hugo, Jack London, Marx na Engels, Rousseau, [[Leo Tolstoy]] na Voltaire. &lt;ref name=&quot;BP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=(1886) Lucy Parsons, 'I am an anarchist'|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1886-lucy-parsons-i-am-anarchist/|work=BlackPast.org|accessdate=June 5, 2023|date=January 28, 2007|archivedate=May 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526231628/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1886-lucy-parsons-i-am-anarchist/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Avrich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Haymarket tragedy|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691047119}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAvrich1984&quot;&gt;Avrich, Paul (1984). ''The Haymarket tragedy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691047119|&lt;bdi&gt;9780691047119&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 453 &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot; /&gt;: 262 : 262 

== Ọnwụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Grave_of_Lucy_Parsons_1may2015_by_IWPCHI.jpg|alt=Red roses on simple headstone which reads LUCY PARSONS 1859–1942|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ili Parsons na German Waldheim Cemetery na Forest Park, Illinois]]
N’ụbọchị ikpeazụ ya na Mee 1941, Parsons sonyeere Kọmitii Na-ahazi Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo dị ka onye ọbịa nri. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 91, ọ nwụrụ n'ọkụ ụlọ na March 7, 1942. [D] Onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge bụ George Markstall na-arịa ọrịa nke ukwuu ịhụ ka ụlọ ahụ na-ere ọkụ ma enweghị ike ịzọpụta ya; ọ nwụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya n'echi ya.[1] : :  263   Ọ gwara Ben Reitman ka o hazie olili ya wee dee akwụkwọ ikike na 1938, hapụ ụlọ Markstall na Pioneer Aid and Support Association mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ ka e rere ụlọ ahụ $800 na 1943. [1]: 263, 265, 266 Ọkụ ahụ bibiri ọbá akwụkwọ ya, ma akwụkwọ ndị ahụ emebighị; Mgbe otu enyi ya gara ịgbalị inweta akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, a gwara ya na ha bụ adịgboroja. Ndị uwe ojii nọ n’ọ́bá akwụkwọ ahụ gakwuuru ya gwa ya na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchọpụta Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha (FBI) ejidela ha. Ndị FBI jụrụ itinye aka na akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, mgbe Reitman laghachiri Chicago Red Squad, a gwara ya na ndị FBI nwere ha; eweghachighị akwụkwọ ndị ahụ.[1] : 263, 266 Afọ mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ, William Morris 'A na-etinye akara ngosi nke mgbanwe maka ire ere, na-ebu nraranye &quot;To Lucy E. Parsons, nke William Morris, Nov. 15th 1888&quot; na stampụ sitere na Library nke Congress na FBI.

Mmadụ 300 bịara emume akwụkwọ maka Parsons na Markstall na Machị 12. Reitman kwuru, na-akpọ ya &quot;nke ikpeazụ n'ime dinosaurs, otu ndị Chicago Anarchists nwere obi ike.&quot; E liri Parsons na German Waldheim Cemetery na Forest Park, Illinois, n'Haymarket Martyrs Monument ebe e liri di ya. E liri Voltairine nke Cleyre, Emma Goldman, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-eme ọnụ iwe n'ebe ahụ.[1] : 283 : 283
 
Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe nke Parsons bụ [[Elizabeth Gurley Flynn]] chetara ya dị ka ọkà okwu na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na onye na-eme mgbanwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashbaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashbaugh|first=Carolyn|title=Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary|date=1976|publisher=Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=0-88286-005-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAshbaugh1976&quot;&gt;Ashbaugh, Carolyn (1976). ''Lucy Parsons, American revolutionary''. Chicago: Kerr. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88286-005-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-88286-005-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; :: 265  Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Ruth Kinna kwuru n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2020 Great Anarchists na a na-akpọ Parsons n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka nwunye Albert Parsons, ma ọ bụ n'ezie &quot;onye edemede nwere nkà, ọkà okwu na onye nhazi n'onwe ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kinna&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kinna|first=Ruth|title=Great Anarchists|publisher=Active Distribution and Dog Section Press|pages=90–100|location=Bristol; London|isbn=9781916036567|chapter=Lucy Parsons|date=November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 91 Ruo mgbe Ashbaugh dere akụkọ ndụ ya n'afọ 1976, a na-ekwukarị na Parsons n'ihe odide ala ala: n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, akụkọ banyere ọrụ ya amụbaala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guy-Sheftall&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Guy-Sheftall|first=Beverly|title=Black women's studies: The interface of women's studies and black studies|journal=Phylon|date=1992|volume=49|issue=1/2|pages=33–41|doi=10.2307/3132615|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3132615|issn=0031-8906|accessdate=June 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù dị iche iche na-akwado aka ekpe ekwuola na ọ bụ onye isi ma kpọọ ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta onwe ya na Boston aha ya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Sims&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sims|first=Anna|title=The rise of socialism in Boston|url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2019/02/22/boston-socialism/|accessdate=June 9, 2023|work=Boston Magazine|date=February 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Gale Ahrens, Mary Condé, na Robin Kelley akatọọla okwu Parsons na-agbasi mbọ ike na mgba nke ndị Africa America, na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ọ dị ka ndị ọrụ bilie megide ndị were ha n'ọrụ, karịa mkpa maka ịha nhata. Otu ihe kpatara ya bụ na, ebe ọ bụ na ọ gọnahụrụ ihe nketa ojii nke ya, o lekwasịrị anya na ide nke otu ahụ.[1][2] : 70 N'ihi ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na onye isi ojii Chicago mgbe ahụ Ida Wells-Barnett, ma ọ bụ National Association of Colored Women na National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.[3][4] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme lekwasịrị anya na njụta Parsons jụrụ usoro USB, ebe n'oge ahụ, akara ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na Albert Parsons dere, sị: &quot;A na-akpọ anyị ndị Kọmunist, ma ọ bụ ndị Socialist, ma ọ bụ Anarchists. Anyị na-anabata usoro ndị ahụ niile. &quot;[5]

Obodo Chicago guzobere ihe ịrịba ama akụkọ ihe mere eme a raara nye Parsons na di ya na 1997 n'ebe ụlọ ha dị, 1908 North Mohawk Street, na mpaghara Old Town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Albert and Lucy Parsons Historical Marker|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=261151|accessdate=January 28, 2025|work=www.hmdb.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpaghara Chicago Park kpọrọ obere ebe dị na Belmont Avenue ogige &quot;Lucy Ella Gonzales Parsons&quot; n'afọ 2004, mkpebi nke Fraternal Order of Police megidere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shone&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shone|first=Steve J.|title=American anarchism|date=2013|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-25195-3|edition=e-book}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 62 N'afọ 2022, a kpọrọ ụlọ ọhụrụ na Logan Square, Chicago nke nwere pasent 100 dị ọnụ ala Lucy Gonzalez Parsons Apartments.&lt;ref name=&quot;BCC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2022/05/20/all-affordable-logan-square-apartment-complex-opens-after-years-of-planning-this-is-nothing-less-than-a-day-of-resurrection/|title=All-affordable Logan Square apartment complex opens after years of planning: 'This is nothing less than a day of resurrection'|first=Quinn|author=Myers|date=May 20, 2022|accessdate=August 12, 2022|archivedate=July 26, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726210530/https://blockclubchicago.org/2022/05/20/all-affordable-logan-square-apartment-complex-opens-after-years-of-planning-this-is-nothing-less-than-a-day-of-resurrection/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Parsons|first=Lucy E.|editor=Ahrens|title=Lucy Parsons: Freedom, equality and solidarity – writings and speeches, 1878–1937|year=2004|publisher=Charles H. Kerr|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0882863009}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Parsons|title=The famous speeches of the eight Chicago anarchists in court: When asked if they had anything to say why sentence of death should not be passed upon them - October 7, 8, and 9, 1886|date=1910|publisher=Lucy E. Parsons|location=Chicago|oclc=21042544}}
* {{Cite book|author=Parsons|first=Lucy|title=Life of Albert R. Parsons, with brief history of the labor movement in America|date=1889|publisher=L.E. Parsons|location=Chicago|oclc=1048339877}}

== Ihe edeturu ==

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 
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'''Maria Freeman Gray''' (1832-1915) bụ onye nkuzi America, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na-etinye aka na Anti-imperialism na Peace movements.

== Ndụ ==
A mụrụ Grey na New Salem, Massachusetts na February 15, 1832. Ọ gara Wilbraham Wesleyan Academy.[1]

Grey gara n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na 1852 n'okpuru nlekọta nke National Board of Popular Education, nke Catharine Beecher haziri iji kwalite ụmụ nwanyị dịka ndị nkuzi. Ọ kụziiri ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche, gụnyere afọ abụọ na Fort Wayne College. Ọ lụrụ Onyeikpe John Henry Gray na 1855 wee mụọ ụmụ abụọ, [1] nke a maara dị ka ụmụnne Gray.[2] A maara di ya nke ọma maka ịkwatu iwu Iowa nke gbochiri ndị isi ojii ịbanye na Iowa.[3] Ọ nwụrụ na 1865.[4]

Na Lowa na 1862, Gray bụ onyeisi oche nke ngalaba steeti nke Women Loyal League, otu òtù na-achọ iwepụ ịgba ohu. 

on .  Mmadụ isii niile meriri, mana o weere ya dị ka ụdị mmeri ịbụ asọmpi na asọmpi nke ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị ike ịtụ vootu n'ụzọ iwu.
[[Faịlụ:Maria Freeman Gray.jpg|thumb|'''Maria Freeman Gray''']]
N'afọ 1900, a họpụtara Gray ka ọ nọchite anya California na International Congress for the Rights of Women na njikọ aka na Exposition Universelle na Paris. Gray dere maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin, ọ bụkwa onye otu Pacific Coast Women's Press Association. Ọ gbara akaebe n'ihu Congress n'aha njikọ a na 1900. 

== Nkwenkwe Ndị E kweere ==
Gray bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye Quaker. Ọ bụ onye otu Race Street Meeting na Philadelphia . 

== Edensibia ==</text>
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Raquel Tamarit i Iranzo (Sueca, 1978) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Valencian, Minista Education, Culture na Sport nke Generalitat Valenciana, na-anọchi anya Vicent Marzà gbara arụkwaghịm kemgbe May 2022. Ọ bụbu onye odeakwụkwọ mpaghara nke Culture na Sport kemgbe 2019 na onyeisi obodo Sueca (2015-2019).. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-05-11|title=Raquel Tamarit será la nueva consellera de Educación: ex alcaldesa de Sueca, discípula de Baldoví y maestra|url=https://www.elmundo.es/comunidad-valenciana/2022/05/11/627bc67bfc6c8381418b4573.html|accessdate=2022-05-19|work=ELMUNDO|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-05-11|title=Raquel Tamarit será la nueva consellera de Educación: ex alcaldesa de Sueca, discípula de Baldoví y maestra|url=https://www.elmundo.es/comunidad-valenciana/2022/05/11/627bc67bfc6c8381418b4573.html|accessdate=2022-05-19|work=ELMUNDO|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;Tamarit nwere akara ugo mmụta na nkuzi. Ọ malitere nkuzi na 2000 na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na Catalonia na Valencian Community. Na 2005 ọ sonyeere na usoro agụmakwụkwọ ọha nke Valencian na afọ 5 ka e mesịrị, ọrụ ya nwetara ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọrụ obodo na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị El Perelló de Sueca, dịka ọkachamara n'asụsụ Bekee.[1]

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=NTC|first=À Punt|date=2022-05-11|title=Raquel Tamarit, una altra mestra d'anglés per a dirigir la cartera d'Educació|url=https://www.apuntmedia.es/noticies/politica/raquel-tamarit-una-mestra-d-angles-dirigir-cartera-d-educacio_1_1513933.html|accessdate=2022-05-19|work=À Punt|language=ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;Dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Raquel Tamarit malitere isonye na òtù ụmụ akwụkwọ Valencian Bloc d'Estudiants Agermanats (BEA) na 1997 sonyeere Unitat del Poble Valencià (València's Peoples Union), ugbu a akụkụ nke Més-Compromís njikọ ebe ọ na-ejikọta ya n'oge a. A họpụtara ya onye isi obodo Sueca na nke mbụ na ntuli aka ime obodo nke 2007 ebe ọ na-achịkwa mpaghara agụmakwụkwọ na ndị ntorobịa na ọchịchị obodo nke Joan Baldoví na-achị, bụ onye o mere ka ọ pụta ìhè na ntuli aka 2015 dị ka onye isi nke nhazi ahụ. Na ntuli aka ime obodo nke 2019 ọ kwughachiri dị ka onye isi ndepụta wee jisie ike bụrụ onye ntuli aka kacha nwee ntuli aka, mana nkwekọrịta n'etiti PSPV-PSOE, PP na Ciudadanos wepụrụ ya na onye isi obodo.[1]

Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ, na Julaị 2019, mgbe onye ndụmọdụ Vicent Marzà họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ mpaghara nke Culture na Sports nke Gọọmenti Valencian, wee hapụ kansụl ime obodo. Na Mee 2022, ọ nọchiri Marzà dị ka Minista Education, Culture na Sports nke Generalitat Valenciana na gọọmentị nke Socialist Ximo Puig na-edu.[1]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-05-14|title=Shock as Ximo Puig announces sudden Valencian government restructure|url=https://euroweeklynews.com/2022/05/14/shock-as-ximo-puig-announces-sudden-valencian-government-restructure/|accessdate=2022-05-19|work=Euro Weekly News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==

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Tye Leung Schulze (Ọgọst 24, 1887 – Maachị 10, 1972) ghọrọ nwanyị America mbụ China mere ntuli aka na United States mgbe ọ gbara vootu na San Francisco na Mee 19, 1912.[1] Ọ ghọkwara nwanyị China mbụ nke America gafere ule ọrụ obodo na ịrụ ọrụ gọọmentị. Oku San Francisco kwuru na ọ bụ &quot;nwanyị China mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa jiri ikike ntuli aka.&quot; Schulze bụkwa nwanyị China mbụ e goro ịrụ ọrụ na Angel Island.[2] Ọ bụ ọnwa Honoree nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ụmụ nwanyị nke National Women's History Project họpụtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|year=2007|title=Monique Mehta|work=Women's History Month|publisher=[[National Women's History Project]]|url=http://nwhp.org/whm/mehta_bio.php|accessdate=14 November 2011|archivedate=31 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831015358/http://nwhp.org/whm/mehta_bio.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Na 1901, a zọpụtara Leung n'alụmdi na nwunye ahaziri ahazi na nwoke Montana nke Donaldina Cameron, onye duuru Presbyterian Mission Home na San Francisco.[1][2] Na Mission, Leung mụtara ịsụ Bekee, ghọọ Onye Kraịst, ma nyere Cameron na ndị uwe ojii obodo aka ịnapụta ndị ohu China na ndị akwụna n'ụlọ akwụna.[3] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye ntụgharị okwu maka ozi mgbasa ozi.[4][5] Ọ sụgharịkwara ụmụ agbọghọ si Chinatown n'ụlọ ikpe, wee bụrụ ndị a na-akwanyere ùgwù n'ụlọ ikpe mpaghara.[3] Leung rụrụ ọrụ maka Ụlọ Mgbasa Ozi ihe dị ka afọ itoolu, ma soro Cameron nwee mmekọrịta chiri anya.[3][4] Cameron kpọrọ ya “Tiny” n'ihi na Leung toro ihe karịrị ụkwụ anọ n'ogologo.[3] Na 1910, mgbe ọdụ mbata na ọpụpụ Angel Island meghere, Cameron tụrụ aro Leung ka ọ were ọrụ na ọdụ mbata na ọpụpụ Angel Island dị ka onye ntụgharị okwu maka ndị si China kwabatara.

A họpụtara Blanca Delia Pérez n'ime gọọmentị Canary Islands nke Fernando Clavijo Batlle dị ka onye ozi nke gburugburu ebe obibi na 21 July 2015. Na ikike ya dị ka onye ozi nke gburugburu ebe obibi, Blanca Delia Pérez na 2015 duuru ndị nnọchiteanya sitere na gọọmentị ya ka ha malite mmekorita ya na Oceanic Platform nke Canary Islands iji dozie nsogbu nke obodo Canip nke nwere ahụmahụ nke obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ osimiri. Garachico dị n'agwaetiti Tenerife.p

“Ọ dịghị mgbe?   na-anọdụ ala mgbe niile na-ege ndị obodo m ntị.  Ana m anụ obere iberibe banyere oké ngagharị ọhụrụ a na-eme n’oké osimiri, bụ́ nke na-eme ka ha nwere onwe ha n’ebe ahụ ka a tọhapụrụ m n’ebe a.&quot;

Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ ya na Angel Island n'ihi alụmdi na nwunye ya na Charles Schulze, Leung nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ na-enye ndị bi na Chinatown San Francisco nkọwa na ọrụ mmekọrịta. Ruo otu afọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ogige Tii ndị China.[1] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ nchịkwa, onye na-ede akwụkwọ, na onye ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na San Francisco Chinese Hospital iji kwado ezinụlọ ya.[2][3][1] Malite na 1926 maka afọ 20, Leung gara ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ PBX na-arụ ọrụ abalị maka Pacific Telephone's China Exchange na Chinatown, ọrụ dị elu maka ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ahụ.[4] [2] [1] [3] Ọ kwadoro ndụ ọtụtụ ndị China America site na ijikọ ha na ndị ọka iwu, ụlọikpe na ọrụ mbata na ọpụpụ.[5] Dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ ekwentị, ọ ghaghị iburu nọmba ekwentị n'isi maka onye ọ bụla na ụlọ ahịa ọ bụla dị na Chinatown.[3] A na-akwanyere ya ugwu n'ofe Chinatown maka nka na njikọ ya n'inyere ndị America America aka. Nwa Leung, Fred, chetara na &quot;a na-ajụkarị ya ka ọ kọwaara ya. GI brides, mbata na ọpụpụ, ikpe ụlọikpe. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ jụrụ inye aka.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2 Apr 1980, 62 – The San Francisco Examiner at Newspapers.com|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/460532983/?terms=tye+leung|accessdate=2019-12-02|work=Newspapers.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1946, ndị ọrụ mbata na ọpụpụ goro Leung ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị okwu otu afọ.[1] Ebe e nyere Iwu Ndị Na-alụ Agha n’afọ 1945, bụ́ nke wepụrụ mmachibido iwu mbata n’Eshia ruo nwa oge, ọtụtụ ndị nwunye China na-esonyere di ha na United States, na-eme ka e nwee mkpa nke ndị nsụgharị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.immigrant-voices.aiisf.org/stories-by-author/807-interpreter-voter-and-pinball-aficionado/|title=Immigrant Voices: Discover Immigrant Stories from Angel Island|website=AIISFIV.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tye Leung Schulze (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/people/tye-leung-schulze.htm|accessdate=2020-08-25|work=www.nps.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Maka ndị obodo China nọ na San Francisco, Leung nyekwara ọrụ ntụgharị asụsụ ya. Ntụgharị asụsụ ndị a nyere aka mee ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka obodo. 

== Ọrụ nke nhọpụta ==
Na Mee 1912, Leung bụ nwanyị China mbụ mere ntuli aka na ntuli aka onye isi ala.[1][2] Leung bụ onye dị afọ iri abụọ na ụma, nwekwara ike bụrụkwa nwanyị China mbụ mere ntuli aka n'ụwa niile.[3][4] N'oge votu ya, ọ ka nọ na-arụ ọrụ maka Presbyterian Mission House, nke a maara dị ka Cameron House taa.[2][5] Leung tụrụ vootu n'ebe ịtụ vootu n'okporo ụzọ Powell na Pacific dị na San Francisco.[2] Mgbe omechara ntuli aka San Francisco Examiner kpọrọ votu ahụ &quot;okwu ikpeazụ na mmegharị ọgbara ọhụrụ maka inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike zuru oke ... Ọ bụ mmezu kachasị ọhụrụ na nnukwu ọrụ America nke ijikọ na ibuli agbụrụ niile nke ụwa.&quot; 

The San Francisco Examiner kwuru na Leung &quot;maara ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị metụtara ntuli aka onye isi ala&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=15 May 1912, 1 – The San Francisco Examiner at Newspapers.com|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/457435272/?terms=%22chinese+woman+voter%22|accessdate=2019-12-02|work=Newspapers.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gbara Leung ajụjụ ọnụ banyere ahụmịhe ya na ntuli aka mbụ ya:

&quot;Votu mbụ m? - Oh, ee, echere m ogologo oge na nke ahụ. M gụrụ akwụkwọ; M gụrụ banyere ndị ikom gị niile chọrọ ịbụ onyeisi oche. M mụtara banyere iwu ọhụrụ ahụ. Achọrọ m ịmara ihe ziri ezi, ọ bụghị ime ihe n'ezoghị ọnụ ... echere m na ọ dị mma na anyị niile kwesịrị ịgbalị ịmụta, ọ bụghị ịtụ vootu , ebe ọ bụ na e nyere anyị ikike a ikwu nke nwoke anyị chere na ọ bụ onye kasị ukwuu ... echere m na anyị na-achọkwa ka anyị na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị anyị niile na-eme ihe na-adịghị mma. ọ bụ naanị ihe ọhụrụ ka e ji mee ihe otú ahụ.

Na 1911, afọ tupu Leung ịtụ vootu nke mbụ, California ghọrọ steeti nke isii na-agafe iwu ndị nyere nha nhata, mgbe Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Idaho, na Washington gasịrị. Efefere iwu nhọpụta California ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri tupu nkwado nke Ndezigharị nke iri na itoolu na 1920

== Alụmdi na nwunye ==
Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Angel Island ọ zutere onye nyocha mbata na ọpụpụ Charles Frederick Schulze. Schulze bụ onye Caucasian na alụmdi na nwunye nke ndị China na ndị ọcha America bụ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ihi iwu mgbochi mkparị nke California na 1913.[1] N’ihi ya, di na nwunye ahụ gara Vancouver, Washington, ka ha lụọ n’ụzọ iwu kwadoro.[2] Ha lụrụ na October 1913.[3] Otú ọ dị, ezinụlọ ndị di na nwunye ahụ anabataghị alụmdi na nwunye ha.[4] Mgbe alụmdi na nwunye ahụ gasịrị, di na nwunye ahụ laghachiri California, mana ha abụọ funahụrụ ha n'ọrụ gọọmentị n'ihi ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ. Ha mụrụ ụmụ anọ: Frederick, Theodore, Louise, na Donaldina.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1996|title=Tye Leung Schulze.|journal=Encyclopedia of the American West}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/460228007/?terms=%22tye+leung+schulze%22|title=15 Mar 1972, 51 – The San Francisco Examiner at Newspapers.com|work=Newspapers.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ, Schulze gara ọrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya dị ka onye ọrụ nche pụrụ iche na onye na-anya ụgbọ ala.[1] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ South Pacific dị ka “onye nyocha nke igwe ụlọ ọrụ”, wee bụrụ onye nlekọta ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ Gramaphone Columbia.[2]. Schulze nwụrụ na 1935.

== Mgbalị Ndị Ọzọ Na-eme n'Otu ==
Mgbe ite ime na-akwadoghị, a nwụchiri Leung dị afọ 61 na mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ maka ọrụ ha na-arụ n'ihe e chere na ọ bụ mgbanaka ite ime na steeti niile.[1] Otu nwa agbọghọ San Francisco bụ onye e bugara na Los Angeles maka ite ime nke riri $400 dọpụrụ Leung.[1] Mgbe nyocha na ikpe gasịrị, a kwụsịrị ebubo e boro Leung na Disemba 1948. 

&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;A mụrụ Tye Leung na August 24 na San Francisco, California, na 1887. Ọ bụ ọdụdụ n'ime ụmụnne nwanyị ise na ụmụnne abụọ ndị si China kwabatara na mpaghara Guangdong.[1][2][3] Nna ya bụ onye ọkpọkọ, na-enweta $20 kwa ọnwa, ebe nne ya na-elekọta ụlọ obibi.[1] Ezinụlọ Leung nke dị mmadụ iri na ndị ikwu ya ole na ole bi n'otu ọnụ ụlọ nwere ọnụ ụlọ abụọ dị mkpagide na Ross Alley na Chinatown nke San Francisco.[1][3] E zigara Leung n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Presbyterian ka ọ mụọ asụsụ Bekee, a na-akpọkarịkwa ya gaa nzukọ chọọchị, bụ́ nke bụ́ ihe ndị mbụ o mere banyere Iso Ụzọ Kraịst.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu, nne ya zipụrụ Leung ịrụ ọrụ dị ka “ohu” n’ezinụlọ ọzọ, n’amaghị na e resịwo ya ezinụlọ ọzọ.[1] Nwanne nna Leung, bụ́ onye ghọtara ọnọdụ ya, kpọtụụrụ ndị nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ Leung bụ́ ndị haziri ka ọ lọghachi n'ụlọ.[1] Mgbe e mesịrị ka ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, e tinyere ya na otu nwoke si Butte, Montana n'alụmdi na nwunye a haziri ahazi. Nwanne nwanyị nke okenye Leung, onye ga-alụbu nwoke ahụ, gbanarị alụmdi na nwunye ahụ site n'ịgbanarị enyi ya nwoke.[2] N'ihi ya, nne na nna ya bu n'obi ka Leung lụọ otu nwoke ahụ.[2] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 14, a zọpụtara ya na alụmdi na nwunye haziri nke Donaldina Cameron nke Presbyterian Mission Home.

Mgbe ewepụtara igwe pinball na Chinatown n'afọ ndị 1930, Leung wuru aha ọma maka onwe ya n'ógbè ahụ dị ka onye dibịa pinball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/people/tye-leung-schulze.htm|title=Tye Leung Schulze|accessdate=June 6, 2019}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; A na-ese ya foto na Studebaker . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ọtụtụ ndị jiri Leung tụnyere Sun Yat-sen, onye nabatakwara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ma nwee mmasị na Studebaker convertibles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Leung nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 84 na San Francisco na Machị 10, 1972.  &lt;ref name=&quot;LeeStefanowska1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lily Xiao Hong Lee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwPWtJ5WSQMC&amp;pg=PA185|title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: The Qing Period, 1644–1911|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7656-0043-1|pages=185–|accessdate=14 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;
 

== Ihe Nketa ==


&lt;ref name=&quot;Play1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lovelie Faustino|year=2011|title=Lily Tung Crystal portrays first Chinese American woman vote|work=Daily Dose: 10/13/11|publisher=[[AsianWeek]]|url=http://www.asianweek.com/2011/10/13/daily-dose-101311/|accessdate=14 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018031434/http://www.asianweek.com/2011/10/13/daily-dose-101311/|archivedate=18 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;A ghọtara Leung maka ntinye aka ya na akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị na 1987 na akwụkwọ akụkọ San Bernardino Sun.[1] N'October 2011 a kọrọ akụkọ Tye Leung Schulze site na egwuregwu nke na-eme ihe nkiri Lily Tung.

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Yung, Judy. Olu anaghị agbake: Akụkọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị China na San Francisco. Berkeley: Mahadum California Press (1999). ISBN 0-520-21860-4

== Edensibịa ==</text>
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    <title>Joyce Aboussie</title>
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'''Joyce Aboussie''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1957) bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke Aboussie &amp; Associates, ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ na St. Louis, Missouri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Most Influential St. Louisans|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/blog/2012/02/slideshow-most-influential-st-louisans.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=www.bizjournals.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke Telephone Contact Inc., ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ, nyocha na njikwa data. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Joyce Aboussie|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/stories/2006/08/14/focus13.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=www.bizjournals.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Abussie nwere B.A. na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sitere na Mahadum Saint Louis.[1] Ọ bụ onye osote onye isi oche mba Congressman Dick Gephardt's 1988 onye isi ala [2] ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ya. Aboussie jere ozi na bọọdụ ego mba maka mkpọsa onye isi ala Barack Obama, [3] Hillary Clinton [4] na Joe Biden.

In 1983, Aboussie was elected to the National Board of Directors and Governors of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Boards of Directors and Governors|url=https://www.stjude.org/about-st-jude/leadership/boards-of-directors-and-governors.html|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=www.stjude.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

In 2006, the ''St. Louis Business Journal'' named Aboussie one of the &quot;Most Influential Business Women.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Julia M.|date=2006-08-11|title=Joyce Aboussie|work=St. Louis Business Journal|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/stories/2006/08/14/focus13.html|accessdate=2007-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1995, she was named by the ''St. Louis Business Journal'' as one of &quot;40 people under 40&quot; who make a difference in St. Louis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=40 under 40 Class of 1995|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/gallery/257432|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=www.bizjournals.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Also in 2006, she was elected as the first woman Chairperson of the ALSAC/St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Board of Directors and Governors. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

N'afọ 2015, a nabatara Aboussie n'okpuru ụdị nke Small Independent Entrepreneurship n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Aha nke Center for Entrepreneurships na Mahadum Saint Louis . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Shareholder Alumni Magazine Fall 2015: The Entrepreneur of Entrepreneurship by Richard A. Chaifetz School of Business - issuu|url=https://issuu.com/slucookbusiness/docs/shareholder_fall_2015_final_102915|accessdate=2019-11-27|page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164751/http://joyceaboussieandassociates.com/ Joyce Aboussie na ndị mmekọ]
* [http://www.aboussieassociates.com Aboussie na ndị mmekọ]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aboussie, Joyce}}
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'''Andrea Paz Balladares Letelier''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1987) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Chile. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-pm/noticia/andrea-balladares-la-nueva-mujer-clave-en-rn/YEWDYSRQ5NCNDCS35RPCRPUEPU/|title=Andrea Balladares, la nueva mujer clave en RN|publisher=[[La Tercera]]|date=14 September 2023|accessdate=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.df.cl/economia-y-politica/gobierno/presidente-designa-a-andrea-balladares-como-nueva-subsecretaria-de|title=Presidente designa a Andrea Balladares como nueva subsecretaria de Servicios Sociales|publisher=[[Diario Financiero]]|date=6 May 2021|accessdate=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://puranoticia.pnt.cl/nacional/andrea-balladares-enfatiza-que-rn-y-el-partido-republicano-son|title=Andrea Balladares enfatiza que RN y el Partido Republicano son proyectos políticos distintos|publisher=Pura Noticia|date=30 December 2023|accessdate=23 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ezinụlọ na Agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ ya na obodo Chanco, &lt;ref name=&quot;emol&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://segreader.emol.cl/2020/04/09/A/JU3PMFDR/light?gt=134501|work=[[Emol]]|title=Entrevista; Andrea Balladares, delegada presidencial en La Araucanía|author=Giselle Crouchett|accessdate=12 August 2021|date=9 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ nwa nwanyị Oscar Armando Balladares Sánchez, onye ahịa (osisi), na Andrea de las Mercedes Letelier González.

Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị ya na Liceo Antonio Varas (nke bụbu Liceo de Hombres) na Cauquenes.

O nwere akara ugo mmụta na Sociology na Universidad Mayor ma mụọ iwu na Mahadum nke Chile . &lt;ref name=&quot;mds&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.desarrollosocialyfamilia.gob.cl/autoridades/sebastian-villarreal-bardet|work=www.desarrollosocialyfamilia.gob.cl|title=Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia; Subsecretaria de Servicios Sociales|accessdate=6 July 2021|date=6 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Ọ bụbu onye otu National Renewal (RN) kemgbe afọ 2005,[1] ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye isi oche otu nku ntorobịa site na 2012 ruo 2014.[1]

N'oge ọchịchị mbụ nke Sebastián Piñera, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ọfịs nke First Lady, na-eje ozi dị ka Director of Programming site na 2012 ruo 2014, na n'oge gara aga dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nchịkwa mpaghara na General Secretariat of Government.&lt;ref name=&quot;mds&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.desarrollosocialyfamilia.gob.cl/autoridades/sebastian-villarreal-bardet|work=www.desarrollosocialyfamilia.gob.cl|title=Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia; Subsecretaria de Servicios Sociales|accessdate=6 July 2021|date=6 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.desarrollosocialyfamilia.gob.cl/autoridades/sebastian-villarreal-bardet &quot;Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia; Subsecretaria de Servicios Sociales&quot;]. ''www.desarrollosocialyfamilia.gob.cl''. 6 May 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 July&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'okwu nke abụọ nke Piñera, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke Ngalaba Internal Affairs nke Ministry of Interior and Public Security site na Machị 2018 ruo Jenụwarị 2020 yana, [1] dị ka onye nnọchi anya onye isi ala na mpaghara La Araucanía, [2] site na Eprel ruo Mee 2021.[3]

Na 6 Mee 2021, Onye isi ala Piñera họpụtara ya dị ka osote odeakwụkwọ nke ọrụ ọha na eze, mgbe [[Sebastián Villarreal]] gbara arụkwaghịm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmostrador.cl/dia/2021/05/06/presidente-pinera-designa-a-andrea-balladares-como-nueva-subsecretaria-de-servicios-sociales-tras-renuncia-de-sebastian-villarreal/|work=[[El Mostrador]]|date=6 May 2021|accessdate=12 August 2021|title=Presidente Piñera designa a Andrea Balladares como nueva Subsecretaria de Servicios Sociales tras renuncia de Sebastián Villarreal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Septemba 9, 2023, a họpụtara ya onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke National Renewal ya na Senator Rodrigo Galili, onye ya na ha chịkọtara otu ahụ.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

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'''Maria Margaretha Koopmans-de Wet''' (n'ógbè /ˈkʊərpmʌnz də ˈvɛt/ KOORP-munz də VET,  Ndị Afrịka: [ˈkuəpmans də ˈvɛt]; née de Wet; 18 Maachị 1834 – 2 Ọgọst 1906) bụ onye na-eme mkpọsa maka ikike ndị Afrikaner, onye ndu omenala, onye na-emere ndị mmadụ ebere, onye nnabata a ma ama na Cape, onye na-akwado nka na onye na-eme ebere na South Africa.. 

Ọ bụ ada Johannes de Wet na Adriana Horak, ọ lụrụ Johan Christoffel Koopmans. Ọ bụ onye otu a ma ama n'etiti ndị Cape Dutch na Cape Town. Ụlọ ya bụ ebe etiti obodo ukwu nke ndị Britain na-agakarị.

A maara ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe maka ichebe asụsụ na ọdịbendị Afrikaans n'oge Alaeze Ukwu Britain na South Africa.

N'oge Agha Boer nke Abụọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji melite ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka Boer ndị Britain kpọchiri. Ọ dọtara uche Eze Nwanyị Victoria n'okwu a, e wee tụọ ya mkpọrọ n'ụlọ n'ihi ya.

Ụlọ ya ghọrọ Koopmans-de Wet House Museum.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị, Margaretha Jacoba, nwetara agụmakwụkwọ dị mma dịka ụmụaka site n'aka nna ha, onye ndụmọdụ Johannes de Wet. O tokwara n'ụlọ elu a ma ama ugbu a na 23 Strand Street, nke a na-akpọ Ụlọ Koopmans-de Wet. E nyere Reynier Smedinga ala ebe ụlọ ahụ dị n'elu ya n'oge Willem Adriaan van der Stel, e wukwara ụlọ ahụ na 1701. Dịka omenala si dị, ọ bụ onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri wuru ụlọ ahụ ma weta ihe owuwu ya na njem ikpeazụ ya site na Europe. Enweghị ihe akaebe na isi mmalite dị na ya na onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ a ma ama bụ Louis Thibault ma ọ bụ onye na-akpụ ihe bụ Anton Anreith wuru ihu ụlọ ahụ n'ụdị ya ugbu a n'ihe dị ka 1795. Ka o sina dị, ọ bụ ihe atụ dị ịrịba ama nke ụdị ochie siri ike nke dabara na omenala ndị Netherlands. Mgbe Hendrik Justinus de Wet (nna nna ya) nwụsịrị, nwunye ya zụtara ụlọ a na 1809. Onyeisi n'ime ụmụ ya nwoke atọ, Johannes, mechara bụrụ ọkaiwu. Ọ bụ onye otu ndị omeiwu Cape Legislative Assembly ruo afọ iri na ise mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ PhD na iwu ndị Rom na French na Mahadum Leiden ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike na agụmakwụkwọ, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ndụ ọha na eze na Cape, dịka mgba maka nnwere onwe ndị nta akụkọ na ntọala nke Zuid-Afrikaansch Athenaeum. N'ime ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa dị mkpa na 23 Strand Street bụ ndị dịka Dr. Abraham Faure (site na 1822 ruo 1867 pastọ nke ọgbakọ NG na Cape Town), Andries Stockenström (onye isi gọvanọ nke Eastern Province), John Fairbairn (mkpọsa maka nnwere onwe nke ndị nta akụkọ, ọkachamara n'agụmakwụkwọ, onye na-ahụ maka ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị) na William Porter (ọkaiwu ukwu nke Cape Colony) site na 1839 ruo 1866, onye aha ya bụ Porterville. Nwanne nwanyị Adv. De Wet lụrụ Sir John Truter, onye ọkaikpe mbụ nke Cape Colony na onye guzobere NG commun Wynberg. Nne ya bụ Adriana Horak, nwa nwa Martin Melck, nna nna nke ezinụlọ Melck na South Africa. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ hụrụ nne nne ya bụ́ Melck ka a na-ebu ya na ihe mkpofu ya gaa n'ihu chọọchị Lutheran, nakwa na Strandstraat, na ndị niile bi n'ọgbakọ ahụ biliri ọtọ ebe ada Martin Melck ji ụkwụ gaa n'ebe a na-asọpụrụ ya n'ụlọ ụka ahụ, onye na-ejere ya ozi buru ákwà ụkwụ ya, onye ọzọ na-abịakwa ya na-ebu akwụkwọ chọọchị ya. Marie ketara aha ọma a n'aka nne nne ya, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime àgwà ya kacha adịgide adịgide, ọ bụ ezie na onyinye uche ya pụrụ iche. O nwekwara uche siri ike na mkpebi siri ike n'ime ihe. Mkpebi ya doro anya nke ukwuu, ọ na-enwekwa obi ụtọ maka ihe gbasara ndị mmadụ mgbe niile.

Mgbe ọ gachara, site na afọ asaa, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Dutch nke Johannes Spijker ma kụzie ya n'ụlọ ruo oge ụfọdụ, n'afọ nke iri na atọ ya, Marie gara ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye nke Mrs. Midgley gara n'okporo ámá Bree ma kụziri ya ebe ahụ ihe dị ka otu afọ na ọkara, karịsịa na ebumnuche nke ịmụ [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]]. Nna ya nyere nnukwu uru na ihe ọmụma nke asụsụ mba ọzọ ma mesịa, onye nkuzi onwe onye kụziiri ya na nwanne ya nwanyị German na [[Asụsụ French|French]] n'ụlọ. N'ikpeazụ, ọ mụtakwara asụsụ Ịtali. Mgbe ọ kara nká, ọ sụgharịrị otu isiokwu n'asụsụ Dutch nke pụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Itali banyere onye isi ala Paul Kruger. E bipụtara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ obodo Ons Land (dị ka isi iyi a jụrụ, mana o yikarịrị ka ọ pụtara De Zuid-Afrikaan jikọtara ya na Ons Land). Asụsụ ndị a niile jikwa ya ozi nke ọma n'oge ọ gara [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] ugboro abụọ. Ọ natakwara ntụziaka na egwu, eserese na ọrụ ịkwa akwa, nkà ndị na-ewu ewu n'oge ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke agụmakwụkwọ nwa agbọghọ. Dị ka nwa agbọghọ ọ mara mma ma mara mma na ihe osise na-egosi na o nwere mmetụta dị mma banyere ejiji nke oge ahụ. Mana ịma mma ya n'ime, nke sitere na anya ya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na ihu ọchị dị nro, gbara akaebe maka ọdịdị ya mara mma.

Anti-Bandit Movement bụ ihe omume dị mkpa n'oge ọ bụ nwata. Ọ bụ ngagharị iwe na 1849 megide ebumnuche gọọmentị Britain iji Cape mee ihe dị ka ebe ntaramahụhụ maka ụgbọ mmiri nke ndị omempụ a mara ikpe, bụ ndị a ga-ahapụ mgbe ha nọsịrị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ha. Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ ya na enyi ya, Sen. F.S. Malan, dere na mmegharị a iji zọpụta Cape site na ọdịnihu nke mpaghara ntaramahụhụ &quot;ma eleghị anya nyere aka karịa ihe ọ bụla ọzọ na ịmụrụ anya nke mmetụta nke ịhụ mba n'anya n'obi Marie&quot;. Site n'oge ọ dị obere, ọ gbasoro ọrụ nna ya na-eduzi n'ọrụ ya niile, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmegharị iji nweta iwu omebe iwu maka Cape Colony. Nke a bụ karịsịa n'ihi na ebe obibi ha bụ etiti ọtụtụ nnọkọ na ihe ndị dị mkpa nke mba. O jikwa mmasị soro ọgaranya nke Voortrekkers na nkwenye nke nnwere onwe nke Transvaal Boers na 1852 na Orange Free State na 1854. Nke a mere ka a mara mba n'uche nwa agbọghọ ahụ nwere àgwà dị ike ma ka oge na-aga, a maara ya maka nghọta ya siri ike nke ịhụ mba n'anya. N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ ga-achụ ahụike ya n'àjà maka ọrụ ebere nke onwe ya iji weghachite ma zipụ onyinye na ntụsara ahụ nke wụbara na mba ahụ maka abamuru nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nọ n'ogige ịta ahụhụ n'oge Agha Anglo-Boer yana ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'agha na [[Saint Helena|St. Helena]], Ceylon na ebe ndị ọzọ, mgbe Marie meworo agadi.

== Alụmdi na nwunye ==
 
Na 15 Machị 1864 ọ lụrụ Johan Christoffel Koopmans, onye Dutch site na ọmụmụ na mbụ onye isi na British-German Legion n'okpuru iwu nke [[Stutterheim]]&quot; id=&quot;mwTg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Richard von Stutterheim&quot;&gt;Baron Richard von Stutterheim (onye a gụrụ aha obodo Eastern Cape nke Stutterheim) na ókèala ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ógbè ahụ. O ji akwụkwọ ozi nke ndụmọdụ sitere n'aka enyi nke adv. De Wet na Holland rutere n'ụlọ elu dị na Strand Street. O nwere omume mkparị, omume mkpakọrịta na omume dị mma. Gọvanọ ahụ, Sir George Grey, nyere ya ọkwa onye odeakwụkwọ mba ọzọ n'ọfịs post n'ihi na ọ na-asụ asụsụ isii nke Europe nke ọma, di na nwunye ahụ na-eto eto gara biri na Waal Street, mana mgbe e wepụrụ post Koopmans dị ka ihe siri ike n'oge ịda mbà n'obi nke 1867, ha laghachiri n'ụlọ ndị mụrụ ya. Ọ bụkwa n'ihi na ha enweghị nwa na ahụike nne Marie malitere ịda. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọnwa asatọ gasịrị, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nche gọọmentị (Carrier of the Black Rod) na Nzukọ Ndị Ome Iwu nke Cape. N'oge na-adịghị anya, nne Marie nwụrụ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, nlekọta ezinụlọ gafere n'aka Margaretha na-alụbeghị di; na 15 June 1875 kwa nna ya. Naanị afọ anọ ka e mesịrị, na 1879, di ya ọ hụrụ n'anya nwụkwara (n'ọrịa akụrụ), ihe ọ na-enwetụbeghị, dị ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ yipụrụ uwe iru uju ya ọzọ. Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị nọgidere na-ebi n'ụlọ nne na nna ha na Strand Street ma, ọ bụ ezie na ha abụghị ndị ọgaranya, ha nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe ọnọdụ ha. N'afọ 1881, ha mere njem gaa ọtụtụ mba Europe wee mata ndị ikwu di ya nwụrụ anwụ, gụnyere onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Die Volkstem dr. [[:af:Frans Engelenburg|Frans Engelenburg]]. Na njem a, ọ gara n'etiti ndị a ma ama ma nabata ya n'ụlọ ikpe nke [[Netherlands]]&quot; id=&quot;mwWA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;William III of the Netherlands&quot;&gt;Eze Willem nke Atọ nke Netherlands. Mgbe ọ nwụrụ afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, o degaara Queen Emma akwụkwọ ozi ọmịiko ma zigara okpueze mara mma. Njem ha gara Europe wetara nnukwu mmelite n'ime ụmụnne nwanyị ahụ, n'ihi na mgbe ha laghachiri Cape, ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ ahụ gbanwere ụzọ ndụ ha n'ụzọ mmesapụ aka. Mgbe ha gachara Europe nke abụọ, o doro ha anya na ha ga-akwụsị ịdị adị ha dịpụrụ adịpụ ma ọzọ, dị ka n'oge ochie, nabata ndị ọbịa n'ụlọ ha. Ka oge na-aga, a maara ụlọ ha dị ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Strand n'ihi ịma mma na ikike ọgụgụ isi nke onye ọbịa ahụ. Ọ chịkọtara ihe osise ma chọọ ịsọpụrụ ọdịnala Cape Dutch n'ụzọ dị ebube. Nke ahụ bụ kpọmkwem ihe mere o ji nabata ndị ọ na-amaghị, ọkachasị ndị Bekee, iji mee ka o doo anya na ịdị ukwuu bụ àgwà nke ndị ya. N'ihe gbasara ọdịbendị, o mepụtara ohere n'ụlọ ha maka ndị na-eto eto sitere na Bekee na Dutch iji hazie usoro ihe ngosi ụlọ na egwu.
 
N'ụlọ nne na nna ya, ọ na-emekọrịta ihe mgbe niile na ndị ama ama na Cape, dị ka Sir John Truter, nwanne nna ya. Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial, nwa Napoleon nke Atọ na Empress Eugenie, nọrọ na Marie n'oge nleta dị mkpirikpi ya na Cape n'ụzọ ọ na-aga Zululand. Mgbe ọ nwụrụ na mberede, Marie zigara eze nwanyị ahụ akwụkwọ ozi na-emetụ n'ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị nne nke Cape iji kwupụta ọmịiko ha. N'ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ maara ndị ọchịchị dịka Sir Henry Bartle Frere na Cecil John Rhodes. Onye nke ikpeazụ kwuru otu oge banyere ya: &quot;M na-atụ egwu ya karịa Ndị Afrikanerbond niile&quot;. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị mere na Transvaal n'oge mwakpo Jameson mere ka nleta Rhodes gaa n'ụlọ Koopmans-de Wet kwụsị. Site n'aka ndị enyi ya, ọ gbalịrị inweta ohere inye ya akụkọ banyere mwakpo ahụ, mana ọ zaghachiri, &quot;Ka Maazị Rhodes mee akụkọ ọ chọrọ inye m na ikpo okwu ọha. &quot; Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr bụ enyi nke ụmụnne nwanyị ahụ, dịka ndị isi ala Boer Johannes Brand, F.W. Reitz, Paul Kruger na M.T. Steyn. Ọ na-abịa mgbe e mesịrị. F.S. Malan, onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Marie, n'oge ahụ. Ka oge na-aga, a na-akpọ ụlọ ya ebe mbata nke Afrikanerbond. Ọ kwadokwara ka e guzobe African Christian Women's Association (A.C.V.V.), mana o mechara pụọ na ya n'ihi na ọchịchọ ya na ụmụ nwanyị niile ga-etinye aka, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị Roman Katọlik, anabataghị ya. Ọnọdụ ya gbara akaebe na ịdị ukwuu: &quot;Iso Ụzọ Kraịst anaghị ewepu, kama ọ na-agụnye. N'agbanyeghị ebe anyị gafere usoro ma ọ bụ nkọwa mmadụ, na Bible anyị dị n'otu ọzọ. &quot;

== Nchekwa ==
Marie mere ọtụtụ ihe maka nchekwa nke ihe ochie na ụlọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke South Africa ma rụọ otu ọrụ nke otu ụdị ahụ nke Historical Monuments Commission na Council for National Monuments mechara rụọ. Ọ gbara mbọ maka ịbụ onye nwe ọha na eze, gbaa ume ịkụ osisi ma gbaa ume ichebe osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ na ichekwa ihe ochie na akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme. Mgbe a na-eyi Castle of Good Hope egwu na a ga-akwatu ya na 1886 ma mebie ya na 1888, ọ banyere n'ime mmebi maka ya. Marie na ndị ọzọ mere mkpesa ozugbo megide atụmatụ mbụ ahụ, ọbụnakwa ọ kpọtụrụ ndị enyi nwere mmetụta na England ma rịọ ha maka enyemaka. E debere atụmatụ nke ikpeazụ iji melite ma chọọ Castle mma. Cecil John Rhodes, onye bụ praịm minista n'oge ahụ, zigara Marie otu atụmatụ ahụ iji nweta echiche ya n'okwu ahụ. Na nzaghachi ya, o kwuru n'ụzọ doro anya na ịma mma ahụ ga-emebi Castle. Oge ọzọ Rhodes na-achọ ịgakwuru ya n'elu Castle, mgbe ndị ọchịchị chọrọ iwepụ otu isi maka ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè eletrik. O zigara odeakwụkwọ ya na ya (onye odeakwụkwọ) natara azịza na-esonụ, &quot;Gwa Maazị Rhodes imi ya bụkwa naanị isi ihu ya. Ka ọ bepụ ya wee lee anya n'enyo. &quot; Azịza ahụ nwere mmetụta achọrọ.

== Ịkwalite Asụsụ Dutch ==
Otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị amasị ya bụ ịkwalite Asụsụ Dutch nke, mgbe e mechiri ya na ndụ ọha na eze ruo ihe dị ka ọkara narị afọ n'ihi iwu Gọvanọ Lord Charles Somerset, a hapụrụ ya ọzọ n'akụkụ Bekee na arụmụka ndị omeiwu na 1882. N'afọ 1883, o nyere onyinye akwụkwọ maka Dutch na South African College nakwa maka ndị na-aga nke ọma na asụsụ bondexams. Site na ntọala nke asụsụ Zuid-Afrikaansche na 1890, ọ ghọrọ onye otu ndị isi. Tupu emeghe Ihe Ncheta Asụsụ na Burgersdorp na 1893, o ji okwu &quot;Long live our language&quot; chọọ ya mma ma zipụ ihe nrite ọla edo nke nwere okwu &quot;De Hollandsche taal in Zuid-Afrika, 1806-1893. Ik worstel maar bezwijk niet&quot;. N'afọ 1903, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere magazin De Goede Hoop kwa ọnwa, nke o chepụtara aha ahụ. O nwekwara obi mmesapụ aka maka agụmakwụkwọ ma ya na nwanne ya nwanyị guzobere De Wetfonds maka agụmakọta nke chi abụọ na nke ọzọ maka ọzụzụ nke ụmụ agbọghọ, mgbe niile ka ha wee nyefee onwe ha n'ihe ọmụma zuru oke nke Dutch. E nwekwara onyinye De Wet nke [[Stellenbosch]]&quot; id=&quot;mwgA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Victoria College, Stellenbosch&quot;&gt;Victoria College dị na Stellenbosch na South African College dị na [[Cape Town]] ga-erite uru.

== Agha Anglo-Boer ==
Ọrụ kachasị ukwuu na nke kachasị mkpa nke Koopmans-de Wet bụ maka ọdịmma nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nọ n'Ogige ịta ahụhụ nke Agha Anglo-Boer na maka Mba ndị Boer n'ozuzu ha. Ọ na-eme ihe mgbe niile n'ihe gbasara Republics ma n'oge ahụ ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Onye isi ala Paul Kruger ma nata General Piet Joubert n'ụlọ ya n'ụzọ ọ na-aga England. Mgbe [[Olive Schreiner]] bipụtara mpempe akwụkwọ ya na arịrịọ siri ike maka ikpe ziri ezi na udo, Marie zigara otu ya na enyi ya na [[London]] na arịrịị ka o zigara ya Queen Victoria. Obi adịghị ya mma mgbe ọ matara na ọ bụ naanị onye minista nwere ọrụ nwere ike iweta akwụkwọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'uche eze nwanyị. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, Marie butere ụzọ na ime mkpesa banyere ọnọdụ dị na mba ndị Boer nakwa banyere ndị Boer a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'agha. O dere akwụkwọ mkpesa udo na mbinye aka 16,750 ka e nye Queen Victoria, na-arịọ ka a chọta ngwọta udo n'etiti Britain na Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek. N'afọ 1900, e nwere nnukwu nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ iji mee mkpesa megide ọkụ ọkụ a gbara ụlọ ndị Boer na mmebi ndị ọzọ kpatara n'oge Agha. O nwekwara akwụkwọ mkpesa a bịanyere aka na ya iji rịọ ka a ghara izipu ndị mkpọrọ Boer War, mana enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. N'oge ahụ, kọmitii niile dị na Europe malitere ịrụ ọrụ iji zipụ uwe na nri maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'agha. Ruo 1904, ihe karịrị puku igbe abụọ nke ngwongwo si n'akụkụ niile rutere na Koopmans-de Wet House. Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị natara onyinye ndị a niile n'ụlọ ha dị n'ihu, meghee ha wee zigara ihe dị n'ime ha n'ogige dị iche iche. Nnukwu ego Marie natara, ọ na-elekọta ma na-edekọ onwe ya. Ọ na-ejikwa akwụkwọ ozi metụtara ọrụ a n'onwe ya. N'oge a, a machibidoro nnwere onwe ya ịgagharị, mana e mechara wepụ mmachibido iwu ahụ, nke ruru njide ụlọ. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke na ọ naghị ahụ ya. Ma ahụike ya, nke na-adịtụghị nke ọma, belatara n'okpuru ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị a wee nwụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 1906. Margaretha, nwanne ya nwanyị, nwụrụ na 1911.

== Ọnwụ ==
Na 13 Nọvemba 1905, ebe ọ matara na ọnwụ ya dị nso, ọ rịọrọ ka a ghara inye onyinye n'ili ya, nakwa ka a ghara itinye okooko osisi ma ọ bụ okpu n'ili ya. &quot;Chineke kwere m nkwa na m ga-enweta onyinye n'ili m... Obi dị m ụtọ na m ga-enweta onyinye n'ụbọchị abụọ m nwụrụ.&quot; Ụbọchị abụọ ka Marie nwụsịrị, na 4 Ọgọst 1906, a chụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ ọnwụ ahụ nke ọma, ebe prọfesọ Adriaan Moorrees kwuru okwu ahụ, kpọọrọ ya gaa n'ụlọ ụka Wynberg ebe e liri ya n'akụkụ nne na nna ya na di ya. Olili ozu ya bụ ihe pụrụ iche. Onye bụbu onyeisiala M.T. Steyn kwuru okwu otuto n'oge emume olili ozu ahụ, nke prọfesọ Adriaan Moorrees si Seminary dị na Stellenbosch duziri, ebe a na-ekwu okwu n'ili ahụ site n'aka prọfesọ J.I. Marais. F.S. Malan kpọrọ ya &quot;Vorstin haar volks&quot;. Olive Schreiner kọwara ya dị ka &quot;nwanyị nwere ikike ọgụgụ isi pụrụ iche, onye na-amaghị egwu ma ọ bụ mwute, ọbụna n'oge mmegbu dị egwu nke agha. Ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị niile na agbụrụ niile ga-echeta ya ugbu a na n'ọdịnihu maka àgwà ya na-enweghị atụ.&quot; Jeneraal Louis Botha kwanyeere ya ùgwù &quot;maka ihe o mere, nke ndị ebere na ịhụ mba n'anya si ekwu okwu nke ọma na nke miri emi&quot;, Jeneral Jan Smuts kpọkwara ya &quot;onye na-akpali akpali na ndị Afrikaans na Cape Colony&quot;. N’ozi telegram o degaara nwa nwanne ya nwoke, Dr. Frans Engelenburg, Smuts gbara akaebe banyere ya dị ka ndị a: “Wie die haar gekent heeft, ka ọ dị gịrịgịrị! Hartstochtelijke liefde het Afrikaansche volk, die heldenmoed, welke in dagen van storm en gevaar – toe zelfs rotzen wankelden – de Afrikaanssche vlag omhoog hielt m Tafelbergs voet.”

== Edemsibia ==
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    <title>Carolyn Steyn</title>
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      <text bytes="8555" sha1="qpeypt50bunlohk4wq080p2dztq6kaf" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Carolyn Steyn.jpg|thumb|'''Carolyn Steyn''']]
 

'''Carolyn Steyn''' (née '''Barkhuizen'''; amụrụ na 17 Mee 1960)bụ onye mgbasa ozi na mba Saụt Afrịka ma bụrụkwa onye hiwere otu na-anaghị akpata ego, 67 Blanket maka ụbọchị Nelson Mandela. Na 2022, Carolyn Steyn natara French Ordre national du Mérite. . &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Steyn na 17 Mee 1960 na Johannesburg, South Africa. Ọ gara Jeppe High School for Girls ma banye na 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; O nwetara nzere nsọpụrụ na Speech na Drama na Mahadum Witwatersrand na 1981 na asambodo na Teacher's License in Speech and Drama na Mahadum South Africa na 1980..

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Steyn zutere onye ọchụnta ego South Africa, Douw Steyn na 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2003, ha lụrụ di na nwunye mana ha gbara alụkwaghịm ọnwa isii ka e mesịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Na Febụwarị 2013, Douw na Carolyn lụrụ di ọzọ na Saxon Boutique Hotel, ebe ndị ọbịa gụnyere [[Graça Machel]], Timothy Moloi, na Michael de Pinna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-01|title=R250m Palazzo Steyn reflects &quot;my confidence in SA's future&quot;|url=https://www.biznews.com/undictated/2014/12/01/douws-r250m-palazzo-steyn-reflects-my-confidence-in-sas-future|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=BizNews.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ọrụ mbụ: 1983-1987 ===
Steyn rụrụ ọrụ na Performing Arts Company nke Transvaal (PACT) n'agbata afọ 1983 na 1987. N'oge a, Steyn mere ihe nkiri dịka Die Swerfjare van Poppie Nongena nke Elsa Joubert mere, na Poppie Nongena (1984) n'ihu Nomsa Nene. Ọ gbara otu afọ ma nweta nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọrụ mba ụwa: 1989-2005 ===
Steyn biri na United States n'agbata afọ 1989 na 1999, na United Kingdom n'agbanyeghi afọ 2000 na 2005. Na [[Los Angeles]], ebe ọ na-achụso ọrụ ime ihe nkiri, Steyn gụrụ akwụkwọ na Beverly Hills Playhouse ruo afọ ise n'okpuru onye nkuzi ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Milton Katselas, ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya [[Kate Hudson]], Giovanni Ribisi, Jeffrey Tambor, Tony Danza na Doris Roberts, na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-01-27|title=Blanketing SA with kindness|url=https://getitmagazine.co.za/joburg-north/blog/2020/01/27/blanketing-sa-with-kindness/|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=Get it Joburg North|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge a, Steyn pụtara na Melrose Place na ''Babilọn 5'' ma gosikwa n'ọtụtụ egwuregwu, gụnyere Private Lives, Shadowlands na Harold Pinter's Betrayal . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[Los Angeles]] guild nke nzukọ ntụziaka ụmụaka, Big Sisters, na 2004, a họpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime &quot;Ndị inyom kachasị akpali akpali&quot; site na Beverly Hills Sheet.

=== Ọrụ South Africa: 2006 - ugbu a ===
Kemgbe ọ laghachiri South Africa, Steyn so Carolyn Steyn na Michael de Pinna mee ihe ngosi Radio Today ruo afọ itoolu a na-akpọ Whispers &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-02-10|title=Presenters|url=http://1485.org.za/presenters/|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=Radio Today|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma bụrụkwa onye na-elekọta Tongue in Cheek na SABC 3. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SABC3 to air new talk show, Tongue in Cheek|url=https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/70595/sabc3-to-air-new-talk-show-tongue-in-cheek|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=Media Update|date=5 September 2014|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Steyn kwadoro The Classic Cocktail Hour na Classic Lunch kwa ụbọchị izu na Classic 1027. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Carolyn Steyn now a board member for the Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/carolyn-steyn-now-a-board-member-for-the-johannesburg-philharmonic-orchestra-48123403|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Steyn anọwo na-akwado Hot Classic na Hot 1027 FM.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=HOT 102.7FM celebrates its launch|url=https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/150761/hot-1027fm-celebrates-its-launch|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=Media Update|date=2 July 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'etiti afọ 2014 na 2018, Steyn pụtara na Generations, dị ka onwe ya, onye guzobere 67 Blankets maka Nelson Mandela Day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 2016, Steyn jere ozi dị ka onye isi mmepụta nke Mandela's Gun nke a họpụtara maka onyinye anọ, merie atọ, na 2018 Harlem International Film Festival na [[New York City|New York]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Harlem International Film Festival » 2018 Awards|url=https://harlemfilmfestival.org/2018-awards/|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=harlemfilmfestival.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Steyn rụrụ obere ọrụ na ihe nkiri dịka Blessers na Zulu Wedding . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Steyn jere ozi dị ka onye nkwado nke Joburg Ballet &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-06-12|title=Actress helps to bring fairy tales to life|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-12-actress-helping-to-bring-fairy-tales-to-life/|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nke Auto &amp; General Theatre na Square . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Member Profile : Auto &amp; General Theatre on the Square {{!}} Sandton Tourism Association|url=https://www.sandtontourism.com/whats-happening/news/member-profile-auto-general-theatre-on-the-square/|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=www.sandtontourism.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Steyn bụkwa onye nnọchi anya South Africa maka Peace Starts, otu na-etinye aka n'ịkwalite Ụbọchị Udo Mba Nile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How to Spread it – Carolyn Steyn: Stitching the fabric of our nation|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/how-to-spread-it-carolyn-steyn-stitching-the-fabric-of-our-nation-20150429|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Steyn na-anọdụ ugbu a dị ka onye otu Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Us – Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra|url=https://jpo.co.za/about-us/|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=jpo.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ebere ==
Steyn guzobere otu na-enweghị uru, 67 Blankets for [[Nelson Mandela]] Day, n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe onye isi ala mbụ a họpụtara site na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, Nelson Mandela, nwụsịrị na Disemba 2013 na-esote ihe ịma aka nke onye bụbu onye na-enyere Mandela aka, Zelda la Grange ka ọ kụọ ma ọ bụ dụkọta blanket 67 iji kwado Ụbọchị Mandela kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gules|first=Nicki|title=Prisoners go from crime to crocheting blankets for Madiba|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/from-crime-to-crochet-20180424|accessdate=2022-03-13|work=Citypress|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mechara malite nzukọ ahụ na 27 Jenụwarị 2014.

Kemgbe e guzobere ya, 67 Blankets for Nelson Mandela Day etinyela Guinness World Records atọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=It's official! Mandela blanket a world record|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/its-official-mandela-blanket-a-world-record-1864981|accessdate=2022-03-13|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Largest crochet blanket|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-crochet-blanket|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=Guinness World Records|date=22 April 2016|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Longest crocheted scarf - team|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/118809-longest-crocheted-scarf-team|accessdate=2022-03-13|work=Guinness World Records|date=29 July 2018|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 6 Mee 2021, Steyn malitere 'Carolyn Steyn Performing Arts Centre' na [[alma mater]] ya, Jeppe High School for Girls . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Opening of the Carolyn Steyn Performing Arts Centre|url=http://www.jeppegirls.co.za/|accessdate=2022-03-13|work=Jeppe High School for Girls|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 30 Machị 2022, Steyn natara Chevalier de l'Ordre national du Mérite. Onye nnọchi anya [[France]] na South Africa, [[Aurélien Lechevallier]] nyere ya Steyn na French Residence na Pretoria maka onyinye ya metụtara mmekọrịta ọdịbendị South Africa na France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sth|first=Mpofu|date=2022-04-04|title=SA philanthropist Carolyn Steyn receives French knighthood|url=https://social-tv.co.za/sa-philanthropist-carolyn-steyn-receives-french-knighthood/|accessdate=2022-04-13|work=Social TV|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404151835/https://social-tv.co.za/sa-philanthropist-carolyn-steyn-receives-french-knighthood/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
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[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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'''Molly Ball''' bụ onye nta akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye edemede America. Ọ bụ onye dere akụkọ ndụ nke 2020 nke onye isi oche ụlọ Nancy Pelosi.

Ball tolitere na Idaho na Colorado.&lt;ref name=&quot;pc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Molly Ball|url=https://pulitzercenter.org/people/molly-ball|work=Pulitzer Center|accessdate=May 22, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522193039/https://pulitzercenter.org/people/molly-ball|archivedate=May 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Cherry Creek High School na mpaghara Denver nke Greenwood Village na 1997. Ọ gara [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]], ebe o dere maka The Yale Herald  ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2001 . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Washingtonpost.com: Journalism Internships for College Students|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/post/intern/intbio01.htm|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=www.washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs-profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Molly Ball (profile of)|url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/profile/molly-ball|work=[[Washington Week]]|publisher=[[PBS]]|accessdate=2020-05-10|archivedate=April 30, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430051204/https://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/profile/molly-ball}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.yale.edu/2013/07/11/yalewomen-boundless-ambition-local-action|title=For Yale Women, boundless ambition, local action|date=July 11, 2013|work=YaleNews}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2001, Ball nwere ọzụzụ n'''Oge'' ọkọchị na The Washington Post, &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Washingtonpost.com: Journalism Internships for College Students|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/post/intern/intbio01.htm|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=www.washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe ahụ na Jenụwarị 2002 ọ kwagara Cambodia ma nọrọ otu afọ na ọnwa atọ na-akọ akụkọ maka The Cambodia Daily. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ball|first=Molly|authorlink=|date=September 27, 2023|title=An announcement And a reflection on my career in journalism|url=https://mollyball.substack.com/p/an-announcement|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=mollyball.substack.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ laghachiri na United States mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ na-arịa ọrịa kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ball|first=Molly|date=2023-09-27|title=An announcement|url=https://mollyball.substack.com/p/an-announcement|accessdate=2025-07-18|work=Mollyesque}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ikpeazụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ maka ''Las Vegas Sun'', Las Vegas Review-Journal, Politico, The Atlantic, Time, na The Wall Street Journal.

== Nkwado ==
N'afọ 2019, Ball natara Gerald R. Ford Prize for Distinguished Reporting on the Presidency maka mkpuchi ya banyere Ọchịchị Trump. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reporting Prizes: Reporting on the Presidency 2019|url=https://geraldrfordfoundation.org/reporting-on-the-presidency-2019/|publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Foundation|accessdate=2020-05-10|date=June 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ ọ natara gụnyere Lee Walczak Award for Political Analysis, Sandy Hume Memorial Award for Excellence in Political Journalism, Society of Professional Journalists' Sigma Delta Chi Award, na Toner Prize for Excellence na Political Reporting.&lt;ref name=&quot;pc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Molly Ball|url=https://pulitzercenter.org/people/molly-ball|work=Pulitzer Center|accessdate=May 22, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522193039/https://pulitzercenter.org/people/molly-ball|archivedate=May 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ball natara 2020 Everett McKinley Dirksen Award for Distinguished Reporting of Congress site na National Press Foundation maka akụkọ ya banyere House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, nke ndị ọkàikpe kpọrọ &quot;authoritative,&quot; &quot;nkwado&quot; na &quot;nuanced&quot;.  A matara ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ pụtara ìhè na Print na 2020 Washington Women in Journalism awards. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Molly Ball Wins Dirksen Award for Distinguished Reporting of Congress|url=https://nationalpress.org/award-story/molly-ball-of-time-wins-dirksen-award/|publisher=National Press Foundation|accessdate=2021-07-14|date=December 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Winners of the 2020 Washington Women in Journalism Awards|url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2020/09/22/meet-the-winners-of-the-2020-washington-women-in-journalism-awards/|work=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119025124/https://www.washingtonian.com/2020/09/22/meet-the-winners-of-the-2020-washington-women-in-journalism-awards/|archivedate=January 19, 2021|accessdate=2021-07-14|date=September 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkatọ, esemokwu na esemokwu iwu ==
N'afọ 2015, James Taranto nke The Wall Street Journal katọrọ mmeso Ball na-emeso ''Oge'' na-akwado Trump n'otu edemede Ball dere maka The Atlantic nke akpọrọ, &quot;The Ecstasy of Donald Trump&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ball|first=Molly|date=2015-11-26|title=The Ecstasy of Donald Trump|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/the-ecstasy-of-donald-trump/417870/|accessdate=2024-06-21|work=The Atlantic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-ekwu na ọ kọwara onye na-enye ya &quot;akpụkpọ anụ na ezé odo&quot;, nke Taranto kwuru na ọ bụ ihe atụ nke ajọ mbunobi mgbasa ozi na enweghị nkwanye ùgwù nye ụmụ amaala nkịtị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ball|first=Molly|date=2015-12-02|title=&quot;Yellow Teeth&quot; and Descriptive Journalism|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/yellow-teeth-and-descriptive-journalism/625633/|accessdate=2024-06-21|work=The Atlantic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Taranto|first=James|date=November 27, 2015|title=Bully for Whom|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bully-for-whom-1448647860|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=June 20, 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2021, akụkọ magazin Ball's Time, &quot;Akụkọ Nzuzo nke Shadow Campaign That Saved the 2020 Election&quot;, kọwara mbọ ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị isi azụmaahịa, na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-emetụta ntuli aka 2020. Ọ bụ ezie na Ball kọwara nke a dị ka ichebe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ntuli aka, ndị nkatọ jụrụ ụkpụrụ omume ya na ebumnuche ya.    &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wulfsohn|first=Joseph|date=2021-02-05|title=Time report touts 'cabal of powerful people' behind 'conspiracy,' 'shadow campaign' to shape election|url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/time-mag-report-touting-cabal-of-of-powerful-people-behind-conspiracy-shadow-campaign-to-shape-election|accessdate=2024-06-21|work=Fox News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-10|title=Irresponsible Hype from Molly Ball and Time Magazine|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/02/irresponsible-hype-from-molly-ball-and-time-magazine/|accessdate=2024-06-21|work=National Review|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=PEYTON|first=arlie]|date=2022-12-03|title=Why Time Magazine's Shadow Campaign Story Is Frightening|url=https://arliepeyton.medium.com/why-time-magazines-shadow-campaign-story-is-frightening-c7b2e153178|accessdate=2024-06-21|work=Medium|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Saintly Conspiracy to Save Democracy? -Capital Research Center|url=https://capitalresearch.org/article/a-saintly-conspiracy-to-save-democracy/|accessdate=2024-06-21|work=capitalresearch.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Groups and Persons Mentioned in Time's &quot;Shadow Campaign&quot; Article -Capital Research Center|url=https://capitalresearch.org/article/the-groups-and-persons-mentioned-in-times-shadow-campaign-article/|accessdate=2024-06-21|work=capitalresearch.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Disemba 2019, Ball na The Atlantic gbara akwụkwọ maka nkwutọ na mwakpo nke nzuzo na Courtlọ ikpe mpaghara Tokyo, Japan, site na ezinụlọ Bernard Krisher maka mpempe bọọlụ akpọrọ &quot;Mgbe nkwụsị nkwụsị&quot; nke ebipụtara na mbipụta Jenụwarị / Febụwarị 2018.[1] [2] Ikpe ahụ wee kpee ikpe wee dozie na Jenụwarị 2024. Dị ka akụkụ nke mmezi iwu, magazin ahụ mere ọtụtụ nhichapụ, mmezi na nkọwa na isiokwu ahụ. Nke a gụnyere imezi nkwudo Ball na Krisher, onye bụ onye were ya n'ọrụ na The Cambodia Daily, emeghị ihe ọ bụla iji nyere ya aka n'ihe gbasara mkpuchi ahụike, nke egosiri na ozi-e na-egosi na Krisher agbaala mbọ inyere ya aka n'ezie. [2] Na mgbakwunye, a chọrọ bọọlụ ka ihichapụ ma bibie foto niile o sere na-enweghị ọmụma na nkwenye nke isiokwu ahụ n'oge ọ gara n'ebe obibi ha.[3]

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ball bụ nke ndị Juu. Ọ bi na Arlington, Virginia na di ya, David Kihara, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na Politico, na ụmụ ha atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Friess|first=Steve|date=July 1, 2013|work=[[KNPR]]|title=The neon story machine: Former Vegas journos strike it big in D.C.|url=https://knpr.org/magazine-desert-companion/2013-07-01/the-neon-story-machine-former-vegas-journos-strike-it-big-in-d-c|accessdate=|quote=Ball, a staff writer for The Atlantic who lived in Las Vegas from 2004 to 2009 and whose husband, former R-J cops reporter David Kihara, is managing editor for the website of WJLA, the ABC affiliate in D.C}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2007, ọ meriri $ 100,000 na ihe ngosi egwuregwu Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . &lt;ref name=&quot;pbs-profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Molly Ball (profile of)|url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/profile/molly-ball|work=[[Washington Week]]|publisher=[[PBS]]|accessdate=2020-05-10|archivedate=April 30, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430051204/https://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/profile/molly-ball}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200430051204/https://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/profile/molly-ball &quot;Molly Ball (profile of)&quot;]. ''[[Washington Week]]''. [[PBS]]. Archived from [https://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/profile/molly-ball the original] on April 30, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 10,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==

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    <title>Michael Uchebo</title>
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      <text bytes="6102" sha1="2ynh12oumpsrsxifg3qabv0gtele8m8" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Okechukwu Uchebo of Rangers (1).jpg|thumb|294x294px|Michael Uchebo]]
 

'''Michael Okechukwu Uchebo''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1990) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba ọsọ. Ọ pụtara ugboro ise maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]], na-agba otu ugboro.

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Uchebo malitere nke ya ọrụ na [[Rangers International F.C.|Enugu Rangers]]. ọ bịanyere aka na ya a afọ atọ nkwekọrịta ya na VVV Venlo  n'ime October 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 November 2009|title=VVV-Venlo kan Nigerianen eindelijk verwelkomen|url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/vvvvenlo-kan-nigerianen-eindelijk-verwelkomen|accessdate=5 March 2024|work=Voetbal International|language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Venlo's bọọlụ onye nduzi Mario Captien kọwapụta ya dị ka a n'anụ ahụ siri ike onye ọkpọ  WHO bụ a iche nwoke na nke n'ihu. Dutch Voetbal International zoro aka ka Uchebo newdị ka ọhụrụ [[Nwankwo Kanu]].

N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2011, onye isi oche Venlo bụ Hai Berden kpughere na klọb ahụ na ndị otu England bụ Stoke City na-ekwurịta okwu gbasara mbufe Uchebo. Na Jenụwarị 2012 Uchebo sonyeere Stoke City na ikpe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Stoke take Nigerian striker Michael Uchebo on trial|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/16482730|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=10 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pulis casts eye over Nigerian striker Uchebo|url=http://www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/story-14379913-detail/story.html?|work=The Sentinel|accessdate=10 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, na ngwụcha ikpe ahụ, klọb ahụ kpebiri ịghara ịbịanye aka na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Stoke City end interest in trialist Michael Uchebo|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/16546513|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=13 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Jenụwarị iri abụọ na ise, Uchebo sonyeere ndị nche na ikpe. Ikpe ya na klọb ahụ kwụsịrị mgbe naanị otu ụbọchị gasịrị, na akụkọ na-emegiderịta onwe ya site n'aka onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ nandị nche . Onye nnọchi anya Uchebo kwuru na onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ belatara ikpe ya n'ihi mmetụta ọjọọ nke ndị nche mgbe Ally McCoist na-agaghị otu oge ọzụzụ a na-ekwu maka ya, ebe McCoist kwuru na ọ bụ mkpebi klọb.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rangers.co.uk/news/football-news/article/2590983|title=Watching Brief|publisher=rangers.co.uk|accessdate=27 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130224916/http://www.rangers.co.uk/news/football-news/article/2590983|archivedate=30 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ zọpụtara Venlo saịtị na iwu saịtị na goolu na-egbu oge na oge mgbakwunye nke egwuregwu nke abụọ nke Eredivisie ụkpụrụ playoffs megide SC Cambour, Uchebo kpughere na ọ gaghị emezigharị nkwekọrịta ya na-agwụ agwụ na VVV. Na iri abụọ na itoolu Mee Venlo kwupụtara na ha na Cercle Brugge eruola nkwekọrịta. Uchebo mechara bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ na Cercle Brugge . 

N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2014, Uchebo bịanyere aka na Boavista na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ. Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya n'egwuregwu mbụ ya, megide Paços de Ferreira, na mmeri 2-1 n'ụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/29569625|title=Nigeria striker Michael Uchebo joins Boavista|date=11 October 2014|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=14 May 2018|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Uchebo bụ onye otu Nigeria U-iri abụọ ma n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2008 ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Naịjirịa n'egwuregwu ya na Togo na asọmpi West African Football Union .  Ọ gbakwara bọọlụ na asọmpi U-iri abụọ 2009 African Youth Championship, na-agba otu goolu n'egwuregwu atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/7844715.stm|title=SA go top as Egypt win in Kigali|date=2009|accessdate=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kọwara ya na mgbasa ozi dị ka onye egwuregwu a na-achọkarị n'etiti ndị otu Naịjirịa na asọmpi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sports-day.com/nigeria/news/2009-01-24/scouts-jostle-uchebo.html|title=&quot;Scouts Jostle For Uchebo&quot;|accessdate=23 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716122139/http://www.sports-day.com/nigeria/news/2009-01-24/scouts-jostle-uchebo.html|archivedate=16 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2011, ndị otu egwuregwu Olympic nke ugbu a na onye nkuzi U- iri abụọ na atọ nke mba ahụ bụ Austin Eguavoen kpọrọ Uchebo maka akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndị na-eme egwuregwu Olympic megide [[Tanzania]]. 

N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2011, onye nkuzi U-iri abụọ na atọ bụ Austin Eguavoen gara Netherlands wee zute ndị ọrụ VVV Venlo iji nweta ntọhapụ nke Uchebo iji sonye na mbipụta mbụ nke asọmpi CAF U-iri abụọ na atọ na [[Morocco]]. 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201110270949.html|title=Nigeria: London 2012 - Eguavoen in Italy for Joel|date=27 October 2011|work=This Day (Lagos)|accessdate=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ natara oku mbụ ya na otu egwuregwu mba Naịjirịa na Febụwarị 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26122915|title=Uncapped trio called up by Nigeria|date=10 February 2014|accessdate=11 February 2014|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uchebo nwetara okpu mbụ ya na isii Machị, na 0-0 draw na Mexico na Egwuregwu enyi na enyi, na-egwu ọkara mbụ tupu Leon Balogun anọchie ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=flashscore.com|title=Mexico vs. Nigeria 0:0|url=https://www.flashscore.com/match/4r8GT2nL/#lineups;1|accessdate=13 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'egwuregwu Naịjirịa na-esote, 2-2 draw na Scotland na Craven Cottage, Uchebo gbara nkeji iri ise na ise nke egwuregwu ahụ. Mgbe Scotland butere ụzọ, Uchebo ji mgbalị dị n'etiti mee ihe tupu oge ezumike ahụ. Onye nọchiri ya bụ Peter Odemwingie.

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Ogho-Oghene Egwero</title>
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Ogho-Oghene Omano Egwero (amuru 26 Novemba 1988) bu onye oso oso Naijiria nke na-aputa ihe na otu narị mita.

O sonyere na 2009, 2011 na 2013 World Championships na 2010 na 2016 World Indoor Championship. Ọ nọchitere anya Naijiria na 2012 na 2016 Olympics na 2014 Commonwealth Games.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/athletics/1021823/ogho_oghene_egwero.html|title=Glasgow 2014 - Ogho-oghene Egwero Profile|work=g2014results.thecgf.com|language=|accessdate=2017-10-09|archivedate=10 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010010128/http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/athletics/1021823/ogho_oghene_egwero.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oge kachasị mma ya bụ 6.60 sekọnd na Mita 60 (n'ime ụlọ), nke o nwetara na Febụwarị 2011 na Düsseldorf; na 10.06 sekọnd n'ime mita out nari, nke mbụ o nwetara na 2011 na Maputo na ọzọ na 2015 na Brazzaville.

== Ebemside ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{Footer All-Africa Champions 4 × 100 m relay Men}}
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    <title>Ugo Ihemelu</title>
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'''Ugochukwu &quot;Ugo&quot; Ihemelu''' // i (amụrụ ya n'April ato, 1983) bụ onye egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] lara ezumike nká. A mụrụ ya na Naijiria, ọ na-egwuri egwu maka otu egwuregwu mba United Steeti

== Ọrụ ==

=== Kọleji ===
Ihemelu tolitere na United Steeti, gara Cedar ugwu  nke ulo akwukwo .Cedar Hill, Texas (mpaghara Dallas), wee gbaa bọọlụ kọleji na Southern Methodist mahadum, ebe a kpọrọ ya All-Missouri Valley Conference n'oge ya nke obere na nke okenye.

N'oge ọ na-anọghị na kọleji, Ihemelu na ndị otu USASA Legends FC nke dị na Texas gbara bọọlụ, bụ ndị o nyeere aka iru eru maka U.S. Open Cup na 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lhusoc.tripod.com/history/2004/2004a.htm|title=First Round|work=lhusoc.tripod.com|accessdate=2026-04-11|archivedate=2026-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260412231111/https://lhusoc.tripod.com/history/2004/2004a.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọkachamara ===
Los Angeles Galaxy dere ya na nke ise n'ozuzu nke [[MLS SuperDraft]]&quot;&gt;2005 MLS SuperDraft. O nyeere Galaxy aka na US Open Cup na MLS Cup okpukpu abụọ na oge ọhụrụ ya. Mgbe oge nke abụọ ya na LA gasịrị, na Disemba mbu, 2006, e rere Ihemelu na Colorado Rapids. Mgbe afọ ato gasịrị na Colorado, e rere Ihemelu na FC Dallas iji gbanwere Drew Moor, 2010 MLS SuperDraft pick, na ego nkesa.

A kpọrọ Ihemelu aha na MLS ndi otu nke izuka na izu asato na iri na otu na oge MLS nke 2011 maka egwuregwu ya megide D.C. Ofessi, Seattle Sounders FC, na Houston Dynamo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2011/05/10/mlssoccercom-team-week-week-8|title=MLSsoccer.com Team of the Week: Week 8|date=May 10, 2011|accessdate=July 31, 2011|archivedate=May 13, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513232251/http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2011/05/10/mlssoccercom-team-week-week-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2011/06/01/mlssoccercom-team-week-week-11|title=MLSsoccer.com Team of the Week: Week 11|date=June 1, 2011|accessdate=July 31, 2011|archivedate=March 6, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306093702/http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2011/06/01/mlssoccercom-team-week-week-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na June iri ato , 2011, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta na FC Dallas site na Oge MLS nke afọ 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcdallas.com/news/2011/06/fc-dallas-inks-deal-keep-ugo-ihemelu-through-2015-season|title=FC Dallas inks deal to keep Ugo Ihemelu through 2015 season|date=June 30, 2011|accessdate=July 9, 2011|archivedate=July 3, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703140028/http://www.fcdallas.com/news/2011/06/fc-dallas-inks-deal-keep-ugo-ihemelu-through-2015-season}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tupu oge MLS nke afọ naira abou na iri na abuo, a kpọrọ Ihemelu onyeisi FC Dallas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcdallas.com/news/2012/03/ihemelu-new-fc-dallas-captain|title=Ihemelu new FC Dallas captain|date=March 2, 2012|accessdate=March 11, 2012|archivedate=March 5, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305022033/http://www.fcdallas.com/news/2012/03/ihemelu-new-fc-dallas-captain}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge afọ 2012 ọ nwere nkụda mmụọ nke mechara mee ka ọ laa ezumike nká.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://soccerblog.dallasnews.com/2014/01/ugo-ihemelu-talks-fc-dallas-and-his-career-ending-injury.html/|title=Ugo Ihemelu talks FC Dallas and his career-ending injury|accessdate=February 9, 2016|archivedate=March 6, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306152205/http://soccerblog.dallasnews.com/2014/01/ugo-ihemelu-talks-fc-dallas-and-his-career-ending-injury.html/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mba Nile ===
Ihemelu mere nke mbụ ya maka United States na Jenụwarị iri abou na itolouu, 2006, megide Norway. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ussoccer.com/common/stContent.jsp_16-06MNTStat.html|title=2006 Men's National Team Stats|publisher=U.S. Soccer|accessdate=June 17, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013190215/http://ussoccer.com/common/stContent.jsp_16-06MNTStat.html|archivedate=October 13, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe, Canada kpọrọ ya na June 2008 wee soro ndị otu ahụ gaa maka egwuregwu ha na Saint Vincent na Grenadines. Ọ bụ ezie na Canadi boolu ogbako nnoko depụtara obodo nna Ihemelu dị ka Winnipeg, Manitoba, ikike Ihemelu igwu egwu maka Canada bụ ihe a na-enyo enyo, n'ihi na ọ pụtara maka mba ofesii egwuregwu Norway a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, na ajụjụ gbasara nwa amaala Canada ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.canadasoccer.com/eng/media/viewArtical.asp?Press_ID=3209|title=Canada returns to training in Florida|accessdate=May 10, 2009|archivedate=February 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226000947/http://www.canadasoccer.com/eng/media/viewArtical.asp?Press_ID=3209}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ihe ndị a, ndị Canada emeghị Ihemelu na egwuregwu Saint Vincent.

Na Jenụwarị afọ 2009, a kpọrọ Ihemelu n'ogige ọzụzụ US. Ọ sonyeere onye na-agbachitere San Jose (MLS) Jason Hernandez dị ka ndị nọchiri Clarence Goodson na Cory Gibbs bụ ndị hapụrụ ogige ahụ n'oge. Mgbe ahụ, ọ pụtara n'egwuregwu ahụ na-esote ogige ahụ megide Sweden, na-ewepụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ a kwadoro na akara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mnt-ussoccer.blogspot.com/2009/01/ugo-ihemelu-makes-it-25.html|title=Ugo Ihemelu Makes it 25|date=January 6, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Ọyọkọ kpakpando Los Angeles'''

* U.S. Open Cup: 2005
* MLS Iko nke Major League boolu 2005
* Mmeri nke  ewuregwu boolu Western Conference: 2005 

'''FC Dallas'''

* Mmeri nke ewuregwu boolu Western Conference: 2010

== Hụkwa ==

* Ugochukwu
* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Naijiria mba ofesii na Dallas-Fort Worth

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ugo IhemelunaEgwuregwu bọọlụ nke mmeri ewuregwu 
* Ihemelu ajụjụ ọnụ na boolu ato  iri isii na iseE debere ya na  Wayback Machine
* Database entry at Yanks Abroad
* na Canada boolu (ebe ndebe ihe ochie) 
* Ugo Ihemeluna mba-boolu-ndi otu Anya .com
{{S-start}}
{{s-sports}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Daniel Hernández (soccer, born 1976)|Daniel Hernández]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[FC Dallas]] captain|years=2012}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David Ferreira]]}}
{{S-end}}{{GalaxyFirstPick}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Betty Makoni</title>
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      <text bytes="10389" sha1="90fkbnq79q24ridcd3q6x5pg7hvfyqu" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Betty Makoni.jpg|thumb|Betty Makoni]]
 

'''Hazviperi''' '''Betty Makoni''' bụ onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị Zimbabwe nke hiwere Girl Child Network na 1999, otu ọrụ ebere nke na-akwado ndị ntorobịa Zimbabwe na-emegbu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/06/04/cnnheroes.betty.makoni/index.html|title=Child rape survivor saves 'virgin myth' victims|accessdate=2009-12-27|work=CNN|date=2009-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Netwọk ahụ agbasaala na US, Europe, na mba dị iche iche n'Africa.

O nwetara akara ugo mmụta abụọ na Mahadum Zimbabwe, a na-enyekwa ya ọtụtụ ihe nrite mba na mba ụwa. A na-eme ya mgbe ọ bụ nwata ma na-emegbu ya n'ụzọ mmekọahụ., &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thewip.net/contributors/2007/10/zimbabwean_child_rights_activi.html|title=Child Rights Activist Betty Makoni &quot;Lights Up the Dark&quot; for Abused and Disadvantaged Young Girls|accessdate=2010-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118151507/http://www.thewip.net/contributors/2007/10/zimbabwean_child_rights_activi.html|archivedate=2009-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makoni bụ isi isiokwu na ihe nkiri, Tapestries of Hope .

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Ndụ Makoni malitere &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Betty Makoni - World's Children's Prize|url=https://worldschildrensprize.org/betty-makoni|accessdate=2025-11-12|work=worldschildrensprize.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; na St Mary's dị na mpaghara Chitungwiza dara ogbenye, Zimbabwe. O ji ọtụtụ afọ ndụ ya na-ekiri ka nna ya na-eti nne ya ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ abalị niile, ibufe nne na nna ya abụọ ga-etikwa ya na ụmụnne ya ise ihe. A manyere Makoni mgbe ọ dị obere ịchọ ọrụ ma kwado ụmụnne ya ise ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, na njedebe ikpeazụ nke ụbọchị ọrụ ya, Makoni banyere n'ụlọ ahịa ahụ ya na ndị enyi ya wee kpọchie ya n'ime ụlọ ahịa ahụ. Onye na-ere ahịa ahụ gara n'ihu n'ike ya na ndị enyi ya niile, na-ekwere na idina ụmụ agbọghọ n'ike ga-eweta ihu ọma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Interview with Muzvare Betty Makoni|url=https://www.royalholloway.ac.uk/about-us/our-alumni/for-alumni/alumni-news/muzvare-betty-makoni-interview|accessdate=2025-11-12|work=www.royalholloway.ac.uk|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, nne ya nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, n'aka nna ya, mgbe ọ dị ime na n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe e zigara ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi nke a ma ama maka iti ụmụaka ihe.

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 2000 ọ malitere ịmepụta Girl Child Network, na-enwe olileanya ịkwado ikike ụmụ agbọghọ ma wulite ike n'etiti ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Truth About: Betty Makoni|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-1148-The+Truth+About+Betty+Makoni/news.aspx|accessdate=15 August 2014|publisher=New Zimbabwe|date=13 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụrụ na nwa agbọghọ chọrọ nkwado n'ihi na e dinara ya n'ike, manye ya ịhapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ chọrọ ego iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka nri, uwe, ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla nwa agbọghọ chọrọ, Betty nọ ebe ahụ. N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Girl Child Network, Betty enweela ike ịkwado ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ agbọghọ 40,00 n'ofe ọrụ ya, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara mba ahụ emeela ihe nlereanya nke Girl Child Network.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The Girl Child Network na-aga n'ihu na-agbasa n'ụwa niile,  na USA, Europe na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa iji kwado ụmụ agbọghọ n'ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=van Reisen|first=M.E.H.|url=https://repository.tilburguniversity.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/0d742742-9c56-4ebe-94eb-b49adbef88ab/content|title=Zimbabwe: Women's Voices|publisher=EEPA|year=2010|series=Report of the European Parliamentary Hearing|location=Brussels|accessdate=18 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na ọganihu ya, ọrụ Betty Makoni dịkwa, ebe ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka Chief Executive Officer nke Girl Child Network Worldwide.

== Obodo nta ndị nwere ikike (&quot;ụlọ ndị dị nchebe&quot;) ==
Ka ọrụ ya na-eto, Makoni gbasaa Girl Child Network ka ọ bụrụ usoro mba niile nke gụnyere &quot;obodo nta ndị na-enye ike&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-11-01|title=Zimbabwe Gender Activist Fights to Protect Victims of Violence against Women and Girls|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2008-04-29-voa8/401755.html|accessdate=2025-11-22|work=Voice of America|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ụlọ nchekwa e mere maka ụmụ agbọghọ na-agba ọsọ mmetọ mmekọahụ na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ. [https://www.ashoka.org/en-us/fellow/betty-makoni Ụlọ ọrụ GCN] dị ka ndị a na-enye ebe mgbaba mberede, ntụziaka ahụike, ndụmọdụ uche, enyemaka iwu, na nkwado maka ndị lanarịrị. Obodo nta ndị a na-enye ike na-abụkwa ihe owuwu maka ụmụ agbọghọ iji nweta ntụziaka, agụmakwụkwọ nkà ndụ, mmepe idu ndú, na nkwado agụmakwụkwọ. Dị ka akụkọ akụkọ si kwuo, ọtụtụ puku ụmụ agbọghọ ndị a na-agafe n'ụlọ ndị dị nchebe, ọtụtụ narị n'ime ha na-alaghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ na-amalite ndụ ọhụrụ, nke onwe ya na ọrụ na-esote mmezigharị a.

== Ndị a nabatara ==

* N'afọ 2003, Women's World Summit Foundation nyere Makoni ihe nrite maka Women's Creativity in Rural Life . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pradervand|first=Elly|title=Series on Women Changing the World: Betty Makoni, Zimbabwe|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/elly-pradervand/women-changing-the-world_b_1459341.html|work=The Huffington Post|accessdate=15 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2007, Makoni meriri World's Children's Prize for the Rights of the Child . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://worldschildrensprize.org/betty-makoni|title=Betty Makoni|author=|year=2010|publisher=World's Children's Prize|accessdate=20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2008, Amnesty International nyere ya Ginetta Sagan Award maka ọrụ ya na GCN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/about-us/grants-and-awards/ginetta-sagan-fund/ginetta-sagan-award-winners|title=Ginetta Sagan Award Winners|author=|year=2011|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|accessdate=20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2009, Makoni natara onyinye CNN Heroes  maka ichebe ndị na-enweghị ike&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CNN Heroes - Special Reports from CNN.com|url=https://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cnn.heroes/archive09/betty.makoni.html|accessdate=2025-11-19|work=www.cnn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A kpọrọ ya Global Decades Child Rights Hero n'akụkụ ndị ama ama dị ka Nelson Mandela na Graca Michel &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Introducing myself and my journal: We are born victorious and not victims|url=https://www.worldpulse.org/story/introducing-myself-and-my-journal-we-are-born-victorious-and-not-victims-379|accessdate=2025-11-19|work=World Pulse|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2006, Makoni na The Girl Child Network natara ihe nrite Red Ribbon nke United Nations na-achọsi ike  maka idozi enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị nke na-akwalite ọrịa HIV / AIDS&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2006-08-17|title=UN-organized 'Red Ribbons' awarded for local AIDS initiatives {{!}} UN News|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2006/08/189292|accessdate=2025-11-19|work=news.un.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A kpọrọ Betty Makoni aha n'etiti [[Hillary Clinton]] na ọtụtụ ndị isi ụwa dị ka ụmụ nwanyị 150 na-ama jijiji ụwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-03-05|title=150 Women Who Shake the World|url=https://www.newsweek.com/150-women-who-shake-world-66131|accessdate=2025-11-19|work=Newsweek|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onyinye ụmụ nwanyị na ihe nkiri na telivishọn - Los Angeles -USA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Q&amp;A: Catching up with the top 10 CNN Heroes - CNN.com|url=https://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/12/25/top.10.heroes.qa/index.html|accessdate=2025-11-19|work=www.cnn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Giraffe Heroes Project Award 2009 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe|url=https://www.giraffe.org/global/zimbabwe|accessdate=2025-11-19|work=www.giraffe.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Makoni hapụrụ Zimbabwe n'afọ 2008, mgbe ọ natara ọtụtụ egwu ọnwụ metụtara ọrụ ya na-agbachitere ụmụ agbọghọ site na mmetọ mmekọahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Part Two of our Interview with Betty Makoni of Girl Child Network – The Pixel Project|url=https://www.thepixelproject.net/2010/11/20/part-two-of-our-interview-with-betty-makoni-of-girl-child-network/|accessdate=2025-11-26|work=www.thepixelproject.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ, ọ kọwara na ọtụtụ n'ime nkwado ya emeela ka o mepụta ndị iro dị ike, gụnyere ndị nwere mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nakwa na ọ ghọrọ isiokwu nke ebubo nkwutọ maka omume ọjọọ ego.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-10-13|title=Betty Makoni {{!}} Activist and Humanatarian {{!}} The Legacy Project|url=https://thelegacyproject.co.za/betty-makoni-activist-humanatarian/|accessdate=2025-12-05|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka oge na-aga, na nyocha onwe onye nke KPMG wepụrụ ya ebubo niile. N'oge a, ọ kọrọ na ọ na-enweta iyi egwu ọnwụ ugboro ugboro na ekwentị ma ndị ọrụ nzuzo Zimbabwe dọrọ ya aka ná ntị na ndụ ya nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, Makoni kpebiri ịgbaga South Africa tupu ya na ezinụlọ ya kwaga England  ebe ọ bi ugbu a ma na-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ ya na nchekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Truth About: Betty Makoni|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-1148-The+Truth+About+Betty+Makoni/news.aspx|accessdate=15 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ lụrụ di ya Irvine Nyamapfene na ụmụ atọ ugbu a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Betty Makoni shines in Hollywood, another award|url=http://www.zimdiaspora.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2324:betty-makoni-shines-in-hollywood-another-award&amp;catid=38:travel-tips&amp;Itemid=18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107014421/http://www.zimdiaspora.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2324:betty-makoni-shines-in-hollywood-another-award&amp;catid=38:travel-tips&amp;Itemid=18|archivedate=2016-11-07|accessdate=2009-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Akụkọ ifo na-eme ka nwa agbọghọ dị ọcha

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://girlchildnetwork.org/ Network Girl Child]
{{Ginetta Sagan Fund Award winners}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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Philo Ikonya bụ onye ode akwụkwọ, odeakụkọ na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ si Kenya. Akụkọ ya na akwụkwọ ya na-ekwukarị banyere ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ugbu a na Kenya. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke alaka ụlọ ọrụ Kenya nke PEN, otu mba ụwa nke ndị ode akwụkwọ.[1] Mgbe ejidechara ya ọtụtụ ugboro maka ịgba mbọ ya na ntigbu siri ike na 2009 mgbe ọ nọ n'aka ndị uwe ojii, ọ hapụrụ Kenya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;sampsonia&quot;/&gt;

== Ndụ ọrụ ==
Na mgbakwunye na akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin, Ikonya ebipụtala akwụkwọ uri na akwụkwọ akụkọ, Kenya, Will You Marry Me? &lt;ref name=&quot;sampsonia&quot;/&gt; Ọ sụgharịrị akwụkwọ uri nke onye China na-ede uri bụ Jidi Majia n'asụsụ [[Swahili language|Kiswahili]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/760197/for-the-first-time-a-collection-of-chinese-poems-has-been-translated-into-kiswahili/|title=For the first time, Chinese poetry is being translated into Kiswahili|author=Kuo|first=Lily|date=18 August 2016|work=Quartz|accessdate=21 July 2018|archivedate=21 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721221638/https://qz.com/760197/for-the-first-time-a-collection-of-chinese-poems-has-been-translated-into-kiswahili/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ikonya gara Mahadum nke Nairobi, ebe o nwetara nzere masta na akwụkwọ. Ọ kụziri semiotics na Tangaza College nke Catholic University of Eastern Africa . &lt;ref name=&quot;icorn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.icorn.org/writer/philo-ikonya|title=Philo Ikonya|work=ICORN international cities of refuge network|accessdate=21 July 2018|archivedate=9 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909033830/http://icorn.org/writer/philo-ikonya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị ==
Mgbe ọ nọ na Kenya, Ikonya na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ nke ikike mmadụ na ime ihe ike na-adịghị eme ihe ike ma jide ya ugboro abụọ dị iche iche na 2007.[1] Na mkpesa 2008 megide onye isi ala Kenya bụ Mwai Kibaki n'oge ahụ, o kwuru, &quot;Kwa ụbọchị, ihe na-eme nke na-egosi enweghị uche n'akụkụ nke ndị isi ya mere enweghị afọ ojuju n'ozuzu ya.&quot; Ikonya na ndị otu ndị Kenya PEN nwetara akwụkwọ ma weghachi ha Kenya maka nkesa zuru ebe niile&lt;ref name=&quot;sampsonia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sampsoniaway.org/literary-voices/2011/08/01/dark-secrets-of-kenya-an-interview-with-writer-philo-ikonya/|title=Dark Secrets of Kenya: An Interview with Writer Philo Ikonya — Sampsonia Way Magazine|author=Barnes|first=Madeleine|date=1 August 2011|work=sampsoniaway.org|accessdate=21 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2009, e jidere Ikonya na mmadụ abụọ ndị ọzọ n'èzí ụlọ omebe iwu nke Kenya na ngagharị iwe megide oke ọnụ ahịa. Mgbe ọ nọ n'aka ndị uwe ojii, otu onye uwe ojii nwoke tiri ya ihe nke ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;PEN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pen.org/rapid-action/pen-president-and-member-assaulted-by-police/|title=Pen President and Member Assaulted By Police – PEN America|date=27 February 2009|work=PEN America|accessdate=21 July 2018|archivedate=29 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429044808/https://pen.org/rapid-action/pen-president-and-member-assaulted-by-police/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sampsonia&quot;/&gt; Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, ọ hapụrụ Kenya wee gaa International City of Refuge na Oslo, Norway.&lt;ref name=&quot;icorn&quot;/&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu na-etinye aka na PEN, gụnyere ndị edemede ha na Kọmitii Mkpọrọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;beyondbars&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/campaigns/beyond-bars-philo-ikonya/|title=Beyond Bars – Philo Ikonya – English PEN|date=5 January 2011|work=English PEN|accessdate=21 July 2018|archivedate=21 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721221853/https://www.englishpen.org/campaigns/beyond-bars-philo-ikonya/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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'''Nimco Ahmed''' 

Somali: Nimco Axmed, Arabic: نمعة أحمد) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Somali-American nke bi na Minneapolis, Minnesota.

== Ọrụ ==
Dịka ọ dị na 2014, Ahmed jere ozi dịka onye isi steeti maka otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL). N'ọkwa a, o mere ka ọzụzụ ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke DFL Somali Caucus dị mfe..&lt;ref name=&quot;Mssnc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=MN SD 60 Nominations Committee|url=https://googlegroups.com/group/sd-60-dfl-nominations-committee-/attach/29106321599133bc/SD_60_Candidate_Screening_Form_2012_March_17_Tempel.doc?part=4|publisher=Minnesota Senate District 60 Nominations Committee|accessdate=21 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ahmed is also a policy aide for the vice president of the Minneapolis City Council. Additionally, she co-founded the Minnesota League of Young Voters, as well as the FATA non-profit organization. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Site na 2009 ruo 2010, Ahmed bụ onye otu amụma na Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs na Mahadum Minnesota. A họpụtara ya dịka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị abụọ na-eto eto na Minnesota Women's Political Caucus. E wezụga ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Ahmed na-eje ozi na bọọdụ nke ọtụtụ òtù, gụnyere bọọdụ nke mkpọsa reNEW Minnesota na bọọdụ ndị isi Minneapolis Community Action Circle of Discipline.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayor&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bayor|first=Ronald H.|title=Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans, Volume 2|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0313357862|pages=1993–1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJW79Rlu-igC|accessdate=21 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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'''Nimko Ali''' OBE (Somali: Nimco Cali), e dere ya ọzọ '''Nimco''' (born c. 1982), bụ onye Britain na-akwado mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke sitere na agbụrụ Somalia. Ọ bụ onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke The Five Foundation, njikọ zuru ụwa ọnụ iji kwụsị ibibi ụmụ nwanyị (FGM). 

A na-ebipụ Ali akụkụ ahụ nwanyị na [[Djibouti]]. N'afọ 2019, o wepụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, nke nwere akụkọ 42 site na ajụjụ ọnụ 152 nke Ali chịkọtara n'aka ụmụ nwanyị gafee mba 14. Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, ya na Brendan Wynne guzobere The Five Foundation, nke bụ ọrụ ya zuru oke ugbu a. 

N'afọ 2020, o sokwa Mika Simmons hiwe Board nke Ahụike Ụmụ Nwanyị Ginsburg. Ọ zọọrọ oche na ntuli aka izugbe nke afọ 2017 n'okpuru otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị. Na 2019, ọ kwadoro Boris Johnson, kwado otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Conservative ma chụpụ ndị na-azọ ọkwa Conservative. A họpụtara ya dịka onye ndụmọdụ gọọmentị nọọrọ onwe ya maka ịlụso ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ ọgụ na 2020, ọkwa ahụ kwụsịrị na 2022.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Ali n'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1983 na [[Somalia]]. Mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Manchester na England ma mesịa kwaga Cardiff, Wales.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mmhsfgm&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nfgcobg&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Poon|first=Linda|title=Fighting Genital Cutting Of British Girls: A Survivor Speaks Out|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/goatsandsoda/2014/08/05/336040358/fighting-genital-cutting-of-british-girls-a-survivor-speaks-out|accessdate=2 October 2014|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=5 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere ụmụnne anọ, otu n'ime ha, Mohamed, bụ onyeisi oche nke ndị Conservative Somalia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Collier|first=Hatty|title=Bizarre row erupts in north London election race as Women's Equality candidate labelled 'anti-feminist'|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/bizarre-row-erupts-in-north-london-election-race-as-womens-equality-candidate-labelled-antifeminist-a3540086.html|accessdate=20 February 2018|work=Evening Standard|date=16 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, Ali nwere nkwarụ nwanyị (FGM) na [[Djibouti]] mgbe ya na ezinụlọ ya nọ ezumike.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Mmhsfgm&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mwppwstgatbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bentham|first=Martin|title=Met will prosecute parents who send their girls abroad to be 'cut'|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/met-will-prosecute-parents-who-send-their-girls-abroad-to-be-cut-8499328.html|accessdate=2 October 2014|work=Evening Standard|date=18 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara nwee nsogbu ahụike ma ọ ghaghị ịwa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Icathgm&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Banneman|first=Lucy|title='It's child abuse that has gone mainstream'|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/education/article/its-child-abuse-that-has-gone-mainstream-tjpx8fp2pkb|accessdate=2 October 2014|work=[[The Times]]|date=13 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahụmahụ ahụ, na izute ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ e mechara kpụọ kpaliri ya inyere ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ aka ma kpọọ ka e kpochapụ omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mmhsfgm&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nfgcobg&quot; /&gt; Ali gụrụ akwụkwọ iwu na Mahadum Bristol . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sturges|first=Fiona|title=Nimko Ali: 'Orgasms and sexual pleasure are a human right. I guard these things with my life'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jun/21/nimko-ali-interview-talking-isnt-shameful-fgm|work=The Guardian|date=21 June 2019|accessdate=19 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 2010, Ali na onye na-agwọ ọrịa uche [[Leyla Hussein]] guzobere Daughters of Eve . &lt;ref name=&quot;Mmhsfgm&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Onyanga-Omara|first=Jane|title=Men 'must help stop female genital mutilation'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-14216808|accessdate=2 October 2014|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=29 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tefgm&quot; /&gt; E guzobere òtù na-enweghị uru iji nyere ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ agbọghọ aka, na-elekwasị anya n'inye agụmakwụkwọ na ịkwalite mmata banyere igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Llsfoiarwotya&quot; /&gt;

Ali so Brendan Wynne guzobe The Five Foundation, &quot;The Global Partnership to End FGM&quot;, na 2019. Òtù a na-enweghị uru na-arụ ọrụ iji bulie okwu nke FGM na atụmatụ mba ụwa ma na-enye ego maka òtù ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike iji kwụsị FGM. Ali rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ gọọmentị n'oge gara aga. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị na onye ndụmọdụ ọzụzụ onwe ya ruo ọtụtụ afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lhana&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=6. Leyla Hussein and Nimco Ali|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/1H3mz4n7Yz2myTYzphHBGZK/6-leyla-hussein-and-nimco-ali|accessdate=2 October 2014|work=Woman's Hour|publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kelly-Linden|first=Jordan|title=Global health: Why the key to ending FGM lies in the hands of women|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/women-and-girls/will-take-communities-make-change-want-see-key-ending-fgm-lies/|date=8 February 2020|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=26 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, Ali jere ozi dị ka onye nhazi netwọk maka The Girl Generation. O deela ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ikike nwoke na nwanyị nke mba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lhana&quot; /&gt;

Akwụkwọ ya bụ What We're Told Not to Talk About (But We're Go''i'' to Anyway): Penguin Books bipụtara Women's Voices from East London to Ethiopia na June 2019. Ọ na-agụnye akụkọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-ekerịta ahụmahụ a gwara ha ''Oge'' niile ka ọ bụrụ &quot;ihe nzuzo na ihe ihere&quot; yana akụkọ Ali banyere ibi na FGM. Akwụkwọ ahụ nwere akụkọ 42 site na ajụjụ ọnụ 152 Ali mere na ụmụ nwanyị gafee mba 14.&lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwka=&quot;&quot;&gt;The Guardian&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;21 June 2019&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;access-date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;10 August 2021&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;archive-date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;26 November 2020&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;archive-url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20201126075213/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jun/21/nimko-ali-interview-talking-isnt-shameful-fgm&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;url-status&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;live&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAbU\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt57\&quot; class=\&quot;citation news cs1\&quot; data-x-id=\&quot;CITEREFSturges2019\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAbY\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Sturges, Fiona (21 June 2019). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-GRAUN2_13-0&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Nimco_Ali#cite_note-GRAUN2-13 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; N'akwụkwọ akụkọ The Times, Hannah Betts kọwara akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka &quot;akụkọ ọdịbendị na-akpali akpali banyere ndụ akụkụ ahụ nwanyị&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Hanah|author=Betts|title=The new period drama? I don't feel part of it: From hormone-tracking apps to subscription boxes, menstruation merchandise is everywhere. Who is really profiting?|work=[[The Times]]|date=8 August 2019|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isobel Shirlaw kwuru na m na ọ bụ akwụkwọ dị mkpa nakwa na &quot;The chorus of women's voices that give a multi-dimensional, global view of these hidden issues is powerful&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Shirlaw|first=Isobel|title=What We're Told Not to Talk About (But We're Going to Anyway), by Nimko Ali: a devastating chorus of women|url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/what-were-told-not-to-talk-about-but-were-going-to-anyway-nimko-ali-review-312885|work=inews.co.uk|date=12 July 2019|accessdate=10 August 2021|archivedate=12 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512220703/https://inews.co.uk/culture/what-were-told-not-to-talk-about-but-were-going-to-anyway-nimko-ali-review-312885}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha Guardian nke Arifa Akbar toro akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka &quot;nchịkọta bara ọgaranya nke akụkọ ndị dị nso na ndị a na-enyochaghị enyocha&quot; ma dee na Ali &quot;na-enye ọdịdị nke ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị na ihe niile na-agbapụta, nsị, ọbara ọbara nke ahụ a na-ekpuchi&quot;, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwu na &quot;ntụgharị uche dị omimi&quot; ma na-akatọ ịhapụ mkpuchi nke onye ọ bụla na-abụghị nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị.&lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwma=&quot;&quot;&gt;The Guardian&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;10 July 2019&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;access-date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;27 August 2021&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;archive-date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;26 August 2021&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;archive-url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20210826232638/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jul/10/what-we-re-told-not-to-talk-about-nimko-ali-review&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;url-status&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;live&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAdM\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt66\&quot; class=\&quot;citation news cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFAkbar2019\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Akbar, Arifa (10 July 2019). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-16&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Nimco_Ali#cite_note-16 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;5&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; Ali gwara onye na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ site na The Guardian na:
 

N'afọ 2020, Ali na Mika Simmons guzobere Ginsburg Women's Health Board, iji mee mkpọsa maka usoro nlekọta ahụike dị irè na nke ziri ezi maka ụmụ nwanyị site na National Health Service. A na-akpọ nzukọ ahụ [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harvey-Jenner|first=Catriona|title=A new health board aims to eradicate the gender health gap|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/body/health/a36487141/ginsburg-womens-health-board/|work=Cosmoplitan|date=20 May 2021|accessdate=26 August 2021|archivedate=23 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523223941/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/body/health/a36487141/ginsburg-womens-health-board/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.ginsburgwomenshealthboard.org/about-us/|publisher=Ginsburg Women's Health Board|accessdate=26 August 2021|archivedate=26 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826231437/http://www.ginsburgwomenshealthboard.org/about-us/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2020, mgbe ahụ odeakwụkwọ nke United Kingdom Priti Patel họpụtara Ali dị ka onye ndụmọdụ gọọmentị nwere onwe ya maka ịlụso ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ ọgụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/fgm-campaigner-nimco-ali-appointed-as-tackling-violence-against-women-and-girls-adviser|title=FGM campaigner Nimco Ali appointed as Tackling Violence Against Women and Girls adviser|work=GOV.UK|accessdate=10 October 2020|archivedate=10 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010080848/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/fgm-campaigner-nimco-ali-appointed-as-tackling-violence-against-women-and-girls-adviser}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ali bụ nhọpụta a họpụtara n'onwe ya maka ọrụ ahụ, nke, dị ka ọ na-adịkarị na ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ, anaghị akpọsa ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carrie&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Blackall|first=Mollie|title=Carrie Symonds' friend Nimco Ali given Home Office role without it being advertised|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/dec/05/carrie-symonds-close-friend-nimco-ali-given-350-a-day-government-role|work=The Guardian|date=5 December 2020|accessdate=10 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ahụ na-agụnye ịhazi atụmatụ iji belata ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ, na aro a na-atụ anya na a ga-emepụta ya na 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carrie&quot; /&gt; E bipụtara akụkọ ahụ, nke nwere okwu mbido sitere na Priti Patel na Ali, na Julaị 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tackling violence against women and girls strategy launched|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/tackling-violence-against-women-and-girls-strategy-launched|work=gov.uk|date=21 July 2021|accessdate=10 August 2021|archivedate=10 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810094126/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/tackling-violence-against-women-and-girls-strategy-launched}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tackling violence against women and girls strategy|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tackling-violence-against-women-and-girls-strategy/tackling-violence-against-women-and-girls-strategy|work=gov.uk|date=26 July 2021|accessdate=10 August 2021|archivedate=10 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810094126/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tackling-violence-against-women-and-girls-strategy/tackling-violence-against-women-and-girls-strategy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ali kwupụtara olileanya ya na atụmatụ ahụ ga-abụ ntọala iji melite nchekwa maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ site na agụmakwụkwọ na iwu, mana a ga-achọ mgbanwe &quot;usoro dum&quot; iji belata ime ihe ike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Topping|first=Alexandra|title=Public street harassment could be made illegal in England and Wales|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/20/public-street-harassment-to-be-made-in-england-and-wales|work=The Guardian|date=20 July 2021|accessdate=10 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2022 Ali kwuru na ya achọghị ije ozi n'okpuru onye odeakwụkwọ ọhụrụ nke Conservative Home Secretary Suella Braverman ma nọrọ na &quot;planet dị iche&quot; na Braverman na ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndị agbụrụ pere mpe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Nimco Ali: Adviser to step down to avoid serving under Braverman|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-63924098|accessdate=10 December 2022|work=BBC News|date=9 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Na Ntuli aka nke afọ 2017, Ali sonyere n'oche Hornsey na Wood Green na North London maka Women's Equality Party . &lt;ref name=&quot;G7JUN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/07/womens-equality-party-nimco-ali-receives-death-threat-general-election|title=Women's Equality party candidate receives death threat signed 'Jo Cox'|first=Alexandra|author=Topping|date=7 June 2017|accessdate=5 June 2018|archivedate=29 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529005921/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/07/womens-equality-party-nimco-ali-receives-death-threat-general-election}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ali nwetara vootu 551 (0.9% nke ngụkọta),  na-agwụcha n'ọnọdụ nke ise n'ime ndị 8 guzo ma na-efunahụ ego ntuli aka ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/womens-equality-party-defeat-general-election-follows-weeks-abuse-directed-candidates/|title=Women's Equality Party defeat follows weeks of horrific abuse|author=Saul|first=Heather|date=9 June 2017|work=i|accessdate=5 June 2018|archivedate=5 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705151127/https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/womens-equality-party-defeat-general-election-follows-weeks-abuse-directed-candidates/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://voting.haringey.gov.uk/general-election-2017-results/|title=General Election 2017 - Haringey votes|work=voting.haringey.gov.uk|accessdate=5 July 2018|archivedate=5 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705153536/https://voting.haringey.gov.uk/general-election-2017-results/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge mkpọsa ahụ, ndị ọrụ mkpọsa Ali natara ọtụtụ oku ekwentị mkparị na nke ime ihe ike, Ali nwetakwara iyi egwu ọnwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;G7JUN&quot; /&gt;

Ali bụ nne nkuzi nwa nke onye bụbu praịm minista UK Boris Johnson na nwunye ya Carrie Johnson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sheridan|first=Danielle|title=Number 10 deny Christmas visit by godmother of Boris Johnson's baby broke lockdown rules|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2021/10/18/godmother-pms-baby-hit-racist-disgusting-abuse-christmas-lockdown/|accessdate=17 December 2022|work=Daily Telegraph|date=18 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kwadoro Johnson, onye ọ kpọrọ &quot;onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ezie&quot;, na ntuli aka ndị isi Conservative nke afọ 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ali|first=Nimco|title=Why am I backing Boris? Because he's a real feminist|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/06/07/backing-boris-real-feminist/|accessdate=13 June 2019|work=The Telegraph|date=7 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ntuli aka nke afọ 2019, Ali mere mkpọsa maka Ndị Conservative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Election blind dates: Owen Jones and Nimco Ali|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/election-2019-50721273|date=10 December 2019|work=BBC News|accessdate=4 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ na onyinye ==
N'afọ 2014, Ali natara onyinye obodo / ọrụ ebere, ya na [[Leyla Hussein]], na 2014 Red Magazine Woman of the Year maka ọrụ ha na Daughters of Eve. &lt;ref name=&quot;Llsfoiarwotya&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Powell|first=Emma|title=Lauren Laverne, Sadie Frost and Olivia Inge attend the Red Woman of the Year Awards|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/lauren-laverne-sadie-frost-and-olivia-inge-attend-the-red-woman-of-the-year-awards-9710635.html|accessdate=2 October 2014|work=[[Evening Standard]]|date=4 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha nọkwa na nke isii na Ndepụta Ike nke Oge Nwanyị nke afọ 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tefgm&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=British Association for Behavioural &amp; Cognitive Psychotherapies|title=Towards ending female genital mutilation|journal=CBT Today|date=May 2014|volume=42|issue=2|pages=16–17|url=http://www.babcp.com/files/CBT-Today/cbt-today-may-2014.pdf|accessdate=3 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ Ali otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 100 nke BBC n'afọ 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46225037|title=BBC 100 Women 2018: Who is on the list?|date=19 November 2018|work=BBC News|accessdate=19 November 2018|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụbọchị ụmụ nwanyị nke mba ụwa nke afọ 2019, a mara ọkwa na a ga-enye Ali onyinye Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy's International Women's Rights Award maka &quot;ụzọ ọ na-eme iji kwụsị FGM site n'inye nkwado zuru oke nye ndị lanarịrị omume ahụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.genevasummit.org/25-ngos-announce-2019-anti-fgm-champion-as-international-womens-rights-award-winner/|title=25 NGOs Announce 2019 Anti-FGM Champion As International Women's Rights Award Winner|date=8 March 2019|publisher=Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy|language=en-US|accessdate=9 March 2019|archivedate=1 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401083133/https://www.genevasummit.org/25-ngos-announce-2019-anti-fgm-champion-as-international-womens-rights-award-winner/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara Ali ka ọ bụrụ [[Order of the British Empire|Onye isi nke Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) na 2019 Birthday Honours maka ọrụ iji dozie nkwarụ ụmụ nwanyị na enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị.

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.thefivefoundation.org/ Ntọala Ise ahụ]
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Daughters of Eve (E debere aha ya site na 18 Jenụwarị 2021) 
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Najma Kousri</title>
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      <text bytes="15785" sha1="e164phrrij3t6c04k9dagwcq5cxbm95" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Najma Kousri at WorldPride 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Najma Kousri ]]
'''Najma Kousri''' (Arabic: نجمة العبيدي القوصري, also known as '''Najma Kousri Labidi'''; born 1991) bụ onye Tunisia na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị na ndị LGBT. Kousri bụ onye hiwere otu #EnaZeda (Tunisian #MeToo) na onye nhazi nke Tunisian Association of Democratic Women. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị LGBT na ọrụ foto ya nke na-egosi ndụ di na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị gbasaara n'afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.zenith.me/en/society/tunisias-poor-record-gay-rights|title=Double Lives|date=2017-03-08|work=magazine.zenith.me|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Kousri nwere akara ugo mmụta Tunisian nke na-enye ya ikike ịrụ ọrụ iwu ma ọ gụrụ maka nzere masta na Sweden, na edemede nke lekwasịrị anya na teknụzụ dijitalụ na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://azizagherib.wixsite.com/youth-center/interview|title=Interview|work=youth-center|language=fr|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ekwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya bụ ihe sitere na ọgụ ezinụlọ ya na onye bụbu onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.humanite.fr/liberte-jecris-ton-nom-sur-ma-peau-594006|title=Liberté, j'écris ton nom sur ma peau|date=2015-12-28|work=L'Humanité|language=fr|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kousri malitere ime ihe ike megide iyi egwu mmekọahụ na obodo Tunisia mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ iwu, na-akọrọ ndị uwe ojii ikpe n'agbanyeghị àgwà ha.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya ekwuola maka isiokwu dịgasị iche iche gụnyere: nkwado maka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala Hamma Hammami, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/11/21/hamma-election-tunisie_n_6199282.html|title=Hamma Hammami|work=huffpostmaghreb.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414112331/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/11/21/hamma-election-tunisie_n_6199282.html|archivedate=2019-04-14|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; njide nke onye na-ede blọgụ Yassine Ayari , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2015/01/02/reporters-sans-frontieres-yassine-ayari_n_6406178.html|title=Yassine Ayari|work=huffpostmaghreb.com|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150104000000/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2015/01/02/reporters-sans-frontieres-yassine-ayari_n_6406178.html|archivedate=2015-01-04|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; ogbugbu nke Shaimaa al-Sabbagh onye bụ onye ndú nke Popular Socialist Alliance na Egypt, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://m.huffpost.com/mg/entry/6595352|title=Shaimaa al-Sabbagh|work=huffpost.com|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150401171320/http://m.huffpost.com/mg/entry/6595352|archivedate=2015-04-01|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na Tunisia, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/11/25/mustapha-ben-jaafar-assemblee_n_6218864.html|title=Mustapha Ben Jaâfar|work=huffpostmaghreb.com|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20141226113053/http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/11/25/mustapha-ben-jaafar-assemblee_n_6218864.html|archivedate=2014-12-26|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ Khedija Cherif , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/11/27/khedija-cherif-prix-_n_6231636.html|title=Khedija Cherif|work=huffpostmaghreb.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806082309/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/11/27/khedija-cherif-prix-_n_6231636.html|archivedate=2019-08-06|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye otu Houcine Abassi, [4] yana isiokwu ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/11/21/abassi-ugtt-tunisie-_n_6197612.html|title=Houcine Abassi|work=huffpostmaghreb.com|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20151013170542/http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/11/21/abassi-ugtt-tunisie-_n_6197612.html|archivedate=2015-10-13|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kousri ekwuputala megide ime ihe ike mmekọahụ megide ụmụ nwanyị Yezidi site n'aka ndị otu Islamic State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressegauche.org/Amnesty-international-denonce-les-violences-infligees-aux-femmes-et-aux-filles|title=Amnesty international dénonce les violences infligées aux femmes et aux filles yezidis par l'État islamique - Presse-toi à gauche !|author=gauche !|first=Presse-toi à|work=www.pressegauche.org|language=fr|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbakwunyere olu nkatọ na ọrụ nke onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Tunisia [[Monia Ibrahim]] onye megidere iwu nke ga-agbasawanye ikike ụmụ nwanyị na mba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQm1DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=najma+kousri&amp;pg=PA469|title=Das Imaginäre und die Revolution: Tunesien in revolutionären Zeiten|author=Abbas|first=Nabila|date=2019-10-09|publisher=Campus Verlag|isbn=978-3-593-51153-5|pages=469|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ iwu, Kousri kwuru okwu megide gọọmentị Islamist na otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Tunisia si chọọ ịkwaga n'aka ekpe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalissues.org/news/2011/10/15/11533|title=TUNISIA: Islamists Rise Uncertainly After Repression — Global Issues|work=www.globalissues.org|accessdate=2019-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== #EnaZeda ==
N'afọ 2019, Kousri ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị guzobere otu [[Tunisia]] #MeToo. &lt;ref name=&quot;blaise&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Blaise|first=Lilia|title=Tunisia's #MeToo Started Outside a High School. Will It End in Court?|url=https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/world/tunisias-supernumbermetoo-started-outside-a-high-school-will-it-end-in-court/ar-BBWwvFH|accessdate=11 December 2019|work=New York Times|date=10 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akpọ ya #EnaZeda (Arabic) na Tunisia, Kousri kwuru na ọ &quot;bụ naanị njedebe nke ọgụ na-aga n'ihu kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2019/11/22/in-tunisia-enazeda-is-encouraging-women-to-speak-up-about-sexual-harassment/|title=In Tunisia, '#EnaZeda' Is Encouraging Women to Speak Up About Sexual Harassment|date=2019-11-22|work=Egyptian Streets|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba 2019, otu Facebook nke òtù ahụ nwere ihe karịrị ndị otu 21,600; ọ bụ ebe a na-ahazi ngagharị iwe ma na-enyekwa ohere dị nchebe maka ịgba akaebe site n'aka ndị lanarịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kousri kọwara ihe ịga nke ọma nke òtù ahụ dị ka ụgwọ maka ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'Ijipt si kwuo maka ikike obodo ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;blaise&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-ekwukwa na ike nke #EnaZeda na-enweta ume ngwa ngwa - mkpọsa ndị gara aga banyere iyi egwu na njem ọha na eze site n'aka òtù ndị inyom ejighị echiche ụmụ nwanyị na Tunisia n'otu ụzọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;blaise&quot; /&gt; Kousri ekwuola otú o si ghọta na mgbe nnupụisi nke Disemba 2010, ime ihe ike mmekọahụ megide ụmụ nwanyị mụbara  ma ghọọ ihe ike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Antonakis|first=Anna|chapter=The Interactional Dimension of the Public Sphere|date=2019|pages=189–218|editor=Antonakis|series=Politik und Gesellschaft des Nahen Ostens|publisher=Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-658-25639-5_10|isbn=978-3-658-25639-5|title=Renegotiating Gender and the State in Tunisia between 2011 and 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://76crimes.com/2016/10/18/amid-democratic-reforms-deeper-troubles-for-lgbt-tunisians/|title=Amid democratic reforms, deeper troubles for LGBT Tunisians|author=admin76crimes|date=2016-10-18|work=Erasing 76 Crimes|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbanwe ahụ na-ekpughe oke nsogbu ahụ ma gosipụta na ịgbachi nkịtị anaghị edozi nsogbu nke ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na ọha mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://euroislam.pl/tunezja-enazeda-oznacza-metoo/|title=Tunezja: #EnaZeda oznacza #MeToo ⋆ Euroislam - imigracja, terroryzm, radykalny islam, prawa człowieka|author=Przyszłości|first=Fundacja Europa|date=2019-12-10|work=Euroislam - imigracja, terroryzm, radykalny islam, prawa człowieka|language=pl|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-akwado Ọchịchị na Tunisia ==
Kousri bụ onye nhazi ya na Association Tunisienne des Femmes Démocrates &lt;ref name=&quot;pride&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldpridemadrid2017.com/en/summit/speakers/all/431-kousri-najma-2|title=World Pride Najma Kousri|work=www.worldpridemadrid2017.com|accessdate=2019-12-11|archivedate=2019-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211132552/https://www.worldpridemadrid2017.com/en/summit/speakers/all/431-kousri-najma-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Tunisian Association of Democratic Women, ATFD), otu òtù mkpọsa ụmụ nwanyị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'ime ATFD, ọfịs Kousri dị na Commission on Sexual &amp; Reproductive Rights. Ọ bụ onye bịanyere aka na Coalition for Sexual and Bodily Rights in Muslim Societies (CSBR)  n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Recep Tayyip Erdoğan na-akatọ ogbugbu na mmekpa ahụ nke Hande Kader.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wluml.org/node/4556|title=International: Coalition for Sexual and Bodily Rights in Muslim Societies (CSBR): Sexuality Institute 2008 {{!}} Women Reclaiming and Redefining Cultures|work=www.wluml.org|accessdate=2019-12-11|archivedate=2019-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211205759/http://www.wluml.org/node/4556}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kadinininsanhaklari.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/CSBR_JusticeforHandeKader_31Aug2016.pdf|title=Open Letter to Recep Tayyip Erdogan|author=Coalition for Sexual and Bodily Rights in Muslim Societies (CSBR)|date=31 August 2016|work=kadinininsanhaklari.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kaosgl.org/en/single-news/coalition-for-sexual-rights-in-muslim-societies-wrote-a-letter-to-erdogan|title=Coalition for Sexual Rights in Muslim Societies wrote a letter to Erdoğan|author=LGBTI+|first=Kaos GL-News Portal for|work=Kaos GL - News Portal for LGBTI+|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2017, o kwuru okwu n'aha nzukọ ahụ megide iwu machibidoro alụmdi na nwunye n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na ndị na-abụghị ndị Alakụba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thearabweekly.com/debate-interfaith-marriage-revs-again-tunisia|title=Debate on interfaith marriage revs up again in Tunisia {{!}} Iman Zayat|work=AW|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2019, o duuru mkpọsa na-agba steeti ume ka ha tinye aka na ahụike ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị dịka ihe dị mkpa - ebe ego ha belatara, ohere ụmụ nwanyị nwere iji ọgwụ mgbochi afọ ebelatala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190813-tunisie-fete-femme-aftd-lutte-droits-femmes-violence-contraception|title=Fête de la femme en Tunisie: des combats de longue haleine pour les droits - RFI|work=RFI Afrique|date=13 August 2019|language=fr|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikike LGBTQI* ==
Kousri bụ onye na-akwado ikike LGBT na Tunisia, ebe ndina ụdị onwe bụ iwu na-akwadoghị.

N'afọ 2014, o kwuru okwu megide mmụba nke ime ihe ike megide obodo LGBT na Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/gays-persecuted-in-egypt_n_6256490|title=Is There Hope For Egypt's LGBT Community?|author=Maghreb|first=Najma Kousri Labidi HuffPost|date=2014-12-02|work=HuffPost|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ katọrọ omume nke onye nta akụkọ Mona Iraqi, onye bipụtara njirimara nke ndị ikom 26 e jidere na hammam Cairo na ebubo nke &quot;omume rụrụ arụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/12/15/mona-iraqi-lgbt_n_6326142.html|title=Des organisations influentes dans le monde arabe dénoncent la persécution des homosexuels et la complicité des médias en Egypte|author=Najma Kousri Labidi|date=December 15, 2014|work=Al Huffington Post|language=French|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217183322/http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/12/15/mona-iraqi-lgbt_n_6326142.html|archivedate=December 17, 2014|accessdate=May 3, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2015, Kousri biputere usoro foto nke di na nwunye na-enwe mmekọahụ na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, nke gbasara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ebumnuche nke ọrụ &quot;Sexuality Is Not Taboo&quot; bụ ime ka obodo LGBT pụta ìhè site na Tunisia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stophomophobie.com/mobilisation-inedite-pour-la-promotion-des-droits-sexuels-et-corporels-en-tunisie/|title=Vidéo. Mobilisation inédite pour la promotion des droits sexuels et corporels en Tunisie|author=Web|first=Revue du|date=2015-10-01|work=Association STOP HOMOPHOBIE {{!}} Information - Prévention - Aide aux victimes|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Haithem|author=Haouel|url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201510051044.html|title=Shams pour la dépénalisation des droits des homosexuels organise son premier meeting public|date=4 October 2015|work=All Africa|accessdate=May 3, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru banyere ọrụ ahụ:&lt;blockquote&gt;Ọrụ foto m na-ezube iji ịntanetị mee ka ndị mmadụ chee echiche banyere ikike mmekọahụ. Anyị mere mgbanwe ahụ, anyị jụrụ ịga n'ihu na-enye nsogbu, ntaramahụhụ, ma ọ bụ na-akwagharị maka ihe anyị na-eme n'ime ụlọ ihi ụra. Site n'ibipụta foto nke di na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị na-esusu ọnụ n'ebe ọha na eze, enwere m olileanya ịkwalite arụmụka banyere ikike nwoke idina nwoke na Tunisia nke na-enweta ume kemgbe mmalite nke mgbanwe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://observers.france24.com/en/20151005-tunisia-photos-gay-kiss-same-sex|title=Revolutionary kisses: Gay couples rock Tunisian taboos|work=The France 24 Observers|date=5 October 2015|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;N'otu afọ ahụ, e jidere ya n'ihe akwụkwọ akụkọ Tunisian Le Temps kọrọ dị ka njide iwu na-akwadoghị nke ụdị njirimara nke iyi egwu ndị uwe ojii na-enye ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Salma|author=Bouraoui|url=https://www.turess.com/fr/letemps/88875|title=Comment garantir la sécurité sans tomber dans les abus ?|publisher=Le Temps|date=8 January 2015|language=French|accessdate=May 3, 2021|archivedate=3 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503155217/https://www.turess.com/fr/letemps/88875}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kousri bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ekwu okwu na WorldPrideSummit na 2017 na Madrid. O duziri mkparịta ụka gbasara LGBTQIA+ na Africa ya na Kasha Nabagesera si Uganda, South Africa Yahia Zaidi, Alimi Bisi Ademola si Nigeria na Michèle Ndoki [fr] si Cameroon.

N'afọ 2017, ngalaba na-anakọta ego nke SOS Children's Villages chụpụrụ Kousri, n'ihi ọrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilgrandecolibri.com/en/tunisia-fired-for-being-feminist-and-lgbt-friendly/|title=Tunisia, fired for being feminist and LGBT-friendly|author=Ameni|date=2017-01-30|work=Il Grande Colibrì|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe mere e ji chụpụ ya bụ na ọrụ Kousri na-alụso ịkpa ókè megide obodo LGBT ọgụ nwekwara ike &quot;imebi&quot; ụmụaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2017/01/04/femmes-homosexuels-sos-vi_n_13949668.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105180036/http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2017/01/04/femmes-homosexuels-sos-vi_n_13949668.html|archivedate=January 5, 2017|title=Parce qu'elle défend la cause des femmes et des homosexuels, cette tunisienne est licenciée de son travail {{!}} Al HuffPost Maghreb|work=www.huffpostmaghreb.com|accessdate=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Dalenda Larguèche</title>
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'''Dalenda Bouzgarrou-Larguèche''' (Arabic; amụrụ n'afọ 1953), nke a maara nke ọma dị ka '''Dalenda Larguèche''',bụ ọkammụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Tunisia nke ọkachamara n'oge mmalite nke oge a na ụmụ nwanyị n'obodo ndị Alakụba. Ọ bụkwa onye na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ogologo oge, nke lekwasịrị anya karịsịa n'ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọzọ a na-emegbu emegbu..

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Larguèche na 1953 na Monastir, Tunisia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dalenda LARGUECHE|url=https://sommet-francophonie.challenges.fr/speakers/dalenda-largueche/|accessdate=2020-12-01|work=Sommet de la Francophonie|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ sonyeere ndị Communist Party nke Tunisia n'oge a machibidoro ya iwu na mba ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na e wepụrụ mmachibido iwu ahụ na 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dejoui|first=Nadia|date=2017-09-23|title=Dalenda Larguèche: &quot;les femmes sont toujours instrumentalisées&quot;|url=https://www.leconomistemaghrebin.com/2017/09/23/dalenda-largueche-femmes-sont-toujours-instrumentalisees-car-les-hommes-acceptent-difficilement-le-pouvoir-des-femmes/|accessdate=2020-12-01|work=L'Economiste Maghrébin|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọkwara onye na-akwado ndị mmadụ na Tunisian Association of Democratic Women na Association of Tunisian Women for Research and Development. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Larguèche gara Mahadum Tunis, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1986 na nzere doctoral. Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a na Mahadum Manouba . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Largueche|first=Dalenda|date=September 2010|title=Monogamy in Islam: The Case of a Tunisian Marriage Contract|url=https://www.ias.edu/sites/default/files/sss/papers/paper39.pdf|work=Institute for Advanced Study}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbalị ya gbatịrị ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi. Na mbido afọ 1990, site na nkwado nke ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ibe ya, ọ malitere ma melite ọmụmụ banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme ụmụ nwanyị na Mahadum Manouba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Largueche|first=Dalenda|date=1999-04-01|title=En Tunisie|url=http://journals.openedition.org/clio/294|journal=[[Clio. Femmes, genre, histoire]]|language=fr|issue=9|doi=10.4000/clio.294|issn=1252-7017}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị ụfọdụ nguzogide, e webatara isiokwu ahụ na Ngalaba Akwụkwọ, Nkà, na Humanities nke mahadum ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kazdaghli|first=Habib|date=2015-08-17|title=Habib Kazdaghli : Félicitations à mon amie Dalenda Larguèche, à toutes les femmes de Tunisie|url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/17753-habib-kazdaghli-felicitations-a-mon-amie-dalenda-largueche-a-toutes-les-femmes-de-tunisie|accessdate=2020-12-01|work=Leaders|language=fr}}
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na kansụl sayensị nke Mahadum Tunis, Mahadum Manouba, Laboratory of Regions and Heritage Resources of Tunisia, na American Institute for Maghrib Studies. Ọ na-elekọtakwa otu nyocha &quot;Gender, Women, Society, and Culture&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Site na 2011 ruo 2013, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke Center for Research, Studies, Documentation, and Information on Women [fr] (CREDIF). Mgbe Minista maka ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị Sihem Badi chụpụrụ ya ma were Rachida Tlili Sellaouti dochie ya, ọ laghachiri n'ọkwa onyeisi oche site na 2016 ruo 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dalenda Larguèche|url=https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Dalenda-Largueche/437889|accessdate=2020-12-01|work=Babelio|language=fr}}
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2016-04-19|title=Government Decree|url=http://www.legislation.tn/sites/default/files/fraction-journal-officiel/2016/2016F/032/Tf201611574.pdf|journal=Journal officiel de la République tunisienne|language=fr|volume=32|accessdate=2020-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-13|title=Qui succèdera à Dalenda Largueche à la tête du CREDIF|url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/26110-qui-succedera-a-dalenda-largueche-a-la-tete-du-credif|accessdate=2020-12-01|work=Leaders|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ lụrụ ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Abdelhamid Larguèche, onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ ugboro ugboro na nyocha, ọkachasị na ndị Tunisia na-enweghị ebe obibi gụnyere ndị akwụna, ndị Juu, ndị isi Tunisians, na ndị ogbenye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Clancy-Smith, Julia Ann|title=Mediterraneans : North Africa and Europe in an age of migration, c. 1800-1900|isbn=978-0-520-27443-3|location=Berkeley, Calif.|oclc=819515810}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Goikolea-Amiano|first=Itzea|date=2020-03-01|title=Gender and Sexuality in early 19th-century Tunisia: a Decolonial Reading of Aḥmad b. al-Qāḍī al-Timbuktāwī's naṣīḥa on the sub-Saharan diaspora|url=http://journals.openedition.org/genrehistoire/4983|journal=Genre &amp; Histoire|language=en|issue=25|doi=10.4000/genrehistoire.4983|issn=2102-5886}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na mmata ==

* Ihe nrite CREDIF maka ọrụ kachasị mma nke nyocha sayensị asụsụ French (2001)  
* Ihe nrite akwụkwọ sitere na Arab Maghreb Union (2007)  
* Ihe nrite CREDIF maka nyocha sayensị kachasị mma gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na okike (2011) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-03-21|title=Curriculum Vitae: Dalenda Bouzgarou Largueche|url=http://www.credif.org.tn/index.php/en/about-us/presentation/services/10-credif-en/132-general-director|archiveurl=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20190616143616/http://www.credif.org.tn/index.php/en/about-us/presentation/services/10-credif-en/132-general-director|archivedate=2019-06-16|work=CREDIF|accessdate=2020-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye isi nke Order of the Republic of Tunisia (2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-08-14|title=Les personnalités féminines décorées par le chef de l'Etat|url=http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2015/08/14/les-personnalites-feminines-decorees-par-le-chef-de-letat/|accessdate=2020-12-01|work=Kapitalis|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

=== N'asụsụ French ===

* Marginales na ala Alakụba (ya na Abdelhamid Larguèche), 1993
* Ihe ncheta nke ụmụ nwanyị: Tunisiennes na ndụ ọha, 1920-1960 (ọrụ mkpokọta), 1994
* ''Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị Maghreb: ọdịbendị ihe onwunwe na ndụ kwa ụbọchị '' (editor), 2000
* Ógbè na-enweghị ókèala: mbubata iwu na netwọk ya na Tunis na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, 2001
* Ụmụ nwanyị n'obodo n'ụwa Mediterenian: n'oge gara aga na ugbu a (editor), 2005
* ''Ịlụ otu nwanyị na Islam: ihe pụrụ iche kairouanaise '', 2011

=== N'asụsụ Arabic ===

* ''Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Maghreb nke oge a site na isi mmalite'' (المغرب العربيACHAM) (ya na Abdelhamid Larguèche na Jamel Ben Taher), 2006

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}
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'''Nejiba Hamrouni''' (Arabic: نجيبة الحمروني, romanized: Najībah al-Ḥamrūnī; 10 May 1967–29 May 2016) was a Tunisian journalist and trade union leader.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Farmanfarmaian|first=Roxane|title=What is private, what is public, and who exercises media power in Tunisia? A hybrid-functional perspective on Tunisia's media sector|url=https://www.academia.edu/12315704|journal=The Journal of North African Studies|volume=19|issue=5|accessdate=2025-02-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kwadoro ikike ndị nta akụkọ, kwalitere akụkọ ziri ezi na arụmụka gbasara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ma kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Hamrouni rụrụ ọrụ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị nke Arabic bụ́ Assabah ruo afọ asatọ mgbe ahụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin bụ́ Cawtaryat, nke Arab Center for the Study and Training of Women bipụtara..&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka Jeune Afrique . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

N'oge ntuli aka Tunisia na 2009, ndị uwe ojii chụpụrụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-10-23|title=Tunisia: Elections in an Atmosphere of Repression|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/10/23/tunisia-elections-atmosphere-repression|accessdate=2025-02-05|work=[[Human Rights Watch]]|language=en|archivedate=2025-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322040141/https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/10/23/tunisia-elections-atmosphere-repression}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gwara ndị mgbasa ozi mba ụwa okwu na-ekwu na &quot;ndị otu gọọmentị na National Constituent Assembly na-awakpo ndị nta akụkọ iji menye ha egwu ma belata ọrụ ha, nakwa imechi ha ma gbochie ha, &quot; nakwa na &quot;onye enweghị ike ide ma ọ bụ bipụta akwụkwọ n'efu. A machibidoro akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbe niile, a na-egbochi weebụsaịtị, a na'enye ndị nta akụkọ nsogbu, na-egide ha ịrụ ọrụ, na-ejide ha, na-eme ha ikpe, mgbe ụfọdụ na-emegbu ha. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Agence France-Presse|date=2012-03-04|title=Tunisian journalists decry government 'repression'|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/Tunisian-journalists-decry-government-repression-.409599|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221022753/https://timesofmalta.com/article/Tunisian-journalists-decry-government-repression-.409599|archivedate=2025-02-21|accessdate=2025-02-05|work=[[Times of Malta]]|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dahmani|first=Frida|date=27 June 2011|title=Tunisie : Néjiba Hamrouni, madame Liberté de la presse|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/191125/politique/tunisie-n-jiba-hamrouni-madame-libert-de-la-presse/|accessdate=2025-02-06|work=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2024-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127133224/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/191125/politique/tunisie-n-jiba-hamrouni-madame-libert-de-la-presse/}}
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2011, Hamrouni ghọrọ onye isi oche nke National Syndicate of Tunisian Journalists (NSJT), &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Cricco|first=Massimiliano|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztn6DAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Nejiba+Hamrouni&amp;pg=PA79|title=North African Societies after the Arab Spring: Between Democracy and Islamic Awakening|date=2016-06-22|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-9657-3|pages=79|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2012-10-17|title=Le pouvoir tunisien cède à une revendication des journalistes en grève|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/tunisie/article/2012/10/17/les-journalistes-tunisiens-en-greve-contre-le-pouvoir-islamiste_1776931_1466522.html|accessdate=2025-02-06|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke jikọtara ya na International Federation of Journalists, na-eje ozi n'etiti afọ 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Merlini|first=Cesare|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Arab_Society_in_Revolt/0OlTSZ-RGiwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Nejiba+Hamrouni&amp;pg=PA61&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Arab Society in Revolt: The West's Mediterranean Challenge|date=2013-06-20|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-2397-4|pages=61|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Dị ka onye isi ala, Hamrouni kwadoro iwebata usoro nchịkwa onwe onye maka ịza ajụjụ n'ime NSJT.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fengler|first=Susanne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecxOEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Nejiba+Hamrouni&amp;pg=PT272|title=The Global Handbook of Media Accountability|date=2021-12-30|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-50494-1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gakwara ya ọdụ n'oge ọmụmụ UNESCO nke afọ 2012 gbasara mmepe mgbasa ozi na Tunisia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=UNESCO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3a-n1e2PXosC&amp;dq=Nejiba+Hamrouni&amp;pg=PA116|title=Study on media development in Tunisia: Based on UNESCO's Media Development Indicators|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|isbn=978-92-3-001188-8|pages=116|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2013, Hamrouni natara onyinye Akademia maka nnwere onwe mgbasa ozi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-01-01|title=Najiba Hamrouni|url=https://rsf.org/en/node/33031|accessdate=2025-02-05|work=Reporters without Borders|language=en|archivedate=2025-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221021907/https://rsf.org/en/node/33031}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nejiba Hamrouni|url=https://nawaat.org/author/nejiba-hamrouni/|accessdate=2025-02-06|work=[[Nawaat]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ sochirinụ, ndị Reporters without Borders (RSF) họpụtara ya na World Press Freedom Day 2014 dị ka otu n'ime &quot;100 ndị dike nke ozi&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Hamrouni nwụrụ na Tunis na 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-05-30|title=Free expression loses one of its greatest advocates in Tunisia|url=https://www.mediasupport.org/tunisian-journalist-ims-partner-nejiba-hamrouni-passes-away/|accessdate=2025-02-06|work=International Media Support}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-05-30|title=Tunisia: IFJ mourns the loss of leading trade-unionist Néjiba Hamrouni|url=https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/article/tunisia-ifj-mourns-the-loss-of-leading-trade-unionist-nejiba-hamrouni|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221020801/https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/article/tunisia-ifj-mourns-the-loss-of-leading-trade-unionist-nejiba-hamrouni|archivedate=2025-02-21|accessdate=2025-02-05|work=[[International Federation of Journalists]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Nketa ==
A na-enye Nejiba Hamrouni Award for Journalism Ethics kwa afọ nye onye nta akụkọ Maghreb ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi site na Tunisian Association Vigilance for Democracy and the Civic State (Yakadha).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=TSA lauréat du Prix maghrébin Néjiba Hamrouni pour l'éthique ...|url=https://js.tsa-algerie.com/tsa-laureat-du-prix-maghrebin-nejiba-hamrouni-pour-lethique-journalistique/|accessdate=2025-02-05|work=tsa-algerie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=NY|first=Yusra|date=2016-07-23|title=Presse: Création du Prix Nejiba Hamrouni|url=https://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2016/07/23/presse-creation-du-prix-nejiba-hamrouni/|accessdate=2025-07-30|work=Kapitalis|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị natara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gụnyere onye nta akụkọ Moroccan Fatima Al Ifriqui (2018);  ebe nrụọrụ weebụ akụkọ Algeria Tour sur l'Algerie (2019);  blog na-enweghị onwe ya nke Tunisia Nawaat (2020), &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=27 May 2022|title=Algerian reporter Rabah Kareche wins Nejiba Hamrouni Award for Journalism Ethics 2022|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Algerian+reporter+Rabah+Kareche+wins+Nejiba+Hamrouni+Award+for...-a0705508636|accessdate=2025-02-06|work=Afrique Presse (Tunis)}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Moroccano Soulaimane Raissouni na onye nta akụkọ nyocha Moroccan [[Omar Radi]] (2021); &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; na onye ntaakụkọ Algeria Rabah Kareche (2022 &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 May 2020|title=Najiba Hamrouni Award for Journalism Ethics granted to Nawaat.|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Najiba+Hamrouni+Award+for+Journalism+Ethics+granted+to+Nawaat.-a0625253775|accessdate=2025-07-30|work=Tunisia News Gazette}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 May 2021|title=Tunisia: Nejiba Hamrouni Award for Journalism Ethics Granted to Two Detained Moroccan Journalists|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202105310942.html|accessdate=2025-02-06|work=Afrique Presse (Tunis)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, e gosipụtara Hamrouni na stampụ Tunisia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-02-14|title=Tunisia's 2023 stamp program|url=https://bittergrounds.com/tunisias-2023-stamp-program/|accessdate=2025-02-05|work=Bitter Grounds Magazine|language=en-CA|archivedate=2025-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221021250/https://bittergrounds.com/tunisias-2023-stamp-program/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
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'''Maha Jouini''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1987 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2013-09-24|title=La plume de Maha Jouini, trempée dans la vie des Tunisiennes et des Berbères|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/la-plume-de-maha-jouini-trempee-dans-la-vie-des-tunisiennes-et-des-berberes-2657|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=TV5MONDE - Informations|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;) bụ onye edemede Tunisian na onye na-ede blọgụ, onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ, na ọkachamara Artificial Intelligence nke bi na China.

== Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
O nwere nzere masta na Artificial Intelligence na New Technologies na Tianjin University of Education and Technology (China).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Witwatersrand, na-elekwasị anya n'ọchịchị ụlọ ọrụ dị n'Afrịka, ọkachasị n'ime Kọmishọna Njikọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nke Afrịka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Moatshe|first=Rapula|date=1988-07-13|title=Tshwane and University of Johannesburg launch programme for young building inspectors|url=https://iol.co.za/news/2025-06-22-tshwane-and-university-of-johannesburg-launch-programme-for-young-building-inspectors/|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=IOL|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ bụ onye nchọpụta na Artificial Intelligence na nka na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Tianjin ebe o nyere aka na mmekọrịta Sino-Africa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-06|title=Maha Jouini {{!}} The Short Story Project|url=https://shortstoryproject.com/writers/maha-jouini/|accessdate=2026-03-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mkpọsa nke African Union iji kwụsị alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka n'Africa dịka onye nhazi mgbasa ozi ebe ọ nọ na Ethiopia site na ngwụcha afọ 2014 ruo 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; N'oge ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ Digital Communication na African Union Development Agency (AUDA-NEPAD). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=maha jouini – JouiniTech Policy Expert|url=https://mahajouini.tech/|accessdate=2026-03-22|language=en-US|archivedate=2026-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517041335/https://mahajouini.tech/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye otu African Union's AI Task Force na ebumnuche ịkwalite atụmatụ African Union maka iji ọgụgụ isi eme ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke African &amp; Francophone Agency for AI na onye bụbu onye nchọpụta na AI Global Index.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nkhwashu|first=Nkhensani|date=2025-04-17|title=ITWeb TV: Building an AI-powered Africa, by Africans for Africans|url=https://www.itweb.co.za/article/itweb-tv-building-an-ai-powered-africa-by-africans-for-africans/PmxVEMKEm16vQY85|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=ITWeb|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AFRIA President Maha Jouini on AI ethics, digital sovereignty, and Africa’s technological future|url=https://www.glamour.co.za/lifestyle/afria-president-maha-jouini-on-ai-ethics-digital-sovereignty-and-africas-technological-future-58caab23-12f5-47d3-84af-3cc21fb6faa8|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=www.glamour.co.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Staff|date=2025-05-23|title=Sentech Africa Tech Week 2025: Pioneering Africa's Digital Transformation|url=https://capetimes.co.za/news/2025-05-23-sentech-africa-tech-week-2025-pioneering-africas-digital-transformation/|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=Cape Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-05-31|title=Maha Jouini : Responsible AI is essential for Africa’s sustainable future - Conglomerate Magazine|url=https://conglomeratemagazine.com/responsible-ai-is-essential-for-africas-sustainable-future/|accessdate=2026-03-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ORADA Conference {{!}} Empower. Innovate. Connect.|url=https://www.oradaconference.com/maha-jouini|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=ORADA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ ya onye nke afọ na 2018 site na ikpo okwu Maghreb Voices n'ihi ọrụ ya dị mkpa dị ka onye na-emetụta mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; A maara ya nke ọma na mpaghara Arab dị ka onye na-agbachitere ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ nke mere ka ọ nata nsọpụrụ na itinye aka na nzukọ mba ụwa gbasara nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ amaala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ onye nyocha na Global Center on AI Governance . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Maha Jouini - Research Fellow - GCG|url=https://www.globalcenter.ai/about/maha-jouini|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=www.globalcenter.ai|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye guzobere African Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technology . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Maha Jouini's Speaker Profile|url=https://sessionize.com/meha-jouini/|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=sessionize.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi mpaghara Afrịka na Global responsible AI hackathon 2023 nke Woman in AI Ethics Initiative malitere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ onye African School on Internet Governance (AfriSIG) nke afọ 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meha Jouini at AfriSIG 2015: The internet has allowed me to publicly express my identity as an Amazing woman activist {{!}} African School on Internet Governance|url=https://afrisig.org/2015/10/05/meha-joueni-at-afrisig-2015-the-internet-has-allowed-me-to-publicly-express-my-identity-as-an-amazigh-woman-activist/|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=afrisig.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Right To Information {{!}} African Declaration on Internet Rights and Freedoms|url=https://africaninternetrights.org/en/principles/right-information?page=5|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=africaninternetrights.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==

* Top 20 Women Change makers pioneers na MENA site na UNESCO na The Asfari Institute for Civil Society and Citizenship na AUB na 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
* A na-akpọ ya &quot;Onye nke Afọ&quot; site na Maghreb Voices na 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

* AI na Data Policy na Africa: Ọkpụkpọ maka Sovereign Innovation &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-06-19|title=AI and Data Policy in Africa: A Call for Sovereign Innovation - iAfrica.com|url=https://iafrica.com/ai-and-data-policy-in-africa-a-call-for-sovereign-innovation/|accessdate=2026-03-22|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe omuma-Amara Africa-Led Designing of Responsible Artificial Intelligence Technologies. 
* https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13552074.2022.2136432
* [https://www.genderit.org/tags/internet-governance?page=2 Meha Jouini: Ịntanetị enyerela m aka ikwupụta njirimara m n'ihu ọha dị ka nwanyị Amazigh na-eme ihe ike]

== Hụkwa ==

* Nchịkwa nke ọgụgụ isi aka
* Anja Kaspersen
* Wendell Wallach
* Kiara Nirghin

== Edemsibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ea0P9UTL_tw AI Ethics and Citizen Participation in Africa site na Ms. Maha JOUINI]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=St8Zve5DSWc AI Ethics and Hate Speech site na Maha Jouini (AI Ethics: Global Perspectives)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxkZd6NEKoQ Maha Jouini na-emeghe ụzọ AI na Digital Tech maka ụmụ nwanyị Africa]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hcy-C0-qdzg #83 Tunisia Culture, AI maka udo na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na Maha Jouini]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzIxoEA36-Q Iji AI eme ihe iji nweta nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi na North Africa (AI Ethics: Global Perspectives)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiCzdrLB3AQ ICCIA Ajụjụ ọnụ na Ms. Maha Jouini]
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'''Livia María Veloz''' (September 11, 1892 - March 21, 1980) bụ onye edemede Dominican, onye nkuzi, na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Abụ ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nwetara ọtụtụ onyinye mba na nke mba ụwa. Veloz bụ onye guzobere Acción Feminista Dominicana (AFD), otu òtù ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Dominican Republic. Veloz mere mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ma nye aka na atụmatụ AFD dị ka ịkụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị, akwụkwọ ya nke 1977 Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic. 

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Livia María Veloz na Septemba 11, 1892, nwa Juan Pablo Veloz ne Adelina Echavarría.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya bụ onye na-atụ nkume na onye na-arụ brik. Veloz gara Instituto de Señoritas, Kọleji ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi na Santo Domingo, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1913. 

== Ọrụ ==
Ya na Abigail Mejia, Veloz bụ onye guzobere Club Nosotras (nke pụtara &quot;klọb anyị&quot;), otu akwụkwọ na ọdịbendị maka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican.&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri mbụ nke Veloz, Preludios Sentimentales, na 1929 na nyocha dị mma. N'afọ 1931, otu n'ime sonnets ya nwetara aha nsọpụrụ na asọmpi edemede nke Azua Chamber of Commerce kwadoro. O bipụtara nchịkọta ọzọ nke uri na 1936, Accordes, nke a nabatara nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Veloz bipụtara mpịakọta mbụ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura, akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, na 1939. N'oge ahụ, ọrụ ahụ pụrụ iche n'ihi na Veloz dere akwụkwọ ahụ n'onwe ya, kama ịchịkọta ihe ndị sitere n'akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị otu Dominican National Council on Education họpụtara ya dị ka akwụkwọ ọgụgụ akwadoro maka usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị. Veloz gara n'ihu na-ebipụta mbipụta ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ n'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ. Na 1964, Odeakwụkwọ nke State of Education nyere ya ihe nrite Salomé Ureña nke mba maka mpịakọta nke anọ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura.[1]

N'afọ 1940, ndị ọka ikpe họọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Veloz La Más ''Chiquita'' ka ọ nọchite anya Dominican Republic na asọmpi Farrar &amp;amp;amp; Rinehart iji chọta akwụkwọ akụkọ Latin America kachasị mma a na-ebipụtaghị. Veloz nwetara aha nsọpụrụ, mana akwụkwọ ahụ ka a na-ebipụtaghị ya. E mechara wepụta ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1992 n'okpuru aha Ojos Entreabiertos . &lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCocco_De_Filippis2001&quot;&gt;Cocco De Filippis, Daisy, ed. (2001). ''Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)'' (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Editora Búho. pp.&amp;nbsp;207, 215. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789993410027|&lt;bdi&gt;9789993410027&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri ikpeazụ ya, Transparencias, na 1971. 

Veloz dere ukwe ụlọ akwụkwọ maka Colegio Serafín de Asís, ụlọ akwụkwọ Franciscan ebe nwanne ya nwanyị Sor Leticia Veloz bụ onyeisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nuestra Historia|url=https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|work=Colegio Serafín de Asís|accessdate=April 17, 2026|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720065649/https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|archivedate=July 20, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị ==
Na Mee 14, 1931, Club Nosotras haziri ka ọ bụrụ otu nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, Acción Feminista Dominicana (Dominican Feminist Action, nke a na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ AFD). Veloz bụ onye guzobere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCocco_De_Filippis2001&quot;&gt;Cocco De Filippis, Daisy, ed. (2001). ''Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)'' (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Editora Búho. pp.&amp;nbsp;207, 215. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789993410027|&lt;bdi&gt;9789993410027&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe mgbaru ọsọ AFD gụnyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, ọdịmma ọha na eze, na mgbanwe iwu maka okwu metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka [[Ịñụbiga mmanya oke|Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè]], ụlọ mkpọrọ, na nkwekọrịta tupu alụmdi na nwunye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Historia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Veloz|first=Livia|year=2001|chapter=Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1932, onye isi ala Dominican na onye ọchịchị aka ike Rafael Trujillo kwadoro onwe ya n'ihu ọha na AFD site n'ịja Veloz na ndị otu AFD ndị ọzọ dị ka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican na-eṅomi.[1] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara nwanyị arụrịtala ụka maka ogo a manyere AFD ka ya na Trujillo rụkọọ ọrụ. N'otu aka ahụ, Trujillo nọ na-akpa ndị òtù ezinụlọ dị iche iche iji chebe ọdịdị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ime ka ọ dị ọhụrụ ná mba ụwa. O yikarịrị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị AFD lere iso ọchịchị Trujillo na-arụkọ ọrụ anya dị ka nkwekọrịta dị mkpa, karịsịa n'ihi na o kwere nkwa na ya ga-atụle inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịtụ vootu. Ndị na-eme ihe ike sitere n'ebe ha na-arụ ọrụ nwekwara ike inweworị nrụgide akụ na ụba iji kwadoo.[1][2] Enyere ndị inyom AFD ọrụ dị mkpa dị ka ndị nchịkwa na ndị ndụmọdụ na pati Trujillo, karịsịa na ọrụ mmekọrịta. AFD jikwa ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị iri na otu maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ, hiwe ọbá akwụkwọ na Santo Domingo, ma kesaa nkata ụmụaka nye ndị nne ọhụrụ.[1][3]

Ọrụ Veloz na AFD gụnyere akwụkwọ nkwado, ibinye aka n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ije ozi dịka onye nnọchi anya San Pedro de Macorís. Ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ nke Ibero-American Feminist Union.[1][2] N'afọ 1934, Trujillo mechara kweta na a ga-eme ntụliaka maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị, ma dọọ aka ná ntị na mkpebi ya ga-adabere n'otú ụmụ nwanyị ole ga-eme ntuli aka. Veloz na-agbasi mbọ ike na mkpọsa referendum nke AFD. O kwuru okwu na Santo Domingo nke o kwuru na &quot;anyị na-alụ ọgụ ka anyị ghara ịkafe mmadụ, kama ka ha hà ya. Onye na-akpakọrịta mgbe niile, ohu mgbe ọ bụla! &quot;[3] Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ otu n'ime ebe ntuli aka maka ntuli aka akụkọ ihe mere eme.[2]. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị 96,000 mere ntụli aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu kwadoro nhọpụta ahụ, Trujillo nwere nkụda mmụọ na ntuli aka ahụ ma gbuo oge ime ihe ọzọ ruo 1942.[4]

Mgbe e gbusịrị Trujillo na 1961, Veloz dere akwụkwọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic, ọkachasị ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye otu AFD. Ọ natara ihe nrite akwụkwọ nke mba mgbe a ka na-ebipụtaghị ya. N'afọ 1977, e bipụtara ya n'aha Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ na ihe nketa ==
Veloz nwụrụ na Machị 21, 1980, na Santo Domingo . &lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Peguero|first=Valentina|title=Mujeres Pioneras Dominicanas: Datos Biográficos y Bibliográficos|date=2015|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|language=Spanish|url=https://colecciones.agn.gob.do/opac/ficha.php?informatico=00282714PI&amp;suposi=7&amp;idpag=1521321280&amp;codopac=OPPUB&amp;presenta=normaimg|accessdate=April 20, 2026|isbn=9789945589122|pages=258-260}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ọ bụ akụkọ nke AFD na òtù ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lora|first=Elvira|title=Livia Veloz, versos y testimonio de primera línea|url=https://hoy.com.do/opinion/livia-veloz-versos-y-testimonio-de-primera-linea_967029.html|accessdate=April 17, 2026|work=Hoy|date=2023|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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        <username>Chikwas</username>
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'''Livia María Veloz''' (September 11, 1892 - March 21, 1980) bụ onye edemede Dominican, onye nkuzi, na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Abụ ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nwetara ọtụtụ onyinye mba na nke mba ụwa. Veloz bụ onye guzobere Acción Feminista Dominicana (AFD), otu òtù ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Dominican Republic. Veloz mere mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ma nye aka na atụmatụ AFD dị ka ịkụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị, akwụkwọ ya nke 1977 Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic. 

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Livia María Veloz na Septemba 11, 1892, nwa Juan Pablo Veloz ne Adelina Echavarría.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya bụ onye na-atụ nkume na onye na-arụ brik. Veloz gara Instituto de Señoritas, Kọleji ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi na Santo Domingo, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1913. 

== Ọrụ ==
Ya na Abigail Mejia, Veloz bụ onye guzobere Club Nosotras (nke pụtara &quot;klọb anyị&quot;), otu akwụkwọ na ọdịbendị maka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican.&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri mbụ nke Veloz, Preludios Sentimentales, na 1929 na nyocha dị mma. N'afọ 1931, otu n'ime sonnets ya nwetara aha nsọpụrụ na asọmpi edemede nke Azua Chamber of Commerce kwadoro. O bipụtara nchịkọta ọzọ nke uri na 1936, Accordes, nke a nabatara nke ọma.

Veloz bipụtara mpịakọta mbụ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura, akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, na 1939. N'oge ahụ, ọrụ ahụ pụrụ iche n'ihi na Veloz dere akwụkwọ ahụ n'onwe ya, kama ịchịkọta ihe ndị sitere n'akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị otu Dominican National Council on Education họpụtara ya dị ka akwụkwọ ọgụgụ akwadoro maka usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị. Veloz gara n'ihu na-ebipụta mbipụta ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ n'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ. Na 1964, Odeakwụkwọ nke State of Education nyere ya ihe nrite Salomé Ureña nke mba maka mpịakọta nke anọ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura.[1]

N'afọ 1940, ndị ọka ikpe họọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Veloz La Más ''Chiquita'' ka ọ nọchite anya Dominican Republic na asọmpi Farrar &amp;amp;amp; Rinehart iji chọta akwụkwọ akụkọ Latin America kachasị mma a na-ebipụtaghị. Veloz nwetara aha nsọpụrụ, mana akwụkwọ ahụ ka a na-ebipụtaghị ya. E mechara wepụta ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1992 n'okpuru aha Ojos Entreabiertos . &lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCocco_De_Filippis2001&quot;&gt;Cocco De Filippis, Daisy, ed. (2001). ''Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)'' (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Editora Búho. pp.&amp;nbsp;207, 215. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789993410027|&lt;bdi&gt;9789993410027&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri ikpeazụ ya, Transparencias, na 1971. 

Veloz dere ukwe ụlọ akwụkwọ maka Colegio Serafín de Asís, ụlọ akwụkwọ Franciscan ebe nwanne ya nwanyị Sor Leticia Veloz bụ onyeisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nuestra Historia|url=https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|work=Colegio Serafín de Asís|accessdate=April 17, 2026|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720065649/https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|archivedate=July 20, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị ==
Na Mee 14, 1931, Club Nosotras haziri ka ọ bụrụ otu nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, Acción Feminista Dominicana (Dominican Feminist Action, nke a na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ AFD). Veloz bụ onye guzobere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCocco_De_Filippis2001&quot;&gt;Cocco De Filippis, Daisy, ed. (2001). ''Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)'' (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Editora Búho. pp.&amp;nbsp;207, 215. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789993410027|&lt;bdi&gt;9789993410027&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe mgbaru ọsọ AFD gụnyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, ọdịmma ọha na eze, na mgbanwe iwu maka okwu metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka [[Ịñụbiga mmanya oke|Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè]], ụlọ mkpọrọ, na nkwekọrịta tupu alụmdi na nwunye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Historia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Veloz|first=Livia|year=2001|chapter=Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1932, onye isi ala Dominican na onye ọchịchị aka ike Rafael Trujillo kwadoro onwe ya n'ihu ọha na AFD site n'ịja Veloz na ndị otu AFD ndị ọzọ dị ka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican na-eṅomi.[1] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara nwanyị arụrịtala ụka maka ogo a manyere AFD ka ya na Trujillo rụkọọ ọrụ. N'otu aka ahụ, Trujillo nọ na-akpa ndị òtù ezinụlọ dị iche iche iji chebe ọdịdị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ime ka ọ dị ọhụrụ ná mba ụwa. O yikarịrị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị AFD lere iso ọchịchị Trujillo na-arụkọ ọrụ anya dị ka nkwekọrịta dị mkpa, karịsịa n'ihi na o kwere nkwa na ya ga-atụle inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịtụ vootu. Ndị na-eme ihe ike sitere n'ebe ha na-arụ ọrụ nwekwara ike inweworị nrụgide akụ na ụba iji kwadoo.[1][2] Enyere ndị inyom AFD ọrụ dị mkpa dị ka ndị nchịkwa na ndị ndụmọdụ na pati Trujillo, karịsịa na ọrụ mmekọrịta. AFD jikwa ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị iri na otu maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ, hiwe ọbá akwụkwọ na Santo Domingo, ma kesaa nkata ụmụaka nye ndị nne ọhụrụ.[1][3]

Ọrụ Veloz na AFD gụnyere akwụkwọ nkwado, ibinye aka n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ije ozi dịka onye nnọchi anya San Pedro de Macorís. Ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ nke Ibero-American Feminist Union.[1][2] N'afọ 1934, Trujillo mechara kweta na a ga-eme ntụliaka maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị, ma dọọ aka ná ntị na mkpebi ya ga-adabere n'otú ụmụ nwanyị ole ga-eme ntuli aka. Veloz na-agbasi mbọ ike na mkpọsa referendum nke AFD. O kwuru okwu na Santo Domingo nke o kwuru na &quot;anyị na-alụ ọgụ ka anyị ghara ịkafe mmadụ, kama ka ha hà ya. Onye na-akpakọrịta mgbe niile, ohu mgbe ọ bụla! &quot;[3] Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ otu n'ime ebe ntuli aka maka ntuli aka akụkọ ihe mere eme.[2]. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị 96,000 mere ntụli aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu kwadoro nhọpụta ahụ, Trujillo nwere nkụda mmụọ na ntuli aka ahụ ma gbuo oge ime ihe ọzọ ruo 1942.[4]

Mgbe e gbusịrị Trujillo na 1961, Veloz dere akwụkwọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic, ọkachasị ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye otu AFD. Ọ natara ihe nrite akwụkwọ nke mba mgbe a ka na-ebipụtaghị ya. N'afọ 1977, e bipụtara ya n'aha Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ na ihe nketa ==
Veloz nwụrụ na Machị 21, 1980, na Santo Domingo . &lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Peguero|first=Valentina|title=Mujeres Pioneras Dominicanas: Datos Biográficos y Bibliográficos|date=2015|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|language=Spanish|url=https://colecciones.agn.gob.do/opac/ficha.php?informatico=00282714PI&amp;suposi=7&amp;idpag=1521321280&amp;codopac=OPPUB&amp;presenta=normaimg|accessdate=April 20, 2026|isbn=9789945589122|pages=258-260}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ọ bụ akụkọ nke AFD na òtù ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lora|first=Elvira|title=Livia Veloz, versos y testimonio de primera línea|url=https://hoy.com.do/opinion/livia-veloz-versos-y-testimonio-de-primera-linea_967029.html|accessdate=April 17, 2026|work=Hoy|date=2023|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Livia María Veloz''' (September 11, 1892 - March 21, 1980) bụ onye edemede Dominican, onye nkuzi, na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Abụ ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nwetara ọtụtụ onyinye mba na nke mba ụwa. Veloz bụ onye guzobere Acción Feminista Dominicana (AFD), otu òtù ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Dominican Republic. Veloz mere mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ma nye aka na atụmatụ AFD dị ka ịkụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị, akwụkwọ ya nke 1977 Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic. 

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Livia María Veloz na Septemba 11, 1892, nwa Juan Pablo Veloz ne Adelina Echavarría.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya bụ onye na-atụ nkume na onye na-arụ brik. Veloz gara Instituto de Señoritas, Kọleji ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi na Santo Domingo, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1913. 

== Ọrụ ==
Ya na Abigail Mejia, Veloz bụ onye guzobere Club Nosotras (nke pụtara &quot;klọb anyị&quot;), otu akwụkwọ na ọdịbendị maka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican.&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri mbụ nke Veloz, Preludios Sentimentales, na 1929 na nyocha dị mma. N'afọ 1931, otu n'ime sonnets ya nwetara aha nsọpụrụ na asọmpi edemede nke Azua Chamber of Commerce kwadoro. O bipụtara nchịkọta ọzọ nke uri na 1936, Accordes, nke a nabatara nke ọma.

Veloz bipụtara mpịakọta mbụ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura, akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, na 1939. N'oge ahụ, ọrụ ahụ pụrụ iche n'ihi na Veloz dere akwụkwọ ahụ n'onwe ya, kama ịchịkọta ihe ndị sitere n'akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị otu Dominican National Council on Education họpụtara ya dị ka akwụkwọ ọgụgụ akwadoro maka usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị. Veloz gara n'ihu na-ebipụta mbipụta ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ n'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ. Na 1964, Odeakwụkwọ nke State of Education nyere ya ihe nrite Salomé Ureña nke mba maka mpịakọta nke anọ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura.[1]

N'afọ 1940, ndị ọka ikpe họọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Veloz La Más ''Chiquita'' ka ọ nọchite anya Dominican Republic na asọmpi Farrar &amp;amp;amp; Rinehart iji chọta akwụkwọ akụkọ Latin America kachasị mma a na-ebipụtaghị. Veloz nwetara aha nsọpụrụ, mana akwụkwọ ahụ ka a na-ebipụtaghị ya. E mechara wepụta ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1992 n'okpuru aha Ojos Entreabiertos . &lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri ikpeazụ ya, Transparencias, na 1971. 

Veloz dere ukwe ụlọ akwụkwọ maka Colegio Serafín de Asís, ụlọ akwụkwọ Franciscan ebe nwanne ya nwanyị Sor Leticia Veloz bụ onyeisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nuestra Historia|url=https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|work=Colegio Serafín de Asís|accessdate=April 17, 2026|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720065649/https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|archivedate=July 20, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị ==
Na Mee 14, 1931, Club Nosotras haziri ka ọ bụrụ otu nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, Acción Feminista Dominicana (Dominican Feminist Action, nke a na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ AFD). Veloz bụ onye guzobere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCocco_De_Filippis2001&quot;&gt;Cocco De Filippis, Daisy, ed. (2001). ''Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)'' (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Editora Búho. pp.&amp;nbsp;207, 215. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789993410027|&lt;bdi&gt;9789993410027&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe mgbaru ọsọ AFD gụnyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, ọdịmma ọha na eze, na mgbanwe iwu maka okwu metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka [[Ịñụbiga mmanya oke|Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè]], ụlọ mkpọrọ, na nkwekọrịta tupu alụmdi na nwunye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Historia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Veloz|first=Livia|year=2001|chapter=Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1932, onye isi ala Dominican na onye ọchịchị aka ike Rafael Trujillo kwadoro onwe ya n'ihu ọha na AFD site n'ịja Veloz na ndị otu AFD ndị ọzọ dị ka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican na-eṅomi.[1] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara nwanyị arụrịtala ụka maka ogo a manyere AFD ka ya na Trujillo rụkọọ ọrụ. N'otu aka ahụ, Trujillo nọ na-akpa ndị òtù ezinụlọ dị iche iche iji chebe ọdịdị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ime ka ọ dị ọhụrụ ná mba ụwa. O yikarịrị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị AFD lere iso ọchịchị Trujillo na-arụkọ ọrụ anya dị ka nkwekọrịta dị mkpa, karịsịa n'ihi na o kwere nkwa na ya ga-atụle inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịtụ vootu. Ndị na-eme ihe ike sitere n'ebe ha na-arụ ọrụ nwekwara ike inweworị nrụgide akụ na ụba iji kwadoo.[1][2] Enyere ndị inyom AFD ọrụ dị mkpa dị ka ndị nchịkwa na ndị ndụmọdụ na pati Trujillo, karịsịa na ọrụ mmekọrịta. AFD jikwa ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị iri na otu maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ, hiwe ọbá akwụkwọ na Santo Domingo, ma kesaa nkata ụmụaka nye ndị nne ọhụrụ.[1][3]

Ọrụ Veloz na AFD gụnyere akwụkwọ nkwado, ibinye aka n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ije ozi dịka onye nnọchi anya San Pedro de Macorís. Ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ nke Ibero-American Feminist Union.[1][2] N'afọ 1934, Trujillo mechara kweta na a ga-eme ntụliaka maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị, ma dọọ aka ná ntị na mkpebi ya ga-adabere n'otú ụmụ nwanyị ole ga-eme ntuli aka. Veloz na-agbasi mbọ ike na mkpọsa referendum nke AFD. O kwuru okwu na Santo Domingo nke o kwuru na &quot;anyị na-alụ ọgụ ka anyị ghara ịkafe mmadụ, kama ka ha hà ya. Onye na-akpakọrịta mgbe niile, ohu mgbe ọ bụla! &quot;[3] Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ otu n'ime ebe ntuli aka maka ntuli aka akụkọ ihe mere eme.[2]. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị 96,000 mere ntụli aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu kwadoro nhọpụta ahụ, Trujillo nwere nkụda mmụọ na ntuli aka ahụ ma gbuo oge ime ihe ọzọ ruo 1942.[4]

Mgbe e gbusịrị Trujillo na 1961, Veloz dere akwụkwọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic, ọkachasị ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye otu AFD. Ọ natara ihe nrite akwụkwọ nke mba mgbe a ka na-ebipụtaghị ya. N'afọ 1977, e bipụtara ya n'aha Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ na ihe nketa ==
Veloz nwụrụ na Machị 21, 1980, na Santo Domingo . &lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Peguero|first=Valentina|title=Mujeres Pioneras Dominicanas: Datos Biográficos y Bibliográficos|date=2015|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|language=Spanish|url=https://colecciones.agn.gob.do/opac/ficha.php?informatico=00282714PI&amp;suposi=7&amp;idpag=1521321280&amp;codopac=OPPUB&amp;presenta=normaimg|accessdate=April 20, 2026|isbn=9789945589122|pages=258-260}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ọ bụ akụkọ nke AFD na òtù ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lora|first=Elvira|title=Livia Veloz, versos y testimonio de primera línea|url=https://hoy.com.do/opinion/livia-veloz-versos-y-testimonio-de-primera-linea_967029.html|accessdate=April 17, 2026|work=Hoy|date=2023|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
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'''Livia María Veloz''' (September 11, 1892 - March 21, 1980) bụ onye edemede Dominican, onye nkuzi, na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Abụ ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nwetara ọtụtụ onyinye mba na nke mba ụwa. Veloz bụ onye guzobere Acción Feminista Dominicana (AFD), otu òtù ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Dominican Republic. Veloz mere mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ma nye aka na atụmatụ AFD dị ka ịkụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị, akwụkwọ ya nke 1977 Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic. 

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Livia María Veloz na Septemba 11, 1892, nwa Juan Pablo Veloz ne Adelina Echavarría.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya bụ onye na-atụ nkume na onye na-arụ brik. Veloz gara Instituto de Señoritas, Kọleji ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi na Santo Domingo, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1913. 

== Ọrụ ==
Ya na Abigail Mejia, Veloz bụ onye guzobere Club Nosotras (nke pụtara &quot;klọb anyị&quot;), otu akwụkwọ na ọdịbendị maka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican.&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri mbụ nke Veloz, Preludios Sentimentales, na 1929 na nyocha dị mma. N'afọ 1931, otu n'ime sonnets ya nwetara aha nsọpụrụ na asọmpi edemede nke Azua Chamber of Commerce kwadoro. O bipụtara nchịkọta ọzọ nke uri na 1936, Accordes, nke a nabatara nke ọma.

Veloz bipụtara mpịakọta mbụ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura, akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, na 1939. N'oge ahụ, ọrụ ahụ pụrụ iche n'ihi na Veloz dere akwụkwọ ahụ n'onwe ya, kama ịchịkọta ihe ndị sitere n'akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị otu Dominican National Council on Education họpụtara ya dị ka akwụkwọ ọgụgụ akwadoro maka usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị. Veloz gara n'ihu na-ebipụta mbipụta ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ n'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ. Na 1964, Odeakwụkwọ nke State of Education nyere ya ihe nrite Salomé Ureña nke mba maka mpịakọta nke anọ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura.[1]

N'afọ 1940, ndị ọka ikpe họọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Veloz La Más ''Chiquita'' ka ọ nọchite anya Dominican Republic na asọmpi Farrar &amp;amp;amp; Rinehart iji chọta akwụkwọ akụkọ Latin America kachasị mma a na-ebipụtaghị. Veloz nwetara aha nsọpụrụ, mana akwụkwọ ahụ ka a na-ebipụtaghị ya. E mechara wepụta ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1992 n'okpuru aha Ojos Entreabiertos . E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri ikpeazụ ya, Transparencias, na 1971. 

Veloz dere ukwe ụlọ akwụkwọ maka Colegio Serafín de Asís, ụlọ akwụkwọ Franciscan ebe nwanne ya nwanyị Sor Leticia Veloz bụ onyeisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nuestra Historia|url=https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|work=Colegio Serafín de Asís|accessdate=April 17, 2026|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720065649/https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|archivedate=July 20, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị ==
Na Mee 14, 1931, Club Nosotras haziri ka ọ bụrụ otu nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, Acción Feminista Dominicana (Dominican Feminist Action, nke a na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ AFD). Veloz bụ onye guzobere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCocco_De_Filippis2001&quot;&gt;Cocco De Filippis, Daisy, ed. (2001). ''Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)'' (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Editora Búho. pp.&amp;nbsp;207, 215. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789993410027|&lt;bdi&gt;9789993410027&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe mgbaru ọsọ AFD gụnyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, ọdịmma ọha na eze, na mgbanwe iwu maka okwu metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka [[Ịñụbiga mmanya oke|Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè]], ụlọ mkpọrọ, na nkwekọrịta tupu alụmdi na nwunye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Historia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Veloz|first=Livia|year=2001|chapter=Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1932, onye isi ala Dominican na onye ọchịchị aka ike Rafael Trujillo kwadoro onwe ya n'ihu ọha na AFD site n'ịja Veloz na ndị otu AFD ndị ọzọ dị ka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican na-eṅomi.[1] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara nwanyị arụrịtala ụka maka ogo a manyere AFD ka ya na Trujillo rụkọọ ọrụ. N'otu aka ahụ, Trujillo nọ na-akpa ndị òtù ezinụlọ dị iche iche iji chebe ọdịdị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ime ka ọ dị ọhụrụ ná mba ụwa. O yikarịrị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị AFD lere iso ọchịchị Trujillo na-arụkọ ọrụ anya dị ka nkwekọrịta dị mkpa, karịsịa n'ihi na o kwere nkwa na ya ga-atụle inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịtụ vootu. Ndị na-eme ihe ike sitere n'ebe ha na-arụ ọrụ nwekwara ike inweworị nrụgide akụ na ụba iji kwadoo.[1][2] Enyere ndị inyom AFD ọrụ dị mkpa dị ka ndị nchịkwa na ndị ndụmọdụ na pati Trujillo, karịsịa na ọrụ mmekọrịta. AFD jikwa ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị iri na otu maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ, hiwe ọbá akwụkwọ na Santo Domingo, ma kesaa nkata ụmụaka nye ndị nne ọhụrụ.[1][3]

Ọrụ Veloz na AFD gụnyere akwụkwọ nkwado, ibinye aka n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ije ozi dịka onye nnọchi anya San Pedro de Macorís. Ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ nke Ibero-American Feminist Union.[1][2] N'afọ 1934, Trujillo mechara kweta na a ga-eme ntụliaka maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị, ma dọọ aka ná ntị na mkpebi ya ga-adabere n'otú ụmụ nwanyị ole ga-eme ntuli aka. Veloz na-agbasi mbọ ike na mkpọsa referendum nke AFD. O kwuru okwu na Santo Domingo nke o kwuru na &quot;anyị na-alụ ọgụ ka anyị ghara ịkafe mmadụ, kama ka ha hà ya. Onye na-akpakọrịta mgbe niile, ohu mgbe ọ bụla! &quot;[3] Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ otu n'ime ebe ntuli aka maka ntuli aka akụkọ ihe mere eme.[2]. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị 96,000 mere ntụli aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu kwadoro nhọpụta ahụ, Trujillo nwere nkụda mmụọ na ntuli aka ahụ ma gbuo oge ime ihe ọzọ ruo 1942.[4]

Mgbe e gbusịrị Trujillo na 1961, Veloz dere akwụkwọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic, ọkachasị ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye otu AFD. Ọ natara ihe nrite akwụkwọ nke mba mgbe a ka na-ebipụtaghị ya. N'afọ 1977, e bipụtara ya n'aha Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ na ihe nketa ==
Veloz nwụrụ na Machị 21, 1980, na Santo Domingo . &lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Peguero|first=Valentina|title=Mujeres Pioneras Dominicanas: Datos Biográficos y Bibliográficos|date=2015|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|language=Spanish|url=https://colecciones.agn.gob.do/opac/ficha.php?informatico=00282714PI&amp;suposi=7&amp;idpag=1521321280&amp;codopac=OPPUB&amp;presenta=normaimg|accessdate=April 20, 2026|isbn=9789945589122|pages=258-260}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ọ bụ akụkọ nke AFD na òtù ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lora|first=Elvira|title=Livia Veloz, versos y testimonio de primera línea|url=https://hoy.com.do/opinion/livia-veloz-versos-y-testimonio-de-primera-linea_967029.html|accessdate=April 17, 2026|work=Hoy|date=2023|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Livia María Veloz''' (September 11, 1892 - March 21, 1980) bụ onye edemede Dominican, onye nkuzi, na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Abụ ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nwetara ọtụtụ onyinye mba na nke mba ụwa. Veloz bụ onye guzobere Acción Feminista Dominicana (AFD), otu òtù ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Dominican Republic. Veloz mere mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ma nye aka na atụmatụ AFD dị ka ịkụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị, akwụkwọ ya nke 1977 Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic. 

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Livia María Veloz na Septemba 11, 1892, nwa Juan Pablo Veloz ne Adelina Echavarría.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya bụ onye na-atụ nkume na onye na-arụ brik. Veloz gara Instituto de Señoritas, Kọleji ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi na Santo Domingo, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1913. 

== Ọrụ ==
Ya na Abigail Mejia, Veloz bụ onye guzobere Club Nosotras (nke pụtara &quot;klọb anyị&quot;), otu akwụkwọ na ọdịbendị maka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican.&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri mbụ nke Veloz, Preludios Sentimentales, na 1929 na nyocha dị mma. N'afọ 1931, otu n'ime sonnets ya nwetara aha nsọpụrụ na asọmpi edemede nke Azua Chamber of Commerce kwadoro. O bipụtara nchịkọta ọzọ nke uri na 1936, Accordes, nke a nabatara nke ọma.

Veloz bipụtara mpịakọta mbụ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura, akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, na 1939. N'oge ahụ, ọrụ ahụ pụrụ iche n'ihi na Veloz dere akwụkwọ ahụ n'onwe ya, kama ịchịkọta ihe ndị sitere n'akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị otu Dominican National Council on Education họpụtara ya dị ka akwụkwọ ọgụgụ akwadoro maka usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị. Veloz gara n'ihu na-ebipụta mbipụta ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ n'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ. Na 1964, Odeakwụkwọ nke State of Education nyere ya ihe nrite Salomé Ureña nke mba maka mpịakọta nke anọ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura.[1]

N'afọ 1940, ndị ọka ikpe họọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Veloz La Más ''Chiquita'' ka ọ nọchite anya Dominican Republic na asọmpi Farrar &amp;amp;amp; Rinehart iji chọta akwụkwọ akụkọ Latin America kachasị mma a na-ebipụtaghị. Veloz nwetara aha nsọpụrụ, mana akwụkwọ ahụ ka a na-ebipụtaghị ya. E mechara wepụta ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1992 n'okpuru aha Ojos Entreabiertos . E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri ikpeazụ ya, Transparencias, na 1971. 

Veloz dere ukwe ụlọ akwụkwọ maka Colegio Serafín de Asís, ụlọ akwụkwọ Franciscan ebe nwanne ya nwanyị Sor Leticia Veloz bụ onyeisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nuestra Historia|url=https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|work=Colegio Serafín de Asís|accessdate=April 17, 2026|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720065649/https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|archivedate=July 20, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị ==
Na Mee 14, 1931, Club Nosotras haziri ka ọ bụrụ otu nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, Acción Feminista Dominicana (Dominican Feminist Action, nke a na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ AFD). Veloz bụ onye guzobere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCocco_De_Filippis2001&quot;&gt;Cocco De Filippis, Daisy, ed. (2001). ''Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)'' (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Editora Búho. pp.&amp;nbsp;207, 215. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789993410027|&lt;bdi&gt;9789993410027&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe mgbaru ọsọ AFD gụnyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, ọdịmma ọha na eze, na mgbanwe iwu maka okwu metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka [[Ịñụbiga mmanya oke|Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè]], ụlọ mkpọrọ, na nkwekọrịta tupu alụmdi na nwunye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Historia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Veloz|first=Livia|year=2001|chapter=Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1932, onye isi ala Dominican na onye ọchịchị aka ike Rafael Trujillo kwadoro onwe ya n'ihu ọha na AFD site n'ịja Veloz na ndị otu AFD ndị ọzọ dị ka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican na-eṅomi.[1] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara nwanyị arụrịtala ụka maka ogo a manyere AFD ka ya na Trujillo rụkọọ ọrụ. N'otu aka ahụ, Trujillo nọ na-akpa ndị òtù ezinụlọ dị iche iche iji chebe ọdịdị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ime ka ọ dị ọhụrụ ná mba ụwa. O yikarịrị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị AFD lere iso ọchịchị Trujillo na-arụkọ ọrụ anya dị ka nkwekọrịta dị mkpa, karịsịa n'ihi na o kwere nkwa na ya ga-atụle inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịtụ vootu. Ndị na-eme ihe ike sitere n'ebe ha na-arụ ọrụ nwekwara ike inweworị nrụgide akụ na ụba iji kwadoo.[1][2] Enyere ndị inyom AFD ọrụ dị mkpa dị ka ndị nchịkwa na ndị ndụmọdụ na pati Trujillo, karịsịa na ọrụ mmekọrịta. AFD jikwa ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị iri na otu maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ, hiwe ọbá akwụkwọ na Santo Domingo, ma kesaa nkata ụmụaka nye ndị nne ọhụrụ.[1][3]

Ọrụ Veloz na AFD gụnyere akwụkwọ nkwado, ibinye aka n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ije ozi dịka onye nnọchi anya San Pedro de Macorís. Ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ nke Ibero-American Feminist Union.[1][2] N'afọ 1934, Trujillo mechara kweta na a ga-eme ntụliaka maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị, ma dọọ aka ná ntị na mkpebi ya ga-adabere n'otú ụmụ nwanyị ole ga-eme ntuli aka. Veloz na-agbasi mbọ ike na mkpọsa referendum nke AFD. O kwuru okwu na Santo Domingo nke o kwuru na &quot;anyị na-alụ ọgụ ka anyị ghara ịkafe mmadụ, kama ka ha hà ya. Onye na-akpakọrịta mgbe niile, ohu mgbe ọ bụla! &quot;[3] Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ otu n'ime ebe ntuli aka maka ntuli aka akụkọ ihe mere eme.[2]. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị 96,000 mere ntụli aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu kwadoro nhọpụta ahụ, Trujillo nwere nkụda mmụọ na ntuli aka ahụ ma gbuo oge ime ihe ọzọ ruo 1942.[4]

Mgbe e gbusịrị Trujillo na 1961, Veloz dere akwụkwọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic, ọkachasị ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye otu AFD. Ọ natara ihe nrite akwụkwọ nke mba mgbe a ka na-ebipụtaghị ya. N'afọ 1977, e bipụtara ya n'aha Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana . 

== Ọnwụ na ihe nketa ==
Veloz nwụrụ na Machị 21, 1980, na Santo Domingo . &lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Peguero|first=Valentina|title=Mujeres Pioneras Dominicanas: Datos Biográficos y Bibliográficos|date=2015|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|language=Spanish|url=https://colecciones.agn.gob.do/opac/ficha.php?informatico=00282714PI&amp;suposi=7&amp;idpag=1521321280&amp;codopac=OPPUB&amp;presenta=normaimg|accessdate=April 20, 2026|isbn=9789945589122|pages=258-260}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ọ bụ akụkọ nke AFD na òtù ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lora|first=Elvira|title=Livia Veloz, versos y testimonio de primera línea|url=https://hoy.com.do/opinion/livia-veloz-versos-y-testimonio-de-primera-linea_967029.html|accessdate=April 17, 2026|work=Hoy|date=2023|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Livia María Veloz''' (September 11, 1892 - March 21, 1980) bụ onye edemede Dominican, onye nkuzi, na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Abụ ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nwetara ọtụtụ onyinye mba na nke mba ụwa. Veloz bụ onye guzobere Acción Feminista Dominicana (AFD), otu òtù ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Dominican Republic. Veloz mere mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ma nye aka na atụmatụ AFD dị ka ịkụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị, akwụkwọ ya nke 1977 Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic. 

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Livia María Veloz na Septemba 11, 1892, nwa Juan Pablo Veloz ne Adelina Echavarría.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya bụ onye na-atụ nkume na onye na-arụ brik. Veloz gara Instituto de Señoritas, Kọleji ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi na Santo Domingo, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1913. 

== Ọrụ ==
Ya na Abigail Mejia, Veloz bụ onye guzobere Club Nosotras (nke pụtara &quot;klọb anyị&quot;), otu akwụkwọ na ọdịbendị maka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican.&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri mbụ nke Veloz, Preludios Sentimentales, na 1929 na nyocha dị mma. N'afọ 1931, otu n'ime sonnets ya nwetara aha nsọpụrụ na asọmpi edemede nke Azua Chamber of Commerce kwadoro. O bipụtara nchịkọta ọzọ nke uri na 1936, Accordes, nke a nabatara nke ọma.

Veloz bipụtara mpịakọta mbụ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura, akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, na 1939. N'oge ahụ, ọrụ ahụ pụrụ iche n'ihi na Veloz dere akwụkwọ ahụ n'onwe ya, kama ịchịkọta ihe ndị sitere n'akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị otu Dominican National Council on Education họpụtara ya dị ka akwụkwọ ọgụgụ akwadoro maka usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị. Veloz gara n'ihu na-ebipụta mbipụta ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ n'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ. Na 1964, Odeakwụkwọ nke State of Education nyere ya ihe nrite Salomé Ureña nke mba maka mpịakọta nke anọ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura.[1]

N'afọ 1940, ndị ọka ikpe họọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Veloz La Más ''Chiquita'' ka ọ nọchite anya Dominican Republic na asọmpi Farrar &amp;amp;amp; Rinehart iji chọta akwụkwọ akụkọ Latin America kachasị mma a na-ebipụtaghị. Veloz nwetara aha nsọpụrụ, mana akwụkwọ ahụ ka a na-ebipụtaghị ya. E mechara wepụta ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1992 n'okpuru aha Ojos Entreabiertos . E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri ikpeazụ ya, Transparencias, na 1971. 

Veloz dere ukwe ụlọ akwụkwọ maka Colegio Serafín de Asís, ụlọ akwụkwọ Franciscan ebe nwanne ya nwanyị Sor Leticia Veloz bụ onyeisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nuestra Historia|url=https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|work=Colegio Serafín de Asís|accessdate=April 17, 2026|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720065649/https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|archivedate=July 20, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị ==
Na Mee 14, 1931, Club Nosotras haziri ka ọ bụrụ otu nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, Acción Feminista Dominicana (Dominican Feminist Action, nke a na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ AFD). Veloz bụ onye guzobere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCocco_De_Filippis2001&quot;&gt;Cocco De Filippis, Daisy, ed. (2001). ''Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)'' (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Editora Búho. pp.&amp;nbsp;207, 215. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789993410027|&lt;bdi&gt;9789993410027&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe mgbaru ọsọ AFD gụnyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, ọdịmma ọha na eze, na mgbanwe iwu maka okwu metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka [[Ịñụbiga mmanya oke|Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè]], ụlọ mkpọrọ, na nkwekọrịta tupu alụmdi na nwunye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Historia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Veloz|first=Livia|year=2001|chapter=Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1932, onye isi ala Dominican na onye ọchịchị aka ike Rafael Trujillo kwadoro onwe ya n'ihu ọha na AFD site n'ịja Veloz na ndị otu AFD ndị ọzọ dị ka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican na-eṅomi.[1] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara nwanyị arụrịtala ụka maka ogo a manyere AFD ka ya na Trujillo rụkọọ ọrụ. N'otu aka ahụ, Trujillo nọ na-akpa ndị òtù ezinụlọ dị iche iche iji chebe ọdịdị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ime ka ọ dị ọhụrụ ná mba ụwa. O yikarịrị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị AFD lere iso ọchịchị Trujillo na-arụkọ ọrụ anya dị ka nkwekọrịta dị mkpa, karịsịa n'ihi na o kwere nkwa na ya ga-atụle inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịtụ vootu. Ndị na-eme ihe ike sitere n'ebe ha na-arụ ọrụ nwekwara ike inweworị nrụgide akụ na ụba iji kwadoo.[1][2] Enyere ndị inyom AFD ọrụ dị mkpa dị ka ndị nchịkwa na ndị ndụmọdụ na pati Trujillo, karịsịa na ọrụ mmekọrịta. AFD jikwa ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị iri na otu maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ, hiwe ọbá akwụkwọ na Santo Domingo, ma kesaa nkata ụmụaka nye ndị nne ọhụrụ.[1][3]

Ọrụ Veloz na AFD gụnyere akwụkwọ nkwado, ibinye aka n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ije ozi dịka onye nnọchi anya San Pedro de Macorís. Ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ nke Ibero-American Feminist Union.[1][2] N'afọ 1934, Trujillo mechara kweta na a ga-eme ntụliaka maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị, ma dọọ aka ná ntị na mkpebi ya ga-adabere n'otú ụmụ nwanyị ole ga-eme ntuli aka. Veloz na-agbasi mbọ ike na mkpọsa referendum nke AFD. O kwuru okwu na Santo Domingo nke o kwuru na &quot;anyị na-alụ ọgụ ka anyị ghara ịkafe mmadụ, kama ka ha hà ya. Onye na-akpakọrịta mgbe niile, ohu mgbe ọ bụla! &quot;[3] Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ otu n'ime ebe ntuli aka maka ntuli aka akụkọ ihe mere eme.[2]. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị 96,000 mere ntụli aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu kwadoro nhọpụta ahụ, Trujillo nwere nkụda mmụọ na ntuli aka ahụ ma gbuo oge ime ihe ọzọ ruo 1942.[4]

Mgbe e gbusịrị Trujillo na 1961, Veloz dere akwụkwọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic, ọkachasị ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye otu AFD. Ọ natara ihe nrite akwụkwọ nke mba mgbe a ka na-ebipụtaghị ya. N'afọ 1977, e bipụtara ya n'aha Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana . 

== Ọnwụ na ihe nketa ==
Veloz nwụrụ na Machị 21, 1980, na Santo Domingo .  A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Peguero|first=Valentina|title=Mujeres Pioneras Dominicanas: Datos Biográficos y Bibliográficos|date=2015|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|language=Spanish|url=https://colecciones.agn.gob.do/opac/ficha.php?informatico=00282714PI&amp;suposi=7&amp;idpag=1521321280&amp;codopac=OPPUB&amp;presenta=normaimg|accessdate=April 20, 2026|isbn=9789945589122|pages=258-260}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ọ bụ akụkọ nke AFD na òtù ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lora|first=Elvira|title=Livia Veloz, versos y testimonio de primera línea|url=https://hoy.com.do/opinion/livia-veloz-versos-y-testimonio-de-primera-linea_967029.html|accessdate=April 17, 2026|work=Hoy|date=2023|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
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'''Livia María Veloz''' (September 11, 1892 - March 21, 1980) bụ onye edemede Dominican, onye nkuzi, na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Abụ ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nwetara ọtụtụ onyinye mba na nke mba ụwa. Veloz bụ onye guzobere Acción Feminista Dominicana (AFD), otu òtù ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Dominican Republic. Veloz mere mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ma nye aka na atụmatụ AFD dị ka ịkụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị, akwụkwọ ya nke 1977 Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic. 

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Livia María Veloz na Septemba 11, 1892, nwa Juan Pablo Veloz ne Adelina Echavarría.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya bụ onye na-atụ nkume na onye na-arụ brik. Veloz gara Instituto de Señoritas, Kọleji ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi na Santo Domingo, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1913. 

== Ọrụ ==
Ya na Abigail Mejia, Veloz bụ onye guzobere Club Nosotras (nke pụtara &quot;klọb anyị&quot;), otu akwụkwọ na ọdịbendị maka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican.&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri mbụ nke Veloz, Preludios Sentimentales, na 1929 na nyocha dị mma. N'afọ 1931, otu n'ime sonnets ya nwetara aha nsọpụrụ na asọmpi edemede nke Azua Chamber of Commerce kwadoro. O bipụtara nchịkọta ọzọ nke uri na 1936, Accordes, nke a nabatara nke ọma.

Veloz bipụtara mpịakọta mbụ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura, akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, na 1939. N'oge ahụ, ọrụ ahụ pụrụ iche n'ihi na Veloz dere akwụkwọ ahụ n'onwe ya, kama ịchịkọta ihe ndị sitere n'akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị otu Dominican National Council on Education họpụtara ya dị ka akwụkwọ ọgụgụ akwadoro maka usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị. Veloz gara n'ihu na-ebipụta mbipụta ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ n'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ. Na 1964, Odeakwụkwọ nke State of Education nyere ya ihe nrite Salomé Ureña nke mba maka mpịakọta nke anọ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura.[1]

N'afọ 1940, ndị ọka ikpe họọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Veloz La Más ''Chiquita'' ka ọ nọchite anya Dominican Republic na asọmpi Farrar &amp;amp;amp; Rinehart iji chọta akwụkwọ akụkọ Latin America kachasị mma a na-ebipụtaghị. Veloz nwetara aha nsọpụrụ, mana akwụkwọ ahụ ka a na-ebipụtaghị ya. E mechara wepụta ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1992 n'okpuru aha Ojos Entreabiertos . E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri ikpeazụ ya, Transparencias, na 1971. 

Veloz dere ukwe ụlọ akwụkwọ maka Colegio Serafín de Asís, ụlọ akwụkwọ Franciscan ebe nwanne ya nwanyị Sor Leticia Veloz bụ onyeisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nuestra Historia|url=https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|work=Colegio Serafín de Asís|accessdate=April 17, 2026|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720065649/https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|archivedate=July 20, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị ==
Na Mee 14, 1931, Club Nosotras haziri ka ọ bụrụ otu nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, Acción Feminista Dominicana (Dominican Feminist Action, nke a na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ AFD). Veloz bụ onye guzobere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollado1992&quot;&gt;Collado, Miguel (1992). &quot;Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz&quot;. ''Ojos entreabiertos'' (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;14.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe mgbaru ọsọ AFD gụnyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, ọdịmma ọha na eze, na mgbanwe iwu maka okwu metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka [[Ịñụbiga mmanya oke|Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè]], ụlọ mkpọrọ, na nkwekọrịta tupu alụmdi na nwunye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Historia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Veloz|first=Livia|year=2001|chapter=Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1932, onye isi ala Dominican na onye ọchịchị aka ike Rafael Trujillo kwadoro onwe ya n'ihu ọha na AFD site n'ịja Veloz na ndị otu AFD ndị ọzọ dị ka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican na-eṅomi.[1] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara nwanyị arụrịtala ụka maka ogo a manyere AFD ka ya na Trujillo rụkọọ ọrụ. N'otu aka ahụ, Trujillo nọ na-akpa ndị òtù ezinụlọ dị iche iche iji chebe ọdịdị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ime ka ọ dị ọhụrụ ná mba ụwa. O yikarịrị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị AFD lere iso ọchịchị Trujillo na-arụkọ ọrụ anya dị ka nkwekọrịta dị mkpa, karịsịa n'ihi na o kwere nkwa na ya ga-atụle inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịtụ vootu. Ndị na-eme ihe ike sitere n'ebe ha na-arụ ọrụ nwekwara ike inweworị nrụgide akụ na ụba iji kwadoo.[1][2] Enyere ndị inyom AFD ọrụ dị mkpa dị ka ndị nchịkwa na ndị ndụmọdụ na pati Trujillo, karịsịa na ọrụ mmekọrịta. AFD jikwa ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị iri na otu maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ, hiwe ọbá akwụkwọ na Santo Domingo, ma kesaa nkata ụmụaka nye ndị nne ọhụrụ.[1][3]

Ọrụ Veloz na AFD gụnyere akwụkwọ nkwado, ibinye aka n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ije ozi dịka onye nnọchi anya San Pedro de Macorís. Ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ nke Ibero-American Feminist Union.[1][2] N'afọ 1934, Trujillo mechara kweta na a ga-eme ntụliaka maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị, ma dọọ aka ná ntị na mkpebi ya ga-adabere n'otú ụmụ nwanyị ole ga-eme ntuli aka. Veloz na-agbasi mbọ ike na mkpọsa referendum nke AFD. O kwuru okwu na Santo Domingo nke o kwuru na &quot;anyị na-alụ ọgụ ka anyị ghara ịkafe mmadụ, kama ka ha hà ya. Onye na-akpakọrịta mgbe niile, ohu mgbe ọ bụla! &quot;[3] Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ otu n'ime ebe ntuli aka maka ntuli aka akụkọ ihe mere eme.[2]. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị 96,000 mere ntụli aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu kwadoro nhọpụta ahụ, Trujillo nwere nkụda mmụọ na ntuli aka ahụ ma gbuo oge ime ihe ọzọ ruo 1942.[4]

Mgbe e gbusịrị Trujillo na 1961, Veloz dere akwụkwọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic, ọkachasị ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye otu AFD. Ọ natara ihe nrite akwụkwọ nke mba mgbe a ka na-ebipụtaghị ya. N'afọ 1977, e bipụtara ya n'aha Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana . 

== Ọnwụ na ihe nketa ==
Veloz nwụrụ na Machị 21, 1980, na Santo Domingo .  A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Peguero|first=Valentina|title=Mujeres Pioneras Dominicanas: Datos Biográficos y Bibliográficos|date=2015|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|language=Spanish|url=https://colecciones.agn.gob.do/opac/ficha.php?informatico=00282714PI&amp;suposi=7&amp;idpag=1521321280&amp;codopac=OPPUB&amp;presenta=normaimg|accessdate=April 20, 2026|isbn=9789945589122|pages=258-260}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ọ bụ akụkọ nke AFD na òtù ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lora|first=Elvira|title=Livia Veloz, versos y testimonio de primera línea|url=https://hoy.com.do/opinion/livia-veloz-versos-y-testimonio-de-primera-linea_967029.html|accessdate=April 17, 2026|work=Hoy|date=2023|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Livia María Veloz''' (September 11, 1892 - March 21, 1980) bụ onye edemede Dominican, onye nkuzi, na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Abụ ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nwetara ọtụtụ onyinye mba na nke mba ụwa. Veloz bụ onye guzobere Acción Feminista Dominicana (AFD), otu òtù ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Dominican Republic. Veloz mere mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ma nye aka na atụmatụ AFD dị ka ịkụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị, akwụkwọ ya nke 1977 Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic. 

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Livia María Veloz na Septemba 11, 1892, nwa Juan Pablo Veloz ne Adelina Echavarría.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collado&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collado|first=Miguel|year=1992|chapter=Cronología de y sobre Livia Veloz|title=Ojos entreabiertos|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de la República Dominicana|pages=7–14|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya bụ onye na-atụ nkume na onye na-arụ brik. Veloz gara Instituto de Señoritas, Kọleji ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi na Santo Domingo, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1913. 

== Ọrụ ==
Ya na Abigail Mejia, Veloz bụ onye guzobere Club Nosotras (nke pụtara &quot;klọb anyị&quot;), otu akwụkwọ na ọdịbendị maka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican.&lt;ref name=&quot;De Filippis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|year=2001|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish|pages=207, 215}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri mbụ nke Veloz, Preludios Sentimentales, na 1929 na nyocha dị mma. N'afọ 1931, otu n'ime sonnets ya nwetara aha nsọpụrụ na asọmpi edemede nke Azua Chamber of Commerce kwadoro. O bipụtara nchịkọta ọzọ nke uri na 1936, Accordes, nke a nabatara nke ọma.

Veloz bipụtara mpịakọta mbụ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura, akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, na 1939. N'oge ahụ, ọrụ ahụ pụrụ iche n'ihi na Veloz dere akwụkwọ ahụ n'onwe ya, kama ịchịkọta ihe ndị sitere n'akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị otu Dominican National Council on Education họpụtara ya dị ka akwụkwọ ọgụgụ akwadoro maka usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị. Veloz gara n'ihu na-ebipụta mbipụta ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ n'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ. Na 1964, Odeakwụkwọ nke State of Education nyere ya ihe nrite Salomé Ureña nke mba maka mpịakọta nke anọ nke Libro Dominicano de Lectura.[1]

N'afọ 1940, ndị ọka ikpe họọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Veloz La Más ''Chiquita'' ka ọ nọchite anya Dominican Republic na asọmpi Farrar &amp;amp;amp; Rinehart iji chọta akwụkwọ akụkọ Latin America kachasị mma a na-ebipụtaghị. Veloz nwetara aha nsọpụrụ, mana akwụkwọ ahụ ka a na-ebipụtaghị ya. E mechara wepụta ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1992 n'okpuru aha Ojos Entreabiertos . E bipụtara akwụkwọ uri ikpeazụ ya, Transparencias, na 1971. 

Veloz dere ukwe ụlọ akwụkwọ maka Colegio Serafín de Asís, ụlọ akwụkwọ Franciscan ebe nwanne ya nwanyị Sor Leticia Veloz bụ onyeisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nuestra Historia|url=https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|work=Colegio Serafín de Asís|accessdate=April 17, 2026|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720065649/https://serafin.edu.do/historia/|archivedate=July 20, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị ==
Na Mee 14, 1931, Club Nosotras haziri ka ọ bụrụ otu nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, Acción Feminista Dominicana (Dominican Feminist Action, nke a na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ AFD). Veloz bụ onye guzobere ya. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ AFD gụnyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, ọdịmma ọha na eze, na mgbanwe iwu maka okwu metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka [[Ịñụbiga mmanya oke|Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè]], ụlọ mkpọrọ, na nkwekọrịta tupu alụmdi na nwunye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Historia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Veloz|first=Livia|year=2001|chapter=Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana|editor=Cocco De Filippis|title=Madres, Maestras y Militantes Dominicanas (Fundadores)|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=9789993410027|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1932, onye isi ala Dominican na onye ọchịchị aka ike Rafael Trujillo kwadoro onwe ya n'ihu ọha na AFD site n'ịja Veloz na ndị otu AFD ndị ọzọ dị ka ụmụ nwanyị Dominican na-eṅomi.[1] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara nwanyị arụrịtala ụka maka ogo a manyere AFD ka ya na Trujillo rụkọọ ọrụ. N'otu aka ahụ, Trujillo nọ na-akpa ndị òtù ezinụlọ dị iche iche iji chebe ọdịdị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ime ka ọ dị ọhụrụ ná mba ụwa. O yikarịrị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị AFD lere iso ọchịchị Trujillo na-arụkọ ọrụ anya dị ka nkwekọrịta dị mkpa, karịsịa n'ihi na o kwere nkwa na ya ga-atụle inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịtụ vootu. Ndị na-eme ihe ike sitere n'ebe ha na-arụ ọrụ nwekwara ike inweworị nrụgide akụ na ụba iji kwadoo.[1][2] Enyere ndị inyom AFD ọrụ dị mkpa dị ka ndị nchịkwa na ndị ndụmọdụ na pati Trujillo, karịsịa na ọrụ mmekọrịta. AFD jikwa ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị iri na otu maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ, hiwe ọbá akwụkwọ na Santo Domingo, ma kesaa nkata ụmụaka nye ndị nne ọhụrụ.[1][3]

Ọrụ Veloz na AFD gụnyere akwụkwọ nkwado, ibinye aka n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ije ozi dịka onye nnọchi anya San Pedro de Macorís. Ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ nke Ibero-American Feminist Union.[1][2] N'afọ 1934, Trujillo mechara kweta na a ga-eme ntụliaka maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị, ma dọọ aka ná ntị na mkpebi ya ga-adabere n'otú ụmụ nwanyị ole ga-eme ntuli aka. Veloz na-agbasi mbọ ike na mkpọsa referendum nke AFD. O kwuru okwu na Santo Domingo nke o kwuru na &quot;anyị na-alụ ọgụ ka anyị ghara ịkafe mmadụ, kama ka ha hà ya. Onye na-akpakọrịta mgbe niile, ohu mgbe ọ bụla! &quot;[3] Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ otu n'ime ebe ntuli aka maka ntuli aka akụkọ ihe mere eme.[2]. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị 96,000 mere ntụli aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu kwadoro nhọpụta ahụ, Trujillo nwere nkụda mmụọ na ntuli aka ahụ ma gbuo oge ime ihe ọzọ ruo 1942.[4]

Mgbe e gbusịrị Trujillo na 1961, Veloz dere akwụkwọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic, ọkachasị ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye otu AFD. Ọ natara ihe nrite akwụkwọ nke mba mgbe a ka na-ebipụtaghị ya. N'afọ 1977, e bipụtara ya n'aha Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana . 

== Ọnwụ na ihe nketa ==
Veloz nwụrụ na Machị 21, 1980, na Santo Domingo .  A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị na Dominican Republic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Peguero|first=Valentina|title=Mujeres Pioneras Dominicanas: Datos Biográficos y Bibliográficos|date=2015|publisher=Editora Búho|location=Santo Domingo|language=Spanish|url=https://colecciones.agn.gob.do/opac/ficha.php?informatico=00282714PI&amp;suposi=7&amp;idpag=1521321280&amp;codopac=OPPUB&amp;presenta=normaimg|accessdate=April 20, 2026|isbn=9789945589122|pages=258-260}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historia del Feminismo en la República Dominicana bụ isi iyi dị mkpa maka ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ọ bụ akụkọ nke AFD na òtù ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lora|first=Elvira|title=Livia Veloz, versos y testimonio de primera línea|url=https://hoy.com.do/opinion/livia-veloz-versos-y-testimonio-de-primera-linea_967029.html|accessdate=April 17, 2026|work=Hoy|date=2023|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Eliza Mary Medhurst Hillier Hole''' (Julia 24, 1828 - Febụwarị 20, 1886) bụ onye edemede Britain. E bipụtara akwụkwọ lkpomozzllpmọ ozi ya na nwanne ya nwanyị dị ka My Dearest Martha: The Life and Letters of Eliza Hillier (2021). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hillier|first=Andrew|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/My_Dearest_Martha_The_Life_and_Letters_o/9883EAAAQBAJ|title=My Dearest Martha: The Life and Letters of Eliza Hillier|date=2021-07-01|publisher=City University of HK Press|isbn=978-962-937-577-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mụrụ Eliza Hillier na Julaị 24, 1828 na Batavia, nwa nke atọ dị ndụ nke onye ozi ala ọzọ Walter Henry Medhurst na Elizabeth &quot;Betty&quot; Martin. Martin bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye agha Britain na nwanyị nwere ike ịbụ onye Tamil. Nwanne Eliza Hillier bụ onye na_anọchi anya mba ọzọ bụ Walter Henry Medhurst . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
Ọ sonyeere ezinụlọ ya na njem ya na England, laghachi Batavia, [[Hong Kong]], na Shanghai. N'afọ 1846, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, ọ lụrụ [[Charles Batten Hiller]], onye ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka Chief Magistrate nke Hong Kong, 1847-1856. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị oge1856,  mgbe  ọnwa anọ gara ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi  anya Britain mbụ na Siam, ya na ụmụ ya laghachiri England, ebe ọ nọrọ ndụ ya niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Eliza Mary Hillier (née Medhurst) (1828-1886).jpg|thumb|Eliza Mary Hillier]]
O bipụtara akụkọ atọ gbasara Siam na Okwu Ezinụlọ Charles Dickens na 1857 na 1858.[1] Nke a nwere ike ịbụ mmalite nke nwa nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke na-adọga n'ịkọ ego n'ọrụ ide akwụkwọ, ka o dere ụfọdụ akụkọ ifo a na-ebipụtabeghị. Ọ bụrụ otu a, o nweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. O weputara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke akwụkwọ ozi na ndị ikwu ya si mba ofesi, ụfọdụ sitere n'aka nwa ya Andrew Hillier bipụtara dị ka My Dearest Martha: Ndụ na Akwụkwọ Ozi nke Eliza Hillier (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ lụrụ Charles Batten Hiller na 1846. Ha nwere mụọ ụmụ ise dị ndụ, gụnyere Sir Walter Caine Hillier KCMG CB. N'afọ 1864, ọ lụrụ onye ọka iwu Charles Marshall Hole ma ha nwere ụmụ atọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
== Edendibịa ==
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    <title>Felix Agu</title>
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      <text bytes="6246" sha1="fq9s49v1ubp41ccz9vguhmahh4o8yib" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:FelixAgu.jpg|thumb|Felix Agu]]
 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.werder.de/teams/profis/spieler/felix-agu/ |title=Felix Agu |publisher=SV Werder Bremen |access-date=1 September 2022 |accessdate=24 May 2026 |archivedate=25 September 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925061316/https://www.werder.de/teams/profis/spieler/felix-agu/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Felix Agu''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Obefelix-Felix Agu.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 27 Septemba 1999) bụ [[Footbọl|onye okachamara na bọọlụ]], nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye nnona-azụ maka Werder Bremen . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe415089/felix-agu/|title=Felix Agu|work=worldfootball.net|publisher=HEIM:SPIEL|accessdate=29 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mụrụ ya na Germany, ọ na-egwuri egwu maka otu egwuregwu mba Naịjirịa.

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Na ngwụcha Jenụwarị 2020, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi kọrọ na Agu ga-aga n'akụkụ Bundesliga Werder Bremen maka oge 2020-21 ebe ọ kwenyere na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na klọb ahụ. Site na VfL Osnabrück ya, n'ihi na ọ ga-agba ọsọ, ọ ga-esonye na nnyefe n'efu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sonnenberg|first=Christoph|title=4-Jahresvertrag für Osnabrücks Agu|url=https://www.weser-kurier.de/werder/werder-bundesliga_artikel,-4jahresvertrag-fuer-osnabruecks-agu-_arid,1892270.html|accessdate=5 February 2020|work=Weser Kurier|date=24 January 2019|language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mbido ọnwa Febụwarị, a mara ọkwa ọpụpụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Werder Bremen verpflichtet Felix Agu|url=https://www.werder.de/aktuell/news/profis/20192020/agu-verpflichtung-06022020/|work=SV Werder Bremen|accessdate=6 February 2020|language=German|date=6 February 2020|archivedate=4 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904002305/https://www.werder.de/aktuell/news/profis/20192020/agu-verpflichtung-06022020/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;goal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Adewoye|first=Gbenga|title=Felix Agu: Werder Bremen sign Nigerian starlet from Osnabruck|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/felix-agu-werder-bremen-sign-nigerian-prospect-from/1nccxz64qarpd1c4f2z2pvzs3m|work=Goal|accessdate=17 May 2020|date=6 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agu mere mmalite ya na Bundesliga na Werder Bremen nke 1–1 mgbaru ọsọ megide Bayern Munich na 21 November 2020, nke e mere ka ọ banye dị ka onye nnọchi anya na nkeji nke 66. Ọ gụrụ na etiti kama ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye na-azọ azụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Knips |first1=Björn |title=Werder Bremen in Noten: Ömer Toprak stellt Bayerns Lewandowski kalt! |url=https://www.kreiszeitung.de/werder-bremen/werder-bremen-noten-fc-bayern-muenchen-oemer-toprak-stellt-robert-lewandowski-kalt-einzelkritik-christian-gross-unentschieden-bundesliga-zr-90107384.html |accessdate=21 November 2020 |work=Kreiszeitung |date=21 November 2020 |language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Knips |first1=Björn |title=Werder: Verteidiger Agu trifft bei Startelf-Debüt |url=https://www.weser-kurier.de/werder/werder-bundesliga_artikel,-werderheld-agu-muss-ueber-sein-tor-lachen-_arid,1954252.html |access-date=17 January 2021 |work=Weser Kurier |date=16 January 2021 |language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt;. N'ihi na onye mbụ họọrọ ịlụ azụ n'aka ekpe Ludwig Augustinsson anaghị adị site na mmerụ ahụ, Agu mere mbipụta mbụ ya na Bundesliga dị ka onye malitere egwuregwu na mmeri 2–0 megide FC Augsburg na 16 January 2021. Ọ nyere aka na nkwekọrịta mbụ ya na ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya na ọgbọ egwuregwu ahụ.[2]

Agu kwetara ịgbatị nkwekọrịta ya na Werder Bremen na ọnwa Febụwarị 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Felix Agu verlängert beim SV Werder Bremen|url=https://www.kicker.de/spielt-aktuell-sehr-konstant-agu-verlaengert-bei-werder-889034/artikel|work=kicker|accessdate=6 February 2022|language=de|date=6 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
A mụrụ Agu na Germany, o sitere na Nigeria.[1] Ọ bụ ọkwa egwuregwu ntorobịa maka Germany, ebe ọ pụtara maka ndị otu U21.[2] Akpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa na ndị otu mba Nigeria maka asọmpi enyi na enyi Unity Cup nke 2025 n'ọnwa Mee 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|author=🇳🇬 Super Eagles|title=Roster for the #UnityCup2025 and the International Friendly vs Russia |number=1925145885723238506|user=NGSuperEagles|date=21 May 2025|access-date=28 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
{{updated|match played 12 April 2026}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |DFB-Pokal
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị ọzọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |VfL Osnabrück
|2017–18
|3. Njikọ
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2
|0
|&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Felix Agu » Club matches|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe415089/felix-agu/club-matches/|work=worldfootball.net|accessdate=23 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018–19
|3. Njikọ
|15
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|15
|2
|&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2019–20
|2. Bundesliga
|28
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|29
|0
|&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!45
!2
!1
!0
!0
!0
!46
!2
!-
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Werder Bremen
|2020–21
|Bundesliga
|15
|1
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|18
|2
|&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2021–22
|2. Bundesliga
|26
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|27
|0
|&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2022–23
|Bundesliga
|3
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|3
|0
|&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2023–24
|Bundesliga
|24
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|24
|0
|&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2024–25
|Bundesliga
|22
|3
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|24
|3
|&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2025–26
|Bundesliga
|11
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|12
|0
|&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot; /&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!101
!4
!7
!1
!0
!0
!108
!5
!-
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!146
!6
!8
!1
!0
!0
!154
!7
!-
|}

=== Mba Nile ===
{{updated|match played 31 May 2025}}

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{SV Werder Bremen squad}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nura Abdullahi</title>
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'''Nura Abdullahi''' (pronunciationⓘ; amụrụ n'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1997) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu ọkachamara n'egwuregwu bọọlụ bụ onye na-egwu egwuregwu bọọlụ dịka onye mgbachite.

== Ọrụ ==
Abdullahi mere Serie B mbụ ya maka Perugia na 3 n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2018 na egwuregwu megide Cittadella. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|work=Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/02/03/italy/serie-b/perugia-calcio/as-cittadella/2560289/|title=Game Report by Soccerway|date=3 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ lara ezumike nká n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2019 n'ihi ọrịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48108467|title=Nura Abdullahi: AS Roma's Nigerian forced to retire aged 21|date=30 April 2019|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Nura Abdullahi, UEFA Youth League FC Salzburg vs. AS Roma 05.jpg|thumb|'''Nura Abdullahi''']]

== Edensibia ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Danjuma Ademola Kuti</title>
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      <text bytes="1864" sha1="5bpcu1hxp9pqu1so1y9jj1nggiixkdb" xml:space="preserve">'''Danjuma Ademola Kuti''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Danjuma Ademola Kuti.wav|Listen}} (amuru na June nke 25, 1998) bu onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria na-agba S.V. Transvaal, otu ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ Surinamese.

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200217152832/https://g9ija.com/2017/11/06/maradona-declares-interest-in-nigerian-striker-danjuma-ademola/ Maradona kwupụtara mmasị n'ebe onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri, Danjuma Ademola nọ]
* [https://innonews.com.ng/2017/11/nigerian-striker-wanted-by-maradona/ Onye Naijiria na-eme ihe ike nke Maradona chọrọ n'ụzọ INNONEWS. Ọ dị otú ahụ. NG]
* [https://footballghana.com/hearts-of-oak-complete-signing-of-niger-international-danjuma-kuti Obi nke Oak bịanyere aka na Niger mba Danjuma Kuti]
* [https://kickgh.com/ghana-premier-league/9225-hearts-of-oak-targets-six-players-for-second-round-check-them Hearts of Oak na-elekwasị anya na ndị egwuregwu isii maka agba nke abụọ; Lelee ha - Kickgh.com]
* https://www.srherald.com/sport/2025/11/23/transvaal-strikt-nigeriaanse-spits/
*  
* [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Hearts-of-Oak-signs-Nigerian-striker-Kuti-Ademola-942973] 
* [https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/ghanaian-side-hearts-of-oak-complete-signing-of-nigerian-striker-/y1ypl5mvq1qb1k18sybx0xka2]

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Danjuma-Ademola-Kuti-reveals-he-joined-Hearts-of-Oak-for-good-publicity-918988 https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Danjuma-Ademola-Kuti-na-ekpughe-ọ sonyeere-Hearts-of-Oak-for-good-publicity-918988]
* https://www.modernghana.com/sports/993997/hearts-of-oak-seal-transfer-of-nigeria-forward.html
* Danjuma Ademola Kutin'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ademola Kuti, Danjuma}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ola Adeyemo</title>
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'''Olajuwon Bamidele Adeyemo''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Ola Adeyemo.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 13 Febụwarị 1995) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere.

A mụrụ ya na Naijiria, &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/sport/football/cove-rangers/3487874/ola-adeyemo-keen-to-grasp-chance-given-to-him-by-cove-rangers/|title=Ola Adeyemo keen to grasp chance given to him by Cove Rangers|date=24 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adeyemo kwagara [[London]], England dị ka nwa ọhụrụ wee gaa Dublin, Ireland mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/30794079|title=Dundee United: Mark Wilson to leave club by mutual consent|date=13 January 2015|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=14 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara soro Stella Maris na St Patrick's Athletic gbaa bọọlụ ndị ntorobịa,  ma bụrụkwa akụkụ nke mmemme mmepe ndị ntorobịa nke Football Association of Ireland. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://extratime.ie/player/11115184/ola_adeyemo/|title=Ola Adeyemo|work=extratime.ie|accessdate=15 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ịgba egwu ==

=== Klọb ===
Adeyemo sonyeere UCD site na St Patrick's Athletic, ebe ọ gara n'ihu mee ka ọ pụta ìhè mbụ ya. Ọ sonyeere klọb Premiership Scottish Dundee United na June 2014 ka ya na Leyton Orient nwechara ikpe.[1] Mgbe ọ mechara mpụta mbụ ya maka Dundee United dị ka onye nnọchi na egwuregwu Premiership na Kilmarnock na 3 October 2014, [2] Adeyemo bịanyere aka na mgbakwunye nkwekọrịta na Disemba 2014 iji debe ya na klọb ahụ ọnwa iri na asatọ ọzọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/sport/other-sport/killie-up-to-third-1.610345|title=Killie up to third|date=4 October 2014|work=Evening Telegraph|accessdate=12 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fife&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/31104597|title=Dundee United's Ola Adeyemo moves on loan to East Fife|date=2 February 2015|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=3 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2015, ọ sonyeere East Fife na Scottish League Two na mgbazinye mmepe maka oge fọdụrụ na 2014-15. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fife&quot; /&gt; Adeyemo hapụrụ Dundee United na Disemba 2015 mgbe a kagburu nkwekọrịta ya site na nkwekọrịta abụọ, ebe ọ pụtara naanị ugboro abụọ na-anọchi anya ndị otu mbụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thecourier.co.uk/sport/football/dundee-united/ola-adeyemo-latest-player-to-leave-dundee-united1.916805|title=Ola Adeyemo latest player to leave Dundee United|date=21 December 2015|work=The Courier|accessdate=22 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adeyemo bịanyere aka na klọb English Premier League Watford na 30 Machị 2016 ruo 2017 mgbe ọ nwesịrị nnwale gara nke ọma na ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na otu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/160330-watford-fc-under-21-ola-adeyemo-signs-3033669.aspx?|title=UNDER-21: Adeyemo Signs For Hornets|date=30 March 2016|work=watfordfc.com|accessdate=31 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Watford tọhapụrụ ya na ngwụcha oge 2016-17 ma na July 2017 bịanye aka na Norwegian 3.  Valdres FK n'akụkụ nkewa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/sport/15336349.Two_departures_as_Watford_announce_retained_list/|title=Two departures as Watford announce retained list|date=8 June 2017|work=Watford Observer|accessdate=20 July 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.valdresfk.no/nyheter/2017/7/ola-adeyemo-er-klar-for-valdres-fk.aspx|title=Ola Adeyemo er klar for Valdres FK|author=Walker|first=Ron|date=31 July 2017|work=Valdres FK|accessdate=2 August 2017|language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ onye hapụrụ Valdres mgbe oge 2017 gasịrị,  Adeyemo nwere ikpe na klọb Scottish Championship Falkirk na Nọvemba 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.oa.no/valdres-fk/sport/fotball/ulven-starter-sitt-nye-byggeprosjekt/s/5-35-547972|title=Ulven starter sitt nye byggeprosjekt|date=6 January 2018|work=OA|accessdate=7 January 2019|language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.falkirkherald.co.uk/sport/football/falkirk-fc/falkirk-trial-former-sheffield-wednesday-youth-striker-1-4818945|title=Falkirk trial former Sheffield Wednesday youth striker|author=Oliver|first=David|work=Falkirk Herald|accessdate=7 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bịanyere aka na Walton Casuals nke na-abụghị otu egwuregwu na Jenụwarị 2019.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.waltoncasuals.co.uk/seniors/stags-sign-ola-adeyemo/|title=Stags Sign Former Premier League Player|date=20 January 2019|accessdate=26 November 2019|publisher=Walton Casuals F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.waltoncasuals.co.uk/2018-19-statistics/|title=2018/19 Statistics|work=Walton Casuals FC|language=en-GB|accessdate=19 January 2020|archivedate=9 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509095930/https://www.waltoncasuals.co.uk/2018-19-statistics/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adeyemo gafere na Isthmian League Premier Division club Lewes na Febụwarị 2019.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballwebpages.co.uk/lewes/appearances/2018-2019/olajuwon-adeyemo/686010|title=Lewes {{!}} Appearances {{!}} Olajuwon Adeyemo {{!}} 2018–2019 {{!}} Football Web Pages|work=www.footballwebpages.co.uk|accessdate=19 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballwebpages.co.uk/lewes/appearances/olajuwon-adeyemo/686010|title=Lewes {{!}} Appearances {{!}} Olajuwon Adeyemo {{!}} Football Web Pages|work=www.footballwebpages.co.uk|accessdate=19 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2020, a mara ọkwa na Adeyemo alaghachila Ireland, na-etinye aka na Wexford nke League of Ireland First Division.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://wexfordfc.ie/latest-news/961-ola-adeyemo-signs-for-wexford-fc|title=Ola Adeyemo signs for Wexford FC|accessdate=30 July 2020|archivedate=14 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814052154/https://wexfordfc.ie/latest-news/961-ola-adeyemo-signs-for-wexford-fc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adeyemo bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ maka otu akụkụ Cove Rangers Scotland na 9 Septemba 2021.[1] A hapụrụ ya ka ọ pụọ na njedebe nke oge 2021-22 wee bịanye aka na Peterhead. Ọ gbara otu goolu n'ime egwuregwu anọ ọ gbara tupu ahapụ ya na Disemba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.peterheadfc.org/2022/12/02/kelty-hearts-v-peterhead-match-preview/|title=Kelty Hearts v Peterhead match preview}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mara ọkwa Adeyemo dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ Newry City AFC na Jenụwarị 2023. O mere mpụta mbụ ya dị ka onye nọchiri anya ya, na-abịa na enweghị akara n'ụlọ Larne.

Na 23 Julaị 2023, a mara ọkwa na Adeyemo abanyela na Njikọ Njikọ nke Ireland First Division Longford Town, ebe ọ ga-eso nwanne ya nwoke nke obere Jordan gwuo egwu na nke mbụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ltfc.ie/2023/07/ola-adeyemo-signs/|title=Ola Adeyemo Signs!}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere nke mbụ ya n'otu ụbọchị ahụ, na-apụta n'elu oche na mmeri 2-1 n'ụlọ na St Patrick's Athletic na agba nke mbụ nke 2023 FAI Cup. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2023/0723/1396062-st-pats-overcome-nine-man-longford/|title=St Pat's overcome nine-man Longford|date=23 July 2023|author=Buttner|first=Paul|work=[[RTÉ.ie]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tọhapụrụ Adeyemo na ngwụcha oge ahụ.

=== Mba Nile ===
Adeyemo, onye ruru eru ịnọchite anya England ma ọ bụ Republic of Ireland, natara oku na ogige ọzụzụ ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na atọ na Naijiria na Jenụwarị 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot;/&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ola Adeyemona Soccerbase
* Ola Adeyemon'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>William Agada</title>
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      <comment>via https://fist.toolforge.org/wd4wp/#/igwikiAdded an image to the article</comment>
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'''William &quot;Willy&quot; Agada''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Obefelix-William Agada.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 17 Septemba 1999) bụ ọkachamara n'egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa, onye gbara bọọlụ n'ihu n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dịka onye na-agba bọọlụ n'ihu na klọb Segunda División Zaragoza.

== Ọrụ ==
Agada malitere ọrụ ịgba bọọlụ ya na Mighty Jets nke Nigeria National League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mustapha|first=Wale|title=John John Bags Brace As Kogi United Crash Mighty Jets In Lokoja|url=https://kogireports.com/john-john-bags-brace-as-kogi-united-crash-mighty-jets-in-lokoja/|work=Kogi Reports|accessdate=3 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003000421/https://kogireports.com/john-john-bags-brace-as-kogi-united-crash-mighty-jets-in-lokoja/|archivedate=3 October 2022|date=23 Jul 2017|quote=...the likes of William Agada...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Birthday boy Agada nets seventh goal in MLS|url=https://scorenigeria.com.ng/birthday-boy-agada-nets-seventh-goal-in-mls/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918085304/https://scorenigeria.com.ng/birthday-boy-agada-nets-seventh-goal-in-mls/|archivedate=18 September 2022|work=SCORE Nigeria|accessdate=3 October 2022|date=18 Sep 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agada malitere ọrụ mba ụwa ya na otu ndị ntorobịa Hapoel Katamon Jerusalem n'oge 2017/18. N'etiti oge ahụ, a gbaziri ya na otu ndị ntorobịa Maccabi Tel Aviv. Agada mechara oge ahụ site na ngụkọta goolu iri abụọ na abụọ nke otu egwuregwu maka klọb abụọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Player details in Israeli FA website (2017/18)|url=https://www.football.org.il/en/players/player/?player_id=192477&amp;season_id=19|work=football.org.il|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2018-19, ọ laghachiri na Hapoel Katamon Jerusalem na Liga Leumit nke Israel, wee mezue oge abụọ na goolu 8 na 15 na league.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Player details in Israeli FA website (2018/19)|url=https://www.football.org.il/en/players/player/?player_id=192477&amp;season_id=20|work=football.org.il|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Player details in Israeli FA website (2019/20)|url=https://www.football.org.il/en/players/player/?player_id=192477&amp;season_id=21|work=football.org.il|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2020/21 ọ kwagara Hapoel Haifa na mgbazinye, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lesley|first=Angu|date=31 July 2020|title=William Agada joins Hapoel Haifa|url=https://www.kick442.com/william-agada-joins-hapoel-haifa/|accessdate=6 August 2020|work=KICK442|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee gbaa goolu league 6. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Player details in Israeli FA website (2020/21)|url=https://www.football.org.il/en/players/player/?player_id=192477&amp;season_id=22|work=football.org.il|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2021/22 Agada laghachiri na Hapoel Katamon Jerusalem, nke gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Hapoel Jerusalem. Agada gbara goolu asatọ na league, bụrụ onye kacha gbaa goolu na klọb ahụ, ma nyere klọb aka ịnọ na ngalaba mbụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Player details in Israeli FA website (2021/22)|url=https://www.football.org.il/en/players/player/?player_id=192477&amp;season_id=23|work=football.org.il|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ngwụcha oge 2021-22, a kpọfere Agada na klọb Major League Soccer Sporting Kansas City . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 June 2022|title=Sporting Kansas City sign forward William Agada from Israeli side Hapoel Jerusalem|url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/sporting-kansas-city-sign-forward-william-agada-from-israeli-side-hapoel-jerusal|work=MLS|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2025, e rere Agada na Real Salt Lake iji gbanwere ihe ruru $ 850,000 na General Allocation Money.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsl.com/news/real-salt-lake-acquires-striker-willy-agada-from-sporting-kansas-city|title=Real Salt Lake Acquires Striker Willy Agada from Sporting Kansas City &amp;#124; Real Salt Lake|work=rsl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 26 Jenụwarị 2026, ọ bịanyere aka na Real Zaragoza nke Spanish Segunda División ruo na ngwụcha oge ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tena|first=Miguel Gay-Pobes|date=2026-01-26|title=William Agada, segundo fichaje invernal del Real Zaragoza|url=https://www.aragondigital.es/articulo/real-zaragoza/william-agada-segundo-fichaje-invernal-real-zaragoza/20260126113507962787.html|accessdate=2026-01-26|work=Aragón Digital|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tena |first=Miguel Gay-Pobes |date=2026-01-26 |title=William Agada, segundo fichaje invernal del Real Zaragoza |url=https://www.aragondigital.es/articulo/real-zaragoza/william-agada-segundo-fichaje-invernal-real-zaragoza/20260126113507962787.html |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Aragón Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Okiki Afolabi</title>
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      <comment>Added an image to the article</comment>
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      <text bytes="4889" sha1="mlgi53k1nt910ihziofkrrv532ljohp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.soccer120.com/2016/06/afolabi-okiki-duped-stranded-in.html|title=Afolabi Okiki duped, Stranded in Argentina.|publisher=|accessdate=7 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522204048/http://www.soccer120.com/2016/06/afolabi-okiki-duped-stranded-in.html|archive-date=22 May 2017|url-status=dead|archivedate=22 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522204048/http://www.soccer120.com/2016/06/afolabi-okiki-duped-stranded-in.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;TYC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tycsports.com/futbol/okiki-afolabi-el-goleador-nigeriano-que-se-prueba-en-talleres|title=Okiki Afolabi, el goleador nigeriano que se prueba en Talleres|first=TyC|last=Sports|publisher=|accessdate=7 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://africanfootball.com/news/677027/Malaysian-club-Kelantan-FA-double-Okiki-pay-agent|title=Malaysian club Kelantan FA double Okiki pay - agent - Nigeria Premier League 2016 - Malaysia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
'''Okiki Afolabi''' {{Audio|Okiki_Afolabi.wav|listen}} (amụrụ na 12 Disemba 1994 na [[Ibadan]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]])bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara na Naịjirịa nke na-agba bọọlụ dịka onye na-aga n'ihu na Al-Tadamon, otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara nke ndị Kuwait nke dị na Al Farwaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://africanfootball.com/news/677027/Malaysian-club-Kelantan-FA-double-Okiki-pay-agent|title=Malaysian club Kelantan FA double Okiki pay - agent - Nigeria Premier League 2016 - Malaysia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu n'ime mba Nigeria U-20 na U-23 ahọpụtara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1933403-okiki-afolabi-firmo-con-talleres-la-sorprendente-contratacion-del-goleador-de-la-liga-de-nigeria|title=Okiki Afolabi firmó con Talleres: la sorprendente contratación del goleador de la Liga de Nigeria|publisher=|accessdate=7 September 2016|date=2016-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Faịlụ:Okiki Afolabi.jpg|thumb|Okiki Afolabi]]

== Akụkọ ndụ ==

=== Sunshine Stars F.C. ===
He began his career in the [[Sunshine Stars F.C.]] in Nigeria Premier League, he managed to convert 13 goals in 17 games played. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ụlọ ọrụ ===
In August 2016, Okiki was tested at argentine Racing Club playing for Argentine Primera División.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://owngoalnigeria.com/2016/08/29/argentine-club-registers-okiki-afolabi-silent-on-tiongoli-tonbara/|title=Argentine Club Registers Okiki Afolabi, Silent On Tiongoli Tonbara – OwnGoal Nigeria|publisher=|accessdate=7 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, he decided to emigrate to Cordoba and play for Talleres.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.completesportsnigeria.com/50240-2/|title=Okiki Afolabi Thrilled After Joining Argentina's Talleres - Complete Sports Nigeria|date=1 September 2016|publisher=|accessdate=7 September 2016|archivedate=5 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905050057/http://www.completesportsnigeria.com/50240-2/}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a couple of weeks of trial, he was accepted into the institution and Okiki became part of the first team. He was signed for one year with a purchase option. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Jimma Aba Jifar F.C. ===
Afolabi bịanyere aka na Jimma Aba Jifar F.C., onye mbụ na-asọmpi na Premier League nke Etiopia na mmalite oge 2017/18. Ọ nwere oge mbụ ọ gara nke ọma na klọb ahụ nwetara ihe nrite onye kacha enye goolu (23) ma nyere klọb ahụ aka imeri iko mbụ ya. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ismaily SC ===
After a wonderful season in Ethiopia league he achieved the top scorer award and the most valuable player. Okiki drew the attention of some clubs and he received offers but he preferred to sign 4 years contract with the Egyptian giant Ismaily SC. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Ụlọ ọrụ Córdoba'''

* Mbụ B nke Mba: 2016

'''Jimma Aba Jifar'''

* Njikọ Premier nke Etiopia: 2017-182017–18
* Goal kacha elu Onye na-agba goolu 23: 2017-182017–18

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Oluwasegun Abiodun</title>
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        <id>62511</id>
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      <comment>Added an image to the article</comment>
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 {{Reflist}}'''Oluwasegun Abiodun''' (amụrụ na 5 n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1984) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke bụ onye nweere onwe ya ugbu a. Aha ya, Oluwasegun, pụtara &quot;''Chineke enweela mmeri''&quot;.

== Ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===

==== Ọrụ mmalite ====
Klọb ya ndị gara aga gụnyere ndị otu Naijiria [[Bridge F.C.|Julius Berger]], Israel Maccabi Haifa na Al-Wahda na United Arab Emirates. Abiodun rutere Maccabi Haifa iji dochie Yakubu, mana mgbe onye nke ikpeazụ nọrọ na klọb Israel Abiodun hapụrụ Haifa. Egwuregwu mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ bụ nke na-aga nke ọma ebe ọ bụ na ọ banyere na mpempe akwụkwọ na agba nke mbụ nke UEFA Champions League mgbe ọ malitere egwuregwu ahụ na bench.

==== Norway ====
Ọ si Al Wahda kwaga Hamarkameratene n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2004. Mgbe ọ nọ na Hamarkameratene, ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama maka ikike ya na ọsọ ya. Na Disemba afọ 2008 a mara ọkwa na Abiodun ga-esonyere Skeid maka oge 2009

=== Ndị otu mba ===
Abiodun agbagoro otu egwuregwu Olympic nke Naijiria bụ ndị bịarutere nso na iru eru maka asọmpi Olympic nke afọ 2004. mana ọ dịbeghị mgbe ọ pụtara maka ndị otu agadi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='New Yak' Segun Abiodun plans comeback after 4-year injury layoff - United Arab Emirates|url=https://africanfootball.com/news/674973/New-Yak-Segun-Abiodun-plans-comeback-after-4-year-injury-layoff|accessdate=2022-03-04|work=African Football}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Division
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|2004
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |HamKam
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Tippeligaen
|6
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|6
|0
|-
|2005
|13
|2
|2
|0
|0
|0
|15
|2
|-
|2006
|16
|5
|2
|0
|0
|0
|18
|5
|-
|2007
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Adeccoligaen
|22
|15
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|2008
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Tippeligaen
|22
|1
|1
|0
|0
|0
|23
|1
|-
|2009
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Skeid
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Adeccoligaen
|20
|7
|0
|0
|0
|0
|20
|7
|-
|2010
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |2. divisjon
|26
|10
|0
|0
|0
|0
|26
|10
|-
|2009–10
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Internațional
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Liga I
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career Total
!127
!40
!5
!0
!0
!0
!132
!40
|}

== Edensibia ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090303075426/http://www.hamkam.no/presentation/spiller.asp?spiller_id=255 Akụkọ ndụ onye ọkpụkpọ maka Oluwasegun Abiodun na hamkam.no]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929021544/http://www.briskebybanden.com/kamma/spillerstall/oluwasegun_abiodun/ Akụkọ ndụ onye egwuregwu maka Briskebybanden.no]
* [http://nifs.no/personprofil.php?person_id=290 Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị egwuregwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkpụkpọ mba Norway]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090414075413/http://www.skeid.no/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=38&amp;Itemid=75 Profaịlụ na skeid.no]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721140117/http://www.mhaifa.co.il/TheClub/Player.asp?id=41 Ovidon Olishigon - א bat bat bat bat]) 


[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>David Solomon Abwo</title>
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'''David Solomon Abwo''' (amụrụ na 10 ọnwa Mee afọ 1986) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu ọkachamara [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba dịka onye na-eme egwuregwu n'etiti.

== Ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Abwo na [[Jos]], Naijiria.

N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2010, ọ sonyeere klọb ndị Poland bụ Zagłębie Lubin na mgbazinye ọkara afọ site na Lombard Pápa.

N'afọ 2017, Abwo sonyeere Ceyhanspor.

N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2018, ọ kwagara na KTFF Süper Lig club Çetinkaya na Northern Cyprus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sayfa|first=Ana|title=Çetinkaya yeni yabancısını buldu|url=http://www.sporyeni.com/cetinkaya-yeni-yabancisini-buldu-4692h.htm|work=sporyeni|accessdate=28 April 2020|language=Turkish|date=21 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* David Abwon'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
* David Abwona90minut.pl  (n'asụsụ Polish) 
* [http://www.hlsz.hu/index.php?tid=7&amp;Jatekos=hPLf_1c741ae Profaịlụ na HLSZ] (n'asụsụ Hungarian) 


[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Akor Adams</title>
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'''Akor Jerome Adams''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Obefelix-Akor Adams.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 29 Jenụwarị 2000) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere La Liga club Seville na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Sogndal ===
N'August 2018, o sonyeere klọb Norwegian Sogndal site na Jamba Football Academy na Nigeria. O mere mpụta mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 28 August 2018. Ọ tụfuru ọtụtụ oge 2020 n'ihi mmerụ ahụ. Nkwekọrịta ya na Sogndal kubiri na njedebe nke oge 2021. O ji ihe mgbaru ọsọ 10 mechie oge ahụ na 28 ngosi.

Na 2 Disemba 2021, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na Lillestrøm . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.lsk.no/nyheter/akor-adams-klar-for-lsk|title=Akor Adams klar for LSK|work=Lillestrøm SK|author=Stokstad|first=Morten|date=2 December 2021|accessdate=2 April 2022|language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere asọmpi mbụ ya na iko ahụ, na-agba goolu megide Nardo; wee gbaa goolu mbụ ya na Eliteserien na 2 Eprel 2022 megide HamKam, na-eme otu n'ime goolu na 2-2 draw. Akor Adams gbara goolu iri abụọ na asatọ n'egwuregwu iri ise maka Lillestrøm SK n'asọmpi niile.

=== Montpellier ===
N'abalị asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, ọ sonyeere otu egwuregwu Ligue 1 Montpellier maka ego ruru nde euro anọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Eurosport|date=26 August 2023|title=Ligue 1 : Mousa Al Tamari et Akor Adams, les deux pépites inattendues de Montpellier|url=https://www.eurosport.fr/football/ligue-1/2023-2024/ligue-1-mousa-al-tamari-et-akor-adams-les-deux-pepites-inattendues-de-montpellier_sto9760299/story.shtml|accessdate=8 October 2025|work=Eurosport}}&lt;/ref&gt;Akor Adams gbara goolu iri na otu na asọmpi niile n'oge ọ nọ na Montpellier HSC (site n'August 2023 ruo Jenụwarị 2025).

Na 27 Jenụwarị 2025, Adams sonyeere akụkụ La Liga Sevilla maka ego nde €5, bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na ọkara.[1] Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ bịara na 28 Septemba 2025, onye meriri egwuregwu megide Rayo Vallecano na mmeri 1-0. O kwughachiri ihe ahụ n'izu na-esote na egwuregwu ha megide Barcelona, gbatara goolu nke anọ nke otu ya na mmeri 4-1 meriri ndị Catalan. Ngụkọta onyinye ya na Sevilla ruru ihe mgbaru ọsọ ise na enyemaka abụọ.

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Adams pụtara maka ndị otu Nigeria na-erubeghị afọ 20 na 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup, [1] na-aga n'ihu na 16 ikpeazụ megide Senegal na akara 2-1.[2] Na 4 Ọktoba 2025, akpọrọ Adams oku izizi ya na ndị otu egwuregwu Nigeria maka asọmpi iko mba ụwa abụọ nke 2026 na Lesotho na Benin, na-agba akara na ngosipụta mbụ ya dị ka onye nọchiri anya Lesotho.[

Na Disemba 11, 2025, Akor Adam ghọrọ akụkụ nke ndepụta Naijiria maka iko mba Afrịka nke 2025 nke emere na Morocco, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge|url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/nigeria-name-star-packed-afcon-squad-as-osimhen-and-lookman-lead-super-eagles-challenge/|accessdate=2026-01-22|work=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe o nwetara ọla nchara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Clinches AFCON Bronze in Thrilling Penalty Shootout Against Egypt|url=https://www.soccerstat.com.ng/2026/01/nigeria-defeat-egypt-on-penalties-to-win-2025-afcon-.html|accessdate=2026-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
[[w:emelitere | egwuregwu a gbara na 26 Eprel 2026]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko mba[a]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị ọzọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Sogndal
|2018
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ngalaba Mbụ nke Norway
|10
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1[b]
|0
|11
|1
|-
|2019
|12
|3
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1[b]
|0
|13
|3
|-
|2020
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2[b]
|2
|4
|2
|-
|2021
|26
|10
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1[b]
|0
|28
|10
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!50
!14
!1
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!5
!2
!56
!16
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lillestrøm
|2022
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị Elite na-anọghị n'ọkwa
|23
|8
|5
|2
|1[c]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|29
|10
|-
|2023
|15
|15
|5
|3
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|20
|18
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!38
!23
!10
!5
!1
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!49
!28
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Montpellier
|2023–24
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Njikọ 1
|32
|8
|1
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|33
|10
|-
|2024–25
|15
|3
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|16
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!47
!11
!2
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!49
!13
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Seville
|2024–25
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]]
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4
|0
|-
|2025–26
|28
|8
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|29
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!32
!8
!1
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!33
!8
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!167
!56
!14
!7
!1
!0
!5
!2
!188
!65
|}
{{notelist}}

=== Mba Nile ===
[[w:emelitere | egwuregwu a gbara na 31 Maachị 2026]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ
!Ndị otu mba
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]
|2025
|7
|2
|-
|2026
|6
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!13
!5
|}

: ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ndụ Adams ọ bụla gasịrị.''Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa Akor Adams gbara
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Mba.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ụbọchị
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ebe a na-anọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Onye mmegide
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ihe ruru
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Nsonaazụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ịsọ mpi
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1
|10 October 2025
|Peter Mokaba Stadium, Polokwane, South Africa
| Lesotho
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
|2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2
|13 November 2025
|Moulay Hassan Stadium, Rabat, Morocco
| Gabon
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4-1 (e.g.) 
|2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3
|5 January 2026
|Fez Stadium, Fez, Morocco
| Mozambique
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4–0
|Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2025
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4
|10 January 2026
|Ogige Egwuregwu Marrakech, Marrakesh
| Algeria
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
|Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2025
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5
|27 March 2026
|Mardan Sports Complex, Antalya, Turkey
| Iran
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
|2026 Egwuregwu Mba Nile nke Jọdan
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Naịjirịa'''

* Ebe nke atọ nke Africa Cup of Nations: 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Akor Adamsn'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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'''Lukman Adefemi Abegunrin''' Listeniis bụ onye ọkachamara na-igba bọọlụ na Naijiria, nke na-agba n'ihu maka Dempo SC na I-League. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abegunrin Lukman Adefemi Biography|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/bio/_/id/311539/abegunrin-lukman-adefemi|accessdate=2024-12-30|work=ESPN|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Naịjirịa ===
Amuru ya na Lagos, Naijiria. Lukman si n'ọgbo ụmụaka nke ụlọ akwụkwọ egwuregwu nke a na-akpọ Wusu pụta. Na afọ 2012, otu ọkwa Nigeria Premier League nke a na-akpọ Crown FC gbazitere Lukman maka otu oge, ma mee mmalite ọrụ ọkachamara ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu. A họpụtara ya dịka onye egwuregwu kachasị mma maka Crown FC. [mkpado achọrọ]

=== Serbia ===
FK Javor Ivanjica hụrụ nkà Lukman wee nye ya nkwekọrịta otú afọ. Na 2013-14, Javor Ivanjica dara na nke mbụ egwuregwu Serbia. Na 2014, Lukman lọtara Africa. [akwụkwọ mgbakwunye achọrọ]
[[Faịlụ:Lukman-Kashmir.jpg|thumb|Lukman Adefemi]]

=== Mozambique ===
N'afọ 2015, Lukman sonyeere ndị Moçambola giants CD Maxaquene. Lukman mechiri oge ahụ na ọkwa dị elu wee bụrụ onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ maka Maxaquene. N'afọ 2016, Lukman so Maxaquene bụrụ onye nke abụọ na Taça de Moçambique . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ligamocambique.org.mz/pt/competicao/jogadores/lukman/|title=Liga Moçambicana de Futebol - Competição - Jogadores - Lukman|work=Ligamocambique.org.mz|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028093103/https://www.ligamocambique.org.mz/pt/competicao/jogadores/lukman/|archivedate=2020-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2017, Lukman sonyeere FC Chibuto ma nwee oge ọzọ na-aga nke ọma n'ebe ahụ. Ọ na-enweta onyinye site na klọb ndị Europe na otu n'ime ha bụ Varzim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/2--liga/varzim/detalhe/abegunrin-lukman-e-reforco|title=Abegunrin Lukman é reforço|work=Record.pt|accessdate=2026-05-08|archivedate=2019-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624150213/https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/2--liga/varzim/detalhe/abegunrin-lukman-e-reforco}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Portugal ===
Mgbe ọ gara n'ọsọ egwuregwu mara mma na Mozambique, klọb Portugal Varzim bịanyere ya aka na nguzogide ebe Lukman kpọrọ ọkara oge na Mozambique wee bịa azụ na Mozambique ma sonyere Ferroviário. [a chọrọ ntụaka]

=== Oman ===
N'afọ 2019, Lukman sonyeere otu egwuregwu Oman Professional League Al-Rustaq maka ọkara oge nke afọ 2018-19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goalzz.com/?player=147650|title=goalzz.com: Live sports scores, news and more|work=Goalzz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Jenụwarị 2020, Lukman sonyeere klọb ọzọ dị na Oman bụ Al Diriyah maka oge fọdụrụ na 2019-20.

=== India ===
Na ọnwa Disemba 2019, Lukman sonyere na klọb I-League, Real Kashmir FC. N'ọnwa ahụkwa, Real Kashmir meriri IFA Shield dị mkpa. A họpụtara ya dịka nwoke kacha mma n'egwuregwu ahụ na onye kacha nwee ebumnobi n'IFA Shield 2019-20. Ka ọnwa jenụwarị dị na iri, 2021, Lukman mere mmalite ya maka Real Kashmir na I-League megide klọb TRAU FC sitere na Manipur, nke kwụsịrị dị ka 1-1 ọnụ.

=== Saụt Afrịka ===
N'abalị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2021, Lukman bịanyere aka na ọkwa nke abụọ nke klọb bọọlụ South Africa, Free State Stars . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/south-africa/free-state-stars/4613/|title=South Africa - Free State Stars FC - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics, photos, videos and news|work=Int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Ezigbo Kashmir'''

* IFA Shield: 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 December 2020|title=IFA Shield: Real Kashmir win first major tournament, beat George Telegraph 2-1|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/ifa-shield-real-kashmir-win-first-major-tournament-beat-george-telegraph-2-1-7111415/|accessdate=2020-12-19|work=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''CD Maxaquene'''

* Iko nke Mozambique: 2016

'''Onye ọ bụla'''

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Nri Agbane</title>
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      <text bytes="3763" sha1="gr9t1a5mn1jgqa6las4stp8ktieai24" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Candy Augustine with Chittagong Abahani in 2022.jpg|thumb|Candy Augustine Agbane]]
'''Candy Augustine Agbane''' (amụrụ na 22 Disemba 1996) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke ikpeazụ gbara bọọlụ dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ maka klọb Bangladesh Premier League Chittagong Abahani . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gundemkibris.com/spor/ktff-disiplin-kurulu-toplandi-h334816.html|title=KTFF Disiplin Kurulu toplandı|first=Gündem Kıbrıs|author=Gazetesi|work=gundemkibris.com|language=tr|accessdate=2 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na [[Ikorodu United F.C.]] na Nigeria Premier League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/02/21/champions-enyimba-lose-4-away-wins-herald-league-season-openers/|title=Champions Enyimba lose, 4 away wins herald league season openers|accessdate=24 March 2020|work=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2016, Agbane sonyeere klọb Süper Lig Yenicami Ağdelen na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ.

=== Lefke TSK na MŠK Tesla Stropkov ===
Ọ sonyeere Lefke TSK na Septemba 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ktff.org/BilgiBankasi/FutbolcuDetayi/17191|title=CANDY AGBANE|publisher=ktff.org|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sporyeni.com/disiplin-kurulu-kararlari-7786h.htm|title=Disiplin kurulu Kararlari|date=29 November 2018|publisher=sporyeni.com|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.halkinsesikibris.com/futbol/yabanci-futbolcular-kesinlesti-h84384.html|title=Yabancı futbolcular, kesinleşti|date=4 October 2017|publisher=halkinsesikibris.com|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nke ọma, ọ sonyeere klọb Northern Cyprus na nkwekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.haberatorkibris.com/yesilovaya-rekor-ceza-14935h.htm|title=Yeşilova'ya rekor ceza|date=7 March 2018|publisher=haberatorkibris.com|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 3 Machị 2019, Agbane bịanyere aka na Slovak 3.  Otu egwuregwu Liga Stropkov na mbido 2019-2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://futbalnet.sk/member/1416895/|title=CANDY AUGUSTINE AGBAN|publisher=futbalnet.sk|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://msk-tesla-stropkov.futbalnet.sk/tim/33980/hraci/|title=MŠK TESLA STROPKOV (MUŽI)|publisher=futbalnet.sk|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mskteslastropkov.sk/report-bardejovska-nova-ves-vs-msk-stropkov/|title=REPORT: ŠK MILENIUM 2000 Bardejovská Nová Ves vs. MŠK Stropkov|publisher=mskteslastropkov.sk|accessdate=24 March 2020|archivedate=24 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324195626/http://mskteslastropkov.sk/report-bardejovska-nova-ves-vs-msk-stropkov/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe otu oge gachara na Slovakia, ọ laghachiri na Lefke TSK na Jenụwarị 2020.

=== Chittagong Abahani ===
Mgbe ya na Mesarya SK nwechara obere oge, Candy bịanyere aka na klọb Premier League nke Bangladesh Chittagong Abahani na mbufe etiti oge na Eprel 2022. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọgbakọ Eshia mbụ ya. O meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ anọ ma nye aka anọ n'ime egwuregwu iri maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ na oge mbụ ya. Ọ gbara otu ugboro wee nye otu enyemaka na egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke oge. N'August 2022, Candy bịanyere aka na Ctg Abahani nkwekọrịta maka oge 2022-23. Otú ọ dị, ọ gbaghị ihe mgbaru ọsọ na oge na-esote wee hapụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mgbe ọ merụrụ ahụ ogologo oge na etiti oge.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Profile, futbalnet.sk (n'asụsụ Slovak) 
* [http://www.ktff.org/BilgiBankasi/FutbolcuDetayi/17191 Profaịlụ], ktff.org
* Candy Augustine Agbanen'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Raymond Adeola</title>
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'''Raymond Olamilekan Adeola''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Raymond Adeola.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 12 Mee 2001) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa na-agba dịka onye mgbachitere Serikspor.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

* Raymond Adeolan'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Razaq Adegbite</title>
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      <text bytes="3199" sha1="no5jfqe0nzptvf197nd2gwpjp0uxdc6" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Doganrazaq.jpg|thumb|Adegbite Razaq]]
'''Razaq Akanni Adegbite''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Abike25-Razaq Akanni Adegbite.wav|listen}} (amụrụ na 20 Disemba 1992) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu.

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Adegbite Razaq malitere egwuregwu bọọlụ ya na ndị ntorobịa Karamon wee sonye Gateway United, tupu ọ banye Enugu Rangers. Razaq nwere nwanne nwoke na-agba bọọlụ ọkachamara na Nigeria Professional League mara dị ka Adegbite Alhameen Adeniyi , onye jikwa Karamon malite ọrụ bọọlụ ntorobịa ya.

N'afọ 2012, Enyimba International bịakwutere Enugu Rangers, mana Adegbite kpebiri isonyere Enyimba International, Jomo Cosmos (ikike ọrụ kwụsịtụrụ) wee kwụsị nkwekọrịta ya na Kahramanspor n'ihi enweghị nnabata na nkwekọrịta mbufe wee laghachi na Nigeria ịgbatị nkwekọrịta ya na Enugu Rangers. Ọ gara n'ihu ịbanye na Kano Pillars nkwekọrịta na 2016 na 2017. O sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ Cypriot Doğan Türk Birliği na 2017.

N'afọ 2018, ọ bịanyere aka na Primeiro de Agosto na n'afọ 2018-19, a gbazinyere ya Desportivo da Huíla na Premier League nke Angola, Girabola . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://jornaldosdesportos.sapo.ao/23/0/razaq_e_nandinho_em_dvidas|title=Razaq e Nandinho em dúvidas|date=24 Nov 2018|accessdate=22 Dec 2018|work=jornaldosdesportos.sapo.ao|language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Razaq sonyeere Desportivo da Huíla na mgbazinye ego na 2019.  N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2019, ọ sonyeere klọb Tunisia US Tataouine  mana ọ hapụrụ klọb ahụ ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị wee laghachi Naịjirịa iji sonye na Sunshine Stars.  N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2020, ọ laghachiri na klọb Turkish Cypriot Doğan Türk Birliği .

N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba 2020, a mara ọkwa na Razaq sonyeere otu egwuregwu Premier League nke Hong Kong bụ Happy Valley . 

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Razaq enwetala ihe ngosi isii, na-agba goolu atọ maka Nigeria U-17. Rasaq enwetala ihe ngosi asaa, na-agba goolu anọ maka Nigeria U-20. N'afọ 2014, [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu bọọlụ mba Naịjirịa]] kpọrọ onye na-agba ọsọ ahụ n'egwuregwu enyi na enyi nke mba ụwa.

== CAF Champions League ==
Ọ pụtara maka Enugu Rangers International FC na 2012-13 CAF Champions League na [[Abá|Enyimba]] na 2013-14 n'otu n'otu. A gbanwere ya na [[Enyimba International F.C.]] mgbe Enyimba chọrọ ya nke ukwuu ma jiri [[w:|Ifeanyi Ede]] dochie ya [[Rangers International F.C.|Ndị Enugu Rangers]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kpaka2score.com/2012/04/enugu-rangers-enyimba-swap-strikers.html|title=kpaka2score.com|author=Uche George Egbe|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602015642/http://www.kpaka2score.com/2012/04/enugu-rangers-enyimba-swap-strikers.html|archivedate=2015-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20241202180916/https://savidnews.com/returning-razaq-adegbite-trains-with-enugu-rangers/ Razaq Adegbite laghachiri - Akụkọ Savid]
* Razaq Adegbiten'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
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    <title>Vincent Enyeama</title>
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 '''Vincent Enyeama''' MON ({{Audio|Ig-Vincent Enyeama.ogg|pronunciation}}; amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1982) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba dịka Onye na-edebe goolu. A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-edebe goolu kachasị ukwuu n'Afrịka n'oge niile.

N'ime ọrụ ya, nke ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 20, Enyeama gbara egwu maka Ibom Stars, Enyimba, Iwuanyanwu Nationale, Bnei Yehuda, Hapoel Tel Aviv, Lille na Maccabi Tel Aviv. Ọ bụkwa onye otu egwuregwu mba Naijiria site na 2002 ruo Ọktoba 2015, na-eje ozi dịka onyeisi ha site na Nọvemba 2013 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'egwuregwu bọọlụ mba ụwa n'afọ 2015. N'ịbụ onye ọ gbara bọọlụ 101, ọ bụ onye kacha agba bọọlụ na Naịjirịa ruo Nọvemba 2021 mgbe Ahmed Musa karịrị ya.

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Enyimba ===
N'oge ọ nọ na [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]], ọ meriri CAF Champions League ugboro abụọ, na otu ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama: A na-anọchi ya mgbe niile tupu ọgụ penalty. &quot;Amaghị m ihe mere e ji dochie m tupu ntaramahụhụ, mana ọ rụrụ ọrụ, &quot;ka o kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ n'afọ 2006. &quot;N'Izrel, m kwụsịrị ọtụtụ ntaramahụhụ ma ugbu a onye ọ bụla maara na m nwere ike ijikwa ntaramahụjụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Afrofootball - Nigeria - Vincent Enyeama|url=http://www.afrofootball.com/countrypage/nigeria-vincent-enyeama.html?p=7|work=www.afrofootball.com|accessdate=28 May 2020|archivedate=18 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418065153/http://www.afrofootball.com/countrypage/nigeria-vincent-enyeama.html?p=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bnei Yehuda ===
Ka ya na Enyimba International gachara oge atọ na otu ya na Iwuanyanwu Nationale (nke a na-akpọ Heartland ugbu a), Enyeama kwagara n'ụlọ ọgbakọ Israel Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv. N'ime oge mbụ ya, ndị otu ahụ ruru eru maka ikpeazụ nke Israel State Cup na, mgbe ha gụchara nke anọ na Njikọ Njikọ nke Israel, maka 2006 UEFA Cup.

=== Hapoel Tel Aviv ===
Enyeama bịanyere aka na Hapoel Tel Aviv na 2007. Hapoel tachiri obi n'oge ọjọọ na 2007/2008, mana Enyeama nyeere ndị otu ahụ aka izere relegation ma ruo na ngwụcha iko steeti.

During the 2008–09 season, Enyeama became Hapoel's penalty kicker, won the &quot;Player of The Year&quot; award, and just missed out on leading Hapoel to the league title. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2018)&quot;&gt;clarification needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Na 2009–10, Hapoel meriri otu egwuregwu na iko okpukpu abụọ, yana Enyeama gosipụtara nke ọma. O meriri otu goolu na iko ikpeazụ mana ọ tụfuru penariti na egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke afọ, nke Hapoel mechara jiri ihe mgbaru ọsọ nkeji iri itoolu na abụọ merie, wee weghara aha asọmpi ahụ.

N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2010, ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya n'afọ 2010-11 site na penalty megide Red Bull Salzburg na Champions League qualifiers.

Enyeama gbara nke ọma na Champions League Group Stage, ọkachasị megide Lyon na Schalke 04. Hapoel merikwara iko Israel ọzọ.

=== Lille ===
Na June 2011, Enyeama kwagara n'akụkụ French Lille maka ego a na-akọwaghị na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ. O mere nke mbụ ya na 18 Ọktoba 2011 megide Inter Milan na 2012 UEFA Champions League otu, ebe Inter nwere mmeri 1-0.

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2012, Enyeama kwetara na ya na Maccabi Tel Aviv ga-agbazinye ego otu afọ ma onye isi egwuregwu Maccabi bụ Jordi Cruyff gosiri ya ndị mgbasa ozi n'ụbọchị asatọ n'ọnwa Nọgọst n'afọ 2012. Ọ pụtara na egwuregwu iri abụọ na asaa nke Israel Premier League ma Maccabi gara n'ihu merie n'asọmpi ahụ.

N'oge 2013-14 Ligue 1 oge, onye njikwa klọb René Girard họọrọ Enyeama dị ka onye na-edebe goolu mbụ ya n'ihu Steeve Elana, onye bụbu onye na-elekọta goolu mbụ n'okpuru Rudi Garcia. Site n'enyemaka nke ndị na-agbachitere ya abụọ, Marko Baša na Simon Kjær, Enyeama debere mpempe akwụkwọ 11 dị ọcha n'usoro na egwuregwu Ligue 1 n'oge ọkara mbụ nke oge ahụ. N'abalị asatọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2013, Enyeama mechara nye goolu mgbe ọ gbasịrị nkeji 1,062 nke egwuregwu Ligue 1 na egwuregwu na Bordeaux, n'oge ahụ Landry N'Guémo meriri ya na nkeji nke iri abụọ na asaa. N'ihi ya, ọ bịara n'ime nkeji 114 nke ịha nhata nke Gaëtan Huard's Ligue 1 goalkeeeping record, setịpụrụ na 1993, nke igwu egwu 1,176 nkeji n'enyeghị goolu.

N'afọ 2017-18, Enyeama emeghị egwuregwu league ebe a hapụrụ ya n'ime ndị otu mbụ n'ihi &quot;enweghị nkwekọrịta n'etiti onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ na ndị njikwa klọb ahụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lille coach explains exactly why Vincent Enyeama has been axed|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/lille-coach-explains-exactly-why-enyeama-has-been-axed/6vnqnk3jqhqg17yi0dtxl8pae|accessdate=18 August 2018|work=Goal|date=24 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ sonyeere ndị otu mbụ na ọzụzụ tupu oge ezumike na July 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Vincent Enyeama drops hint on LOSC Lille future|url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/nigeria/story/3561367/vincent-enyeama-drops-hint-on-losc-lille-future|accessdate=18 August 2018|work=Kwesé ESPN|date=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tọhapụrụ ya site na nkwekọrịta ha abụọ na 31 Ọgọst 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45374552|title=Vincent Enyeama: Lille release goalkeeper by mutual consent|date=31 August 2018|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=29 July 2019|archivedate=3 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803011413/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45374552}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2019 o kwuru na ọ chọsiri ike igwu egwu ọzọ,  na Julaị afọ 2019 ọ gara ikpe na klọb Dijon nke France. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46836788|title=Vincent Enyeama: Nigeria keeper wants to play again|date=11 January 2019|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=29 July 2019|archivedate=3 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803011428/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46836788}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49125718|title=Nigerian Vincent Enyeama aims to return after two years out|date=26 July 2019|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=29 July 2019|archivedate=28 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728090856/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49125718}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị na Dijon enyeghị ya nkwekọrịta, o gosipụtara ekele maka klọb ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49180545|title=Vincent Enyeama: Former Nigeria goalkeeper 'grateful' for Dijon chance|date=31 July 2019|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=1 August 2019|archivedate=1 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801083821/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49180545}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na na mbido oge 2019-20 Enyeama kwuru na ọ na-atụ anya ịchọta klọb ọhụrụ ma gaa n'ihu na-egwu egwu, o mechara laa ezumike nká mgbe njedebe nke mkpọsa ahụ gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/former-nigeria-goalkeeper-enyeama-reveals-retirement-plan/13n8w4urctimk17imvhcd3vrqu|title=Former Nigeria goalkeeper Enyeama reveals retirement plan after 20-year career|work=Goal|date=1 November 2019|accessdate=15 March 2021|archivedate=26 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726114946/https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/former-nigeria-goalkeeper-enyeama-reveals-retirement-plan/13n8w4urctimk17imvhcd3vrqu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
'''Naịjirịa'''

Na 2006 Africa Cup of Nations, Enyeama kwụsịrị ịgba ụkwụ atọ na nkeji iri na ise nke ikpeazụ megide Tunisia mana ọ pụghị igbochi Ivory Coast ịla n'iyi na ọkara ikpeazụ. Na asọmpi nke afọ 2010, ọ bụ onye dike na-agba égbè nke Naijiria ọzọ na nkeji iri na ise nke ikpeazụ, na-azọpụta Thomas Nyrienda nke Zambia ma na-agbapụ mmeri n'onwe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/8477701.stm|title=Zambia 0–0 Nigeria (Nigeria win 5–4 on penalties)|author=Dave Lee|date=25 January 2010|accessdate=26 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enyeama mere nke abụọ ya na FIFA World Cup na asọmpi 2010 na South Africa. A kpọrọ ya nwoke nke egwuregwu na egwuregwu mbụ nke Naijiria nke asọmpi ahụ, ngosipụta nnupụisi nke gbochiri Argentina mmeri 1-0. Enyeama, onye na-egwu egwuregwu mba ụwa nke 56 ya maka Super Eagles, mere ezigbo nchekwa isii megide ndị mmeri ụwa ugboro abụọ, anọ n'ime ha sitere na [[Lionel Messi]]. Onye nkuzi Argentina Diego Maradona toro ya dịka ihe mere Messi ji ghara ịgba goolu. Enyeama nwetakwara onye nke egwuregwu ahụ na egwuregwu ọzọ nke otu ahụ, mmeri 2-1 na Gris mana ọ bụ ụta maka ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmeri Vasilis Torosidis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_19/default.stm|title=Greece 2-1 Nigeria|work=news.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=12 June 2021|archivedate=17 June 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617033031/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_19/default.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, Enyeama nọchitere anya onye isi oche Josef Yobo, onye nọrọ n'elu oche maka ọtụtụ n'ime asọmpi ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Vincent Enyeama|accessdate=21 June 2014|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/players/player=189300/profile-detail.html|publisher=[[FIFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Febụwarị, Enyeama duuru Naijiria gaa na mmeri nke atọ ya na kọntinent, na-edebe akwụkwọ dị ọcha na mmeri 1-0 nke Burkina Faso na 2013 Africa Cup of Nations Final. A kpọrọ aha ya na otu nke asọmpi ahụ dị ka onye na-edebe goolu mbụ, na-enyefe naanị goolu anọ na egwuregwu isii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.kickoff.com/news/32774/2013-africa-cup-of-nations-team-of-the-tournament|title=2013 Afcon Team of the Tournament|date=11 February 2013|accessdate=21 June 2014|work=[[Kick Off (magazine)|Kick Off]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2014, a kpọrọ Enyeama aha na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka 2014 FIFA World Cup. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27302995|title=World Cup 2014: Nosa Igiebor cut from Nigeria squad|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|date=3 June 2014|accessdate=21 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'egwuregwu mbụ nke Super Eagles, ọ nọgidere na-eme FIFA World Cup nke abụọ n'ọrụ ya ka Naịjirịa meriri Iran 0-0.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|accessdate=22 June 2014|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/25285113|title=Iran 0-0 Nigeria|date=16 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara dekọọ nke abụọ n'usoro na egwuregwu megide Bosnia na Herzegovina, mmeri 1-0 nke nyere Naịjirịa mmeri mbụ ya na asọmpi ahụ kemgbe Mbipụta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|accessdate=22 June 2014|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/25285235|title=Nigeria 1-0 Bosnia-Herce|date=22 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyere goolu atọ n'egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke agba nke mbụ megide Argentina, egwuregwu nke mechiri na mmeri 3-2 maka Naịjirịa, na-etinye ha nke abụọ n'òtù ahụ ma si otú a mee ka ha ruo eru maka agba nke abụọ maka oge mbụ n'ime afọ 16.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Nigeria 2-3 Argentina|author=Saj Chowdhury|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/25285406|date=25 June 2014|accessdate=1 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2015, Enyeama meriri Naịjirịa nke 100 ya na mmeri 1-0 nke Uganda. Ọ lara ezumike nká na bọọlụ mba ụwa na 8 Ọktoba 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/32070581|title=Uganda spoil Enyeama's 100th cap for Nigeria|date=26 March 2015|work=BBC|accessdate=13 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Profaịlụ onye ọkpụkpọ ==

=== Ụdị egwuregwu ===
Onye na-eme egwuregwu na onye na-edebe goolu, a maara Enyeama karịsịa maka ezigbo mmeghachi omume ya na ikike ịgba égbè, nke mere ka o nwee ike ịmepụta ihe dị egwu, ma mee ka ọ dị irè na ikuku, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị ogologo maka onye na-eche goolu, na-eguzo na 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in). A makwaara ya maka ọsọ ya mgbe ọ na-agba ọsọ na akara ya, nke mere ka ọ sie ike n'ọnọdụ otu onye. Otú ọ dị, ọ maghị nke ọma n'ịgwọ obe, nke mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta nyochaa njikwa ya na ikike ịchịkwa mpaghara ya. Na mgbakwunye na ikike ya idebe goolu, ọ pụtakwara maka àgwà idu ndú ya n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, yana ikike ya ịhazi nchekwa ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adversity molded Enyeama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Adversity molded Enyeama into leader|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37396019/adversity-molded-enyeama-leader|publisher=ESPN.com|accessdate=14 July 2025|language=en|date=16 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Profile: Vincent Enyeama|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/29851262|accessdate=14 July 2025|work=BBC Sport|date=10 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Doyle|first=Paul|title=Nigeria’s keeper Vincent Enyeama may need to lead from back against Bosnia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/jun/20/nigeria-keeper-vincent-enyeama-bosnia-rearguard-super-eagles-world-cup|accessdate=14 July 2025|work=The Guardian|date=20 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe Nketa ===
A na-ewere Enyeama dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-edebe goolu kachasị ukwuu n'Africa n'oge niile &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rachini|first=Mouhamad|title=The 50: Top 10 African goalkeepers of all time.|url=https://btsgoalies.com/2020/04/19/top-10-african-goalkeepers/|accessdate=27 June 2025|work=Between the Sticks|date=19 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; na otu n'etiti ndị na-eche goolu kachasị mma n'oge ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Match of the Day Africa: Top 10 {{!}} Who is the greatest African goalkeeper?|url=https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/p0g8sgr3|accessdate=27 June 2025|work=BBC Audio|date=28 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Pitts|first=Johny|title=The Top Ten Black Goalkeepers of All Time – Afropean: your guide to the Afro European diaspora and beyond|url=https://afropean.com/the-top-ten-black-goalkeepers-of-all-time/|accessdate=27 June 2025|work=Afropean|date=2 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2023, IFFHS họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-edebe goolu kachasị ukwuu n'Afrịka n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Vincent Enyeama ranked Africa's greatest goalkeeper|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/vincent-enyeama-ranked-africas-greatest-goalkeeper/|accessdate=27 June 2025|date=13 March 2023|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewerekwa ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-edebe goolu kachasị mma na Ligue 1 n'oge ọ kachasị mma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dove|first=Ed|title=Power Ranking the Top 5 French Ligue 1 Goalkeepers|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1752642-power-ranking-the-top-5-french-ligue-1-goalkeepers|publisher=bleacherreport.com|accessdate=14 July 2025|language=en|date=3 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Enyeama is a [[Efefe Kraịst|Christian]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria v Ethiopia: We can win World Cup - Victor Enyeama|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/24980992|publisher=BBC Sport|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|date=17 November 2013|accessdate=30 June 2014|archivedate=30 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630145514/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/24980992}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is married and a father of three. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

N'afọ 2004, o nwere ihe mberede ụgbọ ala na [[Uyo]], Akwa Ibom State n'ebe ndịda Naịjirịa, ebe ndị njem ọgba tum tum abụọ nwụrụ. Onye ọkwọ ụgbọala nke Enyeama nọ na ya hapụrụ n'ọnọdụ dị egwu. N'agbanyeghị oke ihe mberede ahụ, Enyeama nwere mmerụ ahụ naanị mgbe ụgbọ ala ahụ wụpụrụ ugboro abụọ ka ọ na-agbagharị iji zere ọgba tum tum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/3755782.stm|title=Enyeama escapes fatal crash|date=19 October 2004|accessdate=17 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nwa ya nwoke Godswill Enyeama bịanyere aka na Lille academy na 2024. Obe na-edebe goolu     in), ọ tolitere na France ebe nna ya kwagara na 2011. Godswill bu ụzọ gbaa bọọlụ maka klọb amateur Croix nke dị n'Ógbè Lille ruo afọ asatọ tupu ọ banye na klọb ọkachamara mbụ nke nna ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|language=fr|url=https://allezlille-stats.fr/formation-le-fils-de-vincent-enyeama-rejoint-le-centre-de-formation-du-losc|title=[FORMATION] Le fils de Vincent Enyeama rejoint le centre de formation du LOSC|date=25 July 2024|work=Allez Lille|accessdate=3 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;span ime=&quot;&quot; span=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Fraction/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;height&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Height&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;m&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1.94&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwAQo&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Enyimba'''

* Njikọ Premier nke Naijiria: 2001, 2002, 2003
* CAF Champions League: 2003, 2004

* Israel Premier League: 2009-102009–10
* Iko Mba Israel: 2009-10, 2010-112010–11

'''Maccabi Tel-Aviv'''

* Israel Premier League: 2012-132012–13

After making his debut for the [[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria national team]] against Kenya in May 2002,&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Vincent Enyeama|accessdate=21 June 2014|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/players/player=189300/profile-detail.html|publisher=[[FIFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enyeama was selected for the 2002 FIFA World Cup as a cover for Ike Shorunmu. He made his competitive debut in that tournament, keeping a clean sheet against England in the third group match. After the retirement of Shorunmu, he became the first-choice goalkeeper for the national team, helping the Super Eagles to third place finishes in the 2004, 2006, 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments, and captaining the team to victory of in the 2013 edition. He has also participated in the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa&quot; /&gt;

* Iko Mba Afrịka: 2013

'''Onye ọ bụla'''

* Onye egwuregwu nke CAF Champions League nke Afọ: 2003, 2004
* Onye na-agba bọọlụ nke Afọ na Israel: 2009
* UNFP Player of the Month: October 2013, November 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tropheesunfp.com/palmares/|title=Palmarès|accessdate=12 June 2021|archivedate=25 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525171309/https://www.tropheesunfp.com/palmares/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe nrite Marc-Vivien Foé: 2013-14&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kalfa|first=David|date=12 May 2014|title=Les dessous du Prix Marc-Vivien Foé 2014|language=French|publisher=Radio France Internationale|url=http://afriquefoot.rfi.fr/20140509-dessous-prix-marc-vivien-foe-2014-vincent-enyeama/|accessdate=18 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Africa Cup of Nations Team nke asọmpi ahụ: 2004,  2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AFCON 2004: CAF Team of the Tournament|url=http://www1.rfi.fr/fichiers/sports/Can2004/breve332.asp|accessdate=2021-03-15|work=www1.rfi.fr|archivedate=4 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304012604/http://www1.rfi.fr/fichiers/sports/Can2004/breve332.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Orange CAF Africa Cup of Nations Awards|url=http://www.afcon2013online.com/index.php/news1/711-orange-caf-africa-cup-of-nations-awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213062408/http://www.afcon2013online.com/index.php/news1/711-orange-caf-africa-cup-of-nations-awards|archivedate=13 February 2013|accessdate=10 February 2013|publisher=Orange Africa Cup of Nations South Africa 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Goalkeeper nke afọ Nigeria Pitch Awards: 2013, 2014
* Eze nke pitch Nigeria Pitch Awards: 2014
* Goal Nigeria Player of the Year: 2014
* IFFHS CAF Men's Team of the Decade 2011-2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=IFFHS (International Federation of Football for History &amp; Statistics|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/926|accessdate=31 January 2021|work=IFFHS|archivedate=12 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612130142/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/926}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* IFFHS 2023 Machị: Onye na-edebe goolu kachasị ukwuu n'Afrịka n'oge niile. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Agberebi|first=James|date=2023-03-13|title=Enyeama Named Greatest African Goalkeeper Of All Time|url=https://www.completesports.com/enyeama-named-greatest-african-goalkeeper-of-all-time/|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=[[Complete Sports]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Onye otu Order of the Niger &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Okeleji|first=Oluwashina|authorlink=Oluwashina Okeleji|date=13 February 2013|title=Presidential reward for Super Eagles|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/21450619|work=BBC|accessdate=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]]

== Hụkwa ==
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* Ndepụta nke ndị na-agba bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke nwere 100 ma ọ bụ karịa mba ụwa

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
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* Vincent Enyeamana National-Football-Teams.com
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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      <text bytes="29607" sha1="4g9miegqh2i69teu1vhdd4r587u98tq" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Efe Ambrose (cropped).jpg|thumb|Efe Ambrose]]
'''Efe Eric Ambrose''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Obefelix-Efe Ambrose.wav|Mkpọpụta}} (amụrụ n'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1988) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agbachitere Port Glasgow. Ambrose agbaala bọọlụ maka Kaduna United, Bayelsa United, klọb Israel Ashdod, klọbu Scotland Celtic, Hibernian, Livingston, St Johnstone na Dunfermline Athletic, Greenock Morton na klọb English Derby County.

Ambrose agbaala bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Naịjirịa, ọ nọchitekwara anya Naịjiria na FIFA Under-20 World Cup, Summer Olympics, Africa Cup of Nations, na FIFA World Cup.

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
Ambrose malitere ọrụ ọkachamara ya na Kaduna United na 2006 ma afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, a gbazinyere ya Bayelsa United maka oge 2008-09 mana ọ nọgidere na KadunaUnited mgbe o nyesịrị ha aka inweta nkwalite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200809120376.html|title=Nigeria: Bayelsa Grab Ambrose, Keep Okonkwo|date=12 September 2008|accessdate=5 May 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007232840/http://allafrica.com/stories/200809120376.html|archivedate=7 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== FC Ashdod ===

=== Ndị Celt ===
Ambrose sonyeere otu egwuregwu Scottish Premier League Celtic n'ụbọchị a kara aka n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2012, na-etinye aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19441365|title=Celtic: Efe Ambrose completes move from Ashdod|publisher=BBC Sport|date=31 August 2012|accessdate=2 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ sonyeere klọb ahụ, Ambrose toro ndị otu ọhụrụ ya na Celtic maka inyere ya aka ibi na Glasgow ngwa ngwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Efe Ambrose thanks his teammates for helping him settle in at Celtic Park|url=http://sport.stv.tv/football/clubs/celtic/192046-efe-ambrose-thanks-his-teammates-for-helping-him-settle-in-at-celtic-park/|publisher=STV Sport|date=26 September 2012|accessdate=27 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambrose kpughekwara na ọ mụrụ bọọlụ Britain iji sonye na Celtic site n'ịhụ egwuregwu Scottish Premier League na English Premier League na TV mgbe ọ nụrụ banyere mmasị Celtic nwere n'ebe ọ nọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Efe Ambrose reveals he studied British football ahead of move to Celtic|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/efe-ambrose-reveals-he-studied-british-1345488|work=Daily Record|date=27 September 2012|accessdate=27 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ambrose mere nke mbụ ya na 22 Septemba 2012 dị ka onye nọchiri onye isi Celtic Scott Brown megide Dundee na Scottish Premier League, mmeri 2-0.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Efe Ambrose|url=http://www.fitbastats.com/celtic/player.php?playerid=3073|publisher=Fitba Stats|accessdate=28 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915152458/http://www.fitbastats.com/celtic/player.php?playerid=3073|archivedate=15 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Egbe|first=Uche George|title=Ambrose debuts in Scotland|url=http://www.kickoff.com/news/30472/ambrose-efe-debuts-in-scotland-for-celtic|work=Kick Off|accessdate=28 May 2014|date=23 September 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127011705/http://www.kickoff.com/news/30472/ambrose-efe-debuts-in-scotland-for-celtic|archivedate=27 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere nke mbụ ya zuru oke megide Raith Rovers na Scottish League Cup, na mmeri 4-1. Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Celtic na mmeri 5-0 megide St Mirren na 20 Ọktoba 2012, na-eme emume goolu ahụ site na somersault anọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Somersault&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19939572|title=St Mirren 0–5 Celtic|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 October 2012|accessdate=25 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambrose gara n'ihu mee egwuregwu Champions League mbụ ya maka Celtic, ebe ọ gbara nkeji 90 na mmeri 3-2 megide Spartak Moscow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Efe Ambrose's Celtic shock Spartak|url=http://www.mtnfootball.com/europe/uefa-champions-league/news/2012/oct/02-efe-ambroses-celtic-shock-spartak.html|work=MTN Football|date=2 October 2012|accessdate=9 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ụbọchoị nke anọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2012, Ambrose gbara goolu nke ya, na 2-2 draw megide Dundee United. Mgbe egwuregwu ahụ gasịrị, Ambrose kwuru na ọ dara ala ma chee na ọ gaara ewepụ bọọlụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Celtic's Efe Ambrose pledges to make amends for last minute Tannadice shocker|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/celtics-efe-ambrose-pledges-to-make-1419159|work=Daily Record|date=6 November 2012|accessdate=9 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị asaa n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2012, n'ihu egwuregwu Champions League megide Barcelona, Ambrose kwere nkwa inye klọb ahụ arụmọrụ kachasị mma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=I will play the 'game of my life' against Barcelona, says Celtic defender Ambrose|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2914/champions-league/2012/11/07/3508603/i-will-play-the-game-of-my-life-against-barcelona-says|work=Goal.com|date=7 November 2012|accessdate=9 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ndị egwuregwu Celtic rụchara ọrụ dị egwu, ha meriri 2-1 ma Ambrose kwuru na imeri Barcelona bụ 'ụzọ zuru oke iji mee emume ncheta afọ 125 nke Celtic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Efe Ambrose: Celtic win over Barca was perfect 125th birthday pressie|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/efe-ambrose-celtic-win-over-1426600|work=Daily Record|date=9 November 2012|accessdate=9 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'asọmpi otu Champions League, Celtic tozuru oke n'ọkwa knockout wee zute otu Juventus nke Italy. N'ụkwụ nke mbụ, a kpọrọ Ambrose aha n'òtù ndị ahụ tupu egwuregwu ahụ, nanị ụbọchị atọ ka Nigeria nwesịrị iko mba Africa, Ambrose kpọkwara nkeji 90 zuru ezu n'ikpeazụ.[1] Otú ọ dị, Ambrose mehiere ọtụtụ ihe n'oge egwuregwu ahụ, na-ekwe ka Alessandro Matri (ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ) na Mirko Vučinić (ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke atọ) mee ka ọ dị mfe. Ọ tụfuru ohere kacha mma ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ nwere iji nweta akara n'oge egwuregwu ahụ. Onye otu ibe ya Kris Commons katọrọ arụmọrụ ya. Ọ bụ ezie na a katọrọ Ambrose, Kelvin Wilson gbachiteere ya, onye kwenyere na Ambrose ga-alaghachi azụ n'omume na-akụda mmụọ ya. Ambrose mere mpụta mbụ ya na asọmpi otu na-esote mgbe ọ gbara Celtic na mmeri 6–2 meriri Dundee United. Neil Lennon toro ọrụ Ambrose (yana Commons).  Ụbọchị atọ ka e mesịrị, o mere ngosipụta ọzọ, na 1–1 sere megide St Johnstone. Tupu ụkwụ nke abụọ megide Juventus, Ambrose kwuru na nkatọ Commons kpaliri ya ịghọ onye ọkpụkpọ ka mma. Mgbe egwuregwu ahụ gasịrị, nke Juventus meriri 2-0 wee banye na nkeji iri na ise, Neil Lennon kwuru na Ambrose abịarutela n'oge maka ọzụzụ ma hapụ ụgbọ ala ndị otu na họtel ma hapụ ya ka ọ nweta tagzi. Lennon kwukwara na Ambrose kwesịrị &quot;ịpụ na ya&quot;.

Ambrose nwetara nkatọ siri ike site n'aka ndị na-akwado ya na ndị ọkachamara maka arụmọrụ na njehie na-adịghị mma ugboro ugboro nke dugara na ebumnuche ndị mmegide.&lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; cx-link=&quot;&quot; data-linkid=&quot;379&quot; href=&quot;./Brendan_Rodgers&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Brendan Rodgers&quot;&gt;Brendan Rodgers' Celtic team selection&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;last&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;Verrall&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;first&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;John&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;13 July 2016&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;publisher&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[HITC]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;access-date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;4 August 2016&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;archive-url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20160714152452/http://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2016/07/13/john-hartson-criticises-brendan-rodgers-celtic-team-selection/&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;archive-date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;14&lt;/nowiki&gt; July 2016&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;url-status&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;live&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwBJM\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt74\&quot; class=\&quot;citation news cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFVerrall2016\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Verrall, John (13 July 2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-21&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Efe_Ambrose#cite_note-21 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/opinion/sport/hotline/celtic-defender-efe-ambrose-not-8533674|title=Celtic defender Efe Ambrose is not an accident waiting to happen ... he's an accident that's already happened|author=Gannon|first=Michael|date=31 July 2016|work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]|publisher=[[Trinity Mirror]]|accessdate=4 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2016, mgbe ọ kwụsịrị n'òtù mbụ na Celtic n'okpuru onye njikwa ọhụrụ bụ Brendan Rodgers, Celtic nabatara onyinye £ 300,000 maka Ambrose site na Standard Liège, mana nkwekọrịta ahụ dara mgbe ọ họọrọ ịnọ na Celtic Park.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37239566|title=Celtic: Jozo Simunovic and Efe Ambrose deals fall through|author=Sutherland|first=Jonathan|date=31 August 2016|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=31 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2017, atụmatụ ịgbazinye ego nke Ambrose na Blackburn Rovers dara, mgbe klọb ahụ enweghị ike inweta ikike ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39106836|title=Efe Ambrose: Blackburn cancel Celtic defender's loan move|publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 February 2017|accessdate=27 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301181934/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39106836|archivedate=1 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hibernian ===
Na 28 February 2017, Ambrose sonyeere Hibernian na mbinye ego maka oge fọdụrụnụ. Ambrose gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Hibs na 25 Maachị, goolu mmalite na asọmpi 2–1 Scottish meriri Falkirk. Ọ meriri ihe nrite onye ọkpụkpọ asọmpi nke ọnwa nke Scottish maka Maachị 2017.

Mgbe nkwekọrịta ya na Celtic gwụrụ na ngwụcha oge ahụ, Ambrose bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ na Hibernian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hibernianfc.co.uk/news/7594|title=Efe Ambrose signs two-year deal with Hibernian|work=Hibernian FC|date=8 June 2017|accessdate=8 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambrose gosipụtara otu nkwekọrịta na nkwekọrịta ya wee hapụ Hibernian na Jenụwarị 2019, n'agbanyeghị na klọb ahụ nyere ya nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46759961|title=Hibernian: Efe Ambrose triggers contract clause to leave Easter Road|publisher=BBC Sport|date=4 January 2019|accessdate=4 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104124034/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46759961|archivedate=4 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Obodo Derby ===
N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2019, Ambrose gara ikpe na EFL Championship club Derby County . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47169407|title=Efe Ambrose: Derby County take an ex-Celtic and Hibernian defender on trial|publisher=BBC Sport|date=8 February 2019|accessdate=8 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209123941/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47169407|archivedate=9 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka e mesịrị n'ọnwa ahụ, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nwa oge na klọb ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47254529|title=Efe Ambrose: Derby County complete deal for former Hibernian defender|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 February 2019|accessdate=15 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215232420/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47254529|archivedate=15 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Derby County tọhapụrụ ya na ngwụcha oge 2018-19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48503980|title=Ashley Cole: Former England left-back set to retire after Derby exit|date=3 June 2019|accessdate=4 June 2019|publisher=BBC Sport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608031618/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48503980|archivedate=8 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Livingston ===
Mgbe ọtụtụ ọnwa na-enweghị klọb, Ambrose bịanyere aka na Livingston na Febụwarị 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/sport/football/hibs/efe-ambrose-joins-livingston-and-could-make-debut-against-hibs-1848723|title=Efe Ambrose joins Livingston - and could make debut against Hibs|first=Alan|author=Temple|work=Edinburgh Evening News|date=18 February 2020|accessdate=18 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Mee 2021, Ambrose bụ otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu ole na ole Livingston tọhapụrụ na ngwụcha oge 2020-21.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bt.com/sport/news/2021/may/efe-ambrose-and-jay-emmanuel-thomas-among-players-released-by-livingston|title=Efe Ambrose and Jay Emmanuel-Thomas among players released by Livingston|work=bt.com|date=18 May 2021|accessdate=22 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== St Johnstone ===
Na Septemba 2021, Ambrose bịanyere aka na St Johnstone nke Scottish Premiership.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 September 2021|title=Efe Ambrose Signs For Saints|url=https://www.perthstjohnstonefc.co.uk/news/article/efe-ambrose-signs-for-saints|accessdate=10 September 2021|work=perthstjohnstonefc.co.uk|archivedate=10 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910183502/https://www.perthstjohnstonefc.co.uk/news/article/efe-ambrose-signs-for-saints}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Dunfermline ====
Na 4 Febụwarị 2022, Ambrose sonyeere otu egwuregwu Scottish Championship Dunfermline Athletic na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha oge 2021-22. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dafc.co.uk/story.php?t=Efe_Ambrose_arrives_on_loan&amp;ID=13610|title=Efe Ambrose arrives on loan|publisher=Dunfermline Athletic FC|date=4 February 2022|accessdate=4 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Greenock Morton ===
Ambrose bịanyere aka na Greenock Morton na 26 Ọktoba 2022 na nkwekọrịta ruo na ngwụcha oge. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmfc.net/efe-ambrose-signs-for-morton/|title=Efe Ambrose signs for Morton|publisher=Greenock Morton FC|date=26 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambrose ga-eme nke mbụ ya megide Inverness Caledonian Thistle, karịsịa ịbụ onye a kpọrọ nwoke nke egwuregwu ahụ mgbe Morton meriri 4-0.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Morton up to second after thrashing Inverness|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/63339709|accessdate=2023-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambrose gbakwara goolu mbụ na naanị goolu Morton meriri 2-1 n'ụlọ megide Partick Thistle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Morton beat Thistle to narrow Ayr's lead at top|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/63524051|accessdate=2023-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ambrose mere ngụkọta nke ugboro iri na anọ maka Morton na asọmpi niile, tupu a mara ọkwa na ọ ga-ahapụ klọb ahụ mgbe nkwekọrịta ya gwụsịrị.

=== Eze Nwanyị nke Ndịda ===
Na 25 Julaị 2023, Ambrose bịanyere aka na Queen of the South ruo 31 Disemba 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/news-6145|title=QosFC: Welcome - Efe Ambrose}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ebe a na-eli ozu ===
Na 8 June 2024, Ambrose sonyeere North West Counties Football League Premier Division nke Bury.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://buryfc.co.uk/incoming-efe-ambrose/|title=Incoming: Efe Ambrose|work=buryfc.co.uk|date=8 June 2024|accessdate=8 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, Bury kwupụtara na Ambrose ga-ahapụ klọb ahụ Igbe FA gachara egwuregwu FA Vase n'ụbọchị na-esote. Ebe ọ nọgidere na-ebi na Scotland, njem gaa Bury abụghịzi nhọrọ dị mma maka Ambrose na ezinụlọ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://buryfc.co.uk/efe-ambrose-departs/|title=Efe Ambrose Departs|work=buryfc.co.uk|date=23 August 2024|accessdate=27 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Workington ===
N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, Ambrose sonyeere otu egwuregwu Northern Premier League Premier Division Workington . 

=== Glasgow United ===
Ambrose bịanyere aka na Glasgow United na July 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Efe Ambrose plays for Glasgow United against Ardeer Thistle|url=https://www.ardrossanherald.com/sport/25344845.efe-ambrose-plays-glasgow-united-ardeer-thistle/|publisher=Ardrossan Herald|date=28 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Ambrose bụ onye otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Naijiria na 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup na Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Flying Eagles' Star Class of 2007: Where Are They Now? {{!}} Wolexis Sports Blog|url=http://www.wolexis.com/2016/01/flying-eagles-star-class-of-2007-where.html|work=www.wolexis.com|accessdate=15 January 2016|date=15 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118021925/http://www.wolexis.com/2016/01/flying-eagles-star-class-of-2007-where.html|archivedate=18 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=273291/index.html|title=FIFA Tournaments|work=FIFA.com|accessdate=2 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702081204/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=273291/index.html|archivedate=2 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara nọchite anya Naijiria U-23 ma gbaa egwuregwu abụọ na 2008 Summer Olympics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/10072008/news/sports7.html|title=Sports 7|accessdate=9 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216235610/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/|archivedate=16 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa n'òtù ndị ikom iri abụọ na atọ nke Naijiria maka iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/20970786|title=Nations Cup 2013: Nigeria pick six locally-based players|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|date=10 January 2013|accessdate=10 January 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113015637/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20970786|archivedate=13 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Africa Cup of Nations, Ambrose gbara ise n'ime egwuregwu isii maka Naịjirịa, na-egwuri egwu n'ọnọdụ azụ aka nri, gụnyere nke ikpeazụ nke ọ malitere. Mgbe asọmpi ahụ gasịrị, a kpọrọ Ambrose aha na 2013 Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Mikel, Moses, Emenike, Pitroipa named in CAF Team of Tournament|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/119745-mikel-moses-emenike-pitroipa-named-in-caf-team-of-tournament.html|publisher=[[Premium Times]] Nigeria|date=11 February 2013|accessdate=13 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambrose na-ekwu na mmeri nke Africa Cup of Nations bụ nnukwu ihe ọ rụzuru na otu n'ime oge kachasị ukwuu nke ndụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ambrose: We leave as giants|url=https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/news/newsid=2010179/?intcmp=newsreader_news_box_3|publisher=FIFA.com|date=11 February 2013|accessdate=13 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtara ya maka ndị otu Naịjirịa na 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22827902|title=Nigeria to take new-look squad to Confederations Cup|date=9 June 2013|accessdate=10 June 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613165542/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22827902|archivedate=13 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 2014 FIFA World Cup . A họpụtabeghị Ambrose kemgbe 2016, n'ihi na ọ tụfuru ọnọdụ ya na Celtic. Ọ na-egwuri egwu mgbe niile maka Hibernian n'oge oge 2017-18, mana echetaghị ya maka ndị otu 2018 FIFA World Cup. &lt;ref name=&quot;2018 world cup&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/sport/football/hibs/cammy-bell-departs-hibs-as-efe-ambrose-call-is-slammed-1-4741672|title=Cammy Bell departs Hibs as Efe Ambrose call is slammed|work=Edinburgh Evening News|first=Anthony|author=Brown|date=19 May 2018|accessdate=19 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye bụbu onye njikwa Naijiria bụ Samson Siasia katọrọ mkpebi a, onye chere na ahụmịhe Ambrose ga-aba uru.&lt;ref name=&quot;2018 world cup&quot; /&gt;

== Ụdị egwuregwu ==
Ambrose na-egwuri egwu mgbe niile dị ka onye na-agbachitere ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Naịjirịa ma nwee ike igwu egwu dị ka onye nọ n'etiti ma ọ bụ n'azụ aka nri, na-eme ya na Israel Premier League na FC Ashdod .  A na-agba bọọlụ n'etiti, a maara Efe maka ịdị jụụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Fisher|first=Stewart|title=Ambrose and Wilson making strong case for the Celtic Defence|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/football/ambrose-and-wilson-making-strong-case-for-the-celtic-defence.19253437|work=Herald Scotland|accessdate=6 December 2013|date=25 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-emekarị somersault mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Somersault&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;falkirk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39313250|title=Hibernian 2–1 Falkirk|publisher=BBC Sport|first=Brian|author=McLauchlin|date=25 March 2017|accessdate=25 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325152602/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39313250|archivedate=25 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://stv.tv/sport/football/clubs/celtic/195770-neil-lennon-holds-breath-over-efe-ambroses-somersault-celebration/|title=Neil Lennon holds breath over Efe Ambrose's somersault celebration|publisher=STV Sport|date=20 October 2012|accessdate=25 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326135524/https://stv.tv/sport/football/clubs/celtic/195770-neil-lennon-holds-breath-over-efe-ambroses-somersault-celebration/|archivedate=26 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
[[w:updated|2 October 2021]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerbase|id=67424|name=Efe Ambrose}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Mba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kọntinent
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ashdod
|2010–11
|Njikọ Premier nke Israel
|31
|1
|6
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|39
|1
|-
|2011–12
|Njikọ Premier nke Israel
|35
|2
|1
|0
|4
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|40
|4
|-
|2012–13
|Njikọ Premier nke Israel
|1
|0
|3
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!67
!3
!10
!0
!6
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!83
!5
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Ndị Celt
|2012–13
|Njikọ Premier nke Scotland
|27
|3
|5
|0
|2
|0
|7[a]
|0
|41
|3
|-
|2013–14
|Onye isi ala Scotland
|38
|2
|2
|0
|1
|0
|10[a]
|1
|51
|3
|-
|2014–15
|Onye isi ala Scotland
|27
|0
|3
|0
|2
|0
|11[b]
|0
|43
|0
|-
|2015–16
|Onye isi ala Scotland
|21
|0
|2
|0
|2
|0
|6[c]
|0
|31
|0
|-
|2016–17
|Onye isi ala Scotland
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2[d]
|0
|2
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!113
!5
!12
!0
!7
!0
!36
!1
!168
!6
|-
|Hibernian (onye a gbazitere) 
|2016–17
|Mmeri Scotland
|10
|1
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|12
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Hibernian
|2017–18
|Onye isi ala Scotland
|38
|2
|1
|0
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|45
|3
|-
|2018–19
|Onye isi ala Scotland
|21
|0
|0
|0
|2
|0
|6[e]
|2
|29
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!59
!2
!1
!0
!8
!1
!6
!2
!74
!5
|-
|Obodo Derby
|2018–19
|Mmeri
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Livingston
|2019–20
|Onye isi ala Scotland
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|3
|0
|-
|2020–21
|Onye isi ala Scotland
|22
|0
|0
|0
|6
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|28
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!25
!0
!0
!0
!6
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!31
!0
|-
|St Johnstone
|2021–22
|Onye isi ala Scotland
|3
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|4
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!274
!11
!25
!0
!27
!3
!42
!3
!368
!17
|}
 

=== Mpụta mba ụwa ===
[[w:updated|match played 29 March 2016]] &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player |id=3850|name=Ambrose, Efe  |access-date=13 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!Ndị otu mba
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]
|2008
|1
|0
|-
|2009
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&amp;#x2D;
|-
|2010
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&amp;#x2D;
|-
|2011
|10
|0
|-
|2012
|5
|1
|-
|2013
|17
|0
|-
|2014
|13
|1
|-
|2015
|3
|2
|-
|2016
|2
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!51
!4
|}

=== Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa ===

: ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!#
!Ụbọchị
!Ebe a na-anọ
!Onye mmegide
!Ihe ruru
!Nsonaazụ
!Ịsọ mpi
|-
|1.
|13 Ọktoba 2012
|U.J. Esuene Stadium, [[Calabar]], Nigeria[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]
| Liberia
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6–1
|2013 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru
|-
|2.
|6 Septemba 2014
|U.J. Esuene Stadium, Calabar, Nigeria
| Congo
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–3
|2015 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru
|-
|3.
|11 Ọktoba 2015
|Edmond Machtens Stadium, Brussels, [[Belgium]]
| Cameroon
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|-
|4.
|17 Nọvemba 2015
|[[Adokiye Amiesimaka Stadium]], Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| Swaziland
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Bayelsa'''

* Njikọ Premier nke Naijiria: 2008-09

* Iko Mba Naịjirịa: 2010

* Onye isi ala Scotland: 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-162015–16
* Iko Scotland: 2012-13&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hibernian 0–3 Celtic|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22585339|publisher=BBC Sport|author=Lamont|first=Alasdair|date=26 May 2013|accessdate=2 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316081014/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22585339|archivedate=16 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iko Njikọ Scotland: 2014-15&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dundee United 0–2 Celtic|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/31785677|publisher=BBC Sport|author=Wilson|first=Richard|date=15 March 2015|accessdate=2 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003180004/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/31785677|archivedate=3 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Mmeri Scotland: 2016-17&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC39536738&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39536738|title=Hibernian 3–0 Queen of the South|first=Brian|author=McLauchlin|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 April 2017|accessdate=16 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415171226/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39536738|archivedate=15 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deadlinenews.co.uk/2017/04/27/hibs-defender-efe-ambrose-qualifies-collect-championship-winners-medal-missing-medal-celtic/?platform=hootsuite|title=Hibs defender Efe Ambrose qualifies to collect Championship winner's medal after missing out on medal at Celtic|first=Darren|author=Johnstone|work=Deadline News|date=27 April 2017|accessdate=28 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021190844/http://www.deadlinenews.co.uk/2017/04/27/hibs-defender-efe-ambrose-qualifies-collect-championship-winners-medal-missing-medal-celtic/?platform=hootsuite|archivedate=21 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Iko Mba Afrịka: 2013

* UEFA Champions League Team of the Week: (Izu 3, 2012-13) 
* Africa Cup of Nations Team nke asọmpi ahụ: 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Orange CAF Africa Cup of Nations Awards|url=http://www.afcon2013online.com/index.php/news1/711-orange-caf-africa-cup-of-nations-awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213062408/http://www.afcon2013online.com/index.php/news1/711-orange-caf-africa-cup-of-nations-awards|archivedate=13 February 2013|accessdate=10 February 2013|publisher=Orange Africa Cup of Nations South Africa 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Onye otu Order of the Niger &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Okeleji|first=Oluwashina|authorlink=Oluwashina Okeleji|date=13 February 2013|title=Presidential reward for Super Eagles|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/21450619|work=BBC|accessdate=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]]

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;

* Aga m agba goolu ndị ọzọ maka Eagles - Ambrose E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
* Efe Ambrosen'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
* Efe Ambrosena National-Football-Teams.com
* Efe AmbrosenaESPN FC 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambrose, Efe}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>4g9miegqh2i69teu1vhdd4r587u98tq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fegor Ogude</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>673682</id>
      <parentid>672767</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:59:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elcarim1</username>
        <id>62511</id>
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      <origin>673682</origin>
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      <text bytes="5547" sha1="rzll9sbipc7tjahxu2pn8yqwko8smvi" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Fegor Ogude 2014.jpg|thumb|Fegor Ogude]]
'''Fegor Ogude''' MON (amụrụ na 29 Julaị 1987) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba dịka onye na-eme egwuregwu n'etiti ma ọ bụ onye na-azụ azụ.

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Ogude malitere ọrụ ya dị elu na otu ndị Naijiria Warri Wolves, ebe ọ bụ onyeisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://westafricanfootball.com/2010/10/26/special-report-%E2%80%93-list-of-scorers-in-the-nigeria-football-league-2009-2010-part-five/|title=SPECIAL REPORT – LIST OF SCORERS IN THE NIGERIA FOOTBALL LEAGUE 2009-2010 (PART FIVE)|date=26 October 2010|work=WEST AFRICAN FOOTBALL|accessdate=28 March 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;signing&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Vålerenga henter landslagsspiller|url=http://www.vif-fotball.no/article2973551.ece|accessdate=31 August 2010|work=VIF-Fotball.no|date=31 August 2010|language=no}}
[[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 31 August 2010, ọ bịanyere aka na Vålerenga otu Norwegian. Klọb ahụ sochiri ya nke ọma mgbe e kpechara ya ikpe na klọb, n'oge ọkọchị nke 2009.[1] O nwekwara onyinye sitere na klọb abụọ Norwegian, mana ọ họọrọ Vålerenga Oslo.

Na 14 Jenụwarị 2014, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ruo June 2016 maka otu Russia Amkar Perm . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://fc-amkar.org/news/?id=28507/|title=Первый новичок 2014 года {{!}} Футбольный клуб &quot;АМКАР&quot; Пермь|work=fc-amkar.org|language=ru|accessdate=28 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na June 2016, Ogude bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ ọhụrụ na Amkar Perm. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://rsport.ru/football/20160630/965475170.html|work=rsport.ru|publisher=Rsport|accessdate=6 December 2016|language=ru|date=30 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 5 Julaị 2018, Ogude bịanyere aka na Yenisey Krasnoyarsk. [1] Mgbe Yenisey chụpụrụ na Premier League nke Russia na njedebe nke oge 2018-19, klọb ahụ wepụtara Ogude. 

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
A họpụtara Ogude maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naijiria]] na asọmpi Iko Mba Afrịka megide Madagascar. &lt;ref name=&quot;signing&quot;/&gt;

A kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa n'òtù ndị ikom iri abụọ na atọ nke Naijiria maka Iko Mba Afrịka nke afọ 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/20970786|title=Nations Cup 2013: Nigeria pick six locally-based players|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|date=10 January 2013|accessdate=10 January 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogude meriri na Africa Cup of Nations na Naịjirịa n'afọ 2013.

A họpụtara ya maka ndị otu Naịjirịa na 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22827902|title=Nigeria to take new-look squad to Confederations Cup|date=9 June 2013|accessdate=10 June 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==
[[w:updated|match played 26 May 2019]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=F.Ogude|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/fengor-ogude/63340/|website=Soccerway/|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=31 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko mba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kọntinent
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị ọzọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Vålerenga
|2010
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Tippeligaen
|6
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|6
|0
|-
|2011
|25
|6
|1
|3
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|30
|9
|-
|2012
|8
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|8
|0
|-
|2013
|12
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|12
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!51
!6
!1
!3
!4
!0
!0
!0
!56
!9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Amkar Perm
|2013–14
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Njikọ Premier nke Russia
|9
|3
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|9
|3
|-
|2014–15
|24
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|25
|1
|-
|2015–16
|22
|0
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|26
|0
|-
|2016–17
|18
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|18
|0
|-
|2017–18
|15
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2[a]
|0
|19
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!88
!4
!7
!0
!0
!0
!2
!0
!97
!4
|-
|Yenisey Krasnoyarsk
|2018–19
|Njikọ Premier nke Russia
|26
|1
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|28
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!164
!11
!10
!3
!4
!0
!2
!0
!181
!14
|}
 

=== Mba Nile ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Ọdịdị na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ 
!Ndị otu mba
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]
|2011
|8
|0
|-
|2012
|0
|0
|-
|2013
|8
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!16
!0
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Naịjirịa'''

* Iko Mba Afrịka (1): 2013

'''Iwu'''

* Onye otu Order of the Niger &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Okeleji|first=Oluwashina|authorlink=Oluwashina Okeleji|date=13 February 2013|title=Presidential reward for Super Eagles|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/21450619|work=BBC|accessdate=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]]

== Edensibia ==

[[w:|Nigeria squad 2013 Africa Cup of Nations]]

[[w:|Nigeria squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ogude, Fegor}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Joseph Yobo</title>
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      <text bytes="19119" sha1="ey7u5ciggo5s8rbuut225cm9w2bak1q" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:JosephYobo'13 (cropped).JPG|thumb|Joseph Yobo]]
'''Josef Michael Yobo''' OON (amụrụ na 6 Septemba 1980) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba dịka onye na-azụ azụ.

Yobo malitere ọrụ ya na Standard Liège na Marseilles tupu ọ banye Everton na 2002. Ọ nọrọ afọ iri na klọb ahụ wee bụrụ onye egwuregwu Afrịka mbụ ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi Everton. Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Everton, ọ nọrọ oge na Fenerbahçe na Norwich City. Ọ bụ onyeisi [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naijiria]] ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na bọọlụ mba ụwa na June 2014, ọ bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndekọ Naijiria. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu mba Naijiria itoolu. N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2020, ndị Nigeria Football Federation họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye nkuzi Super Eagles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rohr sacked as Nigeria coach with Eguavoen named as replacement {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/rohr-sacked-as-nigeria-coach-with-eguavoen-named-as/blt4047d58f4a0f81b5|accessdate=24 January 2022|work=www.goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afọ ndị mbụ ==
Ebe a mụrụ Yobo na mmalite ya bụ Kono, obodo Ogoni dị na [[Khana]] Local Government Area nke Rivers State, Nigeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;kono&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/6904226.stm|title=Hon. Worgu Boms|publisher=BBC|date=18 July 2007|accessdate=1 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yobo hapụrụ Naijiria iji sonye na Standard Liège na 1998. O mere egwuregwu mbụ ya n'afọ 2000, wee gaa n'ihu na-apụta ugboro 46. N'afọ 2001, Marseilles zụrụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/1493202.stm|title=European Preview: Belgium Transfers|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=15 August 2001|accessdate=19 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Everton ===
[[Faịlụ:Van_Persie_free_kick.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Yobo (#4) na-egwuri egwu maka Everton megide Arsenal.]]
N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ malitere, a gbazinyere Yobo na Tenerife. Mgbe ihe dị ka ọnwa itoolu gasịrị, Yobo laghachiri Marseille, tupu ọ banye Everton, ọzọ na mgbazinye ego, na July 2002. A chọrọ ego £ 1 nde iji debanye aha onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ, ọ ghọkwara onye mbụ David Moyes bịanyere aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/e/everton/2098473.stm|title=Everton complete Yobo chase|work=BBC Sport|date=9 July 2002|accessdate=20 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nhọrọ iji mee ka ọ gaa n'ihu bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide ka e mere na 2003 mgbe esemokwu dị n'etiti Yobo na Marseille doziri,  na Everton kwetara na a ga-akwụ ụgwọ ọzọ nke £ 4 nde. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Dominic|author=Fifield|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/nov/28/newsstory.sport10|title=Everton close in on Yobo's signature|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 November 2002|accessdate=19 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yobo ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu kachasị mma na ndị otu Everton, ọ bụkwa otu n'etiti ndị egwuregwu asaa na league dum na-egwu nkeji ọ bụla nke egwuregwu ọ bụla n'oge 2006-07; onye otu ya Joleon Lescott bụkwa onye na-anọ mgbe niile n'oge niile.

Ogologo oge, na 2006, n'ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ na Everton dugara na asịrị banyere ịkwaga Arsenal, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/e/everton/4873048.stm|title=Everton face Yobo contract delay|date=3 April 2006|accessdate=19 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana na 22 Julaị, Yobo tinyere onwe ya na Goodison Park ruo 2010. N'abalị iri na ise n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2007, Yobo ghọrọ onye na-agba bọọlụ mba ofesi na Everton, ihe ndekọ o nwere ruo na mbido afọ 2012.  Maka egwuregwu UEFA Cup megide AEL nke [[Greece|Gris]] na 25 Ọktoba 2007, a kpọrọ Yobo aha dị ka onyeisi na-anọghị Phil Neville ma si otú a ghọọ onye Afrịka mbụ ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi klọb ahụ. N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2009, Yobo gbara goolu mbụ ya n'oge ahụ megide West Ham United iji mechie mmeri 3-1.

N'afọ 2009-10, Yobo aghaghị ime mgbanwe na onye na-agbachitere ya ọhụrụ, Sylvain Distin, mgbe Joleon Lescott hapụrụ na Phil Jagielka merụrụ ahụ. N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2009, ọ gbara goolu nke ya na mmeri Everton 2-0 meriri Liverpool na Merseyside derby. A na-ahọrọ Distin, Jagielka na John Heitinga karịa Yobo, na-eme ka ọ nọrọ n'oche.

Na 31 Ọgọst 2010, Yobo bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta mbinye ego otu afọ na Fenerbahçe. Yobo mere egwuregwu 30 wee nye goolu, nyere ndị otu ya aka inweta mmeri. Na 6 Septemba 2011, Fenerbahçe na Everton kwetara n'ịgbazinye ego ọzọ maka € 700,000 na Yobo bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta otu afọ ruru € 2.35 nde. Na 4 August 2012, ọ bịanyere aka na Fenerbahçe, oge a na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ, mgbe ya na Everton nọrọ afọ iri. Na 17 Ọgọọst, Fenerbahçe gbara Torku Konyaspor na Yobo wee nweta goolu na egwuregwu ahụ. Nkwekọrịta ya na Fenerbahçe kwụsịrị site na usoro abụọ tupu oge 2014-15. N'August 31, 2014, e nyere ya ihe nrite nke ọma wee wepụta ya na Fenerbahçe.

=== Obodo Norwich ===
Na 30 Jenụwarị 2014, Yobo laghachiri England na mgbazinye na Norwich City maka oge fọdụrụnụ na-ele anya ịkwaga na-adịgide adịgide n'oge ọkọchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25958861|title=Transfer window 2014: Norwich City sign Joseph Yobo on loan|date=30 January 2014|accessdate=31 January 2014|author=Oluwashina Okeleji}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O gosipụtara nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ site na mpempe akwụkwọ dị ọcha megide klọb kachasị elu Manchester City na 8 Febụwarị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=8 February 2014|accessdate=8 February 2014|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25995045|title=Barclays Premier League: Norwich City 0–0 Manchester City}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Yobo bụ onye bụbu onye mba [[w:Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]], onye e meriri Ugboro 101 ma nọchite anya Super Eagles na iko ụwa FIFA atọ na asọmpi mba Afrịka isii.&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/players/player=178403/profile-detail.html|title=Joseph Yobo|accessdate=1 July 2014|publisher=[[FIFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ sonyere na ọsọ Naịjirịa na 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship quarter-finals, Yobo mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa megide Zambia na [[2002 FIFA World Cup]] qualification (CAF)&quot;&gt;2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier na 24 Machị 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;fifa&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/players/player=178403/profile-detail.html|title=Joseph Yobo|accessdate=1 July 2014|publisher=[[FIFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara bọọlụ isii niile n'egwuregwu ndị otu ahụ na 2002 Africa Cup of Nations  ma tinye ya na ndị otu maka 2002 FIFA World Cup, ebe ọ nọkwa mgbe niile, &lt;ref name=&quot;rsssf&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Joseph Phillip Yobo – International Appearances|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/yobo-intl.html|accessdate=1 July 2014|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-enyere [[Julius Aghahowa]] aka na mmeri 2-1 na Sweden. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=7 June 2002|accessdate=1 July 2014|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/matches_wallchart/sweden_v_nigeria/default.stm|title=Swedes knock out Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yobo pụtara na World Cup nke abụọ ya na asọmpi 2010 na South Africa, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ ghọrọ onye isi ụgbọ mmiri na ezumike nká mba ụwa nke [[Nwankwo Kanu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/players/player=178403/profile-detail.html|title=Joseph Yobo|accessdate=1 July 2014|publisher=[[FIFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye na-agbachitere ndị agha abụghịzi onye egwuregwu mbụ a họọrọ na 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, mana o welitere iko ahụ mgbe ọ pụtara dị ka onye na-anọchi anya nkeji nke 89 na mmeri ikpeazụ nke Naịjirịa 1-0 nke Burkina Faso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=10 February 2013|accessdate=1 July 2014|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/21403223|title=Africa Cup of Nations final as it happened}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na June 2014, Yobo so na ndị otu Stephen Keshi maka iko mba ụwa nke 2014.  Akpọrọ ya aha n'ahịrị mmalite maka egwuregwu nke abụọ na nke atọ, na-enyere ndị Super Eagles aka ka ha nweta 1-0 dị ọcha na Bosnia na Herzegovina. Na 30 June, o mere ihe ngosi 100 nke mba ụwa, na-achị Nigeria megide France na agba nke 16. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya na mmeri 2-0, Yobo kwupụtara ịla ezumike nká na football mba ụwa, na-ekwu, sị: &quot;Nke a bụ ya. Enwere m ike ileghachi anya ọrụ m na nnukwu mpako. Achọrọ m ịhapụ obodo m. Ịkụ France abụghị ụzọ m ga-esi na-eme ihe ọ bụla na mba ndị ọzọ. ohere ịbịa n'ihu.

N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2020, ndị Nigeria Football Federation họpụtara Yobo ka ọ bụrụ osote onye nkuzi Super Eagles mgbe nzukọ dị mkpirikpi e nwere na [[Abuja]] gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/joseph-yobo-confirmed-as-new-nigeria-assistant-coach/16570j9r5hjx314q3mjy39m8dt|title=Yobo confirmed as new Nigeria assistant coach {{!}} Goal.com|work=www.goal.com|accessdate=12 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye nkuzi iji dochie Imama Amapakabo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.brila.net/nff-fires-imama-appoints-joseph-yobo-as-super-eagles-assistant-coach/|title=NFF Fires Imama, Appoints Joseph Yobo As Super Eagles Assistant Coach|author=Saliu|first=Mohammed|date=12 February 2020|work=Latest Sports News In Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=12 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Adewale|author=Charles|title=Joseph Yobo appointed new Super Eagles assistant coach|date=12 February 2020|url=https://soccerblitz.com.ng/nigeria/super-eagles/joseph-yobo-appointed-new-super-eagles-assistant-coach/|accessdate=12 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/51481160|title=Joseph Yobo: Former Nigeria captain appointed as assistant coach|date=12 February 2020|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=12 February 2020|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yobo kwuru &quot;M na-eweta mkpali ahụ. Dị ka onye bụbu onyeisi, ana m eweta mkpali. Anọwo m ebe ahụ ma emeela ya niile. Abụ m onye na-akwado otu ahụ tupu m bụrụ onye na-enyere m aka, yabụ ahụla m site n'echiche siri ike otú ndị mmadụ si eche mgbe ha na-ekiri otu ahụ. Anyị dị ka ndị egwuregwu, mgbe ha na ya na-egwu egwu, anaghị ahụ ihe ndị a mana mgbe m lara ezumike nká, enye m echiche m echiche banyere ihe a ka anyị na-eme n'ime ihe m dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=I'll bring motivation, experience to Eagles – Yobo|url=https://punchng.com/ill-bring-motivation-experience-to-eagles-yobo/|accessdate=5 February 2021|work=[[The Punch]]|date=13 April 2020|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2010, mgbe ha nwesịrị mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị, Yobo lụrụ onye bụbu MBGN [[Adaeze Yobo|Adaeze Igwe]] n'ememe etiti abalị e mere na [[Jos]]. Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ n'ememe dị ala naanị ọnwa atọ ka ha zutere na Disemba 2009.  Otú ọ dị, a maara na a na-ekwu na ha na-agbalị izochi nsogbu alụmdi na nwunye ha n'ihu ndị nta akụkọ na ọha na eze. Di na nwunye ahụ nabatara nwa nwoke aha ya bụ Joey Yobo n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2010.

Ọ bụ nwanne nwoke nke onye bụbu onye mba Naijiria bụ [[Albert Yobo]]. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2008, a tọọrọ nwanne ya nwoke nke obere Norum  na Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria ma jide ya maka mgbapụta. E mechara tọhapụ ya mgbe ụbọchị iri na abụọ gachara na 17 Julaị 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yobo's Brother Released|date=19 March 2008|accessdate=13 April 2011|url=http://www.kickoff.com/news/2260/modise-says-he-is-not-feeling-affects-of-fatigue.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227055028/http://www.kickoff.com/news/2260/modise-says-he-is-not-feeling-affects-of-fatigue.php|archivedate=27 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kọrọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Naijiria na Yobo gara [[T. B. Joshua|T.B. Joshua]] maka ekpere mgbe o merụrụ ahụ n'ọkpụkpụ ụkwụ na 2010 Africa Cup of Nations . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Peter|author=Auf der Heyde|title=Sports Medicine – African Style|date=27 January 2010|url=http://news.monstersandcritics.com/africa/features/article_1528962.php/Sports-medicine-African-style-Feature|work=Monsters and Critics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yobo na nwunye ya, Adaeze Igwe nwetara utu aha nke Mene Aborlo 1 na Waamene Aborlo 1' nke Ogoniland site n'aka Eze GNK Gininwa nke Ogoni Kingdom na Satọdee, 28 Mee 2016. Nke a bụ otu ụbọchị mgbe Gọọmentị Rivers State haziri egwuregwu akaebe ya na Friday, 27 May 2016

N'afọ 2007, Yobo guzobere Joseph Yobo Charity Foundation,  iji nyere ụmụaka na-enweghị ihe ùgwù aka na Naịjirịa. Ka ọ na-erule 18 Julaị 2007, o nyela ihe karịrị 300 agụmakwụkwọ site na praịmarị ruo na mahadum. Yobo amalitela ụlọ akwụkwọ bọọlụ na mpaghara Ogoni nke Naịjirịa. Ọ na-ejikwa ogige bọọlụ na Lagos.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.11v11.com/index.php?pageID=537&amp;playerID=13830|title=Joseph Yobo : Biography}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko mba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kọntinent
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
|Standard Liège
|2000–01
|Ngalaba Mbụ nke Belgium
|30
|2
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|30
|2
|-
|Olympique Marseille
|2001–02
|Nkewa 1
|23
|0
|
|
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|23
|0
|-
|Everton (nke a gbazinyere) 
|2002–03
|Njikọ Premier
|24
|0
|0
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|26
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Everton
|2003–04
|Njikọ Premier
|28
|2
|1
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|31
|2
|-
|2004–05
|Njikọ Premier
|27
|0
|3
|0
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|33
|0
|-
|2005–06
|Njikọ Premier
|29
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0
|4[a]
|1
|34
|2
|-
|2006–07
|Njikọ Premier
|38
|2
|1
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|40
|2
|-
|2007–08
|Njikọ Premier
|30
|1
|0
|0
|2
|0
|7[b]
|0
|39
|1
|-
|2008–09
|Njikọ Premier
|27
|1
|3
|0
|1
|0
|2[b]
|0
|33
|1
|-
|2009–10
|Njikọ Premier
|17
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|6[b]
|1
|23
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!196
!8
!8
!0
!10
!0
!19
!2
!233
!10
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Fenerbahçe (onye a gbazitere) 
|2010–11
|Süper Lig
|30
|1
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|33
|1
|-
|2011–12
|Süper Lig
|39
|1
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|42
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!69
!2
!6
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!75
!2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Fenerbahçe
|2012–13
|Süper Lig
|20
|0
|2
|0
|0
|0
|12[c]
|0
|34
|0
|-
|2013–14
|Süper Lig
|1
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|3[d]
|0
|5
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!21
!1
!3
!0
!0
!0
!15
!0
!38
!1
|-
|Norwich City (nke e gbazitere) 
|2013–14
|Njikọ Premier
|8
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|8
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!371
!13
!17
!0
!12
!0
!34
!2
!437
!15
|}
  

=== Mba Nile ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Ọdịdị na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ 
!Ndị otu mba
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;16&quot; |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]
|2001
|7
|0
|-
|2002
|12
|0
|-
|2003
|3
|1
|-
|2004
|10
|2
|-
|2005
|6
|0
|-
|2006
|8
|0
|-
|2007
|4
|0
|-
|2008
|10
|2
|-
|2009
|5
|0
|-
|2010
|10
|0
|-
|2011
|11
|2
|-
|2012
|2
|0
|-
|2013
|6
|0
|-
|2014
|6
|0
|-
!Ngụkọta
!101
!7&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria/news/110406/Yobos_caps_putting_the_records_straight|author=Kunle Solaja|title=Yobo's caps: putting the records straight|publisher=[[SuperSport (South African broadcaster)|SuperSport]]|date=6 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Joseph Yobo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/yobo-intl.html|title=Joseph Phillip Yobo – Century of International Appearances|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=29 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!#
!Ụbọchị
!Ebe a na-anọ
!Onye mmegide
!Ihe ruru
!Nsonaazụ
!Ịsọ mpi
|-
|1.
|1 June 2003
|[[National Stadium, Lagos|Lagos National Stadium]], Lagos, Nigeria
| Cameroon
|1–0
|3–0
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|-
|2.
|31 Jenụwarị 2004
|Ogige Mustapha Ben Jannet, Monastir, Tunisia
| South Africa
|1–0
|4–0
|Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2004
|-
|3.
|3 Julaị 2004
|[[Abuja]] Stadium, Abuja, Nigeria
| Algeria
|1–0
|1–0
|2006 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|-
|4.
|June 7, 2008
|National Stadium, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| Sierra Leone
|0–1
|0–1
|2010 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|-
|5.
|15 June 2008
|Malabo Stadium, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| Equatorial Guinea
|0–1
|0–1
|2010 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|-
|6.
|June 5, 2011
|[[Addis Ababa]] Stadium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| Ethiopia
|2–2
|2–2
|2012 African Cup of Nations iru eru
|-
|7.
|4 Septemba 2011
|Mahamasina Stadium, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| Madagascar
|0–1
|0–2
|2012 African Cup of Nations iru eru
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Fenerbahce'''

* Süper Lig: 2010-112010–11
* Iko Turkey: 2011-12, 2012-132012–13

'''Naịjirịa'''

* Iko Mba Afrịka: 2013

'''Iwu'''

* Onye isi nke Order of the Niger &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Okeleji|first=Oluwashina|authorlink=Oluwashina Okeleji|date=13 February 2013|title=Presidential reward for Super Eagles|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/21450619|work=BBC|accessdate=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]]

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị na-agba bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke nwere 100 ma ọ bụ karịa mba ụwa

== Edensibia ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{Cite web|url=http://www.josephyobofoundation.org/|title=Joseph Yobo Foundation Charity founded by Joseph Yobo|accessdate=17 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122131511/http://www.josephyobofoundation.org/|archivedate=22 January 2008}}
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/6904226.stm BBC Coverage nke Joseph Yobo Foundation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100604041417/http://www.supereaglesnation.com/Records.asp Mpụta mba ụwa]
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/PlayerProfile/0%2C%2C12306~22817%2C00.html|title=Premier League profile|accessdate=17 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002045100/http://www.premierleague.com/page/PlayerProfile/0%2C%2C12306~22817%2C00.html|archivedate=2 October 2012}}
* Joseph Yobo-UEFAndekọ asọmpi (Ihe ndekọ)  
* Joseph Yobo-FIFAndekọ asọmpi (echekwara) 
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>ey7u5ciggo5s8rbuut225cm9w2bak1q</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Austin Ejide</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673674</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:41:36Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Elcarim1</username>
        <id>62511</id>
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      <comment>Austin Ajide</comment>
      <origin>673674</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3599" sha1="bowkxiswlbeopm352vhws3e69m8h3xo" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Austin Ejide.jpg|thumb|Austin Ajide]]
'''Augustine &quot;Austin&quot; Amamchukwu Ejide''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Augustine &quot;Austin&quot; Amamchukwu Ejide.wav|Listen}}&lt;sup class=&quot;ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable&quot;&gt;[[:File:LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Augustine &quot;Austin&quot; Amamchukwu Ejide.wav|ⓘ]]&lt;/sup&gt; MON (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 8 n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1984) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu onye na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka Onye na-edebe goolu.

Ejide gbara bọọlụ maka Gabros International na Bastia na Corsica, nke gbara ọsọ na Ligue 2. Ọ gbara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu Israel bụ Hapoel Be'er Sheva ruo n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2015, ma mesịa gbaa bọọlụ na Hapoel Hadera.

A mụrụ Ejide na Onitsha, Anambra steeti. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Gabros International ebe ọ na-eme nke ọma tupu ọ banye Étoile du Sahel . Ya na klọb Tunisia, ọ rutere CAF Champions League ugboro abụọ.  Na 2006, Ejide sonyeere Bastia nke French Ligue 2, ebe ọ nọrọ afọ atọ tupu ọ kwaga ụlọ ọgbakọ Israel Hapoel Petah Tikva,  ebe o nyeere ndị otu ahụ aka ka ha ghara ịdaba. Ejide kwagara Hapoel Be'er Sheva na 2012, ebe ọ na-egwuri egwu ruo na njedebe nke oge 2014–15. Na 2017–18, Ejide mere ngosi 27 wee dobe mpempe akwụkwọ iri na ise dị ọcha. Ntugharị a nwetara nkwalite Hapoel Hadera na Premier League nke Israel.

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Ejide made his debut for [[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria]] against Namibia on 16 June 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/players/player=184856/profile-detail.html|title=Austine EJIDE|accessdate=20 June 2014|publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has been named in three FIFA World Cup squads: 2002 in Japan and South Korea, 2010 in South Africa, and 2014 in Brazil. He has also been a member of the Super Eagles' squad at five Africa Cup of Nations tournaments: 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2013, winning the competition in the latter. In 2013, he was selected for Nigeria's squad at the FIFA Confederations Cup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22827902|title=Nigeria to take new-look squad to Confederations Cup|date=9 June 2013|accessdate=10 June 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2008, Africa Cup of Nations nke e mere na [[Ghana]], onye nkuzi Naijiria Berti Vogts họọrọ Ejide dị ka onye na-edebe goolu mbụ, n'ihu [[Vincent Enyeama]], na egwuregwu anọ niile nke Super Eagles. Na 21 Jenụwarị 2008, ọ gbara egwuregwu mbụ ya na AFCON ka Naịjirịa meriri Ivory Coast 2-1 na egwuregwu mbụ nke Group B. Otú ọ dị, ọ nọgidere na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na Naịjirịja 0-0 draw na Mali na 2-0 mmeri na Benin.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Aha ya, Amamchukwu, pụtara &quot;''Amaara m Chineke''&quot;.

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Iwu'''

* Onye otu Order of the Niger &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Okeleji|first=Oluwashina|authorlink=Oluwashina Okeleji|date=13 February 2013|title=Presidential reward for Super Eagles|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/21450619|work=BBC|accessdate=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;

* Player profile – SC-Bastia.comnaỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback  (nke e debere na 2006-12-06) 
* Austin EjidenaÌgwè Ndị ỌrụEgwuregwu bọọlụ (n'asụsụ French) 
* Austin Ejidena National-Football-Teams.com
* Austin Ejiden'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ideye na-acha nchara nchara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75330</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673752</id>
      <parentid>655808</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T19:47:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NiferO</username>
        <id>20385</id>
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      <comment>Added an image</comment>
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      <text bytes="22577" sha1="hrutu0pw4u5x0pe9vk4vc8r1dhz9tl2" xml:space="preserve">
{{updated|match played 7 November 2021}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=B. Ideye|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ideye-brown/32887/|website=Soccerway|access-date=19 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Faịlụ:Ideye Aide Brown.jpeg|thumb|Ideye Aide Brown]]
Aide Brown Ideye MON (amụrụ n'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1988) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba ọsọ. Ọ nọchitere anya [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] na mba ụwa, merie iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2013.

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
A mụrụ ya na [[Yenagoa]], Bayelsa State, Nigeria, Ideye malitere ọrụ ya na Bayelsa United tupu ọ kwaga Ocean Boys.&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ideye, Brown|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/38157/Brown_Ideye.html|work=NFT|accessdate=19 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye otu Ocean Boys nke meriri Nigeria Premier League na 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot; /&gt;

Na Jenụwarị afọ 2008, Ideye kwagara Europe ka ọ bịanye aka na klọb Swiss Super League Neuchâtel Xamax. Tupu ọ gaa Switzerland, ọ nọ n'ụlọ ikpe na Willem II nke Netherlands, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.omroepbrabant.nl/?news/86059852/Ideye+Brown+niet+naar+Willem+II.aspx|title=Ideye Brown niet naar Willem II|language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana a bịaghị aka na ya. Mgbe afọ atọ gachara na Xamax, Ideye hapụrụ ka ọ bịanye aka na klọb French Ligue 1 Sochaux . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.blick.ch/sport/fussball/international/ligue1/ideye-brown-fuer-6-millionen-zu-sochaux-138414|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120723070350/http://www.blick.ch/sport/fussball/international/ligue1/ideye-brown-fuer-6-millionen-zu-sochaux-138414|archivedate=23 July 2012|title=Jetzt ist es fix!: Ideye Brown für stolze 6 Millionen zu Sochaux&amp;nbsp;– Blick Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dynamo Kyiv ===
Na 6 Julaị 2011, Ideye bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ ise na Dynamo Kyiv nke Ukraine. O mere mpụta mbụ ya na 16 Julaị megide Oleksandria, nyere goolu abụọ. N'egwuregwu nke abụọ ya maka Dynamo, ọ gbara ọzọ, oge a megide Obolon Kyiv. Na 7 Ọgọst 2012, Ideye meriri onye meriri na UEFA Champions League ntozu agba nke atọ megide Feyenoord, nke Dynamo mechara ruo na. Ọ gbakwara ọkpụ goolu abụọ megide Borussia Mönchengladbach n'agba nke abụọ n'asọmpi playoff. Mönchengladbach meriri egwuregwu ahụ 2–1, mana Kyiv gara n'ọkwa otu Champions League 4–3 na mkpokọta.[4] Na 15 Mee 2014, Ideye bụ onye nnọchi ejighi ya na mmeri Dynamo 2–1 meriri Shakhtar Donetsk na 2014 Ukrainian Cup Final. 

=== West Bromwich Albion ===
Na 18 July 2014, Ideye bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na ụlọ ọrụ English Premier League West Bromwich Albion, na-aghọ ihe ndekọ ndekọ nke ụlọ ọrụ maka ego a kọrọ na ọ bụ £ 10 nde. Nkwekọrịta ahụ gụnyere nhọrọ na ikike klọb maka otu afọ ọzọ.[1][2] Mgbe mmalite siri ike n'oge ahụ na England, Ideye meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 3-1 meriri Manchester City na Boxing Day 2014, wee merie ugboro anọ n'ime ụbọchị isii na February 2015 na ihe mgbaru ọsọ megide Burnley na Swansea City na Premier League na abụọ megide West Ham United na iko FA.

=== Olympiacos ===
Na 31 Ọgọst 2015, Ideye sonyeere Olympiacos si West Brom maka ego akọwapụtaghị, n'agbanyeghị na ekwenyere na ọ dị gburugburu €6 nde.  A na-anụ kepu kepu na atụmanya nke igosipụta na Champions League ọzọ ga-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime ka Ideye kwenye ịkwaga na klọb nke Athens.

N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2015, Ideye gbara goolu na mmeri Olympiacos meriri Dinamo Zagreb (1-0). O meriri onye mmeri nke nkeji iri asaa na itoolu site na njedebe dị mma site na nkuku siri ike, na-agbapụta onwe ya maka ọdịda dị ịtụnanya na mbido ọkara nke abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Brown Ideye goal sees off Dinamo Zagreb to raise Olympiakos hopes|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/oct/20/dinamo-zagreb-olympiakos-champions-league-match-report|date=20 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Olympiakos beats Dinamo Zagreb 1-0 in Champions League|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/olympiakos-beats-dinamo-zagreb-1-0-champions-league-210613260.html|date=20 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2016, Ideye natara onyinye bara uru site n'aka China n'oge ngbanwe nke Jenụwarị, mana ọ jụrụ onyinye ahụ n'ihi na ọ họọrọ ịnọnyere ndị mmeri Super League Greece.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ideye snubbed China to stay at Olympiakos|url=http://www.sdna.gr/news-english/article/177237/ideye-snubbed-china-stay-olympiakos|date=9 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2016, ọ bụ onye isi otu maka klọb ahụ ka ọ na-eme emume mmeri n'asọmpi nke ụlọ maka oge nke isii n'usoro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.superleaguegreece.net/el/scoreboard|title=Super League Greece|author=Dev|first=OTO {{!}}|accessdate=28 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tianjin Teda ===
Ideye hapụrụ Olympiakos gaa n'akụkụ Chinese Super League Tianjin Teda &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ideye the latest African to move to China|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39052994|date=22 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; na windo mbufe Jenụwarị 2017. Ideye sonyeere klọb ndị China na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ na ọkara maka ego mbufe nke € 12 nde. Nkwekọrịta ya, nke gara n'ihu ruo n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2019, ruru € 3.5 nde kwa afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Brown Ideye joins Mikel in China|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/224197-brown-ideye-joins-mikel-china.html|date=21 February 2017|work=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 29 Jenụwarị 2018, Ideye sonyeere otu egwuregwu La Liga nke Spain na Malaga maka ọnwa isii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ideye brings power and definition upfront|url=https://www.malagacf.com/en/news/ideye-brings-power-and-definition-upfront|date=29 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 20 June 2019, ọ sonyeere Aris na nkwekọrịta otu afọ, maka ego € 500,000 kwa afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Aris/arhs-anakoinwse-ton-intege-gia-enan-xrono.5541262.html|title=Άρης: Ανακοίνωσε τον Ιντέγε για έναν χρόνο|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=20 June 2019|accessdate=8 May 2026|archivedate=9 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809093552/https://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Aris/arhs-anakoinwse-ton-intege-gia-enan-xrono.5541262.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48871285|title=Brown Ideye: Nigeria striker looks to revive career in Greece|date=4 July 2019|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=27 August 2019|first=Mohamed Fajah|author=Barrie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ideye ga-echere ruo etiti Septemba iji nweta goolu nke mbụ ya, mgbe o meriri na nnukwu mmeri ụlọ 4–0 megide Panathinaikos, bụ nke mbụ ya na oge. Otu izu ka e mesịrị, ọ natara obe dị ala site n'aka Giannis Fetfatzidis wee kụnye bọọlụ ahụ n'azụ neetị, meghere akara na Thessaloniki Derby megide PAOK, nke kwụsịrị na 2-2 eserese. Na 27 Ọktoba 2019, o meriri site na ntaramahụhụ, na mmeri ụlọ 2–0 meriri Panetolikos. Na 14 Disemba 2019, ọ laghachiri n'ọrụ ka nkwusioru egwuregwu abụọ gasịrị, gbara na 3–1 meriri OFI.[4] Na 19 Disemba 2019, onye ọkpọ Naijiria bụ Brown Ideye gbara nkeji iri na abụọ na sekọnd iri abụọ na ise iji nye Aris ọkpụ 4–0 merie Volos.

N'abalị asatọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2020, ọ gbara bọọlụ na mmeri 1-0 megide Xanthi, n'akụkụ mbụ nke agba nke iri na isii nke Greek Cup &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/ksanthh-arhs-0-1-vhma-prokrishs-me-mvp-fetfatzidh-kai-skorer-intege.5666936.html|title=Ξάνθη - Άρης 0-1: Βήμα πρόκρισης με MVP Φετφατζίδη και σκόρερ Ιντέγε|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=8 January 2020|accessdate=8 May 2026|archivedate=23 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223011828/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/ksanthh-arhs-0-1-vhma-prokrishs-me-mvp-fetfatzidh-kai-skorer-intege.5666936.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; na mmeghachi omume ọ gbara bido ọzọ, nyere aka na mmeri 2-1 na iru eru na nkeji iri na ise nke ikpeazụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/arhs-ksanthh-2-1-me-anatroph-stoys-8.5669577.html|title=Άρης - Ξάνθη 2-1: Με ανατροπή στους &quot;8&quot;|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=14 January 2020|accessdate=8 May 2026|archivedate=9 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809090255/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/arhs-ksanthh-2-1-me-anatroph-stoys-8.5669577.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2020, o nyere akara n'egwuregwu 2-2 megide Lamia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/lamia-arhs-2-2-afhse-th-doyleia-sth-mesh.5685444.html|title=Λαμία - Άρης 2-2: Άγγιξε ανατροπή και playoffs|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=22 February 2020|accessdate=8 May 2026|archivedate=22 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222201717/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/lamia-arhs-2-2-afhse-th-doyleia-sth-mesh.5685444.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2020, ọ gbara bọọlụ n'egwuregwu 3-1 megide Olympiacos maka Egwuregwu Super League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/olympiakos-arhs-3-1-katharise-se-enteka-lepta.5720961.html|title=Ολυμπιακός - Άρης 3-1: &quot;Καθάρισε&quot; σε έντεκα λεπτά|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=14 June 2020|accessdate=8 May 2026|archivedate=21 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721125445/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/olympiakos-arhs-3-1-katharise-se-enteka-lepta.5720961.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Enyimba ===
Na Disemba 2024, Ideye bịanyere aka na klọb Njikọ Football Professional nke Naijiria [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] ruo na ngwụcha oge 2024-25. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Meshioye|first=David|title=Brown Ideye joins Enyimba International|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/football/brown-ideye-joins-enyimba-international/|accessdate=31 December 2024|date=30 December 2024|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị klọb ahụ na ngwụcha oge ahụ, o welitere nchegbu n'ihu ọha banyere ọdịmma ndị egwuregwu na ego a na-akwụghị ụgwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Nlebem|first=Anthony|date=2025-07-23|title=Brown Ideye slams Enyimba over unpaid bonuses, poor player welfare|url=https://businessday.ng/sports/article/brown-ideye-slams-enyimba-over-unpaid-bonuses-poor-player-welfare/|accessdate=2025-07-28|work=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Inyang|first=Ifreke|date=2025-07-23|title=NPFL: Pay me my bonuses - Ex-Super Eagles forward Brown Ideye calls out Enyimba|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/23/npfl-pay-me-my-bonuses-ex-super-eagles-forward-brown-ideye-calls-out-enyimba/|accessdate=2025-07-28|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Ideye nọchitere anya mba ya na 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup na Canada. Ọ gbara egwuregwu ise na asọmpi ahụ ma gbaa otu goolu, megide Costa Rica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=273285/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618110039/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=273285/index.html|archivedate=18 June 2008|title=FIFA Player Statistics: Brown IDEYE|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=18 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2010, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi dịka akụkụ nke ndị otu mmadụ iri atọ maka 2010 FIFA World Cup na South Africa. Ọ bụghị akụkụ nke ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ ikpeazụ, mana a kpọrọ ya mgbe [[John Obi Mikel|Mikel John Obi]] merụrụ ahụ n'ikpere wee wepụ onye ọgba bọọlụ ahụ na asọmpi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=1229093/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607043052/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=1229093/index.html|archivedate=7 June 2010|title=Ideye replaces Mikel|publisher=FIFA|date=5 June 2010|accessdate=5 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọkwara Ideye ka ọ bịa n'òtù ndị ikom iri abụọ na atọ nke Naijiria maka iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2013,  na-egwu ọtụtụ egwuregwu ha na asọmpi ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/20970786|title=Nations Cup 2013: Nigeria pick six locally-based players|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|date=10 January 2013|accessdate=10 January 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;stats&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=B. Idye – stats|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ideye-brown/32887/|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=19 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara goolu nke abụọ nke Naịjirịa na mmeri 4-1 ha meriri Mali  wee gbaa bọọlụ na mmeri 1-0 ha meriri Burkina Faso na nke ikpeazụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Glendenning|first=Barry|title=Mali 1-4 Nigeria: Africa Cup of Nations semi-final – as it happened|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/feb/06/mali-nigeria-africa-cup-of-nations-semi-live|accessdate=27 September 2020|work=The Guardian|date=6 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;acup13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Ian|title=Nigeria 1 – 0 Burkina Faso|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/21396138|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=19 August 2014|date=10 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtara Ideye maka ndị otu Naịjirịa na 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22827902|title=Nigeria to take new-look squad to Confederations Cup|date=9 June 2013|accessdate=10 June 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ideye ghọrọ &quot;Director of Player Pathways and Partnerships&quot; ugbu a na Atlantic Business Football Club na July 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sports|first=Pulse|date=2025-07-24|title=Super Eagles icon Ideye gets new job weeks after leaving Kanu Nwankwo’s Enyimba|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/super-eagles-icon-ideye-gets-new-job-weeks-after-leaving-kanu-nwankwos-enyimba-2025072412575982048|accessdate=2025-07-28|work=Pulse Sports Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mogoli|first=Precious|date=2025-07-25|title=Former Super Eagles striker Brown Ideye joins Atlantic Business FC as Director of Player Pathways and Partnerships|url=https://sportsbusinessinafrica.com/news/brown-ideye-atlantic-business-fc/|accessdate=2025-07-28|work=Sports Business in Africa|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-07-24|title=Brown Ideye Gets New Role at Atlantic Business FC After Leaving Enyimba|url=https://sportsration.com/brown-ideye-gets-new-role-at-atlantic-business-fc-after-leaving-enyimba/|accessdate=2025-07-28|work=SportsRation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko mba[a]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Njikọ[b]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kọntinent
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
|Bayelsa United
|2006&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;/&gt;
|Njikọ Premier nke Nigeria
|19
|6
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|19
|6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Ocean Boys F.C.|Ụmụ nwoke Ocean]]
|2006&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot; /&gt;
|Njikọ Premier nke Nigeria
|5
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5
|1
|-
|2007&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot; /&gt;
|Njikọ Premier nke Nigeria
|8
|9
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|8
|9
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!13
!10
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!13
!10
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Neuchâtel Xamax
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot; /&gt;
|Njikọ Super Switzerland
|5
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5
|1
|-
|2008–09
|Njikọ Super Switzerland
|33
|10
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|34
|10
|-
|2009–10
|Njikọ Super Switzerland
|17
|12
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|17
|12
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!55
!23
!1
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!56
!23
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ihe ndị e ji mara ala
|2009–10
|Njikọ 1
|17
|2
|3
|3
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|20
|5
|-
|2010–11
|Njikọ 1
|35
|15
|3
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|38
|17
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!52
!17
!6
!5
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!58
!22
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Dynamo Kyiv
|2011–12
|Njikọ Premier nke Ukraine
|27
|12
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|10[c]
|2
|38
|14
|-
|2012–13
|Njikọ Premier nke Ukraine
|28
|17
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|11[d]
|4
|39
|21
|-
|2013–14
|Njikọ Premier nke Ukraine
|19
|5
|3
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|7[e]
|2
|37
|10
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!74
!34
!5
!3
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!28
!8
!107
!45
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |West Bromwich Albion
|2014–15
|Njikọ Premier
|24
|4
|3
|2
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|30
|7
|-
|2015–16
|Njikọ Premier
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!24
!4
!3
!2
!4
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!31
!7
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Olympiacos
|2015–16
|Njikọ Super Gris
|23
|10
|4
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|8[f]
|1
|35
|13
|-
|2016–17
|Njikọ Super Gris
|20
|13
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|8[g]
|1
|30
|15
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!43
!23
!6
!3
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!16
!2
!65
!28
|-
|Tianjin Teda
|2017
|Njikọ Super China
|14
|4
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|14
|4
|-
|Malaga (onye a gbazinyere) 
|2017–18
|[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]]
|13
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|13
|1
|-
|Aris
|2019–20
|Njikọ Super Gris
|22
|8
|5
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4[e]
|0
|31
|10
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Göztepe
|2020–21
|Süper Lig
|30
|2
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|31
|3
|-
|2021–22
|Süper Lig
|5
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!35
!2
!1
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!36
!3
|-
|Al-Yarmouk
|[[2022–23 Kuwaiti Division One|2022–23]]
|Nkewa nke Mbụ nke Kuwait
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!364
!132
!27
!16
!4
!1
!48
!10
!443
!159
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

=== Mba Nile ===

: ''Ka ọ na-erule egwuregwu a gbara na 31 Mee 2016. Ntinye nke Naijiria depụtara na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ọsọ Ideye ọ bụla gasịrị.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa site na ụbọchị, ebe, okpu, onye mmegide, akara, nsonaazụ na asọmpi
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Mba.
! data-sort-type=&quot;date&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ụbọchị
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ebe a na-anọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Isi
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Onye mmegide
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ihe ruru
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Nsonaazụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ịsọ mpi
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |1
|14 Nọvemba 2012
|Marlins Park, Miami, United States
|5
| Venezuela
|1–0
|3–1
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |2
|6 Febụwarị 2013
|Moses Mabhida Stadium, Durban, South Africa
|11
| Mali
|2–0
|4–1
|2013 Africa Cup of Nations
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |3
|31 Mee 2013
|NRG Stadium, Houston, United States
|14
| Mexico
|1–1
|2–2
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |4
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |10 Septemba 2013
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Ahmadu Bello Stadium]], [[Kaduna]], Nigeria
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |20
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Burkina Faso
|1–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |4–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị nwere omume enyi
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |5
|2–0
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |6
|31 Mee 2016
|Egwuregwu Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
|25
| Luxembourg
|1–0
|3–1
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Brown_Ideye2014.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Ideye na 2014 Ukrainian Cup Final]]
'''Ụmụ nwoke Ocean'''

* Njikọ Premier nke Nigeria: 2006

'''Dynamo Kyiv'''

* Iko Ukraine: 2013-14&lt;ref name=&quot;cf14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dynamo 2 – 1 Shakthar|url=http://www.fpl.ua/ukr/protocol/2013_2014/cup/13/9/|publisher=fpl.ua|accessdate=19 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703072559/http://fpl.ua/ukr/protocol/2013_2014/cup/13/9/|archivedate=3 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Super Cup nke Ukraine: 2011

On 31 August 2015, Ideye joined Olympiacos from West Brom for an undisclosed fee, though believed to be around €6 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Brown Ideye sold to Greek club|url=http://www.wba.co.uk/news/article/wba-albion-brown-ideye-olympiakos-2659239.aspx|publisher=West Bromwich Albion|date=31 August 2015|accessdate=31 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Official: Ideye departs West Brom for Olympiakos|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/11/transfer-zone/2015/08/31/14928332/official-ideye-departs-west-brom-for-olympiakos|date=31 August 2015|accessdate=31 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The prospect of featuring in the Champions League again was rumoured to play a crucial role in convincing Ideye to move to the Athens-based club.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Brown Ideye Joins Olympiakos|url=http://www.soccernet.ng/2015/08/brown-ideye-joins-olympiakos.html|date=31 August 2015|author=Akangbe|first=Biyi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Super League Greece: 2015-162015–16
* Onye nke abụọ na Greek Cup: 2015-162015–16

'''Naịjirịa'''

* Iko Mba Afrịka: 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;acup13&quot;/&gt;

'''Onye ọ bụla'''

* Onye otu Order of the Niger &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Okeleji|first=Oluwashina|authorlink=Oluwashina Okeleji|date=13 February 2013|title=Presidential reward for Super Eagles|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/21450619|work=BBC|accessdate=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]]

== Edensibia ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Brown Ideyena National-Football-Teams.com
* Brown Ideye- Statistics nke French league naLFP- dịkwan'asụsụ French (nke e debere) 
* [http://www.sportifafricain.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=972&amp;Itemid=259 Ajụjụ ọnụ] 
* Brown Ideyen'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
* Brown IdeyenaUAF  (n'asụsụ Ukrainian)  
* Brown Ideyena FootballFacts.ru (n'asụsụ Russian) 
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>hrutu0pw4u5x0pe9vk4vc8r1dhz9tl2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ugo Ukah</title>
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    <id>75331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673680</id>
      <parentid>672754</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:54:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elcarim1</username>
        <id>62511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added an image to the article</comment>
      <origin>673680</origin>
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      <text bytes="5927" sha1="6ckv1lyqaujka6rfguw1rzpziq3zrkt" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Ugochukwu Ukah 2011.jpg|thumb|Ugochukwu Ukah]]
'''Ugochukwu &quot;Ugo&quot; Ukah''' (amụrụ na 18 Jenụwarị 1984) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]]. A mụrụ ya na [[Italy|Ịtali]], Ukah nọchitere anya [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
Ugo Ukah gbara bọọlụ maka otu ndị ntorobịa nke Parma F.C. Oge izizi ya dị ka onye egwuregwu dị elu malitere na oge bọọlụ 2001/2002, mgbe ọ sonyeere ọkwa nke anọ nke US Brescello. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2002, ọ bịanyere aka na otu egwuregwu kachasị elu nke Ịtali A.C. Reggiana 1919 mana ọ pụtaghị na Serie A. Na ngwụcha oge ahụ, ọ hapụrụ Reggiana ma soro Truentina Castel di Lama na F.C. Pro Vasto gbaa bọọlụ n'afọ abụọ sochirinụ.

=== Ndị Queens Park Rangers ===
Ukah sonyeere Queens Park Rangers FC n'oge ọkọchị nke 2005–06. Ọ nọrọ otu oge na ọkara na QPR. Klọb ahụ gbara asọmpi, ọkwa nke abụọ nke bọọlụ Bekee na Ukah, onye ka dị afọ iri na ụma, nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ya na oche, na-eme otu ngosi na asọmpi n'oge 2005–06. Na May 2006, QPR kwupụtara na Ukah abanyela na ụlọ ọrụ Italian Nuorese Calcio na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ. Otú ọ dị, na Nọvemba 2006, e depụtara Ukah na mberede dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ QPR, na-enweghị nkọwa sitere na klọb. E mesịrị tọhapụrụ ya na nkwekọrịta ya wee hapụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na January 2007. O jiri oge fọdụrụnụ nke 2006-07 na Italy na Serie C n'akụkụ Giulianova Calcio. 

Ukah wee kwaga Widzew Łódź na Poland ma ga-egwuri egwu na klọb ahụ maka oge 5 sochirinụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu dị mkpa mgbe Widzew ghọrọ ndị mmeri nke Polish First Division (nke abụọ na Poland) oge abụọ n'usoro 2008-09 na 2009-10). N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2011, a kwụsịtụrụ Ukah n'ọrụ ndị otu mbụ mgbe a mara ya ikpe maka ịkwọ ụgbọala n'okpuru mmetụta.

Mgbe oge 5 gasịrị na Łódź, Ukah kwagara n'akụkụ ọzọ dị elu na Poland, Jagiellonia Białystok, ebe ọ gbara bọọlụ n'oge abụọ sochirinụ.

N'oge okpomọkụ nke 2014, ọ ghọrọ onye nweere onwe ya, bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta otu afọ na ụlọ ọrụ Serbia FK Čukarički nke isi obodo Belgrade.[1] Ugo Ukah agbatịghị nkwekọrịta ya na ndị Serbia SuperLiga Čukarički, n'agbanyeghị atụmanya nke iru eru Europa League. Onye na-ahụ maka etiti ahụ nwere ọganihu na-aga nke ọma na Čukarički n'oge gara aga, na-enyere ụlọ ọrụ isi obodo aka imeri aha mbụ ha kemgbe ha malitere 88 afọ gara aga - Cup Serbia - ma mechaa nke atọ na SuperLiga. &quot;Achọghị m ịgbatị nkwekọrịta m, nkwekọrịta mụ na Čukarički agwụla. &quot;Enwere m oge dị mma,&quot; Ugo Ukah gwara news24.com.

=== AEL Kalloni ===
Enwere ike ikpughe na nkwekọrịta Ugochukwu Ukah dere na klọb Greek Kalloni bụ maka afọ abụọ, na-egwu na Greek Super League. &quot;Abịanyewo m aka na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ na Kalloni ma malite ọzụzụ na otu ahụ na Mọnde (July 6), &quot;Ugo Ukah gwara ''allnigeriasoccer.com''.

=== Selangor FA ===
N'ọnwa Julaị 2016, Ukah bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ na otu Malaysian Super League, Selangor FA, na-anọchi Robert Cornthwaite.

=== Penang FA ===
N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2018, ndị otu Malaysia Premier League FA Penang kwupụtara mbata nke onye na-agbachitere mba Naịjirịa bụ Ugo Ukah n'ụzọ a na-akọwaghị. Allnigeriasoccer.com ka onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ n'onwe ya gwara na ọ gbakwunyere aka ya na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ ya na Panthers. Ukah na-egwuri egwu ugbu a maka Panthers, Penang FA, otu klọb [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] ọkachamara na-egwuregwu ugbu a na ngalaba nke abụọ nke bọọlụ Malaysia, Malaysia Premier League.

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Ukah onye amụrụ ma zụlite na Parma, Ịtali kwuru na ezinụlọ ya nwere obi ụtọ mgbe o mere nke mbụ ya maka Eagles na [[Kaduna]] megide Zambia. Onye nkuzi Samson Siasia kpọrọ onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ dị afọ iri abụọ na asaa n'oge ahụ, mana ọ nwetaghị ohere ya ruo mgbe egwuregwu Kaduna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201112020501.html|title=Nigeria: Ukah Ready to Play Hard for Eagles|date=2011-12-02|work=Vanguard (Lagos)|accessdate=2018-05-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2014, Ukah kwuru na ọ wụsịghị ya akpata oyi n'ahụ na Naịjirịa erughị eru maka iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2015 na Equatorial Guinea n'ihi na ndị egwuregwu kachasị mma na mba ahụ anaghị agba bọọlụ maka otu ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule mgbe ahụ, onye na-agbachitere etiti Čukarički, onye Naijiria kpuchiri otu ugboro, jụrụ onye nkuzi yardsticks Stephen Keshi na-akpọ ndị egwuregwu na ihe mere o ji tinye ndị egwuregwu ga-enyere Naijiria aka n'ụbọchị egwuregwu. &quot;Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na mba m hụrụ n'anya Naịjirịa erughị eru ịgbachitere iko mba ndị meriri n'afọ gara aga. Nke a bụ n'ihi na e nwere ndị egwuregwu ka mma karịa ndị na-egwuri egwu maka Naịjirị ugbu a, yabụ ha kwesịrị ohere igosi onwe ha na otu mba&quot;, Ukah gwara '''africanFootball.com.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/ugo-ukah-faults-keshis-selection-policy/|title=Ugo Ukah faults Keshi's selection policy – The Nation Nigeria|date=2014-11-23|accessdate=2018-05-14|language=en-US|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==

; Widzew Łódź

* I liga: 2008-09, 2009-10

; Čukarički

* Iko Serbia: 2014-15

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ugo Ukahna Soccerbase
* Ugo Ukahna90minut.pl  (n'asụsụ Polish) 
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>6ckv1lyqaujka6rfguw1rzpziq3zrkt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maduka Okoye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75346</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673740</id>
      <parentid>672741</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T19:20:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elcarim1</username>
        <id>62511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
      <origin>673740</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11509" sha1="blt2pq6kgzyd4it8w5z67pzruq52iux" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Okoye 2026.jpg|thumb|Maduka Okoye]]
A mụrụ Okoye na Düsseldorf, nna [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] Naijiria na nne German-French. Okoye nwere ụmụ amaala Naijiria, France na Germany site n'aka nne na nna ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sport Science Helping Okyoe Cope|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/sports-science-helping-okyoe-cope/|work=herald.co.zw|publisher=The Herald|accessdate=15 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2017, ọ hapụrụ otu ndị ntorobịa nke Bayer Leverkusen, ebe ọ gbara bọọlụ kemgbe afọ 2009 iji sonye na otu ndị ntụrụndụ nke Fortuna Düsseldorf.

Na 14 October 2017, o mere mpụta mbụ ọkachamara ya na Regionalliga West maka Fortuna Düsseldorf II na egwuregwu megide Wuppertaler SV, dochie Max Schijns merụrụ ahụ na nkeji 43rd nke egwuregwu ahụ.  Ọ kwụsịrị oge 2017 / 2018 na ngosi 5, na-enye nanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ 1 ma na-edebe 4 dị ọcha, ebe ụlọ ọrụ ya kwụsịrị oge na ọnọdụ 15th na 36 isi mgbe egwuregwu 34 gasịrị, na-agbanarị mgbapụ na Oberliga.

N'afọ 2018/2019, ọ ghọrọ onye na-edebe goolu na klọb ahụ. N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2019, ọ gbara bọọlụ ikpeazụ ya n'oge ahụ, megide SV Rödinghausen, mgbe onye na-edebe bọọlụ Jannick Theissen nọchiri ya n'ọkwa maka egwuregwu ndị ọzọ. Ọ gwụchara oge ahụ na 15 appearances, na-enyefe 25 goals na-edebe 3 clean sheets. N'oge a, klọb ya mere nke ọma karịa oge gara aga, na-emecha oge ahụ na ọnọdụ nke iri na abụọ na akara 42 mgbe egwuregwu 34 gasịrị.

N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2019, ọ gbara bọọlụ mbụ ya n'afọ 2019/2020 na mmeri 2-1 n'ụlọ megide Schalke 04 II.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma8946464/lineup/|title=Fortuna Düsseldorf II - FC Schalke 04 II 2:1 (Regionalliga West 2019/2020, 5. Round)|date=24 August 2019|accessdate=25 August 2019|work=World Football}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sparta Rotterdam ===
N'ọnwa Julaị 2020, Okoye bịanyere aka na Sparta Rotterdam nke Eredivise n'efu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sparta-rotterdam.nl/sparta-contracteert-doelman-okoye/|title=SPARTA SIGNS GOALKEEPER OKOYE|date=13 July 2020|accessdate=10 November 2021|work=sparta-rotterdam.nl/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ ya Sparta's Player of the Season, na-edebe 10 clean sheets na 28 league egwuregwu n'oge 2020/21 oge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sparta-rotterdam.nl/maduka-okoye-verkozen-tot-speler-seizoen-20-21/|title=MADUKA OKOYE NAMED PLAYER OF THE SEASON 20/21|date=30 June 2021|accessdate=10 November 2021|work=sparta-rotterdam.nl/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021, Okoye bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta ruo 2025.

=== Watford ===
Na 8 Nọvemba 2021, a mara ọkwa na Okoye ekwerela isonyere ndị otu Premier League Watford na nkwekọrịta afọ ise na ọkara maka ego a na-akọwaghị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.watfordfc.com/news/official-watford-reach-okoye-agreement|title=Official: Watford Reach Okoye Agreement|date=8 November 2021|accessdate=10 November 2021|work=watfordfc.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okoye sonyeere Watford na 1 Jenụwarị 2022. Nkwekọrịta ahụ hụrụ Okoye gbazinyere Sparta Rotterdam ruo na njedebe nke mkpọsa 2021-22. Okoye mere nke mbụ ya na Watford na 23 Ọgọstụ 2022 na mmeri 2-0 n'ụlọ na MK Dons na agba nke abụọ nke EFL Cup.

=== Udinese ===
N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, Okoye bịanyere aka na klọb Serie A Udinese maka ego a na-akọwaghị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Official: Okoye Departs|url=https://www.watfordfc.com/news/official-okoye-departs|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=Watford FC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2025, ndị Italian Football Federation kwụsịtụrụ ya ọnwa abụọ mgbe ebubo nke idozi egwuregwu n'oge egwuregwu megide Lazio na 2024, nke a chọpụtara na ọ mebiri ụkpụrụ nke ikpe ziri ezi mana e wepụrụ ya ebumnuche idozi egwuregwu ahụ n'onwe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Udinese keeper Okoye banned for two months after match-fixing probe|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250723-udinese-keeper-okoye-banned-for-two-months-after-match-fixing-probe|accessdate=23 July 2025|work=France 24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2017, onye nkuzi nke [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu Mba Naịjirịa]], Gernot Rohr kwuru maka atụmatụ ya ịkpọ Maduka ka ọ bịa na ndị otu mba naịjirịa tupu asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke afọ 2018, mana atụmatụ ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.brila.net/russia-2018-rohr-invite-german-born-goalkeeper-maduka-okoye|title=Super Eagles boss Rohr to invite German-born goalkeeper Maduka Okoye|date=30 November 2017|accessdate=23 August 2019|work=Brila FM News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 20 February 2019, n'oge mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu Naijiria, Oma Akatugba, Maduka kwuru na ọ na-emeghe ka ndị otu mba Naijiria na-akpọ ya ma dị njikere iyi akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ọcha.

N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2019, Imama Amapakabo, onye nkuzi nke otu egwuregwu Nigeria U23, kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa n'òtù egwuregwu nke U23 nke Naijiria maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke 2019 megide Libya U-23, mana o nweghị ike ịme nke mbụ, n'ihi njikọ aka na klọb.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/02/nigeria-u-23-amapakabo-opens-contact-with-fortuna-dusseldorf-goalkeeper|title=Nigeria U-23: Amapakabo opens contact with Fortuna Dusseldorf goalkeeper|date=22 February 2019|accessdate=23 August 2019|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2019, a kpọrọ Maduka ọzọ ka ọ bịa n'òtù U23 nke Naijiria maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka U-23 nke 2019 megide Sudan U-23. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://aoifootball.com/2019/05/09/afcon-u-23-finally-maduka-okoye-gets-dream-team-call-up|title=AFCON U-23: Finally, Maduka Okoye gets Dream Team call-up|date=9 May 2019|accessdate=23 August 2019|work=AOI Football News|archivedate=26 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826051401/https://aoifootball.com/2019/05/09/afcon-u-23-finally-maduka-okoye-gets-dream-team-call-up/}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bu ụzọ hazie egwuregwu bọọlụ ahụ ka ọ mee n'etiti 3 na 11 June 2019, mana [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] kwagara ya na Septemba 2-10 2019, a kpaliri oge ahụ site na ịdị nso nke egwuregwu ruru eru na 2019 Africa Cup of Nations nke e mere site na 21 June ruo 19 July 2019, na Egypt. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/caf-shifts-sudan-nigeria-u23-fixtures|title=CAF shifts Sudan-Nigeria U23 fixtures|date=15 May 2019|accessdate=23 August 2019|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2019, onye nkuzi nke [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu Mba Naịjirịa]], Gernot Rohr, kwuru na ọ na-elekwasị anya na Maduka ka ọ na-achọ idozi nsogbu ndị na-edebe goolu nke kpaliri ndị otu ya kemgbe [[Carl Ikeme]] hapụrụ n'ihi ọrịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/rohr-banks-on-okoye-to-solve-eagles-keeper-crisis|title=Rohr banks on Okoye to solve Eagles' keeper crisis|date=26 July 2019|accessdate=23 August 2019|work=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 14 Ọgọst 2019, Rohr kpọrọ Maduka maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Ukraine, nke a ga-egwu na 10 June 2019 na Dnipro-Arena..

N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2019, o mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa dị ka onye nnọchi anya n'egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Brazil nke gwụchara 1-1 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/uzoho-stretchered-off-in-agony-after-suffering-injury/bhpnzlpvm3591cc4vahfs8w06|title=Uzoho stretchered off in agony after suffering injury against Brazil|date=13 October 2019|accessdate=13 October 2019|work=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2021, onye na-azụ ndị uwe ojii Eguavoen depụtara ya na [[Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2021|2021 AFCON Nations Cup]] dị ka akụkụ nke ndị otu Nigeria dị iri abụọ na asatọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Eguavoen announces Nigeria final TotalEnergies AFCON squad|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa-cup-of-nations/news/eguavoen-announces-nigeria-final-totalenergies-afcon-squad|accessdate=2022-01-11|work=CAF|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==
[[w:updated|match played 23 February 2026]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|453514|Maduka Okoye|access-date=12 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko mba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Fortuna Düsseldorf nke Abụọ
|2017–18
|Ndị nọ n'okpuru afọ 19 Bundesliga
|13
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|13
|0
|-
|2017–18
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Regionalliga West
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5
|0
|-
|2018–19
|15
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|15
|0
|-
|2019–20
|14
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|14
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!34
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!34
!0
|-
|Jong Sparta
|2020–21
|Tweede nkewa
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Sparta Rotterdam
|2020–21
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Eredivisie
|28
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1
|0
|30
|0
|-
|2021–22
|30
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|31
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!58
!0
!2
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!1
!0
!61
!0
|-
|Watford
|2022–23
|Mmeri
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Udinese
|2023–24
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Usoro A
|21
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|0
|-
|2024–25
|25
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|26
|0
|-
|[[2025–26 Udinese Calcio season|2025–26]]
|18
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|18
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!64
!0
!2
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!66
!0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!171
!0
!5
!0
!1
!0
!1
!0
!178
!0
|}

=== Mba Nile ===
[[w:updated|23 January 2022]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ
!Ndị otu mba
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]
|-
|2019
|1
|0
|-
|2020
|4
|0
|-
|2021
|8
|0
|-
|2022
|3
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!16
!0
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==

* Eredivisie Team of the Month: Machị 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eredivisie.eu/news/fc-twente-is-the-main-provider-for-the-eredivisie-team-of-the-month/|title=FC Twente is the main provider for the Eredivisie team of the month|date=April 1, 2022|work=eredivisie.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Maduka Okoyena WorldFootball.net
* Maduka Okoyen'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
[[w:|Udinese Calcio squad]]
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'''Marie Gasquet''' (French pronunciation: [maʁi ɡaskɛ]; 1872-1960) bụ onye edemede mpaghara French si Provence.&lt;ref&gt;[[William Sharp (writer)|William Sharp]] (Fiona Macleod), ''A Memoir Compiled by His Wife'', ed. Elizabeth Amelia Sharp, Duffield &amp; Company, 1910, p.  327 [https://books.google.com/books?id=f11bAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Marie+Gasquet%22]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Faịlụ:Marie Gasquet 1919.jpg|thumb|Marie Gasquet]]

== Akụkọ ndụ ==

=== Oge ọ malitere ===
A mụrụ Marie Gasquet na Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône na 1872.  Nna ya, Marius Girard, bụ onye na-ede uri Provençal. Nna nna ya bụ Frédéric Mistral.. 

=== Ọrụ ===
Ọ kwagara Paris ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Flammarion wee bụrụ onye edemede na-aga nke ọma.  A kpọrọ ya eze nwanyị nke Felibrige n'afọ 1892. &lt;ref name=&quot;Saint-Remy&quot;&gt;Biography from the [[Saint-Remy-de-Provence]] website [http://www.saintremy-de-provence.com/anglais/ecriv.htm]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndụ onwe onye ===
Ọ lụrụ Joachim Gasquet, enyi Paul Cézanne.&lt;ref&gt;Sidney Geist, ''Interpreting Cézanne'', [[Harvard University Press]], 1989, p.  27 [https://books.google.com/books?id=qaBQAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22marie+gasquet%22]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ nwụrụ na 1960.

== Akwụkwọ ==

* ''Oge ọ bụ nwata''
* ''Saint Jeanne d'Arc ...''
* ''Ihe ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwu maka ụmụ nwanyị''
* ''Nwanne nwanyị Capucine''
* ''Nwa nwanyị nke St. Francis''
* ''Ememe Chineke''
* ''Khapernaum''
* ''Ọrụ Penelope''
* ''Saint Bernadette nke Lourdes''
* ''Onye A Na-asọpụrụ Anne-Madeleine Remuzat''

== Edemsibia ==
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[[Faịlụ:Elisabeth de Feydeau.jpg|thumb|Elisabeth de Feydeau]]
 {{Reflist}}Élisabeth de Feydeau (amụrụ na 28 Julaị 1966), bụ onye France na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye edemede. Ọ bụkwa ọkachamara na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Élisabeth de Feydeau de Saint-Christophe,  nke a mụrụ '''Mabille nke Poncheville''', bụ nwa nwa André Mabille de poncheville, onye France na-ede uri na onye edemede, na nwa nwa Georges Vidor, onye nwe ụgbọ mmiri. Site n'ihe nketa ezinụlọ a, ọ zụlitere site na nwata mmasị maka ide ihe, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na omenala French.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, ọ chọpụtara ike mmụọ nke ísì mgbe mbụ ọ gbazere L'heure bleue site n'aka Guerlain, bụ nke ọ hụrụ n'anya ozugbo. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ na-enwe mmetụta nke ukwuu maka ụwa nke ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, bụ́ nke na-ekwughachi ụwa egwu, na iberibe piano ọ mụụrụ mgbe ọ bụ nwata.

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na doctorate na akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ ghọrọ onye otu kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ọdịbendị na ụlọ ọrụ ejiji Chanel na Bourjois. O hiwere ma na-elekọta ngalaba ebe ahụ, na-enweta ihe ọmụma mbụ ya gbasara akụrụngwa maka isi ísì.

Mgbe ahụmahụ a gasịrị, o kpebiri, na 1997, ịmalite ụlọ ọrụ nke ya, &quot;Arty Fragrance&quot;, ebe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka mmepe ísì na ọdịbendị. Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ maka aha ndị a ma ama n'ụwa nke ime ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ: n'etiti ndị ọzọ, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Chanel, Christian Dior Perfume, L'Oréal Paris, yana Guerlain.

Ọ gara n'ihu na isi ọrụ nyocha ya na-esi ísì ụtọ wee dee akwụkwọ gbasara ya: Jean-Louis Fargeon, onye na-esi ísì ụtọ nke Marie-Antoinette (2005), L'Herbier de Marie-Antoinette (2012), Les Parfums, akụkọ ihe mere eme, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, anthologie (2011), Les 101 mots du13ms.

Taa ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na-esi ụtọ nabatara ya ma kụzie ya na School of Fragrances na Versailles kemgbe afọ 1998.

O meela ọtụtụ ihe ngosi, dị ka &quot;Parfums de Promenade&quot;, na &quot;Galerie des Galeries&quot; (Galeries Lafayette, 2001) na &quot;La Cour des Senteurs de Versailles&quot; (2013). Ọ na-emekwa ihe omume na nzukọ gburugburu ụwa, ọkachasị na mba ndị na-asụ French.

N'afọ 2011, o weputara akara &quot;Arty Fragrance nke Elisabeth de Feydeau&quot;, ebe o mepụtara ma zụọ ahịa ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, niile sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ na ọkaibe nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa na nke iri na asatọ nke France, dịka enwere ike ịnụ ha, karịa ebe ọ bụla ọzọ, na Château de Versailles: ọ na-agakarị na Ogige Versailles, mgbe ọ na-eme nchọpụta maka akwụkwọ ya. N'afọ 2006, onye na-azụ rose bụ Meilland họọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ nne nkuzi nke rose ọhụrụ a na-akpọ &quot;Petit Trianon&quot;, ya na onye ọzọ na-emepụta ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, Francis Kurkdjian, onye ya na ya ka mepụtara ísì ụtọ nke eze nwanyị France Marie-Antoinette: Le Sillage de la Reine.

Kemgbe afọ 2008, ọ na-ejide blọgụ ebe ọ na-ebipụta akụkọ mgbe niile gbasara ihe nsure ọkụ na-esi ísì ụtọ, ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ - na, n'ụzọ zuru oke, gbasara ụwa nke ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ.

== Ihe ndị e ji mara ya ==

* 2005: Prix Guerlain maka akwụkwọ ya Jean-Louis Fargeon, parfumeur de Marie-Antoinette (2005) 
* 2010: Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres site na minista ọdịbendị, Frederic Mitterrand.
* 2010: Dame de la Jurade na Saint-Émilion.
* 2013: Achievement Award na ngalaba nke Onye Okike nke CEW (Cosmetic Executive Women) 

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

* ''France, Terre de Luxe'' (La Martinière Group, 2000 na mmekorita ya na Jacques Marseille) 
* Otu n'ime ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ, ihe na-esi ụtọ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ (Milan, 2001 na mmekorita) 
* Le Livre des grandes marques: à la découverte des marques grand public parmi les plus fort de France, collectif (Milan's editions, 2003) 
* Jean-Louis Fargeon, parfumeur de Marie-Antoinette (Perrin, 2005, sụgharịrị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ) 
* ''Diptyque'' (Perrin, 2007) 
* Les Parfums: histoire, anthologie, dictionnaire (Robert Laffont, 2011) 
* L'Herbier de Marie-Antoinette (Flammarion, 2012, n'okpuru nduzi nke Alain Baraton, sụgharịrị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ) 
* ''Okwu 101 nke ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ'' (Archibooks, 2013) 
* ''Bourjois: ịma mma na ụda olu French kemgbe 1863 '', Editions du Chêne, 2014
* ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Guerlain. Ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ na Paris'', Flammarion, 2017

== Edensibịa ==

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'''Françoise Cloarec''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1957 na Paris)  onye edemede French, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-enyocha uche mmadụ

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Beaux-Arts de Paris, ebe ọ gụsịrị karatu na 1972, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biographie de Françoise Cloarec|work=[[France Inter]]|url=https://www.franceinter.fr/personnes/francoise-cloarec|accessdate=2018-10-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Françoise Cloarec tụgharịrị gaa na Psychoanalysis, na-akwadebe nzere doctorate na psychoanalyses na Serapine Louis na Mahadum Paris Diderot, nke ọ gbachitere na 1984. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Un cas de peinture spontanée Séraphine de Senlis : approche psychobiographique|work=SUDOC|url=http://www.sudoc.fr/134255690|accessdate=2018-10-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya dị ka ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara uche na akparamàgwà mmadụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ Ville-Évrard, ọ bụkwa onye na-ese ihe osise, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Paradoxes au Féminin - Françoise CLOAREC|work=Europia|url=http://europia.org/Cloarec/index.htm|accessdate=2018-10-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọ gosipụtara na Jardin du Luxembourg orangery n'afo 2000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Exposition de Françoise Cloarec et Roberto Borghesi à l'orangerie du Sénat à Paris (Août 2000)|work=Françoise Cloarec|url=http://f.cloarec.chez-alice.fr/exposition_senat.html|accessdate=2018-10-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Françoise Cloarec bụkwa onye edemede. O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe (Serapine Louis, Camille Claudel, Marie Laurencin), yana akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere Siria, obodo nke nwere mmetụta miri emi na ya mgbe ọ chọpụtara ya na 1993 n'oge ogbako na ihe ngosi nke eserese ya  n'oge  1993 nzukọ na ngosi nke ihe osise ya na Aleppo.

Ọ ghọrọ Ordre des Arts et des Lettres na 2001, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|work=Le Figaro|title=Françoise Cloarec|url=http://evene.lefigaro.fr/celebre/biographie/francoise-cloarec-4605518.php|accessdate=2018-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 2017 na 2018 bụ onye otu ndị ọka ikpe maka Prix Anaïs-Nin . Akụkụ nke &quot;Montluc, Résistance et Liberté&quot; akwụkwọ edemede.

== Ọrụ ==

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.francoisecloarec.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị]
* [https://www.franceinter.fr/personnes/francoise-cloarec Françoise Cloarec] na France Inter
* Françoise Cloarec - Onye na-enweghị ọrụ na YouTube
* L'Indolente na Babelio
* Ihe osise [http://europia.org/Cloarec/ Françoise Cloarec]
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'''Marie-Anne Cohendet''' bụ onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke French na ọkachamara na iwu iwu. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na ngalaba [[iwu ọha na eze]] na Mahadum Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne . Cohendet na-amụ banyere usoro iwu na nhazi nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị French, ọ na-edekwa maka mgbanwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ike ime na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị France.

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ọnọdụ ọkachamara ==
Cohendet gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1991 na Mahadum Jean Moulin Lyon 3 na nzere doctorate na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/recherche/page-perso/page/?tx_oxcspagepersonnel_pi1[page]=cv&amp;tx_oxcspagepersonnel_pi1[uid]=cohendet|title=Marie-Anne Cohendet profile|publisher=University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne|language=fr|accessdate=21 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dere akwụkwọ edemede doctorate ya n'oge dị n'agbata afọ 1986 na 1988 mgbe Onyeisiala France chere ihu n'ọtụtụ ndị mmegide na Palịament nke France, na-elekwasị anya karịsịa na nrụgide a na-enwetụbeghị mbụ nke ọnọdụ a tinyere n'ahụ ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na iwu nke France. &lt;ref name=&quot;theses&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO33001|title=Theses L'épreuve de la cohabitation: mars 1986–mai 1988|publisher=Theses Fr|language=fr|accessdate=21 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede Cohendet L'épreuve de la cohabitation: mars 1986-May 1988, Pierre Vialle duziri ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;theses&quot; /&gt; ọ gara nke ọma na nchịkọta iwu ọha nke 1992. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000163002|language=fr|title=JORF n°133|publisher=Government of France|date=10 June 1992|accessdate=21 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Marie-Anne Cohendet.jpg|thumb|Marie-Anne Cohendet]]
In September 1992, Cohendet was appointed to the faculty of Jean Moulin University Lyon 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000177940|title=Décrets du 10 septembre 1992 portant nomination et titularisation (enseignements supérieurs)|language=fr|publisher=Government of France|date=15 September 1992|accessdate=21 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was subsequently a professor at Lumière University Lyon 2 and at Institut d'études politiques de Lyon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000581175&amp;fastPos=4&amp;fastReqId=1925872143&amp;categorieLien=id&amp;oldAction=rechTexte|language=fr|title=Arrêté du 1er décembre 1999 portant nomination au Conseil national des universités|publisher=Government of France|date=7 December 1999|accessdate=21 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was then appointed to The University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000028143861&amp;fastPos=1&amp;fastReqId=1925872143&amp;categorieLien=id&amp;oldAction=rechTexte|title=Arrêté du 16 octobre 2013 portant nomination pour l'année 2013 des membres du jury du second concours national d'agrégation de l'enseignement supérieur pour le recrutement de professeurs des universités dans les disciplines juridiques, politiques, économiques et de gestion en droit public|publisher=Government of France|language=fr|date=3 November 2013|accessdate=21 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cohendet mepụtara edemede ya n'ime akwụkwọ banyere otu isiokwu ahụ, nke e bipụtara na 2003 nke akpọrọ La cohabitation, leçons d'une expérience . &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/recherche/page-perso/page/?tx_oxcspagepersonnel_pi1[page]=cv&amp;tx_oxcspagepersonnel_pi1[uid]=cohendet|title=Marie-Anne Cohendet profile|publisher=University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne|language=fr|accessdate=21 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dekwara akwụkwọ gbasara iwu obodo, ụdị ọchịchị ndị France, na ụzọ nyocha e si amụ iwu ọha.

N'afọ 2015, Cohendet bụ onye otu Claude Bartolone maka ọdịnihu nke ụlọ ọrụ dị na French National Assembly, nke e nyere ọrụ inyocha ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke French Fifth Republic ma na-atụ aro mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ iwu ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/autres-commissions/avenir-des-institutions|title=Groupe de travail sur l'avenir des institutions|publisher=National Assembly|language=fr|accessdate=21 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cohendet was a co-author, with [[Dominique Bourg]], Bastien François ([[:fr:Bastien François|Fr]]), Loïc Blondiaux ([[:fr:Loïc Blondiaux|Fr]]) and Jean-Michel Fourniau, of a 2017 report for the Nicolas Hulot Foundation for Nature and Man called ''Osons le Big Bang démocratique'', which outlines how a constituent assembly could be created in France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|language=fr|url=http://www.fondation-nature-homme.org/sites/default/files/osons_le-big_bang3.pdf|title=Osons le Big Bang démocratique|publisher=Nicolas Hulot Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also co-authored, with Jérôme Lang ([[:fr:Jérôme Lang|Fr]]), Jean-François Laslier ([[:fr:Jean-François Laslier|Fr]]), Frédéric Sawicki ([[:fr:Frédéric Sawicki|Fr]]), and Thierry Pech ([[:fr:Thierry Pech|Fr]]) a 2017 report for the think tank Terra Nova that recommended that France adopt a mixed electoral system in which at least a quarter of deputies to the federal assembly are elected through proportional representation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tnova.fr/rapports/une-dose-de-proportionnelle-pourquoi-comment-laquelle|title=Une &quot;dose de proportionnelle&quot; : pourquoi ? comment ? laquelle ?|publisher=Terra Nova Think Tank|language=fr|date=19 March 2017|accessdate=21 May 2020|archivedate=5 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233650/http://tnova.fr/rapports/une-dose-de-proportionnelle-pourquoi-comment-laquelle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|language=fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2018/03/19/legislatives-l-enjeu-de-la-dose-de-proportional_5273091_823448.html|first=Manon|author=Rescon|work=Le Monde|title=Législatives : quelle dose de proportionnelle ?}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2018 report co-authored by Cohendet for Terra Nova proposed a citizens' initiative referendum in which one hundred randomly chosen citizens would receive, summarize, and distribute information about public referendums.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tnova.fr/notes/le-referendum-d-initiative-citoyenne-deliberatif|title=Le Référendum d'Initiative Citoyenne Délibératif|publisher=Terra Nova Think Tank|language=fr|date=18 February 2019|accessdate=21 May 2020|archivedate=22 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204756/http://tnova.fr/notes/le-referendum-d-initiative-citoyenne-deliberatif}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kpọtụrụ ọrụ Cohendet aha, ma ọ bụ a gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ, na mgbasa ozi gụnyere , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190314-french-state-lawsuit-climate-change-environment|title=French state faces landmark lawsuit over climate inaction|work=France 24|first=Benjamin|author=Dodman|date=14 March 2019|accessdate=21 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; France Culture, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/le-temps-du-debat/la-justice-doit-elle-prendre-en-compte-le-calendrier-politique|title=La justice doit-elle prendre en compte le calendrier politique ?|work=France Culture|language=fr|first=Emmanuel|author=Laurentin|date=19 September 2019|accessdate=21 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Le Monde. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2020/03/16/le-report-du-second-tour-des-municipales-est-il-possible_6033245_823448.html|title=Elections municipales 2020 : le probable report du second tour en raison du coronavirus promet un casse-tête juridique|work=Le Monde|first=Benoît|author=Floc'h|date=16 March 2020|accessdate=21 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

* La cohabitation, lesçons d'une expérience, P.U.F., Recherches politiques collection (2003) 
* Méthodes de travail en droit public, Montchrestien (1994, bipụtara ọzọ na 1995 na 1998) 
* ''Onye isi ala'', Dalloz, Ihe ọmụma nke iwu nchịkọta (2002) 
* Iwu iwu, L.G.D.J., ọrụ anakọtara (2013) 

== Edemsibia ==
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    <title>Guy Chantepleure</title>
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'''Jeanne-Caroline Augusta Violet Dussap''' (1 Febụwarị 1870 na Paris - 26 June 1951 na Mayenne) bụ onye edemede France nke dere akwụkwọ n'okpuru aha Guy Chantepleure ma ọ bụ Guy de Chantepleure. A na-echeta ya nke ọma maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Ma conscience en robe rose (1895), nke e nyere ya ihe nrite Montyon 1896.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guy de Chantepleure (La gran dama de la novela romántica)|url=https://capitulo1.escueladeformaciondeescritores.es/guy-de-chantepleure|work=Capítulo 1|accessdate=16 June 2022|language=es|date=27 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Boeckh|first=Katrin|title=The Wars of Yesterday: The Balkan Wars and the Emergence of Modern Military Conflict, 1912-13|date=31 January 2018|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78533-775-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Bookseller and the Stationery Trades' Journal: An Illustrated Monthly Record of the Book, Stationery, Leather Goods, and Allied Trades|date=1900|publisher=Bookseller and Stationery Trades Journal|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Williams|first=Tami|title=Germaine Dulac: A Cinema of Sensations|date=15 June 2014|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-09636-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Office|first=Library of Congress Copyright|title=Catalog of Copyright Entries. New Series: 1931|date=1932|publisher=Copyright Office, Library of Congress|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ lụrụ [[Edgar Dussap]], onye nnọchi anya mba ofesi nke jere ozi dị ka Kọnsul General na Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, Gris na Australia.&lt;ref name=&quot;S160532&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/230111976|title=Topics for Women|work=The Sun|page=10|date=16 May 1932|accessdate=12 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
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    <title>Nina Companeez</title>
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'''Nina Companeez''' (26 Ọgọst 1937 - 9 Eprel 2015) bụ onye France na-ede ihe nkiri na Onye nduzi ihe nkiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NY Times&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/85630/Nina-Companeez|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102125059/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/85630/Nina-Companeez|archivedate=2 November 2012|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Baseline (database)|Baseline]] &amp; [[All Movie Guide]]|date=2012|title=New York Times: Nina Companéez|accessdate=9 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nina Companeez was the younger daughter of Russian Jewish émigré screenwriter Jacques Companéez and younger sister of contralto Irène Companeez. She was the mother of actress Valentine Varela. 

Companeez bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge na Michel Deville.O dere edemede maka ihe nkiri iri abụọ na itoolu na ihe ngosi telivishọn. Na Eprel 2015, ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na asaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2015/04/09/97001-20150409FILWWW00375-deces-de-la-realisatrice-de-television-et-de-cinema-nina-companeez.php|title=écès de la réalisatrice de télévision et de cinéma Nina Companeez|accessdate=9 April 2015|work=lefigaro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ ==

=== Onye edemede ===
  

=== Onye na-eme ihe nkiri ===

* ''Benjamin'' (1968) - Onye ọbịa (onye a na-edeghị aha ya) 
* Bye bye, Barbara (1969) - Onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ na-akpọ oku (enweghị aha) 
* The Bear and the Doll (1970) - Dame en blanche (enweghị aha) 

== Edensibia ==
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[[Faịlụ:Claude Gauvard (2023).jpg|thumb|Claude Gauvard]]
'''Claude Gauvard''' bụ onye France na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọkachamara n'oge etiti. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Société de l'histoire de France kemgbe afọ 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.shfrance.org/actu.htm|title=SHF Actualité|work=www.shfrance.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ ==
Ọ bụ onye enyemaka na Mahadum Rouen na 1969, mgbe ahụ na Sorbonne na 1971. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Pantheon - Mahadum Sorbonne . Na 1989, ọ gbachitere akara mmụta doctoral ya, Crime, État et société en France à la fin du Moyen Âge (nke natara Malesherbes Prize na Gobert Award site na Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres).

N'afọ 1990, ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge etiti na Mahadum nke Reims. Ọ laghachiri na Mahadum Panthéon-Sorbonne na 1992, ebe ọ kụziri akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge etiti ruo afọ 2009.

== Ọrụ ==

* Ọ bụ amara pụrụ iche. Mpụ, Ọchịchị na Ọha na France na ngwụcha Oge Ụwa, 2 mpịakọta. , Paris, mbipụta nke Sorbonne, 1991 (E bipụtaghachiri 2010),
* Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịsị ya. , La renommée, n° nke magazin Médiévales, 24 (1993).
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Françoise Autrand &amp; Jean-Marie Moeglin (onye ndu), Saint-Denis et la royauté: études offerées à Bernard Guenée, Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 1999.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Pierre Boglioni &amp;Robert Delort (dir.), Le petit peuple dans l'Occident médiéval: terminologies, perceptions, réalités: actes du Congrès international tenu à l'Université de Montréal (18-23 October 1999), Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2002.
* Jean-Louis Robert (dir.), Être parisien: actes du colloque haziri site na ụlọ akwụkwọ doctoral nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mahadum Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne na Federation of Historical and Archaeological Societies of Paris-Île-de-France (26-28 Septemba 2002), Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2004.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Jacques Chiffoleau &amp; Andrea Zorzi (dir.), Pratiques sociales et politiques judiciaires dans les villes de l'Occident à la fin du Moyen Âge, Rome, École française de Rome, 2007.
* Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịsị ya. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịsị ya. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Loïc Cadiet, Frédéric Chauvaud, Pauline Schmitt-Pantel &amp; Myriam Tsikounas (ed.), Figures de femmes criminelles de l'Antiquité à nos jours, Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2010.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ onwe onye nke afọ 2013  
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ onwe onye nke afọ 2013  
* France na Middle Ages nke narị afọ nke ise ruo na nke iri na ise, Paris, PUF, 2014
* N'okpuru nduzi ya na nke Jean-François Sirinelli, Dictionnaire de l'historien, PUF, 2015, 786 peeji.
* N'okpuru nduzi ya, Une histoire de France, Paris, PUF, 2017.
* Ikpe ọnwụ n'oge ụwa na-emepechabeghị anya. Omume nke ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ na France XIIIe-XVe siècle, Paris, PUF, 2018.

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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; Edesibia{{Reflist}}'''Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch''' (amụrụ na 25 Nọvemba 1935 na Paris) bụ onye France na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Onye Afrịka. Ọ bụ prọfesọ emeritus na Mahadum Paris Diderot . 

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na École normale supérieure de Sèvres na 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COQUERY-VIDROVITCH Catherine - Société française d'histoire des outre-mers|url=https://www.sfhom.com/spip.php?article113|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=www.sfhom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara nzere doctorate nke atọ ya na École pratique des hautes études na 1966.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ọ bụ onye ọbịa n'ebe ahụ Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]] 1987, na Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies  na Mahadum Princeton na 1992, na ebe Humanities Research Center, Mahadum nke Canberra na Mahadim Canberra. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nnyocha ya na-ekwu maka okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọchịchị ala ọzọ yana echiche nke imperialism na capitalism na Africa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COQUERY-VIDROVITCH Catherine - Société française d'histoire des outre-mers|url=https://www.sfhom.com/spip.php?article113|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=www.sfhom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="17283" sha1="cvdkc60fxqq1fta4mq22gjh2xwjx3ii" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|temitayo-aina/274798|access-date=27 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''Temitayo Olufisayo Olaoluwa &quot;Ola&quot; Aina MON''' {{Audio|Yo-Temitayo_olaoluwa_aina.ogg|Listen}} (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 8 n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1996) bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agbachitere otu egwuregwu Premier League Nottingham Forest . A mụrụ ya n'England, ọ na-anọchite anya [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].
[[Faịlụ:Ola Aina 2016.jpg|thumb|Ola Aina]]
Aina gara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Campion ebe ọ na-egwu egwuregwu rugby union yana bọọlụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/rugby-union/article/how-gallagher-prem-clubs-are-breaking-rugby-out-of-private-school-enclaves-m99bzjw2d|title=How Gallagher Prem clubs are breaking rugby out of private school enclaves|first=Charlie|author=Morgan|date=23 March 2026|work=The Times|accessdate=24 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== YtChelsea ===

==== Ọrụ mmalite ====
Ola Aina bịanyere aka na Chelsea dị ka onye na-erubeghị afọ 11 wee mee ka ndị ntorobịa ya bụrụ nwata mbụ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na oge 2012-13 wee malite na ụkwụ abụọ nke ọkara ikpeazụ na nke ikpeazụ nke FA Youth Cup. N'ọrụ ntorobịa ya, ọ nọchitekwara anya Chelsea n'okpuru-18s, n'okpuru-19 na ọkwa 21.[1] Na 19 July 2014, Aina mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na egwuregwu enyi na enyi na mbụ megide AFC Wimbledon, mgbe Todd Kane merụrụ ahụ. Aina malitere egwuregwu a ma dochie ya na ọkara oge maka Branislav Ivanović ka Chelsea gara n'ihu na-emeri 3–2.

Tupu oge 2015-16, etinyere ya na njem nlegharị anya tupu oge, na-egwu egwuregwu atọ na International Champions Cup. Mgbe ọ masịrị onye njikwa Chelsea José Mourinho, Aina gụnyere n'òtù mbụ maka mkpọsa ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọrọ oge ọzụzụ oge fọdụrụnụ na ndị otu mbụ, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ya na ndị n'okpuru-21 na ndị na-erughi 19. Na 23 Septemba 2015, Aina so na ndị otu egwuregwu ụbọchị egwuregwu megide Walsall na agba nke anọ nke Njikọ Njikọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ onye nnọchi na-ejighị ya.

N'ihi enweghị ohere nke otu mbụ, Aina jụrụ nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ n'agbanyeghị nkwekọrịta ya ugbu a na-agwụ na ngwụcha oge ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/arsenal-join-transfer-race-sign-7161465|title=Arsenal join transfer race to sign Chelsea's England Under-21 right-back Ola Aina|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=11 January 2016|accessdate=26 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Oge 2016-17 ====
Na 6 July 2016, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ ọhụrụ, na-ejedebe asịrị na ọ na-ahapụ akụkụ London.[1] Mgbe ha bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ, Aina so na ndị otu na-eme njem na Austria na United States. Ọ gara n'ihu na-egwu egwuregwu isii niile tupu oge egwuregwu. Na 23 Ọgọst 2016, onye njikwa Antonio Conte nyere Aina mpụta mbụ ọkachamara ya na mmeri 3–2 meriri Bristol Rovers na iko EFL, John Terry nọchiri ya na nkeji 77th.[2] Na 15 October 2016, o mere mpụta mbụ ya na Premier League na mmeri 3–0 meriri ndị mmeri na-achị Leicester City, nọchiri onye mgbaru ọsọ Victor Moses na nkeji 82nd

==== Ịgbazinye Hull City ====
N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2017, Chelsea kwupụtara na ha agbaala Aina n'aka ndị otu Championship Hull City.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=First loan for Aina|url=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2017/07/aina-out-on-loan.html|publisher=Chelsea Official Site|date=11 July 2017|accessdate=11 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere nke mbụ ya n'ụbọchị mmeghe nke oge ahụ, 5 Ọgọst 2017, na Aston Villa, na 1-1 draw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40760772|title=Aston Villa 1–1 Hull City|date=5 August 2017|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara naanị goolu na Mmeri 1-0 nke Blackburn Rovers na agba nke atọ Iko FA Cup na 6 Jenụwarị 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/42519393|title=Blackburn Rovers 0–1 Hull City|date=6 January 2018|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|accessdate=6 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Torino ===
N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2018, Aina sonyeere otu egwuregwu Torino nke Ịtali n'ụgwọ oge niile mgbe ya na Chelsea bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=New contract and loan for Aina|url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/2018/8/14/new-contract-and-loan-for-aina|publisher=Chelsea Official Site|date=14 August 2018|accessdate=14 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere nke mbụ ya na Serie A ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị na mmeri Torino 0-1 n'ụbọchị mmeghe n'ụlọ na Rom, na-abịa dị ka onye na-anọchi anya onye na-agbachitere aka nri Lorenzo De Silvestri onye merụrụ ahụ mgbe naanị nkeji iri abụọ na ise gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.legaseriea.it/en/serie-a/match-report/2018-19/UNICO/UNI/1/TORROM|title=Fixtures and Results – Season 2018–19 – 1^ Match Day – Lega Serie A|work=legaseriea.it|accessdate=19 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aina gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Torino n'egwuregwu ya na Udinese na 2 Febụwarị 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/02/10/italy/serie-a/torino-fc/udinese-calcio/2863986/|title=Torino vs. Udinese 1–0|work=Soccerway|date=2 February 2019|accessdate=11 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aina mere 30 Serie A pụtara n'ihe bụ oge siri ike maka Il Toro, onye nke asaa na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye ruru eru na Europa League.&lt;ref name=&quot;FulhamTransfer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2020/september/Ola-Aina-Joins-On-Loan|title=Ola Aina joins on loan|work=Fulham|date=11 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2019, Torino mere ka Aina hapụ Chelsea kpamkpam maka ego a kọrọ na ọ bụ £ 9 nde.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/torino-confirm-ola-ainas-permanent-capture-from-chelsea/y7sah9lpkph61qdrg6v49dez6|title=Torino confirm Ola Aina's permanent capture from Chelsea|work=Goal (website)|date=10 June 2019|accessdate=11 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe mgbe niile n'oge nke abụọ ya na Turin, na-egwu ugboro 37 na asọmpi niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;FulhamTransfer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2020/september/Ola-Aina-Joins-On-Loan|title=Ola Aina joins on loan|work=Fulham|date=11 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

==== Oge 2020-21: Ịgbazinye Fulham ====
N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2020, Aina laghachiri na Premier League, na-etinye aka na Fulham na mgbazinye oge mbụ na nhọrọ iji mee ka nkwekọrịta ahụ bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide.&lt;ref name=&quot;FulhamTransfer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2020/september/Ola-Aina-Joins-On-Loan|title=Ola Aina joins on loan|work=Fulham|date=11 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba, Aina gbara goolu mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ, na Premier League, na mmeri 2-0 n'ụlọ West Brom, na-agbapụ n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke elu site na mpụga ebe penalty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/nov/02/fulham-west-bromwich-albion-premier-league-match-report|title=Fulham on the up after Ola Aina seals first win of season against West Brom|work=The Guardian|date=2 November 2020|accessdate=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mechara họrọ ọgbaghara ahụ dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ọnwa site na Premier League.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1931701#:~:text=%F0%9F%91%8F%20%22Absolutely%20outstanding%22%20%F0%9F%91%8F%20%40,the%20Month%20winner%20for%20November.&amp;text=The%2024%2Dyear%2Dold%20is,the%20prize%20in%202018%2F19.|title=Aina earns Budweiser Goal of the Month award|publisher=Premier League|date=13 December 2020|accessdate=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aina ghọrọ onye egwuregwu Fulham nke atọ meriri ihe nrite Budweiser Goal of the Month, mgbe Jean Michaël Seri na André Schürrle meriri ihe nkiri ahụ na 2018-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOM&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọhịa Nottingham ===
On 22 July 2023, following his release from Torino, Aina joined Nottingham Forest on a one-year contract.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2023/july/22/forest-complete-aina-signing/|title=Forest complete Aina signing|date=22 July 2023|work=Nottingham Forest Football Club}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his debut for the club on 12 August in a 2–1 loss against Arsenal in the Premier League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66413654|title=Bukayo Saka's superb first-half strike helped Arsenal begin their Premier League campaign with a 2–1 win over Nottingham Forest on the opening weekend|work=BBC Sport|date=12 August 2023|accessdate=13 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 November, Aina scored his first goal for Forest in a 2–0 win over Aston Villa at the City Ground.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/forest-beat-villa-2-0-end-winless-run-2023-11-05/|title=Forest end winless run with 2–0 defeat of top-four chasing Villa|date=6 November 2023|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2024, klọb ahụ kwupụtara na ha emeela nkwekọrịta otu afọ maka Aina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2024/may/21/forest-trigger-aina-contract-extension/|title=Forest trigger Aina contract extension|publisher=Nottingham Forest F.C.|date=21 May 2024|accessdate=21 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goolu mbụ ya na Premier League nke oge 2024-25 maka Forest bịara n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ na mmeri 3-0 n'ụlọ megide West Ham na 2 Nọvemba nsonaazụ nke hụrụ Forest ka ọ bụrụ nke atọ na league.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/nov/02/nottingham-forest-west-ham-premier-league-match-report|title=Nottm Forest 3–0 West Ham: Nottingham Forest in dreamland as Wood helps sink 10-man West Ham|author=Unwin|first=Will|work=The Guardian|date=2 November 2024|accessdate=5 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Aina nọchitere anya England n'n'n'n'okpuru afọ 19, n'okpuru 17, n'okpuru 18, n'okpuru 19 na England n'afọ 20.

=== Naịjirịa ===
[[Faịlụ:Ola_Aina-Nigeria.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Aina na-agbanye aha maka Naijiria n'ụbọchị a na-akọwaghị]]
N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2017, e sere Aina na Chuba Akpom nke Arsenal mgbe ya na onye isi oche nke Nigeria Football Federation, Amaju Pinnick nwesịrị mkparịta ụka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4110/nigerians-abroad/2017/03/28/34076632/chelseas-ola-aina-brighton-and-hove-albions-chuba-akpom|title=Chelsea's Ola Aina, Brighton and Hove Albion's Chuba Akpom pledge allegiance to Nigeria|author=Oludare|first=Shina|date=28 March 2017|publisher=Goal Nigeria|accessdate=28 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Mee 2017, Aina kwere nkwa na ọ ga-aga Naịjirịa n'ọdịnihu mba ụwa ma nweta paspọtụ Naịjirị iji kwadebe iji gbanwee site na England gaa Naịjiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://dailypost.ng/2017/05/12/nff-confirms-ola-aina-joel-bazee-now-nigerian-passports-tammy-abraham-follow/|title=NFF confirms Ola Aina, Joel Bazee now have Nigerian passports, Tammy Abraham to follow|date=12 May 2017|accessdate=15 May 2017|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/nff-formally-applies-ainas-intl-switch/|title=NFF formally applies for Aina's int'l switch – Vanguard News|date=4 May 2017|accessdate=15 May 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu ọnwa ahụ, a kpọrọ ya maka oge mbụ ka ọ gbaa bọọlụ maka Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.com/nigeria/story/3122106/chelseas-ola-aina-gets-nigeria-call|title=Chelsea's Ola Aina gets Nigeria call|date=8 May 2017|accessdate=17 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya n'ime ndị otu iri atọ nke Naijiria maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Adewoye|first=Gbenga|title='Maybe next time,' Ola Aina unruffled missing out in Nigeria World Cup Squad|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/maybe-next-time-ola-aina-unruffled-despite-missing-out-on/t9jhnhhv8jiv19gwt0puvhcn1|work=Goal (website)|accessdate=25 July 2019|date=6 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọ banyeghị na 23 ikpeazụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44346451|title=World Cup 2018: Arsenal's Iwobi in Nigeria's 23-man squad|date=3 June 2018|accessdate=20 August 2018|work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mechara kpọghachi ya n'ime ndị otu ahụ ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa na iru eru nke ndị otu ahụ maka Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2019 nke e mere na Egypt. Ọ gbara egwuregwu mbụ ya na onye mbido asọmpi ahụ bụ Burundi, na-enyere naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke egwuregwu ahụ aka.

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko mba[a]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Njikọ[b]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Chelsea
|2015–16
|Njikọ Premier
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|2016–17
|Njikọ Premier
|3
|0
|1
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|6
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!3
!0
!1
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!6
!0
|-
|Hull City (nke a gbazitere) 
|2017–18
|Mmeri
|44
|0
|2
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|46
|1
|-
|Torino (onye a gbazitere) 
|2018–19
|Usoro A
|30
|1
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|32
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Torino
|2019–20
|Usoro A
|32
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|3[c]
|0
|37
|0
|-
|2021–22
|Usoro A
|21
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|23
|0
|-
|2022–23
|Usoro A
|19
|1
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|21
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Torino ngụkọta
!102
!2
!8
!0
!0
!0
!3
!0
!113
!2
|-
|Fulham (onye a gbazinyere) 
|2020–21
|Njikọ Premier
|31
|2
|1
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|33
|2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ọhịa Nottingham
|2023–24
|Njikọ Premier
|22
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|1
|-
|2024–25
|Njikọ Premier
|35
|2
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|37
|2
|-
|2025–26
|Njikọ Premier
|18
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|8[d]
|0
|26
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!75
!3
!2
!0
!0
!0
!8
!0
!85
!3
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!254
!7
!14
!1
!3
!0
!11
!0
!282
!8
|}
  

=== Mba Nile ===
[[w:updated|match played 9 September 2025]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nft&quot;&gt;{{NFT|69100}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ
!Ndị otu mba
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]
|2017
|3
|0
|-
|2018
|4
|0
|-
|2019
|10
|0
|-
|2020
|1
|0
|-
|2021
|3
|0
|-
|2022
|9
|0
|-
|2023
|3
|0
|-
|2024
|11
|0
|-
|2025
|4
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!48
!0
|}
Aina nwere nwanne nwoke, Jordan, onye na-egwuri egwu maka Fulham Academy . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Ethan|author=Georgiou|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2021/march/A-Bit-About-Jordan-Aina|title=A bit about: Jordan Aina|date=9 March 2021|publisher=Fulham F.C.|accessdate=9 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Player Departures|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2021/june/Player-Departures/|accessdate=4 July 2024|publisher=Fulham Football Club|date=3 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Chelsea'''

* Premier League: 2016-172016–17

* Barclays U21 Premier League: 2013-142013–14
* FA Youth Cup: 2013-14, 2014-152014–15
* UEFA Youth League: 2014-15, 2015-162015–16

'''Onye ọ bụla'''

* Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ọnwa Premier League: Nọvemba 2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1931701|title=Aina wins November Budweiser Goal of the Month award|publisher=Premier League|date=11 December 2020|accessdate=11 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Africa Cup of Nations Team nke asọmpi ahụ: 2023 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 February 2024|title=CAF TSG Group releases TotalEnergies CAF Africa Cup of Nation Cote d'Ivoire 2023 Best XI|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214121627/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archivedate=14 February 2024|accessdate=14 February 2024|work=CAF Online|publisher=Confederation of African Football}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Onye otu Order of the Niger &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=13 February 2024|title=Afcon: Ivory Coast and Nigeria players get cash, villas and honours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68286543|accessdate=24 February 2024|work=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]]

== Edensibia ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Christiane Collange</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T18:54:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elcarim1</username>
        <id>62511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
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 {{Reflist}}'''Christiane Collange''' (29 Ọktoba 1930 - 24 Ọktobe 2023) bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede French.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Christiane Collange dị ka '''Christiane Servan-Schreiber''' na 29 Ọktoba 1930. &lt;ref name=&quot;bnf&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Collange, Christiane (1930-....) forme internationale|url=http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118972881|accessdate=1 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya, Émile Servan-Schreiber, bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede [[Jew|Ndị Juu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;parismatchchavelet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Chavelet|first=Elisabeth|title=Une histoire française|url=http://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Societe/Les-Servan-Schreiber-Une-histoire-francaise-691516|accessdate=30 September 2016|work=Paris Match|date=17 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne ya, Denise Brésard, bụ onye Roman Katọlik. Nna nna ya, Joseph Schreiber, bụ onye Juu-Prussian kwabatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;parismatchchavelet&quot; /&gt; O nwere ụmụnne abụọ, Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber na Jean-Louis Servan-Schreiber, na ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ, Brigitte Gros na Bernadette Gradis.&lt;ref name=&quot;parismatchchavelet&quot; /&gt; Ezinụlọ Servan-Screiber (ihe ruru ndị otu 200) na-enwe nnọkọ ezinụlọ kwa afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;parismatchchavelet&quot; /&gt;

Collange gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Sciences Po . &lt;ref name=&quot;lamanchelibreunefemme&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Christiane Collange, une femme sans complexes et engagée|url=http://www.lamanchelibre.fr/actualite-12238-christiane-collange-une-femme-sans-complexes-et-engagee.html|accessdate=1 October 2016|work=La Manche Libre|date=6 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Christiane Collange-Nancy 2011 (1).jpg|thumb|Christiane Collange en dédicace au &quot;Livre sur la Place&quot;, Nancy, September 2011]]
Collange bụ onye nta akụkọ. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Madame Express'', mgbakwunye nke {{Lang|fr|[[L'Express]]}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;lexpresssessixdefits&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ses six défis|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/informations/ses-six-defis_676385.html|accessdate=1 October 2016|work=L'Express|date=9 November 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Le Jardin des Modes na 1970&lt;ref name=&quot;laroussejournal70&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Journal de l'Annee Ed. 1970|url=http://www.larousse.fr/archives/journaux_annee/1970/347/information|work=Larousse|accessdate=1 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Collange bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ. N'akwụkwọ mbụ ya, Madame et le management, nke e bipụtara na 1969, ọ rụrụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịgba ọsọ ezinụlọ ha dị ka azụmahịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;blandinfemmes&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Blandin|first=Claire|title=Femmes de lettres dans la presse féminine (1964-1974)|journal=COnTEXTES|date=2012|volume=11|issue=11|doi=10.4000/contextes.5329|url=https://contextes.revues.org/5329?lang=en|accessdate=1 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Collange jere ozi na kọmitii nsọpụrụ nke Association pour le droit de mourir dans la dignité, ọgbakọ pro-euthanasia. &lt;ref name=&quot;honorarycommittee&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Comité d'honneur|url=http://www.admd.net/la-structure/le-comite-d-honneur.html|work=Association pour le droit de mourir dans la dignité|accessdate=1 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001003749/http://www.admd.net/la-structure/le-comite-d-honneur.html|archivedate=1 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Collange lụrụ di ma gbaa alụkwaghịm ugboro atọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;laffontquandnosenfants&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=QUAND NOS ENFANTS DIVORCENT|url=http://www.laffont.fr/site/quand_nos_enfants_divorcent_&amp;100&amp;9782221140000.html|accessdate=3 October 2016|quote=Christiane Collange a divorcé trois fois à une époque ou seules les stars hollywoodiennes détenaient ce genre de record.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na otu di ya, onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede Jean Ferniot, ọ mụrụ nwa nwoke, Vincent Ferniot. . &lt;ref name=&quot;premierevincentferniot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vincent Ferniot|url=http://www.premiere.fr/Star/Vincent-FERNIOT|work=Premiere|accessdate=1 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nwụrụ na 24 Ọktoba 2023, mgbe ọ dị afọ 92, ụbọchị ise tupu ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 93.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=La journaliste et essayiste Christiane Collange est morte|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2023/10/25/la-journaliste-et-essayiste-christiane-collange-est-morte_6196453_3382.html|accessdate=25 October 2023|work=Le Monde|date=25 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Madame et le management|date=1969|publisher=Tchou|location=Paris|oclc=2945519}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Madame et le bonheur|date=1972|publisher=Robert Laffont|location=Paris|oclc=683281}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Je veux rentrer à la maison|date=1978|publisher=Club français du livre|location=Paris|oclc=461703622}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Ça va les hommes ?|date=1981|publisher=Bernard Grasset|location=Paris|isbn=9782246254317|oclc=7969540}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Le divorce-boom|date=1983|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213012506|oclc=10183380}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Moi, ta mere|date=1985|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213015231|oclc=299390276|url=https://archive.org/details/moitamere0000coll}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Chers enfants|date=1987|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213018713|oclc=19812340}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Nos sous|date=1989|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213021782|oclc=20332957}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Moi, ta fille|date=1990|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213024622|oclc=22994280}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Dessine-moi une famille|date=1992|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213027227|oclc=299436661}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=La politesse du cœur|date=1993|publisher=Stock|location=Paris|isbn=9782234026117|oclc=414971604}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=La grosse et la maigre|date=1994|publisher=Albin Michel|location=Paris|isbn=9782226069627|oclc=32920599}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Toi mon senior|date=1997|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213598444|oclc=300103714}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Merci, mon siècle|date=1998|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213600567|oclc=299884177}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Nous, les belles-mères|date=2001|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213608549|oclc=299641909}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=La deuxième vie des femmes|date=2005|publisher=Robert Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221103005|oclc=300271823|url=https://archive.org/details/ladeuxiemeviedes0000coll}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Sacrées grands-mères!|date=2007|publisher=Robert Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221106853|oclc=319901620}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Pitié pour vos rides : enquête vérité sur le monde de l'esthétique|date=2009|publisher=Robert Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221111239|oclc=718261870}}
* {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Le jeu des 7 familles : pour une cohabitation harmonieuse entre les générations|date=2011|publisher=Robert Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221116784|oclc=706016640}}

== Edemside ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rose Combe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T19:17:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elcarim1</username>
        <id>62511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
      <origin>673738</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Rose Combe''', onye amụrụ Marie-Rosalie Bugne (14 Septemba 1883 - 24 Septemba 1932), bụ onye ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè na onye edemede nke French, nke a na-ele anya dị ka ihe atụ nke akwụkwọ Proletarian. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ dara ogbenye, n'agbanyeghị na ọ gụrụ obere akwụkwọ, ọ bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ukwuu ma buru otu n'ime akwụkwọ ole na ole ọ nwere ike ịnweta, almanac, mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ. Ọ chọrọ ịbụ onye nkuzi mana kama ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè dị n'etiti Ambert na Thiers dị ka onye na-ịgafe ọkwa. Otú ọ dị, ọ gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ, site n'aka onye edemede Henri Pourrat, onye bi n'ógbè ahụ, e bipụtara ya na 1927. E mechara bipụta ọrụ ya na L'Auvergne littéraire et artistique na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya {{Lang|fr|Le Mile des Garre}} pụtara na 1931. A maara ya dị ka {{Lang|fr|La Garde-Barrière Auvergnate}} (Overgne Gatekeeper) site na ọrụ ya na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ọ nwụrụ na 1932, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ka na-ebipụtaghị.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Marie-Rosalie Bugne na Olmet na French Third Republic na 4 Septemba 1883. [1] Nna ya, Joseph Bugne, bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè dị n'etiti Ambert na Thiers, Puy-de-Dôme. Dị ka nwa okorobịa, ọ na-akwaga na ọrụ nna ya, na-enweta obere agụmakwụkwọ. E nwere akwụkwọ ole na ole n'ụlọ mana o gosipụtara ọchịchọ siri ike ịgụ akwụkwọ site na nwata. Mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, o buru otu n'ime akwụkwọ ole na ole ezinụlọ ahụ nwere, almanac. N'agbanyeghị oge ọ na-anọghị ya ugboro ugboro, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị na asambodo ọmụmụ. Ọ chọsiri ike ịbụ onye nkuzi; Otú ọ dị, kama nke ahụ, e were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye na-agafe n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè nna ya nyere aka mepụta, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.[2] Ọ lụrụ Jean-Marie Combe, onye ọrụ ugbo n'ógbè ahụ, na 1903.[3]

Ọchịchọ ịgụ akwụkwọ akwụsịghị n'ihi enweghị akwụkwọ na ndụ ya wee malite ide na 1916. Ihe odide mbụ ya jikọtara akwụkwọ ndekọ onwe ya na akụkọ na-ezughị ezu.[4] Agbanyeghị, ka obi ike ya na-abawanye, ọ kpọtụụrụ Henri Pourrat, onye bikwa na Ambert, ịrịọ maka ndụmọdụ. N'ịgụ ọrụ ya, ọ jikọtara ya na ndị edemede obodo ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Lucien Gachon, Pierre Balme, Georges Desdevises du Dézert, Alexandre Vialatte na Amelie Murat.[5]

E bipụtara ọrụ mbụ ya n'akwụkwọ akụkọ L'Auvergne littéraire na 1927. A nabatara ihe odide ya nke ọma, karịsịa akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Le Mile des Garret, nke Henri Poulaille bipụtara na 1931 na okwu mmalite nke Alexandre Vialatte dere.[2] A tụlere akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nke ọma na Le Monde, nke butere Lucien Gachon ide nkwado siri ike maka ide ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Lucien|author=Gachon|title=Défense de Mme Rose Combe écrivain du peuple|journal=Nouvel Age|date=November 1931}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọkwa ya n'oge a na-abawanye. A na-ele ya anya dị ka ihe ochie nke akwụkwọ ndị Proletarian wee nweta aha La Garde-Barrière Auvergnate (Onye na-elekọta ọnụ ụzọ Auvergne) n'ọrụ ya n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko.[5] Otú ọ dị, ọ na-esiwanyekwa ike ahụ́ ya. Na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ewu ewu ya, ọ nwụrụ na 24 Septemba 1932 n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Clermont-Ferrand.[7]

== Ihe odide ndị a họọrọ ==
Combe dere otu akwụkwọ akụkọ, Le Mile des Garret, nke e bipụtara na mbụ na 1931 dịka akụkụ nke mkpokọta Rome du Nouvel Age.[2] Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ka na-edeghị aha mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ma bụrụ nke a na-ebipụtaghị.[8] Ihe odide ndị ọzọ gụnyere: [9]

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a ga-anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]

== Ihe odide ==

=== Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ ===
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maryse Condé</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75402</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Elcarim1</username>
        <id>62511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
      <origin>673742</origin>
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'''Maryse Condé''' (née '''Marise Liliane Appoline Boucolon''';  11 Febụwarị 1934 – 2 Eprel 2024) bụ onye edemede akụkọ, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ede egwuregwu na French si ngalaba French Overseas na mpaghara Guadeloupe. Ọ bụkwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye ọrụ nkuzi ya kpọgara ya na West Africa na North America, yana Caribbean na Europe. Dịka onye edemede, Condé kacha mara amara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Ségou (1984–1985).. 

Ihe odide Condé na-enyocha ndị Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ nke sitere na [[Caribbean]]&quot; id=&quot;mwJQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Slavery in the Caribbean&quot;&gt;Ịgba ohu na ọchịchị ndị na-achị Caribbean. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, nke e dere na French, n'asụsụ Bekee, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, na Japanese.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; O ritere ihe nrite dị iche iche, dị ka Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme (1986), Prix de l'Académie française (1988), Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe (1997)  na New Academy Prize in Literature (2018) maka ọrụ ya. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-asọ mpi maka onyinye Nobel na edemede.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ ya na Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, na 11 Febụwarị 1934, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Eaton|first=Kalenda|title=Maryse Condé (1937– ) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/|work=blackpast.org|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 October 2007|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402185254/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/}}&lt;/ref&gt;ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ. Ndị mụrụ ya so n'ime ndị nkuzi ojii mbụ na Guadeloupe. Nne ya, Jeanne Quidal (onye si Marie-Galante, agwaetiti nke a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe Condé).&lt;ref name=&quot;Barbara Lewis interview&quot; /&gt; Nna ya, Auguste Boucolon - onye bụbu onye nkuzi - guzobere obere ụlọ akụ &quot;La Caisse Coopérative des prêts&quot;, nke e mechara kpọwa &quot;La Banque Antillaise&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Nna Condé, Auguste Boucolon, nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya: Serge na Albert. Ụmụnne nwanyị atọ nke Condé bụ Ena, Jeanne, na Gillette, ụmụnne ya bụ Auguste, Jean, René, na Guy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mụrụ Condé afọ iri na otu mgbe Guy nwụsịrị, mgbe nne ya dị afọ iri anọ na atọ, nna ya dịkwa afọ iri isii na atọ. Condé kọwara onwe ya dị ka &quot;nwatakịrị a na-emebi emebi&quot;, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ihi afọ ndụ nne na nna ya, yana oge dị n'etiti ya na ụmụnne ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Condé malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị obere. Tupu ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, o dere otu ihe nkiri, otu onye. E dere egwuregwu ahụ dị ka onyinye maka ụbọchị ọmụmụ nne ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989&quot;&gt;Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). &quot;'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé&quot;. ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;87–&lt;/span&gt;133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Condé gara Lycée Fénelon site na 1953 ruo 1955, a chụpụrụ ya mgbe afọ abụọ gachara. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle) na Paris. N'oge ọ gara, ya na ndị ọzọ West Indians, Condé guzobere klọb Luis-Carlos Prestes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989&quot;&gt;Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). &quot;'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé&quot;. ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;87–&lt;/span&gt;133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 1958, Condé gara mmemme na Paris nke Les Nègres/The Blacks nke Jean Genet, ebe ọ zutere onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Guinea]] Mamadou Condé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989&quot;&gt;Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). &quot;'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé&quot;. ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;87–&lt;/span&gt;133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1958, ọ lụrụ Mamadou Condé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ha mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ tupu ha kewaa na 1969 (Condé enweela otu nwa site n'aka onye nta akụkọ Haiti bụ Jean Dominique). Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1959, mmekọrịta di na nwunye ahụ adịlarị njọ, Condé kpebiri ịga naanị ya na [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], ebe ọ kụziri ihe otu afọ na Bingerville.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

N'oge ọ laghachiri Guinea maka ezumike, ọ ghọrọ onye maara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'aka otu ndị enyi Marxist, ndị ga-emetụta ya ịkwaga [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989&quot;&gt;Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). &quot;'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé&quot;. ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;87–&lt;/span&gt;133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ oge ọgba aghara mana ọ bụ oge mmepe ka o mechara dee akụkọ ya n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2012 bụ́ La Vie sans fards (Gịnị Bụ Afrịka Nye M? Akụkụ Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Ndụ Eziokwu), dịka ọ dị na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nọọrọ onwe ha n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o so ndị dịka Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Julius Nyerere na Maya Angelou kparịta ụka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.seagullbooks.org/what-is-africa-to-me/|title=What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography|publisher=Seagull Books|accessdate=14 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbata afọ 1960 na 1972, ọ kụziri na Guinea, Ghana na [[Senegal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ nọ na Ghana, o dezigharịrị nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ edemede ndị Afrịka na-asụ French, Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française (Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966). &lt;ref name=&quot;Voices from the Gaps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1|title=Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403181325/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na ọ bụ &quot;onye akaebe nke ọtụtụ ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya&quot;, na ebubo a na-ebo ya maka ọrụ a na-enyo enyo mere ka a chụpụ Condé na Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/06/books/maryse-conde-books.html|title=Maryse Condé, at Home in the World|work=The New York Times|first=Anderson|author=Tepper|date=6 March 2023|accessdate=14 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị West Africa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London dị ka onye na-emepụta BBC ruo afọ abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cain&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/02/maryse-conde-guadelopean-grand-storyteller-dies-aged-90|title=Maryse Condé, Guadeloupean 'grand storyteller' dies aged 90|first=Sian|author=Cain|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ahụ na 1973, ọ laghachiri Paris ma kụzie akwụkwọ Francophone na Paris VII (Jussieu), X (Nanterre) , na Ill (Sorbonne Nouvelle). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde &quot;Maryse Condé | Columbia | French&quot;]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 March&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1975, ọ gụsịrị M.A. na Ph.D. ya na Sorbonne Nouvelle na Paris na akwụkwọ ntụnyere, na-enyocha stereotypes ojii na Akwụkwọ Caribbean.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891|title=Curriculum Vitae {{!}} Maryse Condé|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402190337/https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ nkatọ nke gụnyere Le profil d'une oeuvre (Hatier, 1978), La Civilisation du Bossale (L'Harmattan, 1978), na La Parole des femmes (L'Rarmattan, 1979). &lt;ref name=&quot;Voices from the Gaps&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1981, ya na Condé gbara alụkwaghịm, ebe ha kewara kemgbe. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ lụrụ Richard Philcox, Onye Bekee na onye ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Conversing on Paper: Richard Philcox on the Living Art of Translation – Asymptote Blog|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/|accessdate=4 April 2024|language=en|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404115346/https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O bipụtaghị akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon,'', ruo mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40, n'ihi na &quot; enweghị obi ike na  ma ghara anwa igosi  ederede na ụwa dị n'èzí. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/books/maryse-conde-alternative-lobel-literature.html|title=Maryse Condé Wins an Alternative to the Literature Nobel in a Scandal-Plagued Year|author=Quinn|first=Annalisa|date=12 October 2018|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 March 2019|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, Une saison à Rihata, na 1981; Otú ọ dị, Condé agaghị abụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye edemede Caribbean nke oge a ruo mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke atọ, ''Ségou'' (1984). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde &quot;Maryse Condé | Columbia | French&quot;]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 March&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;[she][her]

N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ségou'', na 1985, e nyere Condé agụmakwụkwọ Fulbright na United States iji kụzie &quot;Akwụkwọ na Ọdịbendị nke Caribbean&quot; na Occidental College, [[Los Angeles]] (September 1985-May 1986). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/node/1246516|title=Literature and Culture of the Caribbean|work=Fulbright Scholar Program|accessdate=10 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1987, ọ bụ onye edemede Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio, e nyekwara ya Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship.&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/|title=Maryse Condé|work=www.gf.org|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002041301/https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1991, e mere egwuregwu ya The Hills of Massabielle na New York na Ubu Repertory Theater .  &lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barbara Lewis interview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299141|title=No Silence: An Interview with Maryse Condé|first=Barbara|author=Lewis|journal=Callaloo|volume=18|date=Summer 1995|pages=543–550|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0093|accessdate=14 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gụnyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1992 Daughters of Africa, nke [[Margaret Busby]] dezigharịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.librarything.com/work/271737|title=Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present|date=1994|editor=Busby|publisher=[[LibraryThing]]|isbn=978-0-345-38268-9|accessdate=3 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1995, Condé ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ French na Francophone na Mahadum Columbia dị na New York City,  ebe o mechara bụrụ prọfesụ emerita. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/04/maryse-conde-an-english-author-can-reach-the-heart-of-a-caribbean-child|title=Interview {{!}} Maryse Condé: 'An English author can reach the heart of a Caribbean child'|first=Anita|author=Sethi|authorlink=Anita Sethi|work=The Guardian|date=4 July 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Condé kụziri na mahadum dị iche iche, gụnyere Mahadum California, Berkeley; UCLA, Sorbonne, Mahadum Virginia, na Mahadum Nanterre. Ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi n'afọ 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde &quot;Maryse Condé | Columbia | French&quot;]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 March&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akụkọ 2011 Maryse Condé, une voix singulière, nke Jérôme Sesquin duziri, nke na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/|title=Film: U.S. Premiere of 'Maryse Condé, une voix singulière'|work=Repeating Islands|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=3 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135437/https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo|title=Maryse Condé : Une voix singulière|date=15 June 2013|publisher=Ile en île|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=15 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415174729/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2011, e meghere Collège Maryse-Condé na agwaetiti La Désirade iji sọpụrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot; /&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Condé nwụrụ na Apt, Vaucluse, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ France, na 2 Eprel 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 90. &lt;ref name=&quot;Humanite&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, grande dame de la littérature et de la pensée anticoloniale – L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/maryse-conde/mort-de-maryse-conde-grande-dame-de-la-litterature-et-de-la-pensee-anticoloniale|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=humanite.fr|date=3 September 2021|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marivat 2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marivat|first=Gladys|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé est morte|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/04/02/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-est-morte_6225557_3382.html|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Le Monde.fr|date=2 April 2024|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ya pụtara ==
Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na-enyocha okwu agbụrụ, okike, na omenala n'ọtụtụ oge na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, gụnyere ikpe ndị amoosu Salem na I, Tituba: Amoosu Ojii nke Salem (1986); Alaeze Ukwu Bambara nke Mali nke narị afọ nke 19 na Ségou (1984–1985); na owuwu nke Panama Canal nke narị afọ nke 20 na mmetụta ya na mmụba nke ndị West Indian etiti na Tree of Life (1987). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-achọpụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị si mba ọzọ bịa, karịsịa ndị Caribbean. Dị ka Louise Hardwick si kwuo, &quot;Cosmopolitan na ọdịdị, akwụkwọ Condé na-ekwu maka mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa zuru ụwa ọnụ n'olu doro anya. Ọ jụrụ mgbalị iji mee ka ụdị ya dị, ma ọ bụ akara na-akọwa ya dị ka onye edemede French ma ọ bụ Creole, &quot;  a na-ekwukarị ya ka ọ na-ekwu: &quot;M na-ede na Maryse Condé&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/12/maryse-conde-obituary|title=Maryse Condé obituary|work=The Guardian|date=12 April 2024|accessdate=14 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonreviewbookshop.co.uk/blog/2020/november/for-a-writer-there-is-no-mother-tongue-he-forges-his-own-language-according-to-his-or-her-needs-a-q-a-with-maryse-conde|title='For a writer there is no mother tongue: he forges his own language according to his or her needs': A Q&amp;A with Maryse Condé|work=[[London Review Bookshop]]|date=25 August 2020|accessdate=14 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/|title=Lost Paradise: A Brief Interview with Maryse Condé|first=George|author=Salis|work=The Collidescope|date=27 December 2022|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602214215/https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon'' (n'[[Asụsụ Maninka|Asụsụ Malinke]], aha ahụ pụtara &quot;ichere maka obi ụtọ&quot;), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276|title=Maryse Condé: Author who won 'alternative Nobel Literature Prize' dies at 90|first=Ian|author=Youngs|publisher=BBC News|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=6 April 2024|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404205039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 1976. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde &quot;Maryse Condé | Columbia | French&quot;]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 March&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ihe na-ese okwu nke ukwuu nke na e wepụrụ ya na shelf mgbe ọnwa isii gasịrị n'ihi nkatọ ya banyere ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/|title=Giving Voice to Guadeloupe|author=Condé|first=Maryse|date=6 February 2019|work=The New York Review of Books|language=en|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=6 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206151501/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ahụ yiri ndụ nke Condé n'oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na Guinea, a na-edekwa ya dị ka akụkọ onye mbụ, o kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ akụkọ, dị ka ọ kọwara ya, nke &quot;'anti-moi', onye na-edoghị anya nke ọchụchọ maka njirimara na mmalite ya bụ ụdị nnupụisi nke omume rụrụ arụ. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Lionnet, F. (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 &quot;Happiness Deferred: Maryse Condé's ''Heremakhonon'' and the Failure of Enunciation&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621134617/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 |date=21 June 2022 }}. In ''Autobiographical Voices: Race, Gender, Self-Portraiture'' (pp. 167–190). Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

Condé nọpụrụ iche nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mmegharị akwụkwọ Caribbean, dịka Négritude na Creolité, ma na-elekwasịkarị anya n'isiokwu ndị nwere nchegbu siri ike gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka onye na-akwado ikike ọchịchị n'ọrụ ya nakwa ná ndụ ya, Condé kwetara, sị: &quot;Enweghị m ike ide ihe ọ bụla... ọ gwụla ma ọ nwere ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụfọdụ. Enweghị m ihe ọzọ m ga-enye nke ka dị mkpa. &quot;

Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1995 bụ Windward Heights bụ reworking nke Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847), nke Condé gụrụ na mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. Ọ dịla anya ọ chọrọ ịmepụta ọrụ nke ya gburugburu ya, dị ka omume &quot;nkwanye ùgwù&quot;. A na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na Guadeloupe, a na-egosikwa agbụrụ na ọdịbendị dị ka nsogbu na-ekewa ndị mmadụ. N'ịtụgharị uche n'otú o si nweta ihe ndabere Caribbean ya n'ide akwụkwọ a, o kwuru, sị:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Ịbụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ụwa - akụkụ nke ụwa Afrịka n'ihi ndị ohu Afrịka, akụkụ nke ụwa Europe n'ihi agụmakwụkwọ Europe - bụ ụdị echiche abụọ. Ị nwere ike iji nke ahụ n'ụzọ nke gị ma nye ahịrịokwu ihe ọzọ. Obi dị m ụtọ mgbe m na-arụ ọrụ ahụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ egwuregwu, ụdị egwuregwu rụrụ arụ ma na-atọ ụtọ. &quot;    &lt;/blockquote&gt;Ihe odide ndị Condé mechara dee gụnyere Tales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood (1999), nchịkọta edemede banyere oge ọ bụ nwata, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1|title=''Tales from the Heart'' by Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409235143/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Victoire (2006), akụkọ ndụ nke nne nne ya n'oge ndị isi ojii nke Guadeloupe kwupụtara ikike ha maka agụmakwụkwọ na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=Nottingham French Studies|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/nfs.2014.0094?journalCode=nfs|title=Maryse Condé's ''Victoire:'' Thinking Back through Her Mothers|date=2014|volume=53|issue=3|doi=10.3366/nfs.2014.0094|author=Green|first=Mary Jean|pages=297–313|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Who Slashed Celanire's Throat (2000) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ezigbo akụkọ ma jiri ngwakọta nke Ime Anwansi na nrọ efu na akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere nwanyị chọrọ ịchọpụta eziokwu nke oge gara aga ma bọọ ọbọ maka nkwarụ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurstonwright.org/books/who-slashed-celanires-throat/|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat|publisher=[[Hurston/Wright Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nsụgharị nke afọ 2017 nke Richard Philcox nke Condé dere bụ What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography, Noo Saro-Wiwa kọwara ya na nyocha maka The Times Literary Supplement dị ka &quot;ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ọchị mgbe ụfọdụ banyere afọ iri na abụọ onye edemede ahụ nọrọ n'Africa n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 na 60s. ... ma site na njedebe akwụkwọ ahụ, onye edemede ahụ kwetara na ọ ka maghị ihe Afrịka pụtara nye ya - nkwenye obi ike n'ụwa nke na-achọ akụkọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. &quot;

N'afọ 2018, e nyere Condé New Academy Prize in Literature, nke e guzobere dị ka ihe ọzọ na Nobel Prize in Literation (nke a na-ewere ya dịka onye ọkacha mmasị mana enyeghị ya n'afọ ahụ, n'ihi mmetọ mmekọahụ n'etiti kọmitii onyinye), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/books/maryse-conde-dead.html|title=Maryse Condé, 'Grande Dame' of Francophone Literature, Dies at 90|first=Clay|author=Risen|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị ọka ikpe na-eto Condé dị ka &quot;onye na-akọ akụkọ ukwu nke edemede ya bụ nke akwụkwọ ụwa, na-akọwa mbibi nke ọchịchị na ọgba aghara postcolonial n'asụsụ nke ziri ezi ma na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ.

N'afọ 2022, a kwanyeere ya ugwu dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede 12 nke Royal Society of Literature International, n'akụkụ Anne Carson, [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]], Cornelia Funke, Mary Gaitskill, Faïza Guène, Saidiya Hartman, Kim Hyesoon, Yōko Ogawa, Raja Shehadeh, Juan Gabriel Vásquez na Samar Yazbek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130|title=Twelve Writers Appointed in the Second Year of the RSL International Writers Programme|work=[[Broadway World]]|first=Stephi|author=Wild|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403203559/https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé nke afọ 2023, The Gospel According to the New World, edepụtara maka International Booker Prize ma, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86, ọ bụ onye edemede kacha okenye e depụtara maka ihe nrite ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;shaffi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache|title=International Booker prize announces longlist to celebrate 'ambition and panache'|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314091040/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache}}&lt;/ref&gt; E ji okwu gwa di ya na onye ntụgharị okwu bụ́ Richard Philcox ka o mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na o nwere nsogbu akwara ozi nke mere ka o siere ya ike ikwu okwu na ịhụ ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-french-caribbean-new-england-new-world-b2522180.html|title=Maryse Condé, prolific 'grande dame' of Caribbean literature, dead at age 90|first=Hillel|author=Italie|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=3 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu onye edemede-onye ntụgharị nke nwunye na di mbụ a ga-edepụta ogologo oge, ma mesịa depụta, &lt;ref name=&quot;shaffi&quot; /&gt;  maka onyinye ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB|title=See who's on the 2023 International Booker Prize shortlist|publisher=[[Southbank Centre]]|date=18 April 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524063903/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé|accessdate=14 March 2023|work=thebookerprizes.com|date=11 February 1934|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314151037/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/22/international-booker-prize-2023-cheon-myeong-kwan-gauz-eva-baltasar-georgi-gospodinov-guadalupe-nettel-maryse-conde#:~:text=Maryse%20Cond%C3%A9%2C%20who%20was%20born,will%20be%20her%20final%20novel.|title=The 2023 International Booker prize shortlist – review|first=John|author=Self|work=[[The Observer]]|date=22 May 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ebe ndebe ihe ochie ===
A na-edebe ihe ndekọ akwụkwọ Maryse Condé (akwụkwọ Maryse Condés, 1979-2012) na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Columbia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary|title=Maryse Condé papers, 1979–2012|work=Archival Collections|publisher=Columbia University Libraries|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=22 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122933/https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Original publication'''
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''English publication'''
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Translator
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Publisher
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Notes/References
|-
|''Hérémakhonon''
|1976
|''Heremakhonon''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Richard Philcox
|1982
|Three Continents Press
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Hérémakhonon|date=1982|publisher=Three Continents Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780894102325|oclc=8646556|edition=1st English language}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Une saison à Rihata''
|1981
|''A Season in Rihata''
|1988
|Heinemann
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=A Season in Rihata|date=1988|publisher=Heinemann Educational|isbn=978-0-435-98832-6|oclc=8106613884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IFcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Ségou: les murailles de terre''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(lit: &quot;Segu: The Earthen Wall&quot;)
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1984
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Segu''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Barbara Bray
|1987
|Viking Press
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Segu|date=1987|publisher=Viking|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=978-0-670-80728-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zZIAAAAYAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Segu|year=1996|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-025949-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhbIMpWGgFQC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1988
|Ballantine Books
|-
|1998
|Penguin Books
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ségou: la terre en miettes''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(lit: &quot;Segu: The Earth in Pieces&quot;)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1985
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''The Children of Segu''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Linda Coverdale
|1989
|Viking Press
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1989|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-82981-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjdIAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1990|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-36634-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbLpAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1990
|Ballantine Books
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Moi, Tituba, Sorcière…Noire de Salem''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1986
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Richard Philcox
|1992, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2009
|University of Virginia Press
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, black witch of Salem|date=2009|publisher=Univ. of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=9780813927671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLxAPgAACAAJ|edition=1st paperback|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem|date=1994|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-38420-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uPBhEIKP7kC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1994
|Ballantine Books
|-
|''La Vie scélérate [fr]''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(lit: &quot;The Wicked Life&quot;)
|1987
|''Tree of Life: A Novel of the Caribbean''
|Victoria Reiter
|1992
|Ballantine Books
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tree of Life|date=1992|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-345-36074-8|edition=1st American|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYJcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tree of Life by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 August 1992|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409040752/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Traversée de la mangrove''
|1989
|''Crossing the Mangrove''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Richard Philcox
|1995
|Anchor Books
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Crossing the Mangrove|date=1995|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-47633-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZRkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Self|first=John|title=Crossing the Mangrove by Maryse Condé – a village united by a vagabond|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/26/crossing-the-mangrove-by-maryse-conde-a-village-united-by-a-vagabond|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=The Observer|date=26 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Moudileno &amp; Higginson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Moudileno|first=Lydie|title=Portrait of the Artist as Dreamer: Maryse Condé's 'Traversée de la Mangrove' and 'Les Derniers Rois Mages'|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=626–640|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0104|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299149|accessdate=9 April 2024|issn=0161-2492}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Les Derniers rois mages''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(lit: &quot;The Last Magi&quot;)
|1992
|''The Last of the African Kings''
|1997
|University of Nebraska Press
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Moudileno &amp; Higginson&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=The Last of the African Kings|year=1997|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1489-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTNLR8PX9asC|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''La Colonie du nouveau monde''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(lit: &quot;The New World Colony&quot;)
|1993
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La colonie du nouveau monde: roman|date=1993|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-05903-6|oclc=29239656|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFWgQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''La Migration des cœurs [fr]''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(lit: &quot;The Migration of Hearts&quot;)
|1995
|''Windward Heights''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Richard Philcox
|1998
|Soho Press
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Windward Heights|date=1998|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-161-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d017kQEACAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tepper|first=Anderson|title=Windward Heights|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/05/bib/990905.rv103554.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 September 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wolff|first=Rebecca|authorlink=Rebecca Wolff|title=Maryse Condé|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|work=[[Bomb (magazine)|BOMB Magazine]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223085419/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|archivedate=23 December 2015|format=web.archive.org|date=Summer 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Desirada''
|1997
|''Desirada''
|2000
|Soho Press
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Desirada: roman|date=1997|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221084663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeh-zwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Schwerdtner|first=Karin|title=Wandering, Women and Writing: Maryse Condé's Desirada|journal=Dalhousie French Studies|date=2005|volume=73|pages=129–137|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40837654|issn=0711-8813|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Célanire cou-coupé [fr]''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(lit: &quot;Slashed-Throat Célanire&quot;)
|2000
|''Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?''
|2004
|Atria Publishing Group
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Célanire cou-coupé: roman fantastique|date=2000|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-08629-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBGSQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?: A Fantastical Tale|date=2004|publisher=Atria Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-7434-8260-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz1lAAAAMAAJ|oclc=254224954|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bailey Nurse|first=Donna|title=Unkindest Cut|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2004/09/26/unkindest-cut/20f98b7b-f5cd-44e8-9baf-9fe4f327c005/|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=Washington Post|date=25 September 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''La Belle créole''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(lit: &quot;The Beautiful Créole&quot;)
|2001
|''The Belle Créole''
|Nicole Simek
|2020
|University of Virginia Press
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La belle créole: roman|date=2001|publisher=Mercure de France|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7152-1810-9|oclc=47597710|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VZwQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Belle Créole|date=2020|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0-8139-4423-4|oclc=1126348970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRy1DwAAQBAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Histoire de la femme cannibale [fr]''
|2003
|''The Story of the Cannibal Woman''
|Richard Philcox
|2007
|Atria Publishing Group
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Story of the Cannibal Woman|date=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7129-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HEyAYo7iQC|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Maryse|first=Condé|title=Excerpt: 'The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel'|url=https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|date=4 June 2007|quote=The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel, Copyright 2007, by Maryse Conde. Reprinted by permission of Atria Books, an imprint of Simon &amp; Schuster Inc.|archivedate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408221012/https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Elizabeth|title=Magical Thinking|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Schmidt.t.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=15 April 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Les Belles ténébreuses''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(lit: &quot;The Dark Beauties&quot;)
|2008
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Les belles ténébreuses: roman|date=2008|publisher=Mercure de France|isbn=978-2-7152-2832-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6tpAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''En attendant la montée des eaux [fr]''
|2010
|''Waiting for the Waters to Rise''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Richard Philcox
|2021
|World Editions
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Waiting for the Waters to Rise|date=2021|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-64286-073-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNyWzQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Iglesias|first=Gabino|title=Having A Conversation With Loss And Grief In 'Waiting For The Waters To Rise'|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 August 2021|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407053430/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Le Fabuleux et triste destin d'Ivan et d'Ivana''
|2017
|''The Wondrous and Tragic Life &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;of Ivan and Ivana''
|2020
|World Editions
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana|date=2020|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-912987-09-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcoYzAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Jaggi|first=Maya|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana by Maryse Condé review – a scurrilous picaresque|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/16/the-wondrous-and-tragic-life-of-ivan-and-ivana-by-maryse-conde-review-a-scurrilous-picaresque|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The Guardian|date=16 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''L'Évangile du nouveau monde''
|2021
|''The Gospel According to the New World''
|2023
|World Editions
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World by undefined|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=14 October 2022|accessdate=7 April 2024|archivedate=21 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135148/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World: Shortlisted for the International Booker Prize 2023|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world|work=thebookerprizes.com|publisher=The Booker Prizes|accessdate=7 April 2024|language=en|date=7 March 2023|archivedate=25 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925130237/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Egwuregwu ===

* An Tan Révolisyion, &lt;ref name=&quot;Makward1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Makward|first=Christiane P.|title=Reading Maryse Conde's Theatre|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=Summer 1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=681–689|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0094|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299153|accessdate=8 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke e bipụtara na 1991, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1989 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Makward|first=Christiane|title=Petite histoire de An Tan Révolisyon, elle court, elle court la Liberté|url=https://www.cairn.info/sans-fards-melanges-en-l-honneur-de-maryse-conde--9791095177029-page-135.htm|date=2024|publisher=Presses universitaires des Antilles|isbn=979-10-95177-02-9|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Comédie d'Amour, &lt;ref name=&quot;Makward1995&quot; /&gt; nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1993 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Maryse Condé|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/|work=Île en île|date=17 November 1998|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=28 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kazaconde&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biographie &amp; bibliographie|url=https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/|work=Kazaconde|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409165832/https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dieu nous l'a donné, &lt;ref name=&quot;Makward1995&quot; /&gt; nke e bipụtara na 1972, nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1973
* La Mort d'Oluwémi d'Ajumako, &lt;ref name=&quot;Makward1995&quot; /&gt; nke e bipụtara na 1973, nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na [[Gabon]]
* Le Morne de Massabielle, &lt;ref name=&quot;Makward1995&quot; /&gt; nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na Puteaux, France, e mechara mee ya na Bekee na New York dị ka The Hills of Massabielle na Ubu Repertory Theater (1991) &lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot; /&gt;
* Les Sept voyages de Ti-Noël (nke ya na José Jernidier jikọrọ aka dee),  nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1987  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè|title='Je Me Suis Réconciliée Avec Mon Île': Une Interview de Maryse Condé|journal=Callaloo|issue=38}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=José Jernidier|url=https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles|title=Analyse dramaturgique et mise en jeu de textes dramatiques de langue et culture créole et autres textes composites français/créoles|work=chantiersnomades.com|date=2024|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409201316/https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=José Jernidier|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/|work=Île en île|date=3 January 2021|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=1 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601085752/http://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pension les Alizés, &lt;ref name=&quot;Makward1995&quot; /&gt; nke e bipụtara na 1988, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe ma mesịa mee na New York dị ka Tropical Breeze Hotel (1995) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bruckner|first=D. J. R.|title=In Performance; Theater|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/22/theater/in-performance-theater-892495.html|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=22 February 1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''''Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ'''' (2007). Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Play : Comme deux frères|url=https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html|work=Siyaj at UVa Caribbean Theater Company at the University of Virginia|publisher=Dept. of French Language and Literature, University of Virginia|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=2009|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407054940/https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nkatọ na akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ ===

* &quot;Ndị edemede nwanyị atọ n'Africa nke oge a: [[Flora Nwapa]], Ama Ata Aidoo na [[Grace Emily Akinyi Ogot|Grace Ogot]]&quot; (1972), Presence Africaine, 82:132-143.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Three Female Writers in Modern Africa : Flora Nwapa, Ama Ata Aidoo and Grace Ogot|journal=[[Présence Africaine]]|date=1972|issue=82|pages=132–143|doi=10.3917/presa.082.0132|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350338|issn=0032-7638|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Akụkọ banyere otu ọrụ, Hatier, 1978&lt;ref name=&quot;Voices from the Gaps&quot; /&gt;
* Mmepeanya nke Bossale: Echiche banyere akwụkwọ a na-ekwu n'ọnụ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, Paris: L'Harmattan, 1978&lt;ref name=&quot;Voices from the Gaps&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mekkawi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mekkawi|first=Mohamed|url=http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|title=Maryse Condé: Novelist, Playwright, Critic, Teacher: An Introductory Bio-bibliography|publisher=Howard University Libraries|date=1990|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|accessdate=11 April 2024|archivedate=31 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Okwu ụmụ nwanyị: Essai sur des romancières des Antilles de langue française.'' , Paris: L'Harmattan, 1979&lt;ref name=&quot;Voices from the Gaps&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mekkawi&quot; /&gt;
* Ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé (1993). ''Mkparịta ụka na Maryse Condé'' (1996). Ajụjụ ọnụ na Françoise Pfaff. Nsụgharị Bekee gụnyere isi ọhụrụ dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ 1994.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Entretiens avec Maryse Condé: suivis d'une bibliographie complète|date=1993|publisher=Editions Karthala|isbn=978-2-86537-435-9|oclc=30739196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JcAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=Conversations with Maryse Condä|date=1 January 1996|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0-8032-3713-1|oclc=34243864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64LQXH9dTnYC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pfaff|first=Françoise|title=Nouveaux entretiens avec Maryse Condé: écrivain et témoin de son temps|date=2016|publisher=Éditions Karthala|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-8111-1707-8|oclc=960463375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Gk9vgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;The Role of the Writer&quot; (1993), World Literature Today, 67 (4): 697-699.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Role of the Writer|journal=[[World Literature Today]]|date=1993|volume=67|issue=4|pages=697–699|doi=10.2307/40149563|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40149563|issn=0196-3570|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Obi na-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá: ihe ncheta nke nwata m (1999). Akụkọ sitere n'obi: Akụkọ Ezi Akụkọ sitere na nwata m, trans. Richard Philcox (2001).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Le coeur à rire et à pleurer: contes vrais de mon enfance|date=1999|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-266-09868-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugA-HQAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tales from the Heart: True Stories from My Childhood|date=2001|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-264-4|oclc=46422017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t35cAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer&quot; (2000), ''Yale French Studies'' 97: 151.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer|journal=[[Yale French Studies]]|date=2000|issue=97|pages=151–165|doi=10.2307/2903218|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2903218|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Mmeri, ụtọ na okwu'' (2006). ''Mmeri: Nne M'', trans. Richard Philcox (2006).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother|year=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-0058-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8t2ktvTuHQC|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 October 2009|archivedate=5 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005814/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* La Vie sans fards (2012). Gịnị bụ Africa nye m? Iberibe nke True-to-Life Autobiography, trans. Richard Philcox (2017).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La vie sans fards|date=2012|publisher=Le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-286-09075-3|oclc=826769208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlhrmAEACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=What Is Africa to Me?: Fragments of a True-to-life Autobiography|date=2017|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-0-85742-376-4|oclc=964730164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE6ODAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Journey of a Caribbean Writer (2013). Nchịkọta nke edemede, trans. Richard Philcox.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Journey of a Caribbean Writer|date=2014|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London New York Calcutta|isbn=978-0-85742-097-8|oclc=846745180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta2PMQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mets na ihe ịtụnanya (2015). N'ime Morsels na Marvels, trans. Richard Philcox (2015).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Mets et merveilles|date=2015|publisher=JC Lattès|location=Paris|isbn=9782709644792|oclc=907643787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7VGrgEACAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Of Morsels and Marvels|date=2020|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0-85742-693-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lh2wwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ ===

* Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française. Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966.&lt;ref name=&quot;Voices from the Gaps&quot; /&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot; /&gt;
* ''Abụ Ndị Caribbean''. Paris: Nathan, 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;Voices from the Gaps&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot; /&gt;
* Ebe ndị Rom si Caribbean Paris: Nathan, 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;Voices from the Gaps&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot; /&gt;
* ''Akara olu maka Guy Tirolien'' (onye na-enyekwa aka). Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot; /&gt;
* Caliban's Legacy, mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ''Callaloo'' na akwụkwọ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, 1992. &lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot; /&gt;
* L'Heritage de Caliban (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), edemede na akwụkwọ Francophone Caribbean. Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1992.&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot; /&gt;
* ''Chee echiche nke Creole''. Paris: mbipụta Karthala, 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot; /&gt;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==

* 1986: Nnukwu Ihe Nrite Akwụkwọ nke Nwaanyị&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Carruggi|first=Noëlle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT4CBVBfPB8C&amp;pg=PA17|title=Maryse Condé: rébellion et transgressions|date=2010|publisher=Karthala Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-0362-0|pages=17|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html|title=Auteur: Maryse Condé -|work=Guadeloupe le Guide|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402202749/https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1987: Prix de l'Académie française (La vie scélérate) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, plusieurs vies de combat|first=Muriel|author=Steinmetz|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[L'Humanité]]|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403092909/https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1988: Liberatur Prize (''Ségou'') &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 April 2024|title=Guadeloupe's Maryse Condé remembered as a fearless explorer of the complexities of Caribbean history and identity|url=https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Global Voices|first=Janine|author=Mendes-Franco|language=en|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403232752/https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Forsdick|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5vEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA43|title=Postcolonial Thought in the French Speaking World|date=2022|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-80207-934-0|pages=43|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1993: Ihe nrite Puterbaugh &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé, prolific Guadeloupean writer, dies aged 90|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/obituaries/article/2024/04/02/maryse-conde-prolific-guadeloupean-writer-dies-aged-90_6667137_15.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[Le Monde]]|first=Gladys|author=Marivat|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1997: Prix Carbet de la Caraibe (Desirada)  
* 1999: Marguerite Yourcenar Prize (Obi ị ga-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá) &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1 &quot;Author Profile: Maryse Condé&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219221020/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1|jstor=40158493 |date=19 February 2022 }}. ''World Literature Today'' (September–December 2004), 78 (3/4), p. 27.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1999: Lifetime Achievement Award site na mmemme Africana Studies nke Mahadum New York &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* 2001: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres site na Gọọmentị France &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* 2005: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/11/02/writers-conde-de-veaux-win-hurstonwright-prizes/e2d706ed-4f46-431d-9abf-475129c4ccf2/|title=Writers Conde, De Veaux Win Hurston/Wright Prizes|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=1 November 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2007: Prix Tropiques de l'Agence française de développement (Victoire, les saveurs et les mots)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé : mort d'une autrice à l'oeuvre humaniste et universelle {{!}} TV5Monde – Informations|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366|author=Terriennes|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=information.tv5monde.com|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 April 2007|title=La semaine (du 14 au 20 avril)|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008: Ihe nrite nke nka Afro-Caribbean maka Les Belles Ténèbres. Paris  &lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot; /&gt;
* 2009: Ihe nrite nke Afro-Caribbean Arts for Lifetime Achievement. Paris  &lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Île en île&quot;&gt;[https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ Maryse Condé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ |date=28 October 2023 }} at Île en île.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010: Grand prix du roman métis (Ka ọ na-echere ịrị elu nke mmiri) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 December 2010|title=Maryse Condé, Grand prix du roman métis|url=https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Bibliobs|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: New Academy Prize in Literature &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* 2020: PEN Translates award for Waiting for the Waters to Rise  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/|title=Nineteen PEN Translates awards go to titles from fifteen countries and thirteen languages|work=[[English PEN]]|date=10 June 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=29 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829215207/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Ihe nrite ụwa Cino Del Duca&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé reçoit le prix de la Fondation Cino del Duca pour son oeuvre 'portée sur l'humanisme'|first=Lauriane|author=Nembrot|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Outre-mer la 1ère|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: PEN Translates award from English PEN for The Gospel According to the New World &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/|title=PEN Translates awards announced|work=English PEN|date=21 December 2021|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194631/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022: Royal Society of Literature International Writer  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/30/tsitsi-dangarembga-royal-society-of-literature-international-writers-award|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga, Anne Carson and Mary Gaitskill honoured by Royal Society of Literature|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|work=The Guardian|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/|title=RSL International Writers|date=3 September 2023|publisher=Royal Society of Literature|accessdate=3 December 2023|archivedate=20 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120181559/https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Akwụkwọ Caribbean
* Akwụkwọ ndị e dere mgbe ha nwụsịrị
* Ọchịchịrị

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Lee, Vanessa, ụmụ nwanyị anọ Caribbean na-ede ihe nkiri: Ina Césaire, Maryse Condé, Gerty Dambury na Suzanne Dracius (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021).
* Perisic, Alexandra Mgbagwoju anya: Immigration, Neoliberalism, na Atlantic (na Maryse Condé, Roberto Bolaño, Giannina Braschi, Caryl Phillips), 2019.
* Small, Audrey H., [https://theconversation.com/five-books-by-maryse-conde-to-introduce-you-to-the-award-winning-guadeloupian-writer-228443 &quot;Akwụkwọ ise nke Maryse Condé iji mee ka ị mata onye edemede Guadeloupian meriri ihe nrite&quot;], The Conversation, 26 Eprel 2024.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Maryse Condé na Mahadum Columbia]. Rare Book &amp; Manuscript Library.
* [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Onye edemede French Guadeloupe Maryse Condé na-agụ site na ọrụ ya na Recording Laboratory], 24 Septemba 1999 (Library of Congress).
* Works by Maryse CondénaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ mepere emepe
* Mekkawi, Mohamed [https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm &quot;Maryse Condé: Onye edemede, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi: Akụkọ ndụ&quot;]. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Libraries, 1990 (rev. 1992).
* Petri Liukkonen. &quot;Maryse Condé&quot;. Akwụkwọ na ndị edemede.
* [http://fr.calameo.com/read/00429924444e06fb891de Nkwupụta nke Maryse Condé Fund nke Médiathèque Caribbean (laméca), akwụkwọ ndị sitere na ọbá akwụkwọ onwe onye nke Maryse condé]
* [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/literature/maryse-conde/index.html webGuinée - Maryse Condé]
* [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Maryse Condé dekọrọ maka Archive of Literature site na Hispanic Division na Library of Congress, Washington, D.D.], na 24 Septemba 1999.
* {{IMDb name|2268887}}
* Maryse Condédiski naDiscogs
* Mason Street, [https://thethornfieldreview.org/2017/07/31/an-interview-with-maryse-conde/ &quot;N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé&quot;], The Thornfield Review, 31 Julaị 2017.
* Leïla Slimani (nke Kim Willsher sụgharịrị), &quot;'An extraordinary role model': Maryse Condé remembered by Leïlalimani&quot;, ''The Guardian'', 3 April 2024.
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Conde, Maryse}}
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'''Mireille Corbier''' (amụrụ na 24 Mee 1943) bụ onye France na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge ochie. Ugbu a, onye isi nyocha Emerita na Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS),o bipụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu, kemgbe afọ 1992 ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke L'Année épigraphique . 

Corbier malitere ọmụmụ ya na Ecole Normale Superieure (1962-1966), n'oge ahụ ọ ghọrọ onye otu nke Gonville na Caius College, Cambridge. Site na 1967 ruo 1972 ọ kụziri akụkọ ihe mere eme oge ochie na Mahadum Paris, X Nanterre . Site na 1972 ruo 1975 ọ bụ onye otu École française de Rome, ebe o mepụtara akwụkwọ ya, L'aerarium saturni et l'aerarium militare. Nchịkwa na prosopography nke Senatorial (1974).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Corbier|first=Mireille|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1974_ths_24_1|title=L'aerarium saturni et l'aerarium militare. Administration et prosopographie sénatoriale|journal=Publications de l'École Française de Rome|date=1974|volume=24|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; O sonyeere CNRS na 1975, ka ọ na-akụzi nkà mmụta ihe gbasara mmadụ na mahadum. Mahadum Paris VIII Vincennes . 

Corbier bụ Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Mérite, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nominations au Journal officiel de la République française — décret du 15 novembre 1999|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000761719|work=legifrance.gouv.fr|date=16 November 1999|accessdate=20 February 2020}}.&lt;/ref&gt; na onye otu ọtụtụ òtù ndị ọkachamara na òtù ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ.  O kwuru okwu M. V. Taylor maka Roman Society na Jenụwarị 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lectures &amp; AGMs|url=https://www.romansociety.org/Events/Past-Events/Lectures-AGMs|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=www.romansociety.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* (1974) ''Aerarium saturni na aerarium militare. '' ''Nchịkwa na prosopography nke Senate.'' Rome: Ụlọ akwụkwọ French nke Rome.
* (1987) &quot;Ecriture dans l'espace public romain.&quot; Publications de l'École Française de Rome 98, No. 1: 27-60.
* (1991) &quot;Cité, territoire et fiscalité&quot;. Publications de l'École Française de Rome 143, No. 1: 629-665.
* (1999) ed. ''Ịzụlite na ịzụlite.'' Paris: nke Boccard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Meillassoux|first=Claude|date=2001|title=Mireille Corbier (éd.), Adoption et fosterage|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ahess_0395-2649_2001_num_56_2_279954_t1_0402_0000_1|journal=Annales|volume=56|issue=2|pages=402–405|doi=10.1017/S0395264900032777}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shaw|first=Brent D.|date=2004|title=Review of Adoption et Fosterage|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4135019|journal=The Journal of Roman Studies|volume=94|pages=194–196|doi=10.2307/4135019|issn=0075-4358}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2006) Nye ka a hụ, nye ka a gụọ. ''Ncheta na nkwurịta okwu na Rom oge ochie.'' Paris: CNRS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Donner à voir, donner à lire: mémoire et communication dans la Rome ancienne – Bryn Mawr Classical Review|journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review|url=https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2007/2007.12.16/|accessdate=2021-06-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2011) ed. Mụ na [[Jean-Pierre Guilhembet]]. ''Ihe odide n'ụlọ ndị Rom'' Paris: nke Boccard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Perrin|first=Yves|date=2013|title=L'écrit au quotidien dans le monde romain - MIREILLE CORBIER et JEAN-PIERRE GUILHEMBET (sous la direction de), L'ÉCRITURE DANS LA MAISON ROMAINE (De l'Archéologie à l'Histoire; De Boccard, Paris 2011). Pp. 426, figs. 193. ISSN 1157-3872; ISBN 978-2-7018-0314-2.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1047759413000494/type/journal_article|journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology|language=en|volume=26|pages=634–639|doi=10.1017/S1047759413000494|issn=1047-7594}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==

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'''Mohammed Usman Edu''' (amụrụ na June 12, 1980) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ. Ọ na-egwuri egwu maka Kwara United F.C. nke [[Ilorin]].

== Ọrụ ==
A na-akpọ ya 'Smart', Usman si [[Okene]] nke Okene mpaghara gọọmentị nke Kogi Steeti, ọ na-ele anya igwu bọọlụ ọkachamara na mba ofesi.

Ọ gbara bọọlụ n'ụlọ ọrụ Julius Berger F.C. nke Lagos ebe o meriri ọkwa nke atọ na Coca-Cola FA Cup n'oge 2001/2002. Ọ gbara ihe karịrị otu oge na 2004 maka Jigawa Golden Stars.  wee bịanye aka na Febụwarị 2005 maka Kwara United F.C.

== Edemsibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
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      <text bytes="1945" sha1="8ma0nzn1p42mp3gwnmgywrfx7pfdw4u" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:FC Liefering gegen SK Vorwärts Steyr (29.Oktober 2021) 81.jpg|thumb|Chukwubuikem Ikwuemesi ]]
'''Charles Chukwubuikem Ikwuemesi''' (amuru 5 Ọgọst 2001) bu onye okacha amara n'egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria nke na-egwu egwu n'ihu maka ụlọ ọgbakọ Belgian Pro League OH Leuven.
== Ọrụ klọb ==
Ikwuemesi bụ ihe ntorobịa sitere na klọb Naijiria Olive Charles Academy na Giant Brillars. Ọ malitere ọrụ agadi ya na mbinye ego na Austrian 2. Liga club Vorwärts Steyr na 31 August 2021. Na 31 December 2021, mbinye ego ya na Vorwärts Steyr kwụsịrị n'ihi nsogbu ego. Mgbe ọ laghachiri obere oge na Nigeria, ọ kwagara na Krško nke Slovenian Second League, bụ ebe o meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ 4 na egwuregwu 11. Na 2 Julaị 2022, ọ bịanyere aka na akụkụ Slovenian PrvaLiga Celje na nkwekọrịta afọ 3. Na 18 Ọgọst 2023, ọ gafere na ụlọ ọgbakọ Serie A nke Salernitana na nkwekọrịta ruo 2027.

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Ikwuemesi bụ onye ntorobịa mba ụwa maka Naijiria, ebe a kpọrọ ya na Naịjirịa U20s na 2020 maka asọmpi WAFU B Cup of Nations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2020/12/01/how-little-known-chukwubuikem-ikwuemesi-became-nigeria-u20-first-choice-striker-ahead-of-peter-olawale/|title=How Little Known Chukwubuikem Ikwuemesi Became Nigeria U20 First Choice Striker Ahead Of Peter Olawale - OwnGoal Nigeria|date=1 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scorenigeria.com.ng/5-flying-eagles-to-shine-at-u20-afcon-qualifiers/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204093332/https://scorenigeria.com.ng/5-flying-eagles-to-shine-at-u20-afcon-qualifiers/|archivedate=4 December 2020|title=5 Flying Eagles to shine at U20 AFCON qualifiers – Score Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
[[w:|Oud-Heverlee Leuven squad]]
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>8ma0nzn1p42mp3gwnmgywrfx7pfdw4u</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nathan Tella</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75427</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673736</id>
      <parentid>672514</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T19:15:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NiferO</username>
        <id>20385</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added an image</comment>
      <origin>673736</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12168" sha1="2yvrlfgmhplt544i6r4d9e9vj76nb86" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Nathan-Tella-2025.jpg|thumb|Nathan-Tella]]
'''Nathan Adewale Temitayo Tella''' (amụrụ na 5 Julaị 1999)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nathan Tella|url=https://www.arsenal.com/historic/players/nathan-tella|accessdate=1 March 2022|publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-eme egwuregwu n'aka nri ma ọ bụ onye na'ihu maka klọb Bundesliga Bayer Leverkusen . A mụrụ ya n'England, ọ na-egwuri egwu maka otu egwuregwu mba Naịjirịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=14 January 2022|title=Southampton's Nathan Tella expresses desire to play for Nigeria|url=https://punchng.com/southamptons-nathan-tella-expresses-desire-to-play-for-nigeria/|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
Tella grew up in Stevenage, Hertfordshire and was educated at Edwinstree Middle School and then Freman College, both in the town of Buntingford. He left following his GCSE exams in 2015. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; After ten years with Arsenal, Tella spent time on trial at Reading&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.getreading.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/reading-fc-transfers-arsenal-winger-12564572|title=Reading FC transfers: Arsenal winger on trial with Royals|work=getreading.co.uk|date=6 February 2017|accessdate=23 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Norwich City, before joining Southampton in April 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 April 2017|title=Saints sign youngster Tella|url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2017-04-21/announcement-signing-southampton-nathan-tella|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427210456/https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2017-04-21/announcement-signing-southampton-nathan-tella|archivedate=27 April 2017|accessdate=23 June 2020|publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Southampton ===
Na Julaị 2019, ọ gbatịpụrụ nkwekọrịta ya na klọb ahụ maka otu afọ ọzọ, tupu ọ bịanye aka n'akwụkwọ mgbakwunye afọ atọ ọzọ na July 2020. Na 19 June 2020, Tella mere mpụta mbụ ya dị ka onye nnọchi na mmeri 3 – 0 megide Norwich City. Na 11 Febrụwarị 2021, o nyere onyinye mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya site n'inye aka na goolu Stuart Armstrong na mmeri agba nke ise nke FA 2–0 megide Wolverhampton Wanderers. Na 23 Febụwarị, Tella mere Premier League nke mbụ ya na mmeri 3–0 meriri Leeds United.[5] Na 15 Mee, Tella meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ Premier League mbụ ya na mmeri 3–1 megide Fulham.

Na 6 Jenụwarị 2022, Tella bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ afọ atọ na ọkara na Southampton.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=House|first=Alfie|date=6 January 2022|title=Nathan Tella signs brand-new contract with Southampton|url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/19829959.nathan-tella-signs-brand-new-contract-southampton/|accessdate=7 January 2022|work=Southern Daily Echo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Burnley (onye a gbazinyere) ====
N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, Tella sonyeere Burnley na mgbazinye oge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 August 2022|title=Tella relishing Clarets move|url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/content/tella-relishing-clarets-loan-move|accessdate=11 August 2022|work=Burnley FC}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2023, ọ gbara hat-trick mbụ na mmeri 3-0 na Preston North End, mmeri nke iri n'usoro nke otu ya,  ma otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị gbaa hat-tric nke abụọ na mmeri 3-1 na Hull City. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64520687|title=Burnley 3–0 Preston North End|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 February 2023|accessdate=11 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 March 2023|title=Hull City 1–3 Burnley|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64884200|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayer Leverkusen ===
N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, klọb Bundesliga Bayer Leverkusen kwupụtara mbinye aka nke Tella na nkwekọrịta afọ ise, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 August 2023|title=New winger for the Werkself: Bayer 04 sign Nathan Tella|url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/news/bayer04/new-winger-for-the-werkself-bayer-04-sign-nathan-tella|accessdate=2023-08-31|publisher=Bayer 04 Leverkusen|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 August 2023|title=Tella departs for Bayer Leverkusen|url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/tella-departs-for-bayer-leverkusen|accessdate=27 August 2023|work=Southampton FC}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka ego a kọrọ na ọ bụ £ 20 nde. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-08-27|title=Forward Tella joins Bayer Leverkusen from Southampton|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/forward-tella-joins-bayer-leverkusen-southampton-2023-08-27/|accessdate=2023-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ pụtara nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 2 Septemba 2023 na mmeri 5-1 megide Darmstadt 98, na-anọchi Jeremie Frimpong na nkeji nke 72.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bayer Leverkusen 5–1 SV Darmstadt 98|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/match/_/gameId/677603|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị ise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2023, Tella gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Bayer Leverkusen na mmeri 1-2 megide Molde na Europa League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 October 2023|title=2–1 in Molde – early double whammy paves the way|url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/news/europa-league/2-1-in-molde-early-double-whammy-paves-the-way|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Bayer Leverkusen FC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2023, onye isi nchịkwa [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]], José Peseiro kpọrọ Tella maka asọmpi FIFA World Cup nke 2026 megide Lesotho na Zimbabwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Oguntimehin|first=Ayomide|title=Peseiro hands Bayer Leverkusen's Nathan Tella a debut Super Eagles call-up|url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/11/peseiro-hands-bayer-leverkusens-nathan-tella-a-debut-super-eagles-call-up.html|accessdate=10 November 2023|work=Socceret.ng|date=10 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ogunseyin|first=Oluyemi|title=2026 World Cup Qualifiers: Nathan Tella gets first Eagles call-up, Musa, Troost-Ekong dropped|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/2026-world-cup-qualifiers-nathan-tella-gets-first-eagles-call-up-musa-troost-ekong-dropped/|accessdate=10 November 2023|date=10 November 2023|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
A mụrụ ya n'England, Tella bụ onye Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=21682|title=Promising Arsenal Winger Nathan Tella Eager To Play For Nigeria Ahead Of England :: All Nigeria Soccer - The Complete Nigerian Football Portal|work=www.allnigeriasoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Abayomi|first=Tosin|date=16 January 2022|title='Sorting out my passport' - Southampton's Nathan Tella ready to dump England for 'dream' Super Eagles|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/sports-gist/southamptons-nathan-tella-ready-to-dump-england-for-dream-super-eagles/t8nvng7|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==
[[w:updated|match played 2 May 2026]]&lt;ref name=SWAY&gt;{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/nathan-tella/376599/|title=Nathan Tella|website=Soccerway|access-date=2 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko mba[a]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Njikọ[b]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị ọzọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Southampton U23
|2017–18
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2[c]
|0
|2
|0
|-
|2018–19
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|3[c]
|0
|3
|0
|-
|2020–21&lt;ref name=&quot;sb2020&quot; /&gt;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1[c]
|0
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!6
!0
!6
!0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Southampton
|2019–20
|Njikọ Premier
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1
|0
|-
|2020–21
|Njikọ Premier
|18
|1
|3
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|1
|-
|2021–22
|Njikọ Premier
|14
|0
|1
|0
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|18
|1
|-
|2023–24
|Mmeri
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|3
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!36
!2
!4
!0
!4
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!44
!3
|-
|Burnley (onye a gbazinyere) 
|2022–23
|Mmeri
|39
|17
|5
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|45
|19
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Bayer Leverkusen
|2023–24
|Bundesliga
|24
|5
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|11[d]
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|39
|6
|-
|2024–25
|Bundesliga
|27
|2
|5
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|7[e]
|1
|1[f]
|0
|40
|4
|-
|2025–26
|Bundesliga
|17
|1
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2[e]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|21
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!68
!8
!11
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!20
!2
!1
!0
!100
!11
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!143
!27
!20
!3
!5
!1
!20
!2
!7
!0
!195
!33
|}
 

=== Mba Nile ===
[[w:updated|match played 31 May 2025]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|93025|access-date=19 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ
!Ndị otu mba
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]
|2023
|1
|0
|-
|2025
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!2
!0
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Burnley'''

* EFL Championship: 2022-23&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Long|first=Dan|date=25 April 2023|title=Blackburn Rovers 0–1 Burnley: Vincent Kompany's Clarets clinch Championship title after Manuel Benson stunner|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12040/12866055/blackburn-rovers-0-1-burnley-vincent-kompanys-clarets-clinch-championship-title-after-manuel-benson-stunner|accessdate=25 April 2023|work=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Bayer Leverkusen'''

* Bundesliga: 2023-24&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Whelan|first=Padraig|date=14 April 2024|title=Bayer Leverkusen crowned German champions for first time|url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/bayer-leverkusen-crowned-german-champions-for-first-time-39348923|accessdate=14 April 2024|work=OneFootball}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* DFB-Pokal: 2023-242023–24
* DFL-Supercup: 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=17 August 2024|title=Bayer Leverkusen battle back to beat VfB Stuttgart on penalties in Supercup|url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/bayer-leverkusen-vfb-stuttgart-supercup-preview-live-blog-report-alonso-28479|accessdate=17 August 2024|publisher=Bundesliga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Onye egwuregwu nke ọnwa nke PFA Championship: Machị 2023&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 April 2023|title=The winner of the PFA Vertu Motors Championship Fans' Player of the Month - March|url=https://www.90min.com/posts/the-winner-of-the-pfa-vertu-motors-championship-fans-player-of-the-month-march-2023|accessdate=30 May 2023|work=90min.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* EFL Championship Team nke Oge: 2022-23 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 April 2023|title=EFL Team of the Season line-ups revealed|url=https://www.efl.com/news/2023/april/efl-team-of-the-season-line-ups-revealed/|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=English Football League}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* PFA Team of the Year: 2022-23 Championship &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66650723|title=Erling Haaland: Manchester City forward wins PFA men's Player of the Year award|publisher=BBC Sport|date=29 August 2023|accessdate=29 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
[[w:|Bayer 04 Leverkusen squad]]
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>2yvrlfgmhplt544i6r4d9e9vj76nb86</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Olakunle Olusegun</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75428</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673744</id>
      <parentid>672511</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T19:32:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elcarim1</username>
        <id>62511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
      <origin>673744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5299" sha1="4p0spql30vhzo7i14xisl0up6s69cz7" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Olakunle Olusegun 2022.jpg|thumb|Olakunle Olusegun ]]
'''Olakunle Junior Olusegun''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2002) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agbachitere ndị otu Russia bụ Pari Nizhny Novgorod na mgbazinye site na Krasnodar, na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].

== Ọrụ klọb ==
N’ọnwa Ọgọọst 2021, klọb bọọlụ Bulgaria, Botev Plovdiv zụtara ikike Olusegun ma kpọga ya ozugbo n’ọrụ mgbazinye na klọb Russia, FC Krasnodar-2 maka oge egwuregwu 2021–22.

O mere nke mbụ ya na Russian Football National League maka Krasnodar-2 na 29 Ọgọstụ 2021 na egwuregwu megide Baltika Kaliningrad . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/08/29/russia/1-division/baltika-kaliningrad/krasnodar-ii/3516705/|title=Baltika vs. Krasnodar II  2 - 1|date=29 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N' April 2022, a kwalitere Olusegun ka ọ bụrụ onye njikwa otu Krasnodar wee mee mpụta mbụ ya na Premier League nke Russia na 3rd nke Eprel 2022 na egwuregwu megide Dynamo Moscow.

Na 14 June 2022, Olusegun gafere na FC Krasnodar na-adịgide adịgide ma bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na klọb ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=tele-sport.ru|url=https://tele-sport.ru/football/russia/rpl/tlspnews_krasnodar-vykupil-trekh-nigeriitsev|title=&quot;Краснодар&quot; выкупил трех нигерийцев|date=14 June 2022|language=ru|accessdate=11 May 2026|archivedate=5 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205092333/https://tele-sport.ru/football/russia/rpl/tlspnews_krasnodar-vykupil-trekh-nigeriitsev}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 5 Machị 2024, Olusegun gbatịkwuru nkwekọrịta ya na Krasnodar ruo 30 June 2028. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=КРАСНОДАР ПЕРЕПОДПИСАЛ КОНТРАКТ С ОЛАКУНЛЕ ОЛУСЕГУНОМ|url=https://fckrasnodar.ru/team/news/object/?object_id=146362|work=fckrasnodar.ru/|publisher=FC Krasnodar|accessdate=26 March 2024|language=Russian|date=5 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 23 Julaị 2025, Pari Nizhny Novgorod gbazinyere Olusegun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=FC Pari Nizhny Novgorod|url=https://fcnn.ru/news/38761|title=&quot;Пари НН&quot; арендовал Оланкунле Олусегуна|date=23 July 2025|accessdate=24 July 2025|language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Olusegun nọchitere anya Naijiria na 2019 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations, ebe ọ gbara goolu megide Angola, na 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup, ebe ọ nyere goolu na agba nke 16 1-3 ha meriri [[Netherlands]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/11/06/world/u17-world-cup/nigeria-under-17/netherlands-under-17/3070689/|title=Nigeria U-17 vs. Netherlands U-17 1 - 3|date=6 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O mere nke mbụ ya maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba dị elu]] na 6 June 2025 na egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Russia.

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
[[w:updated|match played 26 April 2026]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko[a]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị ọzọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Fremad Amager
|2020–21
|Ngalaba nke 1 nke Denmark
|31
|7
|3
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|34
|9
|-
|2021–22
|Ngalaba nke 1 nke Denmark
|3
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|3
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!34
!7
!3
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!37
!9
|-
|Krasnodar-2
|2021–22
|Njikọ Mbụ nke Russia
|19
|6
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|19
|6
|-
|Krasnodar (onye a gbazinyere) 
|2021–22
|Njikọ Premier nke Russia
|9
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|9
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Krasnodar
|2022–23
|Njikọ Premier nke Russia
|24
|5
|8
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|32
|6
|-
|2023–24
|Njikọ Premier nke Russia
|27
|3
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|31
|3
|-
|2024–25
|Njikọ Premier nke Russia
|19
|2
|8
|1
|1[b]
|0
|28
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!70
!10
!20
!2
!1
!0
!91
!12
|-
|Pari Nizhny Novgorod (ụgwọ) 
|2025–26
|Njikọ Premier nke Russia
|24
|5
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|29
|5
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!156
!28
!28
!4
!1
!0
!185
!32
|}
 

=== Mba Nile ===
[[w:updated|match played 14 October 2025]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ
!Ndị otu mba
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]
|2025
|2
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!2
!0
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Krasnodar'''

* Russian Premier League: 2024-25&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=Russian Premier League|url=https://premierliga.ru/news/rfpl/news_32141.html|title=«Краснодар» впервые стал чемпионом Мир РПЛ!|date=24 May 2025|accessdate=24 May 2025|language=ru|archivedate=24 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524161018/https://premierliga.ru/news/rfpl/news_32141.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Kelechi Iheanacho</title>
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      <text bytes="49275" sha1="4dlqt4hvf0ed789oh4pwxii3pxvjhe0" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Kelechi_Iheanacho_24-02-15_02.jpg|thumb|Iheanacho na Manchester City na 2015]]
'''Kelechi Promise Iheanacho''' MON ({{Audio|Ig-kelechi promise iheanacho.ogg|listen}}; [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Igbo]]: ''Ịheanachọ''; &lt;ref name=&quot;cheapgoals.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why Leicester City striker Kelechi Iheanacho has dots under his name|url=https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/leicester-city-striker-kelechi-iheanacho-1184269|date=8 February 2018|accessdate=27 February 2025|work=Leicester Mercury|publisher=Reach plc}}&lt;/ref&gt; amụrụ n'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1996) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ maka klọb Scottish Premiership Celtic na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].

Iheanacho malitere ọrụ ya dị elu na Manchester City n'oge Oge 2015-16, na-emeri iko bọọlụ . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://en.starafrica.com/football/iheanacho-in-citys-first-team-squad-next-season.html|title=Iheanacho in City's first team squad next season|work=Star Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2488104-why-kelechi-iheanacho-will-be-the-next-star-to-come-through-man-citys-academy|title=Why Kelechi Iheanacho Will Be the Next Star to Come Through Man City's Academy|first=Rob|author=Pollard|work=Bleacher Report}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4110/nigerians-abroad/2015/05/23/12011122/kelechi-iheanacho-scores-brace-in-manchester-united-u21|title=Kelechi Iheanacho scores brace in Manchester United U21 defeat|date=23 May 2015|work=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kwagara Leicester City na 2017 maka ego a kọrọ na ọ bụ £ 25 nde, ego kachasị ukwuu maka onye ọkpụkpọ Naijiria n'oge ahụ na nke abụọ kachasị maka onye ọgba bọọlụ Afrịka mgbe onye Ijipt Mohamed Salah gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 August 2017|title=Iheanacho completes Foxes move – sources|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/37528428/kelechi-iheanacho-completes-25-million-leicester-switch-sources|accessdate=23 October 2023|work=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iheanacho nyere aka na ihe ịga nke ọma nke Leicester City na 2020-21 FA Cup, na-agba goolu anọ dị elu gafee mbipụta ahụ ka klọb ahụ meriri iko ahụ na nke mbụ.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Peach|first=Simon|date=18 April 2021|title=Kelechi Iheanacho ends Leicester's 52-year wait for a place in the FA Cup final|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-40269314.html|accessdate=25 October 2023|publisher=Irish Examiner}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Burt|first=Jason|date=18 April 2021|title=Kelechi Iheanacho strike sends Leicester City into the FA Cup Final at Southampton's expense|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2021/04/18/leicester-city-vs-southampton-fa-cup-semi-final-live-score-latest/|accessdate=25 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mekwara naanị goolu egwuregwu ahụ site na penalty ebe Leicester welitere 2021 FA Community Shield.

Na mba ụwa, Iheanacho nọchitere anya ndị otu Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri na asaa na 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup, a na-akpọ ya onye egwuregwu kachasị mma na asọmpi ahụ ma mechie dị ka onye nke abụọ kachasị elu ka ọ na-eduga otu ahụ na ndekọ nke anọ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Inyang|first=Ifreke|date=8 November 2013|title=U-17 World Cup: Iheanacho wins Golden Ball, Silver Boot awards, Alampasu receives Golden Glove|url=https://dailypost.ng/2013/11/08/u-17-world-cup-iheanacho-wins-golden-ball-silver-shoe-awards-alampasu-receives-golden-glove/|accessdate=23 October 2023|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ga-etinye ya na ndị otu Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ 20 maka 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Leadership Newspaper|date=29 May 2015|title=U-20 World Cup Beginning of Great Things For Iheanacho – Father|url=http://leadership.ng/sports/436808/u-20-world-cup-beginning-of-great-things-for-iheanacho-father|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; tupu ya emee nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa n'ikpeazụ n'otu afọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kelechi Iheanacho arrive in New Zealand for U20 World Cup|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/11242/nigeria-u20/2015/05/26/12100202/kelechi-iheanacho-arrives-new-zealand-for-u20-world-cup|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529063102/http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/11242/nigeria-u20/2015/05/26/12100202/kelechi-iheanacho-arrives-new-zealand-for-u20-world-cup|archivedate=29 May 2015|work=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe ahụ, ọ nọchitere anya mba ahụ na 2018 FIFA World Cup, yana [[Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2021|2021]] na 2023 Africa Cup of Nations, na-emecha dị ka onye nke abụọ na asọmpi ikpeazụ. A họpụtara Iheanacho dị ka onye kacha nwee ọganihu n'Afrịka ugboro abụọ na 2013 na 2016 ma kpọọ ya dịka onye nọchiri anya 2016 CAF Team of the Year.

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Manchester City ===

==== Ọrụ mmalite ====

Iheanacho sonyeere Manchester City Academy na 10 Jenụwarị 2015. Tupu oge 2014-15, City gara United States na njem nlegharị anya tupu oge, na ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị onye ọkpụkpọ obodo, ọ sonyeere ndị otu ahụ. Ọ gbara wee gba bọọlụ na egwuregwu mbụ nke njegharị ahụ, mmeri 4–1 megide Sporting Kansas City,  wee merie AC Milan ọzọ na mmeri 5–1. Ka emechara njem ahụ, Manchester City haziri ka Iheanacho soro ndị ọrụ Columbus zụọ ọzụzụ ruo etiti ọnwa Ọktoba.

Oge igbu oge n'inweta ikike ịrụ ọrụ pụtara na Iheanacho enweghị ike igwu egwu na England ruo n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2015. O mere nke mbụ ya n'okpuru afọ iri na itoolu na egwuregwu UEFA Youth League megide Schalke 04, mana o merụrụ ahụ mgbe naanị nkeji iri na otu gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.sl10.ng/news/articles/Category/nigeria-players-abroad/manchester-city-striker-kelechi-iheanacho-starts-individual-training-after-injury-lay-off/206755|title=Manchester City Striker Kelechi Iheanacho Starts Individual Training|work=SL10|date=14 April 2015|accessdate=20 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gbakere, ọ malitere ịnọchite anya Manchester City na ndị ntorobịa na ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na otu na akụkụ ikpeazụ nke oge ahụ. Ọ gbara bọọlụ na FA Youth Cup final, ebe ọ gbara bọọli, mana ọ kwụsịrị n'akụkụ na-emeri mgbe Chelsea meriri 5-2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/apr/27/chelsea-fa-youth-cup-manchester-city|title=Chelsea retain FA Youth Cup with victory against Manchester City|work=The Guardian|date=27 April 2015|accessdate=20 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'izu na-esote, ọ gbara naanị goolu ka Manchester City meriri Porto na ngwụcha nke 2014-15 Premier League International Cup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Match-reports/2015/May/City-EDS-v-Porto-International-Premier-League-Cup-final-match-report-5167|title=Manchester City EDS v Porto: International Premier League Cup match report|publisher=Manchester City F.C.|accessdate=3 July 2015|archivedate=10 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510231617/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Match-reports/2015/May/City-EDS-v-Porto-International-Premier-League-Cup-final-match-report-5167}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Oge 2015-16 ====
N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2015, a gụnyere Iheanacho na ndị otu njem nleta nke City na Australia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Tour-2015/2015/Official-Manchester-City-Tour-2015-squad-list/1436520345|title=Man City News – Manchester City FC Transfers, Injury Updates, Match reports and Interviews|publisher=Manchester City F.C.|accessdate=16 July 2015|archivedate=15 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715122441/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Tour-2015/2015/Official-Manchester-City-Tour-2015-squad-list/1436520345}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na njem ahụ, o setịpụrụ goolu mbụ maka Raheem Sterling ma gbaa goolu nke abụọ na mmeri megide Rom na 2015 International Champions Cup. O guzobekwara Sterling maka goolu nke anọ na mmeri 8-1 nke City megide Ndị otu mba Vietnam. N'egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke City, megide VfB Stuttgart, ọ bịara dị ka onye nnọchi anya, na-agba goolu na mmeri 4-2. N'ihi ọmarịcha oge ya tupu oge, e buliri Iheanacho n'ọkwa na Manchester City senior squad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Roma vs. Manchester City – 21 July 2015 – Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/07/21/world/international-champions-cup/as-roma/manchester-city-football-club/2032769/|work=Soccerway|publisher=Perform Group|accessdate=21 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 10 Ọgọst 2015, Iheanacho so na ndị otu egwuregwu mbụ maka asọmpi ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye nnọchi ejighi ya na mmeri 3–0 meriri West Bromwich Albion na egwuregwu Premier League mbụ ha nke oge. Ụbọchị iri na itoolu ka e mesịrị, o mere mpụta mbụ asọmpi ya, dochie Raheem Sterling maka nkeji ikpeazụ nke 2-0 meriri Watford na City of Manchester Stadium. O meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ asọmpi mbụ ya na 12 Septemba, dochie Wilfried Bony na nkeji ikpeazụ nke otu egwuregwu gara Crystal Palace wee nweta naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke egwuregwu ahụ.

Iheanacho gbara goolu mbụ ya na 30 Jenụwarị 2016 megide Aston Villa na agba nke anọ Iko FA Cup, na-emekwa goolu nke anọ nke City, nke Raheem Sterling gbara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35389138|work=BBC Sport|title=Aston Villa 0–4 Man City|date=30 January 2016|accessdate=30 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa sochirinụ, e tinyere ya na ndị otu UEFA Champions League nke City na ego nke Samir Nasri merụrụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Radamel Falcao: Chelsea striker dropped from Champions League squad|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35488481|accessdate=4 February 2016|work=BBC Sport|date=3 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Febụwarị, Iheanacho gbara Tottenham Hotspur na mmeri 2-1 n'ụlọ maka City.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Manchester City 1–2 Tottenham Hotspur|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35515153|accessdate=1 May 2016|work=BBC Sport|date=14 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iheanacho gbagoro ọzọ na 23 Eprel 2016, gbatara Stoke City ugboro abụọ na mmeri 4-0. Ọ gbasoro nke a site n'ịmepụta nnọchi anya na Njikọ Njikọ na 26 April 2016.  Ụbọchị ise ka e mesịrị, na 1 May 2016, ọ meriri ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na 4-2 meriri Southampton. Iheanacho ji ihe mgbaru ọsọ asatọ Premier League mechaa oge 2015-16 wee nwee ihe mgbaru ọsọ kachasị elu kwa nkeji nke onye ọkpụkpọ ọ bụla, na-eri ihe mgbaru ọsọ otu nkeji kwa nkeji 93.9. [5] N'asọmpi niile, o meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ iri na anọ wee nye aka ise site na ngosi 35, n'agbanyeghị na ọ malitere naanị iri na otu n'ime egwuregwu ndị a. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya pụtakwara na ọ gụchara oge dị ka onye nke atọ kachasị elu City.

==== Oge 2016-17 ====
Na 10 Septemba 2016, Iheanacho malitere na Manchester derby. Ọ dekọtara enyemaka maka mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya nke oge na mmeri 2–1 maka City. Ụbọchị anọ ka e mesịrị, Iheanacho si n'oche bench nweta goolu ikpeazụ na mmeri City 4-0 Champions League meriri Borussia Mönchengladbach. Nke a bụ goolu mbụ ya na Europe maka Manchester City. Ụbọchị atọ ka mmeri 4–0 gasịrị, Iheanacho nwetara goolu nke abụọ, ma nye aka na nke atọ, na egwuregwu City megide AFC Bournemouth. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ weere ọkwa Premier League ya na 10, na-enye ya ohere ịbanye na ndepụta ndị egwu na-adịghị ahụkebe nke meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ 10 Premier League tupu afọ 20. Ndepụta a gụnyere ndị egwuregwu dịka Wayne Rooney, Ryan Giggs, Nicolas Anelka, Michael Owen na Romelu Lukaku.

N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2016, a họpụtara Iheanacho maka onyinye FIFA Golden Boy, nke onye na-agba bọọlụ n'etiti Bayern Munich bụ Renato Sanches mechara merie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Iheanacho, Iwobi Nominated For Golden Boy Award|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2016/09/29/iheanacho-iwobi-nominated-for-golden-boy-award/|work=Channels Television|date=29 September 2016|accessdate=11 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị meriri n'oge gara aga gụnyere ndị otu Raheem Sterling na Sergio Agüero.

Goolu ọzọ Iheanacho ga-abịa na Champions League, megide Celtic, na 1-1 draw n'ụlọ na 6 Disemba 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/38202631|title=Manchester City 1–1 Celtic|work=BBC Sport|date=6 December 2016|accessdate=6 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ikpeazụ Iheanacho nke oge ahụ, na ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ikpeazụ maka City, bịara megide Huddersfield na mmeri 5-1 Iko FA Cup nke ise, nke Iheanacho gbara goolu ikpeazụ nke egwuregwu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39035253|title=Manchester City 5–1 Huddersfield Town|work=BBC Sport|date=1 March 2017|accessdate=19 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Obodo Leicester ===
Iheanacho bịanyere aka na klọb Premier League Leicester City na nkwekọrịta afọ ise na 3 Ọgọst 2017, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Leicester City Sign Striker Kelechi Iheanacho|url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/444855/leicester-city-sign-striker-kelechi-iheanacho/press-release|publisher=Leicester City F.C.|date=3 August 2017|accessdate=3 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka ego nde £ 25. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Udoh|first=Colin|title=Kelechi Iheanacho completes £25&amp;nbsp;million Leicester switch – sources|date=2 August 2017|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/3170320/kelechi-iheanacho-completes-25-million-leicester-switch-sources|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=3 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na mmeri 4-3 na Arsenal na 11 Ọgọst 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/40822513|title=Arsenal 4–3 Leicester City|date=11 August 2017|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Leicester na EFL Cup tie megide Leeds United na 24 Ọktoba 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41647094|title=Leicester 3–1 Leeds|work=BBC Sport|date=24 October 2017|accessdate=17 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 16 Jenụwarị 2018, Iheanacho ghọrọ onye ọkpụkpọ mbụ na bọọlụ bọọlụ Bekee ka e nyere goolu n'ihi onye na-enyere onye na-ekpe ikpe aka na vidiyo, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ weere na e wepụrụ onye ọkpịsị ya n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi maka goolu nke abụọ ya. Goolu ahụ bụ nke abụọ Iheanacho meriri Fleetwood Town na 2-0 na FA Cup Third Round replay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Dom|author=Farrel|title=First VAR Goal in English Football Scored By Kelechi Iheanacho|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/first-var-goal-in-english-football-scored-by-kelechi/6361k4yblize1vs58pz0gjvew|publisher=goal.com|date=16 January 2018|accessdate=16 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Iheanacho anọghị na nhọrọ mbụ na-amalite iri na otu na mmalite nke oge ahụ, ọ bụ naanị abụọ n'ime egwuregwu 21 mbụ nke Leicester. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ mmerụ ahụ na ndị isi egwuregwu pụtara na Iheanacho nwetara egwuregwu dị ogologo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lastwordonsports.com/football/2021/02/28/leicester-city-in-injury-crisis|title=Leicester City in Injury Crisis|work=LastWordOnSports|date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iheanacho wee gaa n'ihu na-agba goolu iri na abụọ n'egwuregwu iri na asọmpi niile n'oge Machị na Eprel.

Iheanacho gbara goolu mbụ ya na Premier League na mmeri 5-0 megide Sheffield United na 14 Machị 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/mar/14/leicester-sheffield-united-premier-league-match-report|title=Kelechi Iheanacho hits hat-trick as Leicester thrash sorry Sheffield United|work=The Guardian|date=14 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu izu mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Iheanacho meriri Manchester United 3-1 na nkeji iri na ise Iko FA Cup, na-eziga klọb ahụ na ọkara ikpeazụ nke asọmpi ahụ na nke mbụ kemgbe 1981-82. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://talksport.com/football/fa-cup/853202/leicester-dump-manchester-united-out-fa-cup-kelechi-iheanacho-double/|title=Leicester dump Manchester United out of FA Cup to reach first semi-final since 1982 as 'on fire' Kelechi Iheanacho scores double|work=Talk Sport|date=21 March 2021|accessdate=21 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe abụọ ahụ bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke asatọ na nke itoolu Iheanacho na egwuregwu itoolu ikpeazụ ya na asọmpi niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/fa-league-cups/kelechi-iheanacho-leicester-fa-cup-manchester-united-b1820297.html|title=Kelechi Iheanacho brace sends Leicester to Wembley after win over listless Manchester United|work=Independent|date=21 March 2021|accessdate=21 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iheanacho meriri ihe nrite Premier League Player of the Month na Machị 2021 mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu ise n'egwuregwu atọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/12263414/kelechi-iheanacho-leicester-city-striker-wins-premier-league-player-of-the-month-award-for-march|title=Kelechi Iheanacho: Leicester City striker wins Premier League Player of the Month award for March|work=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 3 Eprel, Iheanacho bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ ọhụrụ na Leicester, na-edebe ya na klọb ahụ ruo mgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/2081886/kelechi-iheanacho-pens-new-leicester-city-contract|title=Kelechi Iheanacho Pens New Leicester City Contract|publisher=Leicester City FC|date=3 April 2021|accessdate=3 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Eprel, Iheanacho gbara naanị goolu na mmeri 1-0 meriri Southampton na Ọkara ikpeazụ nke FA Cup na Wembley Stadium. Mmeri ahụ mere ka Foxes gaa na nke mbụ ha na FA Cup kemgbe 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=McNulty|first=Phil|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/56725449|title=Leicester City 1-0 Southampton: Kelechi Iheanacho earns Foxes first FA Cup final spot since 1969|work=BBC Sport|date=18 April 2021|accessdate=18 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Oge 2021-22 ====
Iheanacho na Leicester malitere Oge 2021-22 na 2021 FA Community Shield megide Manchester City. Iheanacho nọchiri anya ya n'oge nkeji nke iri asaa na itoolu wee gbaa goolu mmeri, penalty nke nkeji nke iri asatọ na itoolu megide klọb mbụ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/58036460|title=Community Shield: Leicester City 1-0 Manchester City - Kelechi Iheanacho penalty seals silverware|work=BBC Sport|date=6 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Iheanacho punishes wasteful City to win Community Shield for Leicester|date=7 August 2021|work=[[The Guardian]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802201426/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/aug/07/leicester-manchester-city-community-shield-match-report|archivedate=2 August 2022|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/aug/07/leicester-manchester-city-community-shield-match-report}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/report/_/gameId/603200|title=Leicester 1-0 Man City (Aug 7, 2021) Game Analysis|work=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Oge 2022-23 ====
Iheanacho natara ihe nrite Leicester's Player of the Year mgbe oge nke mere ka klọb ahụ si na Premier League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Iheanacho &amp; Leitzig Earn Player Of The Season Recognition|url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/3515826/iheanacho--leitzig-earn-player-of-the-season-recognition|accessdate=31 May 2023|work=Leicester City Football Club|date=31 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Oge 2023-24 ====
Iheanacho gbara goolu isii n'egwuregwu iri abụọ na isii na asọmpi niile, ebe klọb ya jisiri ike nweta aha EFL Championship, na-enweta nkwalite laghachi na Premier League. Na 7 June 2024, Leicester kwupụtara na Iheanacho agaghị abịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ na klọb ahụ ma a ga-ahapụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tanner|first=Rob|date=7 June 2024|title=Kelechi Iheanacho released by Leicester as Jannik Vestergaard signs new three-year deal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5549086/2024/06/07/kelechi-iheanacho-contract-leicester-vestergaard/|work=The New York Times|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608164412/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5549086/2024/06/07/kelechi-iheanacho-contract-leicester-vestergaard/|archivedate=8 June 2024|accessdate=31 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2024, Iheanacho sonyeere klọb ndị Spen bụ Seville n'efu mgbe nkwekọrịta ya na Leicester City gwụsịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Iheanacho signs on a two-year deal|url=https://sevillafc.es/en/actual/news/kelechi-iheanacho-new-signing|publisher=[[Sevilla FC]]|accessdate=31 July 2024|date=31 July 2024|archivedate=31 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731170304/https://sevillafc.es/en/actual/news/kelechi-iheanacho-new-signing}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2025, klọb ahụ kwetara ịkwụsị nkwekọrịta ya site na nkwekọrịta ha abụọ, mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu atọ n'egwuregwu iri na otu na asọmpi niile n'oge ọ nọ na Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/25433757.celtic-race-sign-iheanacho-amid-key-uefa-deadline/|title=Celtic in race against time to sign Kelechi Iheanacho amid key UEFA deadline|date=2 September 2025|work=The Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 3 Febụwarị 2025, Iheanacho kwagara na klọb Championship Middlesbrough na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha oge. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfc.co.uk/news/2025/february/03/kelechi-iheanacho-joins-on-loan/|title=Kelechi Iheanacho Joins On Loan|publisher=Middlesbrough F.C.|date=3 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara goolu 1 n'egwuregwu 15 n'oge ọ na-agbazinye ego na klọb ahụ.

=== Ndị Celt ===
Na 2 Septemba 2025, Iheanacho bịanyere aka na Celtic nke Scottish Premiership na nkwekọrịta otu afọ, na klọb ahụ nwere nhọrọ maka afọ ọzọ. Ọbịbịa ya pụtara na ya na onye bụbu onye njikwa ya na Leicester City Brendan Rodgers nakwa onye bụbu enyi ya bụ Kasper Schmeichel ga-ezute.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.celticfc.com/news/2025/september/02/welcome-to-celtic--kelechi-iheanacho/|title=Welcome to Celtic, Kelechi Iheanacho|first=Celtic|author=FC|date=2 September 2025|work=Celtic FC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cd7y7w300weo|title=Celtic sign striker Kelechi Iheanacho on one-year deal|date=2 September 2025|work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iheanacho mere nke mbụ ya maka Celtic megide Kilmarnock na 14 Septemba, na-abịa dị ka onye na-anọchi anya ma na-agba penalty na nkeji ikpeazụ iji merie egwuregwu ahụ 2-1 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Idessane|first=Kheredine|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cpd9ng282p9t|title=Kilmarnock 1–2 Celtic|work=BBC Sport|date=14 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Kelechi_Iheanacho-Nigeria_(2).jpg|thumb|Iheanacho na [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na 2017]]
Iheanacho nọchitere anya Naijiria na ọkwa ndị ntorobịa site na ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri na atọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;kickoff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kickoff.com/news/38250/the-players-representing-the-golden-eaglets-of-nigeria-|title=The players representing the Golden Eaglets of Nigeria|work=Kick Off magazine|accessdate=21 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621170142/http://www.kickoff.com/news/38250/the-players-representing-the-golden-eaglets-of-nigeria-|archivedate=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahụmahụ mbụ ya nke nnukwu asọmpi mba ụwa bụ 2013 African U-17 Championship na Morocco. Maka Iheanacho, ihe kachasị mkpa bụ hat-trick na mmeri megide Botswana. Ọ raara ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya nye nne ya, onye nwụrụ ọnwa abụọ tupu asọmpi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/african-youth-championships/news/130421/Iheanacho_dedicates_hattrick_to_late_mum|title=Iheanacho dedicates hat-trick to late mum|work=Super Sport|date=21 April 2013|accessdate=20 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naịjirịa ruru na ngwụcha nke asọmpi ahụ, ebe Ivory Coast meriri ha na penalties.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/19700453|title=2013 African U-17 Championship|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iheanacho rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup, ebe ọ meriri Golden Ball award maka onye ọkpụkpọ nke asọmpi ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;fifa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u17worldcu/uae2013/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150721112316/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u17worldcu/uae2013/|archivedate=21 July 2015|title=Golden Eaglets soar to fourth crown|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=20 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naịjirịa meriri asọmpi ahụ, nke Iheanacho gbara ugboro isii, gụnyere otu ugboro na nke ikpeazụ, ma nye aka asaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/24874527|title=Nigeria win Under-17 World Cup|work=BBC Sport|date=8 November 2013|accessdate=20 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mbido asọmpi asọmpi mba Afrịka nke afọ 2014, Iheanacho zụrụ [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu Naịjirịa]] dị elu mana a tọhapụrụ ya n'òtù ahụ iji gaa England iji sonye na Manchester City.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11679/9077596/kelechi-iheanacho-is-set-for-a-move-to-england-according-to-stephen-keshi|title=Kelechi Iheanacho is set for a move to England according to Stephen Keshi|work=Sky Sports|date=17 December 2013|accessdate=20 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Naịjirịa maka 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup na New Zealand, ma gosipụta na egwuregwu abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=372542/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022052722/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=372542/index.html|archivedate=22 October 2013|title=Kelechi Iheanacho|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Naịjirịa họpụtara ya maka ndị otu 35 ha maka 2016 Summer Olympics, mana o nweghị ike ịbanye na 18 ikpeazụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/36623763|title=Kelechi Iheanacho included in Nigeria's Olympics squad|date=24 June 2016|accessdate=25 June 2016|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Onye Ukwu ===
Iheanacho mere nke mbụ ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya na 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying match megide Eswatini nke Naịjirịa meriri 0-0.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/super-eagles/news/151113/Swaziland_hold_Eagles_to_00_draw|title=eSwatini hold Eagles to a draw|work=supersport.com/|accessdate=25 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmalite mbụ ya maka ndị otu okenye bụ na 25 Machị 2016, 1-1 draw na Egypt na 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying match. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/match/nigeria-vs-egypt/2038209/report|title=Nigeria 1 – 1 Egypt Match report – 3/25/16 Africa Cup of Nations Qualification|work=Goal|accessdate=27 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iheanacho bụ onye Naịjirịa họọrọ n'egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Mali na Luxembourg na Mee 2016. Ọ gbara bọọlụ n'egwuregwu abụọ ahụ, na-enye aka megide Luxembourg.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/match/luxembourg-vs-nigeria/2231289/report|title=Luxembourg 1 – 3 Nigeria Match report – 5/31/16 Friendlies|work=Goal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;premiumtimesng.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/204203-iheanacho-scores-super-eagles-beat-mali-france.html|title=Iheanacho scores as Super Eagles beat Mali in France – Premium Times Nigeria|date=27 May 2016|work=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ ya n'egwuregwu enyi na enyi kpaliri ntụkwasị obi ọzọ n'ime ndị na-agba bọọlụ na mba ahụ ma kpọọ ya ka ọ mee asọmpi mbụ ya megide Ijipt na usoro asọmpi Iko Mba Afrịka ebe o nyere Oghenekaro Etebo aka n'egwú ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/match/nigeria-vs-egypt/2038209/report|title=Nigeria 1 – 1 Egypt Match report – 3/25/16 Africa Cup of Nations Qualification|work=Goal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbanyeghị mgbanwe e mere na ndị nkuzi n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2016, ọ gosipụtara onwe ya ọzọ dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu kachasị mkpa n'òtù ahụ mgbe ọ gbara goolu abụọ magburu onwe ya n'egwuregwu abụọ ya na Tanzania na Uyo na Zambia na Ndola, n'oge asọmpi AFCON na 2018 World Cup. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/match/nigeria-vs-tanzania/2038215|title=Nigeria 1 – 0 Tanzania Match report – 9/3/16 Africa Cup of Nations Qualification|work=Goal|date=3 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/report/_/gameId/464099|title=Zambia 1–2 South Africa|publisher=ESPN|date=9 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya n'ime ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ nke Naijiria maka iko mba ụwa nke afọ 2018 na Russia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - Final 23-man lists &amp;#124; Goal.com|work=Goal|date=4 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2021, onye na-azụ ndị nkuzi bụ [[Augustine Eguavoen|Austin Eguavoen]] depụtara Iheanacho na ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na asatọ nke 2021 Africa Cup of Nations . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=Eguavoen announces Nigeria final TotalEnergies AFCON squad|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa-cup-of-nations/news/eguavoen-announces-nigeria-final-totalenergies-afcon-squad|accessdate=11 January 2022|work=CAFOnline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara goolu mbụ nke Naijiria na asọmpi ahụ na nkeji nke 30 nke mmeri egwuregwu mbụ ha meriri Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=11 January 2022|title=[LIVE] Nigeria vs Egypt: Iheanacho's goal puts impressive Super Eagles ahead at half time|url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-vs-egypt-iheanachos-goal-puts-impressive-super-eagles-ahead-at-half-time/|accessdate=11 January 2022|work=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2023, a kpọrọ ya maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2023 na Ivory Coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenff.com/peseiro-names-25-players-as-super-eagles-seek-fourth-afcon-title-in-cote-divoire/|title=Peseiro names 25 players as Super Eagles seek fourth AFCON title in Cote d'Ivoire|publisher=[[Nigeria Football Federation]]|first=Ayodele|author=Olu Ibidapo|date=29 December 2023|accessdate=30 December 2023|archivedate=30 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230173003/https://www.thenff.com/peseiro-names-25-players-as-super-eagles-seek-fourth-afcon-title-in-cote-divoire/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'egwuregwu ọkara ikpeazụ megide South Africa, Iheanacho, na-apụta n'elu bench,  nwetara penalty mmeri na mmeri 4-2 n'oge ọgụ na-esote 1-1 draw, nke mere ka mba ya ruo na nke ikpeazụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-02-07|title=Nigerians celebrate tense Africa Cup semi-final win|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240207-nigerians-celebrate-tense-africa-cup-semi-final-win|accessdate=2024-02-12|work=France 24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/sport/20240207-nigeria-beat-south-africa-in-penalty-shootout-thriller-to-reach-afcon-final|title=Nigeria beat South Africa to reach AFCON final in penalty shootout thriller|publisher=France 24|date=7 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Profaịlụ onye ọkpụkpọ ==
A maara Iheanacho dị ka Onye Ukwu n'obodo ya Naịjirịa, a maara ya maka ọhụụ ya, dribbling, ọsọ, njedebe na egwuregwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sport|first=Telegraph|date=25 April 2016|title=That stat that shows Kelechi Iheanacho is Europe's most prolific goal-scorer|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/04/25/kelechi-iheanacho-is-europes-most-prolific-goal-scorer/|accessdate=22 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=10 Things You Need to Know About Manchester City Prodigy Kelechi Iheanacho|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2151150-10-things-you-need-to-know-about-manchester-city-prodigy-kelechi-iheanacho|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=Bleacher Report|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=How has Iheanacho become so prolific?|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/56896457|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye na-agba ọsọ, ọ nwere ike igwu egwu n'ebe ọ bụla na nke atọ ikpeazụ,   ndị ọkachamara na-akọwa ya dịka otu n'ime ndị na-agba bọọlụ kachasị mma na England.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=Iheanacho Plays Better When Deployed As Second Striker – Colleague|url=https://megasportsarena.com/iheanacho-plays-better-when-deployed-as-second-striker-colleague/|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=Megasports|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Alderman|first=Thomas Bradley|date=2021-10-07|title=Leicester boss explains how in-form Kelechi Iheanacho will be used|url=https://foxesofleicester.com/2021/10/07/leicester-city-form-kelechi-iheanacho/|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=Foxes of Leicester|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/linekar-says-iheanacho-bags-talent/|title=Lineker says Iheanacho has 'bags of talent'|date=2016-05-16|work=[[TheCable]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [5]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-19|title=Iheanacho, Kanu &amp; Nigerian strikers who made history in the Premier League {{!}} Goal.com Nigeria|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/lists/iheanacho-kanu--nigerian-strikers-who-made-history-in-the-premier-league/1gake6t63jal1eldin9yv89m1|accessdate=2023-10-25|work=www.goal.com|language=en-NG}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-12-26|title=Iheanacho Enters Premier League Record Book As Best Striker - Opta Confirms - OwnGoal Nigeria|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2016/12/26/iheanacho-enters-premier-league-record-book-as-best-striker-opta-confirms/|accessdate=2023-10-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thecable.ng&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2016-10-27|title=CONFIRMED: Iheanacho is deadliest striker in Europe!|url=https://www.thecable.ng/confirmed-iheanacho-deadliest-striker-europe|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sports|first=Pulse|date=2023-02-27|title=Kelechi Iheanacho and Erling Haaland headline the Top 10 most prolific forwards of the 2022/23 season|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/kelechi-iheanacho-and-erling-haaland-headline-the-top-10-most-prolific-forwards-of-the-202223-season-2023022717342260026|accessdate=2023-10-25|work=Pulse Sports Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnakwere ===
Iheanacho bu ụzọ bụrụ onye a ma ama na 2013 ka FIFA U-17 World Cup gasịrị dị ka onye na-ebuso agha ọgụ. Manuel Pellegrini akọwapụtala ya dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ dị mkpa na onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Onye njikwa ya, Brendan Rodgers kọwara ya dị ka onye na-enweghị atụ, onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na onye nwere nkà na-enweghị ego, na N'ajụjụ ọnụ BBC na Sky Sports. Iko FA kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu ojii kacha ama ama na akụkọ ntolite asọmpi ahụ.  BBC na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ kọwara ya dị ka &quot;onye na-egbu egbu kacha egbu na Europe&quot;,  na a na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ kachasị na Premier League ebe ọ na-eto ọsọ ọsọ ya n'ịgba ihe mgbaru ọsọ. Ndị na-agba egwu Britain mbụ na ndị ọkachamara egwuregwu, Gary Lineker na Alan Shearer, kọwara ya dị ka &quot;akpa talent&quot; na onye ọkpụkpọ nwere nnukwu ọsọ ọsọ na ikike dị ukwuu. Onye njikwa ya, Craig Shakespeare kwusara ya dị ka onye nwere nkà dị ukwuu nke gosipụtara nnukwu nkwa na ọkwa ọ bụla ọ na-egwu.  Onye otu ya, Isaac Success kọwara ya dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ kachasị mma ya na ya rụtụrụla n'ọrụ ya dum.

Dị ka nke 2015–2016, Iheanacho pụtara dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ nwere ihe mgbaru ọsọ kacha mma-kwa-nkeji ndekọ na Premier League akụkọ ihe mere eme na ugbu a bụ nanị African mere otú ahụ, na a kpọsara Premier League na Europe &quot;Kasị Prolific Goal Scorer&quot; site The Telegraph, Sky Sports na dị iche iche ndị ọzọ mgbasa ozi outlet. Onye bụbu onye bekee Ballon d'Or bụ onye nhọpụta na ọkachamara bụ Rio Ferdinand kọwara ya, na-ekwu na Sports Extra; 'Kelechi ugbua bụ onye Naịjirịa kacha agba bọọlụ n'EPL n'afọ a, maka na ọ na-agba bọọlụ, ọ bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ'. Ndị na-eto eto bọọlụ Naịjirịa na-elekarị Iheanacho anya dị ka ihe nlereanya. Ọ na-asọpụrụ Kaka, Wayne Rooney, Didier Drogba na Leo Messi, ma kọwaa Ronaldinho na Sergio Aguero dị ka mkpali ya, nakwa Jamie Vardy bụ onye ndị ọkachamara kọwara dị ka onye na-emegide ya. Mana ọ jụrụ nke a wee kpọọ ya dị ka akụkọ akụkọ na ihe mkpali maka ya ịghọ onye ọkpụkpọ ka mma.[10] O gosikwara mmasị ya iṅomi onye na-agba egwu Jay-Jay Okocha na onye na-aga n'ihu Nwankwo Kanu na Premier League ma ha abụọ ekwupụtala Iheanacho dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ egwu na otu n'ime ndị na-agba ọsọ kacha mma n'ụwa.

=== Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ===
Mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu, akara ngosi ihe nkiri Iheanacho na-agbadata n'ikpere ya ma jiri aka abụọ na-atụ aka elu, nke onye mgba kachasị amasị ya bụ Bryan Danielson kpaliri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-10-04|title=Happy Birthday Kelechi Iheanacho: Facts you might not know about Leicester City star|work=Goal.com Nigeria|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/lists/happy-birthday-kelechi-iheanacho-facts-you-might-not-know-about-leicester-city-star/blt489a16c1271a4504|accessdate=2023-10-23|language=en-NG}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Wrestler, Bryan inspired my goal dance|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/wrestler-bryan-inspired-goal-dance/|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=20 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2013, onye mgba ahụ kwetara na ọ bụ ya mgbe o nyere aka na mmeri Naijiria meriri Mexico, na-agba goolu anọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=YES! Bryan gets a big kick out of soccer star's celebration|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2013-10-21/daniel-bryan-yes-chant-reaches-fifa-soccer-player|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=WWE|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iheanacho si n'agbụrụ [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] nke Naijiria.&lt;ref name=&quot;cheapgoals.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why Leicester City striker Kelechi Iheanacho has dots under his name|url=https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/leicester-city-striker-kelechi-iheanacho-1184269|date=8 February 2018|accessdate=27 February 2025|work=Leicester Mercury|publisher=Reach plc}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Doering|first=Joshua|date=7 April 2021|title=EPL Player of the Month Kelechi Iheanacho giving glory to God|url=https://sportsspectrum.com/sport/soccer/2021/04/07/kelechi-iheanacho-giving-glory-god/|accessdate=16 April 2023|work=Sports Spectrum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko mba[a]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Njikọ[b]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị ọzọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Manchester City
|2015–16
|Njikọ Premier
|26
|8
|3
|4
|2
|2
|4[c]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|35
|14
|-
|2016–17
|Njikọ Premier
|20
|4
|3
|1
|2
|0
|4[c]
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|29
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!46
!12
!6
!5
!4
!2
!8
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!64
!21
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Obodo Leicester
|2017–18
|Njikọ Premier
|21
|3
|5
|4
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|28
|8
|-
|2018–19
|Njikọ Premier
|30
|1
|1
|0
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|35
|2
|-
|2019–20
|Njikọ Premier
|20
|5
|2
|1
|4
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|26
|10
|-
|2020–21
|Njikọ Premier
|25
|12
|6
|4
|1
|0
|7[d]
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|39
|19
|-
|2021–22
|Njikọ Premier
|26
|4
|1
|1
|3
|1
|12[e]
|1
|1[f]
|1
|43
|8
|-
|2022–23
|Njikọ Premier
|28
|5
|3
|3
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|35
|8
|-
|2023–24
|Mmeri
|23
|5
|1
|0
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|26
|6
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!173
!35
!19
!13
!20
!8
!19
!4
!1
!1
!232
!61
|-
|Seville
|2024–25
|[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]]
|9
|0
|2
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|11
|3
|-
|Middlesbrough (onye a gbazinyere) 
|2024–25&lt;ref name=&quot;KI2425&quot; /&gt;
|Mmeri
|15
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|15
|1
|-
|Ndị Celt
|2025–26
|Onye isi ala Scotland
|11
|4
|1
|2
|2
|0
|7[d]
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|21
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!254
!52
!28
!23
!26
!10
!34
!7
!1
!1
!343
!93
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

=== Mba Nile ===
[[w:updated|match played 31 May 2025]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player |id=61313 |name=Kelechi Iheanacho |access-date=1 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ
!Ndị otu mba
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]
|2015
|1
|0
|-
|2016
|6
|4
|-
|2017
|6[a]
|3
|-
|2018
|11
|0
|-
|2020
|4
|1
|-
|2021
|9
|2
|-
|2022
|6
|1
|-
|2023
|6
|3
|-
|2024
|7
|0
|-
|2025
|2
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!58
!14
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;[[w:updated|match played 31 May 2025]]
:''Nigeria score listed first, score column and indicates score after each Iheanacho goal.''&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Kelechi Iheanacho gbara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Mba.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ụbọchị
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ebe a na-anọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Onye mmegide
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ihe ruru
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Nsonaazụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ịsọ mpi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
|27 Mee 2016
|Stade Robert Diochon, Rouen, France
| Mali
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
|31 Mee 2016
|Egwuregwu Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| Luxembourg
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
|3 Septemba 2016
|Akwa Ibom Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria
| Tanzania
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
|2017 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
|9 Ọktoba 2016
|Levy Mwanawasa Stadium, Ndola, Zambia
| Zambia
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5
|23 Machị 2017
|The Hive Stadium, [[London]], England
| Senegal
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6
|1 June 2017
|[[Stade Municipal de Saint-Leu-la-Forêt|Stade Municipal nke Saint-Leu-la-Forêt]], Paris, France
| Togo
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7
|1 Septemba 2017
|Akwa Ibom Stadium, Uyo, Nigeria
| Cameroon
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–0
|2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |8
|14 Nọvemba 2017
|Krasnodar Stadium, Krasnodar, Russia
| Argentina
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–2
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |9
|13 Ọktoba 2020
|Jacques Lemans Arena, Sankt Veit an der Glan, Austria
| Tunisia
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |10
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |3 Septemba 2021
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Teslim Balogun Stadium, Lagos, Nigeria
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Liberia
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |11
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |12
|11 Jenụwarị 2022
|Roumdé Adjia Stadium, Garoua, Cameroon
| Egypt
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
|[[Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2021]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |13
|18 June 2023
|Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex, Monrovia, Liberia
| Sierra Leone
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–2
|Ntinye aka nke iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2023
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |14
|13 Ọktoba 2023
|[[Portimão]]&quot; id=&quot;mwBWQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Estádio Municipal de Portimão&quot;&gt;Estádio Municipal de Portimão, Portimão
| Saudi Arabia
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–2
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |15
|19 Nọvemba 2023
|Ogige Egwuregwu Huye, Butare, Rwanda
| Zimbabwe
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
|2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|}
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== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Manchester City'''

* Iko Njikọ bọọlụ: 2015-16&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35624164|title=Liverpool 1–1 Manchester City|first=Phil|author=McNulty|work=BBC Sport|date=28 February 2016|accessdate=27 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Obodo Leicester'''

* Iko FA: 2020-21&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57055571|title=Chelsea 0–1 Leicester City|first=Phil|author=McNulty|work=BBC Sport|date=15 May 2021|accessdate=15 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* FA Community Shield: 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58036460|title=Leicester City 1–0 Manchester City|first=Shamoon|author=Hafez|work=BBC Sport|date=7 August 2021|accessdate=8 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* EFL Championship: 2023-24&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.soccerbase.com/tournaments/tournament.sd?tourn_id=2040|title=Championship: 2023/24: Current table|work=Soccerbase|publisher=Centurycomm|accessdate=5 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Naịjirịa U17'''

* FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u17worldcu/uae2013/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150721112316/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u17worldcu/uae2013/|archivedate=21 July 2015|title=Golden Eaglets soar to fourth crown|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=20 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Naịjirịa'''

* Onye nke abụọ na Iko Mba Afrịka: 2023&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Onye ọ bụla'''

* FIFA U-17 World Cup Golden Ball: 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/archive/uae2013/awards/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331162703/http://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/archive/uae2013/awards/index.html|archivedate=31 March 2016|title=FIFA U-17 World Cup UAE 2013 – Awards|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=22 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* FIFA U-17 World Cup Silver Shoe: 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=FIFA U-17 World Cup 2013 - News - Accolades for Iheanacho and Nigeria|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/news/accolades-for-iheanacho-and-nigeria-2221120|accessdate=24 May 2020|work=FIFA.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* CAF Kasị Mma nke Afọ: 2013,  2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/cafawards/previouseditions/2013.aspx|title=CAF – CAF Awards – Previous Editions – 2013|publisher=CAFOnline|accessdate=22 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=JjXA1yebDNx8I52tgKCOlg%3d%3d|title=CAF – CAF Awards – Previous Editions – 2016|publisher=CAFOnline|accessdate=7 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* CAF Team of the Year: 2016 (dị ka onye nnọchi anya) &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;
* CAF U-17 African Championship Silver Shoe: 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Kelechi Iheanacho wins UAE 2013 Golden Boot|url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/4622/africa/2013/11/09/4394550/kelechi-iheanacho-wins-2013-fifa-u17-world-cup-golden-ball|work=Goal.com|accessdate=25 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye Egwuregwu nke Ọnwa nke Premier League: Machị 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/2080124|title=Iheanacho wins EA SPORTS Player of the Month award|publisher=Premier League|date=2 April 2021|accessdate=2 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye egwuregwu nke afọ nke Leicester City: 2022-23 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=31 May 2023|title=Iheanacho &amp; Leitzig Earn Player Of The Season Recognition|work=Leicester City Football Club|url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/3515826/iheanacho--leitzig-earn-player-of-the-season-recognition|accessdate=22 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Iwu'''

* Onye otu Order of the Niger &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2024-02-13|title=Afcon: Ivory Coast and Nigeria players get cash, villas and honours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68286543|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]]

== Edensibia ==
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== Njikọ mpụga ==
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[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yakubu</title>
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        <username>Elcarim1</username>
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      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
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      <text bytes="41395" sha1="ctpuwyvqdgqdw9czpqh0vst6buh5osi" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Yakubu in 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|YaYakubu Ayegbeni]]
'''Yak''' Ayegbeni''' {{Audio|Yakubu Ayegbeni.ogg|Listen}} (amụrụ na 22 Nọvemba 1982), nke a maara dị ka Yakubu, bụ onye nnọchi anya bọọlụ Naijiria na onye bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba dịka onye na-aga n'ihu. A na-akpọ ya &quot;The Yak&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;efcprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.evertonfc.com/players/y/ya/yakubu-ayegbeni|title=Players: Squad Profiles: Yakubu Ayegbeni|publisher=Everton F.C.|accessdate=28 August 2008|archivedate=8 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708162158/http://www.evertonfc.com/players/y/ya/yakubu-ayegbeni}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu ya na 2002-03 UEFA Champions League maka Maccabi Haifa nwetara ego mgbazinye na klọb England Portsmouth nke ghọrọ nke na-adịgide adịgide ka a na-ebuli ha na Premier League na 2003. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ pụtara n'ihe karịrị egwuregwu 250 nke Premier League maka Portsmouth, Middlesbrough, Everton, na Blackburn Rovers, ọ bụkwa onye nke anọ kachasị elu n'Africa na-agba goolu iri itoolu na isii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1514724|title=Mahrez latest African to hit half-century of goals|date=4 December 2019|accessdate=23 April 2020|work=premierleague.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nke anọ kachasị gbaa bọọlụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Naịjirịa, ma nọchite anya ha na asọmpi Iko Mba Afrịka anọ, 2010 FIFA World Cup na 2000 Summer Olympics.

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
A mụrụ Yakubu na Benin City, Edo State . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Hugman|title=The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2010–11|year=2010|publisher=Mainstream Publishing|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-1-84596-601-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na [[Bridge F.C.|Julius Berger]] na Lagos dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na Njikọ Premier nke Naijiria. E mechara gbazinye ya na klọb Portuguese Gil Vicente . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Admin|title=Yakubu Aiyegbeni turns 35, retires from football|url=https://punchng.com/yakubu-aiyegbeni-turns-35-retires-from-football/|work=[[The Punch]]|date=22 November 2017|accessdate=29 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maccabi Haifa ===
Ndị Israel Maccabi Haifa kwụrụ Julius Berger $ 300,000 maka mbinye aka ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?fbdid=649381|title=עיסקת ענק בכדורגל הישראלי: איגביני נמכר ב-7.2 מ' ד'|work=Globes|date=4 January 2003|author=חיון|first=דוד}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oge kachasị elu nke Yakubu na Haifa bụ 2001-02, mgbe ọ gbara ugboro 13 na egwuregwu 22 (oge egwuregwu bụ egwuregwu 33). Ọ bịara England ma zụọ na Derby County mana ọ pụghị inweta ikike ọrụ n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/sports/haifa-waits-as-yakubu-s-derby-deal-in-danger-1.40663|title=Haifa waits as Yakubu's Derby deal in danger|work=Haaretz|date=4 July 2002|accessdate=14 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara goolu asaa n'egwuregwu asatọ nke European Cup na 2002-03 UEFA Champions League, (gụnyere hat-trick megide Olympiakos na penalty na mmeri 3-0 megide Manchester United). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Adeoye|first=Aanu|title=A tribute to Yakubu, the one-man Premier League wrecking ball|url=https://www.planetfootball.com/nostalgia/tribute-yakubu-one-man-premier-league-wrecking-ball/|work=Planet Football|accessdate=29 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Portsmouth ===
Yakubu kwagara Portsmouth club English First Division (nke bụzị Championship) na mbinye ego na 6 Jenụwarị 2003. Harry Redknapp bịanyere aka na ya, Yakubu nyeere Portsmouth aka imeri 2002–03 First Division, na-agba otu ugboro n'egwuregwu abụọ ọ bụla (7 na egwuregwu 14). Ọ mere mpụta mbụ ya dị ka onye nọchiri anya nkeji nkeji 57 maka Vincent Péricard na eserese 1–1 megide Brighton &amp; Hove Albion na 18 Jenụwarị. Na 1 Febrụwarị, o mere mmalite mbụ ya wee merie ka nkeji anọ gachara n'ụlọ Grimsby Town. Egwuregwu ahụ kwụsịrị 3–0 na Yakubu nọchiri Péricard ka nkeji iri asatọ na itoolu gachara. Ụbọchị asaa ka e mesịrị, Yakubu gbara n'ọkara ọ bụla nke mmeri 6–2 meriri Derby County na mbido mbụ ya na bọọlụ Bekee. O jiri ihe mgbaru ọsọ abụọ nke ọkara nke mbụ jiri goolu nke abụọ jiri ọkpụ goolu abụọ merie Millwall na 1 Maachị.

Yakubu mere ka mgbazinye ego ya na Portsmouth bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide na Mee 2003 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football-heroes/displayhero_club.asp?HeroID=44678|title=Football photographic encyclopedia, footballer, world cup, champions league, football championship, olympic games &amp; hero images by|work=Sporting-heroes.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka ego nke £ 4 nde. Ọ gbara 37 n'ime egwuregwu 38 nke Portsmouth na 2003-04, na-amalite niile ma e wezụga abụọ. Goolu iri na isii Yakubu mere ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ebute goolu na klọb ahụ, na onye nke isii kachasị gbaa goolu na league dum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://free-elements.com/England/Seasons/S2003.html|title=Premier League Top Scorers – 2003–2004|work=Free-elements.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Yakubu gbara goolu Premier League mbụ ya n'egwuregwu nke abụọ ya, gbara 1–1 megide Manchester City na 23 Ọgọst 2003. Ka egwuregwu bọọlụ asatọ sochiri anya na-enweghị goolu, ọ gbara na League Cup megide Nottingham Forest na 29 October, otu n'ime ha bịara na mgbakwunye oge na mmeri 4–2. Yakubu gbara ọkpụ goolu ikpeazụ n'ụlọ ha meriri Leeds United n'abalị asatọ nke ọnwa Nọvemba. Na 3 Jenụwarị 2004, ọ meriri onye mmeri na nkeji 89th nke FA Cup agba nke atọ n'ụlọ Blackpool. Ụbọchị atọ ka e mesịrị, ọ gbara na Premier League ka Portsmouth meriri Aston Villa 2–1. Na 10 Jenụwarị, o meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ Premier League abụọ na ọkara nke abụọ nke mmeri 4–2 n'ụlọ ha meriri Manchester City. Ọ gbara na 2004 African Cup of Nations.

Yakubu ji goolu iri na otu mechie oge ahụ n'egwuregwu iri ikpeazụ ya na Premier League, malite na otu onye ọ bụla n'egwú anọ na-aga n'ihu, nke mbụ bụ naanị goolu na South Coast derby megide Southampton na 21 Machị. Nke a sochiri onye mmeri ikpeazụ megide Blackburn Rovers na mmeri 2-1 na-aga n'ihu, na onye na-eme ka Charlton Athletic. N'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke oge ahụ, ọ gbara goolu anọ ka Portsmouth meriri Middlesbrough 5-1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/3696223.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Portsmouth 5–1 Middlesbro|date=15 May 2004|accessdate=14 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2004-05, ọ gbara goolu iri na atọ. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ikpeazụ ya maka Portsmouth na Mee 2005 tupu ọ hapụ klọb ahụ - onye na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime 1-1 n'ụlọ na Bolton Wanderers na egwuregwu league nke oge ahụ - bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke mere ka Portsmouth ghara ịpụ na Premiership na oge 2004-05.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/may/08/match.sport5|work=The Guardian|first=Stuart|author=Barnes|title=Premiership: Portsmouth 1–1 Bolton|date=8 May 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yakubu's 28 Premier League goals between his two seasons make him Portsmouth's highest ever scorer in the Premier League, with nine more than their second-highest scorer Benjani Mwaruwari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://free-elements.com/England/Clubs/PorM1.html|title=Premier League High Scorers – Portsmouth|work=Free-elements.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2015)&quot;&gt;unreliable source?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Middlesbrough ===
[[Faịlụ:Yakubu_aiyegbeni.jpg|thumb|Yakubu na-egwuri egwu maka Middlesbrough na 2006]]
Mgbe oge 2004-05 gasịrị, ọ si Portsmouth gaa Middlesbrough maka ego ndekọ £ 7.5, nke kachasị elu maka onye Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Yakubu has not asked for move.|publisher=BBC Sport|date=8 September 2007|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/middlesbrough/6938421.stm|accessdate=1 May 2009|first=John|author=May}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakubu gbara naanị goolu nke egwuregwu ahụ site na penalty na agba nke mbụ Iko UEFA Cup 16 gara aga n'ụlọ megide Rom, na-enye Middlesbrough mmeri 1-0, onye mechara gaa na goolu ndị ọzọ. A kwụrụ ya ụgwọ maka arụmọrụ ya, ka o nyeere Middlesbrough aka iru 2006 UEFA Cup Final megide Seville, nke ha meriri 4-0.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=2005/overview/index.html#200506+sevilla+year+wait|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109131529/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=2005/overview/index.html#200506+sevilla+year+wait|archivedate=9 November 2011|title=2005/06: Sevilla end 58-year wait –|publisher=UEFA|date=1 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Mbufe ya site na Portsmouth gaa Middlesbrough na July 2005 bụ otu n'ime ndị Nnyocha Stevens &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Yakubu+move+is+probed.-a0152517852|title=Yakubu move is probed|date=9 October 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; na June 2007 gosipụtara nchegbu n'ihi enweghị mmekorita site n'aka ndị ọrụ Pinhas Zahavi na Barry Silkman. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=What Stevens said about each club|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 June 2007|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&amp;grid=A1YourView&amp;xml=/sport/2007/06/16/sfnste116.xml|accessdate=17 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Everton ===
E zigara Yakubu na Everton n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2007 maka ego £ 11.25 nde na nkwekọrịta afọ ise, &lt;ref name=&quot;efcprofile&quot;/&gt; nke bụ n'oge ahụ ihe kachasị klọb ahụ kwụrụ maka onye ọkpụkpọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.transferleague.co.uk/premiership-transfers/everton-transfers.html|title=Everton Transfers|work=Transfer League|accessdate=24 January 2012|archivedate=1 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101152114/http://www.transferleague.co.uk/premiership-transfers/everton-transfers.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'izere nọmba 9, Yakubu rịọrọ ka e nye ya nọmba 22, na-etinye nọmba a dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ maka oge mbụ ya,  ihe ọ dara otu ihe mgbarugwụ na-erughị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Yakubu+aims+to+snatch+22%3b+PREMIERSHIP+Striker+targets+20-year-old...-a0169248555|title=Yakubu Aims to Snatch 22|first=Chris|author=Beesley|date=29 September 2007|work=Daily Post|publisher=MGN Ltd.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/Articolo.aspx?ContenutoId=814520|title=Premier League Season Preview: Everton|work=Goal.com|date=11 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara nkeji iri na otu n'ime oge izizi ya maka klọb ahụ, goolu mbụ na mmeri 2-1 megide Bolton Wanderers na Reebok Stadium na Septemba 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/6963699.stm|title=Bolton 1–2 Everton|first=Phil|author=McNulty|publisher=BBC Sport|date=1 September 2007|accessdate=4 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe mbụ ọ gbara maka klọb ahụ bụ megide Fulham na mmeri 3-0 n'ụlọ na Disemba 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/everton-3-fulham-0-yakubus-treble-rewards-patience-of-everton-faithful-764007.html|title=Everton 3 Fulham 0: Yakubu's treble rewards patience of Everton faithful|first=Mike|author=Rowbottom|date=9 December 2007|work=The Independent|accessdate=4 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Yakubu gara Ghana na mbido afọ 2008 ka ọ banye na Njikọ Mba. Mgbe Naijiria si na asọmpi ahụ pụta, ọ laghachiri na klọb ya n'oge ngwụcha oge, onye njikwa David Moyes mechara hapụ ya.[1] Ihe nkwado ya megide Newcastle United na mmeri 3-1 na Goodison Park n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke oge 2007-08 nyeere ndị Toffees aka inweta ọnọdụ nke ise na ebe na 2008-09 UEFA Cup. O ji ihe mgbaru ọsọ Premier League 15 mechie oge mbụ ya, yana 21 na asọmpi niile maka Everton. Yakubu ghọrọ onye kacha agba bọọlụ Everton otu oge, wee bụrụ onye ọkpụkpọ Everton mbụ kemgbe Peter Beardsley nyere goolu iri abụọ n'otu oge.

Yakubu gbara ọkpụ goolu 100 ya n'egwuregwu bọọlụ Bekee n'asọmpi otu ha na West Bromwich Albion na mmalite nke 2008–09 Premier League. [1] O meriri Standard Liège na UEFA Cup wee laghachi na akara akara ya na Middlesbrough, ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya na egwuregwu iri. Ọ gbajiri akaị Achilles ya na 1–0 meriri Tottenham Hotspur na 30 Nọvemba, na-ewepụ ya maka oge ndị ọzọ. Yakubu mere asọmpi mpụta mbụ ya mgbe ọ merụsịrị akaị Achilles ya megide Burnley Reserves, na mbido mbụ ya maka otu nke mbụ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu afọ, ọ gbara na nkeji iri na otu megide Hull City na Njikọ Njikọ. Ọ bịara maka Jô n'oge mmerụ ahụ wee merie ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya iji mee ka Everton nọrọ na Stamford Bridge megide Chelsea. O mechara nye goolu mmeri megide Stoke. 

=== Obodo Leicester ===
[[Faịlụ:Yakubu.jpg|thumb|Yakubu na-egwuri egwu maka Leicester City na 2011]]
Yakubu sonyeere Leicester City na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha oge na 13 Jenụwarị 2011, na ohere nke ịkwaga na-adịgide adịgide. O mere nke mbụ ya wee gbaa goolu na 1-1 draw megide Preston North End na 15 Jenụwarị 2011,  sochiri goolu ọzọ na mmeri 4-2 megide Millwall na 22 Jenụwarụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Preston 1–1 Leicester|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_div_1/9358217.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 January 2011|accessdate=16 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Leicester 4–2 Millwall|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/9365343.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=22 January 2011|accessdate=25 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2011, ọ gbara bọọlụ n'aka ekpe na mmeri 2-0 ha meriri ndị na-asọmpi Derby County. N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2011, ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya na klọb mbụ ya bụ Middlesbrough. Mgbe ahụ, o nyere akara abụọ na mmeri 4-2 nke Leicester meriri Watford.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Admin|title=CHINESE CLUB TEMPTS YAKUBU WITH BIGGEST EVER SALARY|url=http://www.informationng.com/2012/06/chinese-club-tempts-yakubu-with-biggest-ever-salary.html|work=Information Ng|date=19 June 2012|accessdate=29 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Blackburn Rovers ===
Na 31 August 2011, Yakubu bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na Blackburn Rovers maka ego a na-akọwaghị ma nye ya onye njikwa Steve Kean nọmba 24 uwe elu. Ọ gbara bọọlụ mbụ na nke abụọ maka Blackburn Rovers na 17 Septemba na mpụta mbụ ya na Premier League megide Arsenal nke Blackburn meriri 4–3. A họpụtara ya onye nke egwuregwu ka ọ na-enyere Blackburn aka inweta mmeri mbụ ha n'afọ, ndị na-akwado Blackburn na-abụ abụ &quot;Feed the Yak na ọ ga-akara!&quot; Ka ọ na-erule oge mfụka ikpe-azụ fere. Ọ gbara goolu nke atọ ya na otu egwuregwu na asọmpi 3–3 n'èzí megide Norwich City. Goolu nke anọ na nke ise Yakubu nwetara n'asọmpi asọmpi ahụ bịara na ọkpụ atọ 3-3 na Wigan Athletic na 19 Nọvemba 2011. O meghere ọkpụ goolu n'ogologo ka sekọnd iri isii na ise gachara wee gbatịa na ntaramahụhụ oge mmerụ ahụ. Ọ nọbu na mbụ n'azụ ihe mere mgbe Blackburn gbadara 2–1, site n'itinye obere akụkụ iji mee ka onye otu egwuregwu Morten Gamst Pedersen dọpụta bọọlụ ahụ site na nkuku wee gafee Junior Hoilett ka ọ hazie egwuregwu ahụ 2–2. Na ngwụcha egwuregwu ahụ, Yakubu kwetara na o metụghị bọọlụ ahụ na goolu ahụ ekwesịghị iguzo.

N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2011, Yakubu gbara goolu anọ niile maka Blackburn na mmeri 4-2 n'ụlọ na Swansea City. Ọ gbara abụọ na ọkara ọ bụla, jiri penalty mechie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=318125&amp;cc=5901|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205112928/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=318125&amp;cc=5901|archivedate=5 December 2011|title=Report: Blackburn Rovers v Swansea City – Barclays Premier League|work=ESPN FC|date=3 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nke mbụ ya na Blackburn hat-trick na egwuregwu mbụ ya na goolu anọ kemgbe ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke oge 2003-04, maka Portsmouth megide Middlesbrough. Ọ gbara goolu abụọ, otu bụ penalty, na mmeri 2-3 nke ndị otu ya meriri Manchester United na Old Trafford na 31 Disemba 2011 nke hapụrụ ya na goolu iri na atọ maka oge ahụ na asọmpi niile. Na 15 Jenụwarị 2012, n'egwuregwu megide Fulham, a chụpụrụ Yakubu na nke mbụ ya na Premier League maka ọbara ọbara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/jan/15/morten-gamst-pedersen-blackburn|work=The Guardian|first=Richard|author=Gibson|title=Morten Gamst Pedersen urges Blackburn to resist selling key players|date=15 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ lọtara site na nkwụsịtụ, ọ gbara QPR. N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2012, Yakubu gbara bọọlụ ugboro abụọ, mgbe ọ na-efu otu penalty ma gbaa nke abụọ, na mmeri Blackburn na 2-3 n'ụlọ na Liverpool. N'oge mbụ ya na Blackburn, ọ gbara goolu iri na asatọ, mana klọb ahụ laghachiri na Championship na ngwụcha oge ahụ mgbe Wigan Athletic meriri ya site na 1-0. Mgbe e gosipụtara mwepụ, Yakubu kwuru na ọ chọghị igwu bọọlụ Championship ma chọọ ịhapụ Blackburn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2012-05-26|title=Championship football does not appeal to Rovers ace Yakubu|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/18218972|accessdate=2024-12-06|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guangzhou R&amp;F ===
Yakubu kwupụtara na 28 June 2012 na ọ hapụrụ Blackburn ma bịanye aka na Guangzhou R&amp;amp;amp;F nke China, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/1118541/yakubu-joins-chinese-side-guangzhou-r&amp;f?cc=5901|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130103010650/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/1118541/yakubu-joins-chinese-side-guangzhou-r&amp;f?cc=5901|archivedate=3 January 2013|title=Yakubu joins Chinese side Guangzhou R&amp;F – ESPNFC|work=ESPN FC|date=28 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ mbụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Okeleji|first=Oluwashina|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18577535|title=Yakubu leaves Blackburn to join Guangzhou R&amp;F in China|publisher=BBC Sport|date=28 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri na ise n'ọnwa Julaị, Yakubu mere Chinese Super League mbụ ya na egwuregwu Guangzhou Derby nke Guangzhou R&amp;F gbara Guangzhou Evergrande na Tianhe Stadium. Ọ gbara goolu mmeri nke egwuregwu ahụ na nkeji nke 87, na-emechi egwuregwu 34 nke Guangzhou Evergrande na-enweghị mmeri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Chiagozie|title=CHINESE CLUB TEMPTS YAKUBU WITH BIGGEST EVER SALARY|url=http://www.informationng.com/2012/06/chinese-club-tempts-yakubu-with-biggest-ever-salary.html|work=Information Ng|date=19 June 2012|accessdate=29 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ịgụ Ihe ===
Na 2 Febụwarị 2015, Reading bịanyere aka na onye ọrụ n'efu Yakubu na nkwekọrịta ruo na ngwụcha oge 2014-15. &lt;ref name=&quot;Royals sign Yakubu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Royals sign striker Yakubu|url=http://www.readingfc.co.uk/news/article/yakubu-signs-020215-2243359.aspx|publisher=Reading F.C.|accessdate=2 February 2015|date=2 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, Yakubu gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Royals na onye mmeri na mmeri 2-1 nke Derby County na Pride Park iji tinye klọb ahụ na nkeji iri na ise Iko FA Cup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/31423106|title=Derby 1–2 Reading|accessdate=15 February 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ Reading tọhapụrụ Yakubu na 21 Mee 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;Released&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Contract Update|url=http://www.readingfc.co.uk/news/article/reading-football-club-contract-update-2466502.aspx|publisher=Reading F.C.|accessdate=21 May 2015|date=21 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kayserispor ===
Na 31 Ọgọstụ 2015, Yakubu bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta otu afọ, yana nhọrọ nke afọ ọzọ, na otu Süper Lig Kayserispor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yeni Transferlerimiz|url=http://kayserispor.org.tr/tur/hdetay.asp?id=2088|publisher=Kayserispor|accessdate=31 August 2015|language=tr|date=31 August 2015|archivedate=1 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901103637/http://kayserispor.org.tr/tur/hdetay.asp?id=2088}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Obodo Coventry ===
Na 13 Febụwarị 2017, Yakubu bịanyere aka na Coventry City ruo na ngwụcha Oge 2016-17. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signing: Coventry City complete the signing of Yakubu Aiyegbeni on a short-term deal|url=http://www.ccfc.co.uk/news/article/2016-17/signing-yakubu-aiyegbeni-coventry-city-09022017-3565676.aspx#4hRg7skt5imk5Udi.99|publisher=Coventry City F.C.|accessdate=5 April 2017|date=13 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2017, ebe ọ gosipụtara naanị ugboro atọ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ n'ọkpụkpụ ụkwụ, nkwekọrịta Coventry City nke Yakubu kwụsịrị site na nkwekọrịta ha abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NEWS: Coventry City FC can confirm that Yakubu's contract has been mutually terminated|url=http://www.ccfc.co.uk/news/article/2016-17/yakubu-coventry-city-contract-mutually-terminated-3659284.aspx#DJeamv9A3VFyXAHD.99|publisher=Coventry City F.C.|accessdate=5 April 2017|date=5 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ mara ọkwa ezumike nká ya na bọọlụ na 22 Nọvemba 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-nigeria-yakubu/former-portsmouth-and-everton-forward-yakubu-retires-idUKKBN1DM1BZ|title=Former Portsmouth and Everton forward Yakubu retires|work=Reuters|date=22 November 2017|accessdate=22 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
[[Faịlụ:YakubuNigeria_1182582.jpg|thumb|Yakubu dị ka onyeisi nke [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na 2008]]
Yakubu agbaala goolu iri abụọ na otu n'ime egwuregwu iri ise na asatọ ọ gbara na [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] kemgbe ọ malitere n'afọ 2000. Ọ bụ onye nke anọ kachasị elu na mba Naịjirịa ugbu a.

=== Olimpik nke Oge Ọchịchị 2000 ===
Na Septemba 2000, Yakubu gosipụtara na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka 2000 Summer Olympics na Australia. Naịjirịa bụ ndị nwere asọmpi ahụ. Mgbe ahụ nke Maccabi Haifa, Yakubu dị afọ iri na asaa yi uwe elu nke nọmba 9. O meriri n'egwuregwu mbụ nke Naịjirịa, 3-3 draw na Honduras na 13 Septemba na Adelaide. Ọ gbakwara ndị Australia bọọlụ na 16 Septemba na Sydney ka ndị otu ya meriri 3-2 mana ọ gbaghị bọọlụ n'ụbọchị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Septemba ka ha na ndị Ịtali gbara bọọlụ Adelaide. Ọ pụtara na nkeji iri na ise nke ikpeazụ ka Naịjirịa meriri Chile 4-1 na Melbourne na 23 Septemba.&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=3989/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711153155/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=3989/|archivedate=11 July 2015|title=FIFA Player Statistics: Yakubu AYEGBENI|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=11 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2002 African Cup of Nations na 2002 FIFA World Cup ===
Yakubu made his full international debut on 22 April 2000 in a 4–0 home win in [[Lagos]] against Eritrea in qualification for the 2002 African Cup of Nations.&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa.com&quot;/&gt; He scored his first international goal in an away win against Namibia on 16 June 2001 in the same qualification campaign. On 1 July 2001, he scored his first international brace, with the second and fourth goals in a 4–0 away win over Sudan in the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification stage. He was named in the squad for the 2002 Africa Cup of Nations in Mali and was given the number 8 shirt by manager Shuaibu Amodu. On 9 February 2002, Yakubu scored the only goal of the third-place play-off against Mali after 29 minutes. However, Yakubu was not named later in the year in the squad selected by new manager Festus Onigbinde for the 2002 World Cup in Japan and South Korea. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2004 ===
N'abalị asaa n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2003, Yakubu gbara goolu abụọ mbụ nke Naịjirịa ka ha si n'azụ bịa iji merie Malawi 4-1 na asọmpi maka iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2004. Ọ nọgidere na uwe elu nke 8 na ndị otu a kpọrọ aha maka asọmpi ikpeazụ na [[Tunisia]] site n'aka onye njikwa Christian Chukwu mana ọ nweghị akara. Ya na Celestine Babayaro na Victor Agali, e zigara ya n'ụlọ site na asọmpi ahụ maka enweghị nchịkwa. Onye njikwa ya n'oge ahụ na Portsmouth, Harry Redknapp kwuru na ọ naghị eche banyere asọmpi ahụ ma nwee obi ụtọ na Yakubu laghachiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fordham|first=Josh|title=ARRY'S BET I'm a Celeb winner Harry Redknapp recalls how Portsmouth striker Yakubu was one goal from winning £20K bet with him|url=https://talksport.com/football/462762/im-a-celeb-winner-harry-redknapp-recalls-how-portsmouth-striker-yakubu-was-one-goal-from-winning-20k-bet-with-him/|work=Talk Sport|accessdate=29 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2006 FIFA World Cup iru eru ===
Yakubu gbara goolu ikpeazụ na mmeri 3-0 na-agafe Zimbabwe na mmeri na 1-1 na-aga n'ihu megide Gabon ka Angola meriri Naịjirịa n'ebe ruru eru ma hapụ asọmpi ikpeazụ maka oge mbụ kemgbe 1994. N'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ọdịiche dị elu nke +14 na +8, Naịjirịa erughị eru dịka tie-breaker bụ egwuregwu ihu na ihu n'etiti Naịjirịja na Angola.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=James|first=Kennedy|title=Playing in England shaped my career – Aiyegbeni|url=https://www.thepointng.com/playing-in-england-shaped-my-career-aiyegbeni/|work=The Point Ng|date=27 November 2017|accessdate=29 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mkpebi megide iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2006 ===
Ọ bụ ezie na Naịjirịa nwetara ọnọdụ na asọmpi ahụ n'ihi arụmọrụ ha na World Cup qualification, Yakubu kpebiri ịghara igwu egwu na 2006 African Cup of Nations iji lekwasị anya n'ụdị ya na Middlesbrough kama. A jara ya mma maka mkpebi ya ka klọb ahụ meriri ndị na-agbachitere ndị mmeri na ndị isi league Chelsea 3-0.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Yakubu+happy+to+miss+out+on+cup.-a0141984302|title=Yakubu happy to miss out on cup}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2010 FIFA World Cup ===
Na 2010 FIFA World Cup na South Africa, Yakubu hapụrụ goolu a na-emeghe site na mita atọ megide South Korea na egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke otu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_35/default.stm|title=Nigeria 2–2 South Korea|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana o mechara gbaa penalty iji jikọta egwuregwu ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8755106.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Yakubu penalty draws Nigeria level|date=22 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmetụta nke Yakubu mere ka o doo anya na Naijiria nwetara nsonaazụ nke 2-2 draw, mana nke a ezughị maka ndị otu ya ịga n'ihu site na usoro nke otu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jun/22/world-cup-2010-nigeria-south-korea|title=World Cup 2010: Nigeria rue missed chances as South Korea go through|first=Daniel|author=Taylor|work=The Guardian|date=22 June 2010|accessdate=13 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
N'afọ 2008, Yakubu lụrụ Yvonne Lameen Ikhana, nwa nwanyị nke onye na-agba bọọlụ mba Naijiria [[Kadiri Ikhana]], onye bụkwa nna di nke onye na na-agbabu bọọlụ Mba Naijiria Patrick Ovie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2008/07/08/weddings-super-eagle-yakubu-aiyegbeni-nomoreloss-phoenix-child/|title=WEDDINGS – Super Eagle Yakubu Aiyegbeni + Nomoreloss &amp; Phoenix Child|date=8 July 2008|work=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakubu na Ikhana nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. Yakubu na Yvonne Lameen Ikhana gbasara alụmdi na nwunye ha n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na Septemba 2021, na-ekwu maka esemokwu na-enweghị mgbagha, ma mesịa kewaa ụzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201001040172.html|title=Nigeria: Aiyegbeni Shares Christmas Spirit|date=4 January 2010|work=AllAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-egwuri egwu n'okporo ámá Benin, Naịjirịa, ruo mgbe nwanne ya nwoke nyere ya buutu mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/16379305|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Nigeria coach to recall Yakubu|date=1 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko mba[a]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Njikọ[b]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kọntinent
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Maccabi Haifa
|1999–2000
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Njikọ Premier nke Israel
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2000–01
|14
|3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|14
|3
|-
|2001–02
|22
|19
|
|
|
|
|5[c]
|5
|27
|24
|-
|2002–03
|13
|16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|13
|16
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!49
!38
!
!
!
!
!5
!5
!54
!43
|-
|Hapoel Kfar Saba (onye a gbazitere) 
|1999–2000
|Njikọ Premier nke Israel
|23
|6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|23
|6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Portsmouth
|2002–03
|Nkewa Mbụ
|14
|7
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|14
|7
|-
|2003–04
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Njikọ Premier
|37
|16
|4
|1
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|43
|19
|-
|2004–05
|30
|12
|2
|2
|3
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|35
|16
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!81
!35
!6
!3
!5
!4
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!92
!42
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Middlesbrough
|2005–06
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ Premier
|34
|13
|7
|4
|2
|0
|14[d]
|2
|57
|19
|-
|2006–07
|37
|12
|8
|4
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|45
|16
|-
|2007–08
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!73
!25
!15
!8
!2
!0
!14
!2
!104
!35
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Everton
|2007–08
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Njikọ Premier
|29
|15
|1
|0
|3
|3
|6[d]
|3
|39
|21
|-
|2008–09
|14
|4
|0
|0
|1
|0
|2[d]
|1
|17
|5
|-
|2009–10
|25
|5
|0
|0
|2
|1
|9[e]
|0
|36
|6
|-
|2010–11
|14
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|15
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!82
!25
!1
!0
!7
!4
!17
!4
!107
!33
|-
|Leicester City (nke a gbazitere) 
|2010–11
|Mmeri
|20
|11
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|20
|11
|-
|Blackburn Rovers
|2011–12
|Njikọ Premier
|30
|17
|0
|0
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|33
|18
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Guangzhou R&amp;amp;amp;F
|2012
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Njikọ Super China
|14
|9
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|15
|10
|-
|2013
|29
|15
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|30
|15
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!43
!24
!2
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!45
!25
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Al-Rayyan
|2013–14
|Njikọ kpakpando nke Qatar
|8
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|6[f]
|1
|14
|4
|-
|[[2014–15 Qatari Second Division|2014–15]]
|Nkewa nke Abụọ nke Qatar
|2
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!10
!5
!0
!0
!0
!0
!6
!1
!16
!6
|-
|Ịgụ Ihe
|2014–15
|Mmeri
|7
|0
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|11
|1
|-
|Kayserispor
|2015–16
|Süper Lig
|12
|0
|5
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|17
|3
|-
|Obodo Coventry
|2016–17
|Njikọ nke Mbụ
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|3
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!424
!170
!33
!16
!17
!9
!42
!12
!516
!207
|}
 

=== Mba Nile ===

: ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ndụ Yakubu ọ bụla gasịrị.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Yakubu 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Mba.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ụbọchị
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ebe a na-anọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Onye mmegide
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ihe ruru
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Nsonaazụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ịsọ mpi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref.
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1
|16 June 2001
|Independence Stadium, Windhoek, Namibia
| Namibia
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
|2002 African Cup of Nations iru eru
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Namibia vs. Nigeria|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/20971/Namibia_Nigeria.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1 July 2001
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Al-Merrikh Stadium, Omdurman, Sudan
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sudan
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2002 FIFA World Cup iru eru
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sudan vs. Nigeria|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/20972/Sudan_Nigeria.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4–0
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4
|9 February 2002
|Ogige Egwuregwu Baréma Bocoum, Mopti, Mali
| Mali
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
|2002 Iko Mba Afrịka
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mali vs. Nigeria|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/16594/Mali_Nigeria.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |30 May 2003
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Moshood Abiola National Stadium, [[Abuja]], Nigeria
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ghana
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị nwere omume enyi
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria vs. Ghana|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/18799/Nigeria_Ghana.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |6
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |7
|1 June 2003
|National Stadium, Lagos, Nigeria
| Cameroon
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–0
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria vs. Cameroon|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/18800/Nigeria_Cameroon.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |8
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |7 June 2003
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Moshood Abiola National Stadium, Abuja, Nigeria
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Malawi
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2004 African Cup of Nations iru eru
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria vs. Malawi|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/18801/Nigeria_Malawi.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |9
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |10
|5 September 2004
|National Sports Stadium, Harare, Zimbabwe
| Zimbabwe
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–0
|2006 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe vs. Nigeria|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/340/Zimbabwe_Nigeria.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |11
|9 October 2004
|Ogige Egwuregwu Omar Bongo, Libreville, Gabon
| Gabon
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–1
|2006 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabon vs. Nigeria|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/342/Gabon_Nigeria.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |12
|2 September 2006
|Moshood Abiola National Stadium, Abuja, Nigeria
| Niger
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
|2008 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria vs. Niger|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/1260/Nigeria_Niger.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |13
|8 October 2006
|Setsoto Stadium, Maseru, Lesotho
| Lesotho
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
|2008 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lesotho vs. Nigeria|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/1261/Lesotho_Nigeria.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |14
|17 June 2007
|Stade Général Seyni Kountché, Niamey, Niger
| Niger
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–1
|2008 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Niger vs. Nigeria|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/1268/Niger_Nigeria.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |15
|29 January 2008
|Sekondi-Takoradi Stadium, Sekondi-takoradi, Ghana
| Benin
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
|Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2008
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria vs. Benin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/1219/Nigeria_Benin.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |16
|3 February 2008
|Accra Sports Stadium, Accra, Ghana
| Ghana
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–2
|Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2008
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana vs. Nigeria|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/1234/Ghana_Nigeria.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |17
|21 June 2008
|Moshood Abiola National Stadium, Abuja, Nigeria
| Equatorial Guinea
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
|2010 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria vs. Equatorial Guinea|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/2299/Nigeria_Equatorial_Guinea.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |18
|14 November 2009
|Ebe Egwuregwu Mba Nile nke Moi, Kasarani, Kenya
| Kenya
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–2
|2010 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kenya vs. Nigeria|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/2415/Kenya_Nigeria.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |19
|16 January 2010
|Ombaka National Stadium, Benguela, Angola
| Benin
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
|Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2010
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria vs. Benin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/10757/Nigeria_Benin.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |20
|6 June 2010
|Makhulong Stadium, Thembisa, South Africa
| North Korea
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–1
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria vs. North Korea|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/10750/Nigeria_North_Korea.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |21
|22 June 2010
|Moses Mabhida Stadium, Durban, South Africa
| South Korea
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–2
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–2
|2010 FIFA World Cup
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria vs. South Korea|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/2199/Nigeria_South_Korea.html|work=National-football-teams.com|accessdate=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Maccabi Haifa'''

* Israel Premier League: 2000-01, 2001-02&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/isra01.html|title=Israel 2000/01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/isra02.html|title=Israel 2001/02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Portsmouth'''

* Njikọ bọọlụ nke mbụ: 2002-03&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=32703&amp;season_id=132|title=Yakubu &amp;#124; Football Stats &amp;#124; No Club &amp;#124; Season 2002/2003 &amp;#124; 2002- &amp;#124; Soccer Base}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/club/history/|title=History - Portsmouth}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Naịjirịa'''

* Africa Cup of Nations nke atọ: 2002, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te1365/nigeria/squad/|title=Nigeria - Squad Africa Cup 2002 Mali|date=14 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2004, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te1365/nigeria/squad/|title=Nigeria - Squad Africa Cup 2004 Tunisia|date=14 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2010 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te1365/nigeria/squad/|title=Nigeria - Squad Africa Cup 2010 Angola|date=14 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Godfrey Oboabona</title>
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      <text bytes="3213" sha1="lg8rfgh5memvcut3kqe267gn1fdjl94" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Godfrey Oboabona.JPG|thumb|Godfrey Oboabona]]
'''Godfrey Itama Oboabona''' MON (amụrụ n'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1990) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba dịka onye na-azụ azụ.

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Oboabona mere mba Nigeria mpụta mbụ ya na 2012, wee pụta na FIFA World Cup. Akpọrọ ya ka ọ banye n'òtù ndị Nigeria nke mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ maka iko mba Africa nke 2013.

Ka e mesịrị n'ọnwa ahụ, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na klọb Tey bụ Çaykur Rizespor . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oboabona completes move to Rizespor|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria/news/130822/Oboabona_completes_move_to_Rizespor|publisher=SuperSport|accessdate=22 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kọwara mbufe ahụ dị ka &quot;mmegharị nrọ&quot;.  Na Septemba 2018, Oboabona sonyeere HNK Gorica na Croatian First Football League. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/23808726|title=Godfrey Oboabona delights in 'dream' move to Turkey|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|date=23 August 2013|accessdate=23 August 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-au/news/godfrey-oboabona-joins-croatia-top-flight-side-hnk-gorica/geq2e74b40rn14o01wv73nhal|title=Godfrey Oboabona joins Croatia top-flight side HNK Gorica|date=12 September 2018|accessdate=15 September 2018|publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hnk-gorica.hr/hnk2013/sadrzaj/vijesti/blicinfo/nigerijski-reprezentativac-novi-je-igrac-gorice|title=Nigerijski reprezentativac novi je igrač Gorice|date=11 September 2018|language=hr|accessdate=15 September 2018|publisher=[[HNK Gorica]]|archivedate=16 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416151957/https://www.hnk-gorica.hr/hnk2013/sadrzaj/vijesti/blicinfo/nigerijski-reprezentativac-novi-je-igrac-gorice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Fearị afọ 2020, ọ bịanyere aka na klọb Georgia FC Dinamo Batumi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/oboabona-why-i-joined-aspiring-dinamo-batumi/13hejv569mn9619ia1ukcmv911|title=Oboabona: Why I joined aspiring Dinamo Batumi &amp;#124; Goal.com|work=www.goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==


A họpụtara ya maka ndị otu Naịjirịa na 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22827902|title=Nigeria to take new-look squad to Confederations Cup|date=9 June 2013|accessdate=10 June 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 2014 FIFA World Cup. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27302995|title=World Cup 2014: Peter Odemwingie in provisional Nigeria squad|date=6 May 2014|accessdate=11 May 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naịjirịa họpụtara Oboabona maka ndị otu ha nke mmadụ iri atọ na ise maka 2016 Summer Olympics. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36623763|title=Kelechi Iheanacho included in Nigeria's Olympics squad|date=24 June 2016|accessdate=25 June 2016|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Iwu'''

== Edensibia ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Godfrey Oboabonana WorldFootball.net
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Isiaka Olawale</title>
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      <text bytes="1176" sha1="euuj6r1hribrlgn13xuiah5hfwkqvx9" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Isiaka Olawale of Lobi Stars.jpg|thumb|Isiaka Olawale]]
'''Isiaka Olawale''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Isiaka Olawale.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 11 Nọvemba 1983) bụ onye egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] Naijiria. Ọ na-egwuri egwu ugbu a maka Dolphins F.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1324:-kwara-united-dolphins-aim-high-as-league-begins&amp;catid=24:sports-news&amp;Itemid=112|title=Kwara United, Dolphins aim high as league begins|accessdate=23 September 2009|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Na 25 January 2012, mgbe mkparịta ụka dị ogologo gasịrị, Dolphins na Kwara United mesịrị kwenye na ego maka ịnyefe onye ọkpọ egwuregwu, Isiaka Olawale, na ndị mmeri nke otu.[1] Olawale bido wee nye goolu mbụ ya n'ụkwụ nke abụọ nke asọmpi CAF Champions League nke afọ 2012 megide CD Elá Nguema

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Ọ gbara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Naịjirịa na otu egwuregwu bekee mba Naịjarịa.

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1730" sha1="4g60y6bvcpib2a4flsmuxqef3l1pez2" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Michel Babatunde1.jpeg|thumb|396x396px|Michel Babatunde]]
'''Michael Babatunde''' (onye a mụrụ n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1992) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ si Naịjirịa nke na-agba bọọlụ n'ọnọdụ onye na-agba n'etiti ọgbọ egwuregwu (midfielder).&lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|179904}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ọrụ klọb ==
N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2015 ọ sonyeere klọb Moroccan Raja Casablanca . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionafrica.com/nigerias-michael-babatunde-joins-raja-casablanca/|title=Nigeria's Michael Babatunde joins Raja Casablanca|work=Television Africa|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 31 Mee 2016, Babatunde sonyeere Qatar SC na Qatar Stars League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36417827|title=Babatunde joins relegated Qatar SC|work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2018, Babatunde laghachiri Morocco iji sonye na Wydad AC . {{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/michael-babatunde-seals-wydad-casablanca-move/1xojwe9n05iu515h9w6yqpqyju|title=Michael Babatunde seals Wydad Casablanca move|work=Goal.com|date=6 February 2018}}
== Ọrụ mba ụwa==
Babatunde bụ onye egwuregwu mba Naijiria na-agba egwu ugboro ugboro, na-agbara Nigeria egwu na iko mba ụwa nke 2013 na asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa nke 2014 na Brazil.

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Qatar SC'''

* Nkewa nke Abụọ nke Qatar: 2016-17

* Botola: 2018-192018–19
* Onye nke abụọ na CAF Champions League: 2018-192018–19

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
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[[w:|Nigeria squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup]]

[[w:|Nigeria squad 2014 FIFA World Cup]]
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  <page>
    <title>Denis Nya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75466</id>
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      <text bytes="8400" sha1="iu717smdxll9bta9oj0rok51uhllb8m" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Denis Nya.jpg|thumb|Denis Nya]]
'''Denis Nya''' {{Audio|Ig-Denis Nya.ogg|listen}} (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1996) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agbachitere otu NPFL, Akwa United.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/npfl-final-games-crucial-says-akwas-nya/|title=NPFL: Final games crucial, says Akwa’s Nya|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US|accessdate=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/dennis-nya-not-surprised-by-akwa-united-league-resurgence/1bbrzye656vz11nkfs4c4uahhm|title=Dennis Nya not surprised by Akwa United league resurgence {{!}} Goal.com|work=www.goal.com|language=en|accessdate=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
A mụrụ ya na [[Calabar]], Naịjirịa, Nya bụ nwa amaala nke Ini Local Government Area nke Akwa Ibom State.

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Nya malitere ọrụ bọọlụ ya na 2011 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ntorobịa dị na Calabar na ọgbakọ ọgbakọ mba Naijiria, Canaan United, nke onye bụbu onye egwuregwu Super Eagles, John Okon Ene na-achị. Mgbe ọ nọ na Canaan United, ọ nọchitere anya Cross River State na asọmpi egwuregwu ụmụ nwoke na Lagos 2012 National Sports Festival wee nweta ọlaọcha. Ọ sonyeere Ekiti United, otu ndị otu Naijiria National League n'oge 2013–14 Nigeria National League iji kwalite mmepe ya. Ọ gbatịkwara ọnụnọ ya na Ekiti United F.C. ruo na njedebe nke oge 2014-15.

Na mmalite nke oge 2015–16, Nya bịanyere aka na Lobi Stars nke Nigeria. Na oge mbụ ya na ụlọ ịgba egwu Makurdi, ọ gbara na 2016 Benue State FA Cup ikpeazụ megide Dreams FC. N'afọ sochirinụ, o si ebe ahụ gbata goolu mbụ ya iji nyere Lobi Stars aka imeri Akwa United 2–1, n'agba nke iri na isii n'asọmpi Aper Aku.

N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2017, Nya mechara si Lobi Stars gaa Akwa United ma ndị isi klọb kpughere ya na ndị egwuregwu ọhụrụ 15 na Godswill Akpabio International Stadium na Satọdee, 6 Jenụwarị 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://234football.com/2018/01/06/akwa-united-present-new-signings/|title=Akwa United present new signings|work=234football.com|accessdate=21 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nya gbara bọọlụ na nke mbụ ya maka Akwa United n'ụbọchị mmeghe nke oge NPFL nke 2017-18 megide Enugu Rangers na [[Uyo]], iji hụ na Promise Keepers dere mmeri 2-0 na Enugu Rangors - mmeri mbụ ha na Flying Antelopes n'ime oge atọ. Ọ gbara goolu nke abụọ nke egwuregwu ahụ nkeji iri abụọ na ọkara nke abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kester-nya-ayagwa-in-dream-debut-for-clubs.html/|title=Kester, Nya and Ayagwa in dream debut for clubs|accessdate=21 April 2019|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nya gbara goolu nke abụọ ya n'oge ahụ na Confluence Stadium na [[Lokoja]], dịka Akwa United meriri Niger Tornadoes 2-1 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.completesports.com/npfl-champions-plateau-go-top-akwa-stun-tornadoes-mfm-rangers-kwara-win/|title=NPFL: Champions Plateau Go Top, Akwa Stun Tornadoes; MFM, Rangers, Kwara Win - Complete Sports Nigeria|author=Usenekong|first=Gold|date=24 January 2018|work=[[Complete Sports]]|language=en-US|accessdate=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportlineng.com/2018/01/25/akwa-utd-defeat-host-niger-tornadoes-lokoja/|title=Akwa United defeat host Niger Tornadoes in Lokoja|work=Sportlineng.com|accessdate=21 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nya gbara goolu nke atọ ya na 2017-18 Nigeria Professional Football League maka Akwa United na mmeri 2-1 n'ụlọ [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] na egwuregwu a haziri ahazi na Godswill Akpabio International Stadium.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/dennis-nya-not-surprised-by-akwa-united-league-resurgence/1bbrzye656vz11nkfs4c4uahhm|title=Dennis Nya not surprised by Akwa United league resurgence {{!}} Goal.com|work=www.goal.com|language=en|accessdate=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.completesports.com/npfl-akwa-united-outscore-enyimba-in-uyo/amp/|title=NPFL: Akwa United outscore Enyimba in Uyo|accessdate=27 January 2019|work=[[Complete Sports]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During Akwa United's 2018 CAF Confederation Cup campaign, Nya played all six games and scored a goal for the 2015 and 2017 Aiteo Cup winner, before they were eliminated by Al-Hilal Club of Sudan in the Round of 32. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Na Wednesday, 29 May 2019, Nya [[Dana Air|Mmiri Dana]] Air Akwa United Player maka ọnwa Eprel, na-esote arụmọrụ ya dị ịrịba ama maka Promise Keepers na mmeri NPFL n'ụlọ 2018-19 megide Gombe United na Kano Pillars na mmeri 3-0 na Plateau United.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esther Egbe&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://nationaldailyng.com/akwa-united-defender-wins-dana-air-player-of-the-month/|title=Akwa United defender wins Dana Air Player of the Month|accessdate=6 June 2019|work=National Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Nya gara n'ihu site na nyocha nke Onye nkuzi Manu Garba mere maka ndị egwuregwu na-erubeghị afọ iri na asaa na U. J. Esuene Stadium na Calabar, mgbe Morocco 2013 CAF Under-17 Championship na July 2013. Ọ gbara bọọlụ maka ndị otu na-erubeghị afọ iri na asaa na mmeri 1-0 ha meriri ndị otu Akwa United na egwuregwu nkwadebe nke World Cup na Uzo Township Stadium na Wednesday, 28 August 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.futaa.com/ng/article/69012/veteran-coach-counsels-golden-eagletsa-coaches|title=Veteran coach counsels Golden Eaglets|work=Futaa.com|accessdate=21 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2013, a kpọrọ aha ya na ndị otu Golden Eaglets nke mmadụ iri abụọ na otu maka UAE 2013 FIFA Under-17 World Cup, mana ọ pụtaghị na egwuregwu ọ bụla, ka ndị otu ahụ gara n'ihu iji nweta aha nke anọ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigerian-football/2013/10/03/4308805/nigeria-announce-21-man-squad-for-fifa-u17-world-cup|title=Veteran coach counsels Golden Eaglets|work=Goal.com|accessdate=21 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/24874527|title=Nigeria win Under-17 World Cup|work=BBC.com|accessdate=21 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
''Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọkachamara''[[w:Updated|24 April 2019]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;
!Mba
!Ụbọchị
!Ebe a na-anọ
!Ìgwè
!Onye mmegide
!Ihe ruru
!Nsonaazụ
!Ịsọ mpi
|-
|1.
|30 Machị 2017
|Aper Aku Stadium, [[Makurdi]], Nigeria[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]
|Kpakpando Lobi
|Akwa United
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|2016-17 NPFL Ụbọchị 16
|-
|2.
|14 Jenụwarị 2018
|Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]
|Akwa United
|[[Rangers International F.C.|Ndị Enugu Rangers]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|2017-18 NPFL Egwuregwu 1
|-
|3.
|25 Jenụwarị 2018
|Confluence Stadium, [[Lokoja]], Nigeria[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]
|Akwa United
|Oké Ifufe Naịjirịa
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|2017-18 NPFL Egwuregwu ụbọchị 4
|-
|4.
|18 Eprel 2018
|Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]
|Akwa United
|Klọb Al-Hilal
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
|2018 CAF Confederation Cup, Round nke 32
|-
|5.
|30 Mee 2018
|Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]
|Akwa United
|[[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|2017-18 NPFL Egwuregwu ụbọchị 20
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==

=== Mba Nile ===

* '''FIFA U-17 World Cup'''
** UAE 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup

:: '''Onye mmeri''' Naịjirịa U-17

=== Mba ===

* '''Ememme Egwuregwu Mba'''
** Lagos 2012 National Sports Festival ihe omume bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke

:: '''Ndị na-agba ọsọ''' Cross River State[[Ȯra Cross River|Steeti Cross River]]

=== Onye ọ bụla ===

** Dana Air / Akwa United Player of the Month

:: '''Onye mmeri''' Eprel 2019

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
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  <page>
    <title>Anthony Shimaga</title>
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[[Faịlụ:TONY SHIMAGA (2).jpg|thumb|367x367px|Anthony Shimaga]]
'''Anthony Msonter Shimaga''' (amụrụ 24 ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 1997) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa nke na-egwu egwu dị ka onye na-agbachitere etiti ma ọ bụ onye na-agbachitere ụlọ ọgbakọ Venezuelan Academia Puerto Cabello.

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
{{updated|2 November 2021}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|anthony-msonter-shimaga/594391}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko mba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kọntinent
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị ọzọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
|Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri
|2021–22
|Liga Portugal 2
|0
|0
|2[a]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!0
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!2
!0
|}

; Ihe edeturu
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=== Mba Nile ===
{{updated|2 November 2021.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{NFT player|pid=83094}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ
!Ndị otu mba
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]
|2019
|1
|0
|-
|2021
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!2
!0
|}

== Edensibia ==
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[[Faịlụ:Edward Anyamkyegh.jpg|thumb|Edward Anyamkyegh]]
'''Edward Tyover Anyamkyegh''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị iri n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1978) bụ onye ọkacha mara Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba ọsọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/humantraffickinginfootbal/sordid-transactions/the-story-of-edward-anyamkyegh|title=The Story of Edward Anyamkyegh|publisher=sites.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyamkyegh gbara bọọlụ maka FC Sheriff Tiraspol, FC Karpaty Lviv na Kuopion Palloseura na ngalaba kachasị elu nke Moldova, Ukraine na Finland n'afọ 1999-2005. Anyamkyegh kwụsịrị ọrụ ya na-anọchite anya klọb dị iche iche na ngalaba dị ala nke Finland n'afọ 2007-2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.atlantisfc.fi/fudis/akatemia/14f.htm|title=14. Edward Anyamkyegh|publisher=Atlantis FC|date=2011|accessdate=4 July 2021|language=fi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye otu ndị Naijiria na 1995 FIFA U-17 World Championship na-agba goolu abụọ n'ọkwa otu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/u17worldcup/ecuador1995|title=FIFA U-17 World Championship Ecuador 1995|publisher=FIFA|date=|accessdate=4 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwụkwọ 2004 How Soccer Explains the World site Franklin Foer gụnyere isiakwụkwọ na-eso ọrụ Anyamkyegh na Ukraine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-07-25-0407240070-story.html|title=Discovering what soccer tells us about globalization|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=25 July 2004|accessdate=4 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Edward Anyamkyeghn'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
* Edward Anyamkyeghna FootballFacts.ru (n'asụsụ Russian) 
* Edward AnyamkyeghnaUAF  (n'asụsụ Ukrainian)  
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anyamkyegh, Edward}}
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    <title>Raphael Success</title>
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[[Faịlụ:KasetsartRaphaelSuccess9oktNo70NGA.jpg|thumb|Rapheal Success ]]
Akwa Raphael Success (amụrụ na 10 n'ọnwa Maachị afọ 1998) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere otu Kazakhstan Premier League Zhetysu .

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Ayeyawady United'''

* Onye nke abụọ na Myanmar National League: 2019

'''Ndị uwe ojii Hanoi'''

* V.League 1: 2023

'''Onye ọ bụla'''

* Onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ na Myanmar National League: 2020

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Raphael Successn'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
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      <text bytes="6515" sha1="jm07cejl48u9vzgjuezsubzegug8tnc" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Macauley Chrisantus'14.JPG|thumb|Macauley Chrisantus]]
'''Macauley Chrisantus''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1990) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke ikpeazụ ya gbara bọọlụ dị ka onye na-agbachitere Lynx.

== Ọrụ ==
A mụrụ ya na [[Abuja]], Chrisantus sonyeere Hamburger SV na 2007 site na Abuja,&lt;ref name=&quot;skysports&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Hamburg beat Prem giants to starlet|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_2880151,00.html|work=[[Sky Sports]]|date=13 November 2007|accessdate=12 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe ọ dọtara onyinye site na ọtụtụ nnukwu klọb Europe, ma eleghị anya n'ihi enyemaka ya na mmeri nke World Junior Cup nke Naịjirịa n'afọ ahụ dị ka onye kacha gbaa goolu na onye nke abụọ kacha mma na asọmpi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Offers pour in for Chrisantus|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/7000947.stm|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=18 September 2007|accessdate=12 June 2009|first=Ibrahim|author=Sannie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2009, a gbazinyere ya Karlsruher SC maka oge 2009-10, mana na 15 Eprel 2010, KSC gbatịkwuru nkwekọrịta mgbazinye maka afọ ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kicker.de/chrisantus-bleibt-badener-523692/artikel|title=Chrisantus bleibt Badener|language=de|publisher=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]]|accessdate=7 August 2011|date=15 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 21 Julaị 2014, Chrisantus bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na otu Turkish Süper Lig Sivasspor mgbe afọ abụọ ya gara nke ọma na Las Palmas na Spain.

Na Jenụwarị 2015, Chrisantus bịanyere aka na ụlọ ọgbakọ Greek AEK Athens na nkwekọrịta ọnwa 18 yana nhọrọ nke afọ abụọ ọzọ dabere na arụmọrụ. Na 4 October 2015, na agba nke isii nke Greek Super League na nkeji asatọ fọdụrụ, o meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya na mmeri megide Atromitos mgbe ọ bịarutere dị ka onye nnọchi. Mgbe ejikọtara ya na nkwupụta nwere ike ịhapụ ya na Jenụwarị, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ na njedebe nke oge, ka nkwekọrịta ya agwụla.

Na 6 Julaị 2016, Chrisantus bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta otu afọ na Reus Deportiu, laghachi Spain afọ abụọ mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Las Palmas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cfreusdeportiu.com/2016/07/06/macauley-chrisantus-aterra-divendres-a-lestadi/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160713082859/http://cfreusdeportiu.com/2016/07/06/macauley-chrisantus-aterra-divendres-a-lestadi/|archivedate=13 July 2016|title=Macauley Chrisantus aterra dijous a l'Estadi|publisher=CF Reus Deportiu|language=ca|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=7 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 12 Septemba 2017 ọ laghachiri na Super League wee sonye n'akụkụ ọhụrụ a na-akwalite Lamia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/epishmo-sth-lamia-ntakol-kai-krisantoys.4841474.html|title=Επίσημο: Στη Λαμία Ντακόλ και Κρισάντους|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=11 September 2017|accessdate=12 December 2017|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143121/http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/epishmo-sth-lamia-ntakol-kai-krisantoys.4841474.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, na 12 Disemba 2017, mgbe ọ gbasịrị naanị egwuregwu abụọ, ọ gbasara nkwekọrịta ya na klọb ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/telos-o-krisantoys-ap-th-lamia.4982733.html|title=Τέλος ο Κρισάντους απ' τη Λαμία|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=12 December 2017|accessdate=12 December 2017|archivedate=15 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215060912/http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/telos-o-krisantoys-ap-th-lamia.4982733.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Chrisantus nọchitere anya Naịjirịa U17, ọ bụkwa onye kacha gbaa goolu na 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup na Korea na goolu asaa, e nyekwara ya Adidas Silver Ball. O ji ụkwụ aka nri ya gbaa goolu asaa niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Careers after Korea|url=https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=1005792.html|publisher=[[FIFA]]|date=28 January 2009|accessdate=12 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==
[[w:updated|match played 15 January 2018]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=M. Chrisantus |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/macauley-chrisantus/39464/ |work=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=16 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Mba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị ọzọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
|Hamburg nke Abụọ
|2007–08
|Regionalliga Nord
|12
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|12
|4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Karlsruher SC (onye a gbazinyere) 
|2009–10
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2. Bundesliga
|25
|3
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|26
|3
|-
|2010–11
|22
|8
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!47
!11
!1
!0
!0
!0
!48
!11
|-
|FSV Frankfurt (ụgwọ) 
|2011–12
|2. Bundesliga
|26
|8
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|27
|8
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Las Palmas
|2012–13
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Nkewa nke Abụọ
|42
|12
|5
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|47
|13
|-
|2013–14
|25
|8
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|28
|9
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!67
!20
!8
!2
!0
!0
!75
!22
|-
|Sivasspor
|2014–15
|Süper Lig
|8
|1
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|12
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |AEK Athens
|2014–15
|Njikọ bọọlụ
|16
|6
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|17
|6
|-
|2015–16
|Njikọ Super Gris
|8
|1
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|10
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!24
!7
!3
!1
!0
!0
!27
!8
|-
|Reus Deportiu
|2016–17
|Nkewa nke Abụọ
|9
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|9
|0
|-
|Lamia
|2017–18
|Njikọ Super Gris
|0
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!193
!51
!19
!3
!0
!0
!212
!54
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''AEK Athens'''

* Njikọ bọọlụ: 2014-15 South Group2014-15 Ndịda
* Iko mba Gris: 2015-162015–16

'''Naịjirịa U17'''

* FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2007

'''Onye ọ bụla'''

* FIFA U-17 World Cup Golden Shoe: 2007
* FIFA U-17 World Cup Silver Ball: 2007

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wilson Oruma</title>
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        <username>NiferO</username>
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      <text bytes="7493" sha1="rewiuolu049mo6lcvzatpa7m76dy35t" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Wilson Oruma.jpg|thumb|'''Wilson Oruma''']]
'''Wilson Oruma''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1976) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba dịka onye na-eme egwuregwu n'etiti. Ọ nọrọ ihe ka ukwuu n'ọrụ ya na France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=3 August 2020|title=1996 Olympics Heroes: Celebrating Nigeria's Gold-Winning U-23 Eagles|url=https://www.completesports.com/24-years-after-celebrating-nigerias-1996-olympics-gold-winning-team/|accessdate=1 June 2021|work=[[Complete Sports]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ klọb ==
A mụrụ Oruma na [[Warri]], [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]. Ọ bịarutere na RC Lens site na Bendel Insurance na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;OMprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.om.net/en/Teams/201002/Effectif_pro/1532/ORUMA|title=Oruma - Effectif pro|publisher=Olympique Marseille|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu oge mgbe a gbazinyere ya Nancy, ọ laghachiri na Lens wee gbaa egwuregwu asaa n'oge ha na-agba ọsọ Ligue 1 na 1997-98. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/classement#sai=66&amp;journee1=1&amp;journee2=34&amp;cat=Gen|title=1997/98 Ligue 1 table|publisher=ligue1.com|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ nọchitere anya Naijiria na 1998 FIFA World Cup, ọ kwagara n'akụkụ Turkey bụ Samsunspor,  laghachiri France otu afọ ka e mesịrị iji kpọọ Nîmes.

In 2000, Oruma was transferred to Swiss side Servette, &lt;ref name=&quot;OMprofile&quot; /&gt;playing two season before coming back to France again, where he played until 2009 for Sochaux,  Marseille and Guingamp, winning the 2003–04 Coupe de la Ligue with Sochaux&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/match/59364|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205044856/http://www.lequipe.fr/Football/match/59364|archivedate=5 February 2012|title=Nantes 1-1 Sochaux, Coupe de la Ligue - Finale, Football|publisher=L'Equipe|date=17 April 2004|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the 2008–09 Coupe de France with Guingamp, despite them being a Ligue 2 club at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/sport/2009/05/09/02001-20090509ARTFIG00460-guingamp-vainqueur-de-la-coupe-de-france-de-football-.php|title=Guingamp vainqueur de la Coupe de France de football|first=Par|author=Gildas Devos|work=Le Figaro|date=9 May 2009|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was handed a trial by Cardiff City - a club based in Wales but who play in the English football league system – in the summer of 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11704/3940345/|title=Bluebirds look at Oruma|publisher=Sky Sports|date=6 August 2008|accessdate=3 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and scored in a 2–2 pre-season friendly at Chasetown,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cardiffcityfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10335~1359171,00.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722110932/http://www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10335~1359171,00.html|archivedate=22 July 2012|title=Report: Chasetown 2-2 Cardiff|publisher=Cardiff City F.C.|date=5 August 2008|accessdate=3 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/boss-jones-explains-orumas-cardiff-2157133|title=Boss Jones explains Oruma's Cardiff departure|first=Terry|author=Philips|work=Wales Online|date=8 August 2008|accessdate=3 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; but was not awarded a contract due to a lack of fitness.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones&quot; /&gt;

Ọ lara ezumike nká na bọọlụ ọkachamara n'afọ 2010 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/134/162/8/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207021544/http://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/134/162/8/index.html|archivedate=7 December 2013|title=Nigeria's Oruma retires from football|publisher=FIFA|date=26 November 2010|accessdate=3 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe ọ gachara otu oge na klọb ndị Gris bụ Kavala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2009/07/27/1407138/wilson-oruma-makes-u-turn-to-sign-for-greek-club-kavala|title=Wilson Oruma Makes U-Turn To Sign For Greek Club Kavala|publisher=goal.com|date=27 July 2009|accessdate=3 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=735|title=WILSON ORUMA to leave Kavala|publisher=All Nigerian Soccer|date=15 May 2010|accessdate=3 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Oruma so na ndị otu Nigeria na-erubeghị afọ 17 bụ ndị meriri 1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship, na-achị ndị otu ya  wee bụrụ onye isi goolu n'asọmpi ahụ nwere ihe mgbaru ọsọ isii.  Ọ gbara egwuregwu mba ụwa ugboro iri na itoolu n'ime afọ iri na otu maka Naịjirịa[2] wee so na otu ndị sonyere na asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa nke 1998, bụ ebe o meriri naanị otu ọ pụtara na asọmpi megide Paraguay. Ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke otu ndị meriri ihe nrite ọla edo Olympic na 1996, [4] [1] otu afọ ka ọ rụchara ọrụ maka Nigeria, bụrụkwa onye otu ndị otu Naijiria na 2002 na 2006 Africa Cup of Nations, mechaa asọmpi abụọ ahụ n'ọkwa nke atọ. Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ klọb na Europe, ebe ọ na-egwuri egwu maka ụdị french Ligue 1 n'akụkụ Lens, Marseille, Sochaux, Guingamp, yana oge na Switzerland Servette, na-emeri UEFA Intertoto Cup, Ligue 1 na French Cup, ma na-enweta ụgwọ ọrụ iji kwado onwe ya na ezinụlọ mgbe ndụ pụọ na football.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
N'afọ 2018, Oruma nwere nsogbu mmetụta uche n'ihi otu onye ụkọchukwu a na-amaghị ama si ghọgbuo ya. Ọ dara ogbenye ma nọrọ n'ọnọdụ nke isi mgbaka afọ isii mgbe a kọrọ na onye ụkọchukwu na ụfọdụ ndị ọchụnta ego mmanụ adịgboroja ghọgburu ya. A matara na Oruma mechara tụfuo ego, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ijeri N2 maka itinye ego.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Silas|first=Don|title=Ex-Super Eagle star, Wilson Oruma suffers mental disorder after been[sic] duped by pastor|url=http://dailypost.ng/2018/01/11/ex-super-eagle-star-wilson-oruma-suffers-mental-disorder-duped-pastor-photo/|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|date=11 January 2018|accessdate=11 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oruma nwere mba Naijiria na France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ligue1.fr/joueur?id=herve-arsene|title=Hervé ARSENE Carreer|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201163100/https://www.ligue1.fr/joueur?id=herve-arsene|archivedate=1 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Lens'''

* Njikọ 1: 1997-981997–98

'''Ihe ndị e ji mara ala'''

* Iko Njikọ: 2004

'''Marseilles'''

* UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2005&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/IntertotoCup/FixturesResults/Round=2188/Match=81581/Report=LU.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060531214209/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/IntertotoCup/FixturesResults/Round=2188/Match=81581/Report=LU.html|archivedate=31 May 2006|title=Marseille 5-1 Deportivo (Aggregate: 5 - 3)|publisher=[[UEFA]]|accessdate=14 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Guingamp'''

* Iko Mba France: 2009

'''Naịjirịa'''

* FIFA U-17 World Cup: 1993
* Ihe nrite ọla edo nke Olimpik: 1996&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/wilson-oruma|title=Wilson ORUMA|work=[[Olympic Games]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Ikemisi Nkwa</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>NiferO</username>
        <id>20385</id>
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      <comment>Added an image</comment>
      <origin>673766</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="5312" sha1="s5qf1gll21rmkitpsisypolf4gegvhj" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Isaac Promise (1).JPG|thumb|308x308px|Isaac Promise]]
Isaac Promise (2 Disemba 1987 - 2 Ọktoba 2019) bụ onye [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na-agba bọọlụ. Ọ bụ onyeisi ndị otu bọọlụ na-anọchite anya Naijiria nke meriri nrite ọlaọcha na 2008 Summer Olympics na Beijing. Ọ gbara bọọlụ nke ọma ruo afọ iri na anọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nọrọ na [[Turkéy|Turkey]]. O nyere goolu iri asaa na asaa n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ.

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ọrụ klọb ===
Dị ka nwata na-ekwe nkwa, Promise gara n'ikpe ya na ngalaba nke abụọ nke Nigeria nke Grays International. N'ịbụ onye dọtara uche nke ọtụtụ nnukwu ụlọ ịgba egwu Europe, ọ gara n'ihu na Real Madrid na Mikel John Obi, mana ọ chọpụtara na ikpe ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. Mgbe ejikọtara ya na Feyenoord Rotterdam nke Dutch, o mechara banye na Süper Lig club Gençlerbirliği na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na August 2005.

Na Turkcell Super League 2006-07, Promise gbara goolu iri na abụọ. O ji okpukpu abụọ gbasaa ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya maka Gençlerbirliği. Na 15 Julaị 2008, Promise kwetara nkwekọrịta afọ 4 na Trabzonspor. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ligtv.com.tr/Default.aspx?r=1&amp;hid=41389|title=Isaac Trabzonspor'da|accessdate=15 July 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718120840/http://www.ligtv.com.tr/Default.aspx?r=1&amp;hid=41389|archivedate=18 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Trabzonspor, ọ gbara goolu abụọ na egwuregwu iri abụọ na isii. N'ihi nkezi arụmọrụ ya, a gbazinyere ya Manisaspor maka otu afọ. Promise gbara egwuregwu iri abụọ na asaa ma gbaa goolu isii. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2010, Manisaspor bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu iri na otu n'egwuregwu iri atọ ya na klọb ya bụ Manisaspor, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na Antalyaspor.

Na Febụwarị 2015, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọnwa isii na Balıkesirspor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazeteyenisoz.com/haber-11429-balikesirspora-son-dakika-bombasi.html|title=Yapım Aşamasında|work=www.gazeteyenisoz.com|accessdate=14 May 2018|archivedate=8 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208004027/http://www.gazeteyenisoz.com/haber-11429-balikesirspora-son-dakika-bombasi.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/isaac-promise-super-lig-e-dondu--balikesirspor-2007747-skorerhaber/|title=Isaac Promise, Süper Lig'e döndü!|author=sitesi|first=milliyet.com.tr Türkiye'nin lider haber|work=MİLLİYET HABER - TÜRKİYE'NİN HABER SİTESİ|accessdate=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;[3][4]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.balikesirspor.org.tr/isaac-promise-balikesirsporda.html|title=Balıkesirspor Baltok Kulübü Resmi İnternet Sitesi {{!}} Balikesirspor.org.tr|work=www.balikesirspor.org.tr|accessdate=14 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203161248/http://www.balikesirspor.org.tr/isaac-promise-balikesirsporda.html|archivedate=3 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, a mara ọkwa na Promise ga-esonyere otu mmụba nke United Soccer League bụ Austin Bold maka oge 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.austinboldfc.com/news_article/show/945388-austin-bold-fc-signs-striker-promise-isaac|title=AUSTIN BOLD FC SIGNS STRIKER PROMISE ISAAC|first=Austin Bold FC|author=Communications|date=28 August 2018|work=Austin Bold FC|accessdate=4 October 2019|archivedate=1 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801232627/https://www.austinboldfc.com/news_article/show/945388-austin-bold-fc-signs-striker-promise-isaac}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ mba ụwa ===
A kpọrọ aha nkwa dị ka onyeisi [[w:|Nigeria national Super Eagle football team|ndị otu Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na atọ]] maka 2008 Summer Olympics, nke a na-eme na [[China]]. N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2008 na Tianjin Olympic Center dị na Tianjin, Promise gbara goolu mbụ nke Naịjirịa megide United States n'ọkwa otu. Naịjirịa gara n'ihu iji merie egwuregwu ahụ 2-1.

Naịjirịa mechara merie ọlaọcha mgbe Argentina meriri ya site na 1-0 na nke ikpeazụ.

Nkwa pụtara na mbụ na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu okenye]] na 2009. O nwetara 3 caps ma gbaa otu goolu.

=== Ọnwụ ===
Promise nwụrụ site na nkụchi obi na 2 Ọktoba 2019, mgbe ọ dị afọ 31.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.austinboldfc.com/news_article/show/1053980-promise-isaac-1987-2019|title=PROMISE ISAAC: 1987-2019|author=Communications|first=Austin Bold FC|date=3 October 2019|work=Austin Bold FC|language=en-us|accessdate=3 October 2019|archivedate=3 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003214428/https://www.austinboldfc.com/news_article/show/1053980-promise-isaac-1987-2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49925424|title=Isaac Promise: Former Nigeria striker dies aged 31|date=3 October 2019|work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.nigerianplayers.com/player.asp?pID=365 Ndị Naijiria na-egwu egwuregwu Patabase]
* Isaac Promisen'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
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    <title>Marceline Loridan-Ivens</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Marceline Loridan, Bestanddeelnr 934-3943 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Marceline Loridan -Ivens]]
'''Marceline Loridan-Ivens''' (née '''Rozenberg'''; 19 Maachị 1928 – 18 Septemba 2018) bụ onye edemede na onye nduzi ihe nkiri nke France. Ihe ncheta ya bụ ''But You Did Not Come Back'' (Et tu n'es pas revenu) kọwara oge ọ nọrọ na Auschwitz-Birkenau. Ọ lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Dutch bụ Joris Ivens.

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Marceline Rozenberg na 19 Maachị 1928[1] site n'aka ndị nne na nna ya bụ ndị Juu si Poland kwaga France na 1919.[2]

Ná mmalite Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ezinụlọ ya biri na Vaucluse,[1] ebe ọ sonyeere ndị agha France. Ndị Gestapo[1][2] jidere ya na nna ya, Szlama, ma chụga ha Convoy 71 na Auschwitz-Birkenau na 13 Eprel 1944,[1] ya na Simone Veil[3][4] na Anne-Lise Stern, emesịa gaa Bergen-Belsen, ma mesịa gaa Theresienstadt. Ndị agha Red Army tọhapụrụ ogige ahụ na 10 Mee 1945.[5]

O zutere ndị mmadụ dịka Henri Lefebvre na Edgar Morin,[1] rụrụ ọrụ n'ọrụ nyochagharị nke otu ụlọ ọrụ ntuli aka, ọ bụ onye na-ebu akpa maka Algerian National Liberation Front, ma na-agakarị Saint-Germain-des-Prés.[2]

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 1961, Edgar Morin tinyere ya na ihe nkiri ''Chronique d'un été'', si otú a mee ihe nkiri mbụ ya. N'afọ 1963, ọ zutere ma lụọ onye nduzi ihe nkiri bụ Joris Ivens. O nyeere ya aka n'ọrụ ya ma soro duzie ụfọdụ ihe nkiri ya, gụnyere 17th Parallel: Vietnam in War (1968). Ha gakwuuru Vietnam, ebe ha zutere Ho Chi Minh.

Site na 1972 ruo 1976, n'oge mgbanwe ọdịnala, Joris Ivens na Marceline Loridan rụrụ ọrụ na China ma duzie How Yukong Moved the Mountains, usoro ihe nkiri iri na abụọ nke Jiang Qing katọrọ, ha hapụrụ China ngwa ngwa.

Aha ihe nkiri ya nke afọ 2003 ''La petite prairie aux bouleaux (The little prairie of birches'') bụ ntụgharị nkịtị nke &quot;Birkenau&quot;.

== Ihe omume ndị ọzọ ==
Loridan-Ivens nyere nkuzi na akaebe na kọleji na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị banyere Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ.

Akwụkwọ ncheta Loridan-Ivens ''But You Did Not Come Back (Et tu n'es pas revenu''; bipụtara 2015), nke ya na [[Judith Perrignon]] dere, kọwapụtara oge ya na Auschwitz-Birkenau.

== Ndụ nkeonwe ==
O buru ụzọ lụọ Francis Loridan, onye injinia. Afọ ole ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ha gbara alụkwaghịm, mana e kwere ya ka ọ nogide jiri aha di ya.[1]

O mechara lụọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Dutch bụ Joris Ivens .  Ha enweghị ụmụ, Ivens nwụrụ na 28 June 1989. &lt;ref name=&quot;b359&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Joris Ivens, 90, Dutch Documentary Film Maker|work=The New York Times|date=30 June 1989|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/30/obituaries/joris-ivens-90-dutch-documentary-film-maker.html|accessdate=21 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ na ihe nketa ==
Loriden-Ivens nwụrụ na 18 Septemba 2018. 

Dịka ọ dị na 2025, a na-enye ihe nkiri Prix du nke a kpọrọ Loridan-Ivens (Ihe Nrite Mbụ Loridan-Ivens) kwa afọ na emume ihe nkiri Cinéma du Réel. Loridan-Ivens malitere ihe nrite Loridan-Ivens iji kwado ndị na-eme fim na-apụta &quot;na-ele anya nke ọma n'ọnọdụ ụwa&quot;. A na-enye ya iji sọpụrụ di ya bụ Joris Ivens, onye bụ onye kwadoro Cinéma du Réel.[1][2] A maara ihe nrite a na mbụ dị ka ihe nrite Joris Ivens maka onye na-eme fim na-eto eto, ma ọ bụ naanị ihe nrite Joris Ivens.[3]

== Onyinye ==

* 1977: César Award maka Best Documentary Short Film maka Une histoire de ballon, lycée n° 31 Pékin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cérémonie des César 1977|work=Académie des César|date=23 February 1977|url=https://www.academie-cinema.org/evenements/ceremonie-des-cesar-1977/|language=fr|accessdate=21 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: Lilac Academy Award [aha a chọrọ] 
* 2015: Prix Jean-Jacques-Rousseau , ihe nrite edemede, maka Et tu n'es pas revenu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Le prix Jean-Jacques Rousseau délocalisé à cause d'un désaccord|work=[[Le Parisien]]|date=16 May 2015|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/val-d-oise-95/le-prix-jean-jacques-rousseau-delocalise-a-cause-d-un-desaccord-16-05-2015-4774985.php|language=fr|accessdate=21 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: National Jewish Book Award maka But You Did Not Come Back: A Memoir &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.librarything.com/bookaward/National+Jewish+Book+Award|title=National Jewish Book Award|work=[[LibraryThing]]|accessdate=18 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

* ''17th parallel: Agha nke ndị mmadụ: ọnwa abụọ n'okpuru ala '', na Joris Ivens, Paris, ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ French gbakọtara, 1969 (44 ihe osise) 
* My life balagan, nke ya na onye nta akụkọ Élisabeth D. Inandiak, Robert Laffont dere, 2008   
* Et tu n'es pas revenu, nke ya na [[Judith Perrignon]] dere, Grasset, 2015   
* L'amour après, akụkọ e dere na Judith Perrignon, Grasset, 2018, 162pp.

== Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ ==

=== Dị ka onye nduzi ===

* 1962: Algérie, année zéro - Ihe omuma nke ya na [[Jean-Pierre Sergent]] duziri
* 1968: 17th Parallel: Vietnam in War - Ihe omuma nke ya na Joris Ivens duziri
* 1976: How Yukong Moved the Mountains - Usoro ihe omume nke ya na Joris Ivens duziri
* 1976: Une histoire de ballon, lycée n° 31 Pékin - Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi (19 min) nke ya na Joris Ivens duziri
* 1977: Les Kazaks - Ihe omuma nke ya na Joris Ivens duziri
* 1977: Les Ouigours - Ihe omuma nke ya na Joris Ivens duziri
* 1988: A Tale of the Wind - Akụkọ ifo nke ya na Joris Ivens duziri
* 2003: ''[[La petite prairie aux bouleaux|Obere ala ahịhịa]]'' na osisi birch

=== Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri ===

* 1961: Akụkọ ihe mere n'oge ọkọchị''Akụkọ ihe mere n'oge okpomọkụ''
* 1999: ''Ikekwe''
* 2008: ''[[Une belle croisière|Ụgbọ Mmiri Mara Mma]]''
* 2008: Ụlọ ọrụ Chineke''[[Les Bureaux de dieu|Ụlọ Ọrụ Chi]]''
* 2013: Bright Days Before''Ụbọchị Ndị Na-egbukepụ Egwu''

=== Onye edemede ===

* 2003: Obere ala ahịhịa birch''[[La Petite Prairie aux bouleaux|Obere Ala Dị Elu nke Osisi Birch]]''

== Ihe odide ==
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[[Faịlụ:Lise london-2.jpg|thumb|Lise London]]
'''Lise London''' (15 Febụwarị 1916 - 31 Maachị 2012) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kọmunist nke France na onye na-akwado ya. O sonyere na ndị agha mba ụwa n'oge Agha Obodo Spen na ndị agha French n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.[1] Ọ bụ nwunye Artur London, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kọmunist nke Czechoslovak na onye na-agbachitere ya n'ikpe Slánský. Mgbe a gbasịrị di ya ikpe na mkpọrọ, ọ ghọrọ onye na-akatọ Stalin na Stalinism nke ukwuu.[1][2]

== Akụkọ Ndụ ==
A mụrụ Élizabeth (aha otutu, Lise) Ricol na Montceau-les-Mines, France, na 1916 site n'aka ndị mụrụ ya si Spain.[1][2] Ọ ghọrọ onye otu French Communist Party mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma.[1] Ọ kwagara Moscow na Soviet Union, ebe ọ zutere mbụ wee lụọ di ya, Artur London. Di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Spain wee sonye na International Brigade mgbe Agha Obodo Spain malitere na 1936.[1] Na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na El País na 2011, London kọwara itinye aka ya na International Brigade dị ka &quot;oge kachasị mma&quot; ná ndụ ya, na-ekwu, &quot;Ndị Spain na-echeta m mgbe niile. A na-echetara m Brigade mgbe niile, ndị enyi m ochie; m na-arọ nrọ banyere ha. Spain bụ ezigbo, echiche anyị kacha hụ n'anya, ọ ka bụkwa ezigbo echiche.&quot;[1]

Lise na Artur kwagara Paris na 1939 mgbe Agha Obodo Spen kwụsịrị ma guzobe Francoist Spain.[1] N'oge na-adịghị anya, ndị Nazi Germany wakporo ma weghara France na 1940. Ha abụọ sonyeere ndị agha French Resistance. Na 1942, e jidere London ma ziga ya n'ogige ịta ahụhụ Ravensbrück, ebe a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ruo oge agha fọdụrụnụ.[1] Na 1944, e jidere ya na Louise Aslanian, onye ya na ya ghọrọ enyi.

Lise London kwagara Czechoslovakia ya na di ya mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. Artur London sonyeere gọọmentị ọhụrụ nke ndị Kọmunist Czechoslovak dịka osote minista mba ofesi. Agbanyeghị, di ya nwere esemokwu na ndị ọchịchị na Stalin, a mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ndụ n'oge ikpe Slánský na 1952.[1] A tọhapụrụ ya na 1956 mgbe Stalin nwụsịrị, di na nwunye ahụ laghachikwara Paris.[1] Artur London mechara bipụta egwuregwu gbasara ikpe ya, ''The Confession'', nke e bipụtara na 1968. Artur London nwụrụ na 1986. Lise London ghọrọ onye edemede na onye edemede, karịsịa lekwasịrị anya na ahụmịhe di ya n'oge afọ 1950. Akwụkwọ ya gụnyere &quot;Mégère de la rue Daguerre&quot;, nke e bipụtara na 1995.

N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya na El País n'afọ 2011, London kpughere na ya &quot;mebiri kaadị ndị otu m&quot; wee hapụ ndị French Communist Party, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọgidere na-akwado ọchịchị Kọmunist.

Lise London nwụrụ na 31 Machị 2012 na Paris mgbe ọ dị afọ 96 ma lie ya na di ya na Ivry Cemetery na Ivry-sur-Seine.

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Fabienne Pascaud</title>
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'''Fabienne Pascaud''' (amụrụ na 1 Julaị 1955) bụ onye nta akụkọ, onye nkatọ, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ French Télérama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fabienne Pascaud|url=https://www.franceinter.fr/personnes/fabienne-pascaud-0|publisher=FranceInter}}&lt;/ref&gt;A maara ya nke ọma maka nkatọ ọ na-akatọ ihe nkiri..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Le mépris de Fabienne Pascaud sur France-Culture|url=https://blogs.mediapart.fr/erreur-403/blog/030417/le-mepris-de-fabienne-pascaud-sur-france-culture|work=MediaPart|publisher=MediaPart|accessdate=3 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fabienne Pascaud|url=https://www.lejournaldesarts.fr/personnalite/fabienne-pascaud-715|work=Le Journal des Arts|accessdate=3 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
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      <text bytes="5424" sha1="l3lqytw4tsfxknv42jrwuq4wxyask3y" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Monique Pantel.jpg|thumb|Monique Pantel]]
 

'''Monique Pantel''' (11 Disemba 1932 - 7 Eprel 2021) bụ onye France na-enyocha ihe nkiri na onye nta akụkọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na RTL, France Inter na Europe 1 . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tvmag.lefigaro.fr/programme-tv/article/television/82993/rtl-monique-pantel-interviendra-occasionnellement-dans-les-grosses-tetes.html|title=RTL : Monique Pantel interviendra occasionnellement dans Les Grosses têtes|date=July 30, 2014|work=tvmag.lefigaro.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ ndị na-elekọta ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ọ hapụrụ Mont-de-Marsan ka ọ bụrụ onye na-anabata ndị ọbịa na ụlọ oriri na nkwari akụ na England, mgbe ahụ na Paris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Monique Pantel, une Landaise à ParisCet accent qui fait rire Paris|url=https://www.sudouest.fr/2014/07/30/monique-pantel-une-landaise-a-pariscet-accent-qui-fait-rire-paris-1628604-2485.php|accessdate=2021-04-18|work=SudOuest.fr|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere onye na-ede egwuregwu Jacques Audiberti, maka nkwekọrịta odeakwụkwọ, wee bụrụ onye ibe ya  n'ime afọ atọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1999-07-19|title=&quot; Panpan &quot; fait toujours son cinéma|work=Sud-Ouest}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Magné|first=Régine|date=1994-09-29|title=De l'hôtel Richelieu au Paris littéraire|work=Sud-Ouest}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kpọbatara ya na Akwụkwọ akụkọ Paris-Presse  na July 1964, ọ na-edekwa maka ngalaba ntụrụndụ nke France-Soir mgbe njikọta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, onye nta akụkọ na-enweghị omume ọma, na-emekarị ihe na-adịghị mma,  na-ewere aha njirimara nke &quot;Panpan&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1999-05-25|title=Monique Pantel : Depardieu, mon chouchou|work=Le Figaro}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ gbara ọtụtụ ndị America na-eme ihe nkiri ajụjụ ọnụ mgbe ha bịara France: Arnold Schwarzenegger, Richard Gere, Shirley MacLaine, wdg.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pantel|first=Monique|date=2016-04-17|title=Meeting the other Monique Pantel|url=http://www.pantelphoto.com/blog/2016/4/17/meeting-the-other-monique-pantel|accessdate=2021-04-18|work=Pantel Photo|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418124230/http://www.pantelphoto.com/blog/2016/4/17/meeting-the-other-monique-pantel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=L'album photos de Monique Pantel|url=http://monique.pantel.free.fr/Photos.php|accessdate=2021-04-18|work=monique.pantel.free.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1994, a ọkachamara ya ka ọ na mmemme redio Laurent Ruquier, onye nwere ekele maka ikwu okwu ihu na ihu ọchị ya, ma nye ya oku nke Ememme Deauville, na 1997., &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2003-10-28|title=Comme au cinéma l'émission|url=https://www.ina.fr/video/2426173001015|work=[[Institut national de l'audiovisuel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọ na-enye echiche ya banyere ihe nkiri ndị e wepụtara n'izu ahụ, ruo 2014. N'afọ 1999, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta na akụkọ banyere ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri, Panpan fait son cinoche . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Caballero|first=Óscar|date=1999-09-08|title=Dama y &quot;enfant terrible&quot;|work=[[La Vanguardia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mgbe Laurent Ruquier iche iche ihe ngosi Les Grosses Têtes na RTL na September 2014, a na-akpọ Monique Pantel mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka onye ọbịa iji nye echiche ya na ekwentị na otu ihe nkiri

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Geffray|first=Emilie|date=2014-07-30|title=RTL : Monique Pantel interviendra occasionnellement dans Les Grosses têtes|url=https://tvmag.lefigaro.fr/programme-tv/article/television/82993/rtl-monique-pantel-interviendra-occasionnellement-dans-les-grosses-tetes.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 7 Eprel 2021 na Paris, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Avis de décès de Madame Monique PANTEL (07 avril 2021) à Paris|url=https://www.avis-de-deces.net/avis-de-deces/ile-de-france/75-paris/75014-paris/pantel-monique-2021-04-07-gQy29gPIs5uXRpaopLpg0/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lefilmfrancais.com/cinema/151338/disparition-de-la-journaliste-et-critique-de-cinema-monique-pantel|title=Disparition de la journaliste et critique de cinéma Monique Pantel|work=Le Film Français}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe ọ dị afọ 88, a na-akwụ ya ụtụ na netwọk mmekọrịta, ọkachasị Laurent Ruquier &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Biondi-Maugey|first=Renaud|date=2021-04-15|title=Mort de Monique Pantel, critique de cinéma originaire de Mont-de-Marsan|url=https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/medias-people/mort-de-monique-pantal-critique-de-cinema-originaire-de-mont-de-marsan-1618493418|work=[[France Bleu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Cannes Film Festival Gilles Jacob. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-14|title=Gilles Jacob, former president of the Cannes Film Festival, announces the death of Monique Pantel|url=https://twitter.com/jajacobbi/status/1382429903535140868|work=[[Twitter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ==

* 1994: La Chemise de nuit, mbipụta Anne Carrière (nke e bipụtara ọzọ na 2007) 
* 1996: Des kissers pour l'hiver, mbipụta Anne Carrière
* 1999: Panpan fait son cinéma, mbipụta Anne Carrière

== Ihe nkiri ==

* 1981: L'Amour trop fort nke Daniel Duval dere
* 1990: ''Tatie Danielle'' nke Étienne Chatiliez

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pascale Petit (onye na-ede uri)</title>
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    <id>75521</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T20:55:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elcarim1</username>
        <id>62511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
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'''Pascale Petit''' (amụrụ na 20 Disemba 1953), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pascale Petit|url=http://lidiavianu.scriptmania.com/pascale_petit.htm|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=lidiavianu.scriptmania.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye Britain na-ede uri nke a mụrụ na France, nke nwere ihe nketa French, Welsh na India. A mụrụ ya na Paris ma tolite na France na Wales. Ọ zụrụ ọzụzụ dị ka onye na-akpụ ihe na Royal College of Art ma bụrụ onye na-ese ihe anya maka akụkụ mbụ nke ndụ ya. Ọ gara ọtụtụ ebe, ọkachasị na Peruvian na Venezuelan Amazon na India. 

Petit ebipụtala otu akwụkwọ akụkọ na nchịkọta uri itoolu, anọ n'ime ha bụ ndị e depụtara maka onyinye T. S. Eliot. Nchịkọta nke asaa ya Mama Amazonica meriri Ondaatje Prize na 2018 na Laurel Prize for Poetry na 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Petit takes inaugural Laurel Prize for Mama Amazonica {{!}} The Bookseller|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/petit-takes-inaugural-laurel-prize-mama-amazonica-1220977|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=www.thebookseller.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2018, a họpụtara Petit dị ka Fellow nke Royal Society of Literature . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pascale Petit|url=https://rsliterature.org/fellow/pascale-petit/|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=Royal Society of Literature|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Faịlụ:Petit, Pascale.IMG 4648.JPG|thumb|Petit, Pascale]]

== Ọrụ ==
Petit ebipụtala otu akwụkwọ akụkọ My Hummingbird Father (2024) na nchịkọta uri itoolu: Heart of a Deer (1998), The Zoo Father (2001), The Huntress (2005), The Treekeeper's Tale (2008), What the Water Gave Me: Poems After Frida Kahlo (2010), Fauverie (2014), Mama Amazonica (2017), Tiger Girl (2020) na Beast (2025). O bipụtakwara akwụkwọ nta nke uri The Wounded Deer: Fourteen Poems After Frida Kahlo (2005). Maka ọrụ ya na uri, ọ natala ọtụtụ onyinye, gụnyere Cholmondeley Award, anọ site na Arts Council England na atọ site na Society of Authors. 

A họpụtara Petit maka ihe nrite Forward Best Single Poem Prize mgbe o bipụtachara &quot;The Strait-Jackets&quot; (site na The Zoo Father) ma na 2001 ọ so n'ime ndị uri iri nke BBC Radio 4 nyere ọrụ ide uri maka Ụbọchị Abụ Mba. The Zoo Father (2001) bụ ndụmọdụ otu Poetry Book Society. The Zoo Father (2001), The Huntress (2005), What the Water Gave Me: Poems After Frida Kahlo (2010), na Fauverie (2014) ka a họpụtara maka ihe nrite T. S. Eliot. Akwụkwọ atọ bụ akwụkwọ nke afọ na The Observer, The Times Literary Supplement na The Independent. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2024)&quot;&gt;clarification needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; ''What the Water Gave Me'' and ''Tiger Girl'' were both shortlisted for the Wales Book of the Year.  

Nchịkọta Petit nke afọ 2017, Mama Amazonica, meriri Laurel Prize for Poetry 2020, 2018 Ondaatje Prize, bụ Poetry Book Society Choice, ma depụta ya maka Roehampton Poetry Prize. E depụtara nchịkọta ya nke afọ 2020 Tiger Girl maka onyinye Forward maka nchịkọta kacha mma.

A na-ebipụta Zoo Father na mbipụta asụsụ abụọ na Mexico ma kesaa ya na Spain na Latin America. Fauverie bụ nke Le Castor Astral bipụtara na Paris na mbipụta asụsụ abụọ. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ ya n'asụsụ Chinese, Serbian, Spanish (na Mexico) na French. Ọ sụgharịrị uri nke ọtụtụ ndị China na-ede uri nke oge a gụnyere Yang Lian, Wang Xiaoni na Zhai Yongming. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta uri nke Poetry London site na 1990 ruo 2005, Royal Literary Fund Fellow na Mahadum Middlesex site na 2007 ruo 2009 na Royal Literary fund Fellow na Courtauld Institute of Art na 2011-12. Ọ kụziri ihe ọmụmụ uri maka Tate Modern ruo afọ itoolu, ma bụrụkwa onye nkuzi maka Arvon Foundation, Poetry School and Literature Wales ugbu a. The Poetry Book Society họọrọ ya dị ka otu n'ime Ndị na-ede uri nke Ọgbọ Na-esote nke afọ 2004, ndepụta nkwalite maka ịkọwapụta ndị na-eto eto na ndị na-eme uri na Britain. Petit ghọrọ onye otu Royal Society of Literature na 2018.

== Nnakwere ==
Onye na-ede uri si Australia bụ Les Murray etoola ọrụ ya na The Times Literary Supplement, ebe o dere, sị: &quot;Ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla ọzọ na-ede uri si Britain m maara nke nwere ike ịka mma n'echiche akụkọ ifo dị ike nke Pascale Petit.&quot; Jackie Kay dere na The Observer, sị: &quot;Uri Pascale dị ọhụrụ dị ka agba, ma mee ka ị legharịa anya ọzọ na Frida na ndụ ya dị egwu na nke mwute.&quot; Ruth Padel, na-enyocha ihe mmiri nyere m: Poems After Frida Kahlo na The Guardian, dere, sị: &quot;Nchịkọta Petit abụghị akụkọ ndụ amaokwu, kama ọ bụ mma siri ike, nke na-akpali mmetụta nke ihe mberede ụgbọ ala nwere na ndụ na ọrụ Kahlo. 'Nke a bụ otú m si malite ise ihe. / Oge gbasaara ụdị ya / wee kpọọ brek ya.' WH Auden, n'akwụkwọ ya maka Yeats, gwara onye na-ede uri si Ireland: 'Mad Ireland merụrụ gị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ uri.' Nchịkọta Petit, na-enyocha ụzọ trauma si emerụ onye na-ese ihe n'ime okike, na-eme emume ike rebarbative nke Kahlo ji weghachite ihe mgbu ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Padel|first=Ruth|date=2010-06-11|title=What the Water Gave Me by Pascale Petit|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jun/12/what-water-gave-me-petit|accessdate=2024-11-26|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye, ihe nrite na mkpakọrịta ==
 

* {{Cite book|title=Icefall climbing|date=1994|publisher=Smith/Doorstep|location=Huddersfield &lt;!--|isbn=978-1-869961-61-9 |oclc=32509795--&gt;}}
* Obi nke mgbada (Enitharmon, 1998) &lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|url=https://search.proquest.com/lion/publication/publications_2051642|title=Heart Of a Deer.|date=1998|publisher=Enitharmon|isbn=978-1-900564-16-8|location=London|language=English|oclc=1167596628}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nna Zoo (Seren, 2001) &lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=The zoo father|date=2001|publisher=Seren|isbn=978-1-85411-305-4|location=Bridgend|language=English|oclc=1170500661}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* El Padre Zoológico/The Zoo Father (El Tucan, Mexico City, 2004) &lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=El padre zoológico = The zoo father|date=2004|publisher=El Tucan de Virginia|isbn=978-968-6756-87-6|location=México DF|oclc=1025527051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Onye Na-achụ nta'' (Seren, 2005) &lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=The huntress|date=2005|publisher=Seren|isbn=978-1-85411-396-2|location=Bridgend|language=English|oclc=1170001478}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Wounded Deer: Abụ iri na anọ mgbe Frida Kahlo pamphlet (Smith Doorstop, 2005) &lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=The wounded deer: [fourteen poems after Frida Kahlo|date=2005|publisher=Smith/Doorstop Books|isbn=978-1-902382-75-3|location=Huddersfield|language=English|oclc=1172120161}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Akụkọ Onye Na-edebe Osisi'' (Seren, 2008) [nke dị ala-alpha 6]&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=The treekeeper's tale|date=2008|publisher=Seren|isbn=978-1-85411-471-6|location=Bridgend|language=English|oclc=213113734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe Mmiri nyere M: Abụ mgbe Frida Kahlo (Seren, UK, 2010, Black Lawrence Press, US, 2011) &lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|url=http://qut.eblib.com.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1125074|title=What the Water Gave Me.|date=2013|publisher=Seren|isbn=978-1-78172-007-3|location=New York|language=English|oclc=1058276544}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners &amp;#124; Manchester Poetry Prize &amp;#124; Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU) |url=http://www.manchesterwritingcompetition.co.uk/archive/2013poetry/winners.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309065623/http://www.manchesterwritingcompetition.co.uk/archive/2013poetry/winners.php |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=8 March 2017 |df=dmy-all |accessdate=24 May 2026 |archivedate=9 March 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309065623/http://www.manchesterwritingcompetition.co.uk/archive/2013poetry/winners.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Fauverie (Seren, 2014) &lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=Fauverie.|date=2014|isbn=978-1-78172-168-1|language=English|oclc=1023220332}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.societyofauthors.org/Prizes/Poetry/Cholmondeley/Past-winners Past winners of the Cholmondeley Awards&quot;]. [[Society of Authors]]. Accessed 15 March 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mama Amazonica (Bloodaxe, 2017) &lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=Mama Amazonica|date=2017|publisher=Bloodaxe Books, Ltd.|language=English|oclc=1027577069}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Keats-Shelley Prize 2020 |url=https://keats-shelley.org/prizes/keats_shelley_prize_2020 |access-date=2021-06-06 |website=keats-shelley.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;laurelwinners2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=2020 Winners |url=https://laurelprize.com/2020-winners/ |access-date=9 April 2021 |website=Laurel Prize for Poetry in Association with Poetry School}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tiger Girl (Bloodaxe, 2020) &lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=Tiger girl|date=2020|publisher=Bloodaxe Books Limited|isbn=978-1-78037-526-7|language=English|oclc=1111792293}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* My Hummingbird Father a novel (Salt Publishing, 2024) https://www.saltpublishing.com/products/my-hummingbird-father-9781784633110
* Anụ ọhịa (Bloodaxe Books, 2025) https://www.bloodaxebooks.com/ecs/product/beast-1372

; Ndepụta nke uri

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! width=&quot;25%&quot; |Aha ya
!Afọ
!Nke mbụ e bipụtara
!E bipụtaghachiri / chịkọtara
|-
|Ebe Ndị Agha Ụmụaka
|2003
|{{Cite journal|author=Petit, Pascale|date=Jul–Aug 2003|title=The Children's Asylum|journal=Quadrant|volume=47|issue=7–8 [398]|pages=76}}
|
|-
|Ememe ahụ
|2003
|{{Cite journal|author=Petit, Pascale|date=Jul–Aug 2003|title=The feast|journal=Quadrant|volume=47|issue=7–8 [398]|pages=77}}
|
|-
|Foto nke nne m dị ka Xipe Totec
|2003
|{{Cite journal|author=Petit, Pascale|date=Jul–Aug 2003|title=Portrait of my mother as Xipe Totec|journal=Quadrant|volume=47|issue=7–8 [398]|pages=76}}
|
|-
|Nne mineral
|2003
|{{Cite journal|author=Petit, Pascale|date=Jul–Aug 2003|title=The mineral mother|journal=Quadrant|volume=47|issue=7–8 [398]|pages=83}}
|
|-
|Onye na-achụ nta orchid
|2003
|{{Cite journal|author=Petit, Pascale|date=Jul–Aug 2003|title=The orchid hunter|journal=Quadrant|volume=47|issue=7–8 [398]|pages=97}}
|
|}

; Anthologies (edited) 

* Njikọ Onye nchịkọta abụ na Mimi Khalvati (Enitharmon, 2000) &lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Khalvati|first=Mimi|title=Tying the song: a first anthology from the Poetry School, 1997-2000|date=2000|publisher=Enitharmon Press; Distributed in the USA and Canada by Dufour Editions|isbn=978-1-900564-76-2|location=London; Chester Springs, PA|language=English|oclc=44152912}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Abụ sitere na Art na Tate Modern'' editor, pamphlet (Tate Publications, 2010) &lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=Poetry from art: at Tate Modern|date=2010|language=English|oclc=903084777}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha nkatọ na nyocha nke ọrụ Petit ===

; ''Nne Amazonica''

* {{Cite journal|author=Van Hek, Lin|authorlink=Lin Van Hek|date=Jan–Feb 2018|title=Poetry of wildness|journal=Quadrant|volume=62|issue=1–2 [543]|pages=85–86}}
* [https://www.ft.com/content/e2b45468-5d05-11e8-9334-2218e7146b04 Financial Times, 25 Mee 2018, In Praise of Pascale Petit, onye na-ede uri na-abanye n'ókèala ọhụrụ site na Nilanjana Roy]
== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

; Ihe odide Bibliography
{{Reflist|40em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website
* Official blog
* [http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/ecs/category/pascale-petit Profaịlụ] na Bloodaxe BooksAkwụkwọ Bloodaxe
* Profile E debere ya na  Wayback Machine na Seren BooksAkwụkwọ Seren
* [https://poetryarchive.org/poet/pascale-petit/ Ihe ndekọ] na Poetry ArchiveEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220318193822/https://www.thepoetryextension.com/pascale/ Ajụjụ ọnụ] na The Poetry Extension''Mgbasawanye nke uri''
{{authority control}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>May Picqueray</title>
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        <username>NiferO</username>
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      <comment>Added an image</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:May Picqueray.jpg|thumb|May Picqueray]]
'''Marie Jeanne &quot;May&quot; Picqueray''' (8 Julaị 1898, Savenay - 3 Nọvemba 1983, 14th arrondissement nke Paris) bụ onye France na-akwado ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, onye na-akwado otu ndị ọrụ, na onye a ma ama na-emegide ndị agha. O bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Le Réfractaire nke na-akwado ndị agha site na 1974 ruo 1983..

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Na 1921, usoro ikpe ziri ezi nke Amerịka mara mmadụ abụọ bụ́ ndị na-emegide ọchịchị aka ike nke ndị Itali ikpe ọnwụ, ebe ha na-eti mkpu na aka ha dị ọcha. N'agbanyeghị na ndị otu aka ekpe na-akwalite ngagharị iwe, ndị nta akụkọ France gbachiri nkịtị. Iji kpalite mkpọsa mgbasa ozi ahụ, May Picqueray zigara bọmbụ ngwugwu nwere bọmbụ nchebe na akwụkwọ nta na ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya Amerịka. &quot;Mmalite&quot; a gara nke ọma n'ịkwalite ndị nta akụkọ, na-enweghị mmebi ọ bụla ma e wezụga ihe. N'agbanyeghị oke ngagharị iwe zuru ụwa ọnụ maka nkwado ha, e gburu Sacco na Vanzetti na 1927 - ma mee ka ha dịghachi ndụ na 1978.. 

N'ịbụ onye na-adọrọ mmasị n'oge ọ bụ nwata n'etiti ndị na-eme mgbanwe, May Picqueray hapụrụ France gaa Moscow, Russia, na 1922, dị ka onye nnọchi anya Metalworkers union, nke bụ akụkụ nke Red Trade Union International n'oge ahụ. Mgbe ọ nọ na Moscow, ọ rịgooro na tebụl iji katọọ ndị otu na-eri nri mgbe ndị nkịtị nọ n'agụụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ọ gakwara Vladimir Lenin, onye ọrịa nke mechara gbuo ya mebiri. N'ihi ibu ọrụ Leon Trotsky n'ịkwụsị Nnupụisi nke Kronstadt, na echiche ya banyere aghụghọ Nestor Makhno, ọ jụrụ imenye aka ya mgbe ọ zutere ya, ọbụlagodi na ọ gwara ya ka ọ tọhapụ ndị anarchist Ndị Bolshevik kpọchiri n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Trasciatti|first=Mary Anne|date=June 2011|title=The Sacco-Vanzetti Affair: America on Trial. By Moshik Temkin. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. Pp. xii, 316. $35.00.)|journal=The New England Quarterly|volume=84|issue=2|pages=352–355|doi=10.1162/tneq_r_00094|issn=0028-4866}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1924, o mere ihe ike n'ọgbakọ Grange-aux-Belles ebe ndị kọmunist gburu ndị ọrụ abụọ na-anaghị eme ihe ike site n'iji egbe. Ọbụbụenyi ya na Emma Goldman na Alexander Berkman tinyere njem ya na USSR gosiri na ọchịchị kọmunist bụ ọchịchị aka ike, ọ bụ ezie na Stalin anọghị n'isi obodo ahụ.

Picqueray joined the &quot;Spanish Children's Aid Committee&quot; where her activity consisted of transporting Spanish orphans and reuniting the scattered family members separated by the Spanish war. She was in Toulouse at the time of the Debacle where she was in charge of welcoming refugees. Then she was in charge of supplying the French concentration camps of Noé and Vernet, from where she managed to escape nine internees. Her resistance activity consisted mainly in making false papers, in association with Renée Lamberet and Madeleine Lamberet, for all those who needed them. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A feminist before her time, May Picqueray lived as an independent woman without depriving herself of having a family. She therefore raised her three children, born of three different fathers, alone. Married in Saint-Nazaire on 22 July 1916, to Fred Schneyder, of Dutch nationality, she separated three weeks later. In 1923, she gave birth to a daughter, Sonia, conceived during her trip to the Soviet Union with Lucien Chevalier, federal secretary of the Metal Federation. Then in August 1930, she married François Niel and had a son, Lucien. Finally, in 1941, in the midst of the war, she gave birth to a daughter, Marie-May, whom she conceived with Isaac Gilman, a Belarusian Jew who had taken refuge in Toulouse. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A friend of Louis Lecoin, she was associated with all his struggles and continued her life as an activist after his death. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na Nnupụisi nke May 1968, ọ sonyere na mkpọsa mgbochi nuklia ma kwado ndị jụrụ n'ihi akọ na uche na ndị na-eguzogide ije ozi agha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Abidor, Mitchell|title=May made me : an oral history of the 1968 uprising in France|date=10 April 2018|isbn=978-1-84935-310-6|location=[Chico, CA]|oclc=1006314267}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Ndụ ọrụ'' ===
May Picqueray was one of the figures of the proofreaders' union. She was a proofreader at Ce Soir, Libération and for twenty years at Le Canard enchaîné. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== ''Onye Nnupụisi'' ===
[[Faịlụ:Le_Refractaire_1983.jpg|thumb]]
Onye dị mkpa n'etiti ndị anarchist nke France, May Picqueray bụ onye guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ Le Réfractaire (&quot;Òtù Libertarian maka ịgbachitere udo na nnwere onwe onwe onwe onwe onye&quot;), nke ọ na-ebipụta kwa ọnwa site na 1 Eprel 1974, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2 Nọvemba 1983. Ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto na-ajụ ọrụ, ndị na-ese ihe, na ndị na-emepụta ihe kwadoro ya na mbọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Picqueray, May.|title=My Eighty-One Years of Anarchy : a Memoir.|date=2019|publisher=AK Press|others=Sharkey, Paul.|isbn=978-1-84935-323-6|location=Chico, CA|oclc=1085177590}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Ụtụ Isi'' ===
Since 2015, a garden pays tribute to her, at 94, boulevard Richard-Lenoir, the May-Picqueray garden in the 11th arrondissement of Paris. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Picqueray, May}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
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  <page>
    <title>Gisèle Pineau</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T20:34:01Z</timestamp>
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        <username>NiferO</username>
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      <comment>Added an image</comment>
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      <text bytes="3659" sha1="1hwe7kdvjsw2pm08jhrl0qg7phgc2mo" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Gisèle Pineau (2018).jpg|thumb|266x266px|Gisèle Pineau]]
 

'''Gisèle Pineau''' (amụrụ na 18 Mee 1956) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/164018|title=Voices from the Gaps|work=conservancy.umn.edu|accessdate=Jun 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye France na-ede akwụkwọ, onye edemede na onye bụbu nọọsụ ọrịa uche. Ọ bụ ezie na a mụrụ ya na Paris, ọ bụ onye Guadeloupean, o dekwara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ihe isi ike na ahụhụ nke nwata ya dịka onye isi ojii mgbe ọ na-etolite na obodo Paris.

== Mbido ndụ na ọrụ ==
N'afọ 1956, a mụrụ Gisèle Pineau na Paris, France. N'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ kewara oge ya n'etiti France na Guadeloupe n'ihi na nna ya nọ n'ọrụ agha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/164018|title=Voices from the Gaps|work=conservancy.umn.edu|accessdate=Jun 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pineau lụsoro njirimara ya dị ka onye Black si mba ọzọ ọgụ n'ihi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na xenophobia ọ nwere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya ndị ọcha niile dị na Kremlin-Bicêtre.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Pineau malitere ide ihe iji kasie ihe isi ike nke ịzụlite French ya na ihe nketa Caribbean obi, ebe ọrụ ya ga-ejikọ ọdịbendị abụọ ahụ kama ikewapụ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pineau|first=Gisele|date=2004|title=An Interview with Gisele Pineau|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=35|issue=1|pages=180–186|doi=10.1353/ral.2004.0034|issn=1527-2044}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-ejikọta ya na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na ''Creole'', na 1990s ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị edemede a ma ama na Guadeloupe, n'akụkụ Ernest Pépin  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Lucien|title=Créolité Bites|journal=Transition|date=1997|issue=74|pages=124–161|doi=10.2307/2935377|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935377|issn=0041-1191}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihe odide ya, ọ na-eji ọdịnala a na-ekwu n'ọnụ nke ịkọ akụkọ n'ọrụ akụkọ ifo iji weghachite akụkọ ọdịbendị Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Suárez|first=Lucía M.|date=2001|title=Gisèle Pineau: Writing the Dimensions of Migration|journal=World Literature Today|volume=75|issue=314|pages=8–21|doi=10.2307/40156744}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-elekwasịkwa anya n'ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmetụta ọ nwere ike inwe n'ahụ nwa agbọghọ na-agbalị ịchọpụta omenala nke ya. Akwụkwọ ya bụ L'Exil Selon Julia na-eme ka nke a pụta ìhè, ebe ọ na-adabere na ncheta na ahụmịhe nke nne nne ya meworo agadi iji nyere ya aka ịmụta banyere omenala obodo ya na ndabere omenala nke ya. N'akwụkwọ ahụ, o kwukwara na ịkpa ókè ọ chere mgbe ọ bụ nwata emetụtaghị naanị ọha mmadụ France na Paris, kamakwa nye ndị Guadeloupe, bụ́ ndị jụrụ ya maka ịbụ onye na-eme ihe n'ụwa mgbe ọ lọtara n'ala ndị nna nna ya.

Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọ biri na Paris ma, ka ọ na-anọgide na-ede akwụkwọ, ọ laghachikwara ịbụ onye nọọsụ na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka iji kwado ndụ ya; mana ọ laghachiri Guadeloupe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ile-en-ile.org/pineau/|title=Gisèle Pineau|date=1999-05-13|work=Île en île|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2020-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ==
 

== Edemsibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180311172528/http://www.lehman.cuny.edu/ile.en.ile/paroles/pineau.html Gisèle Pineau]
* L'Exil Selon Julia (Exile dị ka Julia si kwuo) E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kelechi Nwakali</title>
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    <id>75530</id>
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      <id>673801</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Elcarim1</username>
        <id>62511</id>
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      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
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'''Kelechi Nwakali''' ({{Audio|Ig-kelechi nwakali.ogg|listen}}; born 5 June 1998) is a Nigerian professional [[Footbọl|footballer]] who plays as a midfielder for EFL League One club Barnsley.
== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Ngwá Agha ===
Nwakali malitere ọrụ ya na Diamond Football Academy, Nigeria . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diamond Academy President Confirms Nwakali Will Complete Arsenal Move In June {{!}} All Nigeria Soccer|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=19409|accessdate=2024-07-05|work=www.allnigeriasoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị mma na 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup nke o meriri Golden Ball Award,  ọ bịanyere aka na Arsenal nke English Premier League. &lt;ref name=&quot;Golden Ball&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Osimhen and Nigeria the big winners|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/news/y=2015/m=11/news=osimhen-and-nigeria-the-big-winners-2731560.html|accessdate=16 September 2016|work=FIFA|date=9 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Kelechi Nwakali completes Arsenal move with five-year deal|url=http://www.espnfc.us/arsenal/story/2923740/kelechi-nwakali-completes-arsenal-move-with-five-year-deal|accessdate=16 September 2016|work=ESPN FC|date=5 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ịlaghachi na MVV Maastricht (ụgwọ) ====
Na 16 Septemba 2016, a mara ọkwa na Nwakali etinyela aka na MVV Maastricht nke Eerste Divisie na mbinye ego ogologo oge. O meziri mpụta mbụ ya n'otu ụbọchị ahụ megide Jong Ajax. Ọ bịara dịka onye nọchiri anya nkeji nkeji 92 maka Thomas Verheijdt ka MVV meriri 1–0.

==== VVV-Venlo (onye a gbazitere) ====
Na 29 Ọgọst 2017, Nwakali sonyeere klọb Dutch VVV-Venlo na mbinye ego maka ọnwa isii mbụ nke oge 2017–18 Eredivisie. Na 10 Septemba 2017, Nwakali mere egwuregwu Eredivisie mbụ ya megide FC Groningen, na-agba akara na eserese 1–1. Mgbe nkwekọrịta mbinye ego ọnwa isii mbụ kwụsịrị, Nwakali kpebiri ịhapụ Venlo ma laghachi na MVV Maastricht maka ọkara nke abụọ nke oge.

==== MVV Maastricht (onye a gbazitere) ====
Na 24 Jenụwarị 2018, Nwakali laghachiri Maastricht na mgbazinye maka ọkara nke abụọ nke oge Eerste Divisie 2017-18, ebe ọ gbara naanị nkeji 380 nke bọọlụ Eredivisie na Venlo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Taiwo Awoniyi: Future at Anfield in Doubt?|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/08/10/taiwo-awoniyi-future-at-anfield-in-doubt/|author=editor|date=9 August 2019|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US|accessdate=24 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Porto B (onye a gbazinyere) ====
Nwakali bịanyere aka na mgbazinye maka FC Porto na 18 Julaị 2018, e kenyekwara ya na Porto B tupu oge LigaPro nke 2018-19.

N'ọnwa Machị 2019, ọ tọrọ atọ na Naijiria n'ihi nsogbu visa ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48013084|title=Nigeria Football Federation helping Kelechi Nwakali sort visa issue|date=22 April 2019|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=28 August 2019|first=Oluwashina|author=Okeleji}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Huesca ===
Na 2 Septemba 2019, Nwakali sonyeere ndị otu Spanish Segunda División SD Huesca na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdhuesca.es/noticia/kelechi-nwakali-talento-joven-y-versatilidad|title=Kelechi Nwakali, talento joven y versatilidad|publisher=SD Huesca|language=es|date=2 September 2019|accessdate=3 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị klọb ahụ, o kelere Arsenal maka oge ya na ha, n'agbanyeghị na ọ pụtaghị na otu mbụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49563319|title=Kelechi Nwakali: Nigerian thanks Arsenal despite no appearances|work=BBC Sport|date=3 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 5 Eprel 2022, nkwekọrịta Nwakali kwụsịrị n'oge. N'echi ya, Nwakali wepụtara nkwupụta gọọmentị site na akaụntụ Twitter ya na-akatọ ọgwụgwọ SD Huesca na onye isi egwuregwu klọb, Rubén García, kemgbe Disemba 2021, site na ịmanye ya ka ọ hapụ asọmpi Iko Mba Afrịka, nke a kpọrọ ya, na-akwụ ụgwọ ụgwọ ya n'oge, na-amanye ya ịhapụ ụlọ ọgbakọ ma machibido ya ịga ọzụzụ klọb.

=== Ponferradina ===
N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2022, Nwakali bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ maka SD Ponferradina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdponferradina.com/noticias/noticia/kelechi-nwakali-nuevo-jugador-de-la-sd-ponferradina|title=Kelechi Nwakali, nuevo jugador de la SD Ponferradina|publisher=SD Ponferradina|language=es|date=21 July 2022|accessdate=14 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Chaves ===
Na 20 Julaị 2023, Nwakali bịanyere aka na Chaves nke Primeira Liga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=20 July 2023|title=Ex-FC Porto B reforça meio-campo de Chaves|url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/chaves/noticias/ex-fc-porto-b-reforca-meio-campo-de-chaves-16726294.html|accessdate=12 August 2023|publisher=[[O Jogo]]|language=pt-PT|archivedate=12 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812004346/https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/chaves/noticias/ex-fc-porto-b-reforca-meio-campo-de-chaves-16726294.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Barnsley ===
N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, Nwakali sonyeere otu egwuregwu League One bụ Barnsley maka ego a na-akọwaghị na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/2024/august/12/kelechi-nwakali-joins-the-reds/|title=Kelechi Nwakali joins the Reds|work=www.barnsleyfc.co.uk|date=12 August 2024|accessdate=12 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kpọrọ aha Nwakali na ndị otu nwa oge maka Nigeria U17 tupu 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup mana ọ banyeghị na ndị otu ikpeazụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Golden Ball&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Osimhen and Nigeria the big winners|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/news/y=2015/m=11/news=osimhen-and-nigeria-the-big-winners-2731560.html|accessdate=16 September 2016|work=FIFA|date=9 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-abanye na 2015 U-17 World Cup, a kpọrọ ya onyeisi ka ọ na'ihu mba ya n'ọkwa ahụ, na-emeri Golden Ball Award n'ụzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Golden Ball&quot; /&gt; N'ụbọchị Krismas nke afọ 2021, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ndị okenye ga-ekere òkè na 2021 Africa Cup of Nations na Cameroon nke e yigharịrị na 2022 n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19.

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==
[[w:updated|match played 22 July 2023]]&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerway|kelechi-nwakali/425646|accessdate=4 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko mba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị ọzọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
|Ngwá Agha
|2016–17
|Njikọ Premier
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|MVV (onye a gbazitere) 
|2016–17
|Nkewa nke Eerste
|29
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4 
|1
|34
|3
|-
|VVV-Venlo (onye a gbazitere) 
|2017–18
|Eredivisie
|9
|1
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|12
|1
|-
|MVV (onye a gbazitere) 
|2017–18
|Nkewa nke Eerste
|16
|4
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;
|0
|18
|4
|-
|Porto B (onye a gbazinyere) 
|2018–19
|LigaPro
|16
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|16
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Huesca
|2019–20
|Nkewa nke Abụọ
|5
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5
|0
|-
|2020–21
|[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]]
|5
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|7
|0
|-
|2021–22
|Nkewa nke Abụọ
|19
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|21
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!29
!0
!4
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!0
!0
!33
!0
|-
|Alcorcón (onye a gbazitere) 
|2020–21
|Nkewa nke Abụọ
|18
|4
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|18
|4
|-
|Ponferradina
|2022–23
|Nkewa nke Abụọ
|36
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|37
|1
|-
|Chaves
|2023–24
|Njikọ Mbụ
|8
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!153
!12
!9
!0
!1
!0
!6
!1
!169
!13
|}
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Nsọpụrụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Samu_with_victor_and_kelechi.png|thumb|Nwakali (n'aka nri) na Victor Apugo (n'etiti) na [[Samuel Chukwueze]] (n'akụkụ aka ekpe) na 2015]]
'''Naịjirịa U17'''

* FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/round=271773/match=300298386/photos/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117053147/http://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/round=271773/match=300298386/photos/index.html|archivedate=17 November 2015|title=FIFA U-17 World Cup Chile 2015 - Matches - Mali - Nigeria|work=FIFA.com|accessdate=1 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Onye ọ bụla'''

* FIFA U-17 World Cup Golden Ball: 2015

== Edensibia ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Kelechi Nwakalina BDFutbol
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>r6awr9jhyekayzeekknilkywuov7516</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Samson Tijani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75540</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673810</id>
      <parentid>672468</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T21:13:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elcarim1</username>
        <id>62511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
      <origin>673810</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6689" sha1="hzkw3iqdxx0hrwi8egijh7x5738cdkj" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway&quot;&gt;{{soccerway|samson-okikiola-tijani/606535}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''Samson Okikiola Tijani''' (amụrụ na 17 Mee 2002) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti maka klọb Czech First League Dukla Prague . Ọ na-anọchite anya [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].

[[Faịlụ:FC Liefering gegen SK Vorwärts Steyr (29.Oktober 2021) 73.jpg|thumb|Samsom Tijani]]

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Red Bull Salzburg ===
Tijani malitere ọrụ ya na Collins Edwin Sports Club tupu ya abịanye aka na Red Bull Salzburg nke Austrian Bundesliga na 17 Julaị 2020. 
&lt;ref name=&quot;RedBull&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Red Bull Salzburg celebrate signing teen sensation Samson Okikiola Tijani|url=https://www.redbull.com/nz-en/fc-red-bull-salzburg-sign-samson-okikiola-tijani|accessdate=2 October 2020|publisher=Red Bull|date=17 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ezumike oyi nke 2021-22, a kwalitere Tijani na Red Bull Salzburg.  N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2022, Tijani mere nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ n'egwuregwu iko megide LASK. Ọ batara na nkeji nke 89 maka Nicolas Capaldo na mmeri 3-1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wir stürmen ins Halbfinale!|url=https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/de/fc-red-bull-salzburg/news/saison_2021_22/spielbericht-lask-uniqa-oefb-cup-viertelfinale.html|work=Red Bull Salzburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Samson Tijani hat ein Ticket|url=https://www.kicker.de/salzburg-ueberrascht-bei-champions-league-nachnominierung-888660/artikel|work=Kicker}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'egwuregwu a gbara na Austria Wien na 22 Julaị 2022, ọ gbajiri agbaji n'olu ya na n'okpuru ya, ọ hapụrụ egwuregwu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Salzburg's Samson Tijani out for Months after Severe Fracture|url=https://www.footballlive.ng/salzburgs-samson-tijani-out-for-months-after-severe-fracture/|work=footballlive|accessdate=26 December 2022|archivedate=25 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325192951/https://www.footballlive.ng/salzburgs-samson-tijani-out-for-months-after-severe-fracture/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ịgbazinye TSV Hartberg ====
Otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị, na 14 Ọgọst, Tijani gbaziri TSV Hartberg maka oge. O mere asọmpi izizi ya maka klọb ahụ na 30 August megide Dornbirner SV na iko Austrian. Ọ malitere wee gbaa egwuregwu ahụ ka Hartberg meriri 7–0. Na 12 Septemba 2020, Tijani mere mpụta izizi ọkachamara ya maka klọb na ọgbakọ megide Rheindorf Altach. Ọ malitere wee gbaa nkeji iri asaa na otu na eserese 1–1. O nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'egwuregwu 18 ọ gbara n'ebe ahụ, mana o tinyeghị ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ nyere aka.

==== Ịgbazinye FC Liefering ====
N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2021, a gbazinyere Tijani FC Liefering n'ọnwarị ogologo oge.

==== Ịgbazinye Wolfsberger AC ====

==== Ịgbazinye Fredrikstad ====
Na 3 Septemba 2024, ọ sonyeere klọb Norwegian Eliteserien Fredrikstad, na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha afọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/en/recent/news/samson-tijani-wechselt-zu-fredrikstad|title=Samson Tijani moves to Fredrikstad|work=FC Red Bull Salzburg|date=3 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dukla Prague ===
Na 20 June 2025, Tijani bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọtụtụ afọ na klọb Czech First League Dukla Prague dị ka onye nnọchi anya n'efu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sport.cz/clanek/fotbal-ceska-1-liga-dukla-ma-posilu-ze-salcburku-prichazi-nigerijsky-zaloznik-tijani-5250041|title=Dukla má posilu ze Salcburku. Přichází nigerijský záložník Tijani|work=Sport.cz|date=20 June 2025|accessdate=20 June 2025|language=cs|publisher=Borgis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Tijani so n'akụkụ Naijiria iji sọọ mpi na Africa U-17 Cup of Nations, ebe ha bịara nke anọ wee ruo eru maka 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup.&lt;ref name=&quot;RedBull&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Red Bull Salzburg celebrate signing teen sensation Samson Okikiola Tijani|url=https://www.redbull.com/nz-en/fc-red-bull-salzburg-sign-samson-okikiola-tijani|accessdate=2 October 2020|publisher=Red Bull|date=17 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge egwuregwu mmeghe nke otu ya na Hungary, Tijani gbara bọọlụ dịka Nigeria U17 meriri 4-2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria U17 4–2 Hungary U17|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/10/26/world/u17-world-cup/nigeria-under-17/hungary-under-17/3070642/|work=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tijani mere nke mbụ ya na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] na mmeri enyi na enyi 1-0 na Algeria na 9 Ọktoba 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/09/world/friendlies/nigeria/algeria/3365306/|title=Nigeria vs. Algeria - 9 October 2020|work=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kọntinent
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị ọzọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Red Bull Salzburg
|2020–21
|Bundesliga nke Austria
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|2021–22
|Bundesliga nke Austria
|3
|0
|1
|0
|1[a]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5
|0
|-
|2022–23
|Bundesliga nke Austria
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|-
|2024–25
|Bundesliga nke Austria
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!3
!0
!1
!0
!1
!0
!0
!0
!5
!0
|-
|TSV Hartberg (onye a gbazitere) 
|2020–21
|Bundesliga nke Austria
|14
|0
|3
|0
|1[b]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|18
|0
|-
|FC Liefering (onye a gbazinyere) 
|2021–22
|2. Njikọ
|16
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|16
|0
|-
|Wolfsberger AC (onye a gbazinyere) 
|2023–24
|Bundesliga nke Austria
|27
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|28
|1
|-
|Fredrikstad (onye e ji gbazinye ego) 
|2024
|Ndị Elite na-anọghị n'ọkwa
|3
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!63
!0
!6
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!71
!1
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

=== Mba Nile ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ
!Ndị otu mba
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
|[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]
|2020
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!1
!0
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==

* Austrian Bundesliga: 2021-22
* Iko mba Austria: 2021-22

* Iko mba Norway: 2024

== Edensibia ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>hzkw3iqdxx0hrwi8egijh7x5738cdkj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gaëlle Ghesquière</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75546</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673792</id>
      <parentid>638884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T20:45:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elcarim1</username>
        <id>62511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
      <origin>673792</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6066" sha1="hk1o0qnzs57lufs0b0odszf6zy3d61m" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
[[Faịlụ:Gaëlle Ghesquiere 2019 (c)romainduval.jpg|thumb|Gaëlle Ghesquiere ]]
'''Gaëlle Ghesquière''' bụ onye France na-ese foto, onye nta akụkọ, na onye edemede nke nwetara aha ọma na-ese ndị na-ese egwu pop-rock n'elu ikpo okwu dịka [[Madonna]], Mick Jagger, David Bowie, [[Ben Harper]], Lenny Kravitz, James Brown, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Web&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Literature&quot; /&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Ghesquière na Maubeuge n'ebe ugwu France &lt;ref name=&quot;Web&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.galeriebinome.com/fr/3-artistes/8-gaelle-ghesquiere/2-biographie/|title=Gaëlle Ghesquière|language=French|accessdate=28 May 2016|publisher=Galeriebinome.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613175326/http://www.galeriebinome.com/fr/3-artistes/8-gaelle-ghesquiere/2-biographie|archivedate=13 June 2012}}
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; ma biri na Somme, Oise, na Paris. N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na kọleji, o dere edemede banyere asụsụ Walloon-Picard wee sonye na akwụkwọ akụkọ Le ''Figaro'' na France Soir dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya. N'afọ 1995, ọ ghọrọ onye na-ese foto na mberede. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Le Figaro ọ na-arụrụ ọrụ kwadoro ya, dị ka ụgwọ maka ụgwọ ọrụ ya, iji kpuchie egwu egwu nke Red Hot Chili Peppers na Zenith ebe o ji igwefoto mee foto ozugbo. Foto ndị o sere na kọntaktị ahụ dọtara uche Philippe Manoeuvre, onye guzobere magazin ''Rock &amp;amp;amp; Folk''. E kenyere ya ọrụ n'usoro mmekorita na kọntaktị nke Tina Turner, David Bowie, Lenny Kravitz, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Literature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/mick-bruce-johnny-and-me/9782841679614-item.html|title=Mick, Bruce, Johnny and me|language=French|date=2 November 2015|accessdate=28 May 2016|publisher=Indigo Chapters|archivedate=24 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624140941/https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/mick-bruce-johnny-and-me/9782841679614-item.html}}
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Levo&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;La&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.editionsdelamartiniere.fr/ouvrage/rock-with-me/9782732477312|title=ROCK WITH ME :Portraits de scènes|language=French|accessdate=28 May 2016|publisher=Editions de La Martiniere}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madonna họọrọ Ghesquière na 2000 iji were foto ya ma kwalite abọm egwu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;La&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe ọ gara nke ọma mbụ ya, Ghesquière ejirila akwụkwọ akụkọ Rock &amp; Folk rụọ ọrụ, Ride On, Blast, wdg, yana maka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ọ nọrọla ihe karịrị afọ 20 na-ese foto nke kpakpando rock ama ama na ihe nkiri ndị pụtara na mkpuchi album egwu. N'aka nke ọzọ, o dela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ahụmahụ ya na omenala nkume na ndị na-ese ihe nkiri pop-rock.&lt;ref name=&quot;Web&quot;/&gt; O bipụtakwala akwụkwọ akpọrọ Rock with Me and Rock Access ma ọ bụ Behind the Scenes nke o gosiputara onyonyo onyonyo nke ndị omenkà ama ama sitere na Lou Reed ruo Madonna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lavoixdunord.fr/region/maubeuge-gaelle-ghesquiere-une-vie-a-photographier-les-ia23b44386n2418049|title=Maubeuge: Gaëlle Ghesquière, a life photographing rockers|language=French|date=5 October 2014|accessdate=28 May 2016|publisher=Lavoixdunord}}
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Concert&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lavoixdunord.fr/region/lillers-c-est-parti-pour-une-semaine-tres-rock-n-ia32b54012n2605886|title=Lillers: let's go for a very rock'n roll punctuate d week of concerts|language=French|date=16 January 2015|accessdate=28 May 2016|publisher=Lavoixdunord}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akwụkwọ &quot;Rock with Me&quot; o gosipụtara ihe karịrị foto 500 nke ndị omenkà pop a ma ama nke gụnyere aha dịka James Brown, Rolling Stones, David Bowie, Patti Smith, AC / DC. Akwụkwọ ahụ gosipụtara ekele ya maka akụkụ ụfọdụ nke àgwà nke ndị na-eti egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Men&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mensquare.com/menly/arts/musique/201719-rock-with-me-livre-portraits-rock|title=Rock With Me : Les Grands Noms Du Rock Se Racontent En Portraits|language=French|date=26 February 2016|accessdate=28 May 2016|publisher=mensquare.com|archivedate=13 April 2016|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160413184649/http://www.mensquare.com/menly/arts/musique/201719-rock-with-me-livre-portraits-rock}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
Ghesquière emeela ihe ngosi nke ọrụ nka ya. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ: &lt;ref name=&quot;Web&quot;/&gt;

* 2004 50 Afọ nke rock, House of live na Paris 8ème.
* 2008 Gaëlle Ghesquière, Paris golf &amp; Country club
* 2010 Ihe ncheta nke Rolling Stones / Renoma
* 2010 Onye bụ nkume, Galerie Binôme
* 2011 Ememme Ihe osise, La Roche Posay
* 2011: Ihe ngosi Ònye bụ nkume? n'ụlọ Rockstar, Paris 
* 2012: Ihe ngosi Ònye bụ nkume? na Seyssel 
* 2013: Ihe ngosi &quot;Ihe oyiyi nke Rock&quot; na Étrœungt
* 2013: Ihe ngosi &quot;ROCK ACCESS&quot; na Paris Galerie BATIGNOLLE'S ART
* 2014: Nkwurịta okwu ngosi &quot;akụkọ ifo nke Rock&quot; Maubeuge Maison Folie,
* 2015: Nzukọ ngosi &quot;Les légendes du Rock&quot; Lillers
* 2016: Ihe ngosi na THE BLACK GALLERY Place des Vosges- Paris
* 2017: Ihe ngosi ROCK na ME na Noyon

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==
Ụfọdụ n'ime akwụkwọ ndị Ghesquière bipụtara bụ:&lt;ref name=&quot;Web&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Literature&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Ga%C3%ABlle-Ghesqui%C3%A8re/e/B004MT1KVI|title=Books by Gaëlle Ghesquière|accessdate=28 May 2016|publisher=Amazon.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* All Access (Site n'elu ikpo okwu gaa n'azụ pop) (2003) 
* ''Ihe Omume Nile'' Nile (2004) 
* Ben Harper na Live (2005) (French Edition) 
* ''Ònye bụ nkume?''  (2008) (Mbipụta French) 
* Rock with Me (2016) (French Edition) 

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}{{ACArt}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghesquiere, Gaelle}}
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    <title>Aline Coutrot</title>
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      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
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      <text bytes="6170" sha1="nqx8t4gs86j5d0skcosccv91y693a7v" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Aline Coutrot.jpg|thumb|Aline Coutrot]]
 

'''Aline Coutrot''' (17 June 1927 20 Ọktoba 1987) bụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke France na ọkà mmụta sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1/&quot;&gt; Ọrụ nyocha ya na mbipụta ya lekwasịrị anya na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okpukpe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na narị afọ nke 20, yana ndị ntorobịa na France.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pomfret|first=David M.|year=2004|title=Young People and the European City: Age Relations in Nottingham and Saint-Etienne, 1890–1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZmGAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=21 July 2023|location=Leuven|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-754-60930-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1967, ọ natara Prix Broquette-Gonin (akwụkwọ) Award maka ọrụ ya Religious Forces in French Society . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aline COUTROT|url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/aline-coutrot|work=academie-francaise.fr|accessdate=21 July 2023|archivedate=21 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721105040/https://www.academie-francaise.fr/aline-coutrot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ ya na 17 June 1927 na Paris, Aline Coutrot bụ nwa nwanyị nke Coutrot Jacques (1898 - 1965) na Seringe Georgette (1905 - 1985), ha abụọ si Seine-et-Marne, Northern France.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Louise|first=Thérèse|title=COUTROT, Aline|url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article21010|work=maitron.fr|accessdate=21 July 2023|archivedate=21 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721105037/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article21010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Coutrot bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ ise. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt;

Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Collège Sévigné, ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye na Paris. O mechara gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu na Mahadum Sorbonne . N'afọ 1972, ọ ghọrọ osote prọfesọ na Institute of Political Studies na Paris, ebe ọ nọrọ ọrụ ọkachamara ya niile na-akụzi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Louise|first=Thérèse|title=COUTROT, Aline|url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article21010|work=maitron.fr|accessdate=21 July 2023|archivedate=21 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721105037/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article21010}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLouise&quot;&gt;Louise, Thérèse. [https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article21010 &quot;COUTROT, Aline&quot;]. ''maitron.fr''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230721105037/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article21010 Archived] from the original on 21 July 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 July&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1983, ọ nwetara nzere doctorate na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'okpuru nlekọta nke René Rémond, onye ya na ya bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ nyocha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hellman|first=John|year=2002|title=Communitarian Third Way: Alexandre Marc and Ordre Nouveau, 1930–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FktLgT8B2yQC|accessdate=21 July 2023|location=Montreal|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=978-0-773-52376-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ntinye aka ọsụ ụzọ, n'adịghị ka ihe odide ndị ọzọ gbasara mkpokọta ndị ntorobịa lekwasịrị anya na mmegharị nke onye ọ bụla n'oge ahụ, o lere anya n'ụzọ sara mbara banyere mmegharị ntorobịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pomfret|first=David M.|year=2004|title=Young People and the European City: Age Relations in Nottingham and Saint-Etienne, 1890–1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZmGAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=21 July 2023|location=Leuven|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-754-60930-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nyochara ọrụ okpukpe na mmetụta agha na ndị ntorobịa na-arụ na ọha mmadụ na France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Whitney|first=Susan|date=11 September 2009|title=Mobilizing Youth: Communists and Catholics in Interwar France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_RnlqMaEloC|accessdate=21 July 2023|location=Durham, North Carolina|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-822-39156-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Reynolds|first=Sian|year=1996|title=France Between the Wars: Gender and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXDVCuW9xD8C|accessdate=21 July 2023|location=London|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-12736-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka Coutrot siri kwuo, JOC enyeghị ndị otu ya ntụzịaka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla, kama ọ kụziiri ha ụkpụrụ nke ntinye aka na ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Horn|first=Gerd-Rainer|year=2001|title=Left Catholicism, 1943–1955: Catholics and Society in Western Europe at the Point of Liberation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gkUlNqDNm4C|accessdate=21 July 2023|location=Leuven|publisher=Leuven University Press|isbn=978-9-058-67093-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Louise|first=Thérèse|title=COUTROT, Aline|url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article21010|work=maitron.fr|accessdate=21 July 2023|archivedate=21 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721105037/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article21010}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLouise&quot;&gt;Louise, Thérèse. [https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article21010 &quot;COUTROT, Aline&quot;]. ''maitron.fr''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230721105037/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article21010 Archived] from the original on 21 July 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 July&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka oge na-aga n'ọrụ ya, o nwere mmasị n'ịmepụta Atomic Energy Commission . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Imlay|first=Talbot C.|date=24 January 2007|title=The Fog of Peace and War Planning: Military and Strategic Planning under Uncertainty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3E5_AgAAQBAJ|accessdate=21 July 2023|location=Oxfordshire|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-21087-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ nwụrụ na 20 Ọktoba 1987 na Paris.

== Edensibia ==
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[[Faịlụ:Emmanuelle-Pagano-lauréate-prix-des-grands-espaces-2019 (cropped 2022).jpg|thumb|Emmanuelle Salasc]]
'''Emmanuelle Salasc''' (onye bụbu Pagano) (amụrụ n'afọ 1969) bụ onye edemede French.  

O dere akwụkwọ ndị a sụgharịrị n'ihe karịrị asụsụ iri na abụọ, ma merie EU Prize for Literature &lt;ref name=&quot;booker&quot; /&gt; maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Les Adolescents troglodytes. Akwụkwọ ya Faces on the Tip of My Tongue bụ nke abụọ n'ime akwụkwọ ya a ga-atụgharị n'asụsụ Bekee na n'afọ 2020, edebere ya aha maka International Booker Prize . &lt;ref name=&quot;booker&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Emmanuelle Pagano|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/emmanuelle-pagano|accessdate=2022-09-28|work=thebookerprizes.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mụrụ Salasc na 1969 na Aveyron . &lt;ref name=&quot;Gavard-Perret&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gavard-Perret|first=Jean-Paul|title=Emmanuelle Salasc : roi et reine|url=http://salon-litteraire.linternaute.com/fr/p-o-l/review/1954723-emmanuelle-salasc-roi-et-reine|work=salon-litteraire.linternaute.com|accessdate=29 September 2022|language=fr|date=17 September 2022|archivedate=29 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929141354/http://salon-litteraire.linternaute.com/fr/p-o-l/review/1954723-emmanuelle-salasc-roi-et-reine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GouvFR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Emmanuelle Pagano|url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/en/Regions/Drac-Provence-Alpes-Cote-d-Azur/Politique-et-actions-culturelles/Livre-et-lecture/Creation-et-developpement-en-region-Paca-d-un-reseau-de-residences-litteraires/Les-laureats/Emmanuelle-Pagano|work=www.culture.gouv.fr|accessdate=29 September 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na ezinụlọ ya bi na Ardeche. ya na ezinụlọ ya. N'afọ 2021, ọ malitere ibipụta n'okpuru aha nna ya, Salasc, ebe o bipụtaburu site na iji Pagano, aha nna ya lụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Omont&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Omont|first=Sébastien|title=Hors gel, d'Emmanuelle Salasc : la mémoire et la menace|url=https://www.en-attendant-nadeau.fr/2021/12/29/memoire-menace-salasc/|work=En attendant Nadeau|accessdate=29 September 2022|language=fr-FR|date=28 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Houssin&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Houssin|first=Xavier|title=&quot; Hors gel &quot;, d'Emmanuelle Salasc : méfiez-vous de l'eau qui dort|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2021/10/14/hors-gel-d-emmanuelle-salasc-mefiez-vous-de-l-eau-qui-dort_6098322_3260.html|accessdate=29 September 2022|work=Le Monde.fr|date=14 October 2021|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Devarrieux&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Devarrieux|first=Claire|title=Le glacier Salasc|url=https://www.liberation.fr/culture/livres/le-glacier-salasc-20210903_5VIXDLQ2HRD3PEFYQ7WHWG6MDU/|accessdate=29 September 2022|work=Libération|date=3 September 2021|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye ==

* Ihe nrite TSR nke akwụkwọ akụkọ 2005 maka Le Tiroir à cheveux.
* Ihe nrite Wepler 2008 maka Les Mains gamines.
* Ihe nrite Rhône-Alpes nke Akwụkwọ 2009 maka Les Mains gamines.
* Ihe nrite Rhône-Alpes maka ihe nkiri 2009 maka Les Adolescents troglodytes.
* Ihe nrite akwụkwọ nke European Union 2009 maka Les Adolescents troglodytes.
* Ihe nrite nke Roman Ecologie 2018 maka Sauf Riverains.

* Pour être chez moi, sous le pseudonyme d'Emma Schaak, récit, éditions du Rouergue, 2002.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ a na-akpọ Shaan, 2011.  
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Le Travail de mourir, akụkọ ọhụrụ, foto nke Claude Rouyer, mbipụta. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Élisabeth Du Réau</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Élisabeth du Réau, née '''nke Chateauvieux''' (6 Febụwarị 1937 - 6 Febụwarụ 2021), bụ onye France na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na prọfesọ nke mmekọrịta mba ụwa na akụkọ ihe mere n'oge a. A maara ya nke ọma maka akụkọ ndụ ya banyere Praịm Minista France bụ Édouard Daladier,na ọrụ ya n'iwulite njirimara ndị Yuropu. O nwere ọrụ afọ iri abụọ dịka onye nkuzi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị tupu ọ malite ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ nke karịrị afọ iri atọ.

[[Faịlụ:Elisabeth du Réau.jpg|thumb|'''Elisabeth du Réau''']]

== Akụkọ ndụ ==

=== Oge ọ bụ nwata na agụmakwụkwọ ===
A mụrụ ya Élisabeth de Chateauvieux n'afọ 1937, ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ mahadum ya na Angers n'afọ 1956, wee gaa n'ihu na Mahadum Rennes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frank2021&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị nzere bachelọ ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Paris, na Sorbonne, na 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frank2021&quot; /&gt; Alụmdi na nwunye na ụmụ kwụsịrị ọmụmụ ya ruo n'afọ 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frank2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Frank|first=Robert|title=La mort d'Elisabeth du Réau, historienne des relations internationales|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2021/02/10/la-mort-d-elisabeth-du-reau-historienne-des-relations-internationales_6069475_3382.html|accessdate=11 February 2021|date=10 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She was awarded a master's with highest honors (''mention très bien'') in 1968, then passed the competitive agrégation exam in history-geography in 1969.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - MME DU REAU Elisabeth|url=http://www.univ-paris3.fr/mme-du-reau-elisabeth-14115.kjsp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501001633/http://www.univ-paris3.fr:80/mme-du-reau-elisabeth-14115.kjsp?|archivedate=2013-05-01|accessdate=2021-02-10|work=www.univ-paris3.fr|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; She earned her doctorate in contemporary history from the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne in 1987, again with highest honors (''mention très honorable'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Her dissertation, an eight-volume study of Édouard Daladier called “Edouard Daladier et la sécurité de la France 1933-1940”, was supervised by Jean-Baptiste Duroselle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Watt|first=Donald Cameron|date=1995-09-01|title=Édouard Daladier, 1884-1970 . Élisabeth du Réau|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/245206|journal=The Journal of Modern History|volume=67|issue=3|pages=734–736|doi=10.1086/245206|issn=0022-2801}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Élisabeth du Réau|url=https://www.theses.fr/032162308|work=theses.fr|accessdate=12 February 2021|archivedate=10 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210102334/https://www.theses.fr/032162308}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1993 she published a condensed version as a biography of Daladier, ''Édouard Daladier, 1884-1970''. This, as well as her 1996 book, ''Histoire de l’idée européenne au XX&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; siècle (''transl. History of the idea of Europe in the 20th century), became the works for which she is best known.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahcesr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hommage à Élisabeth du Réau|url=https://ahcesr.hypotheses.org/2175|work=Historiens contemporanéistes|date=2021|doi=10.58079/auv0|accessdate=10 February 2021|language=fr-FR|author=articlecollectif}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ ===
Malite na 1960, Du Réau kụziri na ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye ruo afọ iri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frank2021&quot;/&gt; Site na 1970 ruo 1979 Du Réau kụziri azụmahịa na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Laon na Lycée Janson-de-Sailly na Paris.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frank2021&quot; /&gt; A họpụtara ya dị ka onye nkuzi na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a na Mahadum Le Mans na 1980 ma bulie ya ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ na 1989. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frank2021&quot; /&gt; Ọ kwagara na Mahadum Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3 na 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://data.bnf.fr/fr/12324677/elisabeth_du_reau/|title=Élisabeth du Réau|work=BnF Data|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ahcesr&quot;/&gt; O ji oche Jean Monnet mee ihe site na 1998 ruo 2004. Ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke amụma mba ofesi nke France, mana ọ gụnyekwara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke njikọta Yuropu, itinye aka ọhụrụ n'ihe gbasara oge agha dị n'etiti, arụmụka n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta, na nchekwa Yuropu mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahcesr&quot; /&gt;

Ọ duru ọtụtụ mmemme doctorate na ọrụ nyocha. Otu bụ mmemme mmekorita n'etiti mahadum French, Central na Eastern Europe na-atụle ma mmepe agụmakwụkwọ na nchịkwa. Du Réau ghọrọ osote onyeisi oche nke Mahadum Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3 site na 1993 ruo 2005. Ọ bụ osote onyeisi oche nke Institute for the History of Contemporary International Relations na onyeisi oche nke Association des historiens contemporanéistes de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche site na 1997 ruo 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=articlecollectif|title=Hommage à Élisabeth du Réau|url=https://ahcesr.hypotheses.org/2175|accessdate=2021-04-15|work=Historiens contemporanéistes|date=2021|doi=10.58079/auv0|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Du Réau nwetara ọkwa emerita na 2005 mana ọ gara n'ihu na-eduzi seminarị doctorate ma na-ahụ maka edemede, na-elekọta ihe karịrị iri na abụọ n'oge ezumike nka ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; N'ozuzu ya, o duziri akwụkwọ edemede doctoral iri abụọ na itoolu ma duzie nyocha nke akwụkwọ edemede doctoral asatọ n'ọrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahcesr&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Élisabeth du Réau nwụrụ n'abalị isii nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2021, ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 84.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahcesr&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hommage à Élisabeth du Réau|url=https://ahcesr.hypotheses.org/2175|work=Historiens contemporanéistes|date=2021|doi=10.58079/auv0|accessdate=10 February 2021|language=fr-FR|author=articlecollectif}}
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/fred_sallee/status/1358467883261718541|title=L'historienne Elisabeth du Réau vient de nous quitter, à l'âge de 83 ans. Son œuvre sur la construction européenne, ainsi que sur Édouard Daladier, a nourri et inspiré des générations d'étudiants et d'historiens. Nous lui devons beaucoup. Pensées.|date=7 February 2021|work=Twitter|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==
Du Réau bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gụnyere: &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

* ''Édouard Daladier, 1884-1970'' (1993) 
* Echich''&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; nke Europe na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, site na akụkọ ifo gaa na eziokwu'' (1996) 
* ''Usoro Ụwa, site na Versailles ruo San Francisco, June 1919-June 1945'' (2007) 
* Ihe owuwu Europe na narị afọ nke iri abụọ: ntọala, ihe ịma aka, ihe ịma mma (2007) 

Ọ dezigharịrị ma ọ bụ soro dezigharịa ọtụtụ mpịakọta edezigharịrị, gụnyere:

* ''Ọ̀ Bụ Ndị A Ma Ama na Europe? Ndị Europe? Ihe owuwu nke oghere Europe (1945-1960) '' (1997) 
* ''Ọganihu ndị Europe. Ebe ọhụrụ, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ọhụrụ: 1969-1981'' (ya na Robert Frank , 2003) 
* ''Ọganihu na nguzogide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara ọhụrụ nke Europe'' (ya na Christine Manigand, 2005) 
* N'ihe gbasara njikọta Europe, ntinye na njedebe nke usoro Helsinki site na 1975 ruo taa (na Christine Manigand, 2005) 
* ''Arụmụka banyere iwu maka Europe, ihe mgbochi na atụmanya 2005-2008'' (na Alain Laquièze, 2007) 
* Maréchal Jean de Lattre - Ọ dịghị Subir, E dere 1914-1952 (ya na André Kaspi, Marc Michel, Guy Pedroncini, 1984) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ne pas subir - Écrits, 1914-1952 PDF - tersprogitmipernews1|url=https://sites.google.com/a/dt.books-now.com/en27/9782259290579-71diamiGEeccin66|accessdate=2021-04-15|work=sites.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Du Réau, Élisabeth}}
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    <title>Françoise Prévost (onye na-eme ihe nkiri)</title>
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[[Faịlụ:פרנסואז_פרבו_בחיפה.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|325x325px|Françoise Prévost na nleta ya na Israel, 1964]]
 

'''Françoise Prévost (13 Jenụwarị 1930 - 30 Nọvemba 1997) bụ onye France na-eme ihe nkiri, onye nta okpukpe na edemede.  Ọ bụ nwa nke onye edemede Marcelle Auclair.  Ɔ Britain ihe ihe nkiri 70 n'agbata afọ 1949 na 1985.'''

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Prévost ma nwụọ na Paris, France. O mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, na Jean de la Lune . &lt;ref name=&quot;Enciclop&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=[[Gianni Canova]]|title=Enciclopedia del cinema|year=2009|publisher=[[Garzanti]]|isbn=881150516-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fef&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Enrico Lancia, Fabio Melelli|title=Le straniere del nostro cinema|year=2005|publisher=Gremese Editore, 2005|isbn=8884403502}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọtụtụ obere ọrụ gasịrị, ọ pụtara na Nouvelle Vague, na ọrụ dị arọ na fim nke Pierre Kast, Jean-Gabriel Albicocco na Jacques Rivette.&lt;ref name=&quot;Enciclop&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fef&quot; /&gt; Malite n'afọ ndị 1960 ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ nke ọma na ihe nkiri Italian, na-eme ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;fef&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1975, Prévost ikike ekele na ihe ịga nke ọma azụmahịa ka onye edemede, ya na akwụkwọ ndị nchọpụta ndụ ya ogho ya na ọrịa a na- arịa ọrịa, Ma vie en plus .&lt;ref name=&quot;Enciclop&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ ==

 
== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Mazarine Pingeot</title>
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      <text bytes="4721" sha1="rcndqlho5pk592b5shjfoi6tlo6171k" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Mazarine Pingeot Pick.jpg|thumb|Mazarine Pingeot]]
 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Mazarine Marie Mitterrand Pingeot'''  (French pronunciation: [mazaʁin maʁi mit (ɛ) ʁɑ̃ pɛ̃ʒo]; a mụrụ '''Mazarine Marie Pingeot''' na 18 Disemba 1974) bụ onye edemede French, onye nta akụkọ na prọfesọ.{{IPA||}}{{IPA||}}

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Pingeot bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye bụbu Onye isi ala France bụ François Mitterrand na onye isi ya bụ Anne Pingeot. A na-ekwu na a na-akpọ ya aha Bibliothèque Mazarine, ọbá akwụkwọ kachasị ochie na France, n'ihi ịhụnanya nne na nna ya nwere maka akwụkwọ. A pụkwara ịkpọ ya aha kadinal Mazarin, onye nna ya nwere mmasị na ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dillen&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dillen|first=Koen|title=François Mitterrand - Een biografie|date=2008|publisher=ASPEKt|location=Soesterberg, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-5911-747-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezochiri ịdị adị ya ogologo oge site na ndị nta akụkọ mana ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye France na-ede akwụkwọ bụ Jean-Edern Hallier kpughere. Idobe njirimara Mazarine Pingeot site n'aka ọha bụ otu n'ime ihe mkpali kpatara ụfọdụ n'ime ekwentị na-akwadoghị iwu nke Mitterrand nyere iwu n'okpuru agha nke ịlụso iyi ọha egwu ọgụ. Pingeot nakweere aha nna ya n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na Nọvemba 2016.

Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ mbụ na Lycée Henri-IV a ma ama na Paris wee na École Normale Supérieure de Fontenay-Saint-Cloud (nke a na-akpọ École Normale Supérieure de Lyon ugbu a), ụlọ akwụkwọ a ma ama nke ukwuu. N'afọ 1997, ọ gafere aggregation de philosophie, wee malite obere oge - mana o mechaghị - Ph.D. Tesis na onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Spinoza, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye inyeaka nkuzi na Université de Provence Aix-Marseille I.

Ọ bụkwa onye nta akụkọ (na-ede maka Elle n'etiti 1999 na 2001) na onye na-eme ihe nkiri telivishọn (na ụlọ ọrụ telivisheneng French, Paris Première).

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 1998, o bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, nke akpọrọ Premier Roman (&quot;First Novel&quot;), nke ndị nkatọ na-eto nke ukwuu mana a sụgharịrị ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, gụnyere Bekee. N'afọ 2000, o bipụtara Zeyn ma ọ bụ Reconquest, nke Charles Bremner nke The Times dere &quot;Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ihe nrite maka ịnagide ịkwa emo nke ndị nkatọ, ọ ga-aga Mazarine Pingeot&quot; (8 Mee 2000). N'afọ 2003, o bipụtara usoro ederede, &quot;Ha gwara m ''Oge'' m bụ&quot; (&quot;ha&quot; bụ akwụkwọ). N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2005, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke anọ, Not a Word, akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere ndụ nwata ya dị ka ''ihe nzuzu'' mba. N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke ise, Le Cimetière des poupées (The Cemetery of the Dolls), akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere nwanyị gburu nwa ya ma tinye ya na friji.

N'afọ 2019, Mitterrand Pingeot bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ Se taire (&quot;Na-''Ịgbachi nkịtị''&quot;) banyere nwanyị na-ese foto nke onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama dinara n'ike. Ndị na-akọwa ihe yiri ebubo nke nwa nwanne ya nwanyị Pascale Mitterrand megide onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị French Nicolas Hulot, nke ndị ọchịchị France jụrụ ebubo ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.rtbf.be/info/societe/detail_le-viol-le-silence-et-la-violence-mediatique-au-c-ur-du-nouveau-roman-de-mazarine-pingeot-se-taire?id=10320065|title=Le viol, le silence et la violence médiatique au cœur du nouveau roman de Mazarine Pingeot, &quot;Se taire&quot;|publisher=[[RTBF]]|date=September 20, 2019|accessdate=December 30, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ Mitterrand Pingeot 2020 Et la peur na-aga n'ihu (&quot;Na egwu na-adịgide adịgide&quot;) na-esote nwanyị na-ebi n'ọnọdụ egwu mgbe niile nke nrụgide kwa ụbọchị ọ na-enweta na ndụ ọkachamara na nke onwe ya.

== Ezinụlọ ==
O nwere otu nwa nwoke, Astor, amụrụ na 2005, na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, amụrụ n'afọ 2007 na 2009, ya na onye bụbu onye mmekọ ya Mohamed Ulad-Mohand , onye nduzi ihe nkiri. N'afọ 2017 ọ lụrụ Didier Le Bret  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://amomama.fr/275666-dcouvrez-astor-ulad-mohand-lan-des-trois.html|title=Découvrez Astor Ulad-Mohand, l'aîné des trois enfants de Mazarine Pingeot|date=12 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 July 2017|title=François Hollande s'affiche avec Julie Gayet au mariage de Mazarine Pingeot|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/vip/francois-hollande-s-affiche-avec-julie-gayet-au-mariage-de-mazarine-pingeot_1925278.html}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemside ==
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    <title>Michèle Le Dœuff</title>
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      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
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'''Michèle Le Dœuff''' (amụrụ na 1948) bụ ọkà ihe ọmụma French nwere mmasị agụmakwụkwọ na nkà ihe ọmụma nke Francis Bacon, na utopianism nke Sir Thomas More.

A mụrụ ya na Motreff.

== Nkà ihe ọmụma ==
Le Dœuff na-ajụ ajụjụ gbasara ókè nke nkà ihe ọmụma, ebe ọ na-ekwusi ike na mkpa nkà ihe ọmụma dị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na &quot;Ants and Women&quot;). Ọ na-akatọ echiche ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma ọkachamara na-eleghara sayensị anya, ma na-arụ ụka na esemokwu dị n'ime sayensị na-abụkarị ihe gbasara nkà ihe ọmụma (ya bụ, nkà ihe ọmụma kwesịrị ekwesị). Na Hipparchia's Choice (1989) ọ na-ajụ echiche nke nkà ihe ọmụma na ọ bụ omume pụrụ iche nke na-enweta nghọta doro anya: nkà ihe ọmụma na-akpụzi site na asụsụ, ihe atụ, na mmekọrịta ike. Dịka Le Dœuff feminists si kwuo, ha na-enye aka pụrụ iche. Nkatọ ha banyere ụdị okike na nkà ihe ọmụma, sayensị, na ụmụ mmadụ bụ ihe atụ, nkà ihe ọmụma, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na nkewa. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ nke ọma ka esi ebuli okwu gaa n'ọkwa nke 'nkà ihe ọmụma' site na usoro nke ike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-etinye aka na ya.

== Ndekọ Akwụkwọ ==

* ''L'Étude et le rouet'' (1989), nke a sụgharịrị dị ka ''Hipparchia's Choice:'' ''An Essay Concerning Women, Philosophy, Etc.'' site na Trista Selous (1991) 
* ''Le Sexe du savoir'' Michèle Le Dœuff (1998), nke Kathryn Hamer na Lorraine Code sụgharịrị dị ka ''The Sex of Knowing'' (2003) 
* ''Nnyocha banyere echiche nkà ihe ọmụma'', nke Colin Gordon sụgharịrị dị ka ''The Philosophical Imaginary'' (1990) 

== Ntụaka ==

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      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Steenwerck - Forum « Jésus le Messie » 2014 - Annie Laurent - 3.jpg|thumb|Annie Laurent]]
'''Annie Laurent''' (amụrụ na June 3, 1949)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11911317v.public|title=Notice de personne|publisher=BNF Catalog|language=fr|accessdate=4 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye France na-ede akụkọ na onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 1983, Laurent nwetara nzere masta na iwu mba ụwa, n'afọ 1986, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere doctorate na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Paris II Panthéon-Assas n'okpuru nlekọta nke Pierre-Marie Dupuy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&amp;TRM=041300335&amp;COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,I250,B341720009+,SY,NLECTEUR+WEBOPC,D2.1,Ebbd721d8-0,A,H,R71.227.117.13,FY|title=SUDOC Annie Laurent|publisher=SUDOC|language=fr|accessdate=4 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1980, Laurent na Renée Conan gbara ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-emegide nuklia na Plogoff ajụjụ ọnụ, wee bipụta akwụkwọ ''Femmes de Plogoff'' n'afọ 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;plog&quot;&gt;/)

N'agbata afọ 1988 na 1992, Laurent dezigharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Libanoscopie'' na [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.capsud-mediterranee.fr/annie-laurent|title=Annie Laurent|publisher=Centre Anthropologique de Provence Sud Méditerranée|language=fr|date=2021|accessdate=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Pope Benedict XVI|Popu Benedict nke Iri na Isii]] họpụtara ya dịka ọkachamara na ''Synode spécial des évêques pour le Moyen-Orien''t, nke e mere na Rom n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cath.ch/newsf/17-membres-nommes-par-benoit-xvi-et-70-experts-et-auditeurs/|title=Rome : Le Vatican publie les noms des participants au Synode sur le Moyen-Orient|publisher=Catholic Church Switzerland|language=fr|date=5 October 2010|accessdate=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, o guzobere otu Clarifier, otu ndị Katọlik na-eme ntọghata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.la-croix.com/Religion/A-Lyon-forum-pour-evangeliser-musulmans-questions-2017-02-07-1200823135|title=À Lyon, un forum pour &quot; évangéliser &quot; les musulmans et des questions|work=La Croix|date=7 February 2017|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|work=Aleteia|url=https://fr.aleteia.org/2015/12/01/lislam-est-fragile/|title=&quot; L'islam est fragile &quot;|author=Sylvain Dorient|date=1 December 2015|accessdate=4 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwụkwọ Laurent bụ ''L'Europe malade de la Turquie'' bụ onye mmeri nke Prix Henry Malherbe n'afo 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.librarything.com/bookaward/Prix+Henry+Malherbe+de+l%27AEC|title=Prix Henry Malherbe|accessdate=4 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị ahọpụtara ==

* ''Ụmụ nwanyị nke Plogoff'' (1981)&lt;ref name=&quot;plog&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|language=fr|author=Renée Conan|title=Femmes de Plogoff|publisher=La Digitale|date=31 January 1981|isbn=978-2-903383-05-3}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRenée_ConanAnnie_Laurent1981&quot;&gt;Renée Conan; Annie Laurent (31 January 1981). ''Femmes de Plogoff'' (in French). La Digitale. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-2-903383-05-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-2-903383-05-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Na-ebi na Islam? : Echiche Ndị Kraịst banyere okpukpe Muhammad'' (1996) 
* ''Europe na-arịa ọrịa nke Turkey'' (2005) 

== Ntụaka ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Sandra Laugier</title>
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      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Sandra Laugier.jpg|thumb|Sandra Laugier]]
'''Sandra Laugier''' bụ onye ọkà ihe ọmụma nke France, onye na-arụ ọrụ na nkà ihe ọmụma omume, nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nkà ihe ọmụma nke asụsụ, ọmụmụ ihe gbasara okike, na omenala ndị mmadụ. Ọ bụ prọfesọ zuru oke nke nkà ihe ọmụma (classe exceptionnelle, prọfesor mahadum) na Mahadum Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne na onye isi otu Institut Universitaire de France. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka osote onye nduzi nke Institut des sciences juridique et philosophique de la Sorbonne (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne/CNRS). N'afọ 2014, ọ natara utu aha Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. N'afọ 2022, Académie française nyere ya Grand Prix Moron. N'afọ 2024, a họpụtara ya na American Philosophical Society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amphilsoc.org/blog/american-philosophical-society-welcomes-new-members-2024|title=The American Philosophical Society Welcomes New Members for 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Laugier nwetara Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches (HDR) site na Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne n'afo 1997 na PhD sitere na Mahadum Paris-Sorbonne n'afo 1990. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard, ma burukwa nwa akwụkwọ mahadum na Ecole Normale Supérieure.

Laugier nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa na Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), gụnyere osote onye nduzi nke Division for Humanities and Social Sciences (INSHS) site na 2010 ruo 2017 na onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche &quot;Science in Society&quot; nye onye isi oche nke CNRS site na 2016 ruo 2017. Otu n'ime ndị guzobere Institut du Genre na CNRS, Laugier jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche ya site na 2012 ruo 2018 na dị ka onye nduzi nke Kansụl Sayensị site na 2018 ruo 2022. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka ọkachamara maka European Commission na dị ka onye otu maka European Research Council (ERC).

Laugier bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara Nkà ihe ọmụma asụsụ nkịtị (Ludwig Wittgenstein, [[J. L. Austin|John L. Austin]]), Nkà ihe ọmụma omume (omume zuru oke, ụkpụrụ omume nke nlekọta), nkà ihe mere eme nke America (Stanley Cavell, Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson), ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị, ọdịbendị a ma ama (usoro TV ), na, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na nnupụisi obodo. Ọ bụ onye nsụgharị French nke ọtụtụ ọrụ Stanley Cavell ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe onwunwe ya.

Laugier akụziwo na mahadum dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere dị ka prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Toronto (2022), Mahadum Boston (2019) na Mahadum Sapienza nke Rom (2019), onye na-eme nchọpụta nleta na Max Planck Institute (Berlin), prọfesor nleta na Johns Hopkins University, prọfesụ nleta na Pontifical University (Lima), na prọfesị nleta &quot;Chaire invitée&quot; na Facultés Saint-Louis (Bruxelles).

Kemgbe afọ 2019, ọ bụ onye isi nchọpụta nke mmemme ERC ''Demoseries'' nke raara onwe ya nye nkà ihe ọmụma nke usoro TV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.demoseries.eu/team|title=demoseries.eu|accessdate=2020-12-08|archivedate=2022-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331075959/https://www.demoseries.eu/team}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Laugier bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke usoro akwụkwọ abụọ: ''TV-Philosophy'', nke Exeter Press bipụtara (ya na Robert Sinnerbrink na Martin Shuster) na ''Philoséries'', nke Vrin bipụtara (ye na Sylvie Allouche).

Ọ bụ onye so na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ / sayensị nke ''Archives de Philosophie, British Journal for the History of Philosophy, European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy, Iride, Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale, na Multitudes''. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ onye so na kọmitii sayensị nke Vocabulaire européen des philosophies, dictionnaire des intraduisibles, ed. Barbara Cassin (Le Seuil/Le Robert, 2004).

Ọ bụkwa onye otu kansụl sayensị nke &quot;Citéphilo&quot; (Lille), &quot;PHILOSOPHIA&quot; (St Emilion) na La fondation Maison des sciences de l'homme (FMSH) (Paris). Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu ndị ọka ikpe nke Monaco Philosophy Prize.

Laugier bụ onye edemede na akwụkwọ akụkọ French ''Libération''.

== Ndekọ Akwụkwọ ==

=== Akwụkwọ ===

* ''L'Anthropologie logique de Quine'', Paris, Vrin, 1992
* ''Onye nkwado la philosophie: La philosophie américaine aujourd'hui'', Paris, PUF, 1999 (mbipụta ọhụrụ agbasawanye, Vrin, 2014)
* ''Du réel à l'ordinaire: Quelle philosophie du langage aujourd'hui ?'', Paris, Vrin, 1999 (a sụgharịrị ya n'asụsụ Bekee, Mahadum Chicago Press, 2013)
* ''Faut-il encore écouter les intellectuels?'', Paris, Bayard, 2003
* ''Une autre pensée politique américaine: La démocratie radiale, de RW Emerson à S. Cavell'', Paris, Michel Houdiard, 2004
* ''Gịnị ga-abara gị uru?'' (ya na Patricia Paperman na Pascale Molinier), Paris, Payot, 2009
* ''Wittgenstein: Les sens de l'usage'', Paris, Vrin, 2009
* ''Wittgenstein: Le mythe de l'inexpressivité'', Paris, Vrin, 2010
* ''Kedu otu esi ahọrọ democratie?'' (ya na Albert Ogien), Paris, La Découverte, 2010
* ''Ihe Mere Anyị Ji Kwesịa Nkà Ihe Ọmụma Asụsụ Nkịtị'', Chicago, Mahadum Chicago Press, 2013
* ''Face aux désastres: Une mkparịta ụka à quatre voix sur la folie, le care et les grandes détresses mkpokọta'' (ya na Anne M. Lovell, Stefania Pandolfo, Veena Das), Paris, Ithaque, 2013
* ''Le Principe démocratie'' (ya na Albert Ogien), Paris, La Découverte, 2014
* ''Onye na-akwado nkà ihe ọmụma: Stanley Cavell et la philosophie en Amérique'', Paris, Vrin, 2014
* ''Etica e politica dell'ordinario'', Milano, LED Edizioni, 2015
* ''Antidémocratie'', (ya na Albert Ogien), Paris, La Découverte, 2017
* ''Nos vies na usoro'', Paris, Climats, 2019
* ''La société des vulnéables. Leçons féministes d'une ọgba aghara'' (ya na Najat Vallaud-Belkacem), Paris, Gallimard, 2020
* ''Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nkịtị. Nlekọta, Ụkpụrụ Omume, na Ụdị Ndụ'', Leuven, Peeters, 2020
* ''Eloge de l'ordinaire, entretiens avec Philippe Petit'', Le Cerf, 2021
* ''Mkpọchi/La seconde vague des séries féministes'', AOC livres, 2021
* ''Reinventer l'espace ọha'' (ya na Yves Cohen, Nilüfer Göle, na Richard Rechtman), mbipụta CNRS, 2022
* ''[https://www.exeterpress.co.uk/products/tv-philosophy Nkà ihe ọmụma TV: Otu usoro TV si agbanwe echiche anyị]'', Exeter Press, 2023
* [https://www.exeterpress.co.uk/products/tv-philosophy-in-action ''Nkà ihe ọmụma TV n'ọrụ: Ụkpụrụ na Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị nke Usoro TV''], Exeter Press, 2023

=== Akwụkwọ edeziri ===

* ''Physique et réalité'' (nke e jikọtara ya na Michel Bitbol ), Paris, mbipụta Diderot, Paris, 1997
* ''Les mots de l'esprit: Wittgenstein et la philosophie de la psychologie'' (nke Christiane Chauviré na Jean-Jacques Rosat jikọtara), Paris, Vrin, 2001
* ''Carnap et la Construction logique du monde'', Paris, Vrin, 2001
* ''Stanley Cavell, cinéma na philosophie'' (nke Marc Cerisuelo dekọtara), Paris, Presses de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, 2001
* ''Wittgenstein: Métaphysique et jeu de langage'', Paris, PUF, 2001
* ''Wittgenstein, dernières pensées'' (nke Jacques Bouveresse na Jean-Jacques Rosat jikọtara), Marseille, Agone, 2002
* ''Husserl et Wittgenstein: De la description de l'expérience à la phénoménologie linguistique'' (nke Jocelyn Benoist jikọtara ya), Hildesheim, Olms, 2004
* ''Textes-clés de philosophie des sayensị'' (nke Pierre Wagner deziri), mpịakọta 2, Paris, Vrin, 2004
* ''Langage ordinaire et métaphysique – Strawson'' (nke Jocelyn Benoist jikọtara ya), Paris, Vrin, 2005
* ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu de la pornographie'' (nke Philippe Di Folco deziri), Paris, PUF, 2005
* ''Le souci des autres – éthique et politique du care'' (nke Patricia Paperman jikọtara ya), Paris, Éditions de l'EHESS, 2006
* ''L'ordinaire na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị'' (nke Claude Gautier jikọtara ya), Paris, PUF, 2006
* ''Ethique, litterature, vie humaine'', Paris, PUF, 2006
* ''Lire les Recherches Philosophiques de Wittgenstein'' (nke e jikọtara ya na Christiane Chauviré), Paris, Vrin, 2006
* ''Kwuru penser l'autonomie? Entre compétences et dépendances'' (nke Marlène Jouan jikọtara), Paris, PUF, 2008
* ''Normativités du sens commun'' (nke Claude Gautier jikọtara ya), Paris, PUF, 2009
* ''Textes-clés de philosophie du langage'' (nke Bruno Ambroise deziri), mpịakọta 2, Paris, Vrin, 2009, 2010
* ''Qu'est-ce que le care ('' ya na P. Paperman na P. Molinier dere ya), Payot, Paris, 2009.
* ''La voix et la vertu: Variétés du perfectionnisme moral'', Paris, PUF, 2010
* ''JL Austin et la philosophie du langage ordinaire'' (nke Christophe Al-Saleh jikọtara ya), Hildesheim, Olms, 2011
* ''Tous adịghị ike? Ethique du care, les animaux et l'environnement'', Paris, Payot, 2012
* ''La philosophie analytique'' (nke emechiri ya na Sabine Plaud), Paris, Ellipses, 2012
* ''Nkà ihe ọmụma: Buffy – Tueuse de vampires'' (nke ya na Sylvie Allouche dekọtara), Paris, Bragelonne, 2014
* ''Formes de vie'' (nke Estelle Ferrarese jikọtara ya), mbipụta CNRS, 2018
* ''Le pouvoir des liens faibles'' (nke Alexandre Gefen jikọtara ya), mbipụta CNRS, 2020
* ''Concepts de l'ordinaire'' (nke ya na Pierre Fasula jikọtara), mbipụta de la Sorbonne, 2021
* ''Perlocutoire'' (nke Daniele Lorenzini deziri), mbipụta Mare et Martin, 2021
* ''Des enjeux publics de la pandémie'' (nke Christine Noiville na Xavier Philippe dekọtara), mbipụta Mare et Martin, 2021
* ''Akwụkwọ Cavell nke a kpọrọ &quot;Must We Pụtara Ihe Anyị Na-ekwu?&quot; na Fifty'' (ya na Juliet Floyd na Greg Chase jikọrọ aka), Cambridge University Press, 2022
* ''Les usages de l'usage'' (nke Béatrice Godart-Wendling jikọtara ya), ISTE, Londres, 2022
* ''[https://archive-ouverte.vrin.fr/item/allouche_24_heures_chrono_naissance_du_genre_securitaire_2021 24h oge. Aux origines du genre sécuritaire]'' (nke ejiri Sylvie Allouche dezie), Vrin, ohere mepere emepe, 2022
* ''Series TV, Laboratoire d'éveil ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị'', mbipụta CNRS, Paris 2023
* ''[https://www.exeterpress.co.uk/products/television-with-stanley-cavell-in-mind Televishọn nke Stanley Cavell nọ n'uche]'' (ya na David LaRocca jikọrọ aka), Exeter Press, 2023

=== Edeziri mbipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ pụrụ iche ===

* &quot;Laghachi azụ n'omume ọma?” (nke ya na Laurent Jaffro dekọtara), ''Cités'', 2001
* &quot;Moritz Schlick et le tournant de la philosophie&quot;, ''Etudes Philosophiques'', 2001
* &quot;Wittgenstein 1889-1951&quot;, ''Archives de philosophie'', 2001
* &quot;Ralph Waldo Emerson: L'autorité du scepticisme&quot;, ''Revue Française d'Etudes Américaines'', 2002
* &quot;Naturalisme(s): Héritages contemporains de Hume&quot;, ''Revue de métaphysique et de morale'', 2003
* &quot;Politiques de la pornographie&quot; (nke Michela Marzano deziri), ''Cités'', 2003
* &quot;Après la structure: Kuhn et les révolutions scientifiques&quot;, ''Archives de philosophie'', 2003
* &quot;Usages d'Austin&quot; (nke Isabelle Thomas-Fogiel dekọtara), ''Revue de métaphysique et de morale'', 2004
* &quot;Morale et métaphysique chez GE Moore&quot; (nke Emmanuel Picavet jikọtara ya), ''Revue de métaphysique et de morale'', 2006
* &quot;La contrainte&quot;, ''Actes de savoirs.'' ''Revue de l'IUF'', 2007
* &quot;Quine et l'analyticite&quot;, ''Archives de philosophie'', 2009
* &quot;Wittgenstein ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị&quot; (nke Marie-Anne Lescourret jikọtara), ''Cités'', 2009
* &quot;Politiques du care&quot; (nke Pascale Molinier dekọtara), ''Multitudes'', 2009
* &quot;Ịchọkarị izu okè, Ịgbanwe Ndụ, Ịkwalite Ndụ&quot; (ya na Piergiorgio Donatelli haziri ya), ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy'', 2011
* &quot;Grammaires de la vulnérabilité&quot; (nke Marie Gaille jikọtara ya), ''Raison Publique'', 2011
* &quot;Stanley Cavell&quot;, ''akwụkwọ akụkọ International de philosophie'', 2011
* &quot;Le retour à la vie ordinaire&quot;, ''Raison Publique'', 2013
* &quot;Nlekọta na Nchekwa Mmadụ&quot;, ''Iride'', 2013
* &quot;Nlekọta, ọdachi, capabilités&quot;, ''Raison Publique'', 2014
* &quot;Nouveaux vivants&quot; na &quot;Le care des robots&quot;, ''Multitudes'', 2015
* &quot;Genre na gburugburu&quot;, ''Cahiers du Genre'', 2015
* &quot;Politique des formes de vie&quot;, ya na E. Ferrarese, ''ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Raisons'', 2015
* &quot;Robotik Ọhụrụ, Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ Ọhụrụ&quot;, ''Iride'', 2016
* &quot;Scepticisme, pragmatisme na philosophie du langage ordinaire&quot;, ya na D. Zapero, ''Raison Publique'', 2016.
* &quot;L'invention des forms de vie&quot;, ''Multitudes'', ọ dịghị 71, 2018
* &quot;Symposia - Democrazia e scienze partecipative&quot;, ''Iride'', mba 3, 2019
* &quot;Onye na-eme ihe n'echeghị echiche na onye na-eme ihe n'echeghị echiche&quot;, onye nduzi ya na D. Lorenzini, ''Ajụjụ'', 2019
* &quot;Le patriarcat Bouge encore&quot;, ''Multitudes'', ọ dịghị 78, 2020
* &quot;L'autre société des séries (ya na A. Kyrou)&quot;, ''Multitudes'', ọ dịghị 84, 2021
* &quot;Ụkpụrụ na Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị nke Usoro Ihe nkiri TV&quot;, ''Nkà Ihe Ọmụma Mepee'', 2021
* &quot;100 ans de Tractatus logico-philosophicus&quot;, ''Revue internationale de philosophie'', 2022
* &quot;Les séries télévisées pensent-elles?&quot;, ''Revue internationale de philosophie'', 2022

=== Ntụgharị asụsụ ===

* S. Cavell, ''Une nouvelle Amérique encore inapprochable, de Wittgenstein à Emerson'' (''America a na-apụghị ịbịaru nso''), Combas, L'éclat, 1991
* S. Cavell, ''Statuts d'Emerson: Constitution, philosophie, politique'', olu na-agụnye ihe ngosi na nsụgharị nke Cavell's na Emerson's edemede, Combas, L'éclat, 1992
* S. Cavell, ''A la recherche du bonheur: Hollywood et la comedie du remariage'' (''Nchụso obi ụtọ''), Paris, Cahiers du Cinéma, 1993 (ya na Christian Fournier)
* S. Cavell, ''Conditions nobles et ignobles: La constitution du perfectionnnisme moral émersonien'' (''Ọnọdụ Handsome and Unhandsome''), Combas, L'éclat, 1993 (ya na Christian Fournier)
* S. Cavell, ''Les Voix de la raison'' (''The Claim of Reason''), Paris, Seuil, 1996 (ya na Nicole Balso)
* A. Gibbard, ''Sagesse des choix, justesse des sentiments: Une théorie du ikpe normatif'' (''Nhọrọ amamihe, Apt Feelings''), Paris, PUF, 1996
* S. Cavell, ''Un ton pour la philosophie'' (''A Pitch of Philosophy''), Paris, Bayard, 2003 (ya na Elise Domenach)
* WV Quine, ''D'un point de vue logique'' (''Site n'echiche ezi uche''), Paris, Vrin, 2003 (nsụgharị mkpokọta)
* RW Emerson, ''Essais: Histoire, Destin, Expérience, Compensation'', Paris, Michel Houdiard, 2005 (ya na Christian Fournier)
* S. Cavell, ''Dire et vouloir dire'' (''Must Anyị Pụtara Ihe Anyị Na-ekwu?''), Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 2009 (ya na Christian Fournier)
* S. Cavell, ''Qu'est-ce que la philosophie américaine?'', Paris, Folio Gallimard, 2009 (ya na Christian Fournier)
* S. Cavell, ''Si j'avais su…'' (''Obere m maara''), Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 2014 (ya na Jean-Louis Laugier)
* S. Cavell, ''A la recherche du bonheur, Hollywood et la comedie du remariage'' (''Nchụso obi ụtọ''), Vrin, Paris, mbipụta ọhụrụ, nwere ihe ngosi ọhụrụ.
* S. Cavell, ''Ebe a na Ebe ahụ'' (ndepụta ya na N. Bauer na A. Crary), Harvard University Press, 2022
* S. Cavell, ''A la recherche de l'ordinaire'', Vrin, na-abia 2023

=== Edemede ===

* E nwere ike ịchọta akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ na [https://web.archive.org/web/20220805205539/https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/SandraLaugier ibe Academia] nke onye dere ya. Archived   na ibe [https://hal.science/search/index/?q=%2A&amp;rows=30&amp;authIdPerson_i=1150569&amp;sort=producedDate_tdate+desc HAL]
* Ndepụta zuru oke nke mbipụta dị na [https://sandralaugier.wordpress.com/english/ weebụsaịtị] nke onye dere ya
* A na-akpọsa akwụkwọ na mgbasa ozi ya n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na [https://www.facebook.com/sandralaugierP1 ibe Facebook] nke onye dere ya.

=== Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara n'asụsụ Bekee dị n'ịntanetị ===

* &quot;[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/opphil-2022-0198/html Ịnara Usoro Ihe Omume TV nke Ọma]&quot;, ''Nkà Ihe Ọmụma Mepee'', mpịakọta nke 5, mbipụta nke 1, 2022, peeji nke 250–253. https://doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2022-0198
* &quot;[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/opphil-2020-0165/html Usoro Ndị Dị n'Iyi Egwu]&quot;, ''Nkà Ihe Ọmụma Mepee'', mpịakọta nke 5, mbipụta nke 1, 2022, peeji nke 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2020-0165
* &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/monist/article-abstract/103/4/391/5905787 Necroology of Ontology: Putnam, Ethics, Realism] &quot;, ''The Monist'', mpịakọta 103, mbipụta nke 4, Ọktoba 2020, peeji nke 391–403
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220530103214/https://www.academia.edu/38017645/Disobedience_as_Resistance_to_Intellectual_Conformity Nnupụisi Dị Ka Nguzogide Nkwenye Uche] Archived&quot;, ''Ajụjụ Dị Mkpa'' 45, 2019
* &quot;[https://www.pdcnet.org/gfpj/content/gfpj_2018_0039_0002_0367_0401 Nsogbu nke Nkịtị: Goffman, onye na-agụ Austin] &quot;, 2018
* &quot;[https://www.nordicwittgensteinreview.com/article/view/3364 Olu Dị Ka Ụdị Ndụ na Ụdị Ndụ] &quot;, 2015
* [https://sandralaugier.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/normativity-of-the-ordinary.pdf &quot;Nhazi nke Nkịtị: Okwu Mmezu na Eziokwu Mmekọrịta Mmadụ&quot;]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191101183029/https://sandralaugier.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/laugier-romanticism-democracy.pdf &quot;Ịhụnanya nke Ọchịchị Onye Ochịchị: Emerson, Thoreau, Cavell, Malick&quot;] Archived  
* &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43611278 Omenala Ndị A Ma Ama, Nkatọ Nkịtị: Nkà Ihe Ọmụma nke Ụdị Obere]&quot;, Akwụkwọ Akụkọ MLN | Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012
* &quot;[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/phin.12197 Nke a bụ anyị. Wittgenstein na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya] &quot;, 2012
* [https://sandralaugier.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/mwm-ci.pdf &quot;Okwu Mmalite nke mbipụta French nke ''Must We Mean What We Say?'' &quot;], ''Nnyocha Dị Mkpa'', mpịakọta nke 37 (2011), nke 4, pp.&amp;nbsp;627–651
* [https://sandralaugier.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/the-will-to-see.pdf &quot;Uche Ịhụ&quot;] , ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Nkà Ihe Ọmụma nke Ndị Mmụta Gụsịrị Akwụkwọ'', mpịakọta 34 (2013), nke 2, pp.263–281
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/589904/pdf &quot;Ụkpụrụ Nlekọta Dị Ka Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị nke Nkịtị&quot;]
* [http://www.materialifoucaultiani.org/en/materiali/altri-materiali/55-intervista-a-sandra-laugier-e-albert-ogien/113-laugier-ogien-intervista-1.html Ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Sandra Laugier na Albert Ogien gbasara nnupụisi obodo]
* [http://olponline.wordpress.com/2010/09/28/oct-14-sandra-laugiers-passages/ Ihe ndị e dere gbasara Stanley Cavell]

=== N'asụsụ French ===

* [https://www.cairn.info/publications-de-Laugier-Sandra--636.htm Akwụkwọ Sandra Laugier na Cairn.info]
* [http://www.liberation.fr/auteur/6377-sandra-laugier Akụkọ Sandra Laugier na ''Libération'']
* [https://blogs.mediapart.fr/sandra-laugier/blog Akụkọ Sandra Laugier na ''Mediapart'']
* [http://www.multitudes.net/author/sandra-laugier/ Akụkọ Sandra Laugier na ''Multitudes'']

== Ntụaka ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ïan Larue</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Anne Larue en 2018.jpg|thumb|'''Ïan Larue''']]
'''Ïan Larue''', (2 Septemba 1958)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bibliothèque nationale de France ID&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Larue, Anne|url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12467543q|work=Bibliothèque nationale de France ID|accessdate=21 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye edemede French, onye edemede sayensị na onye na-ese ihe. O bipụtara akwụkwọ Akụkọ sayensị abụọ, ''La Vestale du calix'' na ''La fille geek''.

Otu n'ime akwụkwọ ya kachasị ere, Libère-toi cyborg. ''Ike na-agbanwe agbanwe nke akụkọ sayensị nke ụmụ nwanyị'',&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bal|first=Antoine|date=2018-11-26|title=La cyborg, héroïne féministe - Le Temps|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/cyborg-heroine-feministe|accessdate=2024-07-19|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-ekwu maka isiokwu nke cyborgs. N'ịtụgharị uche na ndepụta nke ndị edemede akụkọ sayensị nke ụmụ nwanyị kwuru na njedebe nke [[A Cyborg Manifesto|Cyborg Manifesto]] nke Donna Haraway (gụnyere Octavia Butler), Ïan Larue na-akọwa onye ntọala a n'echiche onye ọkà ihe ọmụma ahụ. Dị ka onye edemede ahụ si kwuo, 'Cyborg bụ ngwakọta kachasị mma, ngwakọta dị n'etiti ezigbo nwanyị na onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ nke a na-etinye ya iji nye ya otu puku ohere ọhụrụ, gụnyere nke bụ isi nke ịtọsa Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, [[Azụ|ezinụlọ]] na nna ochie.&quot; N'afọ 2019 Ïan Larue bụ onye mmeri nke Grand prix de l'Imaginaire, na 'Essays', maka akwụkwọ a na-abụghị akụkọ ifo.

== Akụkọ Ndụ ==
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Ïan Larue rụrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Sorbonne Paris North&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12467543q.public|title=Larue}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-akụzi akwụkwọ ntụnyere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Polverini|first=Léa|date=2020-05-31|title=La science-fiction du futur sera queer ou ne sera pas|url=https://www.slate.fr/culture/les-autres-mondes/science-fiction-queer-cyborg-contre-culture|accessdate=2024-07-19|work=Slate.fr|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Libère-toi cyborg'' ===
Edemede ya ''Libère-toi cyborg, le pouvoir transformateur de la science fiction féministe'' (Tụpụta onwe gị, Cyborg! Ike mgbanwe nke akụkọ sayensị ndị inyom), nke e bipụtara na 2018, tinyere ya n'etiti ndị isi na-asụ French na akụkọ sayensị ndị inyom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-03-13|title=SF : une littérature de genres ?|url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/la-methode-scientifique/sf-une-litterature-de-genres-1876249|accessdate=2024-07-19|work=France Culture|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'edemede ahụ, o kwuru nke ọma gbasara ''Cyborg Manifesto'' nke Donna Harraway, ma degharịa ya na mgbakwunye 'Ndepụta H' nke ọrụ ndị inyom na-ede akụkọ sayensị nke o kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe a ga-agụrịrị maka iwuli ụwa ọdịnihu nke utopian nke na-enweghị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na [[Ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị|mmekọahụ]], ma ọ bụ ọbụna nke na-anabata ngwakọta n'etiti okike na teknụzụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bal|first=Antoine|date=2018-11-26|title=La cyborg, héroïne féministe - Le Temps|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/cyborg-heroine-feministe|accessdate=2024-07-19|language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBal2018&quot;&gt;Bal, Antoine (2018-11-26). [https://www.letemps.ch/culture/cyborg-heroine-feministe &quot;La cyborg, héroïne féministe - Le Temps&quot;] (in French). [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1423-3967 1423-3967]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-07-19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ndị a, ụmụ nwanyị SF dere akwụkwọ akụkọ: gụnyere: Octavia Butler (''Dawn'', akụkụ nke ''Xenogenesis Trilogy''), Joanna Russ (''Nwoke Nwanyị''), Monique Wittig (''Les Guérillères'') na James Tiptree, Jr (''Beyond the World's Walls''). N'ụwa ndị a, ndị na-eme ihe ike na-emebi okike na ụkpụrụ, ebe ha na-etinyekarị akụkụ nke ecofeminism na ndị inyom amoosu, na-emepụta ụzọ nke nnwere onwe na nnwere onwe obi ụtọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe osise ===
[[Faịlụ:Tableaux_de_ïan_Larue.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke Ïan Larue.]]
Ïan Larue bụ nwa nwa nke onye na-ese ihe na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri Charles Mérangel. Ọ na-ese ihe kemgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu. O mere ihe ngosi n'afọ 2000[1]. Na 2020, o sonyere na ihe ngosi otu ahụ ''. Ọbụna nkume ndị ahụ na-erute'' gị aka, na Centre d'art contemporain Transpalette na Bourges&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Crenn|first=Julie|date=2020-05-20|title=Even the rocks reach out to kiss you|url=https://crennjulie.com/2020/05/20/exposition-even-the-rocks-reach-out-to-kiss-you-transpalette-bourges/|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=Crennjulie.com|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Even the rocks reach out to kiss you {{!}} Antre Peaux|url=https://antrepeaux.net/even-the-rocks-reach-out-to-kiss-you/|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=Antre Peaux {{!}} Arts cultures &amp; Autres|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ihe ngosi ''Rêver l'obscur'', na Galerie d'art brut Christian Berst na Paris[3]. Onye na-elekọta ihe ngosi abụọ ahụ bụ Julie Crenn, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi, onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka na ọkachamara na nka ecofeminist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Philippe|first=Bénédicte|date=2022-02-28|title=Rêver l'obscur|url=https://sortir.telerama.fr/evenements/expos/rever-l-obscur-1-847932.php|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=sortir.telerama.fr|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O bipụtakwala edemede gbasara ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'oge ochie na oge ochie, na-ajụ ihe kpatara ha ji pụọ n'anya site na nyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Escola|first=Marc|date=29 October 2014|title=A. Larue, Une histoire de l'art d'un nouveau genre|url=https://www.fabula.org/actualites/65292/a-larue-une-histoire-de-l-39-art-d-39-un-nouveau-genre.html|work=Fabula.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmegide ==
N'afọ 2022, Ïan Larue mere ngagharị iwe megide ịchụpụ Stéphanie Nicot na ememme Les imaginales site n'ibipụta akwụkwọ nkwado maka Nicot ya na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Floriane Soulas, Silène Edgar, [fr] Sylvie Lainé, Robin Hobb, Estelle Faye, Sara Doke, Sylvie Denis, Lucie Chenu, Sarah Buschmann [fr], Charlotte Bousquet [fr] na Anne Besson [fr].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Affirmer à Stéphanie Nicot &quot;confiance, estime et fidélité&quot;|url=https://actualitte.com/article/107018/tribunes/affirmer-a-stephanie-nicot-confiance-estime-et-fidelite|accessdate=2024-07-19|work=ActuaLitté.com|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Prolongeau|first=Hubert|date=2022-05-24|title=Aux Imaginales d'Épinal, les polémiques éclatent en série|url=https://www.telerama.fr/livre/aux-imaginales-d-epinal-les-polemiques-eclatent-en-serie-7010551.php|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240720132852/https://www.telerama.fr/livre/aux-imaginales-d-epinal-les-polemiques-eclatent-en-serie-7010551.php|archivedate=20 July 2024|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=www.telerama.fr|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Imaginales d'Épinal : un anniversaire sous tension|url=https://www.livreshebdo.fr/article/imaginales-depinal-un-anniversaire-sous-tension|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=Livres Hebdo|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|title=Délire et tragédie: Sénèque/Hercule furieux, Shakespeare/Le roi Lear, Strindberg/Père|date=1995|publisher=Editions InterUniversitaires; Diffusion, SPEC|isbn=978-2-87817-071-9|location=Mont-de-Marsan : Saint-Pierre-du-Mont, France|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|author=Delacroix|first=Eugène|title=Dictionnaire des beaux-arts|date=1996|publisher=Hermann, éditeurs des sciences et des arts|isbn=978-2-7056-6298-1|editor=Larue|series=Collection Savoir Sur l'art|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Romantisme et mélancolie: le Journal de Delacroix|date=1998|publisher=H. Champion; Diffusion hors France, Editions Slatkine|isbn=978-2-85203-886-8|series=Bibliothèque de littérature générale et comparée|location=Paris : Genève|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=A la guerre comme au théâtre: Les Perses, Henry IV, Les paravents|date=2000|publisher=Editions du Temps|isbn=978-2-84274-126-6|series=Lectures croisées|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=L'autre mélancolie: Acedia, ou les chambres de l'esprit|date=2001|publisher=Hermann|isbn=978-2-7056-6428-2|series=Collection Savoir. Lettres|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Le Masochisme, ou comment ne pas devenir un suicidé de la société|publisher=Éditions Talus d’approche|year=2022|isbn=978-2872460915|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Le Surréalisme de Duchamp à Deleuze|date=2003|publisher=Éditions Talus d’approche|isbn=978-2872460960|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Une vie de Démocrite, Belgique|date=2004|publisher=Éditions Talus d’approche|isbn=2-87246-103-5|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Poètes de l'amour: Ovide, Pétrarque, Shakespeare, Goethe|date=2004|publisher=Éd. du Temps|isbn=978-2-84274-284-3|series=Lectures croisées|location=Nantes|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=La femme est-elle soluble dans l'eau de vaisselle ?|date=2008|publisher=Chiflet &amp; Cie|isbn=978-2-35164-050-0|series=Chiflet &amp; Cie|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/633256531|title=Fiction, féminisme et postmodernité: les voies subversives du roman contemporain à grand succès|date=2010|publisher=Éditions Classiques Garnier|isbn=978-2-8124-0122-0|series=Perspectives comparatistes|location=Paris|language=fr|oclc=633256531}}
* {{Cite book|title=Dis Papa, c'était quoi le patriarcat ?|publisher=Éditions iXe|year=2013|isbn=978-1-09006-216-1}}
* {{Cite book|author=Larue|first=Anne|title=Histoire de l'art d'un nouveau genre|date=2014|publisher=Max Milo|isbn=978-2-315-00607-6|series=Beaux livres|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Papillons et phalènes au début du XXe siècle: Marie-Louise Bouctot-Vagniez et la SFACA|date=2017|publisher=Éditions du CAPP|isbn=978-2-9560119-0-3|location=Bruyères-le-Châtel|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Libère-toi cyborg! le pouvoir transformateur de la science-fiction féministe|date=2018|publisher=Cambourakis|isbn=978-2-36624-372-7|series=Sorcières|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Les dinosaures rêvent-elles de Hollywood?, ou, Comment l'industrie du cinéma vulgarise la culture du viol: un essai-fiction sur l'empouvoirement femelle|date=2021|publisher=Éditions iXe|isbn=979-10-90062-71-9|series=Collection Racine de iXe|location=Donnemarie-Dontilly|language=fr}}

== Ntụaka ==
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    <title>Henry Onyekuru</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Henry Chukwuemeka Onyekuru''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Henry Chukwuemeka Onyekuru.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 5 June 1997) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere ndị otu Turkish Süper Lig Gençlerbirliği na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Oguntimehin|first=Ayomide|date=2023-08-05|title=Saudi Pro League: Al-Fayha eyes Super Eagles winger with lucrative offer, joining Anthony Nwakaeme as teammates - Soccernet NG|url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/08/saudi-pro-league-al-fayha-eyes-super-eagles-winger-with-lucrative-offer-joining-anthony-nwakaeme-as-teammates.html|accessdate=2024-06-14|work=Soccernet.ng|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Eupen ===
Onyekuru bidoro ọrụ bọọlụ ya na Aspire Academy n'afọ 2010, wee gụchaa n'afọ 2015 ịbanye na ọgbakọ ha, K.A.S. Eupen. Ọ mere mpụta mbụ ya maka Eupen na 5 Septemba 2015 na eserese 2–2 megide K.F.C. Dessel Sport na Belgium nke abụọ. Onyekuru nyeere ndị otu ahụ aka ịkwalite na Belgium First Division A na oge mbụ ya, wee mee mpụta mbụ ya na 3–0 mmeri na 30 Julaị 2016 megide S.V. Zulte Waregem. Ka ha nwechara nke ọma na nkewa nke mbụ nke Belgium, Onyekuru pụtara dịka otu n'ime ndị na-enye ọkpụ goolu n'asọmpi, na-adọta uche nke ọtụtụ nnukwu klọb na Europe. Ọ gụchara oge 2016–17 dị ka onye ji ọkpụ goolu iri abụọ na abụọ nweta ihe nrite ahụ, mana e nyere Łukasz Teodorczyk ihe nrite ahụ ka o nwesịrị goolu karịa Onyekuru.

=== Everton ===
Na 30 June 2017, Onyekuru sonyeere Everton maka £ 7 nde ma zigara ya ozugbo na Anderlecht.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Henry Onyekuru: Everton sign Nigeria striker and loan him to Anderlecht|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/40418808|work=BBC Sport|date=30 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onyekuru nyere uwe elu nke itoolu na Anderlecht maka mkpọsa 2017-18. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/incoming-everton-striker-onyekuru-handed-13250176|title=Incoming Everton striker Onyekuru handed new squad number|date=28 June 2017|accessdate=12 July 2017|publisher=LiverpoolEcho}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịbụ onye gbara goolu iri n'egwuregwu iri abụọ na asatọ maka Anderlecht, Onyekuru nwere mmerụ ahụ n'ikpere na Disemba nke ga-achọ ịwa ahụ. Anderlecht kwupụtara na ịwa ahụ ga-adị mkpa nakwa na ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ &quot;ọtụtụ ọnwa&quot;. Na Jenụwarị 2018, a kọrọ na Onyekuru ga-alaghachi na Anderlecht mgbe ọ gbasịrị ma gbakee kpamkpam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Onyekuru returns to Anderlecht after recovery from Injury|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/onyekuru-returns-to-anderlecht-after-recovery-from-injury/|accessdate=25 January 2018|date=23 January 2018|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ịgbazinye Galatasaray ====
N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2018, Onyekuru sonyeere Galatasaray na mbinye ego ogologo oge. Ego mbinye ego a kwụrụ Everton bụ £700,000.[2] Na 20 Mee 2019, Onyekuru nọ na akara ngosi maka Galatasaray ka ha meriri ndị na-ama ọkwa İstanbul Başakşehir 2–1 iji nweta asọmpi Süper Lig maka oge nke abụọ kwụ ọtọ.[3] Mmeri ahụ pụtakwara na Galatasaray nwetara okpukpu abụọ nke ụlọ ka o meriri Akhisar Belediyespor na iko Turkish ikpeazụ n'izu gara aga.

Ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwetaghị ikike ọrụ na UK, Onyekuru sonyeere AS Monaco na mbufe na-adịgide adịgide na 12 Ọgọst 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49324514|title=Henry Onyekuru: Everton sell Nigeria forward to Monaco|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=12 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://royalbluemersey.sbnation.com/2019/7/31/20748305/everton-transfer-rumours-henry-onyekuru-monaco-work-permit-latest-galatasaray-14-million-fee-agreed|title=Everton agree fee to sell striker on a permanent deal|publisher=SB Nation|date=31 July 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kọwaghị ego ahụ (a na-ekwu na ọ dị n'etiti £ 12-£ 15 nde) na Onyekuru bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ ise na klọb Ligue 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;GoalMonaco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/henry-onyekuru-monaco-sign-everton-forward-on-five-year-deal/1dog1aqztztsa1c3ikskjpam3t|title=Henry Onyekuru: Monaco sign Everton forward on five-year deal|publisher=Goal|accessdate=12 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ịlaghachi Galatasaray na mgbazinye ====
Na Jenụwarị 5, 2020, Onyekuru bịanyere aka na Galatasaray, klọb mbụ ya, na mgbazinye ọnwa isii na-enweghị nhọrọ ịzụta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 January 2020|title=Official {{!}} Galatasaray sign Henry Onyekuru on loan until the end of the season|url=https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2020/official-galatasaray-sign-henry-onyekuru-on-loan-until-the-end-of-the-season/|accessdate=23 January 2021|work=Get French Football news}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ hapụrụ mgbe mgbazinye ego ya gwụchara na June, na-apụta ugboro iri na abụọ ma gbaa otu goolu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Enes Calli|first=Muhammed|date=4 July 2020|title=Henry Onyekuru leaves Galatasaray|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/sports/henry-onyekuru-leaves-galatasaray/1899893|accessdate=23 January 2021|work=AA.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 25 Jenụwarị 2021, Onyekuru bịanyere aka ọzọ na Galatasaray na mgbazinye ọnwa isii, n'oge a na nhọrọ ịzụta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=January 25, 2021|title=Yuvana hoş geldin Henry Onyekuru|url=http://www.galatasaray.org/haber/futbol/yuvana-hos-geldin-henry-onyekuru/48000|accessdate=2021-01-25|work=www.galatasaray.org|language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://m.guardian.ng/sport/onyekuru-eager-to-extend-galatasaray-stay/amp/|title=Onyekuru eager to extend Galatasaray stay|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Olympiacos ===
N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021, Olympiacos kwupụtara ịbịanye aka na Onyekuru maka nkwekọrịta afọ anọ maka ego a na-akọwaghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-01|title=Ο Ονιεκουρού στον Ολυμπιακό μέχρι το 2025|url=http://www.olympiacos.org/2021/08/01/o-oniekourou-ston-olympiako-mexri-to-2025/|accessdate=2021-08-02|work=ΟΛΥΜΠΙΑΚΟΣ - Olympiacos.org|language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Al-Fayha ===
N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, Onyekuru sonyeere klọb Saudi Pro League Al-Fayha na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=النيجيري هنري اونيكورو فيحاوي حتى 2025م|url=https://www.alfiha.com/blog/86|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812231701/https://www.alfiha.com/blog/86|archivedate=12 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gençlerbirliği ===
N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2025, Onyekuru sonyeere klọb Süper Lig Gençlerbirliği n'efu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Henry Onyekuru ilk antrenmanına çıktı|url=https://genclerbirligi.org.tr/henry-onyekuru-ilk-antrenmanina-cikti/|accessdate=5 August 2025|language=Turkish|work=Gençlerbirliği S.K.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
A kpọrọ Onyekuru maka ogige Super Eagles na Mee 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.espnfc.us/nigeria/story/3128973/onyekuru-gets-nigeria-call|title=Onyekuru gets Nigeria call|work=ESPNFC.com|accessdate=2018-05-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere nke mbụ ya na Naịjirịa na mmeri enyi na enyi 3-0 megide Togo na 1 June 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/nigeria-vs-togo/teams/371810|title=Internationals (Sky Sports)|work=SkySports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe oge klọb siri ike nke 2018-19 na Galatasaray, a gụnyere Onyekuru na ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ ikpeazụ nke Naịjirịa maka Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2019 na Ijipt. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sport24.co.za/Soccer/AFCON/nigeria-announce-25-man-afcon-squad-20190515|title=Nigeria announce provisional AFCON squad|publisher=Sport 24|date=15 May 2019|accessdate=7 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kingfut.com/2019/06/10/nigeria-final-afcon-squad/|title=Nigeria name final 23-man Africa Cup of Nations squad|publisher=KingFut|date=10 June 2019|accessdate=7 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara nkeji iri na abụọ na ngwụcha, na-abịa dị ka onye na-anọchi anya ha na mmeri 1-2 ha meriri ndị mmeri Algeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/osimhen-onyekuru-battle-to-replace-ighalo/|title=Osimhen, Onyekuru battle to replace Ighalo|date=2019-07-27|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2019/jul/14/algeria-v-nigeria-africa-cup-of-nations-semi-final-live|title=Riyad Mahrez scored a last-second, stoppage-time free-kick to send Algeria into Friday's final against Senegal|work=The Guardian|date=14 July 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onyekuru bụ onye nkuzi mba ahụ kpọrọ ya dịka akụkụ nke ndị otu ahụ ka ha chee Ukraine ihu na egwuregwu enyi na enyi na mba na 10 nke Septemba 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/rohr-invites-two-new-players-for-ukraine-friendly/|title=Rohr invites two new players for Ukraine friendly|author=Fowowe|first=Solomon|date=14 August 2019|accessdate=2020-07-10|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://m.guardian.ng/sport/rohr-explains-decision-to-leave-onyekuru-on-bench/amp/|title=Rohr explains decision to leave Onyekuru on bench|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
{{updated|match played 26 May 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerway|henry-chukwuemeka-onyekuru/412581|accessdate=9 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko mba[a]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kọntinent
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị ọzọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Eupen
|2015–16
|Ngalaba nke Abụọ nke Belgium
|19
|6
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|19
|6
|-
|2016–17
|Belgian Pro League
|38
|22
|3
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|41
|24
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!57
!28
!3
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!60
!30
|-
|Everton
|2017–18
|Njikọ Premier
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|-
|Anderlecht (nke a gbazinyere) 
|2017–18
|Belgian Pro League
|19
|9
|2
|1
|6[b]
|0
|1[c]
|0
|28
|10
|-
|Galatasaray (onye a gbazinyere) 
|2018–19
|Süper Lig
|31
|14
|6
|2
|7[d]
|0
|0
|0
|44
|16
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Monaco
|2019–20
|Njikọ 1
|4
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4
|0
|-
|2020–21
|Njikọ 1
|4
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!8
!0
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!8
!0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Galatasaray (onye a gbazinyere) 
|2019–20
|Süper Lig
|10
|1
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|12
|1
|-
|2020–21
|Süper Lig
|14
|5
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|15
|5
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!24
!6
!3
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!27
!6
|-
|Olympiacos
|2021–22
|Njikọ Super Gris
|14
|0
|3
|0
|10[e]
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|27
|1
|-
|Adana Demirspor (onye a gbazinyere) 
|2022–23
|Süper Lig
|18
|8
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|20
|8
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Al-Fayha
|2023–24
|Saudi Pro League
|27
|10
|1
|0
|6[f]
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|34
|11
|-
|2024–25
|Saudi Pro League
|4
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!31
!10
!1
!0
!6
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!38
!11
|-
|Gençlerbirliği
|2025–26
|Süper Lig
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!195
!75
!20
!5
!29
!2
!1
!0
!245
!82
|}
 

=== Mba Nile ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ
!Ndị otu mba
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]
|2017
|1
|0
|-
|2018
|6
|0
|-
|2019
|5
|1
|-
|2020
|0
|0
|-
|2021
|2
|0
|-
|2022
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!15
!1
|}
{{Updated|goal scored 22 March 2019}}
:''Scores and results list Nigeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Onyekuru goal.''&lt;ref name=&quot;SuperLig&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Mba.
!Ụbọchị
!Ebe a na-anọ
!Onye mmegide
!Ihe ruru
!Nsonaazụ
!Ịsọ mpi
|-
|1.
|22 Machị 2019
|Stephen Keshi Stadium, [[Asaba]], Nigeria
| Seychelles
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
|2019 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Anderlecht'''

* Super Cup nke Belgium: 2017

'''Galatasaray'''

* Süper Lig: 2018-19&lt;ref name=&quot;SuperLig&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48334421|title=Nigeria striker Onyekuru thankful for Galatasaray double|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 May 2019|accessdate=7 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iko Turkey: 2018-19&lt;ref name=&quot;SuperLig&quot; /&gt;

* Super League Greece: 2021-222021–22

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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{{karibu }} [[Ojiarụ:NDG|NDG]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:NDG|ṅkátá]]) 13:02, 7 Julaị 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/Mulenga Mbulukani|Mulenga Mbulukani]] ([[User talk:Mulenga Mbulukani|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:NDG|NDG]]</comment>
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{{karibu }} [[Ojiarụ:NDG|NDG]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:NDG|ṅkátá]]) 13:02, 7 Julaị 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>as proven supreme [[w:sw:template:karibu]] WELCOME does NOT work crosswiki!</comment>
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{{karibu }} [[Ojiarụ:NDG|NDG]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:NDG|ṅkátá]]) 13:02, 7 Julaị 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Annie Le Brun</title>
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      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
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      <text bytes="10735" sha1="11g1fgwuvncb1kbq10fuc7jq6caatue" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Annie Le Brun 2009.jpg|thumb|Annie Le Brun ]]
 

'''Annie Le Brun''' (15 Ọgọst 1942 – 29 Julaị 2024) bụ onye edemede France, onye na-ede uri na onye na-akatọ akwụkwọ..

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Le Brun na 15 Ọgọstụ 1942.  Mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ, ọ chọpụtara ihe ijuanya nke surrealism; Ọ gụrụ &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwFA&quot;&gt;Nadja&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; nke André Breton na mbụ, aka na-edepụtaghachi Mad Love [fr] na Anthology of Black Humor. Obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị, na 1963, o zutere Breton n'onwe ya, wee sonye n'ọrụ nke ngagharị nke ndị surrealism ruo n'afọ 1969, mgbe otu ahụ gbasasịrị. Mgbe e mesịrị, megide ihe o weere dị ka mwepụ nke otu, ịhụnanya na ndọpụ uche, o kwupụtara na &quot;na ndị surrealism, mmadụ nwere ume, ọ bụrụgodị na ọ ga-achọpụta ọtụtụ mbara igwe, gịnị ga-emepe mgbalị pụrụ iche a na narị afọ nke iri abụọ iche echiche mmadụ niile?&quot;  Nke a bụ otú o si guzoro n'azụ surrealism, na-anabata ọchụchọ ya maka &quot;ịma mma na nnupụisi ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.arcane-17.com/pages/textes/appel-a-la-desertion-interview-d-annie-le-brun.html|title=Appel à la désertion (interview d'Annie le Brun)|work=archive.wikiwix.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225511/http://www.arcane-17.com/pages/textes/appel-a-la-desertion-interview-d-annie-le-brun.html|archivedate=2017-10-03|accessdate=17 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1972, ọ chọtara ọrụ n'otu na Editions Now nke [[Pierre Peuchmaurd]] guzobere, ya na onye na-ede uri na onye na'ede egwuregwu [[Radovan Ivšić]]&quot;&gt;Radovan Ivsic, onye ghọrọ enyi ya, yana [[Georges Goldfayn]], [[Gerard Legrand]] na onye na - Toyen. Onye nke ikpeazụ ahụ gosipụtara na 1967 akwụkwọ uri mbụ ya Sur le champ . N'ime afọ ndị a, o dere ma bipụta ọtụtụ nchịkọta ndị ọzọ, nke a ga-anakọta na 2004 n'otu mpịakọta, n'okpuru aha Ombre pour ombre . N'oge a na-emepụta ihe, o so dee, n'etiti nchịkọta na edemede ndị ọzọ, ọrụ ngwakọta atọ nke e jikọtara ederede uri ya na ihe osise - ma foto na plastik - site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe dị iche iche: The Crossing of the Alps, nke ya na Radovan Ivšić dere na 1972 ma gosipụta ya na foto nke onye na-ese foto nke onye Ịtali [[Fabio De Sanctis]]; Nearby the nomads, nchịkọta uri nke Toyen sere na 1972; na n'ikpeazụ Annular Moon, akụkọ uri nke Toyan gosipụtara na 1977.

N'afọ 1977, na edemede ya &quot;Let loose everything,&quot; mgbe ahụ na 1988 na Vagit-prop, Annie Le Brun katọrọ ihe ọ weere dị ka aghụghọ nke ihe a na-akpọ &quot;feminist&quot; echiche, &quot;caricature nke echiche totalitarianism,&quot; n'ezie &quot;mpụtaghachi nke omume ọma na nzuzu nke na-akọwa echiche ụmụ nwanyị na mmekọahụ ... n'okpuru ụdị nyocha ziri ezi&quot;. Akwụkwọ Evelyne Sullerot bụ Le fait féminine (Fayard, 1978) na [[Marie-Françoise Hans]] and Gilles Lapouge's Les Femmes, pornography, and erotism (Ed de le Seuil, 1978), bụ ihe mkpali, kamakwa ndị dị ka: Simone de Beauvoir, Marguerite Duras, Benoite Groult, [[Germaine Greer]], Gisele Halimi, Elisabeth Badinter, [[Annie Leclerc]], [[Xaviere Gauthier]], Luce Irigaray, na Helene Cixous. Ọ dịghị onye a zọpụtara, ma n'adịghị ka &quot;ihe ndị ha ji aghọgbu echiche ha,&quot; &quot;ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ&quot; na &quot;iwe ike na-ada ada&quot;, nke ọ kọwara dị ka &quot;Stalinism n'ime petticoats&quot;, Annie Le Brun dere, dịka ọmụmaatụ:
 
N'ime mpempe akwụkwọ ya banyere iwebata ụmụ nwanyị a, agha dị ka ọ dị nso na egwu echiche, ọ jụrụ ezi uche nke njirimara na ike nke na-emebi onye na-ahụ n'anya ma na-ekpochi ụmụ nwanyị n'okwu nke otu ahụ, n'ikwekọ na ọrụ (nne nwanyị, nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ, wdg), na-eme ka onye ọ bụla ghara ịdị. Na nnupụisi ya megide agbụ nke &quot;echiche iyi ọha egwu nke nwanyị&quot;, nke na-aga n'ihu na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị, kamakwa megide usoro niile, echiche, òtù, Annie Le Brun weere akwụkwọ ya dị ka &quot;ọkpụkpọ maka ịgba ọsọ&quot;.

N'ime The Castles of Subversion (1982), Annie Le Brun nyochara Akwụkwọ akụkọ Gothic na akwụkwọ akụkọ fantastique noir, na-enyocha ọdịdị ala nke ihe nkiri ndị a dị egwu. Ọ gụrụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a, n'oge okwu nke Reason, mpụta nke ime ihe ike na nkatọ nke nkà ihe ọmụma Enlightenment, na-ekwupụta Romanticism.

N'afọ 2014, o mere ihe ngosi na Musée d'Orsay, na ọnwụ Marquis de Sade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/tag/annie-le-brun/|title=Annie Le Brun Archives – The Paris Review|work=The Paris Review|accessdate=17 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Brun nwụrụ na 21 Julaị 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 81.

== Ọrụ ==

=== Abụ uri ===

* Sur le champ, nke e sere na collages isii na pointes-sèches atọ site na Toyen, Paris, Éditions surréalistes, 1967.
* Okwu na-eme ka ịhụnanya, ihe ndị surrealist kwuru, Paris, Eric Losfeld, 1970.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* N'ebe ahụ, ''Ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị'', na ihe nkedo nke Toyen, Paris, mbipụta Maintenant, 1972.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Annulaire de lune, nke Toyen sere ihe osise isii na isi atọ, Paris, Maintenant, 1977.
* Ombre pour ombre, nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ ndị bu ụzọ, Paris, Gallimard, 2004.

=== Ihe odide ===

* L'Humour noir, na Entretiens sur le surréalisme, nke Ferdinand Alquié dezigharịrị, Paris-La Haye, ed. Nwa atụrụ, 1968
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Les Châteaux de la subversion, Paris, Jean-Jacques Pauvert and Garnier-Frères, 1982; re-edition. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Ọmụmụ ihe Folio&quot;, 1986.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
* Le Sentiment de la nature à la fin du XXe siècle, avec photographs of Petar Dabac, Paris, éd. Ebe a na-arụ ọrụ, 1982.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Na mberede, a ga-ebipụta ya n'ụzọ dị omimi, Sade, Paris, Jean-Jacques Pauvert, 1986; re-edition. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Ọmụmụ ihe&quot;, 2014.
* Appel d'air, Paris, réflexion sur la poésie, Paris, Plon, 1988; re-edition. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Obere na nnukwu ụlọ ihe nkiri nke Marquis de Sade s/d Annie Le Brun, Paris Art Center, 1989.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* ''Dị ka obere enyí! '' , postface na South Africa nke Alfred Jarry, Paris: Ramsay/Jean-Jacques Pauvert, 1990.  
* Onye dị ndụ. Echiche ndị dị ugbu a banyere enweghị ike nke surrealism, Paris, Ramsay/Jean-Jacques Pauvert, 1990.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Ndị Ogbu Mmadụ na enyo ha [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* De l'inanité de la littérature (nchịkọta nke ederede nkatọ), Paris, Jean-Jacques Pauvert in Belles Lettres, 1994.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Ihe oyiyi e gbupụrụ olu (n'ime arụmụka banyere negritude na creolité), Paris, Jean-Michel Place, 1996.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
* Du trop de réalité, Paris, Stock, 2000; mbipụta ọzọ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
* Pour ne pas en finir avec la représentation, avec cinq photographes of Jindrich Styrsky, Strelec, Prague, 2003.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Leonora Carrington, la mariée du vent, ọrụ mkpokọta na ederede nke Homer Aridjis, André Breton, Max Ernst, Annie Le Brun, Octavio Paz na Delmari Romero Keith, Paris, coédition Gallimard/Maison de l'Amérique latine, 2008.
* Châteaux de la subversion, sochiri Suddenly a block of abyss, Sade, re-edition. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka ọ dị&quot;, 2010.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
* ''Ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị ihe nwere ọdịdị, ọ ga-abụ nke a'', Paris, Gallimard, 2010
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Arcades&quot;, 2011.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
* Echiche rụrụ arụ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Ihe osise na ndị na-ese ihe&quot;, 2012.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Mmụọ ozi nke ihe dị ịtụnanya. Le Romantisme noir: site na Goya ruo Max Ernst (nchịkọta), na Felix Krämer, Johannes Grave, Hubertus Kohle, Paris, Musée d'Orsay - Hatje Cantz Verlag, Ostfildern, 2013.
* Sade: attaquer le soleil, Paris, coédition Musée d'Orsay / Gallimard, nchịkọta &quot;Book d'Art &quot;, 2014.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
* Radovan Ivsic na oké ọhịa na-enweghị isi, nchịkọta Gallimard/Musée d'art contemporain de Zagreb, 2015.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Edemsibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

=== Akwụkwọ ===

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Georgiana Colvile, N'ụzọ jọgburu onwe ya. Trente cuatro mujeres surréalistes, Paris, Jean-Michel Place éditeur, Paris, p. 165-171  &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;
* Judith Perrignon, &quot;La mécontemporaine&quot;, portrait d'Annie Le Brun, Libération, March 26, 2001.
* Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Annie Le Brun site na Frédéric Poletti, Philosophie Magazine, nke 26, Febụwarị 2009.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Two Annies – 3:AM Magazine|url=https://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/two-annies/|accessdate=2024-10-18|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

=== Njikọ Bekee ===

* [http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=3820 Ebe ndebe ihe ochie nke Revolt maka Annie Le Brun]
* [https://theanarchistlibrary.org/category/author/annie-lebrun TheAnarchistLibrary.org Archive maka Annie Le Brun]

* [http://www.ina.fr/video/CPB88012391/annie-le-brun.fr.html Banyere uri, banyere Call of Air, Apostrophes, 4.10.88]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100707052423/http://www.histoires-litteraires.org/les%20articles/entretienlebrun16.htm Mmalite nke ajụjụ ọnụ maka magazin Histoires littéraires''Akụkọ ihe mere eme'']
* Ajụjụ ọnụ na Le Matricule des anges''Ndebanye aha ndị mmụọ ozi''
* Ihe odide nke Ombre pour ombre na Poezibao
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225511/http://www.arcane-17.com/pages/textes/appel-a-la-desertion-interview-d-annie-le-brun.html Ọkpụkpọ òkù maka ịgba ọsọ], mkparịta ụka ya na Annie Le Brun
* Ajụjụ ọnụ na ''Marianne''
* &quot;Site n'ihe dị nta gaa n'ihe karịrị akarị: Annie Le Brun, ụkpụrụ omume nke ọdịiche zuru oke&quot;, nke Frédéric Aribit dere (pdf) (2002) 
* [https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xrvi48_interview-annie-le-brun_lifestyle Ajụjụ ọnụ June 2012] na Yellow Culture Club''Klọb Ọdịbendị Yellow''
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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    <title>Amélie Nothomb</title>
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      <comment>Amélie Nothomb</comment>
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      <text bytes="20838" sha1="hyhzbg7p9j6nyyyfxjs4e90pi188j69" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Amélie Nothomb 2015 (facecrop1).jpg|thumb|Amélie Nothomb]]
 

Baroness '''Fabienne Claire Nothomb''' (French pronunciation: [fabjɛn klɛːʁ nɔtɔ̃b]; amụrụ na 13 August 1967 ), nke a maara nke ọma site na aha edemede ya '''Amélie Nothomb''' (&quot; [ameli nɔtɔ̃б]), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSD_Cb7gpik|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101060713/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSD_Cb7gpik|archivedate=November 1, 2021|title=Amélie Nothomb soutient les librairies indépendantes sur &quot;l'Obs&quot;|work=L'Obs|date=November 7, 2020|accessdate=February 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye edemede Belgian Francophone. Ọ nọrọ n'Eshia n'oge ọ bụ nwata.

Onye edemede na-emepụta ihe, kemgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya Hygiene and the Assassin na 1992, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na isii, o bipụtara akwụkwọ n'otu afọ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya so n'ime akwụkwọ kachasị ere ma sụgharịa ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ. Ọ bụ Commander of the Order of the Crown ma nwee utu aha Baroness nke Eze Philip nke Belgium nyere ya. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-atọ ọchị banyere ndụ ụlọ ọrụ na Japan Fear and Trembling meriri Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française na 1999, na 2015 a họpụtara ya na Royal Academy of French Language and Literature na Belgium.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Nnyocha na-egosi na a mụrụ Amélie Nothomb na Etterbeek, Brussels-Capital Region na 9 Julaị 1966. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ireland&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ireland|first=Benjamin Hiramatsu|title=Amélie Nothomb's Distorted Truths: Birth, Identity, and Stupeur et tremblements|journal=New Zealand Journal of French Studies|date=May 2012|volume=33|issue=1|pages=135–156|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/f5edeb1ac542436e634a99afa37af2c8/1?pq-origsite=gscholar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ọ na-ekwukarị na a mụrụ ya na Kobe, Japan na 1967 ebe ihe ndekọ na-egosi na ọ bi ebe ahụ naanị site na afọ abụọ ruo ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ireland&quot; /&gt; N'ikpeazụ, ọ biri na China, New York City, Bangladesh, Burma, United Kingdom (Coventry) na Laos. &lt;ref name=&quot;SAS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://modernlanguages.sas.ac.uk/research-centres/centre-study-contemporary-womens-writing/languages/french/am%C3%A9lie-nothomb|title=Institute of Modern Languages|accessdate=22 September 2021|archivedate=28 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328010128/https://modernlanguages.sas.ac.uk/research-centres/centre-study-contemporary-womens-writing/languages/french/am%C3%A9lie-nothomb}}&lt;/ref&gt; O sitere n'ezinụlọ a ma ama na Belgium. Nna ya bụ onye nnọchi anya mba Belgium bụ Patrick Nothomb, ọ bụkwa nwa nwa nke Charles-Ferdinand Nothomb (onye minista mba ọzọ nke Belgium) (1980-1981), na nwa nwa nke onye edemede na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ Pierre Nothomb.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAS&quot; /&gt; O nwere otu nwanne nwoke (André Nothomb) na otu nwanne nwanyị, Juliette Nothomb, onye na-ede akwụkwọ ụmụaka.
[[Faịlụ:Armes_de_la_famille_Nothomb.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|139x139px|Akara agha ezinụlọ ya]]
Mgbe ọ nọ na Japan, Nothomb gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ógbè ahụ ma mụta Japanese. Mgbe ọ dị afọ ise, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara China. O kwuru na Fear and Trembling na ịhapụ Japan bụ &quot;nkewa dị mwute nye m&quot;. Ọ gụrụ [[nkà mmụta asụsụ]] na Mahadum Libre de Bruxelles . Mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ, Nothomb laghachiri Japan ịrụ ọrụ n'otu ụlọ ọrụ Japan dị na Tokyo. Ahụmahụ ya maka oge a ka ekwuru na egwu na ịma jijiji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3654008/A-writers-life-Amelie-Nothomb.html|title=A writer's life: Amélie Nothomb|author=Jasper Rees|date=23 July 2006|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Nothomb, Hygiène de l'assassin, na 1992. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/belgium/articles/a-belgian-story-of-literary-success-amelie-nothomb/|title=How Amélie Nothomb Became Belgium's Most Outlandish Writer|first=Teresa Lopes|author=Vieira|date=4 September 2015|work=theculturetrip.com|accessdate=14 May 2026|archivedate=19 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219082013/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/belgium/articles/a-belgian-story-of-literary-success-amelie-nothomb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe ahụ, o bipụtala ihe dị ka otu akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa afọ, gụnyere Les Catilinaires (1995), Fear and Trembling (1999) na Métaphysique des tubes (2000). Enyerela ya ọtụtụ ihe nrite, gụnyere 1993 Prix Jacques-Chardonne, 1999 Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française, Grand Prix Jean Giono (2008), na kemgbe 2015 bụ onye otu Belgium Royal Academy of French asụsụ na akwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.arllfb.be/composition/membres/nothomba.html|title=Amélie Nothomb : Bio-blibliographie|work=www.arllfb.be}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O dere akụkọ ndụ (The Book of Proper Names) nke onye na-agụ egwu nwanyị French bụ Robert na 2002 ma n'oge 2000-2002 dere okwu maka egwu itoolu site n'otu onye omenkà ahụ.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ - Amélie Nothomb: une vie entre deux eaux (ndụ dị n'etiti mmiri abụọ) - nke Laurelinne Amanieux na Luca Chiari dere na duziri ya, banyere nlọghachi Amélie na Japan na nchọpụta nke ịma mma nke ọdịdị ala, ememe udo, mwute nke Fukushima, ma karịsịa, nzukọ ahụ mere na onye nọọsụ Japanese12 bụ Nishio2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lucachiari.com/gallery-categories/first-gallery/109-amelie-nothomb-une-vie-entre-deux-eaux-directed-by-luca-chiari-52-2012-directing-camera-sound-co-writing|title=Amélie Nothomb, une vie entre deux eaux|work=www.lucachiari.com|accessdate=2026-05-14|archivedate=2020-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712185233/http://www.lucachiari.com/gallery-categories/first-gallery/109-amelie-nothomb-une-vie-entre-deux-eaux-directed-by-luca-chiari-52-2012-directing-camera-sound-co-writing}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na Royal Decree nke 8 Julaị 2015, e mere Nothomb ka ọ bụrụ onye na-abụghị onye nketa. 

Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Premier sang gosipụtara akụkọ ifo nke nna ya, onye nwụrụ na 2020, nke edere na onye mbụ. Akwụkwọ ahụ meriri Prix Renaudot 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-03|title=Le prix Renaudot récompense Amélie Nothomb pour &quot; Premier sang &quot;|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/culture/livres/le-prix-renaudot-recompense-amelie-nothomb-pour-premier-sang-00f8874e-3c9d-11ec-8bc6-eb6b26766f3c|accessdate=2021-11-03|work=ouest-france.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Akwụkwọ ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;650px&quot;
|+
!Published&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(in French)
!Type
!Original title
!English title
!English publication details
|-
|1992
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|Hygiène de l'assassin}}''
|''Hygiene and the Assassin''
|Europa Editions, hardback, 2010  
|-
|1993
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|Le Sabotage amoureux}}''
|''Loving Sabotage''
|W. W. Norton &amp; Co, hardback, 2000,  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Faber and Faber, paperback, 2003,  
|-
|1993
|tale
|''{{Lang|fr|Légende un peu chinoise}}''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Longue Vue)
|
|
|-
|1994
|play
|''{{Lang|fr|Les Combustibles}}''
|''Human Rites''
|Oberon Books, paperback, 2005,  
|-
|1995
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|Les Catilinaires}}''
|''The Stranger Next Door''
|Holt (Henry) &amp; Co, hardback, 1996,  
|-
|1996
|novel
|''Péplum''
|
|
|-
|1996
|14 pages short story
|''{{Lang|fr|Électre}}'' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Stock)
|
|
|-
|1996
|short story
|''{{Lang|fr|L'Existence de Dieu}}'' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(La Revue Générale)
|
|
|-
|1997
|novel
|''Attentat''
|
|
|-
|1998
|novel
|''Mercure''
|
|
|-
|1999
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|Stupeur et tremblements}}''
|''Fear and Trembling''
|Faber and Faber, paperback, 2002,  
|-
|1999
|39 pages short story
|''{{Lang|fr|Le Mystère par excellence}}''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;({{Lang|fr|Le Grand livre du mois}})
|
|
|-
|2000
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|Métaphysique des tubes}}''
|''The Character of Rain''
|Faber and Faber, paperback, 2003,  
|-
|2000
|3 tales
|''{{Lang|fr|Brillant comme une casserole}}''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(La Pierre d'Alun)
|
|
|-
|2001
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|Cosmétique de l'ennemi}}''
|''The Enemy's Cosmetique''
|
|-
|2001
|2 pages short story
|''{{Lang|fr|Aspirin}}''
|
|
|-
|2001
|64 pages short story
|''{{Lang|fr|Sans nom}}''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Elle)
|
|
|-
|2002
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|Robert des noms propres}}''
|''The Book of Proper Names''
|Faber and Faber, paperback, 2004,  
|-
|2003
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|Antéchrista}}''
|''Antichrista''
|Faber and Faber, paperback, 2004,  
|-
|2004
|46 pages short story
|''{{Lang|fr|L'Entrée du Christ à Bruxelles}}''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Elle)
|
|
|-
|2004
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|Biographie de la faim}}''
|''The Life of Hunger''
|Faber and Faber, hardback, 2006
|-
|2005
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|Acide sulfurique}}''
|''Sulphuric Acid''
|Faber and Faber, hardback, 2007
|-
|2006
|novel
|''Journal d'Hirondelle''
|
|
|-
|2007
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|Ni d'Eve, ni d'Adam}}''
|''Tokyo Fiancée''
|Europa Editions, hardback, 2008
|-
|2007
|short story in 9 episodes
|''{{Lang|fr|Les Champignons de Paris ([[Charlie Hebdo]])}}''
|
|
|-
|2008
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|Le Fait du prince}}''
|''The Prince's Act''
|Éditions Albin Michel
|-
|2009
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|Le Voyage d'Hiver}}''
|''The Winter Journey''
|Éditions Albin Michel
|-
|2010
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|Une forme de vie}}''
|''Life Form''
|Europa Editions, hardback
|-
|2011
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|[[Tuer le père]]}}''
|
|Éditions Albin Michel
|-
|2012
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|[[Barbe bleue]]}}'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2013/january/barbe-bleue-amelie-nothomb|title=Barbe bleue by Amélie Nothomb|date=17 December 2012|work=World Literature Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|Éditions Albin Michel
|-
|2013
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|[[La nostalgie heureuse]]}}''
|
|Éditions Albin Michel
|-
|2014
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|[[Pétronille]]}}''
|''Pétronille''
|Europa Editions, paperback, 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.europaeditions.com/book/9781609452902/petronille|title=Pétronille|work=Europa Editions|accessdate=2018-01-19|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2015
|novel
|''Le Crime du comte Neville''
|
|Éditions Albin Michel
|-
|2016
|novel
|''Riquet à la houppe''
|
|Éditions Albin Michel
|-
|2017
|novel
|''Frappe-toi le cœur''
|''Strike your Heart''
|Éditions Albin Michel, Europa Editions  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.complete-review.com/reviews/nothomba/strike_your_heart.htm|title=Strike Your Heart – Amélie Nothomb|work=www.complete-review.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/amelie-nothomb/strike-your-heart/|title=STRIKE YOUR HEART &amp;#124; Kirkus Reviews}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.startribune.com/review-strike-your-heart-by-amelie-nothomb/492645651/|title=Review: 'Strike Your Heart,' by Amélie Nothomb|author=MALCOLM FORBES|work=Star Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|novel
|''Les prénoms épicènes''
|
|Éditions Albin Michel
|-
|2019
|novel
|''Soif''
|''Thirst''
|Europa Editions,  
|-
|2020
|novel
|''Les aérostats''
|
|Éditions Albin Michel,  
|-
|2021
|novel
|''Premier sang''
|''First Blood''
|Europa Editions
|-
|2022
|novel
|''Le livre des sœurs''
|
|Éditions Albin Michel
|-
|2023
|novel
|''{{Lang|fr|Psychopompe}}''
|
|Éditions Albin Michel,  
|-
|2024
|novel
|''L'impossible retour''
|
|Éditions Albin Michel,  
|-
|2025
|novel
|''Tant mieux''
|
|Éditions Albin Michel,  
|}
Ọ gwụla ma ekwuru ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, e bipụtara ọrụ niile na French site na Éditions Albin Michel.

== Mgbanwe ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===

* 1999: Hygiène de l'assassin (Hygiene and the Assassin), ihe nkiri French nke François Ruggieri duziri, ya na Jean Yanne (Prétextat Tach) na Barbara Schulz (Nina).
* 2003: Stupeur et tremblements (Tụma na ịma jijiji), ihe nkiri French nke Alain Corneau duziri na Sylvie Testud (Amélie) na Kaori Tsuji (Fubuki).
* 2014: Tokyo Fiancée, ihe nkiri Belgian nke Stefan Liberski duziri na Pauline Etienne (Amélie) na [[Taichi Inoue]] (Rinri) 
* 2021: A Perfect Enemy (nke e mere ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, Cosmétique de l'ennemi), ihe nkiri French nke Kike Maíllo duziri.
* 2025: Little Amélie ma ọ bụ Character of Rain, ihe nkiri animated nke France nke Maïlys Vallade na Liane-Cho Han duziri &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Taylor|first=Drew|date=September 3, 2025|title=Annecy-Winning ‘Little Amélie or the Character of Rain’ Gets Theatrical Release Date, Trailer {{!}} Exclusive|url=https://www.thewrap.com/little-amelie-or-the-character-of-rain-trailer-release-date/|accessdate=October 14, 2025|work=[[TheWrap]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbanwe nke ihe nkiri ===

* Ihe omuma di nma (English), Theater Le Ranelagh, Paris, 1999

Mụ na Valérie Mairesse, Pétronille de Saint-Rapt, Vanessa Jarry Onye nduzi: Annabelle Milot

* Ihe omuma di nma (Loving Sabotage), Theater Daniel-Sorano, Vincennes, 2003-2005

Mụ na Pauline Foschia, Jeanne Gougeau, Laurence Vielle Nhazi na ntụziaka: Brigitte Bailleux, Laurence Velle

* ''Ihe ntecha nke onye iro'' (The Enemy's Cosmetique), &quot;La Compagnie des Sept Lieux&quot;, Switzerland, 2003-2008

Mụ na John Durand na Olivier Renault Adaptation na ntụziaka: Emmanuel Samatani na Jean-Daniel Uldry

* Ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ (Human Rites), Theater Daniel-Sorano, Vincennes, March - April 2008

Mụ na Michel Boy, Julie Turin, Grégory Gerrebo Onye nduzi: Stéphane Cottin

* Métaphysique nke tubes (The Character of Rain), 2007-2009

Mụ na Cécile Schletzer na Claire Rieussec Onye nduzi: Claire Rieustec

* Hygiène de l'assassin (Hygiene and the Assassin), Theater of Namur na Theater &quot;the Public&quot;, Brussels, September - October 2008

Mụ na Daniel Hanssens, Nathalie Cornet, Valérie Marchand na Vincent Lécuyer Ntuziaka: Pierre Santini

* Biographie de la Farin (The Life of Hunger), Theater of &quot;La Place des Martyrs&quot;, Brussels, Eprel - Mee 2009

Mụ na Nathalie Cornet, Michel Hinderyckx, Jessica Gazon, Stéphanie Blanchoud... Ndozi na ntụzịaka: Christine Delmotte

* Les Combustibles (Human Rites), Theater of Nesle, Paris, 16 Septemba 2010 - 2 Ọktoba 2010

Mụ na Philippe Doré, Freddy Zimmer, Florine Moreau Onye nduzi: Hubert Vinzani

* ''Stupeur et Tremblements (Ụjọ na ịma jijiji), Ụlọ ihe nkiri &quot;Le Petit Hébértot&quot;, Paris, 18 Maachị 2011 - 22 Mee 2011''

Mụ na Layla Metssitane Nhazi na ntụziaka: Layla Mets sitane

=== Akwụkwọ ndị a na-ege ntị ===
Edegharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ asatọ nke Amélie Nothomb n'ụdị akwụkwọ ọdịyo, mbipụta &quot;VDB&quot; bipụtara ndị nke ọzọ, nke &quot;Audiolib&quot; bụ:

* Robert des noms propres (=The Book of Proper Names): Amélie Nothomb (onye edemede) na Véronique Groux de Miéri (onye na-akọ akụkọ), La Roque-sur-Pernes, &quot;Éditions VDB&quot;, 1 March 2003 ( ) (Note BNF (FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF39186856q). 

Nkwado: 3 CD ọdịyo (na-adịte aka: 3:15 am min, ederede zuru ezu), ref. V.D.B. 008.

* Antéchrista (=Antichrista): Amélie Nothomb (onye edemede) na Véronique Groux de Miéri (onye na-akọ akụkọ), La Roque-sur-Pernes, &quot;Éditions VDB&quot;, 1 March 2004 ( ) (Note BNF (FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF412025642). 

Nkwado: 3 CD ọdịyo (na-adịte aka: 2:52 am min, ederede zuru ezu), ref. V.D.B. 033. Ihe osise egwu: Thierry Duhamel.

* Biographie de la faim (=The life of hunger): Amélie Nothomb (onye edemede) na Véronique Groux de Miéri (onye na-akọ akụkọ), La Roque-sur-Pernes, &quot;Éditions VDB&quot;, 1 March 2005 ( ) (Note BNF (FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF40227909h). 

Nkwado: 4 CD ọdịyo (na-adịte aka: 4:17 am min, ederede zuru ezu), ref. V.D.B. 074. Ihe osise egwu: Thierry Duhamel.

* ''Sulfuric acid'' (=''Sulphuric acid''): Amélie Nothomb (onye edemede) na Véronique Groux de Miéri (onye na-akọ akụkọ), La Roque-sur-Pernes, &quot;Éditions VDB&quot;, 1 March 2006 ( ) (Note BNF (FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF40227903f). 

Nkwado: 3 CD ọdịyo (na-adịte aka: 5:39 am min, ederede zuru ezu), ref. V.D.B. 104. Ihe osise egwu: Thierry Duhamel.

* Ma nke Eve, ma nke Adam (=Tokyo Fiancée): Amélie Nothomb (onye edemede) na Sylvie Testud (onye na-akọ akụkọ), Paris, &quot;Audiolib&quot;, 13 February 2008 ( ) (Note BNF (FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF412025642). 

Nkwado: 1 CD ọdịyo (na-adịte aka: 3:50 am min, ederede zuru ezu), ref. Audiolib 25 0012 02.

* Le fait du prince (=The prince's act): Amélie Nothomb (onye edemede) na Patrick Waleffe (onye na-akọ akụkọ), Paris, &quot;Audiolib&quot;, 21 Jenụwarị 2009 ( ) (Note BNF (FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF414068348). 

Nkwado: 1 CD ọdịyo (na-adịte aka: 3:00 am min, ederede zuru ezu), ref. Audiolib 25 0049 4.

* Le voyage d'hiver (=The winter journey): Amélie Nothomb (onye edemede) na Thibault de Montalembert (onye na-akọ akụkọ), Paris, &quot;Audiolib&quot;, 9 Septemba 2009 ( ) (Note BNF (FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF42044512x). 

Nkwado: 2 CD ọdịyo (na-adịte aka: 1:54 am min, ederede zuru ezu), ref. Audiolib 25 0129 4.

* Une forme de vie (=A form of life): Amélie Nothomb (onye edemede) na Frédéric Meaux (onye na-akọ akụkọ), Paris, &quot;Audiolib&quot;, 13 October 2010 ( ) (Note BNF (FRENCHATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF42285807k). 

Nkwado: 1 CD ọdịyo (na-adịte aka: 2:42 am min, ederede zuru ezu), ref. Audiolib 25 281 3.

== Akwụkwọ ==

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8204-6182-2|&lt;bdi&gt;0-8204-6182-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]] &amp;nbsp;
* (fr) Frédérique Chevillot, ''Amélie Nothomb: Ọkpụkpọ òkù maka ịgụ ihe ''. Women in French Studies, 2012, mpịakọta. 2012, Nke 1, peeji nke .
* Mary Jane Cowles, Close Encounters of the Abject Kind: The Intercultural Female Body in Amélie Nothomb's Japan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/467778|title=Close Encounters of the Abject Kind: The Intercultural Female Body in Amélie Nothomb's Japan|first=Mary Jane|author=Cowles|date=5 January 2011|journal=Women in French Studies|volume=19|issue=1|pages=94–107|doi=10.1353/wfs.2011.0002}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Amaleena Damlé, Making A Body without Organs: Amélie Nothomb's An-Organic Flux of Immanence,  . 
* (fr) Yolande Helm, Amélie Nothomb: a na-eduga na isi iyi nke orphism. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 15, peeji nke .
* Anna Kemp, The Child as Artist in Amélie Nothomb's Robert des noms propres. French studies, 2012, mpịakọta. 66, Nke 1, peeji nke 54-67.&amp;nbsp;
* Mark D. Lee, Les identités d'Amélie Nothomb: de l'invention médiatique aux fantasies originaires, ed. Rodopi, 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fabula.org/actualites/m-d-lee-les-identites-d-amelie-nothomb_37551.php|title=M. D. Lee, Les Identités d'Amélie Nothomb|first=Matthieu|author=Vernet|work=www.fabula.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/445140|title=Les Identités d'Amélie Nothomb: de l'invention médiatique aux fantasmes originaires (review)|first=Catherine|author=Rodgers|date=5 January 2011|journal=French Studies: A Quarterly Review|volume=65|issue=3|pages=409–410|doi=10.1093/fs/knr087}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://clo-adam.be/pdf/amelie-nothomb.pdf|title=clo-adam.be pdf|accessdate=19 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220133627/http://clo-adam.be/pdf/amelie-nothomb.pdf|archivedate=20 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (fr) Andrea Oberhuber, Recrite à l'ère du soupçon insidiux: Amélie Nothomb et le recte postmodern. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 40, Nke 1, peeji nke .
* Scott M Powers, Evil in Contemporary French and Francophone Literature, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v44nBwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Nothomb&amp;pg=PP5|title=Evil in Contemporary French and Francophone Literature|first=Scott M.|author=Powers|date=12 October 2010|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=9781443826167}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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== Njikọ mpụga ==

*  
* [http://www.amelie-nothomb.com Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Amélie Nothomb]
* {{IMDb name|0636569}}
* [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jun/16/fiction.richardlea Ajụjụ ọnụ onye nlekọta Amélie Nothomb, Richard Lea]
* [https://rochester.edu/College/translation/threepercent/?id=2405 Ajụjụ ọnụ Threepercent Rochester edu.]
* [http://www.complete-review.com/authors/nothomba.htm Nnyocha zuru ezu, Amélie Nothomb]
* (n'asụsụ Italian) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120225131838/http://www.amelienothomb.com/amelie/index.aspx amélienothomb.com] E debere ya na  Wayback Machine, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na nzukọ ndị Ịtali na Voland edizioni
{{Amelie Nothomb}}{{Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française}}{{Prix Renaudot}}{{Authority control}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Portal bar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
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    <title>Kingsley Obiekwu</title>
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      <comment>Etinyere onyonyo n'isiokwu ahụ.</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Kingsley Obiekwu.jpg|thumb|Kingsley Obiekwu]]
'''Kingsley Obiekwu''' (amụrụ na 12 n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1974) bụ [[Naijiria|Onye]] [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na-agba bọọlụ lara ezumike nká nke na-agba dịka onye na-agbachitere. Ọ nọchitere anya Naijiria na mba ụwa ma bụrụ onye otu ndị otu nke meriri nrite ọla edo na 1996 Olympics na [[Atlanta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/14759.html|title=Kingsley Obiekwu|work=National-Football-Teams.com|accessdate=5 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ zụrụ Ingas F.C. nke Enugu, Naijiria, n'agbata afọ 2009 n'afọ 2013, ka ya na ndị Benin, USS Kraké nọrọ obere oge. 

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    <title>Marie-Christine Kessler</title>
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[[Faịlụ:M.C.Kessler.jpg|thumb|Marie-Christine Kessler ]]
'''Marie-Christine Kessler''' bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke France. Ọ bụ ugbu a onye nduzi nyocha emerita na French National Centre for Scientific Research, ma ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ ya na Mahadum Paris II Panthéon-Assas. Ọ na-amụ ọrụ nke ndị isi n'ịkpụzi amụma ọha na eze, yana amụma mba ofesi nke France.

== Akụkọ Ndụ ==
Kessler gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Instituts d'études politiques dị na Paris, ọkachamara n'ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọrụ ọha.&lt;ref name=&quot;asso&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|language=fr|url=http://www.sciences-po.asso.fr/profil/mariechristine.kessler62_1|publisher=Sciences Po|title=Marie-Christine Kessler|accessdate=13 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara nweta akara ugo mmụta Dọkịta nke Iwu na 1967,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|language=fr|title=Le Conseil d'État, thèse de doctorat en droit|location=Paris|publisher=université de Paris|year=1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 1983 o nwetara PhD na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;asso&quot; /&gt;

Kessler ji ọtụtụ ọrụ ya dịka onye nchọpụta na soshal midia ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na sayensị nchịkwa na Mahadum Paris nke Abụọ Panthéon-Assas.&lt;ref name=&quot;cersa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=KESSLER Marie-Christine {{!}} CERSA|url=http://cersa.cnrs.fr/kessler-marie-christine-2/|publisher=centre d'études et de recherches de science administrative|language=fr|accessdate=13 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na isi okwu nke ihe omume ọha na eze, ọkachasị mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị isi na amụma ọha. O lere anya na isiokwu ndị a n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere ''Le Conseil d'État'' (The state council) na 1968&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kessler|first=Marie-Christine|year=1968|title=Le Conseil d'État|location=Paris|publisher=Presses de la Fondation nationale des Sciences politiques (Librairie Armand Colin)|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ''Grands Corps de l'Etat'' (The Grand Corps of the State) na 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kessler|first=Marie-Christine|year=1986|title=Grands Corps de l'Etat|location=Paris|publisher=Presses universitaires de France|isbn=978-2-72460-540-2|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara bipụta akwụkwọ abụọ gbasara amụma mba ofesi nke France: ''La politique étrangère de la France.'' ''Acteurs et processus'' (Foreign Policy in France: Actors and process) na 1999,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Frédéric Charillon|title=La politique étrangère de la France. Acteurs et processus|journal=Cultures et Conflits|date=1 March 2000|doi=10.4000/conflits.318}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jean-Louis Quermonne|title=La politique étrangère de la France. Acteurs et processus|journal=Revue française de science politique|year=1999|volume=49|pages=723–725}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ''Les Ambassadeurs'' (The ambassadeurs) na 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Denis Bauchard|title=Les ambassadeurs|journal=Politique étrangère|year=2012|url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-politique-etrangere-2012-4-page-906.htm|pages=906–909}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Christian Lequesne|title=Les ambassadeurs, de Marie-Christine Kessler|journal=Revue française de science politique|year=2013|volume=63|pages=737–739}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Maurice Vaïsse|title=Les ambassadeurs|journal=Revue d'histoire diplomatique|year=2014|pages=195–196}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ugbua, Kessler bụ onye nduzi nyocha emerita na French National Centre for Scientific Research ugbu a, nke jikọtara ya na Center for Studies and Research in Administrative Science ([[:fr:centre d'études et de recherches de science administrative|fr]]) ebe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;cersa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=KESSLER Marie-Christine {{!}} CERSA|url=http://cersa.cnrs.fr/kessler-marie-christine-2/|publisher=centre d'études et de recherches de science administrative|language=fr|accessdate=13 February 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://cersa.cnrs.fr/kessler-marie-christine-2/ &quot;KESSLER Marie-Christine | CERSA&quot;] (in French). centre d'études et de recherches de science administrative&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 February&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Site na 1995 ruo 2000, ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii mba nke ngalaba 40 nke French National Centre for Scientific Research, ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche site na 2000 ruo 2004.

Kessler sokwa na ngalaba Omenala, Sayensị, na Nkà na ụzụ nke Ministry of Europe na Foreign Affairs nke France site na 1985 ruo 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie-Christine Kessler - Auteur - Ressources de la Bibliothèque nationale de France|language=fr|url=https://data.bnf.fr/12343952/marie-christine_kessler/|publisher=BnF Data|accessdate=13 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị ahọpụtara ==

* ''Le Conseil d'État'' (1968)
* ''Grands Corps de l'Etat'' (1986)
* ''La politique étrangère de la France. Ndị ọrụ na usoro'' (1999)
* ''Ndị Nnọchiteanya Les'' (2012)

== Nsọpụrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

* ''Chevalier'', Legion of Honor&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mairie09.paris.fr/actualites/conference-diplomatie-a-la-francaise-mardi-26-mars-a-19h-779|title=Conférence &quot;diplomatie a la Française&quot;|language=fr|publisher=Mairie du neuf Paris|date=26 March 2019|accessdate=12 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Chevalier'', Iwu Mba nke Mba France

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    <title>Sylvie Kauffmann</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Conference Nation States or Member States? Reimagining the European Union Conference- Nation States or Member States? Reimagining the European Union (37564198756) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sylvie Kauffmann]]
'''Sylvie Kauffmann''' (amụrụ na 30 Ọktoba 1955) bụ onye nta akụkọ France maka Agence France-Presse (AFP) na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Le Monde'' . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na AFP na France na 1979 na dịka onye nta akụkọ mba ofesi site na 1980 ruo 1988. Kauffmann sonyeere ''Le Monde'' dịka onye nta akụkọ Moscow na 1988 wee bụrụ onye nta akụkọ Eastern na Central Europe site na 1989 ruo 1993. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na United States site na 1993 ruo 2001 na Latin America na 2002 na 2003. A họpụtara Kauffman dịka osote onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Le Monde'' na 2003 ma na-akọ akụkọ gbasara Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia dịka onye nta akụkọ site na 2006 ruo 2009. Na 2010, a họpụtara ya dịka nwanyị mbụ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, na-arụ ọrụ ruo 2011.

== Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ==
A mụrụ Kauffmann n'abalị iri atọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1955 na Marseille, France, n'aka dọkịta agha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stratégies&quot; /&gt; O nwetara akara ugo mmụta site na Centre de Formation des Journalistes (Bekee: Training Centre for Journalists) na Paris, Instituts d'études politiques, Sciences Po Aix, Mahadum Provence na nzere na Spanish site na Mahadum Deusto nke Bilbao.&lt;ref name=&quot;KauffmannBio&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|last=L. Nolen|first=Jeanette|title=Sylvie Kauffmann, French journalist|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sylvie-Kauffmann|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=26 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918200753/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sylvie-Kauffmann|archivedate=18 September 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IJFBio&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== ''AFP'', 1979–1988 ===
Na 1979, Kauffmann malitere ọrụ ya na akụkọ nta akụkọ dịka onye ọrụ mgbasa ozi French maka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi French Agence France-Presse (AFP).&lt;ref name=&quot;Stratégies&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Barbière|first=Cécile|title=Sylvie Kauffmann, le culte de l'info|url=http://www.strategies.fr/emploi-formation/management/141792W/sylvie-kauffmann-le-culte-de-l-info.html|work=Stratégies|language=French|date=1 July 2010|accessdate=26 May 2020}}
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LM2010&quot; /&gt; Otu afọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, e mere ya onye nta akụkọ mba ofesi maka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ọ nọrọ afọ 1980 ruo 1984 na London na 1984 site na 1985 na Warsaw,&lt;ref name=&quot;Liberation2010&quot; /&gt; Nouméa na 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;LM2010&quot; /&gt; wee gaa Moscow n'etiti 1986 na 1988,&lt;ref name=&quot;Liberation2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sylvie Kauffmann nommée directrice de la rédaction du Monde|url=http://www.liberation.fr/medias/2010/01/19/sylvie-kauffmann-nommee-directrice-de-la-redaction-du-monde_605215|work=[[Libération]]|language=French|date=19 January 2010|accessdate=26 May 2020}}
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; n'oge Glasnost na Perestroika.&lt;ref name=&quot;LM2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2010&quot; /&gt;


=== ''Le Monde'', 1988–ugbu a ===
Kauffmann sonyeere ''Le Monde'' dị ka onye nta akụkọ Moscow na 1988. N'afọ sochirinụ, e mere ya onye nta akụkọ Eastern na Central Europe, na-akọ akụkọ banyere Ọdịda nke Mgbidi Berlin, Mgbawa nke Soviet Union, na mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ọhụrụ nke Eastern Europe na-agbanwe gaa na akụnụba ahịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;IJFBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Kauffmann, Editorial Director Le Monde|url=https://www.journalismfestival.com/speaker/sylvie-kauffmann|publisher=[[International Journalism Festival]]|accessdate=26 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526052750/https://www.journalismfestival.com/speaker/sylvie-kauffmann|archivedate=26 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;REAPBio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EPPBio&quot; /&gt;

''Le Monde'' kpọgara Kauffmann na United States n'afọ 1993, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ na Washington,&lt;ref name=&quot;ColumbiaBio&quot; /&gt; ruo mgbe e mere ya Onyeisi Ụlọ Ọrụ New York na 1996, na-arụ ọrụ ruo 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;REAPBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Kauffmann, Editorial Director and Columnist – Le Monde|url=https://lesrencontreseconomiques.fr/2016/speakers/sylvie-kauffmann/?lang=en|publisher=[[Rencontres Economiques d'Aix-en-Provence]]|accessdate=26 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526053916/https://lesrencontreseconomiques.fr/2016/speakers/sylvie-kauffmann/?lang=en|archivedate=26 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ''akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times'' si kwuo, &quot;mkpuchi akukọ ya gbasara United States ka na-ewere dị ka ihe doro anya ma dịkwa mma, ebe ọ bụ na France na United States nwere mmekọrịta dị iche iche&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=de la Baume|first=Mala|date=20 January 2010|title=Le Monde Appoints First Woman as Top Editor|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/20/world/europe/20lemonde.html|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-ekiri Onyeisiala Bill Clinton na mpụta nke ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;LM2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sylvie Kauffmann est nommée directrice de la rédaction du &quot;Monde&quot;|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2010/01/19/sylvie-kauffmann-est-nommee-directrice-de-la-redaction-du-monde_1293787_3236.html|work=[[Le Monde]]|language=French|date=19 January 2010|accessdate=26 May 2020}}
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1998 na 1999, ọ sonyere na mmemme Ndị Nduzi Ndị Ntorobịa nke French-American Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Past Classes|url=http://www.frenchamerican.org/youngleadersclasses|publisher=[[French-American Foundation]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831023632/http://www.frenchamerican.org/youngleadersclasses|archivedate=31 August 2014|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ laghachiri Paris na 2001 mana e zigara ya New York na ngwụcha afọ ahụ iji kọọ akụkọ Mgbe mwakpo Septemba 11 gasịrị dị ka onye nta akụkọ buru ibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;REAPBio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EPPBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Kauffmann|url=http://www.europeanpressprize.com/people/panel-of-judges/sylvie-kauffmann/|publisher=[[European Press Prize]]|accessdate=26 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416004216/http://www.europeanpressprize.com/people/panel-of-judges/sylvie-kauffmann/|archivedate=16 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchịkọta akụkọ Kauffman nke mwakpo akpọrọ ''Chronicle of America at War'' nwetara ya ihe nrite Prix AFRI-Thucydide nke mba ụwa. Site na 2002 ruo 2003, ọ gara Latin America iji kọọ akụkọ banyere nsogbu ego Argentina, ntuli aka nke [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] dịka Onyeisiala Brazil na onyeisiala Hugo Chávez na Venezuela.&lt;ref name=&quot;IJFBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Kauffmann, Editorial Director Le Monde|url=https://www.journalismfestival.com/speaker/sylvie-kauffmann|publisher=[[International Journalism Festival]]|accessdate=26 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526052750/https://www.journalismfestival.com/speaker/sylvie-kauffmann|archivedate=26 May 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.journalismfestival.com/speaker/sylvie-kauffmann &quot;Sylvie Kauffmann, Editorial Director Le Monde&quot;]. [[International Journalism Festival]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200526052750/https://www.journalismfestival.com/speaker/sylvie-kauffmann Archived] from the original on 26 May 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2003, Kauffmann laghachiri n'isi ụlọ ọrụ ''Le Monde'' dị na Paris wee bụrụ akụkụ nke ndị otu nchịkọta akụkọ mgbe a họpụtara ya dịka osote onye nchịkọta akụkọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;LM2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sylvie Kauffmann est nommée directrice de la rédaction du &quot;Monde&quot;|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2010/01/19/sylvie-kauffmann-est-nommee-directrice-de-la-redaction-du-monde_1293787_3236.html|work=[[Le Monde]]|language=French|date=19 January 2010|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2010/01/19/sylvie-kauffmann-est-nommee-directrice-de-la-redaction-du-monde_1293787_3236.html &quot;Sylvie Kauffmann est nommée directrice de la rédaction du &quot;Monde&quot;&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Sylvie Kauffmann is appointed editorial director of &quot;Le Monde&quot;&amp;#x5D;. ''[[Le Monde]]'' (in French). 19 January 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100120054106/http://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2010/01/19/sylvie-kauffmann-est-nommee-directrice-de-la-redaction-du-monde_1293787_3236.html Archived] from the original on 20 January 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ColumbiaBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biography: Sylvie Kauffmann|url=http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/caseconsortium/casestudies/66/casestudy/www/layout/case_id_66_id_159_c_bio.html|publisher=Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning|accessdate=26 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622101201/http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/caseconsortium/casestudies/66/casestudy/www/layout/case_id_66_id_159_c_bio.html|archivedate=22 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ndị nta akụkọ ukwu nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ,&lt;ref name=&quot;Liberation2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sylvie Kauffmann nommée directrice de la rédaction du Monde|url=http://www.liberation.fr/medias/2010/01/19/sylvie-kauffmann-nommee-directrice-de-la-redaction-du-monde_605215|work=[[Libération]]|language=French|date=19 January 2010|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.liberation.fr/medias/2010/01/19/sylvie-kauffmann-nommee-directrice-de-la-redaction-du-monde_605215 &quot;Sylvie Kauffmann nommée directrice de la rédaction du Monde&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Sylvie Kauffmann appointed editorial director of Le Monde&amp;#x5D;. ''[[Libération]]'' (in French). 19 January 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131104051756/http://www.liberation.fr/medias/2010/01/19/sylvie-kauffmann-nommee-directrice-de-la-redaction-du-monde_605215 Archived] from the original on 4 November 2013&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; ma na-edu ngalaba akụkọ miri emi ya. Ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ahụ ruo 2004, mgbe a họpụtara ya onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ruo 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stratégies&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Barbière|first=Cécile|title=Sylvie Kauffmann, le culte de l'info|url=http://www.strategies.fr/emploi-formation/management/141792W/sylvie-kauffmann-le-culte-de-l-info.html|work=Stratégies|language=French|date=1 July 2010|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBarbière2010&quot;&gt;Barbière, Cécile (1 July 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120419150445/http://www.strategies.fr/emploi-formation/management/141792W/sylvie-kauffmann-le-culte-de-l-info.html &quot;Sylvie Kauffmann, le culte de l'info&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Sylvie Kauffmann, the cult of info&amp;#x5D;. ''Stratégies'' (in French). Vol.&amp;nbsp;1596. Archived from [http://www.strategies.fr/emploi-formation/management/141792W/sylvie-kauffmann-le-culte-de-l-info.html the original] on 19 April 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EPPBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Kauffmann|url=http://www.europeanpressprize.com/people/panel-of-judges/sylvie-kauffmann/|publisher=[[European Press Prize]]|accessdate=26 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416004216/http://www.europeanpressprize.com/people/panel-of-judges/sylvie-kauffmann/|archivedate=16 April 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.europeanpressprize.com/people/panel-of-judges/sylvie-kauffmann/ &quot;Sylvie Kauffmann&quot;]. [[European Press Prize]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150416004216/http://www.europeanpressprize.com/people/panel-of-judges/sylvie-kauffmann/ Archived] from the original on 16 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; E mechara mee Kauffman onye nta akụkọ na onye nta akụkọ n'ozuzu ya maka ''Le Monde'' nke dị na Singapore,&lt;ref name=&quot;REAPBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Kauffmann, Editorial Director and Columnist – Le Monde|url=https://lesrencontreseconomiques.fr/2016/speakers/sylvie-kauffmann/?lang=en|publisher=[[Rencontres Economiques d'Aix-en-Provence]]|accessdate=26 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526053916/https://lesrencontreseconomiques.fr/2016/speakers/sylvie-kauffmann/?lang=en|archivedate=26 May 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lesrencontreseconomiques.fr/2016/speakers/sylvie-kauffmann/?lang=en &quot;Sylvie Kauffmann, Editorial Director and Columnist – Le Monde&quot;]. [[Rencontres Economiques d'Aix-en-Provence]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200526053916/https://lesrencontreseconomiques.fr/2016/speakers/sylvie-kauffmann/?lang=en Archived] from the original on 26 May 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; na-akọ akụkọ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Burma, Philippines, China na India site na kọlụm kwa izu.&lt;ref name=&quot;LM2010&quot; /&gt;

Éric Fottorino gwara ya na ngwụcha afọ 2009 ka o tụlee otú e si ahazi ozi maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na weebụsaịtị ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liberation2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sylvie Kauffmann nommée directrice de la rédaction du Monde|url=http://www.liberation.fr/medias/2010/01/19/sylvie-kauffmann-nommee-directrice-de-la-redaction-du-monde_605215|work=[[Libération]]|language=French|date=19 January 2010|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.liberation.fr/medias/2010/01/19/sylvie-kauffmann-nommee-directrice-de-la-redaction-du-monde_605215 &quot;Sylvie Kauffmann nommée directrice de la rédaction du Monde&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Sylvie Kauffmann appointed editorial director of Le Monde&amp;#x5D;. ''[[Libération]]'' (in French). 19 January 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131104051756/http://www.liberation.fr/medias/2010/01/19/sylvie-kauffmann-nommee-directrice-de-la-redaction-du-monde_605215 Archived] from the original on 4 November 2013&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Fottorino họpụtara Kauffmann dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ isi nke ''Le Monde'' na 18 Jenụwarị 2010,&lt;ref name=&quot;Stratégies&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Barbière|first=Cécile|title=Sylvie Kauffmann, le culte de l'info|url=http://www.strategies.fr/emploi-formation/management/141792W/sylvie-kauffmann-le-culte-de-l-info.html|work=Stratégies|language=French|date=1 July 2010|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBarbière2010&quot;&gt;Barbière, Cécile (1 July 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120419150445/http://www.strategies.fr/emploi-formation/management/141792W/sylvie-kauffmann-le-culte-de-l-info.html &quot;Sylvie Kauffmann, le culte de l'info&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Sylvie Kauffmann, the cult of info&amp;#x5D;. ''Stratégies'' (in French). Vol.&amp;nbsp;1596. Archived from [http://www.strategies.fr/emploi-formation/management/141792W/sylvie-kauffmann-le-culte-de-l-info.html the original] on 19 April 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LM2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sylvie Kauffmann est nommée directrice de la rédaction du &quot;Monde&quot;|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2010/01/19/sylvie-kauffmann-est-nommee-directrice-de-la-redaction-du-monde_1293787_3236.html|work=[[Le Monde]]|language=French|date=19 January 2010|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2010/01/19/sylvie-kauffmann-est-nommee-directrice-de-la-redaction-du-monde_1293787_3236.html &quot;Sylvie Kauffmann est nommée directrice de la rédaction du &quot;Monde&quot;&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Sylvie Kauffmann is appointed editorial director of &quot;Le Monde&quot;&amp;#x5D;. ''[[Le Monde]]'' (in French). 19 January 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100120054106/http://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2010/01/19/sylvie-kauffmann-est-nommee-directrice-de-la-redaction-du-monde_1293787_3236.html Archived] from the original on 20 January 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; nọchiri Alain Frachon onye afọ abụọ ya n'ọkwa ahụ kwụsịrị na 2009 ma bụrụ nwanyị mbụ ga-ejide ọkwa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=de la Baume|first=Mala|date=20 January 2010|title=Le Monde Appoints First Woman as Top Editor|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/20/world/europe/20lemonde.html|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFde_la_Baume2010&quot;&gt;de la Baume, Mala (20 January 2010). [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/20/world/europe/20lemonde.html &quot;Le Monde Appoints First Woman as Top Editor&quot;]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100122123939/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/20/world/europe/20lemonde.html Archived] from the original on 22 January 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa onyeisi, o gosiri ọchịchọ ya imeziwanye akwụkwọ akụkọ na weebụsaịtị, gbanwee ''Le Monde'' ka ọ bụrụ &quot;akwụkwọ na-adịghị ehi ụra.&quot; Kauffmann lekọtakwara mmekorita nke WikiLeaks na ''El Pais'', ''The Guardian'' na ''The New York Times''.&lt;ref name=&quot;RISJBio&quot; /&gt;
 Na 2011, ọ bụ otu n'ime mmadụ iri na atọ ga-etinye akwụkwọ maka ọkwa onye nduzi nke ''Le Monde'' . Ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ kwadoro ọkwa Kauffmann, ndị nwe ya bụ Pierre Bergé, Xavier Niel na Matthieu Pigasse na kọmitii nhọrọ jụrụ ya ma họpụta Érik Izraewicz dị ka onye nduzi nke ''Le Monde''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1 February 2011|title=Erik Izraelewicz sees Le Monde as morning newspaper – report|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A248111730/GPS?u=wikipedia&amp;sid=GPS&amp;xid=11c7b72a|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kauffmann hapụrụ ọkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ n'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị,&lt;ref name=&quot;WEFBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Kauffmann: Editorial Director, Le Monde|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/sylvie-kauffmann|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]|accessdate=26 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525205907/https://www.weforum.org/people/sylvie-kauffmann|archivedate=25 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana ọ nọgidere na ''Le Monde'' dịka onye nchịkọta akụkọ. Kauffmann tinyere aka na peeji echiche nke ''New York Times International Edition'',&lt;ref name=&quot;RISJBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Kauffmann: Editorial Director, Le Monde|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/people/sylvie-kauffmann|publisher=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427215038/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/people/sylvie-kauffmann|archivedate=27 April 2019|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WEFBio&quot; /&gt; ''Financial Times'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Kauffmann {{!}} Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/stream/b32bdce6-811b-4598-b79e-84456f7d3bd9|accessdate=2023-01-01|work=www.ft.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma na-apụtakarị na mmemme redio France Culture ''L'Esprit ọha.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Kauffmann|url=http://www.franceculture.fr/personne-sylvie-kauffmann.html|work=|publisher=France Culture|language=Fr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112100857/http://www.franceculture.fr/personne-sylvie-kauffmann.html|archivedate=12 November 2015|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe omume ndị ọzọ ==

=== Ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ ===

* [[Google]], Onye otu Kansụl Ndụmọdụ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Google Advisory Council|url=https://archive.google.com/advisorycouncil/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625192059/https://archive.google.com/advisorycouncil/|archivedate=25 June 2017|accessdate=25 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Òtù ndị na-abụghị uru ===

* Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Paris nke Ihe Ndị Na-eme na Mba Nile (PSIA), Onye otu Kọmitii Atụmatụ
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Reuters maka Ọmụmụ Akwụkwọ Akụkọ, Onye otu Ndị Ndụmọdụ&lt;ref name=&quot;RISJBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Kauffmann: Editorial Director, Le Monde|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/people/sylvie-kauffmann|publisher=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427215038/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/people/sylvie-kauffmann|archivedate=27 April 2019|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/people/sylvie-kauffmann &quot;Sylvie Kauffmann: Editorial Director, Le Monde&quot;]. [[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190427215038/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/people/sylvie-kauffmann Archived] from the original on 27 April 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* AFP Foundation, Onye otu Board&lt;ref name=&quot;Mena12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=France: AFP Foundation board strengthened with four new members|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A297620916/GPS?u=wikipedia&amp;sid=GPS&amp;xid=dae4e03f|work=[[Mena Report]]|date=25 July 2012|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kansụl Yuropu maka Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ (ECFR), Onye otu Kansụl
* Ihe nrite Ndị Mgbasa Ozi nke Yuropu, Onye otu Ndị Ikpe&lt;ref name=&quot;EPPBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Kauffmann|url=http://www.europeanpressprize.com/people/panel-of-judges/sylvie-kauffmann/|publisher=[[European Press Prize]]|accessdate=26 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416004216/http://www.europeanpressprize.com/people/panel-of-judges/sylvie-kauffmann/|archivedate=16 April 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.europeanpressprize.com/people/panel-of-judges/sylvie-kauffmann/ &quot;Sylvie Kauffmann&quot;]. [[European Press Prize]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150416004216/http://www.europeanpressprize.com/people/panel-of-judges/sylvie-kauffmann/ Archived] from the original on 16 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Òtù Ndị Nduzi Transatlantic, Onye otu Kansụl Ndị Ndụmọdụ
* Kọmishọna Atọ, Onye otu otu Yuropu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Membership in January 2020|url=https://trilateral.org/download/files/TC-MEMBERSHIP-LIST-JANUARY-2020.pdf|publisher=[[Trilateral Commission]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308001326/http://trilateral.org/download/files/TC-MEMBERSHIP-LIST-JANUARY-2020.pdf|archivedate=8 March 2020|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ nkeonwe ==
Kauffmann lụrụ onye nnọchi anya Pierre Buhler.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nowa para w Warszawie|url=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/swiat/1528743,1,nowa-para-w-warszawie.read?page=93&amp;moduleId=4781|date=10 July 2012|work=[[Polityka]]|language=Polish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526080823/https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/swiat/1528743,1,nowa-para-w-warszawie.read?page=93&amp;moduleId=4781|archivedate=26 May 2020|accessdate=26 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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    <title>BCC Lions F.C.</title>
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'''BCC Lions Football Club''' (Benue Cement Company Lions Football club) bụ otu egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] Naijiria nke dị na [[Gboko]], Benue State . Ọ na-asọmpi na ọkwa dị iche iche na usoro Njikọ Naịjirịa, gụnyere Njikọ Amateur nke Naịjirịa na Njikọ Professional nke Naịjarịa, na-enweta otuto n'oge ụfọdụ ruo mgbe ọ dara ma mechaa pụọ. E mere egwuregwu ya n'ụlọ na Joseph Sarwuan Tarka Stadium . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC Lions Football Club Stadium|url=https://bcclions.sitesng.com/en_Stadium.html|accessdate=2022-11-22|work=bcclions.sitesng.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbalị ụfọdụ e mere iji mee ka ndị otu ahụ dịghachi ndụ enweghị isi.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
BCC Lions tọrọ ntọala na 1982 site na gọọmentị Benue State, n'okpuru [[Aper Aku]], gọvanọ mbụ nke steeti ahụ. Chuks Aningo bụ onye nkuzi mbụ nke otu ahụ. N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, Aningo ga-eje ozi dị ka onye njikwa otu ahụ. N'oge ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ Benue Cement Company were ya n'ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC Lions Football Club History|url=https://bcclions.sitesng.com/en_History.html|accessdate=2022-11-22|work=bcclions.sitesng.com|archivedate=2026-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518021700/https://bcclions.sitesng.com/en_History.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

BCC Lions bụ otu mbụ na Northern Nigeria meriri Nigeria Challenge Cup (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Nigeria FA Cup) n'afọ 1989. E mere egwuregwu ahụ na Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Stadium, [[Bauchi]], naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke egwuregwu ahụ bụ Aham Nwankwo. Klọb ahụ gara n'ihu merie na 1993, 1994, 1997 mbipụta nke Challenge Cup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-12-19|title=Bolaji Douglas: I will forever treasure my days in BCC Lions FC|url=https://dailytrust.com/bolaji-douglas-i-will-forever-treasure-my-days-in-bcc-lions-fc/|accessdate=2022-11-22|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ha meriri Challenge Cup, n'afọ sochirinụ, klọb ahụ meriri Mandela Cup na 1990.  N'oge mmalite afọ 1990, BCC Lions bụ otu n'ime ndị otu kachasị na league, na-arị elu okpukpu abụọ na 1994.

E ji akara abụọ chụpụ ha na Premier League nke Naijiria na 1998, ha enweghịkwa ike nwetaghachi ebube mbụ ha. Mgbe ha nọrọ afọ isii na ngalaba nke ala, ha ji nwayọọ nwayọọ tụfuo ndị nkwado ha na nkwado ego ha. N'agbanyeghị ego ruru nde naira 2.5 aka na-achị steeti Benue bụ George Akume n'afọ 2002 na nde ọzọ sitere na Guilder Brewing afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ndị otu ahụ agbasara, n'agbanyeghị na ha egosighi asọmpi FA Cup 2004 ha na Shooting Stars F.C. Mgbalị ịkpọlite ndị otu ahụ malitere na Nọvemba 2007. Dangote, bụkwa onye isi oche BCC, kwupụtara nde naira 110 maka otu ahụ isonye na oge 2008/09. E wepụrụ ha ka ha gụchara nke iri na atọ.

== Nsọpụrụ ==

* '''Njikọ Premier nke Naijiria'''
** '''Ndị mmeri (1):''' 1994
* '''Iko Mba Naịjirịa'''
** '''Ndị mmeri (4):''' 1989, 1993, 1994, 1997

=== Kọntinent ===

* '''Iko Ndị Na-emeri Iko Afrịka'''
** '''Ndị mmeri (1):''' 1990

== Ọrụ na asọmpi CAF ==

:: 1995 - Ugboro nke Abụọ&amp;nbsp;

:: 1990 - '''Onye mmeri'''&amp;nbsp;
:: 1991 - ''Onye ikpeazụ''&amp;nbsp;
:: 1994 - Quarter-Final&amp;nbsp;
:: 1998 - Ugboro Mbụ&amp;nbsp;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110929111044/http://www.firstglobalselect.com/scripts/cgiip.wsc/globalone/htm/news_article.r?vcnews-id=247 GULDER SPLASHES N20.5m ON CLUBS] (echekwara) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110824092809/http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art20071215314237 The Punch: Benue woos BCC iji mee ka ọdụm dịghachi ndụ] (echekwara) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928103116/http://www.thetidenews.com/article.aspx?qrDate=12%2F18%2F2007&amp;qrTitle=BCC+Lions+to+bounce+back+soon&amp;qrColumn=SPORTS BCC Lions na-awụli elu] (echekwara) 
* BCC Lions coaches na-akwa arịrịọ (Tribune) (echekwa) 
[[Otú:Ȯra Benue]]
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
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    <title>Bendel Insurance F.C.</title>
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      <text bytes="13218" sha1="76i6c9uxophx19g4zkxst9qu1f67l0w" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title fn org&quot; id=&quot;6&quot; |Bendel Insurance
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; text-align:left&quot; |Aha zuru ezu
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Bendel Insurance Football Club
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; text-align:left&quot; |Aha njirimara
| class=&quot;infobox-data nickname&quot; |Vipers, Arsenal nke Benin
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; text-align:left&quot; |Ntọala
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1972&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;; Afọ 54 gara aga&amp;#x20;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;bday dtstart published updated&quot;&gt;1972&lt;/span&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; 
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; text-align:left&quot; |Ala
| class=&quot;infobox-data label&quot; |[[Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium]] City, Nigeria&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; text-align:left&quot; |Ikike
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |12,000&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;181&quot;&gt;[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/04/08/buhari-hails-obasekis-investments-in-sports-revamp-of-ogbemudia-stadium/ &quot;Buhari Hails Obaseki's Investments in Sports, Revamp of Ogbemudia Stadium&quot;]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;182&quot;&gt;''[[This Day]]''. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;184&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230130153225/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/04/08/buhari-hails-obasekis-investments-in-sports-revamp-of-ogbemudia-stadium/ Archived] from the original on 30 January 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;185&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 April&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot;&gt;[https://nigerianobservernews.com/2021/04/obaseki-parades-new-features-of-samuel-ogbemudia-stadium-assures-more-investment-in-sports/ &quot;Obaseki parades new features of Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium, assures more investment in sports&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; text-align:left&quot; |Onye isi oche
| class=&quot;infobox-data agent&quot; |Emperor Jarret Tenebe 
Onye isi oche nke Bendel Insurance Football Club,
Edo State &lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20260216141152/https://bendelinsurancefc.com/emperor-jarret-tenebe-unveiled-as-chairman-bendel-insurance-football-club-amid-pump/ &quot;Emperor Jarret Tenebe Unveiled as Chairman of Bendel Insurance Football Club&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot;&gt;[https://leadership.ng/pdp-jittery-over-edo-by-election-apc/ &quot;PDP Jittery Over Edo By-Election – APC&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; text-align:left&quot; |Onye njikwa
| class=&quot;infobox-data agent&quot; |Greg Ikhenoba &lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233718/https://newtelegraphonline.com/2017/12/edo-unveils-new-technical-crew-insurance/ &quot;Edo unveils new technical crew for Insurance&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; text-align:left&quot; |Njikọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Nigeria Premier Football League|Njikọ bọọlụ Premier nke Nigeria]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot;&gt;[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/305002-bendel-insurance-three-other-teams-promoted-to-nigeria-pro-football-league.html &quot;Bendel Insurance, three other teams promoted to Nigeria pro football league – Premium Times Nigeria&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; text-align:left&quot; |[[2025–26 Nigeria Premier Football League|2025–26]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Nke ise
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0; background: #fff; color:#000; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #D3D3D3;&quot; |
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;padding:0&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;width: 100px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100px; height: 135px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_left_arm.svg|link=|alt=|élú|Team colours]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_body.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_right_arm.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_shorts.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px; background-color: #FFFF00;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_socks_long.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;'''[[Kit (association football)|Agba ụlọ]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| style=&quot;padding:0&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;width: 100px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100px; height: 135px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: ##00FF00;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_left_arm.svg|link=|alt=|élú|Team colours]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px; background-color: ##00FF00;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_body.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: ##00FF00;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_right_arm.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px; background-color: ##00FF00;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_shorts.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px; background-color: ##00FF00;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_socks_long.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;'''[[Away colours|Agba ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}
&lt;references /&gt;
'''Bendel Insurance Football Club''' bụ klọb [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] nke dị na Benin City, Nigeria. Klọb ahụ na-egwu na Nigeria Premier Football League. A maara ha na mbụ dị ka Vipers nke Benin. Ha na-egwu egwuregwu ha n'ụlọ na [[Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50476193|title=Nigeria's Edo State to pay women and men teams equally|date=19 November 2019|accessdate=20 November 2019|archivedate=20 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120123906/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50476193}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml|title=Stadiums in Nigeria|accessdate=15 July 2007|work=World Stadiums|archivedate=18 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418021639/http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke nwere ikike nke 12,000. Ha meriri mbipụta 2023 nke Federation Cup mgbe ha meriri Enugu Rangers 1-0 na Stephen Keshi Stadium na Asaba na 21 June 2023.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
N'ịbụ nke Dr. Samuel Osaigbovo Ogbemudia mepụtara, Bendel Insurance bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere ndị otu Naịjirịa Premier League na 1972. &lt;ref name=&quot;vanguard_01_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/01/the-return-of-bede-insurance/|title=The Return of 'Bede' Insurance!|first=Olusegun|author=Odegbami|date=18 January 2019|accessdate=16 February 2019|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị otu ahụ nwere ọnwa mbụ ya n'oge 2007-08 na-egbu oge n'ihi esemokwu nchịkwa banyere onye na-achịkwa otu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/15102007/news/sports5.html|title=Insurance FC crisis started since 1995|accessdate=4 January 2008|work=NIGERIAN TRIBUNE|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527040430/http://tribune.com.ng/15102007/news/sports5.html|archivedate=27 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.ng/25092007/news/sports2.html|title=Osunbor summons Ebewele, Ekhosuehi&amp;nbsp;– Insurance crisis latest|accessdate=4 January 2008|work=NIGERIAN TRIBUNE|archivedate=15 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215190851/http://tribune.com.ng/25092007/news/sports2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsogbu ahụ dugara na klọb abụọ dị iche iche na-azọrọ aha Insurance. E wepụrụ ha na ngwụcha oge 2007-08 mgbe ha mechara n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ, mwepụ mbụ site na ọkwa kachasị elu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke otu ahụ.

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2008, e doziri nsogbu nke ndị nwe ya ma gọọmentị Edo Steeti weghaara ikike. N'ihi ya, aha ahụ laghachiri na Bendel Insurance Football Club.

Agbanyeghị, nsogbu ego klọb ahụ gara n'ihu n'oge niile. N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2009, amachibidoro Inshọransị ka ọ ghara iji ama egwuregwu ha nwa oge n'ihi na ọ dabaraghị ụkpụrụ otu. N'ọnwa Maachị, ha bụ otu n'ime otu asatọ egwu na a ga-akwụsị nsonye ha n'ihi nkwụghachi ụgwọ nke ụgwọ na nra. N'ikpeazụ, a chụpụrụ ha na Ilorin, North Central Nigeria, maka egwuregwu ikpeazụ ha n'ụlọ ha n'oge ahụ ka ndị mmadụ nwere nsogbu na 1-1 megide Shooting Stars FC nke kwụsịrị ohere nkwalite ha. Ihe kpatara ndakpọ Bendel Insurance bụ n'ihi ọnọdụ onye nwe ya.

A kwalitere Bendel Insurance ka ọ bụrụ ụgbọ elu kachasị elu maka oge 2019 mgbe ọ nọrọ ihe karịrị afọ iri na ngalaba ndị dị ala. &lt;ref name=&quot;vanguard_01_2019&quot;/&gt; A chụpụrụ ha na NNL mgbe naanị otu oge gachara. Ha meriri nkwalite laghachi na NPFL n'ụbọchị nke abụọ nke oge 2022.

== Nsọpụrụ ==

=== N'ụlọ ===

* '''Njikọ Premier nke Nigeria'''
** '''Ndị mmeri (2):''' 1973, 1979
* '''Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa: 1'''
** '''Ndị mmeri (1):''' 2022
* '''Iko Mba Naịjirịa'''
** '''Ndị mmeri (4):''' 1972, 1978, 1980, 2023

=== Kọntinent ===

* '''Iko CAF'''
** '''Ndị mmeri (1):''' 1994

=== Ógbè ===

* '''West African Club Championship (UFOA Cup) '''
** '''Ndị mmeri (3):''' 1993, 1994, 1995

== Ọrụ na asọmpi CAF ==

* '''African Cup of Champions Clubs: 2 appearances'''

:: 1974: Ugboro nke Abụọ
:: 1980: Ọkara nke ikpeazụ

* '''CAF Confederation Cup: 1 mpụta'''

:: 2005 - Ugboro nke Abụọ&amp;nbsp;

* '''CAF Cup: 1 mpụta'''

:: 1994 - '''Onye mmeri'''&amp;nbsp;

* '''CAF Cup Winners' Cup: 2 appearances'''

:: 1979 - Ọkara nke ikpeazụ&amp;nbsp;
:: 1982 - Ugboro nke Abụọ&amp;nbsp;

== Nchịkwa ==

* Onye isi nchịkwa: Greg Ikpenoba
* Onye nduzi teknụzụ: Augustine Iyamu
* Onye njikwa otu: Peter Obanor
* Onye nduzi Scouting: Idemudia Esigbe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Iyemefokhai|first=Enahoro|date=14 January 2025|title=Okpebholo unveils new management teams, coaches for Bendel Insurance, Edo Queens|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/01/14/okpebholo-unveils-new-management-teams-coaches-for-bendel-insurance-edo-queens/|accessdate=27 January 2025|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị egwuregwu ama ama ==

* [[Peter Odemwingie]]
* [[Ambruse Vanzekin]]
* [[Julius Aghahowa]]
* [[Elderson Echiéjilé]]
* [[Olubayo Adefemi]]
* [[Bright Omokaro|Omokaro na-egbuke egbuke]]

== Edensibia ==

* [https://bendelinsurancefc.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị]
* [https://www.flashscore.com.ng/team/bendel/pxviQfX7/results/ Nsonaazụ Bendel Insurance FC] - nsonaazụ ugbu a nke egwuregwu Bendel InsuranceFC
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
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    <title>Leslie Kaplan</title>
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Leslie Kaplan (amụrụ n'afọ 1943) bụ onye edemede French nke Amerịka.[1]

A mụrụ ya na [[New York City]] ma tolite na Paris. Ọ gụrụ nkà ihe ọmụma, akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkà mmụta uche, ma rụọ ọrụ ruo afọ abụọ n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Kaplan sonyere na ihe omume nke Mee 1968. O bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1982 ''L'Excès-l'usine'', nke natara nkwado di mma site n'aka ndị edemede Marguerite Duras na Maurice Blanchot.&lt;ref name=&quot;humanite&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.humanite.fr/la-femme-du-jour-leslie-kaplan-636431|title=La femme du jour. Leslie Kaplan|date=May 23, 2017|work=L'Humanité|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ Ndụ ==
A mụrụ Leslie Kaplan na [[New York City]] ma zụlite ya na France n'ezinụlọ ndị America, o dere na French. Ọ gụrụ nkà ihe ọmụma, Psychology na [[Ákíkó mbu|History]]. N'oge ọ na-amụ ihe, o sonyere na mmegharị megide ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na ndị na-emegide ọchịchị megide agha Algeria na Vietnam. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dịka onye ọrụ &quot;Workbench&quot; site na Jenụwarị 1968 ma biri ndụ n'oge mmegharị nke Mee 68 n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe e ji arụ ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|language=fr|title=Leslie Kaplan, made in USA|url=https://www.liberation.fr/livres/2009/01/08/leslie-kaplan-made-in-usa_301036/|work=Libération|accessdate=2024-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kemgbe afọ 1982, o bipụtala akụkọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ, edemede na ihe nkiri, ọkachasị na POL.
[[Faịlụ:Leslie Kaplan (2018).jpg|thumb|Leslie Kaplan]]
Akwụkwọ mbụ ya natara nkwado na otuto site n'aka Marguerite Duras na Maurice Blanchot.

A na-emegharị ọrụ ya ọtụtụ mgbe maka ikpo okwu (Claude Régy, Frédérique Lolliée, Élise Vigier, Marcial Di Fonzo Bo, wdg) a sụgharịkwara akwụkwọ ya n'asụsụ iri na abụọ.

Leslie Kaplan bụ onye so na board nke magazin ihe nkiri Trafic, nke Serge Daney guzobere.

== Ihe nrite ==
Na 2017, ọ natara ihe nrite site n'aka Société des gens de lettres iji gosi ọrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;humanite&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.humanite.fr/la-femme-du-jour-leslie-kaplan-636431|title=La femme du jour. Leslie Kaplan|date=May 23, 2017|work=L'Humanité|language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/la-femme-du-jour-leslie-kaplan-636431 &quot;La femme du jour. Leslie Kaplan&quot;]. ''L'Humanité'' (in French). May 23, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Isi mmalite: &lt;ref name=&quot;sgdl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sgdl.org/223-presentation-des-personnes/3154-leslie-kaplan|title=Leslie Kaplan|publisher=Société des gens de lettres|language=fr|accessdate=2018-07-22|archivedate=2018-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003613/https://www.sgdl.org/223-presentation-des-personnes/3154-leslie-kaplan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''L'Excès - l'usine'' (1982)
* ''Akwụkwọ nke Ciels'' (1983)
* ''Le Criminel'' (1985)
* ''Le Pont de Brooklyn'' (1987)
* ''L'Epreuve du passeur'' (1988)
* ''Le Silence du diable'' (1989)
* ''Les Mines de sel'' (1993)
* ''Depuis maintenant, Miss Ọ dịghị onye maara'' (1996)
* ''Ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma Les Prostituées'' (1997)
* ''Akwụkwọ Le Psychanalyste'' (1999)
* ''Les Amants de Marie'' (2002)
* ''Les Outils'' (2003)
* ''Ahụ ọkụ'' (2005)
* ''Toute ma vie j'ai été une femme'' (2008)
* ''Mon Amérique malitere na Pologne'' (2009)
* ''Louise, elle bụ folle'' (2011)
* ''Millefeuille'' (2012) nwetara Prix Wepler &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Culture/Actualite/Le-Prix-Wepler-a-Leslie-Kaplan-_NG_-2012-11-12-874844|title=Le Prix Wepler à Leslie Kaplan|date=November 12, 2012|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Déplace le ciel'' (2013)
* ''Mathias et la Révolution'' (2016)

== Ntụaka ==
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    <title>Stéphanie Nicot</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Imaginales 2016 - Stéphanie Nicot.jpg|thumb|Stéphanie Nicot]]
'''Stéphanie Nicot''' (amụrụ na 13 Mee 1952 na Saint-Brieuc) bụ onye edemede French, onye na-ede akụkọ, na onye na-enyocha akwụkwọ, ọkachamara na akụkọ sayensị na fantasy.  

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Stéphanie Nicot gụsịrị akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ nke oge a na nkwurịta okwu ozi. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche tupu ya akụzi akwụkwọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme na lycée ọrụ aka, tupu etinye onwe ya kpam kpam na akwụkwọ.

Ọ na-etinye aka na ikike nke ndị trans. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Belaïch|first=Charlotte|title=«Un tout petit pas en avant» vers le changement de sexe à l'état civil pour les transexuels|url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2016/05/17/un-tout-petit-pas-en-avant-vers-le-changement-de-sexe-a-l-etat-civil-pour-les-transexuels_1453120/|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=Libération|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; e kenyere ya nwa nwoke mgbe a mụrụ ya ma mee mgbanwe ya n'ihe dị ka afọ 2003. N'afọ 2004, o nyere aka chọta njikọ Trans Aide na Nancy, nke mesịrị ghọọ Association nationale transgenre. Ọ bụ onye isi oche ya ruo mgbe a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke LGBTI+ Federation na 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Le Corre|first=Maelle|date=2014-04-08|title=Bilan de 10 ans de militantisme trans' avec Stéphanie Nicot, présidente de la Fédération LGBT|url=https://www.komitid.fr/2014/04/08/bilan-de-10-ans-de-militantisme-trans-avec-stephanie-nicot-presidente-de-la-federation-lgbt/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240720130955/https://www.komitid.fr/2014/04/08/bilan-de-10-ans-de-militantisme-trans-avec-stephanie-nicot-presidente-de-la-federation-lgbt/|archivedate=20 July 2024|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=[[:fr:Komitid]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2021-09-15|title=Stéphanie Nicot, une fan de science-fiction|url=https://vivre-trans.fr/stephanie-nicot-une-fan-de-science-fiction/|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=Vivre Trans|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na Alexandra Augst-Merelle, bipụtara Changer de sexe: Identités transsexuelles, nke Le Cavalier Bleu bipụtara na 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Augst-Merelle|first=Alexandra|title=Changer de sexe: identités transsexuelles|date=2006|publisher=Cavalier bleu|isbn=978-2-84670-142-6|location=Paris}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, alụmdi na nwunye ya na nwunye ya, n'ụbọchị Njem mpako, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gbanweghị okike ya n'ọfịs ndebanye aha, bụ otu n'ime alụmdi na ụba nwoke na nwanyị mbụ na France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-06-05|title=A Nancy, une femme née homme a pu épouser sa compagne|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2011/06/05/a-nancy-un-homme-ne-femme-a-pu-epouser-sa-compagne_1532175_3224.html|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=Le Monde.fr|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ n'akwụkwọ ==
Site na 1996 ruo 2007, Stéphanie Nicot bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin Galaxie (magazine French) . N'afọ 2001, o guzobere ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ Imaginaire sans frontières . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Voyageurs|first=Etonnants|date=2024-07-20|title=NICOT Stéphanie|url=https://www.etonnants-voyageurs.com/NICOT-Stephanie.html|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=Etonnants Voyageurs|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Le Goff|first=Delphine|date=2017-10-11|title=La tendance est à l'uchronie – Stratégies|url=https://www.strategies.fr/etudes-tendances/tendances/4001844W/la-tendance-est-a-l-uchronie.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240720132108/https://www.strategies.fr/etudes-tendances/tendances/4001844W/la-tendance-est-a-l-uchronie.html|archivedate=20 July 2024|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=www.strategies.fr|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ onye ntụzi nka nke mmemme edemede nke Les Imaginales mgbe e hiwere ya na Épinal na 2002. Ọ na-ahazi akụkọ mgbe ochie niile e bipụtara mgbe mbipụta dị iche iche, gụnyere Magiciennes et Sorciers, Victimes et Bourreaux na Les coups de cœur des Imaginales.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NICOT Stéphanie|url=https://www.imaginales.fr/invites/nicot-stephanie/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240720132445/https://www.imaginales.fr/invites/nicot-stephanie/|archivedate=20 July 2024|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=Les Imaginales|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ịchụpụ ya na Les Imaginales site n'aka ụlọ nzukọ obodo Spinal na-esote mbipụta 2022 mere n'ọnọdụ esemokwu siri ike: mbipụta 2021 bụ oge maka ọtụtụ mkpesa banyere ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị n'ụwa na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, ndị na-ahazi ememme kwadoro - megide ndụmọdụ Nicot, o yiri ka ọ bụ - ndị na-etinye aka na ngagharị iwe ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Prolongeau|first=Hubert|date=2022-05-24|title=Aux Imaginales d'Épinal, les polémiques éclatent en série|url=https://www.telerama.fr/livre/aux-imaginales-d-epinal-les-polemiques-eclatent-en-serie-7010551.php|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240720132852/https://www.telerama.fr/livre/aux-imaginales-d-epinal-les-polemiques-eclatent-en-serie-7010551.php|archivedate=20 July 2024|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=www.telerama.fr|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Imaginales d'Épinal : un anniversaire sous tension|url=https://www.livreshebdo.fr/article/imaginales-depinal-un-anniversaire-sous-tension|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=Livres Hebdo|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbipụta 2022 bụkwa oge ọzọ maka ngagharị iwe megide njikwa ahụ, omume Nicot kwuru na ya ji aka ya kwado.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Addictic|title=Imaginales – Stéphanie Nicot revient sur son éviction|url=https://www.actusf.com/detail-d-un-article/imaginales-st%C3%A9phanie-nicot-revient-sur-son-%C3%A9viction|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=ActuSF – Site sur l'actualité de l'imaginaire|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ndị edemede bipụtara akwụkwọ ozi nkwado maka Stéphanie Nicot, n'etiti ha ïan Larue, Floriane Soulas, Silène Edgar,  Sylvie Lainé, Robin Hobb, Estelle Faye, Sara Doke, Sylvie Denis, Lucie Chenu, Sarah Buschmann , Charlotte Bousquet  na Anne Besson  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|accessdate=2024-07-19|language=fr-FR|title=Affirmer à Stéphanie Nicot &quot;confiance, estime et fidélité&quot;|url=https://actualitte.com/article/107018/tribunes/affirmer-a-stephanie-nicot-confiance-estime-et-fidelite|work=ActuaLitté.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kemgbe afọ 2016, ọ bụ onye isi nke nchịkọta akụkọ sayensị na Scrineo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Addictic|title=Interview 2016 : Stéphanie Nicot pour la collection Space Opera de Scrineo|url=https://www.actusf.com/detail-d-un-article/Interview-2016-Stephanie-Nicot,23698|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=ActuSF – Site sur l'actualité de l'imaginaire|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ===

* {{Cite book|title=Espaces imaginaires: anthologie de nouvelles de science-fiction|date=1983|publisher=Les Imaginoïdes|isbn=978-2-920513-00-6|editor=Gouanvic|location=Montréal, Québec, Canada|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|author=Ruolz|first=France-Anne|title=Les navigateurs de l'impossible|date=2001|publisher=Imaginaires sans frontières|isbn=978-2-84727-003-7|location=Nancy|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Détectives de l'impossible|date=2002|publisher=Éd. J'ai lu|isbn=978-2-290-31877-5|series=Millénaires|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Rois et capitaines|date=2009|publisher=les Éd. Mnémos|isbn=978-2-35408-052-5|series=Icares|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Magiciennes &amp; sorciers|date=2010|publisher=Éd. Mnémos|isbn=978-2-35408-079-2|location=Lyon|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Victimes &amp; bourreaux|date=2011|publisher=Éd. Mnémos|isbn=978-2-35408-118-8|location=Saint-Laurent-d'Oingt|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|author=Dunyach|first=Jean-Claude|title=Dimensions galaxies|date=2011|publisher=Black Coat Press|isbn=978-1-61227-013-5|series=Rivière blanche|location=Encino (Calif.)|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Anthologie de la fantasy|date=2012|publisher=Flammarion-Jeunesse|isbn=978-2-08-123371-3|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Destinations: anthologies des Imaginales 2017|date=2017|publisher=Mnémos|others=Imaginales|isbn=978-2-35408-576-6|location=Saint-Laurent-d'Oingt|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|author=Grousset|first=Alain|title=Anthologie du monstre|date=2017|publisher=le Livre de poche jeunesse|isbn=978-2-01-701007-4|location=Vanves|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Natures: anthologie des Imaginales 2019|date=2019|publisher=Mnémos|others=Imaginales|isbn=978-2-35408-736-4|location=Saint-Laurent-d'Oingt|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Frontières: anthologies des Imaginales 2021|date=2021|publisher=Mnémos|others=Imaginales|isbn=978-2-35408-786-9|location=Saint-Laurent-d'Oingt|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|title=Et si Napoléon: treize récits d'uchronies napoléoniennes|date=2021|publisher=Mnémos|isbn=978-2-35408-907-8|location=Saint-Laurent-d'Oingt|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|author=Nicot|first=Stéphanie|title=Afrofuturisme: l'avenir change de visage|date=2022|publisher=Les éditions Mnémos|isbn=978-2-35408-976-4|series=Anthologie des imaginales|location=Saint-Laurent d'Oingt|language=fr}}

=== Ihe odide ===

* {{Cite book|author=Guiot|first=Denis|title=Dictionnaire de la science-fiction|date=1998|publisher=Hachette jeunesse|isbn=978-2-01-321572-5|series=Le livre de poche|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|author=Augst-Merelle|first=Alexandra|title=Changer de sexe: identités transsexuelles|date=2006|publisher=le Cavalier bleu éd|isbn=978-2-84670-142-6|location=Paris|language=fr}}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}{{Feminist science fiction}}{{Authority control}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
      <sha1>trm32polmm64gy1jc5aeru2wxem03hr</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Silva Gunbardhi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75826</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673848</id>
      <parentid>645523</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T22:22:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NiferO</username>
        <id>20385</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added an image</comment>
      <origin>673848</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12219" sha1="jfhckuzshs6kf71mzfmg5hocjl8ic30" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Silva Gunbardhi (cropped).jpg|thumb|254x254px|Silva Gunbardhi ]]
 

'''Silva Gunbardhi''' bụ onye na-agụ egwu si na Albania. Mgbe ọ sonyere n’ọtụtụ emume egwu, gụnyere mbipụta abụọ nke…Festivali na Këngës, ọỌ nwetara aha ama n’ụwa niile site na abụ ya nke afọ 2013 a kpọrọ Të ka lali shpirt.&quot;.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A zụlitere Gunbardhi na Vlorë ma rụọ ọrụ na Petro Marko Theatre, &lt;ref name=&quot;Class Lifestyle 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-05-17|title='I will not forget his last moments', Silva Gunbardhi's sad story with her father|url=https://www.classlifestyle.com/news/36002/nuk-kam-per-ti-harruar-momentet-e-fundit-te-tij-silva-gunbardhi-historine-e-trishte-me-te-atin|accessdate=2026-01-29|work=Class Lifestyle}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahụmịhe nke malitere ọrụ ịbụ abụ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2017-09-09|title=Silva Gunbardhi: I fell down and got back up often, so I became stronger|url=https://telegrafi.com/en/silva-gunbardhi%2C-I-fell-down-and-got-up-again-many-times%2C-so-I-became-strong/|accessdate=2026-01-31|work=Telegrafi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Tirana mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Class Lifestyle 2019&quot; /&gt;

Gunbardhi pụtara n’ọtụtụ emume egwu ma kpọọ abụ ọdịnala..&lt;ref name=&quot;Shqiptarja 20130824&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2013-08-24|title=Silva Gunbardhi lidhet medjalin e këngës “Të ka lali shpirt”|url=https://shqiptarja.com/lajm/silva-gunbardhi-lidhet-me-br-djalin-e-kenges-ldquo-te-ka-lali-shpirt-rdquo|accessdate=2026-01-28|work=shqiptarja.com|language=sq}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2001, o sonyere na Festivali na Këngës; ọ bụ ezie na ọ merighị, Flori Slatina kwuru na egwu Gunbardhi bụ otu n'ime &quot;ihe ndị dị ịtụnanya&quot; nke mbipụta ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Slatina|first=Flori|title=Festivali i këngës në RTV: 1962-2003|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Festivali_i_k%C3%ABng%C3%ABs_n%C3%AB_RTV/pPgTAQAAIAAJ|page=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2006, ọ rụrụ &quot;Dua të jem&quot; na Festivali na Këngës 45 mana e wepụrụ ya na agba nke ikpeazụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;FiK 45&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Albania: Festivali i Këngës #45|url=https://eurovisionworld.com/national/albania/festivali-i-kenges-45-2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019160559/https://eurovisionworld.com/national/albania/festivali-i-kenges-45-2007|archivedate=19 October 2020|accessdate=2026-01-29|publisher=Eurovisionworld}}&lt;/ref&gt; O sonyere na Kënga Magjik 2009, na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ Kelly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Floras|first=Stella|date=2009-11-19|title=Eurovision Albania: Olta and Kejsi in Kenga Magjike 2009|url=https://esctoday.com/14508/albania_olta_and_kejsi_in_kenga_magjike_2009/|accessdate=2026-01-29|work=ESCToday}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2013, Gunbardhi released &quot;Të ka lali shpirt&quot;, a pop-folk&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20150522&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-05-22|title=&quot;Te ka lali spirit&quot;, the first Albanian song with 100 million hits (Video)|url=https://telegrafi.com/en/te-ka-lali-soul%2C-the-first-Albanian-song-with-100-million-video-clicks/|accessdate=2026-01-28|work=Telegrafi}}&lt;/ref&gt; song she worked on with Mandi Nishtulla and Dafi Derti [sq].&lt;ref name=&quot;Shqiptarja 20130824&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20190919&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-09-19|title=&quot;Te ka lali spirit&quot; by Silva Gunbardhi, Mandi and Dafi reaches 500 million hits on YouTube|url=https://telegrafi.com/en/te-ka-lali-shpirt-nga-silva-gunbardhi-mandi-dhe-dafi-arrin-500-milione-klikime-ne-youtube/|accessdate=2026-01-31|work=Telegrafi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shqiptarja called it one of her most successful songs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shqiptarja 20130824&quot; /&gt; In May 2015, it reached 100 million views, the first Albanian-language song to reach that milestone.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20150522&quot; /&gt; In 2019, it reached 500 million views.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20190919&quot;&gt; The song also attained popularity outside of Albania, including in the Balkan regions, and ''Telegrafi'' reported that Gunbardhi &quot;is very popular and already has many fans everywhere&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20150522&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20190919&quot;&gt; Eventually, her record with &quot;Të ka lali shpirt&quot; was surpassed by Era Istrefi's song &quot;BonBon&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reporteri 20200116&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-01-16|title='Te ka lali shpirt', 'Bon' bon' or 'Zemër', which one is first on Youtube|url=https://reporteri.net/en/showtime/What-is-the-first-thing-you-see-on-YouTube/|accessdate=2026-01-29|work=[[Reporteri]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N’ọnwa Maachị afọ 2017, Gunbardhi wepụtara abụ ọzọ a kpọrọ Lalushe, nke ọ rụrụ ọrụ ọnụ na onye na-agụ egwu Defri Dervishi..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2017-03-17|title='Lali is back', this time Silva Gunbardhi brings &quot;Lalushe&quot; (Video)|url=https://telegrafi.com/en/lali-returns-to-this-silva-gunbardhi-brings-lalushe-video/|accessdate=2026-01-29|work=Telegrafi}}&lt;/ref&gt; A raara abụ ya nke afọ 2019 bụ &quot;Baba&quot; nye nna ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20190919&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-09-19|title=&quot;Te ka lali spirit&quot; by Silva Gunbardhi, Mandi and Dafi reaches 500 million hits on YouTube|url=https://telegrafi.com/en/te-ka-lali-shpirt-nga-silva-gunbardhi-mandi-dhe-dafi-arrin-500-milione-klikime-ne-youtube/|accessdate=2026-01-31|work=Telegrafi}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://telegrafi.com/en/te-ka-lali-shpirt-nga-silva-gunbardhi-mandi-dhe-dafi-arrin-500-milione-klikime-ne-youtube/ &quot;&quot;Te ka lali spirit&quot; by Silva Gunbardhi, Mandi and Dafi reaches 500 million hits on YouTube&quot;]. ''Telegrafi''. 19 September 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;31 January&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Julaị 2021, ya na onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge bụ Derti laghachiri na egwu ọhụrụ ha &quot;Sa tkam prit&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20210710&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021-07-10|title=Silva Gunbardhi and Dafi Derti return after a long time with the new project &quot;Sa t kam prit&quot;|url=https://telegrafi.com/en/silva-gunbardhi-and-dafi-derti-are-back-after-a-long-time-with-the-new-project-i-have-been-waiting-for/|accessdate=2026-01-29|work=Telegrafi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwú ndị ọzọ ọ kụrụ gụnyere &quot;Marak&quot; na &quot;Tequila&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20180823&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-08-23|title=Silva Gunbardhi fillon punën si kameriere|url=https://telegrafi.com/silva-gunbardhi-fillon-punen-si-kameriere/|accessdate=2026-01-28|work=Telegrafi|language=sq}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N’agbanyeghị nnukwu ewu ewu nke Te ka lali shpirt, Gunbardhi ka nọ na-enwe nsogbu ego.,&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20180823&quot; /&gt; nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n’ihi na o nwere obere oge maka ọrụ n’ihi ọmụmụ ya na ilekọta nwa ya nwoke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20170306&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2017-03-06|title=Silva Gunbardhi deklaroi se nuk është e pasur, po partneri publikon fakte të tjera (Foto)|url=https://telegrafi.com/silva-gunbardhi-deklaroi-se-nuk-eshte-e-pasur-po-partneri-publikon-fakte-te-tjera-foto/|work=Telegrafi|language=sq|accessdate=31 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; nà 2018, ''Telegrafi'' kọrọ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye na-enye ndị ahịa nri na mmanya n’ụlọ mmanya; Telegrafi kwuru n’oge ahụ na ọ “ka na-abụkarị isiokwu a na-ekwu maka ya n’akụkọ asịrị ndị mgbasa ozi Albania” n’agbanyeghị na ọ lara ezumike nká n’ọrụ egwu..&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20180823&quot; /&gt; N’ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2022, ọ pụtara na…''E Diela Shqiptare'' segment ''Shihemi në gjyq'' tiji dozie esemokwu ya na Mandi gbasara ụgwọ ikike e ji abụ ha akwụ; akụkụ mmemme ahụ kwụsịrị mgbe onye ngosi Eni Çobani kwupụtara na a ga-edozi esemokwu ahụ na nzuzo..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Mandi Nishtullës dhe Silva Gunbardhi “nxjerrin thikat” për “Të ka lali shpirt”, një thes me para në lojë|url=https://abcnews.al/mandi-nishtulles-dhe-silva-gunbardhi-nxjerrin-thikat-per-te-ka-lali-shpirt-nje-thes-me-para-ne-loje/|accessdate=2026-01-29|work=ABC News|language=sq}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gunbardhi lụrụ Dafi Derti, &lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20190919&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-09-19|title=&quot;Te ka lali spirit&quot; by Silva Gunbardhi, Mandi and Dafi reaches 500 million hits on YouTube|url=https://telegrafi.com/en/te-ka-lali-shpirt-nga-silva-gunbardhi-mandi-dhe-dafi-arrin-500-milione-klikime-ne-youtube/|accessdate=2026-01-31|work=Telegrafi}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://telegrafi.com/en/te-ka-lali-shpirt-nga-silva-gunbardhi-mandi-dhe-dafi-arrin-500-milione-klikime-ne-youtube/ &quot;&quot;Te ka lali spirit&quot; by Silva Gunbardhi, Mandi and Dafi reaches 500 million hits on YouTube&quot;]. ''Telegrafi''. 19 September 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;31 January&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; onye ọ zutere mgbe ọ na-eme &quot;ụmụka ka lali&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;BalkanWeb 20170204&quot; /&gt; A mụrụ nwa ha nwoke n'afọ 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;BalkanWeb 20170204&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2017-02-04|title=Silva Gunbardhi speaks after eye surgery: My soul knows how much I suffered for 10 years|url=https://www.balkanweb.com/en/Silva-Gunbardhi-speaks-after-eye-surgery%3A-My-soul-knows-how-much-I-suffered-for-10-years/|accessdate=2026-01-29|work=BalkanWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2017, a wara ya ahụ iji dozie ihe mgbu anya nke o kwuru na ọ were afọ iri;  o kwuru na o meela ka nke a gbuo oge n'ihi nsogbu ego ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;BalkanWeb 20170204&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20170306&quot; /&gt;{{Cite news|date=2017-03-06|title=Silva Gunbardhi deklaroi se nuk është e pasur, po partneri publikon fakte të tjera (Foto)|url=https://telegrafi.com/silva-gunbardhi-deklaroi-se-nuk-eshte-e-pasur-po-partneri-publikon-fakte-te-tjera-foto/|work=Telegrafi|language=sq|accessdate=31 January 2026}}
[[Category:CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)]]
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20170306&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2017-03-06|title=Silva Gunbardhi deklaroi se nuk është e pasur, po partneri publikon fakte të tjera (Foto)|url=https://telegrafi.com/silva-gunbardhi-deklaroi-se-nuk-eshte-e-pasur-po-partneri-publikon-fakte-te-tjera-foto/|work=Telegrafi|language=sq|accessdate=31 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20180823&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-08-23|title=Silva Gunbardhi fillon punën si kameriere|url=https://telegrafi.com/silva-gunbardhi-fillon-punen-si-kameriere/|accessdate=2026-01-28|work=Telegrafi|language=sq}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Reporteri 20200116&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-01-16|title='Te ka lali shpirt', 'Bon' bon' or 'Zemër', which one is first on Youtube|url=https://reporteri.net/en/showtime/What-is-the-first-thing-you-see-on-YouTube/|accessdate=2026-01-29|work=[[Reporteri]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20150522&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-05-22|title=&quot;Te ka lali spirit&quot;, the first Albanian song with 100 million hits (Video)|url=https://telegrafi.com/en/te-ka-lali-soul%2C-the-first-Albanian-song-with-100-million-video-clicks/|accessdate=2026-01-28|work=Telegrafi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20190919&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-09-19|title=&quot;Te ka lali spirit&quot; by Silva Gunbardhi, Mandi and Dafi reaches 500 million hits on YouTube|url=https://telegrafi.com/en/te-ka-lali-shpirt-nga-silva-gunbardhi-mandi-dhe-dafi-arrin-500-milione-klikime-ne-youtube/|accessdate=2026-01-31|work=Telegrafi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Shqiptarja 20130824&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2013-08-24|title=Silva Gunbardhi lidhet medjalin e këngës “Të ka lali shpirt”|url=https://shqiptarja.com/lajm/silva-gunbardhi-lidhet-me-br-djalin-e-kenges-ldquo-te-ka-lali-shpirt-rdquo|accessdate=2026-01-28|work=shqiptarja.com|language=sq}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegrafi 20210710&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021-07-10|title=Silva Gunbardhi and Dafi Derti return after a long time with the new project &quot;Sa t kam prit&quot;|url=https://telegrafi.com/en/silva-gunbardhi-and-dafi-derti-are-back-after-a-long-time-with-the-new-project-i-have-been-waiting-for/|accessdate=2026-01-29|work=Telegrafi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Class Lifestyle 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-05-17|title='I will not forget his last moments', Silva Gunbardhi's sad story with her father|url=https://www.classlifestyle.com/news/36002/nuk-kam-per-ti-harruar-momentet-e-fundit-te-tij-silva-gunbardhi-historine-e-trishte-me-te-atin|accessdate=2026-01-29|work=Class Lifestyle}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nailya Asker-zade</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673860</id>
      <parentid>637906</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T00:23:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NiferO</username>
        <id>20385</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added an image</comment>
      <origin>673860</origin>
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      <text bytes="2494" sha1="gjk8vnmk5ogumnzesrrmo7eh3f5afyn" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:2017-06-15. Прямая линия с Владимиром Путиным 23 (Наиля Аскер-заде).jpg|thumb|Nailya Asker-Zade]]
 

'''Nailya Vagif kyzy Asker-zade'''[a] (amụrụ na 13 Disemba 1987 na Baku ) bụ onye nta akụkọ Russia na onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn nke ndị Azerbaijani. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company (VGTRK). &lt;ref name=&quot;Van Brugen 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=van Brugen|first=Isabel|title=Who is Nailya Asker-zade? Pro-Putin TV presenter spotted with Elon Musk|url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-nailya-asker-zade-putin-elon-musk-world-cup-1768404|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=[[Newsweek]]|date=20 December 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2019, Anti-Corruption Foundation, otu na-enweghị uru nke onye isi mmegide Russia bụ Alexei Navalny Ha bipụtara nyocha gbasara ego Asker-zade, na-ebo ya ebubo iji ụgbọ elu nkeonwe ruru nde dollar US 60 na ụgbọ mmiri (yacht) ruru nde dollar US 62. Asker-zade zara na… Instagram site n'ịke ntọala ahụ maka &quot;mgbasa ozi obodo ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pyatin 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Pyatin|first=Aleksandr|url=https://www.forbes.ru/newsroom/obshchestvo/388641-televedushchaya-nailya-asker-zade-otreagirovala-na-rassledovanie|work=[[Forbes]]|date=12 February 2019|language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na [[Kánada|Canada]] kwadoro Asker-zade maka ọrụ ya na VGTRK mgbe mwakpo Russia wakporo Ukraine na 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;Van Brugen 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=van Brugen|first=Isabel|title=Who is Nailya Asker-zade? Pro-Putin TV presenter spotted with Elon Musk|url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-nailya-asker-zade-putin-elon-musk-world-cup-1768404|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=[[Newsweek]]|date=20 December 2022|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFvan_Brugen2022&quot;&gt;van Brugen, Isabel (20 December 2022). [https://www.newsweek.com/who-nailya-asker-zade-putin-elon-musk-world-cup-1768404 &quot;Who is Nailya Asker-zade? Pro-Putin TV presenter spotted with Elon Musk&quot;]. ''[[Newsweek]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230314225454/https://www.newsweek.com/who-nailya-asker-zade-putin-elon-musk-world-cup-1768404 Archived] from the original on 14 March 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 January&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe edeturu ==
 

== Ihe odide ==
 
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Natalie Nougayrède</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75831</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673846</id>
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      <text bytes="3967" sha1="0pyx4rnl1sidxjw9yta29locnxepo5i" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Natalie Nougayrede 2014.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Natalie Nougayrede ]]
'''Natalie Nougayrède''' (amụrụ na 29 Mee 1966) bụ onye nta akụkọ French. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ ịbụ onye isi na onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke Le Monde. Ọ bụ onye natara Prix de la Presse Diplomatique na Albert Londres Prize.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Nougayrède na Dijon, France na 29 Mee 1966. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Institut d'Études Politiques de Strasbourg na 1988 na Center de Formation des Journalistes na 1990. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Nougayrède malitere akụkọ na 1991 ma kpuchiri isiokwu ndị dị na Eastern Europe. Ọ sonyeere akwụkwọ akụkọ French Libération na 1995 tupu ọ banye Le Monde na 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Natalie Nougayrede {{!}} Biography &amp; Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Natalie-Nougayrede|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=30 July 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya maka akụkọ ya na Russia ma nweta ihe nrite abụọ, 2004 Prix de la Presse Diplomatique &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; na 2005 Albert Londres Prize, &lt;ref name=&quot;wildlife&quot; /&gt;

Nougayrède dabere na Paris site na 2005 wee bụrụ onye amara maka ịjụ ndị isi France ajụjụ siri ike n'agbanyeghị nrụgide sitere n'aka gọọmentị na Le Monde ka ọ kwụsị. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ boro gọọmentị ebubo ịchụpụ Nougayrède mgbe a kagburu akwụkwọ ịkpọ òkù ya maka nnọkọ ndị nta akụkọ na ihe omume gọọmentị mgbe ọ jụrụ Mịnịsta Ofesi Bernard Kouchner ajụjụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Natalie Nougayrede {{!}} Biography &amp; Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Natalie-Nougayrede|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=30 July 2019|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Natalie-Nougayrede &quot;Natalie Nougayrede | Biography &amp; Facts&quot;]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 July&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2013, Nougayrède ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ ghọrọ onye isi na onye nchịkọta akụkọ Le Monde kemgbe e guzobere ya na 1944. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na Mee 2014 n'ihi esemokwu maka mgbanwe ndị a tụrụ aro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Le Monde managing editor resigns|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-27419543|work=BBC News|accessdate=30 July 2019|date=14 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Le Monde, Nougayrède ghọrọ onye edemede na onye na-akọwa ihe gbasara mba ọzọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Britain, ''The Guardian'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Natalie Nougayrede {{!}} Biography &amp; Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Natalie-Nougayrede|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=30 July 2019|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Natalie-Nougayrede &quot;Natalie Nougayrede | Biography &amp; Facts&quot;]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 July&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ''Ụwa'' Richard von Weizsacker Fellow na Robert Bosch Academy,  onye otu European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), &lt;ref name=&quot;wildlife&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Natalie Nougayrède|url=https://wildlifejustice.org/profile/natalie-nougayrede/|work=Wildlife Justice Commission|accessdate=30 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye otu Kọmitii Nkwadebe nke European Press Prize.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Council members – European Council on Foreign Relations|url=http://www.ecfr.eu/council/members#france|work=ECFR|accessdate=23 August 2021|date=14 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Preparatory committee|url=https://www.europeanpressprize.com/people/preparatory-committee/|accessdate=2021-08-23|work=European Press Prize}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemside ==
{{Reflist}}
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    <title>Nwanyị Prunier</title>
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      <text bytes="3447" sha1="2p2kummowdqqnciw7sz6v77qaj5ztr8" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Madame Prunier.jpg|thumb|Simone Prunier]]
'''Simone Prunier''' (1904-1976), nke a maara dị ka '''Madam Prunier''', bụ onye France na-ere nri na onye na-ede akwụkwọ nri nke guzobere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ French a ma ama na London.

A mụrụ Simone Prunier n'afọ 1904. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Unsworth|first=Christopher|title=The British Herring Industry: The Steam Drifter Years 1900–1960|date=15 February 2013|publisher=Amberley Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUCIAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Simone+Prunier+1904&amp;pg=PT157|accessdate=18 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna nna ya, onye France na-ere nri Alfred Prunier, meghere La Maison Prunier، ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ azụ Prunier mbụ, na Paris na 1872. La Maison Prunier ghọrọ ihe a ma ama maka azụ ọhụrụ na shellfish nke a na-ebute kwa ụbọchị site na ụgbọ okporo ígwè site n'oké osimiri, ihe ọhụrụ n'oge ahụ. Mgbe Alfred Prunier nwụrụ, nwa ya nwoke Emile Prunier (nna Simone Prunier) weghaara ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ, gbasaa ma melite ya. Mgbe Emile nwụrụ na 1925, Simone Prunier dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ n'oge ahụ weghaara azụmahịa ahụ.

Na 1934, Prunier na di ya mechiri ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Paris wee mepee ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Prunier St James na London. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ahịa ya bara ọgaranya akwụsịla ịbịa Paris n'ihi egwu agha. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ndị ahịa ya bụ ndị Bekee agbaala ya ume ịkwaga London ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Prunier St James's nwetara aha ngwa ngwa maka nri azụ ya pụtara ìhè. Edward Prince nke Wales na-eji Wallis Simpson na-aga ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ si St James's Palace maka nri ehihie.

N'afọ 1938, Prunier bipụtara akwụkwọ ya A Classic Way with Fish . Rick Stein kwuru na ọ bụ &quot;akwụkwọ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'oge mbụ m na-esi nri azụ&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Madame Prunier's Fish Cookery Book|author=Prunier|first=Simone|publisher=Quadrille|year=1938|isbn=|location=Great Britain|pages=back cover}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prunier nwere aha siri ike maka ịdị mma nri azụ ya na Prunier St. James yana ile ọbịa ya. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ndị ahịa ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ gụnyere ụfọdụ ndị isi obodo a chụrụ n'ọrụ bụ́ ndị gara n'ụlọ nri London na Paris mgbe ha nọ n'ọchịchị tupu agha ahụ.

N'afọ 1954, e mere Prunier Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur, nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke France, iji kwado ọrụ ya na-edobe ụkpụrụ na nnabata nke nri French. Dị ka nna ya kwuru: &quot;Ọ bụ eziokwu na ọ na-efu m nnukwu ọrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-efunahụ m nke ukwuu. Ma lee ọmarịcha azụmahịa ọ bụ, quelle belle Maison.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=La Maison: the history of Prunier|author=Prunier|first=Simone|publisher=|year=1957|isbn=|location=|pages=293}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, Prunier dere akụkọ ndụ ya La Maison: The History of Prunier bipụtara na 1957. Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Prunier St James mechiri na 1976.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.quadrille.co.uk/author/madame-prunier/180|title=Quadrille Publishing - Madame Prunier Bio|work=www.quadrille.co.uk|accessdate=2016-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==
Madame Prunier - La Maison: The History of Prunier, pub. Longsman (1957&quot;

== Edemside ==
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    <title>Prince Ihekwoaba</title>
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'''Prince Ihekwoaba''' // i (amụrụ na Nọvemba 9, 1989) bụ onye bụbu onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa.

== Ọrụ ==
Ihekwoaba bụ onye mmeri nke Canadian Soccer League na Serbian White Eagles FC. &lt;ref name=&quot;Team roster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.serbianwhiteeagles.ca/updates/|author=Serbian White Eagles FC|title=Team roster|accessdate=2008-08-25|date=2008-07-24|archivedate=2008-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809011917/http://www.serbianwhiteeagles.ca/updates/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==

=== White Eagles nke Serbia ===

* CSL Championship: 2008

== Edemsibia ==
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    <title>Odette Joyeux</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Joyeux Harcourt 1948.jpg|thumb|Odette  Joyeux]]
'''Odette Joyeux''' (5 Disemba 1914 &amp;#x2013; 26 Ọgọst 2000) bụ onye France na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu ogbo na onye ode akwụkwọ akụkọ.

== Akụkọ Ndụ ==
A mụrụ ya na Paris, ebe ọ mụrụ ịgba egwu na Paris Opera Ballet tupu ọ banye n'egwuregwu ogbo. Joyeux malitere ọrụ ihe nkiri ya na 1931. Ihe nkiri mbụ mere ka a mara ya nke ọma bụ ''Entrée des artiste'' nke Marc Allégret (1938). N'afọ 1940, o guzobere onwe ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri sinima kacha ewu ewu na France; agbanyeghị, ọ mere ihe nkiri ole na ole mgbe afọ 1950 gasịrị.

Joyeux bụ onye dere ụfọdụ egwuregwu na edemede gbasara ịgba egwu yana akwụkwọ gbasara ndụ onye mepụtara ihe ''Nicéphore Niépce''. O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ e bu n'obi ịkpali ịgba egwu: ''L'Âge heureux'' (nke e mere ka ọ dabara na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn) na ''Côté jardin'' . Na mgbakwunye, Joyeux dere ''The Bride Is Much Too Beautiful'' (1956) (nke e mere ka ọ dị ka ihe nkiri).

Ọ lụrụ onye ome ihe nkiri Pierre Brasseur site na 1935 ruo mgbe ha gbara alụkwaghịm na 1945, onye mụrụ otu nwa, Claude Brasseur, onye bụ nna Alexandre Brasseur.

N'afọ 1958, ọ lụrụ onye nduzi Philippe Agostini. Ha lụrụ di na nwunye ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Grimaud, Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France site na ọrịa strok mgbe ọ dị afọ 85.

== Ihe nkiri nkebi akụkụ ==
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== Nsọpụrụ ==
E mere ya ''Chevalier'' (Knight) nke Légion d'honneur na 29 Nọvemba 1989,[1] ma bulie ya n'ọkwa dịka Officer (Officer) na 1998.[1]

E mere ya onyeisi (Ọfịsa) nke Ordre national du Mérite na 1994.[1]

== Ihe ndetu ==
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== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|0431641}}
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  <page>
    <title>Michèle Causse</title>
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[[Faịlụ:MicheleCausse (crop).jpg|thumb|Michele Causse]]
'''Michèle Causse''' (29 Julaị 1936 - 29 Julaị 2010) bụ onye France na-eme ihe ike, onye edemede, na onye na-akpọ onwe ya nwanyị na-edina nwoke.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Njikọ Causse na mpaghara Martel nke Lot na France. O mechara kụzie na [[Tunisia]], wee biri afọ iri na Rom, ebe ọ gụrụ Chinese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|year=2009|title=Michèle Causse|url=http://michele-causse.com/|publisher=Causse|accessdate=4 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ kwagara Martinique wee gaa [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] tupu ọ kwaga [[Kánada|Canada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.michele-causse.com/biographie.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515021105/http://michele-causse.com/biographie.shtml|title=Michèle Causse|archivedate=15 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Echiche ==
Onye Canada na-agụ akwụkwọ Clive Thompson zoro aka na Causse dị ka &quot;onye na-ede akwụkwọ nke ụmụ na-edina nwoke&quot;..  N'akwa ya, ọ na-akatọ nwoke na-enwe, na-ekwu na &quot;ọ na-akọrọ na ụdị ime ka nwoke nwee obi ụtọ, ọ bụ onye na-achọta eziokwu... Ọ nweghị iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, akara nrụrụ aka nke na-ahụ na ngwaọrụ imeju&quot;. 

Causse katọkwara ma Women's Movement na echiche nke òtù nwoke idina nwoke, na-ekwu, &quot;Ụdị m onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ , USB m onye na'ahụ maka nwoke idina , abụ m onye na na-ama anụmanụ&quot;.  O See na &quot;ndị na-ahụ n'anya na mba ọ blea na-akwado òtù ịdị na-aghota; ọ bụ òtù ụmụ, nke ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ idina nwoke. Ọ katọrọ&quot; na-akwado ndị inyom na 1980s.

== Nsụgharị ==
Causse sụgharịrị n'etiti asụsụ [[Asụsụ French|French]], English, na Italian ma nwee ike ikwu asụsụ atọ ahụ. Nsụgharị nke ọrụ ya gụnyere ederede Herman Melville, Gertrude Stein, Ti-Grace Atkinson, [[Djuna Barnes]], Jane Bowles, Willa Cather, Mary Daly, Ignazio Silone, na Alice Munro.

== Afọ ndị ikpeazụ na ọnwụ ==
N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, ọ biri na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke France. Causse họọrọ igbu onwe ya n'ụbọchị ncheta ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 74, site n'enyemaka nke Dignitas, otu ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru na [[Switzerland]] maka igbu onwe onye nke dọkịta nyere aka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=La mort de Michèle Causse &amp;#124; France Soir|url=http://www.francesoir.fr/litterature/la-mort-de-michele-causse|accessdate=12 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806110132/http://www.francesoir.fr/litterature/la-mort-de-michele-causse|archivedate=6 August 2010}} France Soir&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://michele-causse.com/|title=Michèle Causse une vie-à-l'œuvre|work=michele-causse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na Causse enweghị Ọrịa na-egbu egbu, o depụtara ọtụtụ nsogbu ahụike dị ka ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya na-enyere aka na ahụike, gụnyere nkwarụ mkpakọ ọkpụkpụ azụ nke osteoporosis, ọnwụ nke akụrụ, na ụkwara ume ọkụ.

Ọ nwụrụ na 29 Julaị 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-07-30|title=Suisse. Décès de Michèle Causse, écrivain et militante lesbienne|url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/france/spansuissespan-deces-de-michele-causse-ecrivain-et-militante-lesbienne-959338.php|accessdate=2024-06-09|work=Le Télégramme|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere ihe nkiri banyere ọnwụ ya ma gosipụta ya na ihe nkiri Dignitas - la mort sur ordonnance,  nke gosipụtara na telivishọn Switzerland. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-02-17|title=Dignitas, la mort sur ordonnance|url=https://www.rts.ch/emissions/temps-present/2011/video/dignitas-la-mort-sur-ordonnance-26372790.htmlhttps://www.rts.ch/emissions/temps-present/2011/video/dignitas-la-mort-sur-ordonnance-26372790.html|accessdate=2025-01-17|work=rts.ch|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ==

* Dé/figures nke onwe, (nke a na-ebipụtaghị) 
* N'èzí n'ime ''...'' [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ahla/Bagdam, Montreal/Toulouse, 2006
* Echiche nke ịhụnanya sitere na edemede nke (), Bagdam Espace Lesbien, Toulouse, 2006
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* ''Ụlọikpe mkpegharị ikpe'', akụkọ n'asụsụ bekee, Revue Tessera, Montreal, 1996, na Anthologie Orlanda Frauenverlag, Berlin, 1997
* ''Olee onye na-edina nwoke ibe ya? '' [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Atọ, Laval, Quebec, 1993
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Atọ, Laval, Quebec, 1991
* Ụwa dị ka uche na nnọchiteanya na Lesbian Philosophies and cultures, Ed. Jeffner Allen, 1990, peeji nke 259-274
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* ''Olee oge e nwere n'ọzara? '' [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Atọ, Laval, Quebec, 1990
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* ''Ụwa dị ka ọchịchọ na nnọchiteanya'' na Emergence d'une culture au féminin, Ed. St Martin, Montreal, 1986
* ''Akwụkwọ ozi e degaara Omphale'', Ed. Denoël-Gonthier, Paris, 1984
* Izute Djuna Barnes na L'almanach des dames, Ed. Flammarion, Paris, 1982, Amsterdam, 1983, peeji nke 139-160
* ''Berthe ma ọ bụ ọkara narị afọ n'akụkụ Amazon'', Ed. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Onye mbịarambịa, uri, Ed. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* ''Nwaanyị na-edina nwoke ibe ya Foto asaa'', Ed. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Okwu ahụ, ahụ nke okwu na Journal d'une femme soumise nke Mara, Ed. Flammarion, Paris, 1979, Amsterdam, 1981
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ụmụ nwanyị, Paris, 1977
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ụmụ nwanyị, Paris, 1975

== Mgbasa ozi ==

* Akụkọ na-ewute, ọgụgụ, Otu narị afọ nke Violette Leduc, vidiyo, Arras, 2007
* Otu onye edemede n'ala ndị e bi na ha, ihe nkiri nke Michel Garcia-Luna, DVD 47mn20, Ed. Lunaprod, 2005
* Corps de paroles, ihe nkiri nke Suzanne Vertue na Dianne Heffernan, 37mn, Video-elles, Montreal, 1989
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Anne-Marie Alonzo, Montreal

== Isiokwu ==

* Nomen est omen, post-face na &quot;Defigures du soi&quot;, (enuburu) 
* ''Claude Cahun ma ọ bụ onye na-agbanwe agbanwe'', Maka anthologie nke ndị na-emepụta ihe na Résistance, a cura di Paola Guazzo, Bagdam Espace Lesbien, Eprel 2008
* Akụkọ na-ewute, Centenaire de Violette Leduc, Revue Trésors à prendre, dir. Elisabeth Seys, 2007
* Inside Deep throat, nkọwa banyere ihe nkiri Deep Throat, na mmekorita ya na Katy Barasc, [http://sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=2277&amp;var_recherche=causse Sysiphe], 2006
* ''N'ihi gịnị ka ndị na-edina nwoke ibe ha na-enweghị ike ịbụ ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na-edine nwanyị? '' [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* ''Black dessein (akwụkwọ ozi e degaara Nicolas Hulot) '', Bagdam Espace Lesbien, 2006
* Ụdị dị ka ebe mgbochi, Mahadum Beirut, 2005
* Banyere Lynndie England: Ọdachi nke mimesis ma ọ bụ otu esi agbanwe ihe ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-ata ụta, na njikọ aka na Katy Barasc, Sysiphe, 2004
* ''Ònye na-atụ egwu Valerie Solanas? '' , Bagdam Espace Edition, Toulouse, 2004, peeji nke 19-35
* Ekele nye Monique Wittig, Ekele nyeMonique Wittig. Site n'isi &quot;La grande Pérégrine&quot; na Voyages de la Grande Naine en Androssie (Ed. Trois, Montreal, 1993), mbipụta pụrụ iche, Labrys-études féministes, [[Brasilia|Brasília]]-Montreal-Paris, September 2003
* ''N'elu ákwà ifufe'', Sisyphus, 2003
* Otu iwu ederede a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ: alphalecte na Lesbianisme na feminisme. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Osimiri Harmattan, 2002
* ''Mahadum: Alma mater ma ọ bụ nna na-ekwesịghị ekwesị?  '' , 2nd International Colloque d'études lesbiennes: La grande dissidence et le grand peur, Actes du colloque Espace lesbien n° 2, Bagdam Espace Edition, Toulouse, 2001

== Ihe odide ==
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[[Faịlụ:Anne de Tinguy 2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Anne de Tinguy ]]
'''Anne de Tinguy''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1950) bụ onye French ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Kemgbe afọ 2005 ọ bụbu Prọfesọ Mahadum nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a na Institut national des langues et civilizations orientale. Ọ na-amụ mmekọrịta mba ụwa, ọkachamara na mba ọzọ amụma nke Russia na Ukraine, nakwa dị ka Mbugharị ọmụmụ.

== Ọrụ ==
Anne de Tinguy gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales (National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations), ebe o nwetara nzere doctorate na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1981, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudoc.fr/041408845|title=Anne de Tinguy SUDOC|accessdate=13 April 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 2003 ọ nwetara ikike onye nduzi nyocha ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciences-po.asso.fr/profil/anne.detinguy81.|title=Anne de Tinguy|publisher=Sciences Po|language=fr|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara mmụta doctorate, Tinguy ghọrọ prọfesọ na Center de recherches internationales ([[:fr:Centre de recherches internationales|fr]]). &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.inalco.fr/enseignant-chercheur/anne-tinguy|language=fr|title=Anne de Tinguy Profile|publisher=INALCO|accessdate=13 April 2020|archivedate=13 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413052613/http://www.inalco.fr/enseignant-chercheur/anne-tinguy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'afọ 1989 ruo afọ 1990 ọ kụziri ihe na Institut des hautes études de la défense nationale, ọ kụzikwaara na Instituts d'études politiques . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/en/content/anne-de-tinguy|title=Anne de Tinguy|publisher=Sciences Po Centre for International Studies|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2000, Tinguy ghọrọ osote onye isi oche nke French Association of Ukrainian Studies . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afr-russe.fr/spip.php?article197|title=(75) PARIS : Association Française des Etudes Ukrainiennes (AFEU)|publisher=Ceriscope|accessdate=13 April 2020|archivedate=13 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113140957/https://www.afr-russe.fr/spip.php?article197}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-eduzi nzere masta abụọ nke France na Russia na International Affairs na IEP na Paris na Moscow State Institute of International Relations . &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;/&gt;

A kpọtụrụ ọrụ Anne de Tinguy na mmekọrịta mba ụwa metụtara Russia na Ukraine aha, ma ọ bụ a gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ, na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị ka Libération, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2014/04/16/ukraine-comment-sanctionner-la-russie_998579|title=Ukraine : comment sanctionner la Russie ?|language=fr|date=16 April 2014|work=[[Libération]]|author=Bonal|first=Cordélia|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; RFI, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/emission/20150405-russie-gorbatchev-poutine-ouverture-repli|title=De Gorbatchev à Poutine, de l’ouverture au repli|date=3 April 2015|work=RFI|author=Desesquelle|first=Daniel|language=fr|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2014/03/03/poutine-la-crimee-avec-premeditation_984312|title=Poutine : la Crimée avec préméditation|date=3 March 2014|work=The Conversation|author=Despic-Popovic|first=Hélène|language=fr|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Conversation, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/vers-un-essoufflement-du-storytelling-de-vladimir-poutine-84449|title=Vers un essoufflement du storytelling de Vladimir Poutine ?|date=4 October 2017|work=The Conversation|author=LaMonica|first=Martin|language=fr|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vatican News, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/fr/monde/news/2019-03/annexion-crimee-ukraine-russie-europe-geopolitique.html|title=Cinq ans plus tard, ce qu'a changé l'annexion de la Crimée|date=21 March 2019|work=Vatican News|language=fr|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; na HuffPost.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/entry/macron-format-normandie-a-paris-un-format-efficace-pour-la-crise-en-ukraine_fr_5ded0ddfe4b00563b852c94c|title=Le format Normandie à Paris, un outil efficace pour la crise en Ukraine?|date=12 September 2019|work=HuffPost|author=Lucie Oriol|language=fr|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họputara ==

* ''USA-URSS, la détente'', Complexe ([[:fr:Éditions Complexe|fr]]), 1985  
* ''Les relations soviéto-américaines'', Presses Universitaires de France, Volume 2348 in the collection ''Que sais-je ?'', 1987,  
* ''Les années Gorbatchev. L'URSS de 1985 à 1991'', with Marie-Agnès Crosnier and Jean Gueit, Documentation française, 1993,  
* ''L'Effondrement de l'empire soviétique'', Bruylant ([[:fr:Éditions Bruylant|fr]]), 1998,  
* ''L'Ukraine, nouvel acteur du jeu international'', Bruylant ([[:fr:Éditions Bruylant|fr]]), 2001,  
* ''Contribution à l'étude de la puissance dans le monde de l'après-Guerre froide. Le cas de la Russie'', Institut d'études politiques de Paris, 2003
* ''Moscou et le monde'', 2008,  

== Edensibia ==
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'''Diane Jacquin de Margerie''' (24 n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1927 - 25 Ọgọst afọ 2023) bụ nwanyị French nke akwụkwọ ozi na Onye ntụgharị si [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]].

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Diane de Margerie bụ nwa nwanyị nke Jenny Fabre-Luce (1896-1991) na Roland de Margerie (1899-1990). Nna ya bụ nwa nwanne onye edemede Edmond Rostand na nwa nwanne Gérard Mante, onye lụrụ nwa nwanne Marcel Proust. Rainer Maria Rilke hụrụ nne ya n'anya.

Diane de Margerie bụ nwanne Bertrand de Margerie [fr] (1923–2003), onye Jesuit na ọkà mmụta okpukpe, na Emmanuel Jacquin de Margerie (1924–1991), onye nnọchi anya France na United States. 

de Margerie lụrụ Prince Ricardo Pignatelli della Leonessa (1927-1985). A mụrụ nwa nwoke na 1952, Fabrizio Pignatelli della Leonessa, onye ga-aga n'ihu bụrụ onye nnọchi anya mba ọzọ ma bụrụ onye nnọchiteanya Ịtali na Guatemala na Honduras. Alụmdi na nwunye nke abụọ ya bụ onye edemede Dominique Fernandez; di na nwunye ahụ nwere nwa nwoke, Ramon Fernandez , na nwa nwanyị, Laetitia Fernandez.

Onye edemede, onye nkatọ agụmagụ, onye edemede akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ na onye ntụgharị, de Margerie bụ onye dere ọrụ dị iche iche.

Ozugbo ọ bụ onye otu ndị ọka ikpe Prix Femina, ọ natara ọtụtụ onyinye. Ọ biri na China na Ịtali.

Na La Femme en pierre (1989), de Margerie na-eme emume Katidral Chartres, obodo ebe ọ bi. Ya na Isola, Retour des îles Galapagos, ọ na-akọ, n'ụdị uri, mmetụta ya nke njem.

Diane de Margerie nwụrụ na Paris na 25 n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri itoolu na ise (95). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Mort de la romancière Diane de Margerie|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/mort-de-la-romanciere-diane-de-margerie-20230825|accessdate=26 August 2023|work=[[Le Figaro]]|date=25 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

* 1974: Le Détail révélateur, akwụkwọ akụkọ, Flammarion, Paris
* 1976: Le Paravent des enfers, akwụkwọ akụkọ, Flammarion
* 1979: L'Arbre de Jessé, akwụkwọ akụkọ, Flammarion
* 1979: La Volière, akụkọ, Éditions Balland , Paris
* 1980: N'ebe ọzọ na n'ụzọ ọzọ, akụkọ mkpirikpi, Flammarion
* 1982: Duplicités, akụkọ mkpirikpi, Flammarion
* 1985: Ihe ncheta, Flammarion
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Otu na nke ọzọ, Paris  
* 1992: ''Marcel Proust (Marcel na Léonie) '', Christian Pirot
* 1994: Le Jardin secret de Marcel Proust, album, foto nke André Martin, Albin Michel, Paris
* 1996: ''N'ime ihe na-agba gburugburu'', Gallimard, coll. Nwatakịrị dị elu, Paris  
* 1997: ''Ebe a na-edebe anụmanụ na Japan'', Albin Michel
* 1998: ''Gburugburu Gustave Moreau'', Christian Pirot
* 2000: Edith Wharton, ọgụgụ nke ndụ, akụkọ ndụ
* 2001: ''Ugbu a'', Mercury nke France, Paris
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* 2004: ''Aurore na George'', akụkọ ndụ, Albin Michel
* 2006: L'Étranglée, akwụkwọ akụkọ, Mercure de France
* 2007: ''Agbamakwụkwọ ink'', edemede, Philippe Rey
* 2010: ''Proust na ọchịchịrị'', edemede, Albin Michel
* 2012: Passion de l'énigme, Mercure de France
* 2013: ''Nsogbu ehighị ụra'' nke ọma, Mbipụta Grasset
* 2016: ''Site na mbàrá gaa na urukurubụba'', Arlea
* 2016: ''Na-achọ Robert Proust'', Flammarion

== Ihe nrite na ọdịiche ==

* 1985: Ihe nrite Marcel Proust maka Le Ressouvenir''Ịcheta Ihe''
* 1994: Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
* 1996: Prix Jacques-Chardonne na ihe nrite nke Pen club French, maka Dans la spirale''N'ime ihe na-agba gburugburu''
* 2000: Prix Marcel-Thiébaut, prix France-Amérique, maka Edith Wharton, ọgụgụ nke ndụ''Edith Wharton, onye na-agụ otu ndụ''
* 2001: Prix littéraire Prince-Pierre-de-Monaco, maka ọrụ ya niile
* 2004: Ihe nrite Médicis maka ''Aurore na George''
* 2008: Commander nke National Order of Merit (France)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Décret du 16 mai 2008 portant promotion et nomination|work=Légifrance|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr|language=fr|accessdate=26 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: Prix Contrepoint maka La passion Brando''Mmasị Brando''
* 2013: Ihe nrite Cazes maka ''Nsogbu ehighị ụra''
* 2015: Onye isi nke Legion of Honour &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|language=fr|title=Décret du 3 avril 2015 portant promotion et nomination|url=http://legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000030440152&amp;dateTexte=&amp;oldAction=dernierJO&amp;categorieLien=id|accessdate=4 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250125055333/https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Diane-de-Margerie/118239 Diane de Margerie] na Babelio
* [http://www.livreshebdo.fr/article/diane-de-margerie-quitte-le-jury-du-femina ''Diane de Margerie hapụrụ ndị ọka ikpe nke Femina''] on LivresHebdo (13 Nọvemba 2014) 
* [https://www.franceculture.fr/personne-diane-de-margerie.html Diane de Margerie] na France CultureỌdịbendị France
* [[Arléa|Arlea]].fr/Diane-De-Margerie&quot; id=&quot;mw0w&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Diane de Margerie na saịtị Arléa
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drtpv_9g9_E Diane de Margerie na-akọ banyere mmasị ya n'ide akwụkwọ] na YouTube
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'''Solomon James Owello''' (amụrụ na 25 Disemba 1988) bụ onye bụbu onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa nke gbara bọọlụ dịka onye etiti.

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ bịara na Start na 2008 site na klọb Naijiria Niger Tornadoes F.C.

N'afọ 2016, Owello laghachiri Naijiria wee sonye na Niger Tornadoes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/04mznzh&amp;hl=en-NG&amp;q=Solomon+Owello&amp;kgs=50a56dda9352dde5&amp;shndl=0&amp;source=sh/x/kp&amp;entrypoint=sh/x/kp|title=Solomon Owello - Google Search}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ sonyeere Kwara United F.C. na 25 Nọvemba 2018.

=== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ===
{{updated|match played 24 August 2015}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Nkewa
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
|2008
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Mmalite
|1. nkewa
|14
|0
|0
|0
|14
|0
|-
|2009
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Tippeligaen
|21
|0
|1
|0
|22
|0
|-
|2010
|26
|1
|3
|0
|29
|1
|-
|2011
|28
|0
|6
|0
|34
|0
|-
|2012
|1. nkewa
|30
|6
|2
|0
|32
|6
|-
|2013
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Tippeligaen
|27
|0
|2
|0
|29
|0
|-
|2014
|28
|1
|4
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2015
|19
|0
|2
|0
|21
|0
|-
|2015
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Sandnes Ulf
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |1. nkewa
|10
|0
|0
|0
|10
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ zuru ezu
!203
!8
!19
!0
!222
!8
|}

== Edensibia ==
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'''Arlene Raven'''  ('''Arlene Rubin''': Julaị 12, 1944, Baltimore, Maryland - Ọgọst 1, 2006, Brooklyn, New York) bụ ọkà mmụta ihe nkà mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị, odee, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi na onye nlekọta.  Raven so guzobe ọtụtụ òtù nkà ụmụ nwanyị na Los Angeles n'afọ ndị 1970.

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
Nne na nna Arlene Raven bụ Joseph na Annette Rubin, ha bụ ndị Juu-Amerịka bi na Baltimore, Maryland.&lt;ref name=&quot;legacy.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/baltimoresun/obituary.aspx?pid=172164204 &quot;Joseph Rubin Obituary&quot;], ''Baltimore Sun'', August 20, 2014, via [[Legacy.com]]. Note that Joseph Rubin's obituary lists Arlene as a decedent family member, but spells the last name &quot;Ravan&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya bụ onye nwe ụlọ mmanya, nne ya bụkwa onye na-elekọta ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;legacy.com&quot; /&gt; 

Raven nwetara Artium Baccalaureatus na Hood College dị na [[Mérílạnd|Maryland]] na 1965, wee gaa n'ihu ịgụchaa akwụkwọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;woo&quot; /&gt; Ọ nwetara MFA na eserese na Mahadum George Washington ma mechaa PhD na akụkọ nka na Mahadum Johns Hopkins na 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;woo&quot; /&gt;

Raven bụ onye isi na ngagharị nkà ụmụ nwanyị ma sorokwa n'ọrụ iji kụziere ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe ma nye ha ohere ịrụ ọrụ nke metụtara ahụmịhe ha dịka ụmụ nwanyị &lt;ref name=&quot;studio&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Arlene Raven|title=The Feminist Studio Workshop|journal=Womanspace|date=April–May 1973|volume=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1973, Raven sonyere Judy Chicago na Sheila Levrant de Bretteville wee guzobe Feminist Studio Workshop  .&lt;ref name=&quot;The Woman's Building&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Woman's Building|url=http://womansbuilding.org/timeline.htm|work=Timeline|accessdate=November 1, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125014956/http://www.womansbuilding.org/timeline.htm|archivedate=November 25, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebumnobi nke Feminist Studio Workshop, ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà nọọrọ onwe ya nke e guzobere na Los Angeles Woman's Building, bụ ịbịakọta ọnụ dịka òtù nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọrụ ha na-etolite site na ahụmịhe ha na-ekerịta dịka ụmụ nwanyị na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ha na ibe ha, e tinyere nkwusi ike na &quot;mmekọ ihe ọnụ, mmekorita na ịbụ nwanne nwanyị.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;studio&quot; /&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Raven sonyere ọkammụta nkà Ruth Iskin, onye gụkwara akwụkwọ na Johs Hopkins wee guzobe&quot; The Center for Feminist Art Historical Studies&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;hands&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wilding|first=Faith|title=By Our Own Hands|year=1977|publisher=Double X|location=Santa Monica, CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe a raara onwe ya nye maka nyocha siri Ike gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe osise, ịmepụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkà ihe osise na ịmepụta ihe ndekọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị .&lt;ref name=&quot;hands&quot; /&gt; Raven sokwa hiwe ma dezie akwụkwọ akụkọ omenala ụmụ nwanyị bụ ''Chrysalis.''&lt;ref name=&quot;Chicago&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1976, ọ bụ onye  guzobere The Lesbian Art Project; ya onwe ya bụkwa onye na-enwe mmasị nwanyị ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Woman's Building&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNCJAwAAQBAJ&amp;q=arlene+raven+lesbian&amp;pg=PA31|title=The Queer Encyclopedia of the Visual Arts - Claude J. Summers - Google Books|accessdate=2018-12-04|isbn=9781573441919|author=Summers|first=Claude J.|year=2004|publisher=Cleis Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị òtù ahụ  nyochara omume ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-enwe mmasị nwanyị ibe ha site na nkà, ha nyochakwara  ndị omenkà nwanyị na-enwe mmasị nwanyị n' oge gara aga dịka onye na-ese ihe bụ  Romaine Brooks, ma jụọ ajụjụ gbasara ihe okwu ahụ &quot; ndị na-enwe mmasị nwanyị&quot; pụtara n'omenala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=From Site to Vision: The Woman's Building in Contemporary Culture|year=2011|publisher=OTIS College of Art and Design|location=Los Angeles, CA|first=Terry|author=Wolverton|chapter=Lesbian Art : A Partial Inventory|editor=Hale}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye hiwere òtù Women’s Caucus for Art.&lt;ref name=&quot;photo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biography: Arlene Raven|url=http://www.cla.purdue.edu/waaw/corinne/Raven.htm|work=Lesbian Photography on the West Coast, 1972–1977|publisher=Women Artists of the American West|accessdate=November 1, 2011|archivedate=September 28, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928093023/http://www.cla.purdue.edu/waaw/corinne/Raven.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Na mgbakwunye nye Feminist Studio Workshop, Raven kụzikwaara na California Institute of the Arts, Maryland Institute College of Art, Parsons The New School for Design, UCLA, University of Southern California na The New School for Social Research. &lt;ref name=&quot;photo&quot; /&gt;N'afọ ndị 1980 ọ ghọrọ onye isi na-enyocha nka maka Village Voice . &lt;ref name=&quot;Chicago&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Chicago|first=Judy|title=Arlene Raven Feminist Art Activist 1944 – 2006|url=http://jwa.org/weremember/raven|work=We Remember|accessdate=November 1, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922120916/http://jwa.org/weremember/raven|archivedate=September 22, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ haziri ihe ngosi iri, gụnyere ndị e mere maka Baltimore Museum of Art na Long Beach Museum of Art . &lt;ref name=&quot;woo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Woo|first=Elaine|title=Arlene Raven, 62; Established L.A. Center to Support Female Artists|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-aug-13-me-raven13-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=August 13, 2006|accessdate=November 1, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu ihe ngosi a ma ama bụ &quot;At Home,&quot; &quot;nke kpọkọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na echiche ndị ọ kwadoro n'ime afọ iri gara aga. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lovelace|first=Carey|title=Bringing It All Back Home|journal=Artforum International|date=Nov 2006|volume=45|issue=3|pages=61–62|id={{ProQuest|214349890}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2000, Raven ghọrọ onye nkatọ n'ebe obibi Rinehart School of Sculpture na Maryland Institute College of Art . &lt;ref name=&quot;woo&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 2002, ọ natara ihe nrite Frank Jewett Mather maka nkatọ nka site na College Art Association . &lt;ref name=&quot;caa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.collegeart.org/awards/matherpast|title=Awards|publisher=The College Art Association|accessdate=October 11, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Raven nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa n'ụlọ ya na Brooklyn, New York, na Ọgọst 1, 2006, mgbe ọ dị afọ 62. &lt;ref name=&quot;woo&quot;/&gt; Ndị ọ hapụrụ bụ Nna ya, nwanne ya nwanyị Phyllis Gelman, na Nancy Grossman, onye ya na ya biri ndụ  afọ iri abụọ na atọ.

== Akwụkwọ ==
Raven dere akwụkwọ itoolu, gụnyere:

* Feminist Art Criticism: An Anthology (1988) (and editor) OCLC 581561464   
* Crossing Over: Feminism and Art of Social Concern (1988) OCLC 901903194   
* Art in Public Interest  (1989) OCLC 502660046   
* New feminist criticism : art, identity, action (1994) OCLC 27816089   

Akwụkwọ edemede:

* ''Nancy Grossman'' (1991) 
* June Wayne: Tunnel of the Senses (1997) 

== Edensibia ==
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== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.cla.purdue.edu/waaw/corinne/Raven.htm Akụkọ ndụ] E debere na  Wayback Machine
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'''Awkuzu''' ''{{Audio|Ig-Awkuzu.ogg|(Mkpọputa)}}'' bụ obodo dị na [[Oyi]] Local Government Area nke [[Anambra Steeti|Anambra]] steeti nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Awkuzu – Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/awkuzu/|accessdate=2022-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=ene|date=2022-09-03|title=Towns &amp; Villages in Oyi « Anambra State « Nigeria.|url=https://townsvillages.com/ng/oyi/|accessdate=2022-12-04|work=Towns &amp; Villages|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ==
Akụkọ banyere Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ, Ọgwụgwụ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nke nwa nke ise nke Eri naanị nwa ya nwanyị aha ya bụ Iguedo, onye a na-ekwukwa na ọ mụrụ ndị guzobere Ogbunike, Ọgwụgwụ, Umueri na Nando.&lt;ref name=&quot;umueri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History|url=http://www.umueriland.com/history.html|publisher=Umueriland.co|accessdate=6 July 2013|archivedate=18 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118182545/http://www.umueriland.com/history.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akụzụ nke bụ oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị nke aha ahụ bụ &quot;OKUZU&quot; dị ugbu a na Mpaghara Ọchịchị Oyi nke Steeti Anambra ma nwee ókèala ya na obodo Umunya na Nteje nakwa na Oyi LGA, Ifitedunu, Ukpo na Ukwulu na Dunukofia LGA na obodo Nando na Igbariam na Anambra East LGA nke taa, na Abba na Njikoka LGA.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=ene|date=2022-09-03|title=Towns &amp; Villages in Oyi « Anambra State « Nigeria.|url=https://townsvillages.com/ng/oyi/|accessdate=2022-12-04|work=Towns &amp; Villages|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=sunnews|date=2016-06-08|title=Awkuzu: Anambra kingdom without a king|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/awkuzu-anambra-kingdom-without-a-king/|accessdate=2024-06-19|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkewa ==
Awkụzụ kewara n'akụkụ atọ: Ezi, Ifite na [[Ìkeǹgà|Ikenga]] dị ka ogo ma ọ bụ usoro ọmụmụ. Dị ka ọtụtụ obodo Eri-Awka nke [[Igboland]], a na-ekewa ngalaba ọ bụla n'ime obodo nta.

* Ezi nwere Iru-Ayika, Aka-Ezi, Igbu na Ozu.
* Akụkụ Ifite nwere Amabo, Isioji, na Ifite-Umueri.
* Ikenga nwere Ezinkwo, Nkwelle, Ukpomachi, Umuobi, Dusogu, Otoko na Umudioka.

Awkuzu nwekwara iyi na-agafe ya, nke a na-akpọ &quot;OYI&quot; Dị ka obodo, Awkụzụ bụ obodo a ma ama maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nyere ya aha &quot;Ibilibe Ogada&quot; (aha igurube). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe ==
Ọnọdụ [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]] nke Awkuzu bụ Mmiri ozuzo na-ekpo ọkụ na oge mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ n'etiti 1300-3000mm. A na-eji okpomọkụ dị elu, mmiri ozuzo na iru mmiri mara mpaghara ndị a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Offiong|first=Priscilla|date=2019-10-01|title=The Social Cost of Climate Change in Nigeria|url=https://www.climatescorecard.org/2019/10/the-social-cost-of-climate-change-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-01-20|work=Climate Scorecard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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[[Faịlụ:Cecile de Klein talking at NZ Grassland Association conference August 2021 (further cropped).jpg|thumb|Cecile de Klein na 2021]]
'''Cecile de Klein''' FRSNZ (amụrụ na 1962)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=worldrugby.org|title=World Rugby {{!}} world.rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1110/teams/2907|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007040314/https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1110/teams/2907|archivedate=2018-10-07|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=www.world.rugby|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị Dutch-New Zealand na New Zealand Institute for Bioeconomy Science, ọkachamara na ala na [[sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]]. Na 2026, a họpụtara de Klein dị ka onye otu Royal Society Te Apārangi. De Klein bụkwa onyeisi otu egwuregwu rugby ụmụ nwanyị Dutch na iko mba ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị Rugby nke 1991.

== Ọrụ nyocha ==
De Klein gụchara nzere masta na bayoloji na 1988 wee nweta PhD na gburugburu ebe obibi na Mahadum Utrecht na 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cecile de Klein|url=https://www.agresearch.co.nz/about-us/our-people/cecile-de-klein/|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=AgResearch|language=en-NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara mee nnyocha postdoctoral na UK, na-arụ ọrụ na ADAS, ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ ọrụ ugbo na gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mitchell|first=Rob|date=29 June 2016|title=Promising science for cutting dairy gases|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/81565917/promising-science-for-cutting-dairy-gases|accessdate=2 April 2026|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff news]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Klein na di ya kwagara New Zealand na 1995, ebe o sonyeere AgResearch (mechara banye na New Zealand Institute for Bioeconomy Science), nke dị na Invermay Agricultural Centre dị nso na Mosgiel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Zealand appoints Horizon Europe National Contact Points (NCPs) {{!}} EURAXESS|url=https://euraxess.ec.europa.eu/worldwide/australia-nz/news/new-zealand-appoints-horizon-europe-national-contact-points-ncps|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=euraxess.ec.europa.eu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/discovery/102448909/reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-a-priority|title=Reducing greenhouse gas emissions a priority|author=Chandar|first=Sonita|date=3 May 2018|accessdate=3 April 2026|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff news]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Klein na-arụ ọrụ iji belata ikuku gas sitere na ọrụ ugbo, ọkachasị ikuku sitere na usoro anụ ụlọ a na-azụ anụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;O mere nnyocha banyere usoro nitrogen, wee mepụta ụzọ iji tụọ ikuku nitrous-oxide nke ọma, nke na-eduga n'ịkọ akụkọ ka mma banyere ikuku ndị New Zealand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Latest cohort of Ngā Ahurei Fellows announced|url=https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/news/latest-cohort-of-nga-ahurei-fellows-announced|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=Royal Society Te Apārangi}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Klein akwadola maka ' labs dị ndụ ', nke na-etinye ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị nchọpụta ọnụ na mpaghara mpaghara, iji nwalee na mezie ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ọnọdụ ndụ nke na-egosipụta mgbanwe mpaghara na ọnọdụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ruralnewsgroup.co.nz/dairy-news/dairy-agribusiness/living-labs-to-tackle-emissions|title='Living labs' to tackle emissions|date=1 May 2024|accessdate=3 Apr 2026|work=Dairy News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2024, MBIE mgbaàmà de Klein dị ka Ebe mgba nke Horizon Europe maka New Zealand, na-ekpuchi mpaghara nri, akụ na-echebe bio, ihe okike, ọrụ ugbo na gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ebe Mmekọrịta Mba na-enyere ndị nwere ike itinye akwụkwọ aka ịkwadebe ụlọ ọrụ nyocha maka mmemme ego Horizon Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rennie|first=Richard|date=2024-05-31|title=Multibillion-euro fund opens door for NZ|url=https://www.farmersweekly.co.nz/technology/multibillion-euro-fund-opens-door-for-nz/|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=www.farmersweekly.co.nz|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Klein bụ onye isi okwu na XXII N Workshop Resolving Global Nitrogen Dilemma - ohere na ihe ịma aka di na Aarhus n'afo 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://conferences.au.dk/nworkshop/speakers-sessions/wim-de-vries-6|title=Cecile de Klein|date=9 March 2026|accessdate=3 April 2026|work=NWorkshop}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2026, a họpụtara de Klein dị ka onye otu nke Royal Society Te Apārangi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ egwuregwu ==
De Klein gbara bọọlụ rugby ruo afọ iri na otu, ma bụrụkwa onyeisi otu ụmụ nwanyị Dutch, na-egwuri egwu na nọmba asatọ, na asọmpi mbụ nke iko mba ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị Rugby na Wales na 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

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[[Faịlụ:Darren Kimura at US Japan Council 2013.jpg|thumb|Darren Kimura na 2013]]
'''Darren T. Kimura''' (amụrụ na Septemba 10, 1974, Hilo, Hawaii) bụ onye ọchụnta ego America, onye na-emepụta ihe, na onye na-etinye ego. A maara ya nke ọma dị ka onye mepụtara teknụzụ micro concentrated solar power (CSP) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Niche Markets for micro-CSP Page|url=http://social.csptoday.com/emerging-markets/niche-markets-micro-csp|accessdate=2013-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke a maara dị ka MicroCSP.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=MicroCSP - Concentrating Solar Power|url=http://www.altenergymag.com/emagazine/2011/10/microcsp-concentrated-solar-power/1804}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=United States Patent and Trademark Office Trademark MicroCSP|url=http://trade.mar.cx/US77241333/|accessdate=2013-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306041036/http://trade.mar.cx/us77241333|archivedate=2016-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ ==
A mụrụ Kimura n'aka ndị nne na Ndị Japan America na Hilo, Hawaii ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Waiakea High School . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Darren T. Kimura Class of 1992|url=http://waiakeahigh.k12.hi.us/library/NaMea%20Pages/Darren%20Kimura.htm|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232448/http://waiakeahigh.k12.hi.us/library/NaMea%20Pages/Darren%20Kimura.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara ọkwa nke Eagle Scout dị ka onye otu na Boy Scouts of America. Ọ gụrụ Computer Science na Business Management na Mahadum nke Hawai'i na Mānoa . O mechara gaa Mahadum Portland State, na-amụ injinia eletrik na Mahadum Stanford na-amụ sayensị kọmputa ma bụrụ Alumni si na Stanford Graduate School of Business . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stanford GSB Alumni Directory|url=https://alumni-gsb.stanford.edu/get/page/directory/profile/?qwe=6ACB13BAAA39F1D52AD9D87CA9469E95&amp;returnto=results}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọrịa na-efe efe nke afọ 2009, ''Newsweek'' kpuchiri ihe ịma aka Darren n'ịchọta Tamiflu n'ihi nchịkọta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Newsweek: Why individual stockpiling of anti-flu medication is a bad idea|url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2009/04/30/healthy-hoarders.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Kimura began his career as an entrepreneur bringing the sport of paintball to Hawaii while still in high school. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; When attending the University of Hawaii at Manoa he worked in the Information and Computer Sciences department, where he launched Nalu Communications, an internet service provider.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Saipan Tribune Roundtable|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=60624&amp;cat=1|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221545/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=60624&amp;cat=1|archivedate=2013-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe e mesịrị, o kere ma gbasaa Energy Industries Corporation. Site na nkwado nke Energy Industries o kere Energy Laboratories,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Energy Laboratories|work=Energy Industries Corporation|date=21 May 2013|url=http://www.energylaboratories.com/?page_id=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; as an incubator for start-up companies, and Enerdigm Ventures,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Enerdigm Ventures|url=http://enerdigm.com/wp/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005014732/http://enerdigm.com/wp/|archivedate=2013-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; a venture capital firm to seed and support early to growth stage companies. MicroCSP Technology and Sopogy, Inc. began as a spin-off of at Energy Laboratories and was initially funded by Kimura and Enerdigm Ventures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sopogy closes Series E funding|date=27 November 2012|url=http://www.altassets.net/private-equity-news/by-news-type/deal-news/us-solar-developer-sopogy-closes-series-e-funding-round.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimura and Enerdigm Ventures invested in the creation of [[LiveAction]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2014/02/11/darren-kimura-named-ceo-of-live-action.html|title=Darren Kimura named CEO of Live Action - Pacific Business News|work=bizjournals.com|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimura na Enerdigm Ventures tinyere ego n'ichepụta Spin Technology a Data ndabere ngwaahịa maka Google Workspace or Microsoft 365,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://codingsocieties.com/spin-technology-names-darren-t-kimura-as-executive-chairman/|title=Spin Technology Names Darren T. Kimura as Executive Chairman|author=Kimura|first=Darren|date=2020-01-10|work=News Break|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Kimura joined Open Source technology provider [[ZEDEDA]] as its president and Chief Operating Officer. After spending 4 years at the company and completing its Series B&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=ZededaE Closes $26M Series B Funding Round as Distributed Edge Market Soars|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220721005120/en/ZEDEDA-Closes-%2426M-Series-B-Funding-Round-as-Distributed-Edge-Market-Soars}}&lt;/ref&gt; and $72 Million Series C,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zededa Secures $72M in Growth Capital to Meet the Skyrocketing Demand for Edge AI and Computing|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240207876324/en/ZEDEDA-Secures-%2472M-in-Growth-Capital-to-Meet-the-Skyrocketing-Demand-for-Edge-AI-and-Computing}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimura joined AI Squared as its CEO.

Ọ duziri imepụta na iwu nke ọrụ MicroCSP mbụ n'ụwa, nke a na-akpọ Holaniku na Keahole Point . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sopogy inaugurates the World's first MicroCSP solar thermal plant using Sopogy's products|url=http://sopogy.com/blog/2009/12/10/sopogy-inaugurates-the-world%E2%80%99s-first-microcsp%E2%84%A2-solar-thermal-plant/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234444/http://sopogy.com/blog/2009/12/10/sopogy-inaugurates-the-world%E2%80%99s-first-microcsp%E2%84%A2-solar-thermal-plant/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sopogy introduces new solar technology at NELHA|date=11 December 2009|url=http://www.hawaii247.com/2009/12/11/sopogy-introduces-new-solar-technology-at-nelha/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi na State of Hawaii Venture Capital fund.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=HSDC Annual Report|url=http://lrbhawaii.info/reports/legrpts/dbedt/hsdc/211f_15hrs_11.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ọ rụzuru n'azụmahịa emeela ka e gosipụta ya n'ihu ''MidWeek'',  na ihu Pacific Edge,  na Entrepreneur,  na akwụkwọ 2007 The Greater Good: Life Lessons from Hawaii's Leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Midweek: The future's so bright|url=http://archives.midweek.com/content/story/midweek_coverstory/Darren_Kimura_Energy_Conservation_and_Management_Hawaii_/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Pacific Edge: The Energy Within|url=http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/b9bdde2b#/b9bdde2b/1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wilson|first=Sara|title=Entrepreneur Magazine: Riding the Green Wave|work=Entrepreneur|date=21 August 2008|url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/196570}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Greater Good: Crazy to Visionary|url=http://www.greatergoodbooks.com/The_Greater_Good-sneak_peek.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye ọbịa na Al Gore na The Climate Reality Project na 24 Hours of Reality - The Dirty Weather Report . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The World's Oceans &amp; Hawaii|url=http://climaterealityproject.org/24hours2012/live-broadcast/hour-06-the-worlds-oceans/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114114340/http://climaterealityproject.org/24hours2012/live-broadcast/hour-06-the-worlds-oceans/|archivedate=2012-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; E gosipụtara ya na nkwalite [[Ike na-adịgide adịgide|ike dị ọcha]] nke Ụlọ ọrụ eletrik Hawaiian, nke e gosipụtara n'oge APEC United States 2011  ma bụrụ onye edemede na blọọgụ Cisco  na MedCity News.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hawaiian Electric Green Energy|work=[[YouTube]]|date=July 2010|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCGM5y07TNU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kimura|first=Darren|title=Author|url=https://blogs.cisco.com/author/darrenkimura|work=Cisco.com|publisher=Cisco}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Future of AI in Healthcare Demands Transparency, Trust, and Human-Centered Design|date=23 May 2025|url=https://medcitynews.com/2025/05/the-future-of-ai-in-healthcare-demands-transparency-trust-and-human-centered-design/}}&lt;/ref&gt; E gosipụtara ya maka echiche ya banyere isi ego na ọgụgụ isi aka na Silicon Valley Bank State of Enterprise Software Report  na The Wall Street Journal na isiokwu gụnyere Immigration  na AI Policy,  na Newsweek na AI dị ka eji na kọleji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=State of Enterprise Software 2025|url=https://www.svb.com/trends-insights/reports/state-of-enterprise-software/|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=www.svb.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carlton|first=Jim|date=May 25, 2025|title=Immigration Is the Only Thing Propping Up California's Population|url=https://www.wsj.com/business/california-population-growth-immigration-h-1b-visa-4b526478}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Loten|first=Angus|date=July 9, 2025|title=After Setback, Tech Firms Renew Push for Federal AI Regulation|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/after-setback-tech-firms-renew-push-for-federal-ai-regulation-cc2b26d5?}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Blake|first=Suzanne|date=Jul 31, 2025|title=Half of Students Say AI Is Most Important Skill They'll Learn in College|work=[[Newsweek]]|url=https://www.newsweek.com/half-students-say-ai-most-important-skill-theyll-learn-college-2107250}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2012, Kimura malitere mkpọsa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Facebook Daniel K. Inouye Honolulu International Airport Facebook Page|work=[[Facebook]]|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/472213349509067}}&lt;/ref&gt; iji gbanwee aha Honolulu International Airport ka ọ bụrụ Daniel K. Inouye International Airport, iji sọpụrụ onye omeiwu [[Hawaii]] nwụrụ anwụ Daniel Inouye nke e nwetara na 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=KHON 2 Honolulu airport renamed after late Sen. Daniel Inouye|work=KHON2|date=29 April 2017|url=https://www.khon2.com/local-news/honolulu-airport-renamed-after-late-sen-daniel-inouye/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-emepụta Ike ===
Kimura malitere Energy Conservation Hawaii na 1994, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Future's So Bright…|url=http://archives.midweek.com/content/story/midweek_coverstory/Darren_Kimura_Energy_Conservation_and_Management_Hawaii_/}}&lt;/ref&gt; site n'azụ SUV ya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Success built on CEO's work ethic|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2006/Nov/08/bz/FP611080319.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-eji bọọdụ ya dị ka tebụl ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=From surfer to renewable energy entrepreneur|url=http://www.bizgym.com/2009/08/green-success-story-daren-kimura-trades-in-his-surfboard-for-a-thriving-renewable-energy-business/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230014/http://www.bizgym.com/2009/08/green-success-story-daren-kimura-trades-in-his-surfboard-for-a-thriving-renewable-energy-business/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime afọ ole na ole, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ruru $ 50 nde na ego ha nwetara wee malite mgbasawanye mba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Success build on CEO's work ethic|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2006/Nov/08/bz/FP611080319.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimura gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Energy Industries Corporation ịrịọ maka ahịa obodo ya, ma ọ ka bụ onye nwe oke. Echiche dị n'okpuru maka ịmepụta Energy Industries Corporation bụ iji nyere aka mee ka arụmọrụ ike dị mfe. N'ọrụ ya na Energy Industries Corporation, Kimura nyere Energy Star na ebe ndị dị ka Hawaii, Palau, Guam na Saipan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hawaii Business: Energy Savers|url=http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/May-2001/Light-Savers/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005014137/http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/May-2001/Light-Savers/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Energy Star in Palau|url=http://darrentkimura.com/2006/01/27/energy-star-in-palau/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232158/http://darrentkimura.com/2006/01/27/energy-star-in-palau/|archivedate=2013-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Energy Star in Guam|url=http://darrentkimura.com/2006/01/25/energy-star-in-guam/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000751/http://darrentkimura.com/2006/01/25/energy-star-in-guam/|archivedate=2013-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Energy Division sponsors energy-saving workshop|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&amp;newsID=60711|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004258/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&amp;newsID=60711|archivedate=2013-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2008, e gosipụtara ụlọ ọrụ Energy Industries Corporation na akụkọ The Wall Street Journal &quot;Alternative State&quot;, banyere ọrụ ike na-agbanwe agbanwe nke e mepụtara na Hawaii. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Wall Street Journal Alternative State|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121432274606000209|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== MicroCSP ===
Emepụtara echiche maka teknụzụ MicroCSP mgbe Kimura nwara ịwụnye ebe nchekwa ike anyanwụ na Kona, Hawaii. N'ịghọta na ọ bụ enweghị akụ na ụba na ọ bụghị ihe bara uru iji ụgbọ mmiri, wụnye ma rụọ ọrụ nnukwu ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ dị ka Hawaii, Kimura na-arụ ọrụ n'ibelata akụkụ nke onye na-anakọta anyanwụ bụ nke mere ka ọ gbanwee nkà na ụzụ na itinye ihe eji eme ihe. MicroCSP na-eji maka obodo-sized ike osisi (1 MW ka 50 MW), maka ulo oru, ugbo na n'ichepụta 'usoro okpomọkụ' ngwa, na mgbe nnukwu ego nke mmiri ọkụ dị mkpa, dị ka ebe igwu mmiri ọdọ mmiri, mmiri ogige, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-asa ákwà, sterilization, distillation na ndị ọzọ dị otú ahụ ojiji. MIT mụọkwara iji teknụzụ MicroCSP n'ọgbọ ike na-eji Organic Rankine Cycle. Kimura trademarked the term MicroCSP and later released the term for use in the public domain to help accelerate MicroCSP adoption. His [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|US]] Patent on the idea (U.S. patent 20,080,127,967) served as the basis for other MicroCSP inventions. Companies producing MicroCSP technologies include GlassPoint Solar Abengoa Solar  Aora  Sun2Power Chromasun SolarLite
NEP Solar Novatec Solar Industrial Solar Focal Point Energy SunTrough Focused Sun Heat 2 Power and Nanogen and Tamuz Energy.

=== Akụkọ ifo ===
Ụlọ ọrụ Solar Power Technology ma ọ bụ &quot;Sopogy&quot;, bụ onye na-eweta teknụzụ okpomọkụ anyanwụ, e hiwere ya na 2002 na Honolulu, ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ dị ọcha nke dị na Hawaii nke a maara dị ka Energy Laboratories . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sopogy Website|url=http://sopogy.com/company/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere nyocha ya na itinye uche na ike okpomọkụ nke anyanwụ iji mepụta uzuoku anyanwụ na okpomọkụ okpomọkụ maka absorption chillers ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ usoro mmepụta ihe. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ emepụtala ngwa ndị na-ejikọta ndị na-anakọta anyanwụ na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik na nsị. Kimura kere aha ụlọ ọrụ site na iwere akụkụ nke isi okwu gụnyere &quot;SO&quot; sitere na Solar, &quot;PO&quot; site na &quot;Ike&quot;, na &quot;GY&quot; site na &quot;Energy and Technology&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Sopogy|url=http://sopogy.com/about/index.php?id=16#3|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108211657/http://sopogy.com/about/index.php?id=16#3|archivedate=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị otu OEM na ndị na-ere ahịa IPP dị na Honolulu tinyere nyocha na mmepe ya,  na 2006 ọ gbasaa mmepụta ya, C&amp;amp;amp;I, na ndị na'ere mmanụ na gas na ụlọ ọrụ Silicon Valley. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sopogy returns to Manoa Innovation Center|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/blog/2013/06/sopogy-inc-returns-to-original-office.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hawaii tech firms move offices and expand facilities to Mainland|url=http://sopogy.com/blog/2007/12/28/hawaii-tech-firms-move-offices-and-expand-facilities-to-mainland/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022545/http://sopogy.com/blog/2007/12/28/hawaii-tech-firms-move-offices-and-expand-facilities-to-mainland/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sopogy etinyela 200 megawatts na China,   na 360 megawatts Na Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sopogy announced the installation of 200 megawatts of CSP in China|url=http://www.helioscsp.com/noticia.php?id_not=269|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005043903/http://www.helioscsp.com/noticia.php?id_not=269|archivedate=2013-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sopogy Lands 200MW China Project for Thermal Storage|url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2010/12/sopogy-lands-200mw-china-project-for-thermal-energy-storage}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sopogy signs agreement on Thai solar project|url=http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/19449/sopogy-signs-agreement-on-thai-solar-project/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimura na Sopogy, tinyere First Solar, gosipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Whole Foods Market Thrive. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Whole Foods features Sopogy and First Solar|work=[[YouTube]]|date=25 July 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDNavtgu9yc}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, e nyere Sopogy ihe nrite APEC Business Innovation Award,  ma gosipụta ya n'ihu akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Los Angeles Times''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sopogy is APEC Honolulu technology showcase winner|url=http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/blog/2011/november/apec-business-spotlight-sopogy-apec-honolulu-technology-sho|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235416/http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/blog/2011/november/apec-business-spotlight-sopogy-apec-honolulu-technology-sho|archivedate=2013-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Darren Kimura, CEO of Sopogy, at the firm's solar facility on Hawaii's Big Island|url=http://www.latimes.com/lat-fi-green-haw_kw5gonc,0,2184478.photo#axzz2oPmanlY1|work=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sopogy rụzuru usoro ego E họọrọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2012 nke Mitsui &amp;amp;amp; Co. na SunEdison, ụlọ ọrụ anyanwụ US, Sempra Energy, 3M, na ndị ọzọ duziri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sopogy strengthens its financial status|date=30 August 2022|url=http://www.csp-world.com/news/20121203/00635/sopogy-strengthens-its-financial-status|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225161917/http://www.csp-world.com/news/20121203/00635/sopogy-strengthens-its-financial-status|archivedate=December 25, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mara ọkwa na Darren Kimura agbahapụla dị ka onyeisi oche, onye isi nchịkwa na onyeisi oche na March 2013, na SunEdison tinye otu n'ime ndị isi ya dị ka onyeisi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sopogy Names SunEdison Exec to top leadership role|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/article/2013-03-19/arQyXkwW7p_k.html|work=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ rụchara oge, Darren Kimura hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Mee 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Darren Kimura Blog - What's next?|url=http://darrentkimura.com/2013/07/27/whats-next/|accessdate=2013-12-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023000825/http://darrentkimura.com/2013/07/27/whats-next/|archivedate=2013-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hitachi Power Systems nwetara Sopogy na 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MicroCSP still looking good in Sopogy's wake|url=http://social.csptoday.com/markets/micro-csp-still-looking-good-sopogy%E2%80%99s-wake|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520142539/http://social.csptoday.com/markets/micro-csp-still-looking-good-sopogy%E2%80%99s-wake|archivedate=May 20, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe nkiri Live ===
Enerdigm Ventures tinyere ego na ntọala nke LiveAction, Inc., ụlọ ọrụ njikwa netwọkụ ụlọ ọrụ nke bụbu ọrụ gọọmentị kwadoro na 2007 na Referentia Systems, Inc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ActionPacked Networks Rebrands and Launches as LiveAction|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/actionpacked_networks_rebrands_and_launches_as_liveaction/prweb11547284.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Kimura joined the company as chairman of the Board of Directors, Executive Chairman&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LiveAction Leadership Team|url=http://actionpacked.com/company/team}}&lt;/ref&gt; and later as chief executive officer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Darren Kimura joins LiveAction as Chief Executive Officer|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2014/02/11/darren-kimura-named-ceo-of-live-action.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company is best known for its NetFlow visualization capabilities  and quality of service monitoring and configuration capabilities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cisco: Rule the World of Application QoS|url=http://blogs.cisco.com/enterprise/rule-the-world-of-application-qos-with-cisco-avc-and-actionpacked-networks/|date=2013-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimura led LiveAction to achieve a place on the Cisco Solutions Plus Program  and completed LiveAction's Series A financing that included participation by Enerdigm Ventures,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140904006444/en/LiveAction-Secures-5.35-Million-Series-Financing-AITV|title=LiveAction Secures $5.35 Million Series A Financing from AITV and Cisco Investments|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sway Ventures,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-08-16|title=LiveAction Secures $5.35 Million Series A Financing from Sway Ventures and Cisco Investments|url=https://medium.com/@swayventures/liveaction-secures-5-35-b208c35b50d9|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=Medium|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In-Q-Tel&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-05-27|title=LiveAction announces long-term behavioral analytics capabilities in its ThreatEye NV platform|url=https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2022/05/27/liveaction-threateye-nv-platform/|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=Help Net Security|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Cisco Systems&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LiveAction Secures $5.35 Million Series A Financing from AITV and Cisco Investments|work=VentureBeat|url=https://venturebeat.com/2014/09/04/liveaction-secures-5-35-million-series-a-financing-from-aitv-and-cisco-investments/|date=2014-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; LiveAction expanded its capabilities in scale to achieve an industry leading 1 million flows per second  Under Kimura, LiveAction launched LiveAgent to extend visibility to the network end point&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.liveaction.com/resources/solution-briefs/liveagent-solution-brief/|title=LiveAgent Solution Brief - The Endpoint Visibility Challenge|work=LiveAction|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and LiveAction completed a $36 million Series B financing led by Insight Venture Partners, Cisco Systems and AITV in early 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160215005756/en/LiveAction-Secures-36-Million-Series-Financing-Insight|title=LiveAction Secures $36 Million Series B Financing from Insight Venture Partners, Accelerate-IT Ventures, and Cisco Investments {{!}} Business Wire|work=www.businesswire.com|accessdate=2016-03-01|date=2016-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2017, Kimura led the acquisition of LivingObjects' Service Provider network monitoring platform&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.liveaction.com/company/press-releases/liveaction-acquires-living-objects-network-monitoring-platform/|title=LiveAction Acquires LivingObjects' Network Monitoring Platform|work=LiveAction|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and to the creation of the LiveSP business unit at LiveAction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.liveaction.com/company/press-releases/launch-livesp-network-monitoring-solution/|title=LiveAction Bolsters Commitment to Global Managed Network Services Market with Launch of LiveSP Network Monitoring Solution|work=LiveAction|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2018, Kimura led the acquisition of Savvius&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.liveaction.com/company/press-releases/liveaction-acquires-leading-packet-capture-savvius/|title=LiveAction Acquires Leading Packet Capture Savvius, Inc.|work=LiveAction|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; formerly known as WildPackets&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://betanews.com/2015/04/16/wildpackets-becomes-savvius-and-switches-focus-to-security/|title=WildPackets becomes Savvius and switches focus to security|work=betanews.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-08-01|date=2015-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; famous for their OmniPeek protocol analysis software. Kimura retired from LiveAction business operations in 2019. LiveAction was acquired by BlueCat Networks in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Devito|first=Stephen|date=2024-10-25|title=BlueCat acquires LiveAction to drive network modernization and optimization|url=https://bluecatnetworks.com/blog/bluecat-acquires-liveaction-to-drive-network-modernization-and-optimization/|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=BlueCat Networks|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nkà na ụzụ Spin ===
N'afọ 2020, Enerdigm Ventures tinyere ego na Spin Technology, Inc., nke a maara dị ka SpinBackup ngwaahịa ndabere data maka G-Suite ma ọ bụ Office 365 na Kimura sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke ndị nduzi na onye isi oche.  ebe o mepụtara SpinOne, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ngwaahịa a na-akpọkwa Spin.ai. Nkà na ụzụ ahụ na-enye nchebe data dabeere na API maka azụmaahịa dị oke egwu SaaS na gburugburu G Suite na Office 365, nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke ngwa na ndọtị maka G-Suite na Cyber Liability Insurance . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kimura|first=Darren|title=Cyber Liability Insurance|journal=Cyber Defense Magazine|date=September 2020|volume=September 2020|issue=September 2020|url=https://www.cyberdefensemagazine.com/e-magazines}}&lt;/ref&gt; Spin.ai nwere ọkwa 4.9 n'ime 5 na ahịa G Suite.  N'afọ 2022, Spin Technology mechiri ego ya nke Series A  na Enerdigm Ventures na Kimura hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

=== Zededa ===
N'afọ 2021, Kimura sonyeere Zededa, ihe ngwọta nhazi nke igwe ojii na-emeghe, nke a na-ekesa, dị ka onye isi oche na onye isi ọrụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zededa Accelerates Growth with New Executive Hires, Opening of European Headquarters in Berlin|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210428005094/en/ZEDEDA-Accelerates-Growth-with-New-Executive-Hires-Opening-of-European-Headquarters-in-Berlin|accessdate=2025-01-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ nọ na Zededa, Kimura dugara n'inweta $ 26 nde Series B  na $ 72 nde Series C ego &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zededa Closes $26M Series B Funding Round as Distributed Edge Market Soars|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220721005120/en/ZEDEDA-Closes-26M-Series-B-Funding-Round-as-Distributed-Edge-Market-Soars|accessdate=2025-01-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na $ 400 nde post-money valuation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zededa Secures $72M in Growth Capital to Meet the Skyrocketing Demand for Edge AI and Computing|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240207876324/en/ZEDEDA-Secures-72M-in-Growth-Capital-to-Meet-the-Skyrocketing-Demand-for-Edge-AI-and-Computing|accessdate=2025-01-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2024-02-07|title=Startup Zededa Raises $72 Million to Power AI Tools|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-07/startup-zededa-raises-72-million-to-power-ai-tools?embedded-checkout=true|accessdate=2025-01-10|work=Bloomberg.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 4 nke ije ozi gasịrị, Kimura kwupụtara ọpụpụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Q4 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7246686477965795328/|title=Darren Kimura on LinkedIn: #edgecomputing #opensource #newbeginnings #thankyou #ai #edgecomputing… &amp;#124; 51 comments}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Margo ===
Mgbe ọ nọ na Zededa, Kimura jere ozi na kọmitii na-eduzi Margo, atụmatụ Linux Foundation maka imekọ ihe ọnụ na nsọtụ nke usoro mmepụta ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Linux Foundation Launches Margo to Deliver Long-awaited Edge Interoperability|url=https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press/linux-foundation-launches-margo-to-deliver-long-awaited-edge-interoperability|accessdate=2025-01-10|work=www.linuxfoundation.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== AI Square ===
N'afọ 2024, a mara ọkwa Kimura dị ka onye isi oche na onye isi ọrụ nke AI Squared,  ụlọ ọrụ New Enterprise Associates kwadoro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NEA Portfolio: AI Squared|url=https://www.nea.com/portfolio/ai-squared|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=www.nea.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kwalitere Kimura ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi oche na Onye isi nchịkwa na Machị 2025.  Ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ na-eji eme ihe abụọ, AI Squared nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Nchebe US gụnyere onyinye na Naval Information Warfare Systems Command,  na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Joint Artificial Intelligence Center (JAIC),  Nkwekọrịta Nkwekọ Mmepe na Nnyocha (CRADA) na National Security Agency (NSA),  na National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA),  na nkwekọrịta na Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab.&lt;ref name=&quot;bh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harvey|first=Benjamin|date=2022-06-27|title=AI Squared raises $6M to help companies integrate AI into existing applications — Question &amp;...|url=https://medium.com/@benjamin.harvey/ai-squared-raises-6m-to-help-companies-integrate-ai-into-existing-applications-question-2a58e0cf3a0c|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=Medium|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=AI Squared Raises $13.8M Series A To Improve Business Workflows With AI Insights|url=https://peopleofcolorintech.com/articles/ai-squared-raises-13-8m-series-a-to-improve-business-workflows-with-ai-insights/|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=POCIT. Telling the stories and thoughts of the underrepresented in tech.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=AI Squared Raises $13.8M Series A To Improve Business Workflows With AI Insights|url=https://peopleofcolorintech.com/articles/ai-squared-raises-13-8m-series-a-to-improve-business-workflows-with-ai-insights/|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=POCIT. Telling the stories and thoughts of the underrepresented in tech.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bh&quot; /&gt;

== Onyinye ==
Kimura natara onyinye 2002 SBA Young Entrepreneur of the Year. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=No small success Page|url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2002/03/12/business/index2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-asọpụrụ ya dị ka 2007 Green Entrepreneur,  ma nata onyinye Blue Planet Foundation na 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Darren T. Kimura wins Green Entrepreneur of the Year Award|url=http://altenergymag.com/news_detail.php?pr_id=3246|accessdate=2013-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Darren T. Kimura receives Blue Planet Foundation Award|url=http://social.csptoday.com/technology/sopogy-ceo-receives-blue-planet-foundation-award}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nwetakwara onyinye Hawaii Venture Capital Association Deal of the Year na 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Entrepreneur, Deal of the Year awards announced|url=http://www.hawaiistar.com/2013/01/entrepreneur-deal-of-the-year-awards-announced/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ ya aha na 2010 Hawaii Business Magazine's &quot;10 for Today&quot;, ya na onye na-egwu baseball Shane Victorino, na onye guzobere eBay, Pierre Omidyar,  ma kpọọ ya aha na Pacific Business News's &quot;10 to Watch in 2013&quot;,  ya na onye mmepe egwuregwu vidio na onye na'ere egwuregwu Tetris Henk Rogers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Hawaii Business Magazine: 10 For Today|url=http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/March-2010/10-For-Today/|accessdate=2013-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=10 to Watch: Hawaii business leaders face risks and rewards in 2013|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2013/01/04/10-to-watch-hawaii-business-leaders.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị na-abụghị uru ==
Kimura na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ obodo na ọrụ ebere na-elekwasị anya na Hawaii. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche na onye nduzi na Blue Planet Foundation, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blue Planet Foundation Board of Directors|url=http://blueplanetfoundation.org/board-of-directors.html|date=2016-12-10|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004310/http://blueplanetfoundation.org/board-of-directors.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; na osote onye nduzi ma onye nduzi dị na SEE-IT (Science Engineering Exposition of Innovative Technologies), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SEE-IT Foundation Board of Directors|url=http://see-it-hawaii.com/contact-us/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005005657/http://see-it-hawaii.com/contact-us/|archivedate=2013-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nọkwa na bọọdụ ndị nduzi na PBS Hawaii, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PBS Hawaii Board of Directors|url=http://www.pbshawaii.org/about/about_boardofdirectors.php|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005021921/http://www.pbshawaii.org/about/about_boardofdirectors.php|archivedate=2013-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye ọchụnta ego bi na Punahou School, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Punahou Entrepreneur in Residence|url=http://www.punahou.edu/luke-center-for-public-service/entrepreneurs-in-residence/index.aspx|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000557/http://www.punahou.edu/luke-center-for-public-service/entrepreneurs-in-residence/index.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ nọ na bọọdụ nduzi na Enterprise Honolulu, Oahu Economic Development Board, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Enterprise Honolulu|url=http://www.enterprisehonolulu.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=5&amp;Itemid=5}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma nọrọ na Dean's Council of University of Hawaii na Manoa's College of Engineering.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=College of Engineering Dean's Council|url=http://www.eng.hawaii.edu/about/deans-council/|accessdate=2013-11-02|archivedate=2017-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417140346/http://www.eng.hawaii.edu/about/deans-council/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimura na-akwado Hawaii Island Science Fair &quot;Kimura Award for Innovations in Clean Energy &quot; nke e nyere Felix Peng (2016) nke Waiakea High School,  Ben Kubo (2017) nke Parker School, Cesar Rivera (2017) nke St Joseph School of Hilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/hidsef/status/705275037398409216|title=Twitter Hawaii Science Fair|author=|first=|date=2016-03-02|work=|publisher=|accessdate=2019-10-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hilo.hawaii.edu/affiliates/sigmaxi/documents/AwardsListing2016RESULTS.pdf|title=Hawaii Island Science Fair 2016|author=|first=|date=|work=|publisher=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa na 2017, Kimura gbasaa ihe nrite Hawaii Island Science Fair iji tinye &quot;Kimura Award for Innovations in Computer Science&quot;  nke e nyere Ara Uhr nke Hilo High School.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://darrentkimura.com/1333-2/|title=Kimura Award Winners for IT and Clean Energy 2017 {{!}} Darren T. Kimura|work=darrentkimura.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-08-01|date=2017-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimura na-ejekwa ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Japan Innovation Campus  nke dị na Silicon Valley, Palo Alto CA nke Ministri akụ na ụba, azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Japan na-akwado dị ka atụmatụ nke atụmatụ mmalite afọ ise nke gọọmentị Japan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Information: Japan's new appetite for risk lures venture capital|url=https://www.theinformation.com/articles/japans-new-appetite-for-risk-lures-venture-investors-to-tokyo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=JETRO Startup Development Five-year Plan|date=2025|url=https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/investment_environment/ijre/report2023/ch3/sec10.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị metụtara ike na-agbanwe agbanwe
* Ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ anyanwụ
* [[SolarPACES|Ụzọ ndị na-esi eme ihe]]
* Onye na-anakọta okpomọkụ anyanwụ
* Intersolar

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Gretchen kwa ụbọchị</title>
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      <text bytes="31746" sha1="anxrfg2kv06yyv1sejl3y44nq8tw2oe" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Gretchen Daily 1c389 8475.jpg|thumb|Gretchen Daily na 2011]]
  

Gretchen C. Daily (amụrụ n'October 19, 1964) &lt;ref name=&quot;dob&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prof. Gretchen C. Daily|url=https://www.blueplanetprize.org/en/projects/2017prof_daily/prof_daily_intro.html|work=Blue Planet Prize Story|publisher=The Asashi Glass Foundation|accessdate=23 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi nke America na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi. O nyere aka ịghọta ịdabere na mmetụta ụmụ mmadụ na okike, yana ịkwalite usoro nhazi maka ịtụle okike na iwu, ego, njikwa, na omume gburugburu ụwa. Daily bụ onye nchoputa na onye nduzi ngalaba nke Natural Capital Project, mmekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ nke na-achọ ịhazi ụkpụrụ nke okike n'ime mkpebi nke ndị mmadụ, gọọmentị, ndị na-etinye ego, ụlọ ọrụ, NGO, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Ya na ihe karịrị ndị mmekọ 300 n'ụwa niile, ọrụ ahụ bụ ndị na-ebute ụzọ na sayensị, teknụzụ, na ngosipụta nke na-agụnye, mmepe na-adịgide adịgide.

Dabere na Mahadum Stanford, Daily bụ Bing Prọfesọ nke [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]] na Ngalaba Biology na Mahadim Stanford, onye nduzi nke Center for Conservation Biology na Stanford, na onye isi na Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. Daily bụ onye a họpụtara ahọpụta nke U.S. National Academy of Sciences, &lt;ref name=&quot;nas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gretchen Daily|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20004880.html|publisher=National Academy|accessdate=6 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; American Academy of Arts and Sciences &lt;ref name=&quot;alphalist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=alphalist.pdf|url=https://www.amacad.org/multimedia/pdfs/alphalist.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Science|accessdate=6 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; na American Philosophical Society.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|publisher=American Philosophical Society|url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=gretchen+daily&amp;title=&amp;subject=&amp;subdiv=&amp;mem=&amp;year=&amp;year-max=&amp;dead=&amp;keyword=&amp;smode=advanced|accessdate=6 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224522/http://www.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=gretchen+daily&amp;title=&amp;subject=&amp;subdiv=&amp;mem=&amp;year=&amp;year-max=&amp;dead=&amp;keyword=&amp;smode=advanced|archivedate=4 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daily bụbu onye otu ụlọ ọrụ Beijer Institute for Ecological Economics na Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences na nke The Nature Conservancy . &lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Daily|first=Gretchen|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|publisher=Stanford University|accessdate=6 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612144302/http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|archivedate=12 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ na Washington, D.C., Daily zụlitere na California na West Germany, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na 1982. Ọ laghachiri California wee nweta B.S. (1986), M.S (1987), na Ph.D. (1992) na biology sayensị si na Mahadum Stanford . &lt;ref name=&quot;biog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gretchen Daily - Stanford Woods Institute|url=http://woods.stanford.edu/about/woods-faculty/gretchen-daily|accessdate=6 October 2013|archivedate=26 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226080352/https://woods.stanford.edu/people/gretchen-c-daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 1992, e nyere Daily Winslow/Heinz Postdoctoral Fellow na UC Berkeley's Energy and Resources Group. &lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Daily|first=Gretchen|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|publisher=Stanford University|accessdate=6 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612144302/http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|archivedate=12 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1995, Daily ghọrọ onye sayensị nyocha Bing Interdisciplinary na Ngalaba Sayensị Biological na Mahadum Stanford . &lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot; /&gt; N'oge ya dị ka ọkà mmụta sayensị nyocha, Daily jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems, akwụkwọ ntọala nke na-ewepụta usoro eji eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe taa maka ịghọta uru nke okike nye ndị mmadụ, nwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ na ụzọ isi tụlee uru ha bara. Heinz Foundation kwuru na Ọrụ Nature's Service “ejeela ozi dị ka ihe atụ maka iwu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ụwa ma bụrụ ihe na-akpalite UN.Millennium Ecosystem Assessment&quot;.

Mgbe afọ 7 dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị nyocha, a họpụtara Daily ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ na-akpakọrịta na ngalaba nke sayensị sayensị yana dịka onye isi ibe na Institute of International Studies (ma na Mahadum Stanford) na 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Daily|first=Gretchen|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|publisher=Stanford University|accessdate=6 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612144302/http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|archivedate=12 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2002, Daily bipụtara akwụkwọ The New Economy of Nature: The Quest to Make Conservation Profitable na onye nta akụkọ Pulitzer-Prize Katherine Ellison.&lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot; /&gt; Kemgbe ahụ, o bipụtara akwụkwọ iri na abụọ ọzọ, gụnyere The Power of Trees (2012) na One Tree (2018) na Charles J. Katz, Green Growth that Works: Natural Capital Policy and Finance Mechanisms from Around the World (2019) na Lisa Mandle, Zhiyun Ouyang, na James Salzman, na Rural Livelihood and Environmental Sustainability in China (2020) na Jie Li, Shuzhuo Li, na Marcus Feldman.

N'afọ 2005, a họpụtara Daily dị ka Prọfesọ Bing nke Sayensị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Ngalaba Biology na Mahadum Stanford, onye isi na Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment ma mee ya onye nduzi nke Center for Conservation Biology na Маhadum Stanford.&lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Daily|first=Gretchen|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|publisher=Stanford University|accessdate=6 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612144302/http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|archivedate=12 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule 2020, Daily na-eje ozi n'ọkwa atọ ndị a.&lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;biog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gretchen Daily - Stanford Woods Institute|url=http://woods.stanford.edu/about/woods-faculty/gretchen-daily|accessdate=6 October 2013|archivedate=26 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226080352/https://woods.stanford.edu/people/gretchen-c-daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2005, Daily (onye ndu ọrụ sitere na Stanford), ya na ndị mmekọ na The Nature Conservancy, na [[Ebe Akụrụngwa Ụwa Nile Maka Okike|World Wildlife Fund]], guzobere Natural Capital Project. Ebumnuche nke nzukọ ahụ bụ &quot;imeziwanye ọdịmma nke ndị mmadụ na mbara ala anyị site n'ịkpali itinye ego na okike&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Daily|first=Gretchen|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|publisher=Stanford University|accessdate=6 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612144302/http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|archivedate=12 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, mmekọrịta ahụ gbasaa ịgụnye Mahadum Minnesota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, na Stockholm Resilience Center, yana ihe karịrị narị atọ na-arụkọ ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncp1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Natural Capital Project - About|url=http://www.naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104012558/https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/|archivedate=4 November 2020|accessdate=3 November 2020|work=|publisher=Natural Capital Project}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngwá ọrụ ya, InVEST, bụ ihe na-emeghe, ya na ndị ọrụ mepụtara, ma jiri ya ugbu a na mba 185 kpughee ụkpụrụ nke okike na mkpebi ụfọdụ, yana ihe ize ndụ na ọnụahịa nke mfu ya. Dị ka onye nchoputa na onye nduzi ngalaba Stanford  nke Natural Capital Project, Daily &quot;na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nnọchi anya [nke nzukọ ahụ] nye ndị isi ego na gọọmentị. &quot;  N'afọ 2006, Daily ghọrọ onye otu ndị nduzi nke The Nature Conservancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gretchen Daily|url=https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/people/gretchen-daily|work=Natural Capital Project|date=17 January 2019|publisher=Stanford University|accessdate=23 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ncp2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Natural Capital Project - People|url=http://www.naturalcapitalproject.org/people.html#directors|accessdate=6 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006024346/http://www.naturalcapitalproject.org/people.html#directors|archivedate=6 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daily jere ozi dị ka prọfesọ nleta Humanitas mbụ na Sustainability Studies na Mahadum Cambridge na 2013.

== Nnyocha ==
Profaịlụ agụmakwụkwọ kwa ụbọchị na Center for Conservation Biology na-ekwu na &quot;Nnyocha sayensị kwa ụbọchị bụ na biogeography ime obodo na ọdịnihu nke mgbanwe dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;woodsprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gretchen Daily|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/CCB/cgi-bin/ccb/content/gretchen-daily|publisher=Woods Institute|accessdate=2013-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029233723/http://www.stanford.edu/group/CCB/cgi-bin/ccb/content/gretchen-daily/|archivedate=2013-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ, Daily kwuru na &quot;'Countryside biogeography' bụ usoro echiche ọhụrụ maka ịkọwapụta akara aka nke ndị mmadụ, ụdị, na gburugburu ebe obibi na 'mpaghara' - ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eto eto nke elu ala a na-ewubeghị nke ụwa bụ nke ụmụ mmadụ na-enwe mmetụta siri ike na gburugburu ebe obibi.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;interviewconservationbytes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bradshaw|first=CJA|title=Conservation Scholars: Gretchen Daily|url=http://conservationbytes.com/2008/09/27/conservation-scholars-gretchen-daily/|publisher=Conservation Bytes|accessdate=2013-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029214720/http://conservationbytes.com/2008/09/27/conservation-scholars-gretchen-daily/|archivedate=2013-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji lanarị ndụ nke ihe ndị mmadụ n'ọdịnihu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ef&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=GC|title=Ecological Forecasts|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/35077178|journal=Nature|year=2001|volume=411|issue=6835|doi=10.1038/35077178|pmid=11357107|accessdate=25 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=GC|title=Countryside biogeography: Utilization of human-dominated habitats by the avifauna of southern Costa Rica.|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/1051-0761%282001%29011%5B0001%3ACBUOHD%5D2.0.CO%3B2|accessdate=25 March 2022|pages=1–13|date=2003|volume=11|doi=10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0001:CBUOHD]2.0.CO;2|issn=1051-0761}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cbtb&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Horner-Devine|first=MC|title=Countryside biogeography of tropical butterflies|url=https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01310.x|journal=Conservation Biology|accessdate=25 March 2022|date=2003|volume=17|pages=168–177|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01310.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;coal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=GC|title=Countryside biogeography of Neotropical mammals: Conservation opportunities in agricultural landscapes of Costa Rica.|journal=Conservation Biology|pages=1814–1826|date=2003|volume=17|issue=6|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2003.00298.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mayfield|first=M|title=Countryside biogeography of Neotropical herbaceous and shrubby plants.|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/03-5369|journal=Ecological Applications|accessdate=25 March 2022|pages=423–439|date=2005|volume=15|issue=2|doi=10.1890/03-5369}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'iji nchoputa sitere na nyocha emere na biogeography nke ime obodo, Daily, na ndị nyocha dị ka ya, na-anwa ịchọpụta ihe &quot;ụdị kachasị mkpa na nchebe kachasị mma&quot; na &quot;gịnị bụ ntọala sayensị maka ikpebi&quot; ịdị mkpa nke ụdị dị n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Daily|first=Gretchen|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|publisher=Stanford University|accessdate=6 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612144302/http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|archivedate=12 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe a jụrụ &quot;Olee ụdị/usoro kachasị mma nchebe?&quot; Daily zara ya na ọ &quot;na-agbasi mbọ ike ijikọ mgbanwe a tụrụ anya na ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe 'ọrụ' nye mmadụ.&quot; Ọ gara n'ihu kpọpụta &quot;mmepụta ngwongwo,&quot; &quot;usoro nkwado ndụ,&quot; &quot;ọnọdụ na-emezu ndụ&quot; na &quot;nhọrọ (dị iche iche mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka ojiji n'ọdịnihu)&quot; dị ka ọrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi / ụdị na-enye ndị mmadụ. Iji mara ụkpụrụ nke okike na ihe ize ndụ na ụgwọ nke ọnwụ ya, ọ na-eme ka sayensị interdisciplinary nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, uru nke okike na ndị mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;tvn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=GC|title=The Value of Nature and the Nature of Value|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.289.5478.395|journal=Science|year=2000|volume=289|issue=5478|pages=395–396|doi=10.1126/science.289.5478.395|pmid=10939949|accessdate=25 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nsip&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Daily|title=Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems|date=1997|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington, DC|url=https://islandpress.org/books/natures-services|accessdate=25 March 2022|ref=35}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ nke Natural Capital Project, Daily na-eji nyocha ya eme ihe site n'ịrụ ọrụ &quot;ya na ndị nwe ala nkeonwe, ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, ndị ọka iwu, ndị ọchụnta ego, na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị iji tinye nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime omume azụmahịa na iwu ọha.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;biog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gretchen Daily - Stanford Woods Institute|url=http://woods.stanford.edu/about/woods-faculty/gretchen-daily|accessdate=6 October 2013|archivedate=26 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226080352/https://woods.stanford.edu/people/gretchen-c-daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onye dere ya ==

=== ''Igurube na Ogwu'' ===
N'akwụkwọ a, ya na Anne Howland Ehrlich na Paul R. Ehrlich, nke Yale University Press bipụtara na 1995, Ndị ode akwụkwọ na-eleba anya na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na inye nri ma na-enye atụmatụ maka ịhazi ọnụọgụ mmadụ na mkpa nri. Atụmatụ ha gụnyere imeziwanye ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị site n'inye ha agụmakwụkwọ nha anya, ibelata ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ajọ mbunobi okpukpe, imezi usoro ọrụ ugbo, na ibelata ọdịiche na-eto eto n'etiti ndị ọgaranya na ndị ogbenye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Stork and the Plow|url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/9780300071245/the-stork-and-the-plow|accessdate=2022-11-29|work=Yale University Press|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== ''Ọrụ Okike'' ===
Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems ka Island Press bipụtara na 1997. ''Ọrụ Okike'' na-amalite site na mmeghe sitere na Daily nke akpọrọ &quot;Gịnị bụ [[Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]]&quot; na ihe mmeghe ọzọ nke Harold Mooney na Paul Ehrlich nke na-achọ ịkọwapụta &quot;akụkọ ihe mere eme&quot; nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbe mmeghe ahụ gasịrị, a na-ekewa akwụkwọ ahụ gaa na ngalaba anọ dị iche iche na-ekwu maka ihe dị iche iche nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi.

Akụkụ nke mbụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwu maka nsogbu akụ na ụba na-etinye aka na ịnye uru maka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na mbụ. Akụkụ abụọ na-esote na-akọwapụta ụdị ọrụ dị iche iche enwere ike ịnye site na okike, &quot;Ọrụ karịrị&quot; na &quot;Ọrụ Ndị Major Biomes na-enye.&quot; Ngalaba ọrụ oke gụnyere akwụkwọ dịka &quot;Bidiversity and Ecosystem Functioning&quot; nke David Tilman dere, &lt;ref name=&quot;tilmanarticle&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Daily|title=Nature's services : societal dependence on natural ecosystems|year=1997|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington, DC [u.a.]|isbn=978-1559634762|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesservicess0000unse/page/93 93–112]|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesservicess0000unse/page/93|edition=[Nachdr.]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ Ecosystem Wepụtara site na ala&quot; nke Daily, Pamela Matson na Peter Vitousek &lt;ref name=&quot;soilpaper&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Daily|title=Nature's services : societal dependence on natural ecosystems|year=1997|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington, DC [u.a.]|isbn=978-1559634762|pages=113–132|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYJSziDfTjEC&amp;q=Ecosystem+Services+Supplied+by+Soil&amp;pg=PA113|edition=[Nachdr.]}}&lt;/ref&gt; na &quot;Servizes Provided by Major System&quot; nke Gary Nabhan na Stephen Buchmann's World's gụnyere &quot;The Major Biomes and For Men Men&quot; nke Main Worlds&quot; nke Charles Charles&lt;ref name=&quot;nabhanarticle&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Daily|title=Nature's services : societal dependence on natural ecosystems|year=1997|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington, DC [u.a.]|isbn=978-1559634762|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesservicess0000unse/page/133 133–150]|edition=[Nachdr.]|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesservicess0000unse/page/133}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;petersonandlubchenco&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Daily|title=Nature's services : societal dependence on natural ecosystems|year=1997|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington, DC [u.a.]|isbn=978-1559634762|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesservicess0000unse/page/177 177–194]|edition=[Nachdr.]|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesservicess0000unse/page/177}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;normanmyers&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Daily|title=Nature's services : societal dependence on natural ecosystems|year=1997|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington, DC [u.a.]|isbn=978-1559634762|pages=215–236|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYJSziDfTjEC&amp;q=The+World%27s+Forests+and+their+Ecosystem+Services&amp;pg=PA215|edition=[Nachdr.]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akụkụ ikpeazụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere ọmụmụ ihe nke gosipụtara ọrụ dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche na-enye ndị mmadụ gburugburu ụwa. Ọmụmatụ gụnyere: &quot;Mmelite ogo mmiri site na ala mmiri&quot; nke Katherine Ewel &lt;ref name=&quot;katherineewelpaper&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Daily|title=Nature's services : societal dependence on natural ecosystems|year=1997|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington, DC [u.a.]|isbn=978-1559634762|pages=329–344|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYJSziDfTjEC&amp;q=water+quality+improvements+by+wetlands&amp;pg=PA329|edition=[Nachdr.]}}&lt;/ref&gt; na &quot;Ecosystem Services in a Modern Economy: Gunnison County, Colorado&quot; nke Andrew Wilcox na John Harte. &lt;ref name=&quot;gunnisoncountypaper&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Daily|title=Nature's services : societal dependence on natural ecosystems|year=1997|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington, DC [u.a.]|isbn=978-1559634762|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesservicess0000unse/page/311 311–328]|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesservicess0000unse/page/311|edition=[Nachdr.]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na njedebe nke akwụkwọ ahụ, Daily kwuru na &quot;ntụle isi nke ewepụtara n'akwụkwọ a na-anwa iji uru gburugburu ebe obibi na ụdị akụkụ ha dị naanị ka ha na-enye uru, n'ụdị ngwaahịa na ọrụ na-akwado ndụ, nye ụmụ mmadụ&quot; mana na &quot;elekwasị anya adịghị n'ụzọ ọ bụla egbochi ime mkpebi na ndabere nke ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;naturesservicesconclusion&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Daily|title=Nature's services : societal dependence on natural ecosystems|year=1997|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington, DC [u.a.]|isbn=978-1559634762|edition=[Nachdr.]|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesservicess0000unse/page/365}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na nyocha ya nke akwụkwọ ahụ, James Salzman kwubiri na ''Ọrụ Okike'', n'adịghị ka mgbalị dị ka Iwu Ụdị Dị n'Ọnwụ, &quot;na-ewere ụzọ dị iche iche, nke nwere ike ịdị irè karị, na-akpọ maka nkwenye doro anya nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi kpọmkwem uru dị na ya na-enye. Nkwenye dị otú ahụ nwere ike inye ihe ndabere dị mgbagwoju anya na nke siri ike maka ime ihe karịa ndị a tụrụ aro site n'otu ụdị ma ọ bụ ihe nchebe dị iche iche dị iche iche maka ihe dị mfe na mmetụta nke ọrụ ndị ahụ na ụmụ mmadụ dị ngwa ngwa na nke a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;valuingecosystemservices&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Salzman|first=James|title=Valuing Ecosystem Services|url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2238&amp;context=faculty_scholarship|accessdate=November 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba Ọhụrụ nke Okike'' ===
The New Economy of Nature: The Quest to Make Conservation Profitable bụ nke Daily na Katherine Ellison dere ma Island Press bipụtara ya na 2002. Akwụkwọ a na-egosi ọmụmụ ihe dị iche iche ebe ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ gọọmentị nwere ike irite uru na mbọ nchekwa ha. Otu isiakwụkwọ na-akọwa otú New York si &quot;kpebiri imezu ihe ndị gọọmenti etiti chọrọ iji melite ogo mmiri na ọnụ ala dị ọnụ ala, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka na-arụrịta ụka, nhọrọ nke ichebe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke mmiri site na ịzụrụ ala na oke mmepe, kama ịnakwere ngwọta nkà na ụzụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ọtụtụ ijeri dollar.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;karrow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The New Economy of Nature: The Quest to Make Conservation Profitable - Katherine Ellison|url=http://www.katherineellison.com/_p_style__font__14pt_18pt_garamond__georgia__serif_color__1175a4___the_new_econo_40610.htm|accessdate=6 October 2013|archivedate=29 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229043646/http://www.katherineellison.com/_p_style__font__14pt_18pt_garamond__georgia__serif_color__1175a4___the_new_econo_40610.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na isiakwụkwọ ọzọ na-enye &quot;ntụle atụmatụ iji jikwaa na ibelata ikuku ikuku griin haus site n'ịmepụta usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ịzụ ahịa carbon nke na-egosipụta na ahụmahụ US na mmetọ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;karrow&quot; /&gt;

Kenneth Arrow kwuru na Daily na Ellison &quot;depụtara usoro ọhụrụ iji mee ka nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe okike na-akwụ ụgwọ ma gosipụta n'ụzọ dị egwu na nke nyocha ọtụtụ ihe omume bara uru nke na-echekwa biosphere. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;karrow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The New Economy of Nature: The Quest to Make Conservation Profitable - Katherine Ellison|url=http://www.katherineellison.com/_p_style__font__14pt_18pt_garamond__georgia__serif_color__1175a4___the_new_econo_40610.htm|accessdate=6 October 2013|archivedate=29 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229043646/http://www.katherineellison.com/_p_style__font__14pt_18pt_garamond__georgia__serif_color__1175a4___the_new_econo_40610.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na nyocha ya nke akwụkwọ ahụ, Patrick Wilson kwuru na &quot;Ihe kachasị dị ịrịba ama nke The New Economy of Nature bụ ozi ya dị mma, nwere nchekwube na nke a kpachara anya. &quot; Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu na akwụkwọ ahụ &quot;na-ezere ụgha na ahịa bụ ihe ngwọta maka ihe ịma aka anyị na-echebe gburugburu ebe obibi na, ọ bụrụ na a hapụrụ ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'enweghị nsogbu na azụmahịa ahụ ghara ịdị egwu&quot; nakwa na &quot;ọ na ihe ịma aka nke usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ejide ahịa, n'ihi nkwenye ego ya bụ naanị ihe ize ndụ na nchedo na nchedo dị mkpirikpi na itinye aka na nchedo ego&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;nrj&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wilson|first=Patrick|title=The New Economy of Nature: The Quest to Make Conservation Profitable. By Gretchen C. Daily &amp; Katherine Ellison. Washington: Island Press, 2002. Pp. 260. $22.50 hardcover|journal=Natural Resources Journal|volume=44|url=http://lawlibrary.unm.edu/nrj/44/1/12_wilson_economy.pdf|accessdate=6 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Uto ahịhịa ndụ nke Na-arụ Ọrụ'' ===
Green Growth That Works: Natural Capital Policy and Finance Mechanisms from Around the World ka Island Press bipụtara na 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;ggtw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Green Growth That Works|url=https://islandpress.org/books/green-growth-works|work=Island Press|date=25 March 2019|accessdate=23 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==
Daily enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye na nsọpụrụ dị elu n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere 21st Century Scientist Award (2000), The Sophie Prize (2008), The International Cosmos Prize (2009), The 16th Annual Heinz Award na-elekwasị anya na [[Mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ|mgbanwe ụwa]], Midori Prize (2010), Volvo Environment Prize (2012), Blue Planet Prize (2017), na Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement (2020).&lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Daily|first=Gretchen|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|publisher=Stanford University|accessdate=6 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612144302/http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|archivedate=12 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2012prize&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Valuation of natural capital awarded 2012 Volvo Environment Prize|url=http://www.volvogroup.com/group/global/en-gb/investors/_layouts/CWP.Internet.VolvoCom/NewsItem.aspx?News.ItemId=129904&amp;News.Language=en-gb|publisher=Volvo Group|accessdate=2013-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Heinz Awards: Gretchen Daily|url=http://www.heinzawards.net/recipients/gretchen-daily|work=The Heinz Awards|accessdate=August 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Environmental work earns Gretchen Daily the Blue Planet Prize|url=https://news.stanford.edu/2017/10/19/gretchen-daily-collects-blue-planet-prize/|work=Stanford News|publisher=Stanford University|accessdate=December 14, 2017|date=2017-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Green policy leaders awarded 'Nobel Prize for Environment'|url=https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/green-policy-leaders-awarded-nobel-prize-for-environment/|work=ZME Science|accessdate=January 28, 2020|date=2020-01-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ natara 2018 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award na ngalaba nke Ecology na Conservation Biology, ya na Georgina Mace jikọrọ aka maka ịmepụta ngwaọrụ dị mkpa na-eme ka iwu sayensị dị mfe &quot;iji lụso ọnwụ ụdị ọgụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbva.com/en/two-pioneers-fighting-against-species-extinction-receive-the-frontiers-of-knowledge-award/|title=Two pioneers fighting against species extinction receive the Frontiers of Knowledge Award|date=February 6, 2019|work=BBVA|accessdate=February 6, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==
Daily edeela, soro dee na / ma ọ bụ dezie akwụkwọ ise. Daily ebipụtala ihe dị ka 400 isiokwu ''Sayensị'' na ndị a ma ama. &lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Daily|first=Gretchen|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|publisher=Stanford University|accessdate=6 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612144302/http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=6214&amp;name=Gretchen_Daily|archivedate=12 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;biog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gretchen Daily - Stanford Woods Institute|url=http://woods.stanford.edu/about/woods-faculty/gretchen-daily|accessdate=6 October 2013|archivedate=26 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226080352/https://woods.stanford.edu/people/gretchen-c-daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gretchen Daily|url=https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/people/gretchen-daily|work=Natural Capital Project|date=17 January 2019|publisher=Stanford University|accessdate=23 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; O bipụtara edemede n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama, gụnyere Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Nature and Science . &lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot; /&gt;

Ụfọdụ n'ime akwụkwọ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha / ndị nwere mmetụta:

* {{Cite journal|author=Snyder|first=J. A.|title=Global Consequences of Land Use|journal=Science|date=22 July 2005|volume=309|issue=5734|pages=570–574|doi=10.1126/science.1111772|pmid=16040698|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1111772}}&lt;ref name=&quot;globalconsequencesoflanduse&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Foley|first=J. A.|title=Global Consequences of Land Use|journal=Science|date=22 July 2005|volume=309|issue=5734|pages=570–574|doi=10.1126/science.1111772|pmid=16040698|url=http://rcin.org.pl/Content/31092}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=G. C.|title=ECOLOGY: The Value of Nature and the Nature of Value|journal=Science|date=21 July 2000|volume=289|issue=5478|pages=395–396|doi=10.1126/science.289.5478.395|pmid=10939949}}&lt;ref name=&quot;valueofnatureandthenatureofvalue&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=G. C.|title=ECOLOGY: The Value of Nature and the Nature of Value|journal=Science|date=21 July 2000|volume=289|issue=5478|pages=395–396|doi=10.1126/science.289.5478.395|pmid=10939949}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Cite journal|author=Ricketts|first=T. H.|title=Economic value of tropical forest to coffee production|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=16 August 2004|volume=101|issue=34|pages=12579–12582|doi=10.1073/pnas.0405147101|pmid=15306689}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ecovalueofpollinators&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ricketts|first=T. H.|title=Economic value of tropical forest to coffee production|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=16 August 2004|volume=101|issue=34|pages=12579–12582|doi=10.1073/pnas.0405147101|pmid=15306689}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=Gretchen C|title=Ecosystem services in decision making: time to deliver|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|date=1 February 2009|volume=7|issue=1|pages=21–28|doi=10.1890/080025|url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3030&amp;context=faculty_scholarship}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ecosystemservices&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=Gretchen C|title=Ecosystem services in decision making: time to deliver|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|date=1 February 2009|volume=7|issue=1|pages=21–28|doi=10.1890/080025|url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3030&amp;context=faculty_scholarship}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=Gretchen|title=Population, Sustainability, and Earth's Carrying Capacity|journal=BioScience|date=November 1992|volume=42|pages=761–771|doi=10.2307/1311995|issue=10}}&lt;ref name=&quot;earth'scarryingcapacity&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=Gretchen|title=Population, Sustainability, and Earth's Carrying Capacity|journal=BioScience|date=November 1992|volume=42|issue=10|pages=761–771|doi=10.2307/1311995}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi

== Edensibịa ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Bonaventure Enemali</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = [[The Honourable|Hon]]
| name                = Bonaventure Enemali
| office              = Anambra State Commissioner for Lands, Physical Planning and Rural Development
| governor            = [[Willie Obiano]]
| term_start          = 3 June 2019
| term_end            = 17 March 2022
| successor           = Offornze Amucheazi
| predecessor         = Nnamdi Onukwuba
| office1             = Anambra State Commissioner for Youth Empowerment and Creative Economy
| governor1           = [[Willie Obiano]]
| termstart1          = 26 March 2018
| termend1            = 3 June 2019
| successor1          = Afam Mbanefo
| predecessor1        = Uju Nwogu
| birth_name          = 
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1984|06|21|df=y}}
| birth_place         = 
| party               = [[All Progressives Grand Alliance]] 2017 - 2025││[[All Progressives Congress|APC]] 2025
| occupation          = {{hlist|Politician|entrepreneur}}
| alma_mater          = [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University]]
| image               = Bonaventure Enemali.jpg
}}
Bonaventure Enemali // ⓘ (amụrụ 21 June 1984), bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria bụrụkwa onye kọmishọna steeti Anambra na-ahụ maka ala, atụmatụ anụ ahụ na mmepe ime obodo site na 3 June 2019 ruo 17 Maachị 2022, nọchiri Nnamdi Onukwuba. Ọ bụ onye malitere Expression 1 Awka. Site na 2018 ruo 2019, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Kọmishọna Maka Ịkwanye Ndị Ntorobịa na Economy Kere Ihe. Ugbu a ọ bụ onye na-enye aka na-ahụ maka ndị agha na-ahụ maka South East Command nke ndị ọrụ nchekwa ọhịa nke Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=|date=2025-04-06|title=Bonaventure Enemali appointed assistant commander general of NFSS, South East - Peoples Daily Newspaper|url=https://www.peoplesdailyng.com/bonaventure-enemali-appointed-assistant-commander-general-of-nfss-south-east/|accessdate=2025-04-10|language=en-US|work=[[Peoples Daily (Nigeria)|Peoples Daily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/igbo/afirika-43557827|title=Gọvanọ Obiano emeela onye Igala kọmishọna n'Anambara|date=27 March 2018|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Enemali bidoro akwụkwọ praịmarị ya n'afọ 1990 na Ogbe Primary School Nzam. N'afọ 1996, ọ gara St. Charles College, Onitsha, mechaa n'afọ 2002. N'afọ 2003, ọ gakwara na mahadum Anambra State (ugbu a, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University), bụ ebe ọ gụchara akara mmụta na nchịkwa azụmahịa. N'afọ 2014, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta dị elu na nchịkwa azụmahịa site na Metropolitan School Of Business Management, tupu ọ gaa na Redeemer's University Nigeria ebe ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta master's na management psychology. N'afọ 2019, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta nsọpụrụ nke LL.D. sitere na Mahadum Commonwealth, London na asambodo klaasị na njikwa azụmaahịa na onye ndu sitere na ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na London na Ọktoba 2019.[1][2] Ọ malitere mmemme Dọkịta nke Philosophy (Ph.D.) na Business Administration na specialty in Human Resources Management na Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University (COOU) na 2022. O mere iwu nke National Youth Service Corps na Sapele, Delta State, ebe ọ natara NYSC Merit Award na 2008, maka ọrụ ya na HIV/AIDS.

== Ọrụ ==
Enemali malitere ọrụ ya na People Against HIV / AIDS in Barracks (PAHAB) dị ka onye isi mmemme site na 2008 ruo 2009, ma mesịa sonye na Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd na 2009 dị ka onye nlekọta Admin / HR wee rịgoro n'ọkwa Admin / onye njikwa HR tupu ya ejiri aka ya gbaa arụkwaghịm na 2015. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Greenland Farms, Essential Cargo Handling and Logistics, African Child Social Empowerment Center, Anambra Entrepreneurship Incubation Program (ANIP), Expression Awka na onye guzobere bosshalls.com.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Nwafor|date=2020-11-30|title=Anambra Commissioner 'Enemali' set to host annual worship service tagged &quot;Expression1&quot;|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/anambra-commissioner-enemali-set-to-host-annual-worship-service-tagged-expression1/|accessdate=2025-04-10|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu Anambra State Investment, Promotion and Protection Agency (ANSIPPA), Anambra State Physical Planning Board, Anambra State Boundary Committee (SBC) na onyeisi oche nke National Youth Service Corps na Anambra State. Ọ bụ Fellow nke Charted Institute of Human Resources Management (CIHRM), Fellow Institute of Management Consultant, a Certified management consultant, na a Member of the Chartered Association of Business Administrators, Canada.&lt;ref name=&quot;VAN2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/anambra-lands-commissioner-bonaventure-enemali-with-many-success-stories|title='Anambra Land's commissioner, Bonaventure Enemali with many success stories|author=Nwafor|first=Polycarp|date=17 October 2020|accessdate=19 October 2020|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://anambrastate.gov.ng/news?r=anambra-swears-in-2018-batch-%27c%27-corps-members,-urges-them-on-selfless-service-year&amp;hs=7dd05c0d412a1500122448189f66b758|title=ANAMBRA SWEARS-IN 2018 BATCH 'C' CORPS MEMBERS, URGES THEM ON SELFLESS SERVICE YEAR|author=Okpala|first=Chisom|work=Anambra State Government|date=26 October 2018|accessdate=19 October 2020|archivedate=21 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021112749/https://anambrastate.gov.ng/news?r=anambra-swears-in-2018-batch-%27c%27-corps-members%2C-urges-them-on-selfless-service-year&amp;hs=7dd05c0d412a1500122448189f66b758}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2018, Gọvanọ nke Anambra Steeti, [[Willie Obiano]], họpụtara Enemali dị ka Kọmishọna maka Nkwado Ndị Ntorobịa na Akụnụba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021-08-15|title=Enemali, Anambra Commissioner for Lands escapes death|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/enemali-anambra-commissioner-for-lands-escapes-death/|accessdate=2022-03-05|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/03/26/obiano-swears-new-commissioners-charges-shun-corruption|title=Obiano swears in new Commissioners, charges them to shun corruption|author=Chukindi|first=Joe|date=26 March 2018|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LE&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.legit.ng/1160049-governor-obiano-appoints-igala-man-commissioner-anambra-photos.html|title=Governor Obiano appoints Igala man as commissioner in Anambra (photos)|author=Ibeh|first=Nnenna|date=27 March 2018|accessdate=28 September 2020|work=[[Legit.ng]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/04/13/anambra-to-establish-sports-commission-commissioner|title=Anambra to establish Sports Commission – Commissioner|date=13 April 2018|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Disemba 2018, na 3 June 2019, a họpụtara ya ọzọ dị ka Kọmishọna nke ala, Atụmatụ Mmepe na Mmepe Ime Obodo na-anọchi Nnamdi Onukwuba.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2018/12/31/anambra-youths-commissioner-enemali-provides-free-health-insurance-for-igala-communities|title=Anambra Youths Commissioner Enemali Provides Free Health Insurance For Igala Communities|author=Okoye|first=Chibuzor|work=ABS Radio TV|date=31 December 2018|accessdate=19 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/06/03/gov-obiano-reshuffles-cabinet|title=Gov Obiano reshuffles cabinet|date=3 June 2019|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/anambra-sets-up-geographic-information-system-to-tackle-illegal-land-taxes|title=Anambra sets up Geographic Information System to tackle illegal land taxes|author=Elekwa|first=Emma|date=30 August 2020|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2022, ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ya dị ka Kọmishọna maka ala, Atụmatụ Ahụike na Mmepe Ime Obodo ma were Offornze Amucheazi dochie ya mgbe oge Obiano dị ka gọvanọ nke Anambra Steeti gwụsịrị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2022/04/12/anambra-commissioner-for-lands-amucheazi-promises-improved-service-delivery|title=Anambra Commissioner For Lands, Amucheazi Promises Improved Service Delivery|author=Alokwe|first=Gab|work=Anambra State Government|date=12 April 2022|accessdate=6 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu ndụmọdụ nke UN-IPGC.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Enemali si n'ezinụlọ Odi-Ukwala, Enekpa, [[Nzam]], Anambra State, Nigeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;VAN2&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ onye Igala nke Anambra Steeti.&lt;ref name=&quot;LE&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.anambrastate.gov.ng/news?r=allah/onugwa,-odekpe-communal-clash:-government-meets-stakeholders,-sues-for-peace&amp;hs=5797e0a88f2963aac19a757abc55090a|title=Allah/Onugwa, Odekpe communal clash: Government meets stakeholders, sues for Peace|author=Igboanugo|first=Felix|work=Anambra State Government|date=24 April 2020|accessdate=19 October 2020|archivedate=27 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027045732/https://www.anambrastate.gov.ng/news?r=allah/onugwa,-odekpe-communal-clash:-government-meets-stakeholders,-sues-for-peace&amp;hs=5797e0a88f2963aac19a757abc55090a}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya bụ Emmanuel Enemali. Nne ya bụ Roseline Enemali. Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ezinụlọ nwere ụmụ iri na abụọ.   &lt;ref name=&quot;VAN&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/gis-is-my-innovative-mantra-for-anambra-land-issues-enemali|title='GIS' is my innovative mantra for Anambra land issues – Enemali|author=Nwafor|first=Polycarp|date=6 October 2020|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.anambrastate.gov.ng/news?r=late-mother-of-anambra-lands%E2%80%99-commissioner,-roseline-enemali-laid-to-rest-at-nzam&amp;hs=a0272ed236ef64cc309f59a835983d06|title=LATE MOTHER OF ANAMBRA LANDS' COMMISSIONER, ROSELINE ENEMALI LAID TO REST AT NZAM|author=Alokwe|first=Gab|work=Anambra State Government|date=7 January 2020|accessdate=12 October 2020|archivedate=22 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122092633/http://www.anambrastate.gov.ng/news?r=late-mother-of-anambra-lands%E2%80%99-commissioner,-roseline-enemali-laid-to-rest-at-nzam&amp;hs=a0272ed236ef64cc309f59a835983d06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.ng/umeh-condoles-with-anambra-lands-commissioner-over-mothers-death/|title=Umeh condoles with Anambra Land's Commissioner over mother's death|work=[[Daily Times (Nigeria)|Daily Times Newspaper]]|date=12 January 2020|accessdate=12 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}
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    <title>Bioenergy Europe</title>
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'''Ike sitere n’ihe ndị dị ndụ nke [[Obodo Békè|Europe]]''' (nke a maara n'oge gara aga dị ka AEBIOM) bụ òtù azụmahịa Europe na-emeghe maka òtù biomass mba na ụlọ ọrụ bioenergy na-arụ ọrụ na Europe. E hiwere ya na 1990 n'okpuru nduzi nke onye omeiwu France Michel Souplet na ebumnuche ịkwalite mmepụta ike site na biomass n'ụdị ya niile: ike sitere n' ihe ndi di ndu, oku sitere n' ihe ndi di ndu, ma ọ bụ mmanụ sitere n' ihe ndi di ndu maka njem.

Ike sitere n’ihe ndị dị ndụ nke Europe bụ nzukọ nche anwụ nke European Pellet Council (EPC), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://epc.bioenergyeurope.org/|title=European Pellet Council – The voice of the wood pellet sector in Europe|work=Epc.bioenergyeurope.org|accessdate=3 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; na International Biomass Torrefaction Council (IBTC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ibtc.bioenergyeurope.org/|title=IBTC – International Biomass Torrefaction Council|work=Ibtc.bioenergyeurope.org|accessdate=3 February 2019|archivedate=21 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321130816/https://ibtc.bioenergyeurope.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike sitere n’ihe ndị dị ndụ nke Europe nwere asambodo mba ụwa abụọ maka &lt;a href=&quot;./Wood_fuel&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; data-linkid=&quot;123&quot; data-cx=&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;adapted&amp;amp;quot;:false,&amp;amp;quot;sourceTitle&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;title&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Wood fuel&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;thumbnail&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;source&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Campfire_at_Bramble_Bield.jpg/120px-Campfire_at_Bramble_Bield.jpg&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;width&amp;amp;quot;:80,&amp;amp;quot;height&amp;amp;quot;:53},&amp;amp;quot;description&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Wood used as fuel for combustion&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;pageprops&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wikibase_item&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Q1642788&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;pagelanguage&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;en&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;targetFrom&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;label&amp;amp;quot;}&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; id=&quot;mwGg&quot; title=&quot;Wood fuel&quot;&gt;Mmanụ ọkụ pellet&lt;/a&gt;. ENplus, na-enye asambodo nke osisi pellet &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enplus-pellets.eu/en-in/|title=ENplus - Home|work=Enplus-pellets.eu|accessdate=3 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; na GoodChips, Na-achọ ịhụ na mma di na obere osisi na mmanụ ọkụ sitere n’osisi (hog fuel). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bioenergyeurope.org/activities/european-ongoing-projects/goodchips-wood-chips-certification/|title=GoodChips®- Wood Chip certification · Bioenergy Europe|work=Bioenergyeurope.org|accessdate=3 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821151956/https://bioenergyeurope.org/activities/european-ongoing-projects/goodchips-wood-chips-certification/|archivedate=21 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọchịchị ==
Dị ka otu azụmahịa nke Europe, ndị otu Ike sitere n’ihe ndị dị ndụ Europe na-ahụ maka ọchịchị (lee ndepụta dị n'okpuru) ma hazie ya gburugburu Nzukọ Ezumezu, otu ndị nduzi na otu ndị isi na-ekpebi atụmatụ atụmatụ na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nzukọ ahụ dabere na ndụmọdụ nke Bioenergy European's Working Groups and Secretariat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bioenergyeurope.org/about-us/governance/|title=Governance · Bioenergy Europe|work=Bioenergyeurope.org|accessdate=3 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị otu ==
Ndị otu ya gụnyere ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-ere ahịa, ndị na-eweta ngwá ọrụ, ndị na'emepụta ike, ndị na na-emepụta ọkụ ọkụ na stove, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na mmepe, ndị na -enye ọrụ, ndị ọrụ asambodo, ụlọ ọrụ ike na-agbanwe agbanwe, òtù nkwado, na ụlọ ọrụ ego na itinye ego. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Join us now|url=https://bioenergyeurope.org/join-us-now/|accessdate=2025-07-25|work=Bioenergy Europe|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Njikọ Mba (39) ===

* Òtù Biomass nke Austria - [http://www.biomasseverband.at/home/ ABA]
* Òtù Ndị Na-eme Egwú nke Austria - Ndị Na-emepụta Egwú nke[https://www.propellets.at/ Propelts Austria]
* Njikọ Biomass nke Bosnia na Herzegovina - [https://web.archive.org/web/20170610091809/http://biomass-association.ba/ Udruženje Biomasa u Bosni na Hercegovini]
* Belgium Renewable Energy trade federation - EDORA[https://www.edora.org Oge Anyị]
* Njikọ azụmaahịa pellet osisi nke Belgium - FEBHEL[https://www.febhel.be Ụbọchị Iche]
* [[Canadian Pellets Association|Òtù Ndị Pellets nke Canada]] - [https://www.pellet.org/ WPAC]
* Central Agricultural Raw Material Marketing and Development network - [https://www.carmen-ev.de/ C.A.R.M.E.N. e.V.]
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Akụnụba nke Croatia - [https://hgk.hr/ Hrvatska Gospodarska Komora]
* Òtù Croatian nke Biomass, Pellets na Associated Technologies - CROBIOM[http://www.drvnipelet.hr/ Ihe omuma]
* Czech Biomass Association - [http://czbiom.cz/en/ CZ-BIOM]
* Ìgwè Pellets nke Czech - [http://www.ceska-peleta.cz/ Česká peleta, z.s.p.o]
* Òtù Biomass nke Denmark - [https://www.danskindustri.dk/brancher/di-energi/di-bioenergi/ DI Bioenergy]
* Òtù Pellets nke Denmark - [http://www.enplus-pellets.dk/ Propelts Denmark FMBA]
* Njikọ Biomass nke Ojiji Ike - [https://web.archive.org/web/20220526030254/https://euba.bg/ EUBA]
* Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ike Ọhụrụ nke Estonia - [https://www.taastuvenergeetika.ee/en/ EREA]
* French Renewable Energy Industries Association - [https://www.enr.fr/ SER - FBE]
* French Pellet Association - Propellet France[https://www.propellet.fr Ụgbọelu France]
* France Miscanthus
* German BioEnergy Association - [https://www.bioenergie.de BBE]
* Òtù Ndị Biomass nke Gris - [http://www.hellabiom.gr/?lang=en HELLABIOM]
* Italian Agroforestry Energy Association - [https://www.aiel.cia.it/ AIEL]
* Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ike Ndị Dị Ndụ nke Ireland - [http://www.irbea.org IrBEA]
* Latvian Bioenergy Association - LATBIO[http://latbio.lv/en/home/ Ihe na-egbu egbu]
* Lithuanian Bioenergy Association - LITBIOMA[https://web.archive.org/web/20181126223635/http://www.biokuras.lt/titulinis.html Ihe omuma]
* Òtù Norwegian Bioenergy - NOBIO[http://nobio.no/ Nkwụsị]
* Polish Biomass Association - POLBIOM[http://www.polbiom.pl/ ỤMỌ Bụ Mgbalị]
* Kansụl Pellet nke Poland - [https://www.polskaradapelletu.org Polska Rada Pelletu]
* Òtù Pellet Portuguese - [https://www.anpeb.pt ANPEB]
* Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ike Ọhụrụ nke Portugal - APREN[https://www.apren.pt Nkwupụta]
* Òtù Romanian nke Biomass na Biogas - [https://web.archive.org/web/20220121210244/https://www.arbio.ro/ ARBIO]
* Russian Bioenergy Association - ENBIO[https://web.archive.org/web/20260307180335/http://enbio.ru/ Ihe mgbochi]
* Òtù Bionenergy nke Spain - [https://www.avebiom.org/es/ AVEBIOM]
* Spanish Renewable Energies Association - [https://www.appa.es/ APPA]
* Swedish Bioenergy Association - [https://www.svebio.se/english SVEBIO]
* Swedish Wood-Fuel Association - [https://www.tradbransle.se Svenska Trädbränsleföreningern]
* Swiss Pellets Association - [https://www.propellets.ch/ ProPellets Switzerland]
* UK Pellet Council - UK Pellet Kansụl[https://www.pelletcouncil.org.uk/ Kansụl Pellet nke UK]
* Ukrainian Bioenergy Association - [https://uabio.org/en/ UBA]
* Nkwalite nke Biomass na Belgium - [http://www.valbiom.be/ ValBiom]

=== Ndị ọkà mmụta (7) ===

* Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha na Teknụzụ Hellas - CERTH[http://www.certh.gr - Ebe Obibi]
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ike nke Netherlands - [http://www.ecn.nl ECN]
* [[European Institute for Energy Research]] - EIFER[https://www.eifer.kit.edu/ EBIGỌ MBI]
* Mahadum [https://heig-vd.ch/ HEIG-VD] - HEIG-VP
* National Renewable Energy Centre - [http://www.cener.com/ CENER - CIEMAT Foundation]
* Walloon Agricultural Research Centre - [http://www.cra.wallonie.be Cra-w]
* [[Wood Technology Institute|Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkà na Ụzụ Osisi]]

=== Ụlọ ọrụ (81) ===

* AIREX Ike inc. - Airex Energy[http://www.airex-energy.com Ike ikuku]
* [http://www.albioma.com ALBIOMA] - ALBIOMA
* [http://www.akahl.de Amandus Kahl] GmbH &amp; Co.KG - Amandus Kahr
* [http://americanbiocarbon.com American BiocarbonA] LLC - American Biocarc
* AR-TU Kimya Sanayi hụrụ Ticaret A.Ş. - AR-TU Kimya Sanayi na-abịa na Ticaret[https://web.archive.org/web/20160507075150/http://artukimya.com/anasayfa-!1 AR-TU Kimya Sanayi na-ahụ Ticaret]
* Arigna Fuels Ltd.- ArignaFuels[http://www.arignafuels.ie Mmanụ Arigna]
* BIO ECO ENERGY COMPANY - [https://web.archive.org/web/20211127124106/http://beeco.hr/ Beeko]
* BioEndev - [www.bioendev.se/ BioEndev]
* [http://www.biofin.eu BIOFIN] Sprl - BIOFINE
* [http://www.biopale.com Injinia Biopale] - Injinia biopale
* [http://www.biowanze.be Biowanze] - Biowanze
* Bord na Móna - Bord na Mona[https://www.bordnamona.ie Ụgbọ mmiri na Monaco]
* [http://www.cadelsrl.com Cadel] srl - Cadel
* Clean Electricity Generation B.V. - [http://cegeneration.com/ CEG]
* [http://www.cleantektrade.com Azụmaahịa Cleantek] - Azụmaịa Cleantek
* [http://www.cnim.com/ CNIM] - CNIM
* Cockerill Maintenance na Injinịa SA - CMI Group[http://www.cmigroupe.com/ Òtù CMI]
* [http://www.cplindustries.co.uk/ CPL] Industries Limited - CPL
* [http://www.cpmeurope.nl CPM Europe] B.V - CPM Europe
* [http://www.denoudengroep.com Den Ouden] Greenrecycling B.V. - Den Ouden
* DISTRI &amp; DESIGN sprl (SUTI) - [https://www.suti.be/]
* [https://www.dnvgl.com/ DNV GL] Netherlands B.V - DNVGL
* Ike [http://www.drax.com Drax] - Drax
* [http://www.drufire.com DRU] Verwarming BV - DRU
* Eastman Chemical - [https://www.eastman.com Eastman Chemical]
* Electricite nke France - [http://www.edf.fr/en/the-edf-group EDF]
* EDF [https://web.archive.org/web/20190403035036/https://edfluminus.edf.com/en/meta-home/edf-luminus Luminus] - Luminus
* [http://www.ekmangroup.com/ Ekman] &amp; Co AB - Ekman
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-enye Ọkụ - [https://www.esb.ie/ ESB]
* Enea Trading Sp. z o.o. - Enia[https://web.archive.org/web/20250412080628/https://www.enea.pl/pl/eneatrading Enweghị eriri]
* ENGIE Lab Laborelec - ENGIE[http://www.engie.com Ịgbaghara]
* Enviva - [http://www.envivabiomass.com Enviva]
* EP Power Europe A.S. - EP Power Europe[http://www.eppowereurope.cz EP Ike Europe]
* Euro Energies - Euro Energies[http://www.woodstock-bois.fr Ike Euro]
* Euronext - Euronext[http://www.euronext.com Ihe odide Euronext]
* Biomass Europe - Biomass European[http://www.ebiomass.eu Biomass nke Europe]
* EXOFLAM SAS - EXOFLam[http://www.exoflam.fr Ịchụpụ]
* Forest Value Investment Management S.A. - Forest Value Investment Management[http://www.fvim.lu/ Nchịkwa Mkpụrụ Ego Ọhịa]
* [http://www.fortum.com Fortum] Oyj - Fortum
* Generandi SL - GENERANDI[http://www.generandi.com Ọmụmụ]
* [http://www.glendimplex.nl Glen Dimplex Benelux] - Glen Dimplev Benelux
* Granorama - Granorama[https://web.archive.org/web/20250121045236/http://www.granorama.com/ Nnukwu ihe nkiri]
* [https://www.hawkinswright.com/ Hawkins Wright] Ltd.- Hawkins Wright
* HOFOR Mmepụta Ike - HOFOR[https://www.hofor.dk Ụzọ E Si Eme Ihe]
* [http://www.biomasseconsulting.de IB Biomasseconsulting] - IB Biomassaconsulting
* Inspectorate International Ltd. - Inspectorate Internationale[http://www.bureauveritas.com/ Ndị Nnyocha Mba Nile]
* [http://www.jeferco.com/ Jeferco Pellets] - Jeferco
* [https://www.jord.one/ Jọdan] AB - Jọdan
* [https://www.komptech.com/ Komptech] GmbH - Komptech
* [http://www.kwb.net KWB] GmbH - KWB
* LC Energy Limited - LC Energy[http://www.lcenergy.co.uk Ike LC]
* [http://www.marquard-bahls.com Marquard &amp; Bahls] AG - Marquard&amp; Bahls
* [http://www.metgen.com MetGen] Oy - MetGen
* Mikkeli Development Miksei Ltd - Mmepe Miksei[http://www.mikseimikkeli.fi/ Mmepe nke Miksei]
* Nkà na ụzụ Carbon nke Mba
* NAWARO ENERGIE Betrieb GmbH - NAWARo ENERGIA[http://www.nawaro-energie.at Ntinye aka na NAWARO]
* [https://newfuels.eu/ NewFuels RSEZ] SIA - NewFuels
* [https://www.nextfuel.com NextFuel AB] - NextFuelAB
* [https://www.northstar.pl Northstar Poland] LLC - Northstar Poland
* Nkwupụta na ịzụ ahịa Ltda. - [https://www.novaliscc.com Nkwado na Ahịa]
* [https://www.nyvraa.dk Ny Vraa Bioenergy] I/S - Ny Vraa Bienergy
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260414084747/https://www.okofen.be/ ÖkoFEN] Belgium - ÖkoFèn
* [https://www.palazzettigroup.com/en/ Palazzetti] Lelio S.p.A. - Palazzetti
* [https://www.onepeterson.com Peterson Rotterdam] B.V. - Peterson Rotterdam
* [https://www.polytechnik.com Polytechnik] GmbH - Polytechnik
* Pöyry Management Consulting Ltd - Pöyry Administration Consulting[https://www.poyry.com Ntụziaka Nlekọta Pöyry]
* [https://newfuels.eu/ RAGT Ike] - RAGT Ike
* RWE Ọgbọ NL BV - [https://www.rwe.com/rwe-generation-se RWE]
* [https://www.salixenergi.se SalixEnergi Europe] AB - SalixEnerji Europa
* Scandbio AB - Scandbio[https://www.scandbio.com Ihe ihere]
* [https://www.schiedel.com Schiedel] GmbH - Schiedel
* [https://www.sekab.com/ SEKAB E-Technology] AB - SEKAB e-Technology
* [[Söderenergi]] AB - Söderenergi
* [https://www.statkraft.com Statkraft] - Statkraft
* Stora Enso Wood Products - [https://www.storaenso.com Stora Enso]
* [https://www.stuv.com Stuv] SA - Stûv
* [https://www.sveaskog.se/en/ Sveaskog] - Sveaskog
* Teal Sales Incorporated (TSI) - TSI[https://tsi-inc.net/biomasswood/ IST]
* Torr-Coal International B.V. - International[https://www.torrcoal.com/ Mba Nile]
* [https://www.total.com/ Ngụkọta] Ahịa na Ọrụ - Ngụkọta
* [https://www.traditiongreen.com Omenala Green] - Omenala Verde
* [https://www.turboden.com/ Turboden] - Turboden
* US Industrial Pellet Association ([https://www.theusipa.org/ USIPA]) - USIPA
* Valmet Oy - [https://www.valmet.com Valmet]
* Vapo Oy - [https://www.vapo.com Vapo Oy]
* Veolia Mpaghara SA - Veolia[https://www.veolia.com Veolia Ebe obibi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20251015181139/https://victam.com/ Mmeri] mba ụwa Bv - Mmeri
* Ọhịa &amp; Onye mmekọ

== Hụkwa ==

* Òtù Ụwa Na-ahụ Maka Ike Sitere n'ihe Ndi Dị Ndụ
* Mmanụ ọkụ pellet

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://bioenergyeurope.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Bioenergy Europe]
* [https://epc.bioenergyeurope.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ EPC]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230421091117/https://ibtc.bioenergyeurope.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ IBTC] E debere  Wayback Machine
* [http://www.enplus-pellets.eu/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ENplus]
{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lohana Berkins</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Multiple issues/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
[[Faịlụ:Lohana Berkins lavaca.jpg|thumb|Lohana Berkins]]
'''Lohana Berkins''' (15 June 1965 - 5 February 2016) bụ onye na-akwado travesti Argentine, onye nhazi na onye na-akwado amụma ọha. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Asociación de Lucha por la Identidad Travesti y Transexual (ALITT) wee rụọ ọrụ etiti n'ịkwalite ikike transgender na travesti na Argentina. 

Berkins nyere aka na arụmụka, iwu ọha na eze, na iwu gbasara njirimara nwoke na nwanyị, ikike ọrụ, na itinye aka na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ime gọọmentị Argentina, ndị ọrụ, na usoro agụmakwụkwọ. 

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Berkins na 15 June 1965 na Pocitos, Salta. Nna ya, onye agha, chụpụrụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Peker|first=Luciana|date=7 February 2016|title=La comandante de las mariposas|language=es|work=[[Página 12]]|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-291969-2016-02-07.html|accessdate=19 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara kwaga Buenos Aires, Argentina, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo ọtụtụ afọ ndụ ya toro eto. Dịka ọtụtụ ndị na-eme njem, Berkins tinyere aka n'ọrụ mmekọahụ mgbe ọ kwagara Buenos Aires n'ihi na ọ naghịzi enweta ohere ọrụ ndị ọzọ.

Ka Berkins na-etolite, ọ lụsoro ndị uwe ojii na-eme ihe ike nke Argentina ọgụ iji kwalite ikike trans ma nọrọ ihe dị ka afọ 7 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụdị esemokwu a na ndị uwe ojii na-ahapụkarị n'ihe ncheta ndị Argentina niile banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme ha na-emegide LGBTQ +, kama nke ahụ, ihe ndekọ na-elekwasịkarị anya na mmegbu ndị agha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Insausti|first=Ben|title=Homonationalism, LGBT desaparecidos, and the politics of queer memory in Argentina|journal=Memory Studies|date=2023|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1177/17506980221140547|url=https://ddd.uab.cat/record/274815}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị travestis na ndị transgender na Argentina nọ n'okpuru iwu iwu iwu obodo nke na-eme ka ha ghara ịdị n'ihu ọha na ọrụ ha n'okporo ámá, nke dugara n'ịnọchi ndị uwe ojii ugboro ugboro na iyi egwu na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Moreno|first=Aluminé|date=2008|title=the politics of visibility and the GLTTTBI movement in Argentina|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40663965|journal=Feminist Review|issue=89|pages=138–143|issn=0141-7789}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị ==
Na 1994, Berkins tọrọ ntọala Asociación de Lucha por la Identidad Travesti y Transexual (ALITT; lit. 'Association for the Fight for Travesti and Transsexual Identity'), nke ọ na-elekọta ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ilga.org/we-mourn-the-loss-of-lohana-berkins|title=We mourn the loss of Lohana Berkins {{!}} ILGA|work=ilga.org|date=5 February 2016|accessdate=2019-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-akpali Iwu 3062 maka nkwanye ùgwù maka njirimara nke ndị travestis na ndị transsexuals nabatara ma kwado ya site na ndị omeiwu Buenos Aires na 2009.

Na mbido afọ 1990, Berkins sonyere n'ịhazi Asociación de Mujeres de la Argentina (AMMAR), otu n'ime òtù ọrụ mbụ na-anọchite anya ma na-echebe ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na mba ahụ.

N'afọ 2002, Berkins gosipụtara na ihe dị mkpa maka ịhụ ndị travestis na ndị trans site na itinye aha na Normal School No. 3 iji bụrụ onye nkuzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.filo.news/genero/Quien-fue-Lohana-Berkins-20190205-0050.html|title=¿Quién fue Lohana Berkins?|work=Filo News|date=10 May 2019|language=es|accessdate=2019-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ime otú ahụ na aha ya, o tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa na Ombudsman nke Obodo Buenos Aires, nke nyere ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu ka ha kwanyere njirimara nwoke na nwanyị ya ùgwù.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebubble.com/renown-trans-activist-logana-dies|title=Remembering Lohana Berkins: Activist, Leader and Proud Transvesti|author=Dorve.com|first=Ariel Gaster-Fabio Devin|date=2016-02-09|work=The Bubble|accessdate=2019-08-06|archivedate=6 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806025919/https://www.thebubble.com/renown-trans-activist-logana-dies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ iwu (e mezuru iwu) na Obodo Buenos Aires nke Nwere Onwe ya maka Kọmunist Party (nke Patricio Echegaray duziri), si otú a bụrụ onye njem mbụ nwere ọrụ ọha. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye ndụmọdụ iwu maka osote onye isi Buenos Aires Diana Maffía n'okwu dịka nkwa ikike mmadụ, ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụaka, na ndị ntorobịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ onye na-azọ ọkwa onye nnọchi anya mba n'afọ 2001 ma nabata ya na ndepụta ntuli aka nke Electoral Justice kwadoro n'oge mgbanwe nke ọkwa nke Congress Argentine.

Na 2008, ọ bụ ya duru ndị guzobere Nadia Echazú Textile Cooperative, ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ maka ndị na-eme ihe omume na ndị na-eme ihe omume mmekọahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.laizquierdadiario.com/Lohana-Berkins-a-tres-anos-de-la-muerte-de-una-mariposa-travesti|title=Lohana Berkins: a tres años de la muerte de una mariposa travesti|work=La Izquierda Diario - Red Internacional|language=es|accessdate=2019-08-06|author=Máscolo|first=Tomás}}
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; A gụrụ ya aha Nadia Echazú dị ka ụtụ nye onye na-eme ngagharị iwe. E meghere ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-achịkwa ma na-achịkọta ya n'etiti afọ 2008, n'ebe National Institute of Associations and Social Economy nyere.

Na 2010, e hiwere Iwu National Front for the Gender Identity. Ọ bụ njikọ aka nke ihe karịrị òtù iri na ise nke kwalitere mmachibido iwu ahụ n'ọkwa mba nke iwu na-ekwe nkwa mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ onwe onye niile na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị a na-ahụ anya na aha onye ọ bụla họọrọ na ohere ịnweta ọgwụgwọ maka ndị na-arịọ maka enyemaka n'ahụ ha. E mechara wepụta iwu ahụ (dị ka ọrụ ejikọtara ọnụ nke e kwekọrịtara n'etiti òtù mmekọrịta dị iche iche) ma nabata ya. Ọ bụ naanị ọrụ ahụ nke tụlere ohere zuru oke maka nlekọta ahụike.

Ndị omeiwu Argentina kwadoro Iwu njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na 9 Mee 2012 ma onyeisiala Cristina Fernández de Kirchner kwupụtara ụbọchị ole na ole ka nke a gasịrị, wee bụrụ nke kachasị nwee ọganihu n'ụwa n'okwu a ruo ugbu a. Ọ bụ iwu mbụ iji mata njirimara nwoke na nwanyị nke ndị mmadụ n'ihe gbasara nghọta onwe onye ma hụ na ha nwere ike ịnweta ahụike zuru oke, na-ewepụ njirimara mmadụ na-abụghị nwoke na nwanyị.

N'afọ 2013, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Office of Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation, nke na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru nkwado nke Gender Observatory na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Obodo Buenos Aires.

== Ọnwụ na Ihe Nketa ==
Berkins nwụrụ n'Ụlọ Ọgwụ Italiano dị na Buenos Aires na 5 Febụwarị 2016.

Na 2020, gọọmentị Argentina kwadoro Iwu Diana Sacayán-Lohana Berkins, nke chọrọ ka ngalaba ọha na eze nke mba wepụta opekata mpe 1% nke ọrụ maka ndị transgender.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BOLETIN OFICIAL REPUBLICA ARGENTINA - SECTOR PÚBLICO NACIONAL - Decreto 721/2020|url=https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/234520|accessdate=2026-04-15|work=www.boletinoficial.gob.ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kpọtụrụ Berkins aha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-02-05|title=Una década sin Lohana Berkins, la gran referente del movimiento LGBTIQ+ argentino|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/sociedad/una-decada-sin-lohana-berkins-la-gran-referente-del-movimiento-lgbtiq-argentino.phtml|accessdate=2026-04-15|work=Perfil|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; dị ka mmetụta na mmepe nke LGBTQIA +-agụnye agụmakwụkwọ, dị ka Mocha Celis Popular Travesti-Trans High School  nke dị na Buenos Aires, Argentina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mocha Celis|url=https://mochacelis.org/en/|accessdate=2026-04-15|work=Mocha Celis|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Na ụbọchị iri abụọ nke ọnwa Julaị afọ 2011, gọọmentị nke Province nke Buenos Aires nyere ya ọkwa dịka onye nwe Nadia Echazú Textile Cooperative, nke a kpọrọ &quot;The Inclusion Tree.&quot; Na ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọktoba nke afọ ahụ, ndị omeiwu Buenos Aires kpọrọ ya onye pụrụ iche nke ikike mmadụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-31|title=Transvestite love, the driving force behind the Nadia Echazú textile cooperative - Presentes Agency|url=https://agenciapresentes.org/en/2021/03/31/el-amor-travesti-motor-de-la-cooperativa-textil-nadia-echazu/|accessdate=2026-04-15|work=Agencia Presentes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2012, ọ natara nhọpụta maka onyinye Democracy nke Caras y Caretas Cultural Center nyere na ngalaba Human Rights.

== Akwụkwọ ==

=== Akwụkwọ ===

* 2005. Berkins, Lohana; Fernández, Josefina (coords.). ''Ọrụ nke aha onwe: akụkọ banyere ọnọdụ nke ndị travesti na Argentina''. Buenos Aires: Nne nke Plaza de Mayo.
* 2007. Korol, Claudia; Berkins, Lohana, (coords.). [http://dianamaffia.com.ar/archivos/libroprostitucion.pdf ''Mkparịta ụka: &quot;ịgba akwụna/ọrụ mmekọahụ: ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-ekwu okwu&quot;'']. Buenos Aires: Feminaria.  . 
* 2007. Berkins, Lohana ''Cumbia, copeteo na anya mmiri''. Buenos Aires: ALITT. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-987-24065-0-9|&lt;bdi&gt;978-987-24065-0-9&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &amp;nbsp;
* 2008. Berkins, Lohana ''Ihe odide, polymorphies na njirimara''. Buenos Aires: Akwụkwọ nke Rojas. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-987-1075-79-9|&lt;bdi&gt;978-987-1075-79-9&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &amp;nbsp;

=== Isiakwụkwọ akwụkwọ ===

* 2003. &quot;Otu njem ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke travestism&quot;. Na Maffía, Diana (comp.). Mmekọahụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ: nwoke na nwanyị na transgender. Buenos Aires: Feminaria. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/987-9143-05-1|&lt;bdi&gt;987-9143-05-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &amp;nbsp;
* 2004. &quot;Na-ejide onwe ha ruo mgbe ebighị ebi n'ihi mmekọahụ&quot;. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Ahụ ndị a na-apụghị izere ezere: mkparịta ụka sitere na mmekọahụ na Latin America''. Buenos Aires: Ají de Pollo. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/987-21685-0-4|&lt;bdi&gt;987-21685-0-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &amp;nbsp;
* 2008. &quot;Travestis: njirimara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị&quot;. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Mmekọahụ na-egbochi''. Buenos Aires: Topía. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9789871185238|&lt;bdi&gt;9789871185238&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &amp;nbsp;
* 2010. &quot;Travestismo, transsexualidad na transgeneridad&quot;. Na Raíces Montero, Jorge Horacio (onye nhazi). ''Otu ahụ, otu puku nwoke na nwanyị: intersexuality''. Topía. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-987-1185-74-0|&lt;bdi&gt;978-987-1185-74-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &amp;nbsp;

== Ihe nkiri ==
Ntinye aka na ihe ngosi Furia travesti, akụkọ banyere ahụmịhe nke Nadia Echazú Textile Cooperative, nke Amparo González Aguilar duziri na 2010.

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111180126/http://www.coopnadiaechazu.com.ar Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọrụ Ọrụ &quot;Nadia Echazú&quot;]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120501162318/http://especiales.perfil.com/mujeres/lohana.html Lohana Berkins pụrụ iche na Perfil.com]
* [http://frentenacionaleydeidentidad.blogspot.com.ar National Front maka Iwu Ịmata Mmekọahụ]
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      <text bytes="9511" sha1="4zpur0yj4fd9s7ueg04lea8q1btj87u" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Claudia Pía Baudracco.jpg|thumb|Claudia Pía Baudracco]]
 

'''Claudia Pía Baudracco''' (22 Ọktoba 1970 - 18 Machị 2012) bụ onye Argentina na-eme ihe maka ikike [[Ikike ụmụ nwanyị|ụmụ nwanyị]], ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ, na Ndị LGBT.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Baudracco na 22 Ọktoba 1970 na La Carlota, Córdoba Province. O biri oge ntorobịa ya na ezinụlọ ya na Venado Tuerto, wee kwaga Buenos Aires.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.diariocontexto.com.ar/2015/03/18/claudia-pia-baudracco-volveria-a-elegir-ser-trans-porque-asi-soy-feliz/|title=Claudia Pía Baudracco: 'volvería a elegir ser trans porque así soy feliz'|work=Diario Contexto|language=Spanish|date=2015-03-18|accessdate=2019-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi njirimara nwoke na nwanyị ya, ọ tara ahụhụ na mmeso ọjọọ ma gaa mba ọzọ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, nke mbụ na Uruguay na Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;colectivo&quot; /&gt;

== Mgbalị ==
Na 25 Juun 1993, Baudracco, ya na María Belén Correa na ndị ọzọ na-akwado ndị ọzọ, hiwere Association of Travestis nke Argentina (Asociación de Travestis de Argentina) ma bụrụ onye nhazi ya ruo 1995. Mgbe e mesịrị, a ga-akpọ otu a Argentine Travesti Transsexual Transgender Association (Asociación Travestis Transsexuales Transgéneros Argentinas; ATTTA). Site na nkwado nke otu a, ọ ga-edu ndị otu maka iwepụ Códigos de Faltas na mpaghara 15; koodu ndị a mere ka njirimara trans mebie iwu. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ iwepụ ha n'ọtụtụ mpaghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;documental&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ilga.org/es/organizaciones-trans-reclaman-la-modificaci-n-del-c-digo-de-faltas|title=Organizaciones trans reclaman la modificación del Código de Faltas|publisher=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]|language=Spanish|date=2010-09-23|accessdate=2019-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baudracco mere mkpọsa maka nkwado nke Gender Identity Law, nke nyere ndị trans ikike inwe aha ha họọrọ na ịnweta nlekọta ahụike.&lt;ref name=&quot;colectivo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://perio.unlp.edu.ar/node/1910|title=Murió Claudia Pia Baudracco, activista por los derechos del colectivo trans|first=Claudia|author=Vásquez Haro|publisher=[[National University of La Plata]]|language=Spanish|accessdate=2019-06-28|archivedate=2018-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404135004/http://perio.unlp.edu.ar/node/1910}}
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Septemba 2005, ọ bụ onye hiwere ma bụrụkwa onye otu ndị isi nke Federation of Argentina de Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales y Trans; FALGBT). Na 2008, o mere ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi na nyocha dịka onye otu Country Coordinating Mechanism nke The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://files.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2010countries/argentina_2010_country_progress_report_es.pdf|title=Informe nacional sobre los progresos realizados en la aplicación del UNGASS – Argentina enero de 2008 – diciembre de 2009|first=María de los Ángeles|author=Commisso|publisher=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]]|language=Spanish|date=2010-03-31|accessdate=2019-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọrụ ọ rụrụ na Ministry of Health's Directorate of AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.msal.gob.ar/prensa/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=410:condolencias-por-fallecimiento-de-militante-por-la-identidad-de-genero-y-la-no-discriminacion-sexual&amp;catid=1:noticias410|title=Condolencias por fallecimiento de militante por la identidad de género y la no discriminación sexual|publisher=[[Ministry of Health (Argentina)|Ministry of Health]]|language=Spanish|date=2012-03-19|accessdate=2019-06-28|archivedate=4 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404135018/http://www.msal.gob.ar/prensa/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=410:condolencias-por-fallecimiento-de-militante-por-la-identidad-de-genero-y-la-no-discriminacion-sexual&amp;catid=1:noticias410}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Claudia Pía Baudracco nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Buenos Aires na 18 Machị 2012. Ọ gara n'enweghị nyocha ahụike n'ọtụtụ oge nke ndụ ya, ọ nweghịkwa ike iji usoro nlekọta ahụike nke Gender Identity Law mee ihe, dịka e mere ya obere oge ka ọ nwụsịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cupo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.laizquierdadiario.com/Cupo-laboral-un-derecho-pendiente-para-las-personas-trans|title=Cupo laboral, un derecho pendiente para las personas trans|first=Eluney|author=Aguirre|work=La Izquierda Diario|language=Spanish|date=2018-03-18|accessdate=2019-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sentidog.com/lat/2012/03/fallecio-claudia-pia-baudracco/|title=Falleció Claudia Pia Baudracco|publisher=SentidoG|language=Spanish|date=2012-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321114544/http://www.sentidog.com/lat/2012/03/fallecio-claudia-pia-baudracco/|archivedate=2012-03-21|accessdate=2019-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụbọchị Nkwalite nke Ikike nke Ndị Trans ==
[[Faịlụ:Día_de_la_Promoción_de_los_Derechos_de_las_Personas_Trans_casa_lgbt_santa_fe.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe omume ọdịnala na CASA LGBT nke Santa Fe maka 2018 Day of the Promotion of the Rights of Transgender People]]
Iji kwanyere Claudia Pía Baudracco ùgwù, Ndị omeiwu obodo Buenos Aires wepụtara iwu na 13 June 2013, na-ahọpụta 18 March, ụbọchị ọ nwụrụ, dị ka &quot;Ụbọchị Nkwalite nke Ikike nke Ndị Trans&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cupo/ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201403/55791-se-conmemora-por-primera-vez-el-dia-de-la-promocion-de-los-derechos-de-las-personas-trans.html|title=Se conmemora por primera vez el Día de la Promoción de los Derechos de las Personas Trans|language=Spanish|date=2014-03-18|accessdate=2019-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere nke a na 15 Julaị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www2.cedom.gob.ar/es/legislacion/normas/leyes/ley4578.html|title=Ley 4578 – 'Día de la Promoción de los Derechos de las Personas Trans'|journal=Boletín Oficial del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires|language=Spanish|date=2013-07-31|accessdate=2019-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==
N'afọ 2015, e gosipụtara ihe nkiri banyere ya, Si te viera tu madre... Huellas de una leona (n'asụsụ Bekee: ''Ọ bụrụ na nne gị nwere ike ịhụ gị: Ụzọ ụkwụ nke ọdụm''), nke Andrés Rubiño duziri na Patricia Rasmussen nke ATTA, na Salón Raúl Alfonsín nke Buenos Aires Legislature.&lt;ref name=&quot;documental&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.lanacion.com.ar/boquitas-pintadas/agenda/claudia-pia-baudracco-se-presento-un-documental-sobre-la-activista-trans/|title=Claudia Pía Baudracco: se presentó un documental sobre la activista trans|first=Verónica|author=Dema|work=[[La Nación]] Blogs|language=Spanish|date=2015-04-20|accessdate=2019-06-28|archivedate=2018-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404134819/http://blogs.lanacion.com.ar/boquitas-pintadas/agenda/claudia-pia-baudracco-se-presento-un-documental-sobre-la-activista-trans/}}
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado ==
Iji guzobe usoro mkparịta ụka, itinye aka na amụma ọha, na nyocha gbasara ụdị mmekọahụ dị iche iche na Argentina na Latin America, FLACSO Argentina, onye odeakwụkwọ nke amụma ọdịiche mmekọahụ nke Santa Fe Province, na FALGBT mepụtara agụmakwụkwọ Claudia Pía Baudracco maka ọmụmụ ihe doctoral na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://flacso.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Becas-Claudia-Pia-Baudracco-Bases-y-condiciones.pdf|title=Becas 'Claudia Pia Baudracco' de la subsecretaría de políticas dediversidad sexual de la provincia de Santa Fe en el marco del doctorado enciencias sociales de la FLACSO Argentina|publisher=[[Latin American Social Sciences Institute|FLACSO]] Argentina|language=Spanish|accessdate=2019-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2012, mmepe malitere na Archivo de la Memoria Trans. Nke a bụ ọrụ Baudracco na María Belén Correa chepụtara, na-anakọta ihe dịka foto, vidiyo, na akwụkwọ akụkọ iji wughachi ihe ncheta trans nke Argentina. Na 2014, ha haziri ihe a kpọrọ La construcción de una Líder n'isi ụlọ ọrụ FALGBT, ya na foto, akwụkwọ ozi, na ihe ndị Baudracco nwere..

N'afọ 2013, e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ akwa Claudia Pía Baudracco na Mar del Plata, nke ụmụ nwanyị 14 nọ n'ógbè ahụ duziri, nke e bu n'obi ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.0223.com.ar/nota/2013-7-4-cooperativa-textil|title=Aguja, hilo y máquinas de coser: el camino para esquivar la prostitución|first=Luciana|author=Acosta|publisher=0223.com.ar|language=Spanish|date=2013-07-04|accessdate=2019-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2017, e meghere Claudia Pía Baudracco Inclusive Health Center, ụlọ ọrụ mbụ dị otú ahụ na Chubut Province, na Comodoro Rivadavia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.comodoro.gov.ar/desarrollohumano/?p=30516|title=Quedó inaugurado el primer Consultorio Inclusivo de la provincia|publisher=Government of [[Comodoro Rivadavia]]|language=Spanish|accessdate=2019-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Mariana Casas
* María Rachid
* Diana Sacayán
* Ikike ndị na-agbanwe nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na Argentina

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Marcella Althaus-Reid</title>
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'''Marcella Maria Althaus-Reid''' (Rosario, Santa Fe, [[Argentina]] 11 Mee 1952 - Edinburgh, Scotland 20 Febụwarị 2009) bụ Prọfesọ nke Ajentina nke Nkà Mmụta Okpukpe na New College, Mahadum Edinburgh. Mgbe a họpụtara ya, ọ bụ naanị otu nwanyị bụ prọfesọ nkà mmụta okpukpe na Mahadum Scotland na otu nwanyị mbụ bụ prọfesọ nkà mmụta okpukpe na New College n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme ya nke afọ 160. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;

A mụrụ ya na Rosario, ógbè Santa Fe, Argentina, ma gụchaa akwụkwọ nzere bachelọ na nkà mmụta okpukpe na ISEDET [es], ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum Protestant dị na Buenos Aires. Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ nzere bachelọ ya na Mahadum St Andrews, Scotland. Ihe ndị masịrị ya gụnyere nkà mmụta okpukpe nnwere onwe, nkà mmụta okpukpe feminist na nkà mmụta okpukpe queer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruether&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ ==
A mụrụ Althaus-Reid na Rosario, Argentina. O tolitere na Buenos Aires, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere BA na Theology site na ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà mmụta okpukpe nke Instituto Superior Evangelico de Estudios Teologicos (ISEDET) dị na Buenos Aires, nke lekwasịrị anya na nkà mmụta okpukpe nke nnwere onwe. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe nke nnwere onwe gụnyere Jose Miguez Bonino na Jose Severino Croatto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruether&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUdLVfTMYU4C|title=Dancing Theology in Fetish Boots: Essays in Honour of Marcella Althaus-Reid|author=Ruether|first=Rosemary Radford|publisher=SCM Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-334-04361-4|location=London|pages=254–267|chapter=Talking Dirty, Speaking Truth: Indenting Theology|editor=Isherwood}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye otu Chọọchị Methodist Evangelical nke Argentina. O soro ụzọ Paulo Freire, na-arụ ọrụ obodo na nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke chọọchị na-akwado n'ógbè ndị dara ogbenye nke Buenos Aires. N'ihi ahụmịhe na ihe ndị o rụzuru n'akụkụ a, a kpọrọ Althaus-Reid òkù na Scotland, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na agbataobi ndị dara ogbenye nke Dundee na Perth, na-ahazi ọrụ ndị sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke nkuzi nnwere onwe nke Freire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruether&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUdLVfTMYU4C|title=Dancing Theology in Fetish Boots: Essays in Honour of Marcella Althaus-Reid|author=Ruether|first=Rosemary Radford|publisher=SCM Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-334-04361-4|location=London|pages=254–267|chapter=Talking Dirty, Speaking Truth: Indenting Theology|editor=Isherwood}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRuether2010&quot;&gt;Ruether, Rosemary Radford (2010). &quot;Talking Dirty, Speaking Truth: Indenting Theology&quot;. In Isherwood, Lisa; Jordan, Mark D. (eds.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=GUdLVfTMYU4C ''Dancing Theology in Fetish Boots: Essays in Honour of Marcella Althaus-Reid'']. London: SCM Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;254–&lt;/span&gt;267. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04361-4|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-334-04361-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctorate ya na 1993 na Mahadum St Andrews, Scotland, na-ede akwụkwọ doctorate nke ya banyere mmetụta Paul Ricoeur na usoro nke Nkà mmụta okpukpe nnwere onwe. Mmasị agụmakwụkwọ ya gụnyere nkà mmụta okpukpe nnwere onwe, Nkà mmụta okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị na nkà mmụta okpukpe nwoke na nwanyị. N'afọ 1994, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nkuzi na Christian Ethics na Practical Theology na iduzi masters na nkà mmụta okpukpe na mmepe na New College, Mahadum Edinburgh . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Schüssler Fiorenza|title=Feminist theology in different contexts|date=1996|publisher=SCM Press|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheology0000unse_d8w1/page/156/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mechara bulie ya n'ọkwa dị ka onye nkuzi dị elu, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, mgbe ahụ na 2006, prọfesọ nke Contextual Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/marcella-althaus-reid-1.904743|title=Marcella Althaus-Reid|author=McKay|first=Johnston|date=11 March 2009|work=Herald Scotland|accessdate=2 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.docs.hss.ed.ac.uk/divinity/News%20and%20events/News%20archive/Hurtado%20tribute%20to%20Althaus-Reid.pdf|title=Professor Marcella Althaus-Reid: In Memorium|date=7 March 2009|publisher=School of Divinity, University of Edinburgh|accessdate=2 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Althaus-Reid nwụrụ na 20 Febụwarị 2009, na Edinburgh, Scotland, ebe o bi kemgbe 1986. Mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ọ bụ Onyeisi nke International Association for Queer Theology, Onyeisi nke Queer Theology Project na Mahadum Edinburgh, nakwa onye otu Metropolitan Community Church..&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.docs.hss.ed.ac.uk/divinity/News%20and%20events/News%20archive/Hurtado%20tribute%20to%20Althaus-Reid.pdf|title=Professor Marcella Althaus-Reid: In Memorium|date=7 March 2009|publisher=School of Divinity, University of Edinburgh|accessdate=2 November 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.docs.hss.ed.ac.uk/divinity/News%20and%20events/News%20archive/Hurtado%20tribute%20to%20Althaus-Reid.pdf &quot;Professor Marcella Althaus-Reid: In Memorium&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. School of Divinity, University of Edinburgh. 7 March 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya, ya na onye ọkà mmụta okpukpe Argentine Ivan Petrella rụkọrọ ọrụ iji kpọsaa nkà mmụta okpukpe nnwere onwe n'ụwa ndị na-asụ Bekee.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruether&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUdLVfTMYU4C|title=Dancing Theology in Fetish Boots: Essays in Honour of Marcella Althaus-Reid|author=Ruether|first=Rosemary Radford|publisher=SCM Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-334-04361-4|location=London|pages=254–267|chapter=Talking Dirty, Speaking Truth: Indenting Theology|editor=Isherwood}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRuether2010&quot;&gt;Ruether, Rosemary Radford (2010). &quot;Talking Dirty, Speaking Truth: Indenting Theology&quot;. In Isherwood, Lisa; Jordan, Mark D. (eds.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=GUdLVfTMYU4C ''Dancing Theology in Fetish Boots: Essays in Honour of Marcella Althaus-Reid'']. London: SCM Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;254–&lt;/span&gt;267. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04361-4|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-334-04361-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Studies in World Christianity na onye otu nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin Concilium.

== Echiche ==
Althaus-Reid bụ ma eleghị anya onye a maara nke ọma maka ọrụ ya nke afọ 2002 na Indecent Theology, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8DE2QI2QdIC|title=Indecent Theology|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-56255-8|location=New York|author=Marcella Althaus-Reid}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọ na-ama ndị inyom aka n'iji okwu mmekọahụ na nke doro anya. O kwuru na ọ bụ echiche ụwa nke nna ochie nke na-akwado ọtụtụ nnukwu arụrụala nke ụwa mepụtara mmekọahụ. N'ihi ya, ọ dị mkpa ka a &quot;na-eme ihere&quot; nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke nke Nwa Agbọghọ ahụ na-amagwe ya ka ọ na-ezo ndụ ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị dara ogbenye, ndị ọ na-akọwa, dị ka ụmụ agbọghọ na-agụghị nwoke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Isherwood&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUdLVfTMYU4C|title=Dancing Theology in Fetish Boots: Essays in Honour of Marcella Althaus-Reid|author=Isherwood|first=Lisa|publisher=SCM Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-334-04361-4|location=London|pages=68–78|chapter=Indecent Theology: What F-ing Difference Does it Make?|editor=Isherwood}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ na-ekwukwa banyere &quot;Kraịst na-adịghị mma,&quot; ebe Christology kenotic na-ekwu maka Chineke na-eme onwe ya ma bụrụ onye a na-ahụ na Kraịst na mmekọahụ mmadụ. Ọ na-akọwa na &quot;[Jizọs] ejiji dị ka nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ (na-alụbeghị di). Jizọs nwere akụkụ ahụ ehichapụrụ; Jizọs na-ewepu ahụ na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Indecent Theology|author=Althaus-Reid|pages=114}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-ekwu maka mmekọahụ abụọ nke Kraịst dị ka nghọta zuru oke nke anụ ahụ. Ọ chọrọ ịrụ ụka maka Christology ka ukwuu nke na-agbanwe Jizọs na mmekọahụ postmodern, okike, na ebe akụ na ụba. Nke a bụ nkatọ o nwere megide nkà mmụta okpukpe nnwere onwe Latin America, nke ọ ghọtara dị ka ịghara ịza ajụjụ gbasara okike na mmekọahụ n'akụkụ ajụjụ nke mmeri na ọchịchị nke Amerịka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shore-Goss&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUdLVfTMYU4C|title=Dancing Theology in Fetish Boots: Essays in Honour of Marcella Althaus-Reid|author=Shore-Goss|first=Robert|publisher=SCM Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-334-04361-4|location=London|pages=1–16|chapter=Dis/Grace-full Incarnation and the Dis/Grace-full Church|editor=Isherwood}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8DE2QI2QdIC|title=Indecent Theology|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-56255-8|location=New York|author=Marcella Althaus-Reid}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jx-AAgAAQBAJ|title=The Queer God|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-134-35010-4|location=New York|author=Marcella Althaus-Reid}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Vu1MwEACAAJ|title=From Feminist Theology to Indecent Theology: Readings on Poverty, Sexual Identity and God|author=Marcella Althaus-Reid|publisher=SCM Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-334-04299-0|location=London}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpGMaPnk-3oC|title=The Sexual Theologian: Essays on Sex, God and Politics|publisher=T&amp;T Clark|year=2004|isbn=978-0-567-08212-1|location=London|editor=Marcella Althaus-Reid}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xsdYAAAAMAAJ|title=Latin American Liberation Theology: The Next Generation|publisher=Orbis Books|year=2005|isbn=978-1-57075-595-8|location=Maryknoll, NY|pages=20–38|chapter=From Liberation Theology to Indecent Theology: The Trouble with Normality in Theology|author=Marcella Althaus-Reid|editor=Ivan Petrella}}

== Hụkwa ==

* Nkà mmụta okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị
* Nkà mmụta okpukpe nke nnwere onwe
* Paulo Freire
* Nkà mmụta okpukpe ndị na-eme ihe ike

== Edensibịa ==
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== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUdLVfTMYU4C|title=Dancing Theology in Fetish Boots: Essays in Honour of Marcella Althaus-Reid|publisher=SCM Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-334-04361-4|location=London|editor=Isherwood}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

*  
{{Feminism}}{{New College, Edinburgh}}{{Authority control}}
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    <title>Mariana Alarcón</title>
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'''Mariana Alarcón''' (20 Nọvemba 1986 - 2 Ọgọst 2014) bụ onye Argentina na-akwado ikike mmadụ nke lekwasịrị anya n'ikike ọrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị transgender, ịmepụta obodo, na ahụike nke ndị transgender. Dịka onye otu Crisálida Popular Library of Gender, Sexual Affective Diversity, na Human Rights nke Tucumán, ọ bụ onye mbụ n'ọhụụ ọha nke obodo transgender na mpaghara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke San Miguel de Tucumán. Site na 2012 ruo 2014, ọ na-enye ọzụzụ na ịdọ aka ná ntị nke ndị uwe ojii nke Tucumán Province maka itinye Iwu njirimara nwoke na nwanyị n'ọrụ zuru oke.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Mariana Alarcón na Tucumán Province wee tolite na mpaghara San Miguel nke Juan XXIII, nke a na-akpọ &quot;La Bombilla&quot; maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ya dị elu nke ime ihe ike ọha na eze..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/32140/opinion/barrio-bombilla.html|title=El barrio 'La Bombilla'|work=[[La Gaceta (Tucumán)|La Gaceta]]|language=Spanish|date=2003-02-18|accessdate=2019-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere igosipụta njirimara trans ya mgbe ọ dị obere, na-atachi obi na ịkpa ókè nke mere ka ọ hapụ agụmakwụkwọ ya mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Garrido|first=Hilda Beatriz|title=Por la diversidad: Derechos sexuales y reproductivos de las y los jóvenes LGTTBI|publisher=Departamento de Publicaciones de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la UNT|year=2014|isbn=978-950-554-839-2|location=San Miguel de Tucumán|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ ===
N'afọ 2011, a bịakwutere Alarcón ka ọ sonye na Crisálida Popular Library of Gender, Sexual Affective Diversity, and Human Rights of Tucumán . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tucumanalas7.com.ar/local/gran-san-miguel/2012/12/3/tucuman-experiencia-educativa-para-poblacion-trans-64050.html|title=Tucumán: experiencia educativa para población trans|work=A Las Siete|language=Spanish|date=2012-12-03|accessdate=2019-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na Crisálida, ọ kwadoro maka nkwado nke Gender Identity Law, nke e tiri na 24 Mee 2012 dị ka Iwu 26.743. Dabere na nke a, Alarcón bụ otu n'ime ndị transgender mbụ nwere ike ịnweta mgbazi nke akwụkwọ njirimara iji gosipụta njirimara nwoke na nwanyị ya. Malite na Septemba 2012, ọ haziri ohere maka ndị ọzọ trans ka a dọọ ha ọdụ banyere nzọụkwụ ndị a ga-ewere iji mezuo usoro ahụ, yana ịgụnye ndị na-achọ ọrụ si n'obodo na ọzụzụ nchịkwa ọrụ mba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tucumanalas7.com.ar/local/2013/6/12/nueva-etapa-en-la-linea-de-inclusion-laboral-trans-74241.html|title=Nueva etapa en la Línea de Inclusión Laboral Trans|work=A Las Siete|language=Spanish|date=2013-06-12|accessdate=2019-07-02|archivedate=2 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702215222/https://www.tucumanalas7.com.ar/local/2013/6/12/nueva-etapa-en-la-linea-de-inclusion-laboral-trans-74241.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Crisálida, ọ malitere ọrụ onye nhazi ọrụ maka 2013-2014, na-elekọta Trans Labor Inclusion Line nke ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ, ebe ọ na-ahazi agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ ọrụ maka ndị otu obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.eldiario24.com/nota/291543/en-tucuman-rige-un-convenio-que-busca-promover-la-inclusion-laboral-y-la-igualdad-de-oportunidades-para-la-poblacion-travesti-transexual-y-transgenero.html|title=Buscan la inclusión laboral para travestis, transexuales y transgéneros|work=El Diario 24|language=Spanish|date=2013-06-13|accessdate=2019-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; O lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ọhụụ ya n'ịkwalite ọha mmadụ dị ka onye na-enye ọzụzụ, na-eguzobe 2012 ruo 2016 &quot;Right to Identity&quot; workshop maka Tucumán Security Forces, ma na-akụzi workshop ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.sentidog.com/lat/2013/08/sensibilizan-a-la-policia-de-tucuman-en-el-derecho-a-la-identidad-de-genero.html|title=Sensibilizan a la Policía de Tucumán en el Derecho a la Identidad de Género|publisher=[[National Institute Against Discrimination, Xenophobia and Racism|INADI]] Tucumán|language=Spanish|date=2013-08-14|accessdate=2019-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ duziri ogbako a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu na Mahadum National nke Tucumán's Faculty of Philosophy and Letters na maka onye ombudsman nke Tucumón. O sonyekwara na ọrụ afọ ofufo mahadum &quot;Youth, Sexual and Reproductive Rights, and Diversity&quot; (DSyR) na mbipụta nke nsonaazụ ya.

== Nkwado ==
Mgbe Mariana Alarcón nwụsịrị na 2014, na-agbaso ntuziaka nke Iwu 26.657 na Iwu 26.743, nzukọ malitere maka ịkọwa isiokwu nke mmekọahụ dị iche iche na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na echiche ahụike uche. Iji kwanyere ọrụ ya ùgwù, na 2016 a họpụtara nke a dị ka Mariana Alarcón Friendly Node, nke nwere oghere mbụ nke na-enye nlekọta na-abụghị nke ahụike maka ndị LGBT, ezinụlọ ha, ìgwè ntụaka, na obodo n'ozuzu. Ọ na-enye nduzi na nkwado maka ndị na-aga, na-akwalite njikọ na ọrụ gọọmentị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.tucumanoticias.com.ar/noticia/salud/presentan-dispositivos-del-programa-diversidad-y-salud-mental-en-tucuman-173780.html|title=Presentan dispositivos del programa 'Diversidad y Salud Mental' en Tucumán|language=Spanish|date=2017-12-05|accessdate=2019-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/749348/actualidad/lanzaron-espacio-atencion-para-personas-lgbt.html|title=Lanzaron un espacio de atención para personas LGBT|work=[[La Gaceta (Tucumán)|La Gaceta]]|language=Spanish|date=2017-10-25|accessdate=2019-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ikike LGBT na Argentina

== Edensibịa ==
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'''Lara María Bertolini''' (Buenos Aires, 10 Eprel 1970)bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ, onye nyocha, na onye dere akwụkwọ Soberanía Travesti, una Identidad argentina transl.Ọchịchị Travesti, njirimara Argentine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;elgritodelsur.com.ar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Belanti|first=María Milena|date=2019-10-31|title=Hacia una ruptura de la concepción binaria del género y el sexo. El caso Maria Lara Bertolini / A break in the binary conception of gender and sex. The Maria Lara Bertolini case|url=https://revistas.ubp.edu.ar/index.php/rdys/article/view/71|journal=Revista Derecho y Salud {{!}} Universidad Blas Pascal|issue=3|pages=225–240|doi=10.37767/2591-3476(2019)17|issn=2591-3476}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Ministrylọ Ọrụ Ọha nke Argentina ma bụrụ nwa akwụkwọ iwu na Mahadum Mba nke Avellaneda . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ meriri ikpe akụkọ ihe mere eme na Argentina nke gbanwere asambodo ọmụmụ ya na ID iji gosipụta njirimara ya na &quot;ịma nwanyị ọ na-eme njem&quot;.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carrasco|first=Adriana|date=2020-01-07|title=Femineidad travesti. El reclamo de la activista Lara Bertolini podría llegar a la Corte Suprema. {{!}} ¿La Real Academia vs Ley de Identidad de género?|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/240437-femineidad-travesti-el-reclamo-de-la-activista-lara-bertolin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423204835/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/240437-femineidad-travesti-el-reclamo-de-la-activista-lara-bertolin#:~:text=Femineidad%20travesti.-,El%20reclamo%20de%20la%20activista%20Lara%20Bertolini%20podr%C3%ADa%20llegar%20a,femineidad%20travesti%22%20en%20su%20DNI.|archivedate=2023-04-23|accessdate=2023-12-03|work=PAGINA12|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Lara María Bertolini  was born in Buenos Aires, [[Argentina]] on 10 April 1970. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ maka ikike ndị njem, ndị transgender, na ndị na-abụghị ndị abụọ. Ọ na-agba mbọ ịmepụta, chebe, na ime ka ikike nke ndị LGBT dịkwuo elu, ọkachasị ikike ndị transgender.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lara María Bertolini|url=https://www.revistaanfibia.com/autor/lara-maria-bertolini/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206232526/https://www.revistaanfibia.com/autor/lara-maria-bertolini/|archivedate=February 6, 2023|work=Anifibia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;elgritodelsur.com.ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2021|title=&quot;Tendríamos que estar nosotras en las bancas&quot;|url=https://elgritodelsur.com.ar/2021/06/lara-bertolini-tendriamos-que-estar-nosotras-en-bancas.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206223005/https://elgritodelsur.com.ar/2021/06/lara-bertolini-tendriamos-que-estar-nosotras-en-bancas.html|archivedate=6 December 2021|work=El Grito del Sur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

O kwuwo okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ gbasara mkpa ọ dị ịnye ụmụ nwanyị transgender ọrụ, ọkachasị n'ụlọ akụ. O kwuru, sị: &quot;Ndị ikom transgender nwere ike ịnata ime ihe ike, mana ha anaghị enweta ihe ike dịka ụmụ nwanyị transgender na-eme na Latin America... Anyị anọghịkwa n'akụkụ ịda ogbenye na nke ọha mmadụ kacha nwee nsogbu - anyị nọ n'èzí ókèala ndị ahụ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lopez|first=Oscar|date=2020-08-10|title=Argentine LGBT+ community divided over bank’s trans hiring quota|language=en-US|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN2562SI/|accessdate=2023-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye hiwere ozizi dị oke mkpa gbasara ikike ndị na-abụghị nke abụọ. Ọ rụkọrọ ọrụ na òtù la Colectiva Lohana Berkins (nke a sụgharịrị dịka Lohana Berkins Collective) na Organización Las Bases (nke a sụgharịrị dịka The Foundation Organization). Ọ rụkwara ọrụ iji dozie iwu ikike ndị mmadụ na Abosex (Ndị ọkaiwu maka ikike mmekọahụ).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 August 2021|title=Lara Bertolini: &quot;La Soberanía Travesti es el cúmulo de reclamos que suceden con el no reconocimiento identitario&quot;|url=https://sudakatlgbi.com.ar/lara-bertolini-la-soberania-travesti-es-el-cumulo-de-reclamos-que-suceden-con-el-no-reconocimiento-identitario/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206223009/https://sudakatlgbi.com.ar/lara-bertolini-la-soberania-travesti-es-el-cumulo-de-reclamos-que-suceden-con-el-no-reconocimiento-identitario/|archivedate=6 December 2021|accessdate=18 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She is also a co-founder [[Violeta Alegre Ríos]] of the ''Movimiento Feminista Antifascista tttinbaxlbmpq∞ (''transl. Feminist Antifascist Movement tttinbaxlbmpq∞). &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

N'ime usoro nke Iwu 26.743 na Gender Identity, na mkpebi akụkọ ihe mere eme, a ghọtara okike ya dị ka onye na-anọghị na binary okike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Mkpebi dị peeji iri na abụọ nke onye ọka ikpe obodo [[Myriam Cataldi]] kwuru na na asambodo ọmụmụ na ID nke Bertolini ga-akwanyere njirimara nwoke na nwanyị ùgwù: &quot;Femineidad travesti&quot; (transl. Travesti Feminity).  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Alegre|first=Violeta|date=11 March 2019|title=Entrevista A Lara ía Bertolini. La Justicia Reconoce Su Identidad: Femineidad Travesti|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/179078-soy-lo-que-soy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206222958/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/179078-soy-lo-que-soy|archivedate=6 December 2021|work=Pagina12}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carrasco|first=Adriana|date=10 January 2020|title=Femineidad travesti. El reclamo de la activista Lara Bertolini podría llegar a la Corte Suprema.|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/240437-femineidad-travesti-el-reclamo-de-la-activista-lara-bertolin#:~:text=Femineidad%20travesti.-,El%20reclamo%20de%20la%20activista%20Lara%20Bertolini%20podr%C3%ADa%20llegar%20a,femineidad%20travesti%22%20en%20su%20DNI.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423204835/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/240437-femineidad-travesti-el-reclamo-de-la-activista-lara-bertolin#:~:text=Femineidad%20travesti.-,El%20reclamo%20de%20la%20activista%20Lara%20Bertolini%20podr%C3%ADa%20llegar%20a,femineidad%20travesti%22%20en%20su%20DNI.|archivedate=23 April 2023|work=Pagina12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Grunewald|first=Melany|date=13 December 2019|title=Lara Bertolini: &quot;Fui rechazada durante toda mi vida, estoy acostumbrada, pero también estoy acostumbrada a no bajar los brazos&quot;|url=https://www.agenciapacourondo.com.ar/generos/lara-bertolini-fui-rechazada-durante-toda-mi-vida-estoy-acostumbrada-pero-tambien-estoy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206223002/https://www.agenciapacourondo.com.ar/generos/lara-bertolini-fui-rechazada-durante-toda-mi-vida-estoy-acostumbrada-pero-tambien-estoy|archivedate=6 December 2021|work=APU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 March 2019|title=Fallo inédito: en su DNI dirá &quot;femineidad travesti&quot; en el campo reservado para el sexo|url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2019/03/02/fallo-inedito-en-su-dni-dira-femineidad-travesti-en-el-campo-reservado-para-el-sexo/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203210700/https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2019/03/02/fallo-inedito-en-su-dni-dira-femineidad-travesti-en-el-campo-reservado-para-el-sexo/|archivedate=3 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Banyere usoro nke ịkọwa onwe ya dị ka nke a, Lara na-ekwusi ike: &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Mgbe m rutere na Lohana Berkins Collective na 2016, njirimara m gbanwere nke iwu njirimara nwoke na nwanyị nyere m n'ime usoro e guzobere (Nwanyị-Nwanyị). Abụ m nwanyị trans, nke bụkwa njirimara ziri ezi na nke a na-akwanyere ùgwù. Enweghị m ọzụzụ ọ bụla gbasara okwu nwoke na nwanyị, njirimara, ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla dị ka nke ahụ. Site na oghere ahụ ma na-ege ntị na ntinye aka dị ka gị, ama ama ama ama m ịjụ onwe m ma chee banyere onwe m na njirimara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ahụ. &quot;Mgbe ahụ&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Disemba 2019, Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Obodo nke Mba kagburu mkpebi ahụ. Na nzaghachi, Alejandra Gils Carbó (onye bụbu Ọkaiwu Ukwu nke Argentina) na ọkaiwu Emilio Buggiani tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa pụrụ iche maka Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Argentina ka o dozie arịrịọ ahụ ka e jiri &quot;nkọwa nwanyị na asambodo ọmụmụ&quot; mee ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 December 2019|title=La activista Lara Bertolini presentó un recurso extraordinario para que su DNI diga &quot;femineidad travesti&quot;|url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2019/12/27/la-activista-lara-bertolini-presento-un-recurso-extraordinario-para-que-su-dni-diga-femineidad-travesti/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315230656/https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2019/12/27/la-activista-lara-bertolini-presento-un-recurso-extraordinario-para-que-su-dni-diga-femineidad-travesti/|archivedate=15 March 2022|work=Infobae}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Presentaron un recurso extraordinario por el reconocimiento a la identidad de género de las personas travestis y transgéneros|url=https://sitrajunacion.com.ar/presentaron-un-recurso-extraordinario-por-el-reconocimiento-a-la-identidad-de-genero-de-las-personas-travestis-y-transgeneros/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206223302/https://sitrajunacion.com.ar/presentaron-un-recurso-extraordinario-por-el-reconocimiento-a-la-identidad-de-genero-de-las-personas-travestis-y-transgeneros/|archivedate=6 December 2021|work=Sitraju nacion}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Anyị na-alụ ọgụ maka ọbụbụeze njirimara ma anyị na-ezube ime ka a hụ ya, mata adịghị ike ahụ, kwụsị ịgbachi nkịtị na nchụpụ nke mepụtara mkpochapụ nke njirimara ihe karịrị 100 afọ, nke ahụ ga-edozi otu ugboro.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Mgbe ogologo oge ya na usoro ikpe lụchara ọgụ, e doziri ID ya. Nke a setịpụrụ ihe dị mkpa ebe e nyere iwu ka Civil Registry mee ikpe ndị yiri ya n'ụzọ nchịkwa ọ bụghị n'ụzọ ikpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Bertolini na-ede banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị trans, ịdị adị na ncheta na saịtị ndị dị ka Revista [[Anfibia|Amfibia]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; na Página 12. Ọ na-esokwa na nzukọ na arụmụka, gụnyere okwu Jacque al patriarcado (transl. Check the Patriarchy) nke Ministry of Social Development na Argentina haziri. Ebumnuche okwu a bụ maka ndị otu, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, egwuregwu, òtù ndị agbata obi, ndị ọkachamara ahụike, na ndị nkuzi, na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lara Bertolini: &quot;No se puede meter en una X a todas las identidades no binarias&quot;|url=https://politicadelsur.com/nota/68417/lara-bertolini--no-se-puede-meter-en-una-x-a-todas-las-identidades-no-binarias/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206201736/https://politicadelsur.com/nota/68417/lara-bertolini--no-se-puede-meter-en-una-x-a-todas-las-identidades-no-binarias/|archivedate=6 December 2021|work=Politica Del Sur}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye na-ede akụkọ na-ede banyere isiokwu transgender na Futurock na mmemme &quot;a los Botes&quot; ma a gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ ọtụtụ ugboro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=4 March 2019|title=Lara María Bertolini en A los botes|url=https://radiocut.fm/audiocut/lara-maria-bertolini-en-a-los-botes/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=RadioCut|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ide ihe ==
Bertolini dere akwụkwọ Soberanía Travesti, una identidad Argentina (June 2021, Editorial Acercandonos Cultura). Akwụkwọ a na-egosi dị ka edemede gbasara ozizi dị mkpa nke Latin America travesti ma na-ajụ ajụjụ gbasara sayensị okike na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (karịsịa usoro iwu) nke dabere na njirimara abụọ. Ọ na-enyekwa nkọwa nke ikike ọchịchị travesti.: &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Ọ bụ nchịkọta nke nkwupụta na-eme na njirimara na-enweghị nkwenye. Njirimara travesti, ọbụlagodi n'ime otu ìgwè ahụ, bụ nke a jụrụ ajụla... Njirimara travest esila n'omimi nke apịtị nke enweghị nsọpụrụ na ịgọnahụ mmadụ site na steeti, na-egosi na, ọ bụrụ na enwere ihe mebiri karịa ọchịchị travesti, ọ bụ ọchịchị travesti nke ndị mbịarambịa ibe ya. &quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
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      <text bytes="10119" sha1="nvbrx02ncu2gpqdz1tj5rhe5m34d5ft" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Doc Scurlock 1877 retouched.jpg|thumb|Doc Scurlock]]
 
&lt;references /&gt;
'''Josiah Gordon &quot;Doc&quot; Scurlock'''  (Jenụwarị 11, 1849 – Julaị 25, 1929) bụ onye ama ama n’oge Old West nke America, onye na-azụ ehi na onye ọgụ egbe. Ọ bụ otu n’ime ndị guzobere otu a na-akpọ Regulators n’oge agha Lincoln County na New Mexico. Scurlock soro ndị a ma ama dịka Billy the Kid na-agba ịnyịnya

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ ya na Tallapoosa County, [[Alabama]], na Jenụwarị 11, 1849, nwa nke isii n'ime ụmụ 11 nke Priestly Norman Scurlock (July 3, 1806 - June 22, 1876) na Esther Ann Brown (May 19, 1819 - June 1, 1903). A na-ekwu na Josiah gụrụ ọgwụ na [[New Orleans]], si otú a nata aha njirimara ya &quot;Doc&quot;.

A kọwara Doc dịka nwoke dị mita 1.73 n’ogologo (ụkwụ 5 na inch 8), na-atụ kilogram 68 (pound 150), nwere anya aja aja na ntutu isi blond gbara ọchịchịrị. N’ihe dị ka afọ 1870, ọ gara Mexico. Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ya na otu nwoke ọzọ sere okwu gbasara egwuregwu kaadị, nke mere ka ha abụọ dọpụta egbe ha.Nwoke nke ọzọ gbara mbụ, mgbọ ahụ gafere n’ọnụ Doc, kpuchapụ ezé ihu ya ma si n’azụ olu ya pụta, ma ọ naghị emerụ ya ahụ nke ukwuu karịa nke ahụ. Doc zaghachiri ngwa ngwa site n’ịgba egbe ya, ma gbuo nwoke ahụ gbara ya  égbè.

== Onye na-azụ ehi ==
N'afọ 1871, Scurlock gara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agba ịnyịnya maka John Chisum. A na-ejikwa ya na ndị ọzọ na-agba ịnyịnya echebe Chisum na ehi ya n'ihe omume Ndị ohi ehi nwara igbu ha. N'oge ụfọdụ n'afọ 1873, otu ìgwè ndị India juru ya na Jack Holt anya, e gbukwara Holt. Scurlock chọtara ebe mgbaba n'etiti nkume ụfọdụ ma, mgbe ọgụ ogologo oge gasịrị, ọ gburu onye ndú India. N'abalị, ọ gbapụrụ ma gaa  iri abụọ na abụọ maka enyemaka. N'oge ụfọdụ mgbe ọgụ ahụ gasịrị, e wepụrụ akụkụ ahụ Holt, ka e wepụrụ aka nri ya n'ikpere aka.

Na Septemba 1875, ndị India gburu onye ya na Scurlock na-agba ịnyịnya, Newt Higgins. Scurlock were iwe nke ukwuu maka ihe omume a nke mere na ọ gwara Chisum na ọ chọrọ ịhapụ. Otú ọ dị, Chisum agaghị anụ banyere ya ma jụ ịkwụ ya ụgwọ. Scurlock wee mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbe o zuru ịnyịnya atọ, ịnyịnya abụọ, na égbè wee gaa Arizona. Chisum zigara ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ikom ya ka ha chụsoo Scurlock ma ha jidere ya, mana mgbe ọ kọwara na ọ were ihe ndị ahụ n'ihi na Chisum agaghị akwụ ya ụgwọ, ha kwetara ya ma hapụ ya ka ọ laa.

N'Arizona, ọ zutere Charlie Bowdre  ma ndị ikom abụọ ahụ meghere ụlọ ọrụ cheese na Osimiri Gila  . Ụfọdụ n'ime ụmụ Scurlock na Bowdre kwuru na otu n'ime ndị ọrụ mbụ ha bụ Billy the Kid . Mgbe ha mechiri ụlọ ọrụ cheese ahụ n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1876, Scurlock na ezigbo enyi ya, Bowdre, laghachiri Lincoln County, New Mexico, ebe ha zụrụ ụlọ na ala ọha na eze na Rio Ruidoso n'aka L. G. Murphy na ụgwọ, nke mere ka ha bụrụ ndị L. G, Murphy &amp; Co. na-achị.

Scurlock, Bowdre, Frank Coe, George Coe, na Ab Saunders wakporo ụlọ mkpọrọ Lincoln na-adịghị ike na July 18, 1876, na-atọhapụ onye ohi ehi Jesus Largo n'aka Sheriff Saturnino Baca. Ha kpọpụrụ Largo n'èzí obodo ma kwụgbuo ya. Scurlock gbagburu enyi ya, Mike G. Harkins, onye njikwa ụlọ ahịa John H. Riley na Blazer's Mill, mgbe ọ na-enyocha égbè na Septemba 2, 1876.

Na October 19, 1876, Scurlock na María Antonia Miguela Herrera (June 13, 1860 - November 27, 1912) lụrụ na Lincoln, New Mexico.  (N'otu oge ahụ, nwanne nwanyị Antonia, Manuela Herrera, lụrụ Charlie Bowdre, nke mere ka Bowdre bụrụ nwanne di Scurlock.) E mechara mụọ ụmụ iri site na njikọ Scurlock na Antonia.

== Agha Lincoln County ==
Ruo ihe karịrị otu afọ, Scurlock nọ n'ọtụtụ ìgwè iji chụsoo ma jide ndị ohi ịnyịnya. Ya, Bowdre, na ndị ọzọ gburu ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ohi ha jidere. Na Jenụwarị 1877, Sheriff William J. Brady jidere Scurlock na onye agbata obi ya, George Coe, maka ebubo na ha na-eburu onye na-agba ọsọ na onye Òtù Jesse Evans Gang aha ya bụ Frank Freeman. N'ime ụbọchị ole na ole sochirinụ, Scurlock na Coe nwetara mmeso siri ike site n'aka Brady. E kwuru na a tara ha ahụhụ, mana emesịrị tọhapụ ha. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1877, ndị Evans Gang zuru ịnyịnya nke John Tunstall, Alexander McSween, na Richard &quot;Dick&quot; Brewer site na Brewer's Rio Ruidoso ranch. Scurlock na Bowdre, yana Brewer, chụpụrụ ndị Evans Gang ma chọta ha, mana ha enweghị ike iweghachite ịnyịnya ndị e zuru ezu.

Mgbe e gbusịrị Tunstall na Febụwarị 1878, Scurlock ghọrọ onye guzobere Ndị na-achịkwa ma tinye aka n'ọtụtụ agha nke Lincoln County War. Na Gunfight of Blazer's Mills na Eprel 4, Buckshot Roberts gbara Scurlock égbè n'ụkwụ. Scurlock mechara bụrụ onye ndú nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ nke ndị na-achịkwa, mgbe e gbusịrị ndị ndú Dick Brewer na Frank McNab.

Scurlock jere ozi dị ka osote onye uwe ojii n'okpuru Sheriff John Copeland, onye bụ onye McSween ma dochie Sheriff Brady. Na Mee 14, 1878, ọ duuru ndị agha 18 ruo 20, nke gụnyere Billy the Kid, Bowdre, George Coe, Brown, na Scroggins, gaa n'ugbo ehi Dolan-Riley, na-achọ ndị metụtara igbu MacNab na mmerụ ahụ Saunders. Dị ka Riley si kwuo, ha chụpụrụ ịnyịnya 26 na ịnyịnya ibu abụọ, gbuo onye ọzụzụ atụrụ aha ya bụ Wair; onye India Navajo na-arụ ọrụ n'ugbo ahụ dị ka onye na-esi nri; na nwa nwoke dị afọ 15 aha ya bụ Johnny. Otú ọ dị, W.T. Thornton, onye mmekọ iwu Thomas B. Catron, kọrọ na ndị ikpeazụ abụọ merụrụ ahụ. Onye edemede Robert M. Utley na-ekwu na ha jidere nwoke aha ya bụ &quot;Indian&quot; Manuel Segovia, onye nwere ike ịgba McNab égbè, mana a gbagburu ya mgbe a na-ekwu maka ya ịgbapụ.

Ebe ọ bụ na Catron machibidoro ihe onwunwe nke J. J. Dolan &amp; Co., ịnyịnya ndị ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ ihe onwunwa ya. N'ihi mkpesa siri ike o mere na gọvanọ ahụ, e wepụrụ Copeland dị ka onye uwe ojii n'ihi na ọ jụrụ ịkwado otu Murphy-Dolan. Mwakpo nke ndị na-achịkwa mere ka ewepụ otu n'ime ndị na-akwado ha n'ọkwa ikike ma jiri George Peppin dochie ya, onye nwere njikọ chiri anya n'akụkụ nke ọzọ.

Mgbe Billy nwara ime nkwekọrịta na Gọvanọ Lew Wallace, e jidere Scurlock ma soro ya nọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. E jidere ya na ebubo igbu &quot;Buckshot&quot; Roberts. Mgbe nkwekọrịta Wallace dara, a gwara Billy na Scurlock na a ga-ebo ha ebubo. N'ịbụ ndị a na-eche ihu maka ịnyefe maka igbu ọchụ, na June 17, 1879, Billy na Scurlock si na Lincoln pụta. Sheriff Kimball emeghị ihe ọ bụla iji kwụsị ha. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, Billy na ndị mmekọ ya zuru ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ehi na Chisum. Mgbe Chisum zigara ndị agha n'azụ ha, Scurlock kpebiri ịhapụ ndị òtù ahụ.

== Ndụ e mesịrị ==
N'ihe dị ka Ọktọba ma ọ bụ Nọvemba 1879, Scurlock kwagara Texas, ebe o biri ma ghọọ nwa amaala a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke ukwuu. Na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke 1880 na Potter County, Texas, ọ na-edebe ụlọ ọrụ ozi.

Doc Scurlock nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 80 site na nkụchi obi na Eastland, Texas. E liri ya na Eastland City Cemetery, ya na nwunye ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya ndị ọzọ.

== Ihe nkiri ==
Na ihe nkiri ọdịda anyanwụ, Young Guns, onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Kiefer Sutherland gosipụtara Scurlock, dị ka onye na-akwanyere ùgwù, omume ọma, na-ede uri. Na ngwụcha ihe nkiri ahụ, Scurlock hapụrụ ndị Billy the Kid, na-agbapụ na New Mexico na nwanyị Eshia ọ hụrụ n'anya na mbido ihe nkiri ahụ na-enwe olileanya ịmalite ndụ ọhụrụ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ.

Na Ihe na-esote, ''Young Guns II'', Scurlock (nke Sutherland gosipụtara ọzọ) na-eje ozi dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na New York City mgbe e jidere ya ma kpọghachi ya na New Mexico, ebe The Kid zọpụtara ya ka ọ ghara ịkwụgbu ya. Ọ laghachiri n'ìgwè Billy ma merụọ ahụ nke ukwuu na ndị na-eche ya ihu nke John W. Poe, nke Viggo Mortensen mere, mgbe ọ na-apụ n'ebe ha zoro. Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ime, ọ na-agbapụ ọzọ ka e gbuo ya n'oké mmiri ozuzo. Nke a dabeere na ọnwụ Charlie Bowdre na mwakpo nke Pat Garrett haziri. N'ezie, Scurlock lụrụ nwanyị Mexico na 1876 ma nwụọ n'udo na Texas ọtụtụ afọ mgbe oge ihe nkiri ahụ kpuchiri. Ihe nkiri &quot;Young Guns II&quot; mbụ gosipụtara Scurlock n'ụzọ ziri ezi ka ya na nwunye ya na-aga Texas. A kọọrọ na Kiefer Sutherland, nke na-eche esemokwu oge ihu, jụrụ ịlaghachi na Young Guns franchise ọ gwụla ma onye ya nwụrụ na ihe nkiri ahụ bụ &quot;Stinking Springs Shoot Out&quot;. Onye edemede bụ John Fusco lụsoro arịrịọ a ọgụ, mana n'ikpeazụ degharịrị ihe nkiri ahụ iji kwekọọ na usoro ihe omume Sutherland.

N’ime ihe nkiri Chisum nke John Wayne mere, a kpọrọ Scurlock aha dịka otu n’ime ndị Billy the Kid na-achịkọta iji luso Murphy ọgụ. Ọ pụtara n'oge ọgụ ahụ, mana ọ bụghị ihe doro anya nke n'ime ndị otu ọkara iri na abụọ (ndị ọzọ a na-amaghị ama na-eme) ga-abụ Scurlock.

== Edensịbia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-docscurlock.html Ndị na-agba égbè nke Old West]
* [https://www.angelfire.com/mi2/billythekid/scurlock.html Onye Gụrụ Akwụkwọ Gụrụ Akwụkwọ]
* [https://www.angelfire.com/mi2/billythekid/chronology2.html Oge nke Billy the Kid]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015195009/http://eastland.net/city/cemetery/internment/p_to_sylvester.htm Ndepụta Ebe E liri Ozu nke Eastland]
* Doc ScurlocknaChọta Ili 
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
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[[Faịlụ:Olubaka of Oka.jpg|thumb|Yusuf Adebori Adeleye ]]
'''Yusuf Adebori Adeleye''' ((Listenⓘ)) (amụrụ na 9 Nọvemba 1946) bụ onye ọchịchị ọdịnala Naijiria na Olubaka nke Oka Akoko . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Jeremiah|first=Urowayino|title=Olubaka|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|date=26 June 2022|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/our-roads-forests-are-not-safe-from-criminals-olubaka/|accessdate=28 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Adeleye n'ezinụlọ eze nke Okinkon, Ibaka na Oka Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.Ndị mụrụ ya bụ Saliu Jimba Adeleye na Abisatu Adeleye. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị St. Mark site na 1955 ruo 1959 ma mechaa gaa n'ihu na Christ African Church Central School, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na 1965. Ọ garakwa ụlọ akwụkwọ African Church Grammar School dị na Oka Akoko maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. Site na Julaị ruo Disemba 1966, a zụrụ ya ọzụzụ na Ikeja Police College.A nabatara ya na [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum nke Naijiria Nsukka]] maka agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu ma mụọ iwu site na 1970 ruo 1973. Ọ nwetara B.L ya na Nigerian Law School, Lagos, a kpọkwara ya ka ọ bụrụ ọkàiwu n'afọ 1974. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Oripeloye|first=Henri|title=Ogboo olubaka-oye aabao: a biography of Yusuf Adebori Adeleye, the Olubaka of Okaland|date=2009|publisher=Kraft Books|isbn=978-978-49003-9-3|location=[[Ibadan]], Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yusuf Adebori Adeleye, Adebisi ogendegbe|title=The monumental speeches of HRH Oba Yusuf Adebori Adeleye: the Olubaka of Oka land|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/30814852|volume=|pages=P.g 153}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịkpu Eze ==
N'afọ 1984, Adeleye bụ otu n'ime ndị eze si n'ezinụlọ eze Okikon. A họpụtara ya n'usoro nke gụnyere ndị eze iri na isii sitere n'agbụrụ eze itoolu. Na Disemba 9, 1987, kọmitii nke ndị isi Oka kwupụtara nhọpụta ya n'ụlọ nzukọ obodo Oka.Na 18 Disemba 1998, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Naịjirịa kpebiri Olubaka dị ka naanị onye ọchịchị kachasị elu nke Alaeze Oka; na 16 Eprel 1988, tupu ikpe ụlọ ikpe, Gọvanọ Bode George nabatara Adeleye dị ka Olubaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Xiao|first=Allen Hai|date=November 2021|title=Oka Day as an institution of power: kingship, chieftaincy and the community day in contemporary Yorubaland|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/oka-day-as-an-institution-of-power-kingship-chieftaincy-and-the-community-day-in-contemporary-yorubaland/114360DDC4521EBBFC44695C8B0A54C4|journal=Africa|volume=91|issue=5|pages=790–809|doi=10.1017/S0001972021000589|issn=0001-9720|accessdate=26 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Na ụbọchị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2014, n'oge emume ụbọchị Oka kwa afọ na Pavilion nke obí Olubaka, Adeleye dụrụ ndị ntorobịa ọdụ ka ha zere ịbụ ndị nnọchite anya mbibi tụpụ Oge Ntuli aka Naịjirịa nke afọ 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Offiong|first=Adie Vanessa|date=4 August 2014|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201408042757.html|title=Ondo Monarch Warns Against Violence in 2015 Polls|work=[[AllAfrica]]|accessdate=26 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ụbọchị isii nke ọnwa Mee afọ 2023, o nwere nsogbu n'ịntanetị na onyeisi oche APC nke Sehinde Mise, maka ebubo na e mere nzukọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'obí ya iji kwado onye ga-azọ ọkwa PDP na ntuli aka izugbe nke afọ 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gbadamosi|first=Hakeem|title=Don't drag me into politics, Ondo monarch cautions APC council chair|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|date=6 May 2023|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/dont-drag-me-into-politics-ondo-monarch-cautions-apc-council-chair/|accessdate=28 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kwadoro Lucky Aiyedatiwa n'oge ntuli aka gọvanọ nke Ondo Steeti na 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Arogbofa, Olubaka declare support for Aiyedatiwa ahead of governorship poll|work=[[Peoples Gazette]]|date=10 November 2024|url=https://gazettengr.com/arogbofa-olubaka-declare-support-for-aiyedatiwa-ahead-of-governorship-poll/|accessdate=28 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2022, Adeleye gosipụtara mwute dị ka ụmụ nwanyị Ondo gbakọtara n'obí ya iji mee mkpesa maka enweghị nchebe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Idowu|first=Ronke Sanya|title=Ondo Women Throng Palace Of Traditional Ruler, Protest Rising Insecurity|work=[[Channels Television]]|date=15 January 2022|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/01/15/ondo-women-throng-palace-of-traditional-ruler-protest-rising-insecurity/|accessdate=28 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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[[Faịlụ:ADEWALE STEPHEN IN HIS OFFICE.jpg|thumb|Stephen Adewale]]

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Adewale na 3 August 1982 na Akure, Ondo State. Ọ malitere akwụkwọ na 1998 na Salvation Army Primary School wee banye na mahadum Obafemi Awolowo na 2007 ebe ọ gụchara nzere bachelọ na Akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmekọrịta mba ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akinyemi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=&quot;My growing days were challenge-filled&quot;—Mr. Stephen Adewale, Ondo SDP Chairman|first=Bioluwatife|author=Akinyemi|date=22 October 2023|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/my-growing-days-were-challenge-filled-mr-stephen-adewale-ondo-sdp-chairman/|accessdate=31 October 2023|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ha zutere Adewole Adebayo na 2014,&lt;ref name=&quot;TheSun&quot; /&gt; Adewale dị oke mkpa n'ichepụta KAFTAN TV ma bụrụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ugbu a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Stephen Adewale at 40 – A Leader of Leaders!|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/08/stephen-adewale-at-40-a-leader-of-leaders/|first=Racheal|author=Roberts|date=3 August 2022|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=31 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2015, e mere Adewale onye isi oche nke African Dialogue Mission wee sonye na Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Njikọ nke Africa na Udo na Nchebena 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;TheSun&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=From Journalism to Political Juggernaism: Meet Stephen Adewale|date=27 October 2023|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/from-journalism-to-political-juggernaism-meet-stephen-adewale/|accessdate=31 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2022, e mere Adewale onyeisi oche nke Social Democratic Party na Ondo steeti.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheSun&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Adewale na 3 August 1982 site na Mazị Ademola Adewale na Oriakụ Eunice Adunni (née Kumuyi). O si Akure dị n'okpuru ọchịchị Akure South, isi obodo Ondo steeti. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Salvation Army Primary na Akure. Ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi ụgbọ ala ọtụtụ afọ, o mechara gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Prospect dị na Akure maka agụmakwụkwọ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ọ gakwara n'ihu mụọ History/International Relations na mahadum Obafemi Awolowo wee gụchaa n'afọ 2011. Adewale debere iwu otu afọ National Youth Service Corps na Osun State College of Education, Ilesa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akinyemi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=&quot;My growing days were challenge-filled&quot;—Mr. Stephen Adewale, Ondo SDP Chairman|first=Bioluwatife|author=Akinyemi|date=22 October 2023|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/my-growing-days-were-challenge-filled-mr-stephen-adewale-ondo-sdp-chairman/|accessdate=31 October 2023|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ndụ onwe onye ==
Adewale lụrụ Oriakụ Kehinde Adewale (née Akinwale).&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ọrụ ide ihe ==
Ọ malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ bụ nwata akwụkwọ na mahadum Obafemi Awolowo. Stephen edeela ihe karịrị 100 iberibe echiche maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mba na n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=&quot;The nexus between politics and journalism in Nigeria&quot;=|first=Solomon|author=Aribisala|date=22 October 2023|url=https://guardian.ng/news/the-nexus-between-politics-and-journalism-in-nigeria/|accessdate=14 November 2023|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpempe akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya bụ ntinye aka na akwụkwọ ndị ọkà mmụta Cambridge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridgescholars.com/resources/pdfs/978-1-5275-1660-1-sample.pdf|title=Security Challenges and Management in Modern Nigeria|publisher=Cambridge Scholars|date=2018|isbn=978-1-5275-1660-1|accessdate=28 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ọrụ ọha na eze n'ọrụ ọchịchị Naijiria. O wepụtakwara ọmụmụ mgbanwe mgbanwe ọzọ, oge a gbadoro anya na ndị a chụpụrụ n'ime obodo na ihe ịma aka ha maka ịlanarị na Abuja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Internally displaced persons and the challenges of survival in Abuja|first=Stephen|author=Adewale|date=24 March 2016|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10246029.2016.1154475/|accessdate=14 November 2023|journal=[[African Security Review]]|volume=25|issue=2|pages=176–192|doi=10.1080/10246029.2016.1154475}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ==
Adewale bụ onye dere akwụkwọ ndị a:

* &quot;Mwakpo sitere n'oké ọhịa: Maka ịnapụta nnukwu Africa n'aka ndị Boko Haram&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Surge from the Forest: Towards Rescuing the Africa's Giant from the Boko Haram's Clench|author=Stephen Adewale|publisher=Grin Verlag|date=2014|isbn=978-3656747956}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Site na Site na ngbanwe n'ihe owuwu gaa na nkeonwe na Nigeria''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=From Structural Adjustment to Privatisation in Nigeria|author=Stephen Adewale|publisher=Grin Verlag|date=2014|isbn=978-3656766551}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
A họpụtara Adewale onyeisi oche nke Social Democratic Party na Ondo steeti site n'aka ndị nnọchiteanya pati ahụ na Eprel 8, 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=2023: Adewale emerges Ondo SDP Chairman, says APC, PDP made Nigeria poorer, backward since 1999|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/2023-adewale-emerges-ondo-sdp-chairman-says-apc-pdp-made-nigeria-poorer-backward-since-1999/|first=Dayo|author=Johnson|date=10 April 2023|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=31 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe aka na-achị Ondo steeti bụ Rotimi Akeredolu enyefeghị ọchịchị n'aka osote ya, ndị SDP nke Adewale bilitere n'ọkwa, na-ebute ụzọ n'ịgbasa ọchịchị n'aka Lucky Aiyedatiwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Akeredolu: SDP urges handover to deputy, as Ondo govt insists governor is fit|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/603416-akeredolu-sdp-urges-handover-to-deputy-as-ondo-govt-insists-governor-is-fit.html|first=Josiah|author=Oluwole|date=9 June 2023|work=[[Premium Times (Nigeria)|Premium Times]]|accessdate=30 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbọ Adewale mere pụtara ìhè nke mere na akpọrọ ya aha otu n'ime ndị na-eto eto ise na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ondo steeti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Top 5 Political Players in Ondo State|url=https://dailytimesng.com/top-5-political-players-in-ondo-state/|first=Grace|author=Ihesiulo|date=24 October 2023|work=[[Daily Times (Nigeria)|Daily Times]]|accessdate=31 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adewale gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi oche Social Democratic Party na Disemba 31, 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ondo SDP Chairman, Hon. Stephen Adewale Resigns|url=https://topshotnews.com.ng/ondo-sdp-chairman-hon-stephen-adewale-resigns//|first=Ngozi|author=Aduloju|date=1 January 2024|accessdate=1 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==

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    <title>Christopher Pere Ajuwa</title>
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'''Christopher 'Pere' Ajuwa''' (23 Nọvemba 1941 - 31 Jenụwarị 2017) bụ nwoke mbụ si n'ógbè Niger Delta nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na-agba ọsọ maka ọfịs [[Ishi ochíchì Naigeria|Onye isi ala Naijiria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/ex-presidential-candidate-pere-ajuwa-dies/|title=Ex-presidential candidate, Pere Ajuwa, dies|date=31 January 2017|work=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==
A mụrụ Christopher 'Pere' Ajuwa na steeti [[Ȯra Bayelsa|Bayelsa]], nke dị na South Nigeria, na mpaghara Niger Delta.

N'afọ 1993, Pere banyere na ntuli aka onye isi ala megide Alhaji Bashir Tofa n'okpuru usoro ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị nke National Republican Convention (NRC). N'ikpeazụ, na 2003 na 2007, ọ gbara ọsọ maka onye isi ala nke Naijiria megide Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] (2015-2019) n'okpuru usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke All Nigeria People Party (ANPP). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=144299|title=Our Campaigns - Candidate - Christopher Pere Ajuwa|work=www.ourcampaigns.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chief Dr. Christopher Pere Ajuwa nwụrụ na 2017 na Port Harcourt mgbe ọ dị afọ 76. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/breaking-pere-ajuwa-dies-at-76/|title=Pere Ajuwa, popular Ijaw politician, dies at 76|date=January 31, 2017|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ezinụlọ na nwata ==
A mụrụ Christopher Pere Ajuwa na 23 Nọvemba 1941 n'ezinụlọ Onye isi Pa Ogongolo Vurudu Ajuwa nke Egbesubiri Quarter, na Chief Ma Mrs. Rachael Diriayefa Ajuwa and Erubiri Quarter of Gbaranraun Obodo, na Lịkaka Gọọmenti na Southern Ijaw nke dị na steeti Bayelsa.

=== Mmụta ===
Pere gara Ade Oshodi, ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị dị na mpaghara Westan Nịajirịa, site na 1954 ruo 1960 wee nweta asambodo mbụ ya. Site na 1961 ruo 1964, ọ gara Stella Maris College, Okitipupa, na Ondo Lịkaka Gọọmenti nke Ondo State.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ajuwa-christopher-perewari/|title=AJUWA, Christopher Perewari|date=September 20, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara Government College Technical College Ijebu-Ode, Yaba Trade Centre, Lagos ma nweta Obodo na Nduzi Intermediate na 1968. Ọ hapụrụ Naịjirịa wee gaa Yaba Technical College na Mahadum Glasgow, Scotland ebe ọ nwetara Nzere Asambodo teknụzụ dị eluna 1975.

Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na ngwụcha afọ 1970, Pere nọ na Mahadum Worcester, United Kingdom na-amụ Structural Engineering na ọmụmụ injinia ndị ọzọ ma ọ ghọrọ British Certified Technical Injinia Structural na mbido afọ 1980.

N'afọ 2006, Pere nwetara nzere masta na Nchịkwa azụmahịa na Mahadum Ekiti State . 
&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timelesspersons.com/christopher-pere-ajuwa-1941-2017/|title=Christopher Pere Ajuwa (1941-2017)|date=February 16, 2019|accessdate=June 20, 2026|archivedate=June 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611172258/https://www.timelesspersons.com/christopher-pere-ajuwa-1941-2017/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọnwụ ===
N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2016, a chọpụtara na Pere nwere ọrịa kansa prostate. Ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ ya mana ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ọha na eze na nke ọha na eze. Ọ nwụrụ na Mọnde, 31 Jenụwarị 2017 na ebe obibi ya na Port Harcourt . 

Gọvanọ Seriake Henry Dickson kọwara ọnwụ Pere dị ka ihe mwute, ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ na nnukwu mfu nye Gọọmentị na ndị Bayelsa Steeti.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; N'ikwu okwu n'ememe olili ozu e mere na Chief DSP Alamieyeseigha Banquet Hall na Yenagoa, iji sọpụrụ onye ahụ nwụrụ anwụ, Dickson kwuru na a ga-echeta onyinye Pere nyere maka uto mmekọrịta na akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke steeti Bayelsa na Naijiria ruo mgbe ebighị ebi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/pere-ajuwa-epitome-ijaw-struggle-%e2%80%95dickson/|title=Pere Ajuwa was an epitome of the Ijaw struggle ―Dickson » Latest News » Tribune Online|date=April 8, 2017|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
N'afọ 1969, e were Pere n'ọrụ mbụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ na Western State Ụlọ ọrụ Water Corporation na Ibadan. Mgbe ahụ, ọ sonyeere Ụlọ ọrụ Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria kwa na Ibadan (CRIN) dị ka onye injinia na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ na-agwọ mmiri na 1970; ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ abụọ. Ọ hapụrụ ọnọdụ ahụ iji gaa gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Glasgow na United Kingdom na ngwụcha afọ 1970.

Mgbe ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa, Pere ghọrọ onye isi ndụmọdụ injinia, SP Group Engineers na 1977.

Ọ banyere na azụmaahịa onwe onye dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ na Ahịa mmanụ ala na mbido afọ 1980. Ọ gara n'ihu bụrụ Onyeisi Sịvụl Injinia na Ụlọ ọrụ Prefab na Mba Ofesi Limited. N'afọ 1993, o nyere aka chọta ma chịa Pere Roberto Nịajirịa Limited dị ka odeakwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ wee ghọọ onye isi nchịkwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://companycheck.co.uk/company/02856769/PERE-ROBERTO--ASSOCIATES-LIMITED/companies-house-data|title=PERE ROBERTO &amp; ASSOCIATES LIMITED. Free business summary taken from official companies house information. Free alerts. Registered as 02856769|first=company check|author=ltd|work=Company Check}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ===
N'afọ 1986, a họpụtara Pere ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Port Harcourt Chamber of Commerce and Industries.

N'afọ 1989, o sonyere ma merie oche nke [[Yenagoa]] Federal Constituency n'ime nzukọ ndị omeiwu nke oge ahụ.

N'afọ 1992, e nwere mgbanwe nke usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria nke mesịrị mụọ National Republican Convention (NRC) na Social Democratic Party (SDP). Pere mechara bụrụ onye guzobere NRC ma kwado Chief Rufus Ada George dị ka Gọvanọ (Jenụwarị 1992 ruo Nọvemba 1993) nke Rivers State ochie.

N'afọ 1992, Pere bụ onye na-achọ ịbụ onye isi ala na ikpo okwu nke National Republican Convention (NRC). &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot; /&gt; A manyere Pere ịpụ n'ala maka Alhaji Bashiru Torfa onye mechara bụrụ onye na-eburu ọkọlọtọ nke NRC na onye na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala nke Social Democratic Party - SDP Alhaji MKO Abiola gbara ọsọ na ntuli aka onye isi ala na June 12, 1993 nke a kagburu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/prominent-celebs-die-port-harcourt-one-week/|title=PROMINENT CELEBS DIE IN PORT HARCOURT IN ONE WEEK|first=Daniji|author=Emmanuel|date=February 14, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1998 na Pere ghọrọ onye guzobere All People Party (APP) nke mechara ghọọ All Nigerian Peoples Party (ANPP).

Ọ gbara ọsọ na primaries megide onye isi ala ugbu a bụ [[Muhammadu Buhari|Mohammadu Buhari]] ma merie na 2003 na 2007 n'otu n'otu. Ọ gbara ọsọ dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala na ntuli aka onye isi ala n'afọ 2003 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/PartyDetail.html?PartyID=4478|title=Our Campaigns - Political Party - Liberal Democratic (LDPN)|work=www.ourcampaigns.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 2007 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/PartyDetail.html?PartyID=3174|title=Our Campaigns - Political Party - Alliance for Democracy (AD)|work=www.ourcampaigns.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; na pati Liberal Democratic Party of Nigeria (LDPN) na Alliance for Democracy (AD) n'otu n'otu.

&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://armada.ng/former-presidential-candidate-pere-ajuwa-dies-76/|title=Former Presidential candidate, Pere Ajuwa dies at 76|first=Preye|author=Ebiowei|date=January 31, 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEbiowei2017&quot;&gt;Ebiowei, Preye (January 31, 2017). [http://armada.ng/former-presidential-candidate-pere-ajuwa-dies-76/ &quot;Former Presidential candidate, Pere Ajuwa dies at 76&quot;].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;N'afọ 2003, a manyere ya ka ọ gbapụ na All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) mgbe General Mohammadu Buhari, bụ onye a họpụtara dị ka onye na-akwado onye isi oche, mere ka Pere hapụ pati ahụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ANPP agaghị enye ya tiketi onye isi ala, ọ tụgharịrị gaa na Liberal Democratic Party of Nigeria (LDPN) wee pụta n'ọzọ ọkwa onyeisiala na 2003.[2]You

N'ịkwado ntuli aka nke afọ 2007, ọ laghachiri na ANPP ma manye ya ịpụ n'ọkwa maka General [[Muhammadu Buhari|Mohammadu Buhari]]. Alliance for Democracy mechara nabata ya dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala mgbe onye na-agbachitere ọkwa onye isi oche n'oge ahụ, Chief [[Adebayo Adefarati]] nwụsịrị na mberede.

N'afọ 2011, ọ gbara ọsọ iji mejupụta oche Bayelsa Central Senatorial na ikpo okwu nke ANPP ma merie onye na-achị PDP.

=== Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe ===
N'afọ 2006, Ajuwa duuru obodo Ijaw 145 n'okpuru nkwado nke ndị Aborigine Ijaw ebubo Shell tupu nnọkọ jikọrọ aka nke National Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nigerialii.org/ng/judgment/supreme-court/2011/7|title=Chief (Dr.) Pere Ajuwa &amp; Anor. v. The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SC.290/2007)[2011] NGSC 7 (16 December 2011) (SC.290/2007) [1960] NGSC 1 (15 December 2011); &amp;#124; Nigeria Legal Information Institute|work=nigerialii.org|accessdate=20 June 2026|archivedate=7 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807030611/https://nigerialii.org/ng/judgment/supreme-court/2011/7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nzukọ nke Mba nyere obodo US $ 1.5 ijeri mmebi dị ka ụgwọ maka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kpatara kemgbe ọ malitere nyocha mmanụ na 1956. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://armada.ng/former-presidential-candidate-pere-ajuwa-dies-76/|title=Former Presidential candidate, Pere Ajuwa dies at 76|first=Preye|author=Ebiowei|date=January 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
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      <text bytes="6082" sha1="dfs8f1few0c22w38ocnwot26dhbuspb" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:MohammedBelloKoko.jpg|thumb|Mohammed Bello-Koko na 2022]]
'''Mohammed Bello-Koko''' (amụrụ na 25 Machị 1969) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ akụ na Naijiria na onye bụbu onye isi nchịkwa nke [[Nigerian Ports Authority|Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Naijiria]] ọkwá ọ malitere na 22 Febụwarị 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Bello-Koko appointed NPA's substantive managing director|url=https://guardian.ng/news/bello-koko-appointed-npas-substantive-managing-director/|date=2016-07-13|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tupu nhọpụta ya dị ka onye isi nchịkwa, Bello-Koko nọ na 6 Mee 2021, mee ya onye isi nchịk nke NPA mgbe a gwara Hadiza Bala Usman ka ọ nyefee onye isi nchịdi kachasị elu mgbe a kwụsịrị ya maka nnupụisi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021-06-28|title=Buhari removes Hadiza Bala Usman as NPA chief, names Mohammed Koko as replacement|url=https://gazettengr.com/just-in-buhari-removes-hadiza-bala-usman-as-npa-chief-names-mohammed-koko-as-replacement/|work=[[Peoples Gazette]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021-05-06|title=Why Buhari suspended NPA boss Hadiza - Presidency|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/459956-why-buhari-suspended-npa-boss-hadiza-presidency.html|accessdate=2021-06-28|language=en-GB|work=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tupu nhọpụta ahụ dị ka onye na-anọchite anya MD, Bello-Koko bụ onye isi nchịkwa, Finance &amp; Administration of the Authority.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Mohammed Bello-Koko na 25 Machị 1969, na mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo Koko / Besse na Kebbi Steeti. Ọ gara ma gụchaa akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Federal Government College [[Sokoto]] n'afọ 1986. Ọ gara Mahadum Usmanu Danfodio, Sokoto maka nzere bachelọ nke sayensị (B.Sc.) na Management Studies na nzere masta na Business Administration (MBA) na 1992 na 1995 n'otu n'otu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nigerianports.gov.ng/history/executive-management-team/|title=Management Team}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịbụ onye nwere mmasị n'ịmụ ihe na-aga n'ihu, ọ gara n'ihu na Harvard Kennedy School, USA ebe o nwetara asambodo Executive na idu ndú ọha.

== Ọrụ ==
Bello Koko malitere ọrụ ya na FSB International Bank Plc site n'afọ 1996 ruo 2004 ma rụọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ atụmatụ dị iche iche gụnyere ọrụ ụlọ akụ, njikwa ihe egwu kredit, ọrụ akụ, ụlọ akụ azụmaahịa na ahịa ụlọ ọrụ nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ngalaba ike na ngalaba ọha, si otú a na-ahụ maka ijikwa akaụntụ nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas mba dị iche iche, na mmekọrịta ngalaba ọha.

Ọ sonyeere Zenith International Bank Plc n'afọ 2005 ebe o toro n'oge dị iche iche wee bụrụ onye isi ala, onye isi ala mpaghara na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ, ebe onyinye pụrụ iche ya na uru na nhazi ego nke ụlọ akụ ahụ n'ụwa niile n'ime afọ 2005 ruo 2015 nyere ya ọtụtụ ihe nrite na ụlọ akụ ahụ, o nwekwara ọnọdụ na ndị isi njikwa nke ụlọ akụ ahụ dịka osote onye njikwa ukwu na onye isi mpaghara.

=== Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Naịjirịa ===
N'afọ 2016, Onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari họpụtara Bello-Koko dịka Onyeisi Nchịkwa Ego na Nchịkwa nke Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA), ọrụ ọ rụrụ nke ọma ruo Mee 2021, mgbe a họpụtara ya dịka Onyeisi Nchịkwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/511773-buhari-appoints-new-npa-managing-director.html|title=Buhari appoints new NPA managing director|work=[[Premium Times]]|date=15 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ ya dị mma dịka onye isi nchịkwa gosipụtara site na itinye ego na-agbapụta, mmụba a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ na ego na arụmọrụ ka mma nke butere mmụba dị ukwuu na okporo ụzọ akpa na-aga Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Onne na mkpebi siri ike nke imepe Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Warri, Calabar na Rivers mere ka Onyeisiala kwenye. [[Muhammadu Buhari]] kwado Koko bụrụ onye isi nchịwa nke NPA na 15 Febụwarị 2022.

Dịka onyeisi njikwa nke Port Authority, Bello Koko kpughere na a na-eme ihe na itinye ego iji mepụta usoro dijitalụ zuru oke na mpaghara ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na Naịjirịa ka ọ na-erule 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigerian-ports-operation-to-go-digital-by-2025-npa/|title=Nigerian ports operation to go digital by 2025 – NPA|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|date=4 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na mmata ==

* Ihe nrite Vanguard Icon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-01-30|title=Bello Koko wins Vanguard Icon Award says NPA reviewing contract requests on deep water port|url=https://portnews.com.ng/bello-koko-wins-vanguard-icon-award-says-npa-reviewing-contract-requests-on-deep-water-port/|accessdate=2023-01-30|work=portnews|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onyinye AMJON . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-12-15|title=Bello Koko Moghalu others bags AMJON Award|url=https://Guardian.ng/News/bello-koko-moghalu-others-bags-amjon-award/|accessdate=2022-12-15|work=Guardian Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onyinye idu ndú ọhụụ.
* Ihe nrite nke ọkwa platinum maka arụmọrụ pụrụ iche na nnyefe ọrụ.
* Ngalaba Ọha Ico Afọ 2022
* News Telegraph Awards na-agba NPA ume ka ọ rụchaa.

== Ndụ nkeonwe ==
Mohammed Bello-Koko lụrụ Agatha Anne Koko, onye ọchụnta ego. Ọ bụ nwa nwanne Sarkin Yakin Gwandu Alhaji Abubakar Koko nwụrụ anwụ

== Mmata ==
Dị ka onye nduzi na-anọchite anya, Bello-Koko bụ onye natara onyinye Visionary Leadership Award 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://orientalnewsng.com/npa-photo-news-acting-md-receives-visionary-leadership-awards/|title=NPA Photo News : Acting MD Receives Visionary Leadership Awards|first=Orientalnews|author=Staff|date=August 23, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; site na Renner na Renner Consulting. 

== Edensibịa ==

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== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Bisayo na Akungba Akoko, Ondo State. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịm nke Fanibi Community [[Akure]] ma gaa Fiwasaye Girls Grammar School, Akure . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theoutlet.com.ng/the-journey-of-abisayo-nigerias-queen-of-country/|title=The journey of Bisayo, Nigeria's Queen of Country|date=29 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke iwu LLB (Hons) site na Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. O mechara gụchaa Barrister na Law (B.L) na The Nigerian Law School, Enugu, Nigeria. Na mgbakwunye na nzere iwu ya, o nwere Master of Law na International Commercial &amp; Corporation Law site na King's College London (LLM-2023) na Master of Business Administration na Mahadum Cambridge Judge Business School.

== Ọrụ ọkachamara ==
Bisayo arụọla ọrụ dị iche iche dị mkpa n'òtù dị iche iche a ma ama. Ugbu a, ọ na-eje ozi dịka odeakwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ na onye ndụmọdụ iwu na Board of All Grace Energy Ltd, onye na-arụ ọrụ na Ubima Marginal Field na OML 17.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.adexen.com/company/255069|title=All Grace Energy Limited, Adexen.com|work=Adexen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado na ọrụ enyemaka mmadụ ==
Bisayo bụ onye guzobere Project One, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://dailytrust.com/foundation-urges-young-nigerians-to-shun-illegal-migration/|title=Foundation urges young Nigerians to shun illegal migration - Daily Trust|date=24 May 2019|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; atụmatụ lekwasịrị anya n'inye agụmakwụkwọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ekele ụmụ amaala, na ntụziaka maka ndị ntorobịa Naijiria na onye na-eme nzukọ &quot;Abụ m onye Naijiria&quot; kwa afọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.alltimepost.com/2017/05/osinbajo-to-launch-i-am-a-nigerian-campaign/|title=Osinbajo To Launch I AM A NIGERIAN Campaign – Alltimepost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/group-urges-youths-to-unite-against-violence-illegal-migration/|title=Group urges youths to unite against violence, illegal migration|date=25 May 2019|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ahazi ogbako, seminarị, na ihe omume ndị ọzọ iji kwalite nduzi, udo, na ọrụ iwulite mba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.noa.gov.ng/4abetternigeria/|title=4abetternigeria – National Orientation Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye hiwere BBLEGAL, ikpo okwu nke na-enye ndụmọdụ iwu, ndụmọdụ, na ọrụ nhazi amụma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theadvocate.ng/monitor-implementation-of-2018-budget-csos-charge-nigerians/|title=Monitor implementation of 2018 Budget, CSOs charge Nigerians|date=22 June 2018|accessdate=21 June 2026|archivedate=18 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818161015/http://www.theadvocate.ng/monitor-implementation-of-2018-budget-csos-charge-nigerians/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na mmata ==
A maara Bisayo dịka otu n'ime ndị ntorobịa Naịjirịa kacha nwee mmetụta. E tinyere ya n'ọkwa &quot;100 Ndị Ntorobịa Naịjirịa Kachasị Kpatara Mmetụta&quot; n'afọ 2018 na 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ng.avancemedia.org/|title=Most Influential Young Nigerians|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2024-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924145756/http://ng.avancemedia.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, ọ natara nhọpụta na &quot;101 Most Impactful Nigerian Women&quot; n'etiti afọ 2015 na 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.9ja.com/good-leadership-does-not-reside-in-any-gender-or-tribe-92750.html|title=Good leadership does not reside in any gender or tribe}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye ikpeazụ maka 'Active Citizens Award' nke Budgit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://newtelegraphng.com/budgit-unveils-finalists-for-active-citizens-award/|title=BudgIT unveils finalists for 'Active Citizens Award'|date=31 August 2022|work=[[New Telegraph]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

* Project One Nigerian: Pughe ikike gị site na njirimara gị &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAIUzwEACAAJ|title=Project One Nigerian: Unlock Your Potential Through Your Identity|isbn=9789789935703|author=Busari-Akinnadeju|first=Bisayo|date=2021|publisher=Project One Production}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Project-One-Nigerian-potential-identity/dp/B08TFH2553|isbn=9798596836493|title=Project One Nigerian: Unlock your potential through your identity|date=19 January 2021|publisher=Independently published}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Klọb Ndị Ọgaranya

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Chimaobi Desmond Anyaso</title>
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| name = Chimaobi Desmond Anyaso
| image = Chimaobi_Desmond_Anyaso.png
| caption = Dr. Chimaobi Desmond Anyaso
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1980|9|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = Aba, Abia State, Nigeria
| occupation = Businessman, investor, philanthropist, politician
| known_for = Founder, Caades Group
| spouse = Adanna
}}

'''Chimaobi Desmond Anyaso''' (amụrụ na 16 Septemba 1980) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rapheal|date=16 September 2020|title=Profile of Dr. Chimaobi Anyaso|url=https://thesun.ng/profile-of-dr-chimaobi-anyaso/|accessdate=26 March 2026|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nlekọta ahụike ma ọ|bụ onye ọchụnta ego Naịjirịa, onye na-etinye ego, onye na-eme ebere na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onyeisi oche nke otu Caades, otu dị iche iche nwere mmasị na mmanụ na gas, ala na ụlọ, nnabata ọbịa, ọrụ ego na nlekọta ahụike.]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

A maara Anyaso maka onyinye ya na azụmaahịa, mmepe ndị ntorobịa, na ọrụ ebere na Naịjirịa, ọkachasị site na atụmatụ lekwasịrị anya na agụmakwụkwọ na nlekọta ahụike..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=From Lecture Halls to Boardrooms: Dr. Chima Anyaso Shares Inspiring Journey of Grace, Grit, and Growth at Ebonyi State University|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/07/11/from-lecture-halls-to-boardrooms-dr-chima-anyaso-shares-inspiring-journey-of-grace-grit-and-growth-at-ebonyi-state-university/|accessdate=26 March 2026|language=en-US|work=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa, gụnyere isonye na ntuliaka na ịkwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na steeti Abia..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=One moment, please...|url=https://peopleofabia.com/former-abia-deputy-governorship-candidate-chimaobi-desmond-anyaso-resigns-from-young-progressives-party-ypp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914024234/https://peopleofabia.com/former-abia-deputy-governorship-candidate-chimaobi-desmond-anyaso-resigns-from-young-progressives-party-ypp|archivedate=14 September 2025|accessdate=26 March 2026|work=peopleofabia.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ Mbido na Mmalite ==
A mụrụ Chimaobi Desmond Anyaso na ụbọchị iri na isii nke ọnwa Septemba afọ 1980 na Aba, steeti Abia, Naịjirịa. Ọ si Igbere na mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Bende nke steeti Abia. . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

A zụlitere ya n'ezinụlọ ndị ahịa, o tokwara n'ezinụlọ dị mma. Nne na nna ya abụọ na-azụ ahịa, nke mere ka ọ nwee mmasị n'ịzụ ahịa n'oge mbụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Mgbe Anyaso bụ nwata, o gosipụtara mmụọ azụmaahịa ya n'oge, na-azụ obere azụmaahịa n'oge ezumike ụlọ akwụkwọ n'agbanyeghị na e gbochiri ya mkpa ya dị mkpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ayobami|date=9 April 2025|title=CHIMA ANYASO: From childhood hobby to entrepreneurship|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/04/chima-anyaso-from-childhood-hobby-to-entrepreneurship/|accessdate=26 March 2026|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mkpughe mbụ a mere ka ọ gbanwee echiche ya ogologo oge n'ihe gbasara azụmaahịa na nnwere onwe ego.

== Mmụta ==
Anyaso gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị na Abia Steeti . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

O mechara gaa Mahadum Ebonyi Steeti, ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ nke nka na Bekee na akwụkwọ n'etiti afọ 2000 na 2004..&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Ọ gara n'ihu n'agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum nke Lagos, ebe o nwetara nzere Master of Business Administration (MBA) na nzere Master's na Management.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; [[New York City|Tinyere nke ahụ, o nwetara asambodo njikwa ndị isi site na Peter J. Tobin College of Business, Mahadum St. John, Manhattan, New York.]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ Mbido ==
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Anyaso malitere ọrụ ya na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere Elmline Nigeria Ltd., South Globe Ltd., Traqui Ltd., na Geo Bureau de Change . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; O mechara sonye na Aquitane Oil and Gas Limited, ebe ọ rịgooro n'ọkwa wee bụrụ General Manager na 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọrụ ya n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkpụzi ahụmịhe ya na ngalaba mmanụ na gas..&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ Azụmaahịa ==

=== Ìgwè Caades ===

=== Ike Ceecon ===
Mgbe e guzobere Caades, Anyaso tinyere aka n'ịhazi Ceecon Energy Oil and Gas Limited, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onyeisi Nchịkwa n'etiti 2009 na 2012..&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; N'okpuru ọchịchị ya, a kọrọ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwetara azụmahịa karịrị otu ijeri dọla ma mepụta akụrụngwa dị mkpa, gụnyere ebe nchekwa mmanụ ụgbọala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Mmasị Azụmaahịa Ndị Ọzọ ===

* SC &amp; C Bureau de Change Ltd, nke Central Bank of Nigeria nyere ikike na 2009
* Chimbaland Properties &amp; Investment Company Ltd, ụlọ ọrụ mmepe ala
* Gunvor Oil and Gas Limited, nke e guzobere na 2016
* Corniche Hotel, azụmahịa ile ọbịa
* St. Edwards Specialist Hospital na Heart Center

Mmasị azụmahịa ya gụnyere ike, ụlọ, [[Nlekọta ahụike ma ọ|nlekọta ahụike]], na Ọrụ ego, na-ewe ihe karịrị otu puku [[Ndị Naijiria]] n'ọrụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ebere na Mmetụta Ọha ==
Anyaso bụ onye guzobere Chima Anyaso Foundation, nke na-elekwasị anya n'inye ndị ntorobịa ike, agụmakwụkwọ, na nlekọta ahụike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rapheal|date=16 September 2020|title=Profile of Dr. Chimaobi Anyaso|url=https://thesun.ng/profile-of-dr-chimaobi-anyaso/|accessdate=26 March 2026|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O guzobekwara Ahuoma Anyaso Education Foundation, nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị n'efu n'obodo ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=10 May 2021|title=Anyaso receives commendation for unwavering support towards education|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/anyaso-receives-commendation-for-unwavering-support-towards-education/|accessdate=26 March 2026|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 5,000 enwetala agụmakwụkwọ n'efu &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
* Ọtụtụ puku mmadụ eritewo uru site na mmemme mgbasa ozi ahụike n'efu
* A gbatịala nkwado ego na mmemme inye ikike na obere azụmaahịa na ndị na-adịghị ike &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ọrụ enyemaka ya na-elekwasị anya na steeti Abia na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu.

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Anyaso na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa, ọkachasị na steeti Abia.

O sonyere maka oche na House of Representatives na-anọchite anya Bende Federal Constituency na 2019 n'okpuru Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Na ntuli aka izugbe nke afọ 2023, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka osote onye ga-azọ ọkwa gọvanọ nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Young Progressives Party (YPP) na steeti Abia..

N'afọ N'afọ 2025, ọ hapụrụ ọrụ YPP, na-ekwu maka atụmatụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na itinye aka na ọrụ ọha. O tinyekwala aka na nkwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere nkwado maka atụmatụ ọchịchị na mbọ ịkwalite ọchịchị n'ime steeti Abia..&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nkwado ==
Anyaso etinyela aka na atụmatụ nkwado dị iche iche lekwasịrị anya na ọchịchị, ntinye aka ndị ntorobịa, na mmepe.

Ọ bụ ya hiwere &quot;Otti Again 2027 Movement,&quot; nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwado ọchịchị na-aga n'ihu na steeti Abia..&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

O sonyekwara n'okwu ihu ọha banyere idu ndú, na-ekwusi ike na ibu ọrụ, ọrụ, na mmetụta na ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ambassador|first=National|date=27 February 2026|title=Leadership Is Responsibility, Impact, Service – Dr. Anyaso|url=https://nationalambassadorngr.com/leadership-is-responsibility-impact-service-dr-anyaso/|accessdate=26 March 2026|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na Nkwado ==
Anyaso enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye na nkwanye ugwu maka onyinye ya na azụmaahịa na ọha mmadụ, gụnyere:

* Ihe nrite African Achievers maka mmepe obodo
* Ihe oyiyi nke Afọ nke Ndị Ntorobịa (2017) 
* Nkwado dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọkachamara [[azụmahịa|Azụmaahịa]] 20 kachasị elu na Naịjirịa site na Vanguard na Champion Newspapers
* Onye Ọchụnta ego nke Afọ (2023) 
* Ihe oyiyi nke Afọ (2024) 

Òtù dị iche iche makwaara ya maka onyinye ya na ọchụnta ego na mmepe obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Anyaso lụrụ Adanna, ha nwekwara ụmụ.

Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst ma mara maka mmasị ya na egwuregwu, ọkachasị tennis na bọọlụ, yana njem na egwu.

Ọ bụ onye otu Ikoyi Club ma nwee ọrụ idu ndú n'òtù mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, gụnyere:

* Onye isi oche, Board of Trustees nke Miles Club
* Onye isi oche nke Umu Aba Connect Association

== Edensibia ==

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    <title>Wenike Opurum Briggs</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Wenike Briggs.jpg|thumb|Wenike Opurum Briggs ]]
Wenike Opurum Briggs (10 Maachị 1918 – 21 Eprel 1987) bụ onye ọka iwu, onye nta akụkọ, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria, onye kwadoro ka e mepụta ọtụtụ steeti na Naijiria. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka minista n'ọchịchị General Yakubu Gowon. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTkDAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=wenike+briggs&amp;pg=PA1|title=Black World/Negro Digest|date=January 1974|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Wenike Opurum Briggs na 10 Maachị 1918 na Abonnema, Rivers State. Ọ bụ nwa Abel Opurum Briggs bụ onye ahịa na Madam Obuta Dafinasi Oruwari.

== Mmụta ==
Ọ malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ na Nyemoni Primary School, Abonnema wee gaa King's College Lagos. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo oge ụfọdụ tupu ọ gaa mụọ akwụkwọ akụkọ na 1951 na Regent Street Polytechnic, London, ebe ọ nwetara Diploma. Ọ wee malite ọmụmụ ihe gbasara iwu, ma mgbe ọ nwetasịrị LLB na Mahadum Sheffield, England, a kpọrọ ya na Bar na Grey's Inn, London na 1958. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Who's who in Africa; the political, military and business leaders of Africa|author=Dickie, John|date=1973|publisher=African Development|isbn=0950275506|location=London|oclc=815829}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na King's College Lagos, Wenike Opurum Briggs malitere ịkpata ihe e ji ebi ndụ dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ nzi ozi na onye na-ahụ maka telegraph na Ngalaba Posts na Telegraph. Site na 1942 ruo 1945, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka kọstọm na ngalaba nke kọstọm na ọpụpụ. Ọ sonyeere Daily Service na 1945 dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ. Tupu ngwụcha 1947 Wenike malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ya kwa izu, The Nigerian Statesman. Mgbe o si Briten lọta Naịjiria n'afọ 1958, o hiwere iwu ya na Port Harcourt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Africa year book and who's who 1977.|date=1976|publisher=Africa Journal|isbn=0903274051|edition=1st|location=London|oclc=23946380}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Ọ sonyeere otu Nigerian Youth Movement na 1944. N'agbata afọ 1942 na 1945 nke ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Daily Service ọ nwetara ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke nta akụkọ mgbe ọ na-eje ozi n'okpuru Chief Samuel Ladoke Akintola. Ka ọ malitechara nke ya kwa izu, The Nigerian Statesman na 1947 dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya, ọ ghọkwara odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ngalaba Lagos nke Nigeria Youth Movement wee sonye n'òtù ndị nta akụkọ na-anọchite anya ndị nta akụkọ West African bụ ndị Ụlọ Ọrụ Colonial kpọrọ maka njem nleta nke Britain. Na njedebe nke njegharị ahụ, o jiri ohere ahụ gaa n'ihu n'ọmụmụ ihe ya site na 1951 ruo 1958. Mgbe Briggs nọ na Britain, o sonye na Kọmitii United Nigeria nke ndị òtù ya kwadoro ka e kee United States na ịghọ odeakwụkwọ ukwu. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Naijiria, Wenike Briggs hiwere usoro iwu ya na Port Harcourt ma rụọkwa ọrụ na COR (Calabar, Ogoja, Rivers) State Movement dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu ya. A hoputara ya onye omeiwu Degema Division na 1959, n'okpuru otu pati na mmekorita ya na Action Group(AG) nke Chief Obafemi Awolowo. A họpụtara ya ọzọ na 1964 n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke United Progressive Grand Alliance (UPGA) bụ njikọ nke National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC) na AG. O jigidere oche omeiwu ya ruo mgbe ndị agha weghaara ọchịchị n'afọ 1966, mgbe ọgbaghara obodo na-akụtaghị ya, gụnyere obere njide na Biafra, ọ laghachiri n'oge na-adịghị anya na Lagos na-akwado maka steeti ndị ọzọ. N'October 1967, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ site n'aka General Yakubu Gowon wee bụrụ onye minista na-ahụ maka azụmaahịa site na 1971 ruo 1974.. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTkDAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=wenike+briggs&amp;pg=PA1|title=Black World/Negro Digest|date=January 1974|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ na ọnwụ ==
Wenike Opurum Briggs etinyeghị aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria ka afọ 1974 gachara, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị ndụ ịhụ ka e mebere steeti ndị ọzọ. Ọ nwụrụ na Eprel 21, 1987.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ lụrụ Agnes Alaerebola ma mụọ naanị ụmụ atọ, ya bụ Hon. Taribo Wenike O. Briggs (JP) (Nwa mbụ), Barrister Kroma Wenike O. Briggs (nwa nke abụọ) na Mr Amame Wenike O. Briggs (Nwa nke atọ).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==

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Ifeanyi Ossai (amuru 13 Novemba 1973) bu onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, ọkaiwu na onye ọchụnta ego bụ onye jerela ozi dịka osote gọvanọ Enugu steeti kemgbe afọ 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ugwueze|first=Emmanuel|date=2023-03-23|title=Enugu Governor-elect, Mbah, Deputy, Ossai visit Gov. Ugwuanyi|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/03/23/enugu-governor-elect-mbah-deputy-ossai-visit-gov-ugwuanyi/|accessdate=2025-01-21|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2024-09-20|title=Untold Story Of Enugu Deputy Gov Ifeanyi Ossai|url=https://leadership.ng/untold-story-of-enugu-deputy-gov-ifeanyi-ossai/|accessdate=|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Reporter|first=Our|date=2023-03-24|title=Enugu Governor-elect Mbah, Deputy Governor-elect Ossai visit Ugwuanyi|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/enugu-governor-elect-mbah-deputy-governor-elect-ossai-visit-ugwuanyi/|accessdate=2025-01-21|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ossai bụ onye ọchịchị ime obodo Udenu, bụrụkwa onye otu ndị ọka iwu Naijiria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Deputy Governor|url=https://enugustate.gov.ng/the-deputy-governor/|accessdate=2025-01-21|work=ENUGU STATE GOVERNMENT|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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Tunde Eso {{Audio|Yo-Tunde Eso.ogg|Listen}} (amụrụ n'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1977) bụ onye nta akụkọ Naijiria, onye na-akọwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọkachamara na mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Findout. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/need-new-ideas-governance-tunde-eso/|title=We need new ideas in governance – Tunde Eso|date=2017-10-09|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-achọ ịbụ Gọvanọ nke Osun Steeti n'afọ 2018.  &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Admin|title=Addressing security challenges in Africa|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/09/addressing-security-challenges-in-africa/|accessdate=12 January 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dike|first=Ada|title=Eso explains why he wrote the book 'African Security Solution'|url=http://adadike.blogspot.com/2015/06/eso-explains-why-he-wrote-book-african.html|accessdate=12 January 2017|date=29 June 2015|publisher=Adadke Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eso bụ onye guzobere Youthocracy, usoro ọchịchị a tụrụ aro ya. Ọ bụ onye isi oche na onye guzobere otu mmekọrịta ọha na eze a na-akpọ Fix Nigeria Group, nke o guzobere na ebumnuche nke iweghachi Naijiria n'ebube mbụ ya. N'oge ndụ ya, Tunde dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere African Security Solution na Vision for Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=African Security Solution|first=Tunde|author=Eso|date=6 August 2012|publisher=Strategic Insight Publishing|id={{ASIN|190806417X|country=in}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Eso ma zụlite ya na Ilesha, Osun Steeti, n'ezinụlọ Pa Obafemi na Iyabode Eso (née Fanibe) na 16 ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 1977. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba akaụntụ maka asambodo mba ya na kọleji teknụzụ nke steeti Osun, Esa-Oke, n'afọ 2005. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na Sayensị Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị na Mahadum Agụmakwụkwọ dị na Winneba, Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Adebisi|first=Yemi|title=Why I Want To Become Osun's Next Governor|url=http://independentnig.com/why-i-want-to-become-osuns-next-governor-eso/#|accessdate=12 January 2017|work=Independent|publisher=Independent News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=admin|title=About Tunde eso|url=http://www.tundeeso.com/about-us/|work=Tunde Eso|accessdate=12 January 2017|archivedate=16 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116164558/http://www.tundeeso.com/about-us/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;achievers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://theachieverspublicationltd.co.uk/tap12.aspx|title=Tunde Eso|publisher=The Achievers|accessdate=7 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621005457/http://theachieverspublicationltd.co.uk/tap12.aspx|archivedate=21 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Naijiria bụ ''Guardian'', Eso kwuru na ọgbọ ochie nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ga-anọgide na-eme ka ndị ntorobịa Naijiria ghara ịdị ruo mgbe ndị ntorobịa ahụ ghọtara na ha mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ndị na-atụ vootu. O kwuru na ike ọnụọgụ nke ụmụaka ahụ zuru ezu iji họrọ ma họrọ otu n'ime ndị Naijiria na-eto eto nwere mmemme bara uru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/features/policy-a-politics/eso-its-time-for-generational-shift-in-osun-politics/|title=Eso: It's time for generational shift in Osun politics|date=26 February 2017|accessdate=5 April 2017|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'echiche Eso, ndị ntorobịa Naijiria leghaara anya site n'aka ndị ọchịchị gara aga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijaperminute.com.ng/2016/12/12/recession-politics-nigerian-youths-option-tunde-eso/|title=Recession, Politics and Nigerian Youths: What Option? – Tunde Eso|date=12 December 2016|work=Naija per Minute.com.ng|accessdate=5 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwekwaara na oge eruola iwulite ndị isi nwere echiche na omume ziri ezi, ndị isi na-agaghị alụ ọgụ maka naanị akpa ha, ndị isi ga-eche banyere ndị ọzọ ọ bụghị naanị onwe ha. N'echiche ya, njikọta nke ndị na-eto eto na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpa iji dozie nsogbu enweghị nchebe nke Naịjirịa.

== Ọchịchị Youthocracy ==
N'afọ 2013, Eso mepụtara usoro ọchịchị ọhụrụ a na-akpọ &quot;youthocracy,&quot; nke ọ kọwara dị ka 'Government of the people, by the young, and for the people' n'akwụkwọ ya akpọrọ Vision for Africa ''. [14][15]. Ọ na-akọwa'' na ebumnuche ya bụ inye ndị ntorobịa ohere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka ha wee nwee ike ịdị ''[[The Nation (Nigeria)|Mba.]]'' na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, ya mere ọ dị mkpa ịmara na Youthocracy, nke a na-eme iji weghara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, dị ka ajụjụ ọnụ ya na The Nation si kwuo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Olusegun|first=Okerinmodun|title=We need new ideas in governance – Tunde Eso|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/need-new-ideas-governance-tunde-eso/|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=9 October 2017|accessdate=4 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Youths and 2019 elections|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-punch/20180920/281784220006532|publisher=[[The Punch]]|accessdate=31 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707093842/https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-punch/20180920/281784220006532|archivedate=July 7, 2019|language=en|date=2018-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website 
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Shannon B. Olsson</title>
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        <username>Anastesia chi</username>
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      <text bytes="32292" sha1="9ogdjun1rxobp7rwg2ial2ktldi8oph" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Shannon Olsson - 1.png|thumb|Shannon Olsson]]
'''Shannon B. Olsson''' (onye amụrụ na Bice, &lt;ref name=&quot;Birth&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Parish|first=Grace|date=27 July 1977|title=Baby Girl Born to Joyce and Norman Bice|page=22|publisher=Tribune Press|url=https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=trp19770727-01.1.22|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18 Julaị 1977) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ na kemịkalụ gburugburu ebe obibi &lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lemming|first=Jack|title=This ecologist uses fake flowers to study India's insects|journal=Nature|date=13 December 2022|volume=612|issue=582|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04427-4|pmid=36510016}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nkwado, &lt;ref name=&quot;ET Insights&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nair|first=Queenie|title=The Global Director of The Echo Network discusses the future of sustainability in India and globally|url=https://etinsights.et-edge.com/a-fresh-approach-or-an-indian-model-of-sustainability-is-the-future/|work=ET Insights|date=12 January 2023|publisher=Economic Times|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nke India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Elizabeth|first=Shilpa|date=3 August 2023|title='Sustainability is not just about reduction of consumption, but also about uplifting those in the bottom of the pyramid'|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sustainability-is-not-just-about-reduction-of-consumption-but-also-about-uplifting-those-in-the-bottom-of-the-pyramid/article67150456.ece|accessdate=27 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olsson bụ onye nchọpụta na onye nduzi ụwa   nke netwọk echo, netwọk &quot;sayensị na ọha mmadụ&quot; na-agafe mba 45.&lt;ref name=&quot;EchoBioScience&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Krishnan|first=Anusha|title=The echo network – raising voices for a better future|url=https://indiabioscience.org/columns/indian-scenario/the-echo-network-raising-voices-for-a-better-future|work=India Bioscience|accessdate=24 April 2023|date=2020-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-eje ozi site na netwọk mba ụwa dị ka onye nnọchi anya sayensị pụrụ iche na India  ya na Danish Academy of Technical Sciences (ATV) na mmekọrịta chiri anya na Innovation Centre Denmark na India (n'okpuru nkwado nke MFA Denmark na Ministry of Higher Education and Science (Denmark) ). &lt;ref name=&quot;NNF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ATV will be a central focal point for Danish research's contribution to India's green transition|url=https://atv.dk/nyheder/nyhed/atv-bliver-centralt-omdrejningspunkt-dansk-forsknings-bidrag-til-indiens-groenne|work=Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber|date=24 January 2022|publisher=ATV|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụburu ọrụ dị ka onye ndu ọrụ na Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology na Jena, Germany,  wee bụrụ onye otu ngalaba nke National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research na Bangalore, India. &lt;ref name=&quot;iChem&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Olsson|first=Shannon|title=Biosynthetic infochemical communication|journal=Bioinspiration &amp; Biomimetics|date=2015-07-10|volume=10|issue=4|doi=10.1088/1748-3190/10/4/043001|pmid=26158233|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-3190/10/4/043001/meta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCBS Join&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NCBS welcomes new faculty member – Shannon Olsson|url=https://news.ncbs.res.in/archivednews/story/ncbs-welcomes-new-faculty-member-shannon-olsson|work=NCBS News|publisher=National Centre for Biological Sciences|accessdate=23 April 2023|date=2014-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Malite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ Olsson ka '''Shannon Bryn Bice''' nye Norman Allen Bice na Joyce Elaine Parish na De Peyster, New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;Birth&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Parish|first=Grace|date=27 July 1977|title=Baby Girl Born to Joyce and Norman Bice|page=22|publisher=Tribune Press|url=https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=trp19770727-01.1.22|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olsson gụrụ akwụkwọ na Heuvelton Central Skọlụ dị na Heuvelton, New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;HCS Alumni&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Herron|first=Tessa|title=HCS Alumni Newletter|url=https://issuu.com/therron1/docs/hcs_alumni_newsletter_spring_2017_-|work=issuu.com|accessdate=23 April 2023|date=2017-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu gụọ akwụkwọ na   kọleji Nazaret (New York) ebe o nwetara nzere Bachelọ nke Sayensị  na kemistri yana Agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị sayensị na 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naz Fulbright&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Student Fulbright Scholars|url=https://www2.naz.edu/academics/fulbright/student-fulbright-scholars/|work=Nazareth College|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere Olsson  PhD na 2005 na ngalaba Neurobiology na Akparamàgwà na  Mahadum Cornell. nwere ọkachamara na Chemical Ecology n'okpuru nlekọta nke Prọfesọ Thomas Eisner na Wendell L. Roelofs.  ''Rhagoletis pomonella''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thesis&quot; /&gt; E nyere ya onyinye &quot;Distinguished Alumni Award&quot; site na Heuvelton Central Skọlụ,  &lt;ref name=&quot;HCS Alumni&quot; /&gt;  &quot;Graduate of the Last Decade&quot; site na kọleji Nazareth, na nnyocha oge okpomọkụ ya na Clarkson University na Prọfesọ Yuzhuo Li e gosipụtara na United States Capitol maka Council on Undergraduate Research &quot;Posters on the Hill&quot; ihe omume.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clarkson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clarkson Prof And Mentor From De Peyster Present Research At U.S. Capitol Tomorrow|url=https://www.clarkson.edu/news/clarkson-prof-and-mentor-de-peyster-present-research-us-capitol-tomorrow|work=Clarkson|publisher=Clarkson University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428234551/https://www.clarkson.edu/news/clarkson-prof-and-mentor-de-peyster-present-research-us-capitol-tomorrow|accessdate=23 April 2023|archivedate=28 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, E nyere Olsson onyinye Fulbright Mmekọrịta nye Mahadum Lund. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pachnoda 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Stensmyr|first=Marcus C.|title=Detection of fruit- and flower-emitted volatiles by olfactory receptor neurons in the polyphagous fruit chafer Pachnoda marginata (Coleoptera: Cetoniinae)|journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A|date=2001-09-01|volume=187|issue=7|pages=509–519|doi=10.1007/s003590100222|pmid=11730298|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003590100222|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pachnoda 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Larsson|first=Mattias C.|title=Attractiveness of Fruit and Flower Odorants Detected by Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Fruit Chafer Pachnoda marginata|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|date=2003-05-01|volume=29|issue=5|pages=1253–1268|doi=10.1023/A:1023893926038|pmid=12857034|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1023893926038}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'okpuru Bill Hansson.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naz Fulbright&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD&quot; /&gt; Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cornell, ma n'afọ 2006–2007 mee nnyocha postdoctoral na mahadum ahụ na University of California, Los Angeles&lt;ref name=&quot;UCLA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shannon Olsson|url=http://zimmerlab.biology.ucla.edu/solsson/index.html|work=Zimmer Lab|publisher=UCLA|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; na gburugburu ebe obibi kemịkalụ nke invertebrates mmiri na California  kelp forests.

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 2007, ọ malitere ọrụ ọkachamara ya dị ka onye ndu ọrụ maka mmemme EU &quot;Biosynthetic Infochemical Communication&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;iChem EU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biosynthetic Info-chemical Communication|url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/032275|work=CORDIS|publisher=European Commission|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology na Jena, Germany. &lt;ref name=&quot;iChem&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Olsson|first=Shannon|title=Biosynthetic infochemical communication|journal=Bioinspiration &amp; Biomimetics|date=2015-07-10|volume=10|issue=4|doi=10.1088/1748-3190/10/4/043001|pmid=26158233|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-3190/10/4/043001/meta}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOlsson2015&quot;&gt;Olsson, Shannon; et&amp;nbsp;al. (10 July 2015). [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-3190/10/4/043001/meta &quot;Biosynthetic infochemical communication&quot;]. ''Bioinspiration &amp; Biomimetics''. '''10''' (4) 043001. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015BiBi...10d3001O 2015BiBi...10d3001O]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-3190/10/4/043001|10.1088/1748-3190/10/4/043001]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26158233 26158233]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21749064 21749064].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2014, Olsson sonyeere ngalaba nke National Center for Biological Sciences (NCBS) na Tata Institute of Fundamental Research na Bangalore, India, na-akwalite kemịkal gburugburu ebe obibi gafee usoro okike India. &lt;ref name=&quot;NCBS Join&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NCBS welcomes new faculty member – Shannon Olsson|url=https://news.ncbs.res.in/archivednews/story/ncbs-welcomes-new-faculty-member-shannon-olsson|work=NCBS News|publisher=National Centre for Biological Sciences|accessdate=23 April 2023|date=2014-06-09}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://news.ncbs.res.in/archivednews/story/ncbs-welcomes-new-faculty-member-shannon-olsson &quot;NCBS welcomes new faculty member – Shannon Olsson&quot;]. ''NCBS News''. National Centre for Biological Sciences. 9 June 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu NER Grant&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rao|first=Mohit|title=Rs. 25-cr. grant to study if flowers talk to each other|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/rs-25crore-grant-to-study-if-flowers-talk-to-each-other/article7142295.ece|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2015-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;collaborations in CE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bharath|first=Harini|title=Fostering collaborations and creating a roadmap for Indian chemical ecology|url=https://indiabioscience.org/news/2016/fostering-collaborations-and-creating-a-roadmap-for-indian-chemical-ecology|work=India Bioscience|accessdate=23 April 2023|date=2016-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na NCBS, Olsson malitekwara otu Naturalist-Inspired Chemical Ecology (NICE), nke jikọtara usoro okike na ngwaọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ sitere na kemịkal, molecular biology, ecology, na neuroscience iji nyochaa otu ihe ndị dị ndụ si eji kemịkal iji soro ibe ha na-emekọrịta ihe ma mata ihe ndị dị mkpa na gburugburu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naturalism&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Saldanha|first=Dahlia|date=2016-07-18|title=Dr Shannon Olsson: naturalism, chemistry and neuroscience|publisher=Biotechin.Asia|url=https://biotechinasia.wordpress.com/2016/07/18/dr-shannon-olsson-naturalism-chemistry-and-neuroscience/|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha Olsson ekwuola maka isiokwu ndị dị ka gụnyere nkwurịta okwu kemịkal na Indian antelope blackbuck &lt;ref name=&quot;Blackbuck&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nair|first=Jyothi V.|title=An optimized protocol for large-scale in situ sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds|journal=Ecology and Evolution|date=2018-05-18|volume=8|issue=11|pages=5924–5936|doi=10.1002/ece3.4138}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọrụ ugbo gburugburu ebe obibi na ubi kọfị India, &lt;ref name=&quot;coffee&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rajus|first=Santosh|title=Behavioral Ecology of the Coffee White Stem Borer: Toward Ecology-Based Pest Management of India's Coffee Plantations|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2021-02-09|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fevo.2021.607555}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;coffee2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Desikan|first=Shubashree|title=Knowing the ways of the coffee white stem borer|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/knowing-the-ways-of-the-coffee-white-stem-borer/article35247915.ece|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2021-07-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; mmetụta nke mmetọ ikuku na anụ ọhịa anyị na ụmụ ahụhụ, &lt;ref name=&quot;air pollution&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Thimmegowda|first=Geetha G.|title=A field-based quantitative analysis of sublethal effects of air pollution on pollinators|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA|date=2020-08-10|volume=117|issue=34|pages=20653–20661|doi=10.1073/pnas.2009074117|pmid=32778582}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Science&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bharath|first=Harini|title='Its body looked like a warzone.' Air pollution could kill off critical honey bees in India|journal=Science|date=2020-08-10|issue=Science News|doi=10.1126/science.abe2623|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/its-body-looked-warzone-air-pollution-could-kill-critical-honey-bees-india|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; mmetụta nke mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi anyị na [[Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]], &lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lemming|first=Jack|title=This ecologist uses fake flowers to study India's insects|journal=Nature|date=13 December 2022|volume=612|issue=582|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04427-4|pmid=36510016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLemming2022&quot;&gt;Lemming, Jack (13 December 2022). [[doi:10.1038/d41586-022-04427-4|&quot;This ecologist uses fake flowers to study India's insects&quot;]]. ''Nature''. '''612''' (582): 582. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.612..582L 2022Natur.612..582L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1038/d41586-022-04427-4|10.1038/d41586-022-04427-4]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36510016 36510016]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254619216 254619216].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hoverflies&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nordström|first=Karin|title=In situ modeling of multimodal floral cues attracting wild pollinators across environments|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA|date=2017-11-07|volume=114|issue=50|pages=13218–13223|doi=10.1073/pnas.1714414114|pmid=29180408}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CEN&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Katsnelson|first=Alla|title=Decoding how insects use visual and chemical cues to find food|journal=Chemical and Engineering News|date=2018-06-18|volume=96|issue=27|pages=785–787|doi=10.1021/acscentsci.8b00367|pmid=30062105|url=https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/chemical-communication/Decoding-insects-use-visual-chemical/96/i27}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ejikọta COVID-19 na uto na mmetụta, [5] [6] [7] na ọgbọ egwuregwu nke eziokwu dị iche iche maka ụmụ ahụhụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;COVID&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Parma|first=Valentina|title=More Than Smell—COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthes|journal=Chemical Senses|date=2020-06-20|volume=45|issue=7|pages=609–622|doi=10.1093/chemse/bjaa041|pmid=32564071|url=https://academic.oup.com/chemse/article/45/7/609/5860460|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;COVID2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Fernandez|first=Snehal|title=Indian researchers set to study Covid-19 link with loss of smell, taste|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/indian-researchers-set-to-study-covid-19-link-with-loss-of-smell-taste/story-UBaUT7sf8VgYuoz9t2WeJM.html|accessdate=24 April 2023|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=2020-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VR&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kaushik|first=Pavan Kumar|date=2020-05-18|title=Characterizing long-range search behavior in Diptera using complex 3D virtual environments|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA|volume=117|issue=22|pages=12201–12207|doi=10.1073/pnas.1912124117|pmid=32424090}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hunt|first=Katie|title=Scientists create video game to unlock how flies navigate|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/18/world/insects-virtual-reality-study-scn/index.html|accessdate=23 April 2023|publisher=CNN|date=2020-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== netwọk echo ===
N'afọ 2019, Olsson guzobere [[The echo network|netwọk echo]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=the echo network|url=https://www.echonetwork.in|work=the echo network|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke onwe iji dozie nsogbu ndị dị ugbu a na nkwado mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, &lt;ref name=&quot;EchoBioScience&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Krishnan|first=Anusha|title=The echo network – raising voices for a better future|url=https://indiabioscience.org/columns/indian-scenario/the-echo-network-raising-voices-for-a-better-future|work=India Bioscience|accessdate=24 April 2023|date=2020-10-07}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKrishnan2020&quot;&gt;Krishnan, Anusha (7 October 2020). [https://indiabioscience.org/columns/indian-scenario/the-echo-network-raising-voices-for-a-better-future &quot;The echo network – raising voices for a better future&quot;]. ''India Bioscience''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; nke mbụ na India, ma mesịa n'ụwa niile. &lt;ref name=&quot;ECHO_RM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-19|title=An 'EChO Network' for cross-disciplinary leadership in India|url=https://researchmatters.in/news/echo-network-cross-disciplinary-leadership-india|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=Research Matters}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi ndụmọdụ sayensị nke Gọọmentị India, K. VijayRaghavan, malitere netwọk ahụ na 19 Disemba 2019, ya na Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation, Hindustan Unilever Limited, RoundGlass Foundation, India Climate Collaborative, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), na Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP) dị ka ndị mmekọ ntọala.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECHO_RM&quot; /&gt; Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2023, netwọk echo nwere ihe karịrị ndị otu 2100 na-agafe mba 45.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Olsson kwuru na &quot;Ebumnuche nke netwọk echo bụ ịmepụta usoro maka òtù na ndị mmadụ si na ngalaba dị iche iche iji rụọ ọrụ ọnụ yana agụmakwụkwọ ma jiri sayensị na teknụzụ mepụta obodo ndị na-adịgide adịgide. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Elizabeth|first=Shilpa|date=3 August 2023|title='Sustainability is not just about reduction of consumption, but also about uplifting those in the bottom of the pyramid'|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sustainability-is-not-just-about-reduction-of-consumption-but-also-about-uplifting-those-in-the-bottom-of-the-pyramid/article67150456.ece|accessdate=27 August 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFElizabeth2023&quot;&gt;Elizabeth, Shilpa (3 August 2023). [https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sustainability-is-not-just-about-reduction-of-consumption-but-also-about-uplifting-those-in-the-bottom-of-the-pyramid/article67150456.ece &quot;'Sustainability is not just about reduction of consumption, but also about uplifting those in the bottom of the pyramid'&quot;]. ''The Hindu''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 August&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2022, a họpụtara Olsson dị ka &quot;Onye nnọchi anya sayensị pụrụ iche na India&quot; na Danish Academy of Technical Sciences (ATV) na mmekọrịta chiri anya na Innovation Centre Denmark na India (n'okpuru nkwado nke MFA Denmark na Ministry of Higher Education and Science (Denmark) ).  Nke a na-akwado Novo Nordisk Foundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;NNF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ATV will be a central focal point for Danish research's contribution to India's green transition|url=https://atv.dk/nyheder/nyhed/atv-bliver-centralt-omdrejningspunkt-dansk-forsknings-bidrag-til-indiens-groenne|work=Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber|date=24 January 2022|publisher=ATV|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://atv.dk/nyheder/nyhed/atv-bliver-centralt-omdrejningspunkt-dansk-forsknings-bidrag-til-indiens-groenne &quot;ATV will be a central focal point for Danish research's contribution to India's green transition&quot;]. ''Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber''. ATV. 24 January 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Adaptation for Resilient Incomes (ECOBARI),  na Biodiversity Collaborative .  &lt;ref name=&quot;ECOBARI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=D'Souza|first=Marcella|title=ECOBARI – Upscaling Ecosystem Restoration Through Collective Action|url=https://wotr.org/2022/02/23/ecobari-upscaling-ecosystem-restoration-through-collective-action/|work=WOTR|date=23 February 2022|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bawa|first=Kamal|title=India can become a biodiversity champion|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/india-can-become-a-biodiversity-champion/article66541444.ece|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2023-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BC2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bawa|first=Kamal|title=Envisioning a biodiversity science for sustaining human well-being|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA|date=2020-09-30|volume=117|issue=42|pages=25951–25955|doi=10.1073/pnas.2018436117|pmid=32999073}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2021, o guzobere Citizen Science for Biodiversity (CitSci India),  ma soro ha hazie nzukọ ha kwa afọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://citsci-india.org/|accessdate=2023-05-22|work=Citizen Science India|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CitSci&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Menon|first=Rashmi|title=How inclusive is citizen science in India?|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/smart-living/environment/how-inclusive-is-citizen-science-in-india-111631260777683.html|accessdate=24 April 2023|publisher=Live Mint|date=2021-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye ndụmọdụ (&quot;Guru&quot;) maka Future Climate Leaders Programme  ma nọrọ na kọmitii ndụmọdụ maka Research and Innovation Circle of Hyderabad (RICH). &lt;ref name=&quot;FCL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our Gurus|url=https://www.futureclimateleaders.org/gurus.php|work=Future Climate Leaders|publisher=FCL|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FCL2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TERI and Evergreen Story launch Future Climate Leaders program to engage schoolchildren in climate action measures|url=https://www.teriin.org/press-release/teri-and-evergreen-story-launch-future-climate-leaders-program-engage-schoolchildren|work=The Energy and Research Institute|publisher=TERI|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RICH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Advisory Committee|url=https://rich.telangana.gov.in/advisory-committee.html|work=Research and Innovation Circle of Hyderabad (RICH)|publisher=RICH|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; \

=== Ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha ===
Olsson ekwuola okwu ihu ọha maka TEDx.&lt;ref name=&quot;TEDxChennai&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Connecting with tiny insect brains through virtual reality|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/dr_shannon_olsson_connecting_with_tiny_brains_through_virtual_reality_jan_2018?language=en|work=TED|publisher=TEDxChennai|accessdate=24 April 2023|date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TEDxAU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Empathic Science: How we're more connected to nature than we think|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/shannon_olsson_empathic_science_how_we_re_more_connected_to_nature_than_we_think/details|work=TED|publisher=TEDxAshokaUniversity|accessdate=24 April 2023|date=2017-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TEDxMAIS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Theme: Do you see what I see?|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/17525|work=TED|publisher=TEDxMAIS|accessdate=24 April 2023|date=2015-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ya apụtawokwa na Science Gallery Dublin, Ireland,  The Victoria and Albert Museum na London, UK,  na Ngalaba sayensị na teknụzụ (India)  Science Express train.&lt;ref name=&quot;Science Gallery Dublin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Insect VR|url=https://dublin.sciencegallery.com/field-test-exhibits/insect-vr|work=Science Gallery Dublin|date=8 September 2020|publisher=Science Gallery|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;V&amp;A&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Deepika|first=K.C.|title=A non-flower, but just as bright for insects|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/a-non-flower-but-just-as-bright-for-insects/article27893961.ece|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2019-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rao|first=Mohit M.|title=NCBS, ATREE travel with Science Express|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ncbs-atree-travel-with-science-express/article7953641.ece|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2015-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2023, o kwuru okwu na Nzukọ Nobel nke iri ise na itoolu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel Conference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shannon Olsson Nobel Conference 59|url=https://gustavus.edu/events/nobelconference/2023/speakers/olsson.php|work=Gustavus Adolphus College|publisher=Nobel Conference}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na mmata ==
Maka ọrụ sayensị ya, e nyela Olsson United Nations Pinning for Research Excellence site na Ghandian Scholars &lt;ref name=&quot;Ghandian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=IIIM organizes interaction session between Scientists, Gandhian scholars|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/iiim-organizes-interaction-session-between-scientists-gandhian-scholars/|accessdate=23 April 2023|publisher=Daily Excelsior|date=2015-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma bụrụkwa Ramanujan Fellow.  Nnyocha Olsson gosipụtara site na CNN,  Nature (akwụkwọ akụkọ) ,  Science (akwụkwọ akụkọ, &lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hunt|first=Katie|title=Scientists create video game to unlock how flies navigate|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/18/world/insects-virtual-reality-study-scn/index.html|accessdate=23 April 2023|publisher=CNN|date=2020-05-18}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHunt2020&quot;&gt;Hunt, Katie (18 May 2020). [https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/18/world/insects-virtual-reality-study-scn/index.html &quot;Scientists create video game to unlock how flies navigate&quot;]. CNN&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Inverse (weebụsaịtị), &lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lemming|first=Jack|title=This ecologist uses fake flowers to study India's insects|journal=Nature|date=13 December 2022|volume=612|issue=582|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04427-4|pmid=36510016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLemming2022&quot;&gt;Lemming, Jack (13 December 2022). [[doi:10.1038/d41586-022-04427-4|&quot;This ecologist uses fake flowers to study India's insects&quot;]]. ''Nature''. '''612''' (582): 582. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.612..582L 2022Natur.612..582L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1038/d41586-022-04427-4|10.1038/d41586-022-04427-4]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36510016 36510016]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254619216 254619216].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Haaretz, [4] USA Today, &lt;ref name=&quot;Science&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bharath|first=Harini|title='Its body looked like a warzone.' Air pollution could kill off critical honey bees in India|journal=Science|date=2020-08-10|issue=Science News|doi=10.1126/science.abe2623|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/its-body-looked-warzone-air-pollution-could-kill-critical-honey-bees-india|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBharath2020&quot;&gt;Bharath, Harini (10 August 2020). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.science.org/content/article/its-body-looked-warzone-air-pollution-could-kill-critical-honey-bees-india &quot;'Its body looked like a warzone.' Air pollution could kill off critical honey bees in India&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Science'' (Science News). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.abe2623|10.1126/science.abe2623]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225374574 225374574]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Chemical and Engineering News, [4] The Conversation (weebụbaịtị), [4] na The Hindu, [4] n'etiti ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ mba ụwa ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sciencetwo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vignieri|first=Sacha|date=2020-09-04|title=Air pollution is bad for bees|journal=Science|volume=369|issue=6508|pages=1204–1205|doi=10.1126/science.2020.369.6508.twil}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Inverse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sarah|first=Wells|date=2020-05-18|title=These insects are annoying, but they might just save your life|url=https://www.inverse.com/innovation/vr-environment-for-flies|accessdate=2023-04-23|work=Inverse}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haaretz&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Schuster|first=Ruth|date=2020-05-21|title=Scientists Just Figured Out Why It's So Hard to Swat a Fruit Fly|publisher=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2020-05-21/ty-article/.premium/scientists-just-figured-out-why-its-so-hard-to-swat-a-fruit-fly/0000017f-ef01-ddba-a37f-ef6fe6590000|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USA Today&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rice|first=Dole|date=2020-08-14|title=Air pollution harms honey bees too, study finds: Dirty air could kill 80% of bees in India|publisher=USA Today|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/08/14/air-pollution-asian-honey-bees-harmful-study/3374325001/|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CEN&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Katsnelson|first=Alla|title=Decoding how insects use visual and chemical cues to find food|journal=Chemical and Engineering News|date=2018-06-18|volume=96|issue=27|pages=785–787|doi=10.1021/acscentsci.8b00367|pmid=30062105|url=https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/chemical-communication/Decoding-insects-use-visual-chemical/96/i27}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKatsnelson2018&quot;&gt;Katsnelson, Alla (18 June 2018). [https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/chemical-communication/Decoding-insects-use-visual-chemical/96/i27 &quot;Decoding how insects use visual and chemical cues to find food&quot;]. ''Chemical and Engineering News''. '''96''' (27): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;785–&lt;/span&gt;787. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1021/acscentsci.8b00367|10.1021/acscentsci.8b00367]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6062825 6062825]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30062105 30062105].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Conversation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Barbara|date=2020-08-10|title=Air pollution could be making honey bees sick – new study|url=https://theconversation.com/air-pollution-could-be-making-honey-bees-sick-new-study-144155|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;coffee2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Desikan|first=Shubashree|title=Knowing the ways of the coffee white stem borer|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/knowing-the-ways-of-the-coffee-white-stem-borer/article35247915.ece|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2021-07-10}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDesikan2021&quot;&gt;Desikan, Shubashree (10 July 2021). [https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/knowing-the-ways-of-the-coffee-white-stem-borer/article35247915.ece &quot;Knowing the ways of the coffee white stem borer&quot;]. ''The Hindu''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A kpọrọ Olsson onye INK Fellow na 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;INK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=INK Fellows 2016|url=https://inktalks.com/ink-fellows-2016/|work=INK Talks|publisher=INK|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi mgbalị ya na nkwado, a matara Olsson dị ka otu n'ime &quot;Ndị inyom 75 na STEAM na India&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;75women&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=PSA|first=Content Desk|date=2022-03-08|title=She Is: 75 Indian Women in STEAM|url=https://www.psa.gov.in/article/she-75-indian-women-steam/3628|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India|publisher=Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Osimiri Oti</title>
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        <username>Anastesia chi</username>
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      <text bytes="5254" sha1="8ivl7mj6bcau8kvgo0uohmcdwyqave6" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Pendjari Fluss.JPG|thumb|Pendjari Fluss]]
'''[[osimiri]] Oti''' ma ọ bụ '''Osimiri Pendjari''' ([[Asụsụ French|French]]: Rivière Pendjari) bụ osimiri mba ụwa dị na West [[Afrịka]]. Ọ na-etona [[Benin]], Site na agbata obodo Benin na Burkina Faso Kwolu gafee obodo Togo ma zute oshimiri volta  dị na Ghana.

== Ọdịdị ala ==
Osimiri Oti dị ihe dị ka kilomita Narị ise na iri abụọ (323 mi) n'ogologo. isi mmiri ya dị na Benin na Burkina Faso, Ọ na-ekworo gafee obodo Benin na Togo  wee banye na Osimiri Volta na Ghana. [[:en:Tributary|Tributaries]]  ọdụ mmiri dị n'a aka ekpe na Togo sitere na Ugwu Togo n'ebe ndịda. Otu n'ime ndị na-esite n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ya bụ Osimiri Kara, ebe njikọ ya dị n'Ókè Ghana na Togo, ebe ọzọ, [[Koumongou River|Osimiri Koumongou]], si n'ebe ndịda. ọnụ Oti dịbu n'osimiri Volta, mana ugbu a ọ na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Volta na Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Atlas of the World|author=Philip's|year=1994|publisher=Reed International|isbn=0-540-05831-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osimiri ahụ gafere akụkụ ugwu nke Togo na ndagwurugwu savanna  ihe dị ka kilomita iri anọ maọbụ iri ise (25 ma ọ bụ 31 mi) n'obosara. N'akụkụ osimiri ahụ bụ oké ọhịa gallery - mke na-asọba mgbe ụfọdụ. [[Oge ọkọchị]] ebe na adigide site na [[Novemba|Nọvemba]] ruo [[Önwa ànó|Eprel]], na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ nke oge [[Harmattan|Ụgụrụ]] na-esi n'ebe ugwu na-efe. N'oge a n'afọ, mmiri nke osimiri ahụ dị obere. Ma Oti ma Koumongou nwere ala mmiri, ihe dị ka kilomita iri na anọ (6.2 na 2.5 mi) n'obosara, n'otu n'otu. Idei mmiri ndị a na-asọba nke ukwuu n'Oge mmiri ozuzo, mana n'oge ọkọchị ha na-akpọnwụ, ala dị larịị, na ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri mgbe ụfọdụ na ndagwurugwu. Ehi na-ata nri n'ala mmiri n'oge ọkọchị. Enwekwara obere uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, na ịchụ nta nke anụ na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ebe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hughes, R.H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA443|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|pages=443–447}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ókèala mba ụwa ===
Osimiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ókèala mba ụwa dị n'etiti [[Ghana]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Togo]], na [[Benin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers and Lakes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm|title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes|work=www.countrystudies.us|accessdate=2017-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ogige ntụrụndụ ===
Osimiri Oti na-agafe Ogige Ntụrụndụ Pendjari na Benin &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pendjari.net/en/|title=Parc National de la Pendjari|accessdate=21 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714032607/http://www.pendjari.net/en/|archivedate=14 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Ogige Ntụ Oti-Kéran na Togo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes&quot; /&gt;

== Ogologo na Akụkụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri ==
Osimiri Oti nwere ihe dịka ogologo nke ihe dị ka kilomita 520&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Environment|first=Gregory Sousa in|date=2017-04-25|title=The Major Rivers Of Ghana|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-major-rivers-of-ghana.html|accessdate=2026-06-17|work=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enwe mgbanwe dị ike n'oge, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri na-egosi mbelata mmiri ma ọ bụ ọwa mmiri kpọrọ nkụ n'oge ọkọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Koch|first=Hagen|date=2025-03-13|title=From Data Scarcity to Solutions: Hydrological and Water Management Modeling in a Highly Managed River Basin|journal=Water|language=en|volume=17|issue=6|pages=823|doi=10.3390/w17060823|issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmiri na Mmiri Na-asọba n'Oge ==
Osimiri ahụ bụ oge dị ukwuu, na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu na-eme n'oge mmiri ozuzo na obere mmiri n'oge ọkọchị Harmattan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Burkina Faso {{!}} Coup, Map, Capital, Flag, Government, &amp; History {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso?utm|accessdate=2026-06-17|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe oge a na-akpata idei mmiri oge na oge nke ala mmiri gbara ya gburugburu, ọkachasị na Togo na ugwu Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Okike na gburugburu ebe obibi ==
Mmiri nke Osimiri Oti gụnyere usoro okike savanna, ala mmiri, na oké ọhịa gallery nke na-akwado ọrụ ugbo na ọzụzụ anụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A na-eji ala mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ eme ihe maka ịta nri na [[Oru ugbo|ịkọ ugbo]] n'oge ọkọchị mgbe mmiri na-ebelata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Mkpa akụ na ụba na nke mmadụ ==
Osimiri ahụ bụ isi Mmiri maka [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]], [[anụ ụlọ]], na obodo ịkụ azụ n'ofe [[Burkina Faso]], Togo, na Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ọ na-enyekwa aka na ikike ịgba mmiri na ndụ ime obodo na Volta Basin, nke bụ otu n'ime usoro mmiri kachasị mkpa na West Africa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Volta Basin|url=https://www.fao.org/4/W4347E/w4347e0u.htm?utm|accessdate=2026-06-17|work=www.fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Ghana}}{{Rivers of Togo}}
[[Otú:Ọdọ Mmiri]]
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    <title>Ọdọ Mmiri Ahémé</title>
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'''Ọdọ Mmiri Ahémé''' bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na Benin, nke nwere obosara nke 78 square kilomita (30 sq mi) n'oge ọkọchị nke na-agbasa ruo 100 square kilomita (39 sq mi) n'oge mmiri ozuzo.. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị kilomita 24 (15 mi) n'ogologo ma nwee nkezi obosara nke kilomita 3.6 (2.2 mi). &lt;ref name=&quot;wetlands&quot; /&gt; Osimiri Couffo na-abanye n'ebe ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ebe ọwa Aho dị kilomita 10 jikọtara njedebe ndịda ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Grand-Popo Lagoon na ụsọ oké osimiri [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic]].&lt;ref name=conference&gt;{{cite conference |url=https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/1339 |title=Governing Local Commons: What Can be Learned from the Failures of Lake Aheme's Institutions in Benin? |last1=Dangbégnon |first1=Constant |date=2000 |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |conference=Eighth Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọwa mmiri a na-asọga n'ebe ndịda n'oge udu mmiri mana ọ na-agbanwe ụzọ n'oge ọkọchị, nke na-eme ka nnu dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ mụbaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;conference&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Ndị Pedah na ndị Ayizo bụ agbụrụ abụọ bi n'ikperé mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Ahémé . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Houngnikpo|first=Mathurin C.|date=2013|title=Historical Dictionary of Benin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yGPTsRubWEC|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=978-0810871717|accessdate=28 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịkụ azụ na ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ọrụ akụ na ụba n'ógbè ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;conference&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wetlands&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA305|title=A directory of African wetlands|first=R. H.|author=Hughes|publisher=IUCN|year=1992|isbn=2-88032-949-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, edeela ụdị azụ iri asaa na otu.  &lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar&quot; /&gt;{&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lacaheme.com/spip.php?article1|title=Présentation|accessdate=28 July 2016|archivedate=18 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818112803/http://www.lacaheme.com/spip.php?article1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kpọpụtala ebe dị hekta 47,500 (eka 117,000) nke nwere ala mmiri nke Couffo dị ala, Ọdọ Mmiri Ahémé, Ọwa Aho na ọdọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ ya dị ka ebe Ramsar. &lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1017|title=Basse Vallée du Couffo, Lagune Côtiere, Chenal Aho, Lac Ahémé|accessdate=28 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/IBAs/AfricaCntryPDFs/Benin.pdf|title=Benin|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=28 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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[[Faịlụ:ISS-30 Lake Fitri, Chad.jpg|thumb|Lake Fitri]]
{{Infobox lake
| name = Lake Fitri
| image = ISS-30 Lake Fitri, Chad.jpg
| caption = 
| image_bathymetry = 
| caption_bathymetry = 
| location = 
| coords = {{coord|12|48|33|N|17|30|9|E|region:TD_source:ruwiki_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type = 
| inflow = [[Batha River]]
| outflow = 
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| basin_countries = Chad
| length = 
| width = 
| area = {{convert|500|km2|abbr=on}}
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&lt;!--      Map      --&gt;
| pushpin_map             = Chad#Africa
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = Location of Lake Fitri in Chad.
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
&lt;!--   Below       --&gt;  
| website            = 
| reference          = 
|embedded = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Lac Fitri
 | designation1_date = 13 June 1990
 | designation1_number = 486&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lac Fitri|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/486|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Ọdọ Mmiri Fitri''' bụ ọdọ mmiri na-adịghị omimi na etiti [[Chad]], nke dị na mpaghara Sahel ihe dị ka kilomita 300 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke N&quot;Djamena. A họpụtara ya dị ka Ala Mmiri dị mkpa n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar.&amp;nbsp;

== Ọdịdị ala ==
Oke ọdọ mmiri a na-adịkarị bụ ihe dị ka hekta 50,000 (eka 120,000), mana nke a nwere ike okpukpu atọ n'ime afọ mmiri na-adịghị mma. Mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'oge na mmiri na-asọpụta site na mpaghara mmiri a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị 70,000 km2 (27,000 sq mi) na-enye ya nri. Isi ihe oriri osimiri bụ Osimiri Batha nke oge a, nke na-ebuga mmiri site na oke osimiri Ouaddai gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ. Dịka ọdọ mmiri Chad nke ọzọ dị na Chad, Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, ọ bụghị nnukwu dịka ọ dịbu. Ọdọ mmiri a na-adịgide adịgide nwere ike ịkpọ nkụ n'oge oke ọkọchị siri ike, dịka nke mere na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ na ọzọ na 1984–1985.

=== Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa ===
A họpụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na-acha ọcha na ndị na-eme mkpọtụ, ndị na-agba ụta, ndị na'Ebe ugwu, ndị na -agba ụta ojii, ndị na na-agba ọkụ na ndị na - squacco.&lt;ref name=&quot;bli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-fitri-iba-chad|title=Lake Fitri|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Lakefitrinasa.jpg|none|thumb|600x600px|Ọdọ Mmiri Fitri]]

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Osimiri Huma (Heilongjiang)</title>
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'''Osimiri Huma''' ụtụ isi iyi dị n'ebe ugwu ugwu Amur na mpaghara Heilongjiang nke China.  Ọ na-amalite na Ugwu Khingan ma na-ahọba n'ebe ndị mbụ na ndị na-amalite taa, n'otu ụgwọ na ndị na-akwado nke Amur, ruo mgbe ọ na-awụga n'ime Amur na Huma County, ihe dị ka 10 (6 mi) n'ebe ndịda nke isi obodo Huma County..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://amur-heilong.net/http/00_intro/glossary.html|title=AMUR-HEILONG RIVER BASIN|accessdate=16 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113151243/http://amur-heilong.net/http/00_intro/glossary.html|archivedate=13 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ebe dị nso n'ọnụ ya bụ ebe ndị Russia siri ike nke Kumarsk n'oge ndị ọrụ Russia na Manchu.  N'oge ahụ, a na-akpọkwa ya &quot;Osimiri Kamora&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;Osimiri Houmar.

== Edemsibia ==
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Ayodeji Ismail Karim
| image               = Ayodeji karim.jpg
| party               = [[All Progressive Congress]] (APC)
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1970|12|18}}
| birth_place         = [[Ibadan North East]], [[Oyo State]], Nigeria
| alma_mater          = [[South Thames College]] Wandsworth, London&lt;br&gt; [[University of Wales]], Swansea, UK.
| occupation          = Politician, businessman, chief executive officer of [[costain west africa]] plc
| website             = {{URL|ayodejikarim.com/}}
}}
'''Ayodeji Ismail Karim'''// i (amụrụ na Disemba 18, 1970) bụ onye isi nchịkwa / CEO nke [[Costain West Africa]] Plc . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/06/costain-raises-shareholders%E2%80%99-hope-over-dividend/|title=Costain raises shareholders hope over dividend|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessdayonline.com/news/article/chinese-firms-take-nigerias-rail-construction-sector/|title=Chinese firms take nigerias rail construction sector|work=businessdayonline.com|accessdate=2026-06-30|archivedate=2018-09-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910173304/https://www.businessdayonline.com/news/article/chinese-firms-take-nigerias-rail-construction-sector/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.proshareng.com/news/Capital%20Market/Costain--How-We-Survived-Global-Financial-Crisis/11052|title=Costain How We Survived Global Financial Crisis/11052|work=proshareng.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.winne.com/ng/interviews/mr-ayodeji-karim|title=mr ayodeji karim|work=winne.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://insideoyo.com/2019-constain-owner-ayo-karim-joins-oyo-guber-race-launches-ayo-ni-o/|title=2019 constain owner ayo karim joins oyo guber race launches ayo ni o|work=insideoyo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.projectlightupnigeria.com/corporate-nigeria/costain.html|title=Corporate Nigeria|work=projectlightupnigeria.com|accessdate=2026-06-30|archivedate=2024-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130095259/http://www.projectlightupnigeria.com/corporate-nigeria/costain.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200005030057.html|title=Stories|work=allafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
'''Ayodeji Ismail Karim''' (amụrụ na Disemba 18, 1970) n'ezinụlọ Dauda Adebayo Karim na [[Ibadan North-East|Ibadan North East]] LGA, steeti Oyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pmparrotng.com/2018/06/20/ayodeji-karim-another-guber-aspirant-in-oyo-apc-begins-campaign/|title=ayodeji karim another guber aspirant in oyo apc begins campaign|work=pmparrotng.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị na St George's Boys School, Falomo, Ikoyi, Lagos na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Metropolitan College, Isolo tupu ọ gaa South Thames College, Wandsworth, London ebe ọ nwetara National Diploma na Electro / Mechanical Sciences. O nwekwara akara ugo mmụta na Bachelor of Materials Engineering and Engineering Design/Manufacturing ma site na Mahadum Wales, Swansea, UK.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/02/11/uk-returnee-ayodeji-karim-declares-intention-for-oyo-governorship/?amp|title=returnee ayodeji karim declares intention for oyo governorship|work=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://crawler.com.ng/uk-returnee-ayodeji-karim-declares-intention-for-oyo-governorship-58457.html|title=uk returnee ayodeji karim declares intention for oyo governorship|work=dailypost.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na azụmahịa ==
Ayodeji rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye njikwa na Le Pain Croissant Ltd, Southall UK, tupu ọ gaa n'ihu na Charles Walden &amp; Associates Company Ltd UK dịka onye ndu otu ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=52087355&amp;ticker=COSTAIN:NL|title=stocks|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://commonwealthomes.com/ayodeji-karim/|title=ayodeji karim|work=commonwealthomes.com|accessdate=September 10, 2018|archivedate=September 10, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910173016/http://commonwealthomes.com/ayodeji-karim/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa na Fortis Construction Company Ltd   ma were ya n'ọrụ na [[Costain West Africa]] Plc, na Febụwarị 2007 dị ka onye nduzi ọrụ; O wee bụrụ onyeisi njikwa/onyeisi nchịkwa nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ owuwu ahụ na Jenụwarị 2010, ọkwa ọ nọworo ruo taa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Ayodeji-Karim-0B2Y57-E/biography/|title=business leaders|work=marketscreener.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/business/stocks/officer-profile/COSTAIN.LG/1109372|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109072305/https://uk.reuters.com/business/stocks/officer-profile/COSTAIN.LG/1109372|archivedate=2018-11-09|title=business/stocks/officer profile|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pageone.ng/2016/12/06/ayodeji-karim-costain/|title=Ayodeji karim costain|work=pageone.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://m.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/ayo-karim-sails-away-with-a-grand-dinner/|title=Ayo karim sails away with a grand dinner|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pagepedia.com/ayodejikarim|title=ayodeji karim|work=pagepedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://quotes.wsj.com/NG/XNSA/COWA/company-people/executive-profile/16081094|title=executive-profile|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=September 10, 2018|archivedate=September 10, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910164726/https://quotes.wsj.com/NG/XNSA/COWA/company-people/executive-profile/16081094}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ Onyeisi/Onyeisi nke Winchester Farms Ltd. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na mba ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theoctopusnews.com/ayodeji-karim-joins-league-of-africas-powerful-men/|title=league of africas powerful men|work=theoctopusnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cityvoiceng.com/investor-pledges-30m-for-oyo-agriculture-initiative/|title=investor pledges 30m for oyo agriculture initiative|work=cityvoiceng.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecapital.ng/?p=21513|title=Winchester Farms Ltd|work=thecapital.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọzụzụ ọkachamara na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Ayodeji nwere ọzụzụ agha, nke gafere Territorial Army (4th Royal Green Jackets) Basic Infantry Training &amp; Fitness, Senior Rifleman British Army, na Officer cadet, Royal Engineers Advanced Infantry training, Military Qualification Part 2, UK. Ọ bụ Alumnus nke Mahadum Wales Officer Training Corps Wales, British Army, UK. 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/153139/|title=Ayodeji extensive military training|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoplespostmedia.com/news/item/12710-uk-returnee-expresses-interest-in-occupying-the-oyo-state-government-house|title=uk returnee expresses interest in occupying the oyo state government house|work=peoplespostmedia.com|accessdate=September 10, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910164754/https://www.peoplespostmedia.com/news/item/12710-uk-returnee-expresses-interest-in-occupying-the-oyo-state-government-house|archivedate=September 10, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/lagos-big-boy-ayo-karim-joins-oyo-guber-race/|title=lagos big boy ayo karim joins oyo guber race|work=dailypost.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.ng/oyo-guber-hopeful-ayo-karim-holds-grand-dinner/|title=oyo guber hopeful-ayo-karim|work=dailytimes.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye na-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala maka All Progressive Congress (APC) na ntuli aka ọchịchị nke steeti Oyo maka afọ 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theanchoronline.com.ng/2018/09/07/i-am-the-governor-oyo-needs-ayodeji-karim/|title=The governor oyo needs-ayodeji-karim|work=theanchoronline.com.ng|accessdate=September 10, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910165113/https://www.theanchoronline.com.ng/2018/09/07/i-am-the-governor-oyo-needs-ayodeji-karim/|archivedate=September 10, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.today.ng/topic/ayodeji-karim|title=Ayodeji karim|work=today.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://independent.ng/ayo-karim-makes-bold-steps/amp/|title=Ayo karim makes bold steps|work=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://g9ija.com/2018/01/03/g9+ijatv-live-interview-with-ayodeji-ismail-karim-oyo-state-gubernatorial-candidate-on-apc-platform-5thjan18/|title=Ayodeji ismail karim oyo state gubernatorial candidate on apc platform|work=g9ija.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/145694/|title=candidate for the All Progressive Congress|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ayodeji Ismail Karim lụrụ ma nwee ụmụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thecitypulsenews.com/oyo-2019-guber-race-meet-ayodeji-ismail-karim-vibrant-man-can-govern-right/|title=Ayodeji ismail karim vibrant man can govern right|work=thecitypulsenews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensịbịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.facebook.com/Ayodejikarim/ Peeji facebook]
* [https://ayodejikarim.com/ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ] E debere na  Wayback Machine
{{DEFAULTSORT:Karim, Ayodeji}}
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    <title>Ọdọ Mmiri Chad</title>
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      <text bytes="38808" sha1="km0fnfd8f8ud219ui0vh2kh7l0kyze9" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:LakeChadCameroonTown.jpg|thumb|Ọdọmmiri Chad]]
  

'''Ọdọ Mmiri Chad''' (Arabic: بحيرة تشاد, [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]: ''Sádǝ'', French: Lac Tchad) bụ ọdọ mmiri dị ọhụrụ nke dị n'ime mmiri&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lake Chad {{!}} Physical Features &amp; Economy {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|accessdate=2026-06-16|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; dị na njikọ nke mba anọ: Naịjiriya, Niger, Chad, na Cameroon, n'ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Afrịka n'otu n'otu, yana mpaghara karịrị 1,000,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (390, 000 sq mi). Ọ bụ ala mmiri dị mkpa na West-Central Africa. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bara ụba na akụrụngwa mmiri ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ebe dị mkpa maka ịkụ azụ̀ mmiri dị ọcha n'Africa.

E kewara Ọdọ Mmiri Chad ụzọ n'ime akụkụ ndịda miri emi na akụkụ ugwu dị omimi karị. Isi iyi mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ sitere na ọdọ mmiri dịka osimiri Chari nke na-eso ọdọ mmiri ahụ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Africa’s vanishing Lake Chad {{!}} Africa Renewal|url=https://africarenewal.un.org/en/magazine/africas-vanishing-lake-chad|accessdate=2026-06-16|work=africarenewal.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ọkwa mmiri na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'oge ọ bụla, ebe ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agbanwekwa nke ukwuu. Na narị afọ nke 19, ọ ka nwere mpaghara 28,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (11,000 sq mi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Magrin|first=Géraud|title=The disappearance of Lake Chad: history of a myth|journal=Journal of Political Ecology|date=1 December 2016|volume=23|issue=1|doi=10.2458/v23i1.20191}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụzọ mmadụ si emegharị mmiri, ọ belatala nke ukwuu kemgbe etiti afọ 1970, na mpaghara ya agbanweela n'etiti 2,000 na 5,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (770 na 1,930 sq mi).

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Megatschad_GIS.PNG|áká_èkpè|thumb|275x275px|Ọdọ Mmiri Chad n'oge mmiri ozuzo nke Africa (acha anụnụ anụnụ) na narị afọ nke 20 (ọcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gbara gburugburu na-acha anụnụ uhie) ]]
E guzobere Chad Basin site na ọdịda nke Africa Shield.&lt;ref name=&quot;hd3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=R. H.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|accessdate=2023-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; E ji nkume dị n'ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ mee ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke ihe karịrị mita 3,600 (ụkwụ 11,800) nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ya kpuchiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Obaje|first=Nuhu George|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of Nigeria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1VBp7aItooC&amp;pg=PA69|accessdate=2013-05-06|date=2009-08-12|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-92684-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọtụtụ n'ime Quaternary, ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ebe mmiri si apụta. Mgbe oge a na-erule njedebe, ihu igwe malitere ịkpọ nkụ. Ihe dị ka afọ 20,000 ruo 40,000 gara aga, ájá ájá eolianite malitere itolite n'ebe ugwu nke ala ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wright|first=J.B.|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBDbdZrHosMC&amp;pg=PA94|accessdate=2013-05-06|date=1985-11-30|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-04-556001-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad nwere oge dị elu n'etiti afọ 39,000 BC na 300 BC, na-ahapụ nnukwu ájá dị oké osimiri na ihe ndị e tinyere na lacustrine n'ime ájá dị n'ime ya. A kpọrọ nke a Mega-Chad. Oke omimi nke Mega-Chad karịrị mita 180 (ụkwụ 590) ma kpuchie ihe dị ka kilomita 400,000 (150,000 sq mi),&lt;ref name=&quot;w2&quot; /&gt; ọ gbabara n'ime Osimiri Benue site na Mayo Kébbi, nke na-asọba n'ime Oké Osimiri Atlantic site na Osimiri Niger.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Leblanc|first=M.|year=2006|title=Reconstruction of Megalake Chad using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=239|issue=1–2|pages=16–27|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.01.003|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222672298|language=en|accessdate=2023-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mathieu Schuster|title=Holocene Lake Mega-Chad palaeoshorelines from space|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|date=2005|volume=24|issue=16–17|pages=1821–1827|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.02.001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmiri buru ibu nke e mepụtara n'oge mmiri dị n'Africa nyere ọnọdụ maka mmalite nke ebe obibi ndị ọkụ azụ n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri, agbụrụ Nilo-Saharan kwagakwara n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad n'oge a. Ọrụ ugbo pụtakwara ìhè na mpaghara Sahel n'oge a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kevin Shillington|title=History of Africa|date=28 August 2018|publisher=Macmillan Education UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxtHEAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-137-52481-2|pages=19–31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1800 Tupu Kraịst, omenala ite ụrọ a maara dị ka Gajiganna pụtara, na mbụ dị ka ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ, mana, malite n'ihe dị ka afọ 1500 Tupu Kraịst, bi n'obodo nta ndị bi n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ogundiran|first=Akinwumi|year=2005|title=Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (ca. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives|journal=Journal of World Prehistory|volume=19|issue=2|doi=10.1007/s10963-006-9003-y}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie gosiri ahịhịa ọhịa, nke kachasị na ebo ahụ bụ Paniceae, na osikapa ọhịa yana ọka pearl kacha ochie a na-azụ n'ụlọ na mpaghara Lake Chad, nke dịrị site na 1200 ruo 1000 cal BC. A hụrụ otu n'ime millet pearl kacha ochie a na-azụ n'ụlọ na West Africa na Chad Basin, a na-ere ya ọkụ na ahịhịa ọhịa, a pụkwara ịkọ oge ha ruo 800-1000 cal BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Marlies Klee|chapter=The Exploitation of Wild and Domesticated Food Plants at Settlement Mounds in North-East Nigeria (1800 cal BC to Today)|title=The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa|date=1999|pages=81–88|doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-6730-8_8|isbn=978-1-4419-3316-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E guzobere obodo nta ndị na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ na-erule afọ 500 Tupu Kraịst,&lt;ref name=&quot;fzn1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Decorse|first=Christopher R.|title=West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Fcr1HSZXNgC&amp;pg=PA103|accessdate=2013-05-06|year=2001|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-7185-0247-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihe ndị e mere n'oge ochie dị mkpa gụnyere mmepeanya Sao. Dịka akwụkwọ ndekọ nke Claudius Ptolemy n'etiti narị afọ nke abụọ AD si kwuo, Ndị Rom nke narị afọ mbụ AD ezutelarị Lake Chad site na njikọ ha na Tunisia, Tripoli, na Fezzan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Johnston|first=H. H.|date=1910|title=Lake Chad|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=84|issue=2130|pages=244–245|doi=10.1038/084244a0|issn=1476-4687}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke ise AD, a na-eji kamel eme azụmahịa trans-Saharan site na Fezzan, ma ọ bụ site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Darfur.&lt;ref name=&quot;eof1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Appiah|first=Kwame Anthony|title=Encyclopaedia of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&amp;pg=PA254|accessdate=2013-05-06|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ndị Arab meriri Ugwu Afrịka n'ime narị afọ nke asaa na nke asatọ, Chad Basin malitere inwe njikọ na mba ndị Alakụba.&lt;ref name=&quot;fzn1&quot; /&gt;

Azụmahịa na usoro ọrụ ugbo ka mma mere ka obodo ndị nwere nkà dịkwuo elu.&lt;ref name=&quot;eof1&quot;/&gt; N'ihe dịka afọ 900 AD, ndị Kanem ndị na-asụ asụsụ Kanuri jikọtara ọtụtụ agbụrụ ndị na-awagharị awagharị wee guzobe Alaeze Ukwu Kanem n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri Chad. Ná mmalite ntọala obodo ahụ, ndị Kanem nọgidere na-ebi ndụ ndị na-eme njem kwa ụbọchị ruo narị afọ nke 11, mgbe ha ghọrọ ndị Alakụba ma biri na Njimi. Site na azụmaahịa trans-Saharan, ike nke Alaeze Ukwu Kanem ruru ọkwa kachasị elu ya na narị afọ nke 13, mana ka alaeze ukwu ahụ dara ada na narị afọ nke 14, steeti ndị nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Bornu malitere ịrị elu, mere ka ebe ike nke alaeze ukwu ahụ si ebe ahụ gaa na Bornu n'ihe dị ka afọ 1400. N'afọ 1574, Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman wakporo Fezzan na Oasis,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lange|first=Dierk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syATJKcx5A0C&amp;pg=PA546|title=Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French|date=2004|publisher=J.H.Röll Verlag|isbn=978-3-89754-115-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ruo ọbụna n'ime ọdọ mmiri Chad. Nke a bụ mwakpo kachasị njọ nke ndị Ottoman banyere n'ime ime obodo Afrịka tupu narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman gbasaara mmetụta ya na mpaghara etiti nke Central Sahel n'oge ọchịchị nke Murad nke Atọ, Ọdọ Mmiri Chad wee bụrụ akụkụ nke mpaghara mmetụta Ottoman,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Flynn|first=Sébastien|date=2016-01-01|title=THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND KANEM- BORNU DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN MURAD III A Master's Thesis|url=https://www.academia.edu/40148198|journal=Bilkent Master's Thesis}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 16, Alaeze Ukwu Bornu malitere ibubata ngwa agha site na Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, na-eme ka ọchịchị ndị agha ya sie ike. Alaeze Ukwu Bornu dara na narị afọ nke 18, ma mechaa tụfuo mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ ya n'aka ￼￼Sokoto Caliphate￼￼ n'oge mmalite narị afọ nke 19. Ndị ọchịchị Yuropu mechara chịwa ya n'ime narị afọ nke iri abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kevin Shillington|title=History of Africa|date=28 August 2018|publisher=Macmillan Education UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxtHEAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-137-52481-2|pages=101–103+188–190+249–256}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na mmụba mmasị n'Africa n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị ọchụnta ego na Europe, Ndị Yuropu kọwara mpaghara Lake Chad nke ọma na narị afọ nke 19. E mere njem mmụta sayensị atọ n'agbata afọ 1898 na 1909. N'oge Ọgbakọ Berlin na 1884–1885, e kewara Afrịka n'etiti ndị ọchịchị Yurop. Ka ọ na-erule afọ iri abụọ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ndị Britain, Frans, na Germany, chịrị ma biri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, ịkọwapụta ókèala ndị na-adịgide adịgide na steeti ndị dị ugbu a mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Harlow|first=Barbara|title=Colonialism|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&amp;pg=PA139|accessdate=2013-05-06|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-335-3|chapter=Conference of Berlin (1884–1885)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hea3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=乍得湖：从&quot;文明摇篮&quot;到&quot;死亡之心&quot;|author=熊正坤|url=http://www.chinawater.com.cn/newscenter/jlkt/202104/t20210408_763432.html|accessdate=2024-01-01|publisher=China Water Resources News|date=2021-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ná mmalite nnwere onwe, mba ndị gbara Ọdọ Mmiri Chad gburugburu abụghị naanị na ha nwere ntọala akụ na ụba na-adịghị mma, kamakwa ha nwere esemokwu agbụrụ, okpukperechi, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya. Naịjirịa na ,igeretara nnwere onwe ọhụrụ, nwetara ọchịchị n'oge na-adịghị anya, ebe Chad nwekwara agha obodo na-aga n'ihu. Enweghị ike mba ndị dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ịtụle nchekwa nke ọdọ mmiri Chad emeela ka ọtụtụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;hea3&quot; /&gt;

== Ọdịdị ala ==
[[Faịlụ:Charirivermap.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|275x275px|Map na-egosi ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Chari]]
Ala Chad gụnyere Chad, Naịjirịa, Kamerun, Nijer, Sudan, na Central African Republic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cblt.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/about-map.jpg|title=about-map|accessdate=2024-03-26|work=Lake Chad Basin Commission|archivedate=2024-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326123944/https://cblt.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/about-map.jpg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ụdị nsogbu ịda mbà nke nwere ike ime ka ọ daa n'ime akụkụ anọ nke abụọ nke nwere nhazi: ịda mbà na ndịda, ịda mbà n'ugwu, elu etiti, na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. A na-ahụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ala mmiri ahụ site na mgbawa nke enweghị ntụpọ asymmetric fault depression nke nwere ugwu ndị dị elu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ugwu dị nro n'ọdịda anyanwụ na profaịlụ ahụ, a na-ekesakwa ya n'ụzọ NNW n'ụgbọelu ahụ. E nwere nnukwu nsogbu abụọ dị n'akụkụ abụọ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke nwere nsogbu dị ka graben na ịda mbà n'etiti ya. Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ bụ mpaghara ugwu dị nro nke na-agbada n'akụkụ ala. Nsogbu ókèala ọwụwa anyanwụ dị elu nke nwere akụkụ ndọda nke ihe dị ka 55°, ebe nsogbu ọdịda anyanwụ nwere akụkụ ndọda nke ihe dị ka 45°. Okpukpu nke oyi akwa dị n'ime mpaghara mkpọda ahụ dị ntakịrị. N'etiti mpaghara nke ala ahụ, ọkpụrụkpụ nke ala ahụ dị oke ibu, ọkpụrụkpụ nke mpaghara etiti ala ahụ ruru ihe karịrị mita 10,000 (ụkwụ 33,000). Akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị elu n'ọdịda anyanwụ ma dị nro n'ọwụwa anyanwụ na profaịlụ ahụ. Mpaghara nhazi ihe ise dị ka nsogbu ndị dị n'akụkụ mmiri esiwo n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ọwụwa anyanwụ pụta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=乍得湖盆地构造特征与油气成藏规律初探|author=黄先雄|journal=大地构造与成矿学|date=2008|issue=3|pages=326–331|doi=10.16539/j.ddgzyckx.2008.03.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E kewara ọdọ mmiri Chad n'akụkụ ugwu na ndịda site na oghere dị omimi nke a na-akpọ Great Barrier, ala nke ala nke ugwu ahụ dị mita 275.3 (ụkwụ 903) na ala nke ala nke ala nke ndịda ahụ dị mita 278.2 (ụkwụ 913). Mgbe mmiri dị n'ebe ndịda gafere mita 279 (ụkwụ 915) karịa ọkwa oké osimiri, ọ ga-asọba n'ebe ugwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;7g&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=刘甜甜|title=基于多源遥感数据的非洲乍得湖水面变化监测|journal=地理科学进展|year=2013|volume=32|issue=6|pages=906–912|doi=10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.06.007|language=zh-cn}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ebe ndịda, e nwere mmiri na-emeghe mgbe niile n'ọnụ Osimiri Chari, ebe apịtị ahịhịa kpuchiri akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke mmiri ahụ,&lt;ref name=&quot;h8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marie-Thérèse Sarch|title=Fishing and farming at Lake Chad: Responses to lake-level fluctuations|journal=The Geographical Journal|date=June 2000|volume=166|issue=2|pages=156–172|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4959.2000.tb00015.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; ájá ndị na-adịghị amịkọrọ kpamkpam n'ime mmiri ọwụwa anyanwụ na-aghọ agwaetiti. Omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ndịda dị n'etiti .5 na 2 m (1 ft 8 na na 6 ft 7 in), nke ọdọ mmiri ugwu dị n'etiti 0 na 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in), na nke agwaetiti ọwụwa anyanwụ dị n'etiti mita 0 na 2 (6 ft 7 in).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jacques Lemoalle|title=Recent changes in Lake Chad: Observations, simulations and management options (1973–2011)|journal=Global and Planetary Change|date=January 2012|volume=80–81|issue=247–254|pages=247–254|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.07.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihu igwe nke mpaghara Lake Chad na-emetụta nke ukwuu site na oke ikuku nke kọntinent na nke mmiri. Oke ikuku mmiri na-aga n'ebe ugwu n'oge ọkọchị, na-eme ka mmiri zoo n'oge oge. N'ọgwụgwụ oge ọkọchị, oke ikuku kọntinent na-achịkwa ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;w2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Gritzner|first1=J. A.|title=Lake Chad|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|location=Chicago|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|access-date=2023-06-13|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722235543/https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ na mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad bụ 330 mm (inchi 13), ya na mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ nke 560 mm (inchi 22.0) na ndịda na ihe dị ka 250 mm (inchi 9.8) na ugwu. Okpomọkụ kachasị elu n'oge mmiri ozuzo bụ 30°C (86°F), okpomọkụ kachasị elu na-arị elu ruo ihe karịrị 32°C (90°F) mgbe Ọktoba na Nọvemba na-abanye n'oge ọkọchị. Ọdịiche okpomọkụ dị n'etiti ehihie na abalị fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ nke oge mmiri ozuzo, okpomọkụ abalị kacha ala na-agbadata ruo 8°C (46°F) na Disemba na Jenụwarị. Eprel na-abụkarị ọnwa kacha ekpo ọkụ n'afọ, ebe okpomọkụ na-erukarị 40 °C (104 °F), Mmiri kacha ala na-apụta n'ọnwa Juun ruo Julaị, ebe mmiri kachasị elu na-apụta n'ọnwa Nọvemba ruo Disemba, ebe okpomọkụ mmiri dị n'elu ya dị site na 19 ruo 32 Celsius (66 ruo 90 Celsius).

== Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri ==
[[Faịlụ:Megachad_en_disappearance_of_lake_chad.jpg|thumb|346x346px|Mbelata nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad n'ime afọ 7000 gara aga, na nhazi nke British Isles maka ntụnyere]]
[[Faịlụ:Lake_Chad.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|275x275px|Ọdọ Mmiri Chad 1972-2007]]
Chad Basin kpuchiri ihe dị ka 1×10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (390,000 sq mi), a na-agbakwa ya site na Chari, Logone, na [[Yobe River|Yobe Rivers]]. Mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enweta n'oge. Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo na-abịa site na Adamawa Plateau dị na ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke a na-ebuga na ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na Osimiri Chari na Osimiri Logone. Ha abụọ na-enye pasentị iri itoolu na ise nke mmiri niile dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, ebe Osimiri Yobe na-enye naanị ihe na-erughị pasentị abụọ na ọkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;hd3&quot; /&gt; Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime ala ruo n'ebe kachasị ala nke Chad Basin, Bodélé Depression, ihe dị ka kilomita 480 (mile 300) n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, ebe kachasị omimi ruru naanị mita 155 (ụkwụ 509) n'elu ọkwa oké osimiri. Nke a na-ewepụ ọtụtụ n'ime nnu dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri Chad ma na-eme ka nnu dị ala nke ọdọ mmiri Chad dị. Mmiri ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad bụ mmiri dị ọcha, mmiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ dịkwa ntakịrị nnu.&lt;ref name=&quot;4d&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=袁宣民|title=乍得湖的环境、安全及其脆弱性|journal=世界科学|date=2016|issue=7|pages=21–23|url=https://worldscience.cn/c/2016-07-14/587434.shtml|language=zh-cn|accessdate=2023-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hd3&quot; /&gt;  Mgbanwe ndị kwekọrọ na mmiri ozuzo yiri ka ọ metụtara mmetụta nke mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. 

Oke mmiri nke ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu n'Africa na-adabere na mmiri ozuzo na uzuoku, nke pụtara na okpomọkụ na-adị na mmiri ozuzo dịkwa oke mkpa maka ịchịkwa nguzozi mmiri nke mmiri ndị a, mgbanwe ọ bụla nwere ike ibute nnukwu mgbanwe na ọkwa mmiri na mpaghara ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Richard Ogutu-Ohwayo|title=Implications of climate variability and change for African lake ecosystems, fisheries productivity, and livelihoods|journal=Journal of Great Lakes Research|volume=42|issue=3|pages=498–510|doi=10.1016/j.jglr.2016.03.004|year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọdọ Mmiri Chad bụ ọdọ mmiri dị n'ime ime obodo, mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara Chad na-emetụta obere mgbanwe na mgbasa ikuku, ya mere Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta elu ọdọ mmiri Chad nke ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;f1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Evans|first=T.|chapter=The effects of changes in the world hydrological cycle on availability of water resources|editor=Bazzaz|title=Global climate change and agricultural production|year=1996|publisher=FAO / John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=92-5-103987-9|chapterurl=https://www.fao.org/3/W5183E/w5183e04.htm|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Leblanc|first=M.|title=Remote sensing for groundwater modelling in large semiarid areas:Lake Chad Basin, Africa|journal=Hydrogeology Journal|year=2007|volume=15|issue=1|pages=97–100|doi=10.1007/s10040-006-0126-0|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29650900|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ n'ihi oke anụmanụ ịta ahịhịa na oke mkpofu osisi na nnukwu ọrụ ịgba mmiri nke dọpụrụ mmiri site n'osimiri ndị na-eri nri n'ọdọ mmiri bụ isi ihe kpatara mbelata nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad.&lt;ref name=&quot;tr5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article116.html|title=Lake Chad: almost gone|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP)|accessdate=2015-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216142751/http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article116.html|archivedate=2008-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Atlantic multidecadal oscillation na El Niño–Southern Oscillation emetụtala mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara Sahel. Site na mmalite afọ 1960 ruo etiti afọ 1980, ọkwa mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ dara site na mita 3 (ụkwụ 9.8) ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkezi ọkwa site na 1900 ruo 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Combined effect of El Niño southern oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation on Lake Chad level variability|author=Churchill Okonkwo|journal=Cogent Geoscience|date=2015-12-15|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.1080/23312041.2015.1117829}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1870, mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad dị ihe dị ka puku kilomita iri abụọ na asatọ (11,000 sq mi). Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike ịpụ na Bahr el-Ghazal n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad dara obere oge, wee ruo n'ọkwa kachasị elu n'etiti narị afọ nke 20 wee si na Bahr el-Ghazal jupụta ọzọ. Oké ọkọchị malitere na mpaghara Sahel na ngwụcha afọ 1960 ma mebie nnukwu ihe na 1972 na 1984. E chere na ọ bụ ihe metụtara mfu osisi, okpomọkụ ụwa, na nsogbu okpomọkụ dị n'elu oké osimiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;f1&quot; /&gt; N'oge a, Ọdọ Mmiri Chad dara nke ukwuu ma gbanwee n'etiti 2,000 ruo 5,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (770 ruo 1,930 sq mi) mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;7g&quot; /&gt;

Site na Juun 1966 ruo Jenụwarị 1973, mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad dara site na 22,772 ruo 15,400 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (8,792 ruo 5,946 sq mi),&lt;ref name=&quot;tr5&quot;/&gt; na 1975, ala ahụ belatara ruo 4,398 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (1,698 sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;7g&quot; /&gt; na naanị 1,756 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (678 sq mi) na Febụwarị 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;tr5&quot; /&gt; Kemgbe ahụ, mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad abanyela n'ọnọdụ kwụsiri ike na mmụba dị ntakịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wengbin Zhu|title=Monitoring Recent Fluctuations of the Southern Pool of Lake Chad Using Multiple Remote Sensing Data: Implications for Water Balance Analysis|journal=Remote Sensing|date=2017|issue=10|volume=9|doi=10.3390/rs9101032}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na 1995 ruo 1998, ọ gbanwere n'etiti 1,200 ruo 4,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (460 ruo 1,740 sq mi). N'afọ 2000, mpaghara ahụ ruru square kilomita 5,075 (1,959 sq mi),&lt;ref name=&quot;7g&quot; /&gt; ebe nkezi mmiri dị n'elu ala site na 2013 ruo 2016 dị ihe dị ka 1,876 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (724 sq mi), ebe oke kachasị bụ 2,231 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (861 sq mi) na Julaị 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buma&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Willibroad Gabila Buma|title=Recent surface water extent of Lake Chad from multispectral sensors and GRACE|journal=Sensors|date=2018|doi=10.3390/s18072082|issue=7|volume=18|pmid=29958481}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na mmiri dị n'ime ala ===
N'okpuru ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka e nwere aquifer Quaternary phreatic a na-anaghị achịkwa, nnukwu mmiri dị n'ofe ókèala nke dị ihe dị ka square kilomita 500,000 n'ofe Chad, Niger, Nigeria, na Cameroon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nour2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mahamat Nour|first=A.|date=2022|title=Shallow Quaternary groundwater in the Lake Chad basin is resilient to climate change but requires sustainable management strategy: Results of isotopic investigation|journal=Science of The Total Environment|volume=848|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158152}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ ihe dị ka 2,200mm/afọ mmiri n'ihi na mmiri nwere ike ịpụ apụ, ọmụmụ ihe gbasara isotopic nke ejiri isotopes kwụsiri ike na tritium na-egosi na sistemụ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ka na-eguzogide mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nour2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goni2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Goni|first=I. B.|date=2021|title=Groundwater recharge from heavy rainfall in the southwestern Lake Chad Basin: evidence from isotopic observations|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal|volume=66|issue=10|pages=1521–1534|doi=10.1080/02626667.2021.1937630}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aquifer nke Quaternary na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma site na usoro abụọ bụ isi: ịbanye kpọmkwem na mmiri ozuzo siri ike n'oge na mpụta n'akụkụ site na ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya na ọwa osimiri ya na-adịghị agwụ agwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goni2021&quot;/&gt; Data isotopic na-egosi na oke mmiri ozuzo gafere pasentị iri isii nke oke mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa na-akpali ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri mgbapụta ahụ, nke pụtara na mmụba nke mmiri ozuzo nke ebe okpomọkụ n'okpuru okpomọkụ ụwa na-akwado mmụba nke mmiri dị n'ime ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goni2021&quot; /&gt; Ebe nchekwa mmiri a sara mbara na-enye nchekwa mmiri dị mkpa, hụ na mmiri na-adịgide adịgide maka mmiri mmiri nke obodo na nke ọrụ ugbo na-enweta n'agbanyeghị oke mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'elu mmiri na ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nour2022&quot;/&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Faịlụ:Kanał_doprowadzający_do_jeziora_-_Jezioro_Czad_-_001269s.jpg|thumb|275x275px|[[Lake Chad flooded savanna|Ọdọ Mmiri Chad jupụtara na savanna]]]]
Akụkụ nke Chad Basin dị n'ime Chad Basin National Park na Naịjirịa, obodo ahụ na Cameroon eguzobela Ala Mmiri Chad Ramsar nke nwere oke ala dị 8,225 km2 (3,176 sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;tgd1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Emma Martin|title=Lake Chad Flooded Savanna|url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/|work=www.oneearth.org|date=15 December 2021|accessdate=2023-07-15|archivedate=15 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715052429/https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndụ Ahịhịa ===
Osisi mmiri dị n'ebe ndịda gụnyerekarị papyrus cyperus, wdg. Osisi ahịhịa na-etokarị n'ebe ugwu ebe nnu dị elu, osisi na-ese n'elu mmiri na-ekpuchikwa nnukwu ebe mmiri dị n'èzí. Mgbanwe usoro ojiji ala na mmebi na-aga n'ihu emeela ka ọdịiche dị iche iche belata ma mee ka ọhịa mepere emepe nke ukwuu, nke mejupụtara ụdị dị iche iche nke a na-emegharị iji belata mmiri &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Osisi dịka hyparrhenia rufa na-eto n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ndị nwere idei mmiri dị ogologo n'ebe ndịda.&lt;ref name=&quot;tgd1&quot; /&gt; Mpaghara osisi na-adịgide adịgide amụbaala site na ihe dị ka 3,800 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (1,500 sq mi) na 2000 ruo ihe dị ka 5,200 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,000 sq mi) na 2020 ka ọkwa mmiri adalatala ma okpomọkụ amụbaala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Binh Pham-Duc|title=The Lake Chad hydrology under current climate change|journal=Scientific Reports|date=2020|volume=10|issue=5498|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-62417-w|pmid=32218517}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gbanweela oke ọhịa gbara ya gburugburu ka ọ bụrụ ọhịa mepere emepe nke nwere acacias, baobabs, nkwụ na India jujube.

=== Nnụnụ ===
A kpọrọ ọdọ mmiri a Mkpa Ebe Nnụnụ (IBA) site n'aka BirdLife International.&lt;ref name=&quot;bli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-chad-iba-chad|title=Lake Chad|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ narị ụdị nnụnụ dị iche iche dịka shoveler n'ebe ugwu, Ọgazị Ijipt na anụmanụ marabou na-ebi n'ime ya ruo mgbe ebighị ebi ma ọ bụ n'oge. Ọ bụ ebe dị mkpa maka nnụnụ ndị Europe na-eto eto na ndị na-egwu mmiri. E nwere anụ ọhịa dịka ugo steppe na ugo booted n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri,&lt;ref name=&quot;tgd1&quot;/&gt; a na-ahụkwa ihe karịrị otu nde ruff n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'otu oge.

=== Anụ na-enye nwa ara ===
Anụmanụ buru ibu a na-ahụkarị gụnyere gazel nwere ihu uhie, gazel dama, patas enwe, hyena nwere akara, cheetah na caracal, ebe a na-ekesa enyí Afrịka, otter, hippopotamus, sitatunga na kob n'ala mmiri. Ugbu a, a chụọla ọtụtụ n'ime nnukwu anụ anụmanụ ka ha laa n'iyi, e jiri ọtụtụ ehi dochie ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;tgd1&quot;/&gt;

=== Azụ ===
N'ime Chad Basin dum, ụdị azụ̀ dị otu narị na iri asaa na itoolu, n'ime ha bụ otu azụ̀ dị na Naịja River Basin, 85 bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka Osimiri Naịl, 47 bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka Basini Kongo, ebe ụdị azụ 84 dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;hd3&quot; /&gt; This maNke a mere ka ọ bụrụ ebe ịkụ azụ bara ụba maka obodo dị iche iche na Naịjirịa, Naịja, Chad, na KamerọseaMbugharị idei mmiri n'oge yana mmụba nke okpomọkụ ikuku na-eduga na mbelata nnu,smmụba nke turbidity, na mmụba nke ọkwa trophic, nke kpalitere mmụba nke ọnụọgụ phytoplankton nankton, allowinikwe ka nnukwu azụ̀ kwaga ebe dị iche iche n'ime mmiri ahụ n'oge ọ bụla iji zụọ ma mụọ ụmụ n'ime mmiri na-eme nri mgbe idei mmiri ruterhe CChad Basin ka bụ ebe a na-azụ azụ dị mkpa, nke nwere ihe karịrị ụdị azụ iri anọ dị mkpa maka azụmaahịao Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa bụ ụdị ochie dị ka azụ̀ lungfish nafin &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ ==
[[Faịlụ:ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Chad na foto Satellite nke afọ 2001. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ ejirila pasent 95 belata kemgbe afọ 1960. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Plan B Updates - 47: Disappearing Lakes, Shrinking Seas - EPI|url=http://www.earth-policy.org/index.php?/plan_b_updates/2005/update47|work=earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shrinking African Lake Offers Lesson on Finite Resources|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/04/0426_lakechadshrinks.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010430065144/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/04/0426_lakechadshrinks.html|archivedate=April 30, 2001|work=nationalgeographic.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Faịlụ:Building_a_house_in_lake_Chad_region.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|275x275px|Iwu ụlọ nwa oge na mpaghara Lake Chad]]
E nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ iri atọ bi na Chad Lake Basin. E nwere ihe karịrị otu agbụrụ iri asaa gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha kesara na ndịda, ebe njupụta ndị mmadụ karịrị 100/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (260/sq mi). Ha na-adabere na isi iyi mmiri nke Chad Lake maka ịgba mmiri, ịzụ ụmụ, ịzụ anụmanụ na ịṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;4d&quot; /&gt; Ihe ubi ndị obodo na-akọ nke ọma gụnyere sorgum, ọka, millet, agwa, na akwụkwọ nri. A na-akụ gourd nke ọma maka imepụta arịa. Nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị n'ọhịa dịka chịngọm arabic, mmanụ aṅụ, wax aṅụ, na nkụ dị oke mkpa na mpaghara ahụ. Agbanyeghị, mbelata nke oke ọhịa emetụtala mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ndị a, mmụba dị egwu nke ìgwè ehi emeela ka mmetụta a ka njọ. Anụ ehi bụ anụ ụlọ kacha mkpa a na-azụ, tinyere anụ ọkụkọ, ewu, atụrụ, kamel, ịnyịnya, na ịnyịnya ibu. Akụ̀ na-akọ anụmanụ ndị a metụtara nke ukwuu n'ihi oké ọkọchị nke afọ 1970 na 1980.

Ịkụ azụ bụ ihe kacha mkpa maka ndị bi n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsị n'oge ọkọchị ma maliteghachi naanị n'etiti afọ 1990. A na-akpọ nkụ, a na-etinye mkpụrụ osisi a mịrị amị, ma ọ bụ na-ese anwụrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe ndị e ji azụ azụ. Mmiri natron nke e mepụtara n'oge ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ abụrụla ihe dị mkpa kemgbe. Dịka omenala si dị, a na-egwupụta ya n'ime blọk ma na-ebuga ya n'ofe ọdọ mmiri ahụ iji banye n'ahịa Naịjirịa. Kemgbe ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke afọ 1970, ala a na-akụ n'enweghị mmiri na fatịlaịza ekpugheela n'ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ, a na-eweghachikwa ya dị ka polder maka ịkụ ọka, cowpea, osikapa, ọka wit na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Luxereau|first=A.|year=2011|title=Fluctuations in the Size of Lake Chad: Consequences on the Livelihoods of the Riverain Peoples in Eastern Niger|journal=Regional Environmental Change|volume=12|issue=3|pages=507–521|doi=10.1007/s10113-011-0267-0|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257480536|language=en|accessdate=2023-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọrụ ugbo agbanweela site n'ịkụ ihe ubi kpọrọ nkụ, dịka ọka wit, gaa n'ịkụ osikapa nwere oke mmiri, nke na-eme ka ala dị oke njọ ma na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha.&lt;ref name=&quot;4d&quot; /&gt; Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbelata mmiri na-enwe n'ịkụ azụ, ọrụ ugbo, na ịzụ anụ karịrị uru ala ọhụrụ sitere na mmiri ndị na-ebelata. Ndị bi gburugburu ebe ahụ bụ́ ndị na-adabere na mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka a manyere ịkwaga ebe ọzọ, nke mere ka akụnụba nke mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-ebelata mgbe niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Effects of Climate Change in the Poorest Countries: Evidence from the Permanent Shrinking of Lake Chad|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/40328|date=2023-09-05|accessdate=2024-04-08|work=World Bank|language=en|author=Roman D. Zarate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kemgbe afọ 1970, mba ise dị na ndịda nke ala ahụ arụọla ọtụtụ ọrụ nchekwa mmiri n'elu Osimiri Chari, Osimiri Logone, na Osimiri Yobe iji gbochie mmiri osimiri, nke mere ka ọnụọgụ mmiri na-abanye n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ belata nke ukwuu. Nkezi mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Chari na Osimiri Logone na-abata kwa afọ site na 1970 ruo 1990 bụ naanị pasent 55 nke nke ahụ site na 1950 ruo 1970. Kemgbe afọ 1980, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri dị n'Osimiri Chari na Osimiri Logone agbanweela ụzọ ma Central African Republic jidere ya nke dị n'elu mmiri maka ịgba mmiri na mmepụta ike mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;4d&quot; /&gt;{{Cite journal|author=袁宣民|title=乍得湖的环境、安全及其脆弱性|journal=世界科学|date=2016|issue=7|pages=21–23|url=https://worldscience.cn/c/2016-07-14/587434.shtml|language=zh-cn|accessdate=2023-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọdọ mmiri ndị e wuru n'elu osimiri ndị na-abanye n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ gbanwere oge na oke idei mmiri n'oge ma gbochie njem azụ, Nke a mere ka ọnụọgụgụ Alestes baremoze na Nile perch, bụ́ isi azụ a na-ejide n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, belata nke ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;hd3&quot; /&gt; N'otu oge ahụ, esemokwu dị n'etiti mba dị iche iche na agbụrụ dị iche iche na-asọ mpi maka mmiri na ala na-akawanye njọ. Mba anọ dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-eche nsogbu nke oke ịda ogbenye ihu, nakwa n'ihi ihe isi ike ha nwere n'ịzụta ihe ha ji ebi ndụ, ụfọdụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ etinyela aka n'ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na ngwa agha.&lt;ref name=&quot;4d&quot; /&gt; Nke a emeela ka nke a ka njọ site n'ọrụ nke Boko Haram, bụ́ mwakpo nke chụpụrụ ọtụtụ nde mmadụ ma mebie mmepe n'ime mpaghara ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Olowoyeye|first=Oluwatuyi S.|year=2023|title=Water and Food Sustainability in the Riparian Countries of Lake Chad in Africa|journal=Sustainability|volume=15|doi=10.3390/su151310009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamerun, Naịja, ,aijiriaChad hiwere Kọmishọna Chad Basin nke dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri na 22 Mee 1964. The CMba Central African Republic sonyeere na 1996, Libya sonyekwara na. The hIsi ụlọ ọrụ kọmitii ahụ dị na N'Djamenad. The cỌrụ kọmishọn ahụ gụnyere ijikwa Lake Chad na akụrụngwa mmiri ya, ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkwalite njikọta mpaghara, udo, nchekwa, na mmepe na mpaghara Lake Chad. Atụmatụ mba ndị gbara ya gburugburu maka imejupụta mmiri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad gụnyere iwu ọwa mmiri nke dị kilomita 2,400 (maịlụ 1,500) ibuga mmiri 100×10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (130×10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; yd&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) site na Osimiri Congo ruo Osimiri Chari kwa afọ, ma jiri usoro dam dị iche iche n'ụzọ ahụ iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43500314|title=Can the vanishing lake be saved?|author=Ross|first=Will|date=2018-03-31|work=BBC|accessdate=2019-01-28|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
 

* [[Inner Niger Delta]], a n'ime ala delta na Mali
* Ọdọ Mmiri Ptolemy, ọdọ mmiri ochie dị na Sudan
* Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri ndị na-akpọnwụ
* Sudd, nnukwu ala ahịhịa na South Sudan
* Anụ ọhịa nke Chad
* Lake Chad replenishment project - Atụmatụ a tụrụ aro maka ịdọrọ mmiri iji gbochie ịcha ọdọ mmiri Chad

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=R. H.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]]|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5}}
* {{Cite book|author=Beadle|first=L. C.|year=1974|title=The Inland Waters of Tropical Africa: An Introduction to Tropical Limnology Hardcover|edition=1th|publisher=Longman Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-582-44852-0}}
* {{Cite book|author=Chapman|first=Graham|year=1992|title=The changing geography of Africa and the Middle East|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-03450-7}}
* {{Cite book|author=Caterina Batello|title=The Future is an Ancient Lake|publisher=FAO Interdepartmental Working Group on Biological Diversity for Food and Agriculture|url=https://www.fao.org/3/y5118e/y5118e00.htm|year=2004|isbn=92-5-105064-3}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
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* [http://www.cblt.org/en/ Kọmitii Mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad]
* [https://en.unesco.org/biopalt BIOsphere na Heritage nke Lake Chad (BIOPALT) oru ngo]
* [https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/91291/the-ups-and-downs-of-lake-chad Ups na Downs nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad]
* Lake Chad in worldlakes.org
* [https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-02 Ọdọ Mmiri Chad na World Lake Database]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250907042826/https://news.un.org/en/tags/lake-chad Ọdọ Mmiri Chad na UN News]
{{Lakes of Chad}}{{Authority control}}
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    <title>Osimiri Long (Fujian)</title>
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      <text bytes="1082" sha1="7fm97llzp42e0qs3cxjj1b0okhw59as" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Fuqing Longjiang Qiao 20120303-07.jpg|thumb|Fuqing Longjiang Qiao ]]
{{Chinese|pic=File:Fuqing Longjiang Qiao 20120303-07.jpg|piccap=The Long River estuary at [[Haikou, Fuqing|Haikou]], spanned by the [[Longjiang Bridge]]|s={{linktext|龙江}}|t={{linktext|龍江}}|p=Lóngjiāng|l={{nowrap|[[Chinese dragon|Dragon]] River}}}}

osimiri Long ma ọ bụ '''Longjiang''' bụ osimiri dị na mpaghara Fujian, [[China]]. O bidoro na Mpaghara Hanjiang nke Putian ma gafee na Fuqing nke dị nso na Fuzhou, ebe ọ na-asọba na Taiwan Strait na Haikou.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;河长&quot;绘出闽西乡村新画卷：水清河美 宜居宜游-中新网|url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/2021/11-22/9613704.shtml|accessdate=2022-08-01|work=www.chinanews.com.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-egbochi osimiri ahụ n'elu mmiri nke Honglu. Dam ahụ na-emepụta Dongzhang Reservoir, n'akụkụ ugwu nke Dongzhang dị.

Àkwà Mmiri Longjiang, otu n'ime usoro àkwà mmiri Song a ma ama n'okporo ụzọ Fujian, nke gafere osimiri ahụ n'akụkụ ọnụ ya. 

== Hụkwa ==

== Edensibịa ==</text>
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    <title>Boy Wives and Female-Husbands: Studies in African Homosexualities</title>
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'''''Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies in African Homosexualities''''' bụ akwụkwọ na-abughi akụkọ ifo nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1998 nke na-enyocha Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmadụ nke Afrịka, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na okike, na-enyocha nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị n'obodo ọdịnala na nke oge a nke Afrịka. Ndị ọkà mmụta nọọrọ onwe ha nke Amerịka bụ Stephen O. Murray na Will Roscoe deziri ya ebe okwu mmalite  bụ nke Marc Epprecht dere. E bipụtara ya ọzọ n'afọ 2021 site n'aka State University of New York Press n'okpuru SUNY Press Open Access.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/83859/|title=Project MUSE - Boy-Wives and Female Husbands|work=Muse.jhu.edu|accessdate=June 30, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://sunypress.edu/Books/B/Boy-Wives-and-Female-Husbands|title=Boy-Wives and Female Husbands|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Murray|first=Stephen O.|url=http://archive.org/details/boywivesfemalehu00murr|title=Boy-wives and female husbands : studies in African homosexualities|date=1998|publisher=New York : St. Martin's Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-312-21216-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atụmatụ ==
Akwụkwọ a na-achọ ịkagbu akụkọ ifo na nwoke idina nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị adịghị n'omenala Afrịka, na-emegide nkwenye nke ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị ọkà mmụta banyere mmadụ, na ndị Afrịka nke oge a. O dekọrọ ihe akaebe nke ụdịdị mmekọahụ na okike n'ime obodo iri ise n'ofe mpaghara dị iche iche nke ndịda Sahara Africa, na-ama aka n'echiche na ndị Yuropu ma ọ bụ ndị Arab webatara nwoke idina nwoke na kọntinent ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Murray|first=Stephen O.|url=https://www.perlego.com/book/2673878/boywives-and-female-husbands-studies-in-african-homosexualities-pdf|title=Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies in African Homosexualities|date=2021-04-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-8411-2|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ nchịkọta edemede gbasara nkà mmụta mmadụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke e ji ọtụtụ nnyocha gbasara ọdịbendị na akwụkwọ kwado. Akwụkwọ a na-egosi ihe akaebe nke mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke na nwaanyị na nwanyị n'etiti ndị mmadụ n'Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Boy-Wives and Female Husbands - Summary &amp; Key Ideas|url=https://talkbook.live/read/boy-wives-and-female-husbands|accessdate=2026-06-30|work=Talkbook.live|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tebụl ọdịnaya ==
Ebe e si nweta ya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newuniversityinexileconsortium.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Africa-homosexuality.pdf|title=Boy-Wives and Female Husbands|work=Newuniversityinexileconsortium.org|accessdate=2026-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Akụkụ nke Mbụ'''. Horn of Africa, Sudan, na East Africa
* '''Akụkụ nke Abụọ'''. Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka
* '''Akụkụ nke Abụọ'''. Ebe Etiti Afrịka
* '''Akụkụ nke Anọ'''. Ndịda Afrịka
* '''Akụkụ nke ise.''' Nkwubi okwu

== Nnabata ==
Peter Nardi, onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka American Journal of Sociology, kọwara isi ihe akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru nke ọma dịka mkparịta ụka ya gbasara alụlụ ndị a haziri ahazi na alụlụ ịhụnanya, nke na-adabaghị na usoro nke ọgbara ọhụrụ na-aga n'ihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=(PDF) Book Review: &quot;Boy‐Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities&quot;, edited by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237960823_Book_Review_Boy-Wives_and_Female_Husbands_Studies_of_African_Homosexualities_edited_by_Stephen_O_Murray_and_Will_Roscoe|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816212323/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237960823_Book_Review_Boy-Wives_and_Female_Husbands_Studies_of_African_Homosexualities_edited_by_Stephen_O_Murray_and_Will_Roscoe|archivedate=2021-08-16|accessdate=2026-06-30|work=ResearchGate|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Norbert Brockman lere akwụkwọ ahụ anya n'akwụkwọ Journal of Sex Education and Therapy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Brockman|first=Norbert|date=1998-12-01|title=Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities. Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. 358 pp., $29.95, cloth. ISBN: 0-312-21216-X.|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.1998.11074270|journal=Journal of Sex Education and Therapy|volume=23|issue=4|pages=319–320|doi=10.1080/01614576.1998.11074270|issn=0161-4576}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Channing Gerard Joseph nke Mahadum Southern California kọwara akwụkwọ a dị ka ọmụmụ mbụ siri ike gbasara mmekọahụ nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị na ụdịdị dị iche iche nke nwoke na nwanyị n'Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-03|title=Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies in African Homosexualities {{!}} Trans Reads|url=https://transreads.org/boy-wives-and-female-husbands-studies-in-african-homosexualities/|accessdate=2026-06-30|work=transreads.org|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara</title>
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      <text bytes="12921" sha1="2rrt65e9l9s5m76ypyg6y5fi1xozmga" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Photo lac fetzara 16112015.jpg|thumb|Lake Fetzara]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lac Fetzara|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1299|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
'''Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara''' dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Algeria]], 18 km (11 mi) n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke obodo Annaba. Ọ na-atụle 17 km (11 mi) site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na 13  mi) site na ugwu gaa n'okpuru, na mpaghara nke ihe dị ka hekta 18,600 (46,000 acres). E kewara ya dị ka mpaghara &quot;Ramsar&quot;, -agụnye nchebe nke ebe a. E meela ọtụtụ nnyocha na mmiri na ala nke mpaghara Fetzara [1-7]. E mere nnyocha ndị a iji nyochaa nnu na iji mee ka mmalite ya na ihe ndị na-achịkwa ya pụta ìhè. Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ọmụmụ a bụ iji nyochaa ihe onwunwe ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara nke ihe omume salinization na-emetụta na ịmụ ọdịiche ha na omimi. E weere ihe nnwale ahụ na okpukpu abụọ mbụ (0-20 cm na 20-40 cm) na ebe asatọ gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara, maka ngụkọta nke ihe nnwale 16. Nsonaazụ nyocha na-egosi na nnu nke ala eruola n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ (ógbè Wadi Zied) na ndịda ọdọ mmiri (ógbè Cheurfa) na mmụba nke sodium chloride-chemical facies.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ebe ==
[[Faịlụ:Geographic_situation_of_Fetzara_Lake.png|thumb|Ọnọdụ ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara]]
Ọdọ mmiri Fetzara dị 18 km ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Annaba na oke ọwụwa anyanwụ Algeria. Ọ dị kilomita 17 (11 mi) site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ yana kilomita 13 (8.1 mi) site na ugwu ruo ndịda nwere elu dị ihe dị ka hectare 18,600 (acres 46,000). Mpaghara a nwere ọnọdụ ihu igwe Mediterranean nwere oge abụọ dị iche iche: otu iru mmiri na nke ọzọ kpọrọ nkụ. Mmiri ọdọ mmiri na-adịru nwa oge dabere n'ịdị ike nke oge mmiri ozuzo nke ọ na-adabere na ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nanị, ọ bụ n'ozuzu mpaghara nke ihe karịrị 13000 ha nke ala nke idei mmiri jupụtara na oyi na-eme ka nnukwu ahịhịa. Ọnụnọ nke isi ọwa gafee ọdọ ahụ site na ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na-enye mmiri mmiri, ma ọ bụ ezughi oke iji wepụ mmiri n'oge oyi&amp;nbsp;

Ọkà mmụta n'ihe banyere ala Henri Fournel chọpụtara ebe magnetite dị nso n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Bône na 1843.[2] Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe dị ka  35 site na Bone n'ugwu Mokta n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Fetzara na ala ugwu nke si n'ebe ndịda gaa n'ebe ugwu, wee tụgharịa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Bone. Aha &quot;Mokta-el-Hadid&quot; (ụzọ ígwè) na-egosi na a maara ebe a na-etinye ígwè kemgbe, mana ọ nweghị ihe ịrịba ama na a rụrụ ya tupu obere mgbalị mbụ na 1840. [3] N'oge a elu elu ọdọ ahụ gaara eruwo mita 16 (52 ft) n'oge oyi, yana mpaghara 14,000 hectare (acres 35,000). Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ahịhịa amị na ahịhịa, bụ́ ndị nnụnụ na-akwaga ebe ahụ na-akpa akwụ́, nweekwa azụ̀ bara ụba.[4]

A na-ewere ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka isi iyi nke ahụ ọkụ, a tụkwara aro ka ọwa mmiri dị kilomita 16 (9.9 mi) na-asọba na Oued Meboudja, mana ọ bụ ezie na Société Générale Algérienne (SGA) nwere ikike n'akụkụ ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla.[4] N'afọ 1870, ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe n'ala kụrụ ọtụtụ osisi eucalyptus gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara, mana mmiri nnu si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburu ha niile.[5] [a] N'afọ 1877, ụlọ ọrụ Mokta El Hadid nwetara ikike ịdọrọ mmiri n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ iji gbanwere mbufe ala ahụ n'efu. Otu ọwa si n'etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ, gafee 22 mita (72  n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ wee gaa na Meboudja. Elu ala ahụ adaala ruo mita 12 (39  site na 1880, mana ọdọ mmiri ahụ nọgidere na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge ọkọchị.[4] Mgbe 1903 gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere ikike ya na Lake of Fetzara na SGA colony, nke weghaara ọrụ ahụ ma wuchaa ya na 1935. [4]

== Àgwà ala ==
[[Faịlụ:Distribution_of_soils_classes_of_Fetzara_Lake.png|thumb|Nhazi nke ụdị ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara]]
A kọwapụtara ịdị mma ala ahụ dị ka nsonaazụ anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ na ihe ndu ya, nke na-enye ohere itolite na ihe ọkụkụ, ụkpụrụ na akara mmiri na-agafe na gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme ihe dị ka mgbapụta nzacha n'ebe ndị na-emetọ ihe nọ. Àgwà ala ahụ na-egosipụta ikike ya iji jide na ịhapụ mmiri na nri na-edozi ahụ iji nọgide na-enwe ụdị dịgasị iche iche na iguzogide mmetụta nke omume ndị nwere ike iduga nbibi ya. O doro anya na ogo ala maka ojiji enyere ya dabere na njirimara dị n'ime gburugburu geochemical na ihu igwe yana ụmụ mmadụ na-eji ya.

=== Ihe ndị e ji mara ya ===
Ala nke ọdọ mmiri Fetzara abụrụla isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ maka mmepe ọrụ ugbo, nke niile gosipụtara ihe mgbochi ọ bụla dị mkpa na ojiji ha dị ka salinization na hydromorphy [1, 2, 3, na 7]. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a enyerela aka kewaa ala ahụ n'ime klas anọ: ala ndị na-adịghị emepụta ihe na-esiteghị na ihu igwe na-esi na mbuze, mkpokọ ọnụ na ihe nkwụnye ego, vertisols; alluvial nkwụnye ego na nnukwu ụrọ ọdịnaya ka oké ọkọchị na-abịa mfe cracking; ala hydromorphic na ala halomorphic nwere salinity dị elu.

=== Ihe onwunwe na usoro ===
[[Faịlụ:Inventory_Map_of_sampling_points-.png|thumb|Ndepụta Map nke ebe nnwale-]]
Emere nlele ahụ na ọkwa abụọ mbụ (0 - 20 cm na 20 – 40 cm) n'ihi na, n'ọkwa a, na-ewere ọnọdụ mgbanwe ion kachasị mkpa. Emere ha na isi asatọ n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Fetzara ma ọ bụ ngụkọta nke nlele 16..&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Akpọkọrọ ihe nlele ala ahụ ruo n'ala ikuku dị ọhụrụ wee sie ya ruo 2 mm iji nweta ihe ndị dị mma nke a ga-eji mee nyocha kemịkalụ na physicochemical niile. A na-eme nyocha nke ala gbasara njupụta, porosity, carbon na organic okwu, pH, conductivity eletrik na nnu soluble. A na-enweta njirimara ndị a site na usoro nyocha nke ugbu a na sayensị ala.

=== Nsonaazụ na mkparịta ụka ===

==== Ihe onwunwe nke ala ====
A na-egosipụta ihe onwunwe ala nke nnu na-agbaze agbaze site na mgbanwe ndị dị ịrịba ama. Ọdịdị ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara bụ nke ụdị prismatic na ogidi, njirimara ndị a bụ nke ala na-emetụta nnu. Ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara nwere ezigbo njupụta nke ihe dị ka 2.31 g / cm3, nkezi nke ihe dị na 33%, permeability n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na-erughị 2 cm / h, pH bụ ntakịrị acidic na alkaline (5.65 ruo 7.93), na ihe dị n'ime ihe dị iche iche (0.26 ruo 7.67%) [10]. Ọganihu ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na okirikiri mmiri, site na idei mmiri nke oge oyi na oge okpomọkụ.&amp;nbsp;

==== Nnyocha nke nnu n'ala ====
[[Faịlụ:Variation_of_electrical_conductivity.png|thumb|Mgbanwe nke conductivity eletrik]]
Nnyocha ndị gara aga na-egosi na nnu dị mkpa karịsịa n'ebe ugwu, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara. Ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ ebe nnu na-emetụta ntakịrị n'ihi mmegharị nke nnu na-aga na mpụga na desalination nke etiti ọdọ mmiri  .[7] Nkezi nke conductivity eletrik nke ihe ngwọta ala n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ihe dị ka 1534 μs / cm maka oyi akwa 0-20 cm, na 2577 μs /cm maka oyi akwa nke ọzọ 20-40 cm, na-egosi nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti oyi akwa abụọ ahụ nwere oke nnu a na-agbaze agbaze na omimi.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Nsogbu nke nnu nwere ike imetụta ala n'ihi ọnụnọ nke oke nnu, sodium ma ọ bụ ha abụọ n'otu oge. Mmiri nnu ndị a na-agbaze agbaze bụ, Ca ++, Mg ++, K+, Na +, Cl-, SO4 - na HCO3- (Table 2).

==== Nnyocha isi nke akụkụ ahụ ====
{|
|[[Faịlụ:Physical_and_chemical_methods_of_soil_analysis.png|thumb|Usoro anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal nke nyocha ala]]
|[[Faịlụ:Principal_component_analysis_of_soil_in_the_Fetzara_region.png|thumb|Nnyocha isi nke ala na mpaghara Fetzara]]
|[[Faịlụ:Results_of_chemical_analysis_of_soil_solutions_in_Fetzara_Lake.png|thumb|Nsonaazụ nke nyocha kemịkal nke ihe ngwọta ala na Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara]]
|}
Nnyocha nke okirikiri njikọ nke axis abụọ F1 na F2 mejupụtara, anyị na-egosi na ihe F1 na-egosipụta 72.40% nke ọdịiche (Foto 5). Na axis a, nnu ndị a na-agbaze agbaze (Ca ++, Mg ++, Na+, Cl-, SO4 - na EC) na-emegide HCO3- nke na-anọchite anya carbonate alkalinity. Nke a bụ axis nke nwere ike igosipụta n'otu oge ahụ ihe omume nke salinization na-emetụta ụdị ala ụfọdụ na alkalinization nke na-etolite na ndị ọzọ [10].

Akụkụ nke abụọ F2, nke na-anọchite anya 12.29% nke ọdịiche ahụ, na-emegide nnu ndị a na-agbaze agbaze na alkalinity, pH na K+. Ọ nwere ike igosipụta usoro nke salinization na alkalinization. Mana a naghị ewepụkwa ihe omume nke nkedo nke K + site na ụfọdụ mineral ụrọ. Nkesa nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-enye anyị ohere ịhụ ìgwè atọ nke njikọ; otu mbụ G1 (S3, S4, S8, S11, S12 na S16) bụ nke a na-akọwa site na ngwọta mineral, ọ na-emegide otu nke abụọ G2 (S6, S7, S14 na S15) na-anọchite anya ngwọta mineralized. Ìgwè nke atọ G3 (S1, S2, S9 na S10) gụnyere ihe ngwọta ndị e ji bicarbonate mee.

== Edensibịa ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|30em}}

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==
{{refbegin}}
* Agence Japonaise de Coopération Internationale. Etude de la faisabilité du projet d'aménagement agricole de la région périphérique du Lac Fetzara. (1985) Vol. 3.
*Badraoui, M., Soudi, B., Farhat, A. Variation de la qualité des sols : une base pour évaluer la durabilité de la mise en valeur agricole sous irrigation par pivot au Maroc. Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Maroc. (1998) pp 227–233. 
* Belhamra, A. Contrôle de la salinité des eaux du lac Fetzara jusqu'à la mer. Mémoire de Magister, option : Biologie et physiologie des organismes Marins. Univ. Annaba, (2001) 110 p.
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* Direction générale des forets. Atlas des 26 zones humides Algériennes d'importance internationale, Algérie. (2002) p 53-55. 
* Djamai, R. Contribution à l'étude de la salinité des sols et des eaux du lac Fetzara (Annaba). Mémoire de Magister, option : Science Agronomiques. INA Alger, (1993)78 p.&amp;nbsp;7. 
* Durand, J. Premiers résultats de l'étude des sols du lac Fetzara. Doc inédit; SES Alger, (1950) 112 p.
* Habes, S. Pollution saline d'un lac, cas du lac Fetzara, Est Algérien. Mémoire de Magister, option : Hydrogéologie. Univ. Annaba, (2006) 103 p.&amp;nbsp;7. 
* Ifagraria. Etude générale de la mise en valeur agricole des plaines côtières d'Annaba. Soc Ifagraria, Rome; partie I, (1967) 169 p.
*{{citation
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*{{citation|title=Blue Gum. (Eucalyptus Globulus, Labill.)
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*{{citation|title=LA MISE EN VALEUR DU LAC FETZARA|language=fr
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* Zahi, F. la qualité des eaux et des sols de la région du lac Fetzara (Nord-Est Algérien). Mémoire de Magister, option : Géosciences. Université d'Annaba, (2008) 150 p(2011)
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* Zenati, N. Relation Nappes - Lac Confirmation par l'hydrochimie cas de la plaine Ouest d'El Hadjar lac Fetzara N-E Algérien. Mémoire de Magister, option : Chimie et Environnement. Univ. Annaba, (1999) 151p.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170617053417/http://jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol2/vol2_S1/3-Zahi-theme1.pdf Nnyocha nke nnu n'ala na mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara]
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      <text bytes="10330" sha1="e6rlzh8yuy3li4avw1lqfz9ct7je5h7" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Île de Rachgoun جزيرة رشقون - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Àgwàetiti Limacos]]
 

The '''Island of Limacos''' (&quot;slugs&quot;) or '''Island of Caracoles''' (&quot;snails&quot;), known in Spanish in the 16th century as '''{{Lang|es|Risgol}}'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Asteroide|url=http://archive.org/details/SourcesIneditesDeLhistoireDuMaroc.T.II|title=Sources Inedites De L'histoire Du Maroc. T. II|date=1956}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in French as '''{{Lang|fr|Île de Rachgoun}}'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Carta de la Costa de España, desde Punta de Europa hasta Vera con la parte correspondiente de Africa desde Ceuta hasta Cabo Fégalo. H. 117A [Material cartográfico] / construida la costa de España con arreglo a los trabajos verificados por la Comision Hidrográfica al mando del Capitan de Fragata D. José Montojo y Salcedo, y la de Africa según las cartas francesas mas recientes; J. Riudavets la construyó; E. Perez la grabó; F. Serra gº la letra - Montojo y Salcedo, José - Material cartográfico impreso - 1877|url=http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/91114|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=bdh.bne.es|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Arabic: جزيرة رشقون, romanized: Jazira Rashqūn) is an Algerian islet located near the North African coast. It has an area of about 66 hectares (160 acres)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and it is uninhabited. It is located in front of the mouth of the [[Tafna River]], where the town of Rashgun is located. It is approximately halfway between Oran and the border between Algeria and Morocco. It was literarily described, along with other islets on the Maghreb coast, by the writer Pedro Mata as &quot;one of those sea monsters sentinel that deflower the surface of the sea at various points&quot; in his 1856 work {{Lang|es|Los moros del Riff o el presidiario de las Alhucemas}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fontanet|first=Pedro Mata y|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXz8UUsdE5wC&amp;q=caracoles&amp;pg=PA573|title=Los Moros del riff: o el presidario de las Alhucemas|date=1856|publisher=Manini Hermanos|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; The island has been protected as a Ramsar site since 2001.

== Nkọwa ==
Agwaetiti Limacos ma ọ bụ Rachgoun dị kilomita anọ site n'ụsọ oké osimiri Afrịka, n'ihu ọnụ Osimiri Tafna, nke na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri nke Cape Acra gbara n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na Cape Bocchus gbara n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Agwaetiti ahụ sitere na ugwu mgbawa, ọ bụkwa nkume basaltic na ájá Pliocene dị na ndịda mejupụtara ya..&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

O nwere ihu igwe na-adịkarị n'etiti mmiri ozuzo n'oge oyi na oge ọkọchị. Enweghị mmiri ozuzo (300–500 mm/afọ) bụ ihe si na mmetụta &quot;onyinyo&quot; nke ugwu ndị Morocco nke Atlas na Rif dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ na sistemụ oke ugwu nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Spen gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ, nke na-egbochi ịgafe ifufe na ígwé ojii site na oké ifufe Atlantic..&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&amp;thinsp;: Île de Rachgoun|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-01|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

E nwere ụlọ ọkụ n'ebe ugwu nke ndị [[France|French]] wuru na 1870.

== Flora na Fauna ==
Àgwàetiti Limacos ma ọ bụ Rachgoun enweghị ebe obibi ma ghara inwe nrụgide sitere n'aka mmadụ. Ọ dị n'okporo ụzọ nnụnụ na-agafe n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri Algeria. Ọ bụ ebe mgbaba na ebe obibi maka ụdị nnụnụ ụfọdụ na-agagharị n'etiti Eurasia na Africa, dị ka Audouin's gulls na Eleonora's falcons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ebe a pụrụ ịchọta akara ndị mọnk Mediterenian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Kemgbe afọ 2011 ọ bụ otu n'ime ebe Ramsar nke Algeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar List)|url=https://www.ramsar.org/document/the-list-of-wetlands-of-international-importance-the-ramsar-list|accessdate=2022-06-10|publisher=[[Ramsar Convention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara agwaetiti ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi ógbè ya nke Audouin's gulls.&lt;ref name=&quot;bli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/%C3%AEle-rachgoune-iba-algeria|title=Rachgoune|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Ile_de_Rechgoun_(cropped).JPG|alt=Island view|thumb|Ebe a na-ahụ agwaetiti]]
A kpọtụrụ ya aha dị ka ebe obibi Ndị Finishia na-adịgide adịgide n'agbanyeghị obere nha ya na enweghị ihe oriri.

Na 931, agwaetiti ahụ ghọrọ ebe mgbaba na ebe siri ike nke Idrisi al-Hasan ben Abi-l-Ays. E zigara ụgbọ mmiri Umayyad nke onye a kpọrọ caliph nke al-Andalus Abd al-Rahman nke Atọ—karịsịa site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pechina—ka ha wee kpagbuo Idrisi ma gbaa agwaetiti ahụ gburugburu. Agbanyeghị, ụgbọ mmiri a enweghị ike ịga n'ihu na ọrụ ndị na-akpaghasị agwaetiti ahụ ma laghachi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Andalusia n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 932.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lirola Delgado|first=Jorge|url=https://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/14103|title=El poder naval de Al-Andalus en la época del califato omeya : (siglo IV hégira / X era cristiana)|date=1991|publisher=Granada: Universidad de Granada|isbn=978-84-338-1478-4|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kọwara ya na {{Lang|es|Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterráneo: y su correponido de Africa para inteligencia y uso de las cartas esféricas}}, nke Vicente Tofiño nke San Miguel, onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị nche mmiri, bipụtara na 1787: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Miguel|first=Vicente Tofiño de San|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZPgJnX780AC|title=Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterráneo, y su correspondiente de África para inteligencia y uso de las cartas esféricas...|date=1787|publisher=En la imprenta de la viuda de Ibarra, Hijos y compañía|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Limacos dị otu narị kilomita n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ógbè ndị Spain nke Oran na Mazalquivir - nke Eze Carlos nke Anọ resịrị Ndị Ottoman na 1791 - a na-ekwukwa na ọ pụkwara ịbụ ihe onwunwe nke Spain n'oge gara aga, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Miguel|first=Vicente Tofiño de San|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYkyonOU7NYC&amp;dq=isla+limacos&amp;pg=PA146|title=Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterraneo y su correspondiente de Africa|date=1787|publisher=Vda. de Ibarra|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana ọ gbahapụrụ ya n'oge ụfọdụ n'etiti narị afọ nke 18 na nke 19.

Ndị agha France weghaara agwaetiti ahụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1835, n'ihe gbasara ọgụ ha megide Abd al-Qádir, megide mbata ndị France na Algeria, na ebumnuche nke ije ozi dị ka ebe a na-enyocha osimiri yana igbochi nnyefe ngwa ọgụ na mgbọ nye ndị nnupụisi na-emegide France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Antoine)|first=Rozet (M, Claude|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTsQAAAAYAAJ|title=Algérie|date=1856|publisher=Firmin Didot frères|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọtụrụ Limacos aha dị ka ebe a na-egbu azụ ugboro ugboro maka ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ nke Spain n'ime narị afọ nke 18 na mmalite nke 20, nke ikpeazụ na-esikarị na Tarifa, Malaga na Altea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hemeroteca Digital. Biblioteca Nacional de España|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0003809462|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=hemerotecadigital.bne.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Hitos_de_soberanía_española_(Emilio_Pastor).png|alt=A book page with a black-and-white world map with several coastal points marked. The caption says in Spanish &quot;Todos estos hitos de soberanía española, juntamente con los derechos que tiene España en Haifa (Palestina), islas Limacos o Caracoles y enclaves en Australia del Espíritu Santo, forman un cinturón o línea ecuatorial española alrededor del Globo&quot;|thumb|E depụtara ikike ndị Spain n'elu Limacos na map 1950 nke &quot;ihe ịrịba ama nke ọbụbụeze Spain&quot; nke [[Emilio Pastor y Santos|Emilio Pastor na Santos]].]]
Ọ bụ ezie na a gbahapụrụ agwaetiti ahụ, enwere nkwupụta nke ọbụbụeze Spain ruo na narị afọ nke 20, mgbe a ghọtara ya dị ka &quot;Spanish&quot; na Nzukọ Algeciras nke 1906, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Otero|first=Eugenio Javier Mariñas|date=1998|title=Las plazas menores de soberanía española en Africa|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=813436|journal=Militaria: Revista de cultura militar|issue=12 (III Jornadas de la Asociación de Amigos de los Museos Militares)|pages=141–168|issn=0214-8765}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana ịpụta na akwụkwọ ikike na akwụkwọ Spanish n'oge narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cervantes|first=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de|title=Escuela española. Año XV, núm. 765, 6 de octubre de 1955 {{!}} Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/escuela-espanola-2488/|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=www.cervantesvirtual.com|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://bibliotecavirtual.defensa.gob.es/BVMDefensa/es/consulta/registro.do?id=66660|title=Atlas de las costas de Europa y Africa en el Mediterráneo : Atlas Núm.1|chapter=Carta Esférica de la Costa de España desde la Punta de Europa hasta Vera con la parte correspondiente de Africa desde Ceuta hasta la Isla Limacos o de Caracoles|year=1833|publisher=Dirección Hidrográfica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ugbu a, agwaetiti ahụ nọ n'okpuru ọbụbụeze Algeria na nkwupụta na ịkpọ aha &quot;Spanishness&quot; nke agwaetiti ahụ na akwụkwọ gọọmentị furu efu n'oge narị afọ nke 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-09-16|title=La españolidad de los islotes Limacos y Perejil|url=https://elfarodeceuta.es/la-espanolidad-de-los-islotes-limacos-y-perejil/|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=El Faro de Ceuta|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-echebe agwaetiti ahụ dị ka Ebe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2001.

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chott Melrhir</title>
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      <text bytes="14144" sha1="aqpd6vh3r1uhxu8p0gmazow9nhovizv" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref name=j1&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.larhyss.net/pdf/journal/7/8_Benkhaled_et_al_Larhyss_Journal_7_Juin_2008.pdf|title=Detecting trends in annual discharge and precipitation in the Chott Melghir basin in Southeastern Algeria|author1=Benkhaled A.|author2=Bouziane M.T.|author3=Achour B.|journal=Larhyss Journal|issn=1112-3680|volume=7|date=June 2008|pages=103–119|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614023034/http://www.larhyss.net/pdf/journal/7/8_Benkhaled_et_al_Larhyss_Journal_7_Juin_2008.pdf|archivedate=2010-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chott Melghir|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1296|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above fn org&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;&quot; |Chott Melrhir
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;&quot; |[[File:Chott_Melrhir_NASA.jpg|264x264px]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Ebe a na-ele ya anya site na mbara igwe. Rịba ama na ọtụtụ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ akpọnwụọla na foto a.&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Location map/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;locmap&quot; style=&quot;width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width:256px;padding:0&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;width:256px&quot;&gt;[[Faịlụ:Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Chott Melrhir is located in Algeria]]&lt;div class=&quot;od notheme&quot; style=&quot;top:17.734%;left:71.095%;font-size:91%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;id&quot; style=&quot;left:-3px;top:-3px&quot;&gt;[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Chott Melrhir]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;pl&quot; style=&quot;width:6em;right:4px&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chott Melrhir&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.2em&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Geographical coordinates&quot;&gt;Njikọ&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-inline&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chott_Melrhir&amp;params=34_20_N_6_20_E_type:waterbody_region:DZ &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;34°20′N&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;6°20′E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;/&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x69;&amp;#x62;&amp;#x6F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x69;&amp;#x62;&amp;#x6F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x69;&amp;#x62;&amp;#x6F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x1ECC;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x62;&amp;#x1EE5;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x65;&amp;#x7A;&amp;#x69;&amp;#x65;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x6E;&amp;#x61;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x1ECD;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x62;&amp;#x1EE5;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;34.333°N 6.333°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;﻿ / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;34.333; 6.333&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:11}}&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chott_Melrhir&amp;params=34_20_N_6_20_E_type:waterbody_region:DZ &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;34°20′N&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;6°20′E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;34.333°N 6.333°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;34.333; 6.333&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ụdị
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |ọdọ mmiri nnu Endorheic
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Ebe a na-ejide mmiri&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |68,750 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (26,540 sq mi) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mba ndị dị n'ime ala&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Algeria
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid&quot; |
|- class=&quot;note&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Ebe dị n'elu&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |6,700 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,600 sq mi) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|- class=&quot;infobox-hiddenrow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2&quot;&gt;Ala Mmiri Ramsar&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Aha gọọmentị&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Chott Melghir
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ndị a họpụtara
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |4 June 2003
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ihe odide no.&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1296
|}
'''Chott Melrhir''' (Arabic: شط ملغيغ), also known as '''Chott Melghir''' or '''Chott Melhir''' and '''Lake Tritonis''' in ancient myths, is an endorheic chott-kind of salt lake in northeastern [[Algeria]]. It is the westernmost part of a series of depressions which extend from the Gulf of Gabès into the Sahara. It was formerly known as Lake Tritonis.
&lt;ref name=bse&gt;В. М. Котляков [http://slovari.yandex.ru/~%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80/ Мельгир (Chott Melrhir)]{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Словарь современных географических названий (Dictionary of modern geographical names), 2003–2006&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Badescu|first=Viorel|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Macro_engineering_Seawater_in_Unique_Env/zjHjH93xBSsC?hl=en&amp;gl=|title=Macro-engineering Seawater in Unique Environments: Arid Lowlands and Water Bodies Rehabilitation|date=2011-02-09|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-14779-1|pages=505|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=de)|first=BENSAAD Ali (sous la direction|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/L_eau_et_ses_enjeux_au_Sahara/vnzsmstzeIIC?hl=en&amp;gl=|title=L'eau et ses enjeux au Sahara|date=2011-03-16|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-3362-7|pages=196|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were created between Miocene and Early Pleistocene as a result of compression accompanying the formation of the Atlas Mountains. With the maximum area of about 6,700 km2 (2,600 sq mi), it is the largest lake in Algeria. It lies almost entirely below sea level and contains the lowest point in Algeria, −40 meters (−130 feet). Its size varies over the year and is usually larger than 130 km (81 mi) from east to west. The nearby cities are Biskra (60&amp;nbsp;km north-west), El Oued and Touggourt (85&amp;nbsp;km south).

== Hydrology, geology na geography ==
N'oge mmiri ozuzo n'oge oyi, ọdọ mmiri ahụ jupụtara n'ọtụtụ wadi (osimiri na-akpọnwụ mgbe ụfọdụ), ọtụtụ n'ime ha si n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Ndị kasị ukwuu n'ime ha bụ Djedi na Arab[./Chott_Melrhir#cite_note-gov-2 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;] na-esi n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ gbadaa na Ndagwurugwu Ugwu Aurès . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|language=French|author=Jean-Louis Ballais|url=http://physio-geo.revues.org/1173|title=Des oueds mythiques aux rivières artificielles: l'hydrographie du Bas-Sahara algérien|pages=107–127}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọzọ gụnyere [[Abiod Valley|Abiod]], Beggour Mitta, Biskra, Bir Az Atrous, Cheria, Demmed, Dermoun, Derradj, Djedeida, Djemorah, Halail, Horchane, Ittel, Mechra, Melh, Mzi, Messad, Oum El Ksob, Soukies, Tadmit na Zeribet.   N'oge okpomọkụ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ọtụtụ n'ime osimiri ndị na-enye ya mmiri na-akpọnwụ, Chott Melrhir na-aghọ ebe a na-etinye nnu.   Mmiri na-agbapụta kwa afọ dị n'agbata 9.6 na 20 km3, na mmiri na-agbapụ site na ala dị nso n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike iru 14 km3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de) |first=BENSAAD Ali (sous la direction |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/L_eau_et_ses_enjeux_au_Sahara/vnzsmstzeIIC?hl=en&amp;gl= |title=L'eau et ses enjeux au Sahara |date=2011-03-16 |publisher=KARTHALA Editions |isbn=978-2-8111-3362-7 |pages=196 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Chott Melrhir kewara na Chott Meorouane dị nso, nke dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, site na ala kpọrọ nkụ nke nwere ike ịdị warara dị ka kilomita 4 n'ebe ụfọdụ. Ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere gypsum na apịtị ma kpuchie ya na nnu n'oge ọkọchị. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-esi ísì galik. Ọ bụ ezie na ala kpọrọ nkụ dị n'ime na gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ yiri ka ọ dị mma ịkọ ihe, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịmị mkpụrụ n'ihi nnukwu nnu. N'ihi otu ihe ahụ, ala ahụ na-amịkọrọ ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo n'otu abalị nke na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị mmiri mmiri n'ọtụtụ ụbọchị.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=pqanFyF6nI0C&amp;pg=PA10 ''CIA World Factbook 2010''] {{ISBN|1-60239-727-9}}, p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=brit&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/374156/Chott-Melrhir Chott Melrhir], Encyclopædia Britannica on-line&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe ==
[[Faịlụ:Houbara035.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Onye na-agba ọsọ na Houbara]]
Ihu igwe dị na Chott Melrhir dị ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ nke ukwuu, mmiri na-erukwa oke ikuku, mmiri na-ezokwa obere. Okpomọkụ kacha ala na nke kachasị elu bụ 11.4 na 34.2 °C, n'otu n'otu, okpomọkụ kacha nta dịkwa ihe dị ka 0 °C. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ dị n'okpuru 160 mm. Ifufe na-efe efe na-agba ọsọ n'etiti 2.7 na 5.3 m/s, a na-agakarịkwa ya na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ n'etiti June na Septemba, nakwa n'ebe ugwu-ọdịda anyanwụ n'etiti oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na mmalite oge opupu ihe ubi. Oké ifufe ájá na-efekarị n'oge oyi na ngwụcha oge okpomọkụ, ọ na-ewekwa ụbọchị 39 kwa afọ na nkezi..&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Flora na anụmanụ ==
Mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ahịhịa dị ụkọ nke nwere ụdị osisi 72 nke na-eme ka mmiri nnu mara, dị ka lavender (''Limonium''), rushes (''Juncus''), glasswort (''Salicornia''), ''Sarcocornia'', bulrush (''Scirpus'') na seepweeds (Suaeda). Ụfọdụ ụdị dị iche iche maka Algeria na 14 bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị, dị ka ''Fagonia microphylla'', ''Oudneya Africa'', ''Zygophyllum cornutum'', ''Limoniastrum feii'' na ''Ammosperma cinerea''. Ha toro ruo sentimita 30 n'ịdị elu ma na-anabata ụmụ nnụnụ bara ọgaranya, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ọbọgwụ, sandgrouse, houbara bustard (''Chlamydotis undulata'') na flamingo ka ukwuu (''Phoenicopterus roseus'').   Mmiri ọdọ mmiri jupụtara na nnu na njupụta ruru 0.4 kg / L  ma na-akwado naanị ụdị anụmanụ ole na ole, dị ka saline shrimp .
&lt;ref name=b1&gt;Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes (1992) [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA23 ''A Directory of African Wetlands''], IUCN, {{ISBN|2-88032-949-3}} pp. 23–24&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110405073204/http://www.abhs.dz/new_site/chottmelghir.asp Chott Melhrir] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405073204/http://www.abhs.dz/new_site/chottmelghir.asp |date=2011-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|language=French|author=Jean-Louis Ballais|url=http://physio-geo.revues.org/1173|title=Des oueds mythiques aux rivières artificielles: l'hydrographie du Bas-Sahara algérien|pages=107–127}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=bxErAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA159 Annales des mines: Mémoires], Cadrilian-Gœury et Vor. Dalmont, 1880 pp. 154, 159, 172&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210108220724/http://www.cosmovisions.com/Algerie.htm Algérie. États et Territoires] (in French)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=uzgVAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA377 ''The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology''], Taylor and Francis (1871) p. 377&lt;/ref&gt; 
&lt;ref&gt;Andrew Goudie (2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=v911L1sq1FkC&amp;pg=PA113 ''Great Warm Deserts of the World: Landscapes and Evolution''], Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-924515-0}}, p. 113&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=J. Limnol.|volume=65|issue=2|pages=83–88|year=2006|title=Large branchiopods (Branchiopoda: Anostraca, Notostraca and Spinicaudata) from the salt lakes of Algeria|author=Samraoui, Boudjéma|url=http://www.iii.to.cnr.it/pubblicaz/jl65_2/02_samraoui.pdf|accessdate=2010-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; A hụrụ anụ ọhịa, nkịta ọhịa, nkụ ọhịa na nkịta ọhịa gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Na June 2003, a gụnyere Chott Melrhir na Ndepụta nke Ramsar wetlands nke mba ụwa dị mkpa. &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;


== Edensibịa ==
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== Njikọ mpụga ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091123091922/http://www.dgf.org.dz/zones_humides/fdr/melghir.pdf A detailed report on the lake by the Ministry of Agriculture of Algeria with the map of the area] (in French)
 
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
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'''Ọdọ Mmiri Dem'''  bụ obere ọdọ mmiri dị n'ebe ugwu Burkina Faso, nke dị n'ebe ugwu Kaya, ndịda Sahel Reserve na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Lake Bam. Ọ na-asọba n'ime White Volta..&lt;ref name=&quot;Mepham&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mepham|first=Robert|title=A directory of African wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]]|date=1992|pages=316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA316|isbn=2-88032-949-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dị kilomita 5 n'ogologo na kilomita 2 n'obosara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mepham&quot; /&gt; Ọ dị n'ebe dị elu nke 304 m (997 ụkwụ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Burkina Faso Lakes|publisher=Index Mundi|date=2006|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/zl/uv/20.htm|accessdate=24 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe afọ 2009, a họpụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ebe Ramsar..

== Hụkwa ==

* Ọnụ ụzọ ámá ọdọ mmiri 

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&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lac Bam|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1880|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
'''Ọdọ Mmiri Bam''' dị nso n'obodo Kongoussi, na Burkina Faso. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-akpọnwụ nwayọ nwayọ, nke na-etinye ọrụ ugbo obodo dị nso n'ihe ize ndụ, azụ̀, na mmiri ehi n'ime obodo ahụ. A na-akpọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ebe Ramsar dị kemgbe afọ 2009.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ọnụ ụzọ ámá ọdọ mmiri 

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&lt;ref name=wdpa&gt;{{Cite web |author=World Database on Protected Areas |year=2020 |title=Parc national du Ruvubu |website=Protected Planet, United Nations Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/9160}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parc National de la Ruvubu|website=[[Ramsar Convention |Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2148|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ruvubu National Park''' bụ ogige mba dị na Burundi nke nwere obosara 508 km2 (196 mi2) nke e guzobere na 1980.  Ógbè ya dị n'ime mpaghara Karuzi, Muyinga, Cankuzo na Ruyigi. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-emetụta [[Tanzania]] dị nso n'ebe ndịda, ndagwurugwu nke Osimiri Ruvubu nke ala ya na-achịkwa mpaghara a. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ogige Ntụrụndụ Ruvubu nwetara aha ya site na Osimiri Ruvubu nke na-agafe ogologo ogige ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;inecn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=INECN|year=1990|title=La Preservation de Notre Patrimoine Naturel|publisher=Les Presses Lavigerie, Bujumbura}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogige a bụ ihe ikpeazụ dị na gburugburu ebe obibi ahịhịa nke kpuchiri ọtụtụ akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Burundi. Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị anụ ọhịa, ọkachasị hippopotamus, Nile crocodile, Cape buffalo, waterbuck, ọtụtụ ụdị duiker, ụdị primates ise, gụnyere olive baboon, vervet enwe, red colobus enwe, blue enwe, na Senegal bushbaby. Ihe dị ka ụdị nnụnụ 200 ka e dekọrọ n'ogige ahụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;inecn&quot; /&gt;

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&lt;ref name=&quot;unep&quot;&gt;UNEP-WCMC (2022). Protected Area Profile for Rusizi from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 22 March 2022 [https://www.protectedplanet.net/9162]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parc National de la Rusizi|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1180|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
'''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Rusizi''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ dị na [[Burundi]], n'akụkụ Osimiri Rusizi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021|work=Protected Planet|title=Réserve naturelle du Rusizi|author=World Database of Protected Areas|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/9162}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dị kilomita iri na ise n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Bujumbura ma nwee ebe obibi nke enyi mmiri na sitatungas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pitcher|first=Gemma|title=Africa|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|date=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africaafri00pitc/page/616 616]|url=https://archive.org/details/africaafri00pitc|isbn=978-1-74104-482-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ekwu na Gustave, Agụ iyi Naịl, gburu mmadụ 300 ebe a.&amp;nbsp;

== Edensibịa ==
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== Njikọ mpụga ==
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* {{Cite web|author=BirdLife International|year=2020|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Rusizi National Park|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/rusizi-national-park-iba-burundi}}</text>
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    <title>Ọdọ Mmiri Tengrela</title>
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'''ọdọ mmiri Tengrela''' bụ obere ọdọ mmiri dị nso na Banfora na Burkina Faso. A maara ya maka hippopotamuse ya. Ndị obodo kwenyere na hippopotamuse ndị a anaghị awakpo mmadụ n'ihi na ha bụ hippopotamuse dị nsọ. A naghị ahụ agụ iyi n'ọdọ mmiri a. Ọ dị kilomita abụọ n'ogologo na kilomita otu na ọkara n'obosara.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lac de Tingrela|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1881|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mepham|first=Robert|authorlink=|title=A directory of African wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]]|year=1992|pages=316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA316|isbn=2-88032-949-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Nne nke Ursi</title>
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&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=La Mare d'Oursi|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/490|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mare d'[[Oursi]] bụ obere ọdọ mmiri dị omimi na Oudalan Province na ugwu Burkina Faso, dị nso na obodo Oursi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mepham&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mepham|first=Robert|authorlink=|title=A directory of African wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]]|date=1992|pages=316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA316|isbn=2-88032-949-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;A gụnyere ya na Ndepụta nke ala mmiri Ramsar dị mkpa maka mba ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|authorlink=|title=Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems, Volume 2|publisher=IUCN|date=1991|pages=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAtfSkr1q6sC&amp;pg=PT10|isbn=2-8317-0092-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Claude|first=Jacques|authorlink=|title=Un Espace Sahélien: la Mare d'Oursi, Burkina Faso|publisher=IRD Editions|date=1991|language=French|isbn=2-7099-1067-5}}</text>
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    <title>Osimiri Ruzizi</title>
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 {{Reflist|30em}}'''Ruzizi''' (a na-edekwa mgbe ụfọdụ '''Rusizi''', [[Asụsụ French|French]]; ''Rivière Ruzizi''; Dutch: ''Ruzizi Rivier'') bụ osimiri, kilomita 117 (mile 73) n'ogologo,&lt;ref name=&quot;Paleolimnological&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003|title=Paleolimnological Evidence for the Onset and Termination of Glacial Aridity from Lake Tanganyika, Tropical East Africa|year=2007|author=Felton, Anna A.|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=252|issue=3–4}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke na-asọ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika na Central Africa, na-agbada site na ihe dị ka mita 1,500 (ụkwụ 4,900) ruo ihe dị ka mita 770 (ụkwụ 2,530) n'elu oke osimiri n'ogologo ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google maps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|year=2013|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&amp;spn=0.1,0.1&amp;t=m&amp;q=-3.364167,29.267778|publisher=Google Maps|accessdate=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oke kachasị elu na-eme n'ime kilomita iri anọ mbụ (maịlụ iri abụọ na ise), ebe e wuru ihe mgbochi mmiri eletrik. N'akụkụ ala nke ọzọ, Rọzizi Plain, ala nke Western Rift Valley, nwere ugwu ndị dị nro, osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika site na delta, otu ma ọ bụ obere ọwa abụọ na-ekewa site na ọwa isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google maps&quot; /&gt;

Ruzizi bụ osimiri dị obere, nke e wuru ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 gara aga mgbe ugwu mgbawa nke jikọtara ya na mgbawa kọntinent kere Ugwu Virunga. Ugwu ndị ahụ gbochiri ụzọ mbụ ọdọ mmiri Kivu si abanye na mmiri mmiri nke Naịl ma kama nke ahụ, ọ manyere ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ jupụta n'ebe ndịda site na Ruzizi na ebe ọpụpụ mmiri nke Congo.

== Ụzọ ==
[[Faịlụ:Etreinte_des_Eaux,_Le_Lac_Tanganyika_et_la_Rivière_Rusizi.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Ruzizi na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]]
N'akụkụ mmiri ya dị n'elu, osimiri ahụ na-etolite akụkụ nke ókèala dị n'etiti [[Rwanda]] n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google maps&quot; /&gt; N'ịga n'ihu n'ala ala, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ókèala dị n'etiti DRC na Burundi, ebe nsọtụ ya dị n'ime Burundi kpamkpam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google maps&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mokoso|first=Jean De Dieu Mangambu|date=31 March 2022|title=Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758 at Ruzizi River and Lake Tanganyika (Territory of Uvira, South Kivu, DR Congo): population census and conservation implications|url=https://m.elewa.org/Journals/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/3.Mokoso.pdf|accessdate=23 November 2024|work=Elewa.org/Journals|publisher=ELEWA|archivedate=4 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204170253/https://m.elewa.org/Journals/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/3.Mokoso.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọdịda anyanwụ, ugwu ndị dị n'ugwu Fizi dị elu karịa osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Doyle|first=Mark|title=Retracing Che Guevara's Congo Footsteps|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4036605.stm|work=BBC News|date=25 November 2004|accessdate=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àkwà mmiri Concord, nke bụ àkwà mmiri kachasị ogologo na Burundi, na-agafe osimiri ahụ nso ọnụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Africa South of the Sahara|editor=Murison, Katharine|publisher=Europa Publications|edition=32nd|isbn=978-1-85743-131-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tributaries nke Ruzizi River gụnyere Nyamagana, Muhira, Kaburantwa, Kagunuzi, Rubyiro na Ruhwa, na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Acme Mapper (terrain)|publisher=Acme Labs|url=http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&amp;z=12&amp;t=R&amp;marker0=-3.364167,29.267778,Ruzizi%20River|accessdate=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osimiri Ruzizi, nke na-asọba n'ebe ndịda n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, bụ akụkụ nke mmiri dị n'elu nke Osimiri Congo. Ndị nchọpụta Britain nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu dịka Richard Francis Burton na John Hanning Speke, ndị na-amaghị ebe Ruzizi si aga, chere na ọ nwere ike ịsọda n'ebe ugwu site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ gaa n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl Ọcha. Nnyocha ha na nchọpụta ndị ọzọ nke David Livingstone na Henry Morton Stanley mere gosiri na ọ bụghị eziokwu. Ruzizi na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika, nke na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Lukuga dị ihe dị ka kilomita 120 (mile 75) n'ebe ndịda nke Ujiji. Lukuga na-asọba n'ọdịda anyanwụ n'ime Osimiri Lualaba, otu nnukwu mmiri nke Congo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ondaatje&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ondaatje|first=Christoper|title=Journey to the Source of the Nile|publisher=Harper Collins|location=Toronto|year=1998|isbn=978-0-00-200019-2|url=https://archive.org/details/journeytosourceo00onda/page/166}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ala ==
Rifting, nke na-adọpụ nwayọọ nwayọọ nke efere tectonic, emepụtala usoro Rift nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka na ọtụtụ besịn na ọdọ mmiri ya. Sistemụ ahụ, n'ókè dị n'etiti efere Afrịka (Nubian Plate) na efere Somali, nwere alaka abụọ, ha abụọ na-eche ihu n'ebe ugwu-ndịda. Mkpọda n'alaka ọdịda anyanwụ, nke a na-akpọ Albertine Rift, malitere n'agbata afọ nde iri abụọ na ise na iri gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Danley|first=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|year=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osimiri Ruzizi dị n'akụkụ mkpọda ọdịda anyanwụ, nke gụnyere, site n'ebe ugwu ruo na ndịda, ọdọ mmiri Albert, George, Edward, Kivu, Tanganyika, Rukwa, Malawi, na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot; /&gt;

Mgbawa nke jikọtara ya na mgbawa ahụ gbanwere njikọ dị n'etiti mmiri dị n'ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot; /&gt; Ihe dị ka afọ 13,000 ruo 9,000 gara aga, ihe mberede ugwu gbochiri ụzọ mbụ nke ọdọ mmiri Kivu si abanye na mmiri Naịl.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot; /&gt; Ugwu mgbawa ahụ mere ka ugwu ndị ahụ pụta, gụnyere ugwu ndị dị n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward, n'ebe ugwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|accessdate=16 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; E wee manye mmiri si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu gaa n'ebe ndịda Ruzizi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot; /&gt; Nke a, n'aka nke ya, mere ka ọkwa ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika dị elu, nke jupụtara n'osimiri Lukga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot; /&gt; Mgbanwe dị iche iche n'ihe gbasara elu na ihu igwe emeela ka Ruzizi na Lukuga meghee ma mechie ọtụtụ ugboro kemgbe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot; /&gt;

== Mmiri eletrik ==
E wuru ọdụ ọkụ eletrik Ruzizi I n'ọnụ ụzọ mmiri Ruzizi si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu na 1958. E tinyere ọdụ ọkụ eletrik Ruzizi nke Abụọ n'afọ 1989. Ụlọ ọrụ atọ nke mba (Burundi, Rwanda na Democratic Republic of the Congo) nke Economic Community of the Great Lakes nwere na-arụ ọrụ Ruzizi I na II. Òtù a na-eme atụmatụ maka ime ọdọ mmiri abụọ ọzọ, Ruzizi nke Atọ na Ruzizi nke Anọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;water power&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=Sizing Up African Hydro|journal=Water Power|url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/storyprint.asp?sc=2060823|date=4 October 2011|access-date=14 January 2013}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruzizi nwere ike imepụta ihe dị ka megawatts 30 (MW) yana Ruzizi II ihe dịka 44 MW. A na-atụ anya na Ruzizi III, nke a ga-arụ n'okpuru abụọ ndị ọzọ, ga-enwe ike nke 145 MW mgbe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 2027. Dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ Ruzizi nke Atọ, a ga-arụzigharị Ruzizi nke Mbụ na nke Abụọ. Ọ bụrụ na e mechaa wuo Ruzizi IV, a ga-etinye ya n'etiti Ruzizi II na Ruzizi III, a na-atụkwa anya na ọ ga-arụ ọrụ karịa 200 MW. Na Jenụwarị 16, 2020, Ụlọ Akụ Mmepe Afrịka tinyere €8 nde maka enyemaka teknụzụ na ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Ruzizi IV.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/east-africa-afdb-grants-e8-million-for-the-ruzizi-iv-hydropower-project/|title=EAST AFRICA: AfDB grants €8 million for the Ruzizi IV hydropower project|date=2020-01-16|work=Afrik 21|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-16|archivedate=2020-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116145857/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/east-africa-afdb-grants-e8-million-for-the-ruzizi-iv-hydropower-project/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-atụ anya na ọ ga-enye 287 MW nye Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda na Burundi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Anụmanụ na osisi ==
A na-ahụkarị apịtị ahịhịa n'akụkụ isi ala nke osimiri ahụ na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya. N'akụkụ ọnụ ya, apịtị ndị dị n'akụkụ ọnụ ya ruru kilomita atọ (1.9 mi) obosara. A na-eme atụmatụ na oke ala apịtị dị na Burundi dị hekta 12,000 (eka 30,000) ebe ogologo ahịhịa dị iche iche site na mita 2 ruo 4 (6.6 ruo 13.1 ft), dabere na oke idei mmiri ahụ. Ndị bi ebe ahụ na-eji ahịhịa ndị ahụ eme ihe maka ịkụ ahịhịa na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime ụlọ. E wezụga osimiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ndagwurugwu dị n'okpuru osimiri ahụ nwere ahịhịa, nke ehi na-ata ahịhịa nke ukwuu.

Agụ iyi a na-akpọ Gustave, nke a na-akpọ agụ iyi na-eri mmadụ, na-agagharị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ruzizi na n'akụkụ ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika. A na-ekwu na Gustave, nke a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị ihe dị ka mita isii (ụkwụ iri abụọ) n'ogologo, ma dịkwa ihe dị ka kilogram narị itoolu (2,000 lb), gburu ma rie ọtụtụ mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McRae|first=Michael|title=Gustave the Croc Surfaces to Strike Again|journal=National Geographic|url=http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/gustave-update/michael-mcrae-text|issue=February 2008|accessdate=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe nkiri ahụ nke na-egosi Gustave (&quot;Capturing the Killer Croc&quot;), onye na-akọ akụkọ ahụ kwuru na &quot;N'afọ 1950, oke ehi, enyí na anụ ọhịa warthog bi n'ala ahụ; ma mmadụ kpochapụrụ ha nke nta nke nta. Naanị onye lanarịrịnụ n'etiti nnukwu anụmanụ bụ hippopotamus. Ha na agụ iyi nile, nọ n'udo nke na esighi ike , na-ebikọ ọnụ n'osimiri ahụ.&quot;

== Hụkwa ==

* Àkwà mmiri Ruzizi nke Mbụ
* Àkwà mmiri Ruzizi nke Abụọ

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category|Ruzizi River}}
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    <title>Ili-Ngiri-Maindombe</title>
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'''Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe''' bụ Ala Mmiri kachasị ukwuu nke Mkpa Mba Nile n'ụwa dịka Nkwekọrịta Ramsar si kwado.[fn 1] Ebe a na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 65,696 square kilomita (25,365 sq mi) na mpaghara gbara Lake Tumba gburugburu na ọdịda anyanwụ Congo Basin na Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Nke a karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Belgium ma ọ bụ Maryland.

Oke ọhịa na ọdọ mmiri na ala apịtị ndị na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ nke oge nwere nnukwu uru gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba. Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eto ngwa ngwa yana ọchịchị na-adịghị ike na nke rụrụ arụ nwere ike itinye aka na mbibi a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe.

== Ebe ==
Ókèala mmiri Ramsar nke Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ site na osimiri Ubangi na Congo, nke mejupụtara ókèala ya na Republic of Congo. Osimiri Kasai na akụkụ ya bụ Osimiri Fimi, nke na-asọpụta Ọdọ Mmiri Mai-Ndombe, na-akọwa ókèala ndịda. N'ime ebe ahụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Mai Ngombe dị anya na ndịda, yana Ọdọ Mmiri Tumba n'ebe ugwu. Ọzọkwa n'ebe ugwu bụ obodo Mbandaka, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Congo. Mpaghara a gụnyere na ala mmiri Ramsar na-agbasa n'ebe ugwu na mpaghara dị n'etiti Ubangi na Congo, ruo na obodo Makanza na Congo..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/DRC_Logging_concessions_different_periods.pdf|title=Logging concession different periods|publisher=Institute for Environmental Security|accessdate=2012-01-28|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030639/http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/DRC_Logging_concessions_different_periods.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe obibi ==
Osimiri [[Lake Tumba|Ili]]&quot; title=&quot;Ubangi River&quot;&gt;Ubangi na Congo na-agbakọta na mpaghara Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe iji mepụta nnukwu mpaghara nke oké ọhịa jupụtara na mmiri na-ekpuchi ihe karịrị 38,000 square kilomita (15,000 sq mi) -adịgasị iche na nha n'oge. Mgbe a gụnyere ala mmiri dị gburugburu Lake Télé na Republic of the Congo, mpaghara ahụ nwere nnukwu mmiri dị ọcha n'Africa. Ebe abụọ kachasị ukwuu nke mmiri mepere emepe bụ ọdọ mmiri Tumba na Mai Ndombe. Ọdọ mmiri Tumba na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 765 (295 sq mi) dabere na oge, nke jikọtara site na ọwa Irebu na osimiri Congo. Mmiri nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ma ọ bụ si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụta site na ọwa a dabere na idei mmiri. Ọdọ mmiri Tumba nwere ụdị azụ 114. Ọdọ mmiri Mai Ndombe na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 2,300 (890 sq mi) ma ọhịa na apịtị mmiri gbara ya gburugburu. Ọdọ mmiri abụọ ahụ na-akwado ebe a na-akụ azụ dị mkpa.

Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe bụ akụkụ nke oké ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ nke Congo Basin, nke gụnyere ihe karịrị ụdị osisi 10,000. Anụmanụ dị iche iche gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ. Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke Enyí mmiri na ụdị agụ iyi atọ. Enyí ọhịa, atụ ọhịa buffalo na [[Ágụ|agụ owuru]] nwere mmasị pụrụ iche na ndị na-echekwa ihe. A na-eme atụmatụ na ala mmiri ahụ nwere ụdị azụ 150. Mmiri na-acha nchara nchara nke oké ọhịa ndị idei mmiri rikpuru, nke nwere iberibe osisi ndị a kwụsịtụrụ n'ọnọdụ anaerobic, bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị azụ ndị dị iche iche na-anabata gburugburu ebe obibi a. Ndị a gụnyere ndị otu Protopteridae, Polypteridae, Notopteridae, Clariidae, Anabantidae, na Channidae.

== Ihe Ndị E Mere ==
[[Faịlụ:Maindombe3.JPG|thumb|Ụlọ ndị dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Maï Ndombe]]
Dị ka otu na Nkwekọrịta Ramsar, a manyere DRC ịchọpụta ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile na iji hụ na a na-eji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1879&amp;no_cache=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234717/http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1879&amp;no_cache=1|archivedate=March 3, 2016|date=August 1, 2009|title=World’s largest wetland is under threat|author=Absalom Shigwedha|accessdate=2012-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewere Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'ihi na ahịhịa nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-amị mmiri n'oge mmiri ozuzo ma wepụ ya mgbe e mesịrị, na-achịkwa idei mmiri. Ọ na-enyere aka nyochaa ihe na-adịghị ọcha site na mmiri nke ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na-eji, ọ na-enyekwa ebe a na-azụ azụ nke na-enye ndị bi n'obodo ndị dị ka Brazzaville na [[Kinshasa]] nri. Ala mmiri na oké ọhịa na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nnukwu carbon sink, na-amị ma na-ejigide carbon dioxide site na ikuku.

Mgbalị iji nweta nkwanye ùgwù nke ala mmiri malitere na 2004, site na nkwado nke USAID Central African Regional Program for the Environment, Ramsar Convention na World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). WWF keere òkè dị mkpa n'ịmepụta atụmatụ teknụzụ. A mara ọkwa nkwado gọọmentị na [[Kinshasa]] na Julaị 2008.  WWF ekwuola na ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ndị mmekọ mba ụwa na obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ iji chekwaa ụdị dị iche iche site na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na ala. Ebe nchekwa Lac Tumba-Ledira na Ngiri dị n'ime saịtị ahụ, na-akwado nyocha ma na-enyere aka ịkwalite mmata.

== Ndị mmadụ na akụ na ụba ==
[[Faịlụ:Stadsaanzichten_f.JPG|thumb|Mbandaka, n'etiti saịtị ahụ]]
[[Faịlụ:Maindombe4.JPG|thumb|Ụmụaka n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Maï Ndombe]]
Obodo Mbandaka, isi obodo nke ógbè Équateur nke nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 750,000, dị nso n'etiti ebe Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe. Ebe a nwekwara ọtụtụ obere obodo, nke ndị Mongo bi na ya. Obodo ndị dị na mpaghara ahụ na-akọ aki, poteto dị ụtọ, okpete na unere maka oriri n'ógbè ahụ. Ha na-emepụta mmanụ nkwụ, aki na osikapa dị ka ihe ubi ego, ma na-ejide azụ maka ibuga ya n'obodo ukwu dị na mpaghara ahụ.

Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ dara ogbenye nke ukwuu ma na-ata ahụhụ site na esemokwu mpaghara yana enweghị nri. Ndị uwe ojii iri abụọ na isii na ọ dịkarịa ala otu narị ndị nkịtị nwụrụ, ọtụtụ iri puku ndị gbapụrụ, na Esemokwu Dongo nke afọ 2009 maka ikike ịkụ azụ na ọrụ ugbo n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Équateur. Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-eto n'ihe dị ka 3% kwa afọ, otu n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu n'ụwa, na-etinye nrụgide na-arịwanye elu na akụ okike. Otú ọ dị, mpaghara ahụ ka nwere mmadụ ole na ole na 6-24 bi na square kilomita ọ bụla. Ihe dị ka 90% nke ndị mmadụ na-anọghị n'obodo ukwu na-ebi n'okpuru $ 1 kwa ụbọchị, ole na ole nwekwara mmiri dị ọcha. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nne na ụmụ ọhụrụ na-anwụ dị elu na ọrịa ndị dị ka ụkwara nta, ịba na HIV / AIDS jupụtara.

Ọchịchị na mpaghara ahụ adịghị ike na nrụrụ aka zuru ebe niile. Gọọmentị etiti anaghị enye mpaghara ego. A kọwaghị ma tinye iwu ala n'ọrụ nke ọma. Iwu ndị na-achịkwa igwu ala, ọrụ ugbo na ojiji nke oké ọhịa anaghị agbakọta ma na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị irè, na-akpata esemokwu maka ikike iji ihe onwunwe mee ihe. Ikike ndị a na-egbutu osisi anaghị anabata ikike ala ọdịnala ma na-akpata mmebi na-enweghị isi nke ọhịa. Ihe egwu ndị ọzọ na-abịa site na mgbasawanye nke osisi nkwụ mmanụ, ugbo azụmahịa na mmepe obodo.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ enweghị agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ agụghị akwụkwọ. Ha na-eji oke nkụ na kol a na-apụghị ịnọgide na-enweta ike dị ka isi iyi ike ha, ma na-eme ka oke ọhịa na-emebi site na ịkọ ihe ubi na-egbutu ma na-ere ọkụ. Azụ̀ na-ebelata n'ihi ịkụ azụ gabiga ókè site na iji ụgbụ ígwè dị nro, gụnyere ụgbụ anwụnta. Ịchụ anụ ọhịa na ọnyà iwu na-akwadoghị iji gboo mkpa obodo na obodo ukwu na-eme ka ọnụọgụgụ anụ ọhịa na-ebelata. José Endundo Bononge, Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na RRC, kwuru, sị:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Onye iro nke oké ọhịa ahụ bụ nhụsianya na ịda ogbenye ya... Anyị enweghị ike ilekọta ma chebe oké ọhịa a na ndị nhụsi obi, ndị ogbenye, ndị na-enweghị ụlọ akwụkwọ, enweghị ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike, enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ na enweghị ọkụ eletrik&quot;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;N'etiti 75% na 95% nke mmiri ozuzo na Congo Basin ka a na-eche na a na-emegharị ya ka anwụrụ mmiri na-esi n'oké ọhịa na marshes na-arị elu ma na-ada ọzọ dị ka mmiri ozuzo. Mmiri ozuzo ebelatawo n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. O kwere omume na usoro ọjọọ na-amalite ebe mmebi nke marshes na oké ọhịa na-akpata mbelata mmiri ozuzo, nke n'aka nke ya na-akpatakwa mmebi ọzọ.

== Hụkwa ==
Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Democratic Republic of the Congo

== Ihe edeturu ==
 

== Edensibia ==

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga nke Mba</title>
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga nke Mba''' ([[Asụsụ French|French]]: '''''Parc national des Virunga''''', na ndebiri aha '''PNVi''')&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010|title=Parcs et réserves de la République Démocratique du Congo: Evaluation de l'efficacité de la gestion des aires protégées|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2010-100.pdf|accessdate=21 March 2026|work=Portals.iucn.org|publisher=[[Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature]]|pages=6|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ ogige mba dị na ndagwurugwu Albertine Rift dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Republic of Congo Democratic Republic. E kere ya n'afọ 1925. N'elu ugwu, ọ dị site na mita 680 (ụkwụ 2,230) na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Semliki ruo mita 5,109 (ụkwụ 16,762) n'Ugwu Rwenzori. Site n'ebe ugwu ruo ndịda, ọ na-agbasa ihe dị ka kilomita 300 (mile 190), nke kachasị n'ókèala mba ụwa yana Uganda na Rwanda n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crawford2008&quot;/&gt; Ọ na-ekpuchi ebe dị kilomita 7,800 (sq mi 3,000).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Virunga National Park: Facts, History &amp; Conservation|url=https://virunga.org/about/#:~:text=Virunga%20National%20Park%20is%20a,known%20as%20the%20%E2%80%9CVirunga%20Alliance%E2%80%9D.|accessdate=27 December 2025|work=Virunga National Park|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osimiri Puemba dị n'ebe ugwu, n'ebe ndịda, Agwaetiti Tchegera dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu dị n'akụkụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Ugwu mgbawa abụọ na-arụ ọrụ, Ugwu Nyiragongo na Nyamuragira, dị n'ogige ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tedesco2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tedesco, D.|year=2002|title=1995 Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira activity in the Virunga National Park: A volcanic crisis|journal=Acta Vulcanologica|volume=14|issue=1/2|pages=149–155}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha emeela ka ebe obibi dị iche iche na anụ ọhịa dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ dị nnọọ mma. E dekọrọ ihe karịrị puku atọ (3,000) nke ụdị osisi okooko osisi, nke ihe karịrị narị atọ (300) bụ nke jupụtara na Albertine Rift, gụnyere eastern gorilla (''Gorilla beringei'') na golden monkey (''Cercopithecus kandti'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Plumptre_al2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Plumptre, A. J.|year=2007|title=The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=134|issue=2|pages=178–194|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1979, e depụtara ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ dị ka Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO n'ihi ọtụtụ ebe obibi dị iche iche, ụdịdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na ihe ndị na-ewu ewu na nchekwa ya nke ebe obibi gorilla ugwu dị ụkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/63|title=Virunga National Park|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edepụtala ya n'ime Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ụwa n'Ihe Ize Ndụ kemgbe 1994 n'ihi ọgba aghara obodo na mmụba nke ọnụọgụ mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Debonnet2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Debonnet, G.|year=2004|title=Supporting protected areas in a time of political turmoil: the case of World Heritage Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Parks|volume=14|issue=1|pages=9–16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nweela ọtụtụ mwakpo dị egwu n'ogige ahụ site n'aka ndị otu nnupụisi, e gbukwara ọtụtụ ndị na-elekọta ogige ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;NGN2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Actman, J.|title=Virunga National Park Sees Its Worst Violence in a Decade, Director Says|date=2018|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/06/wildlife-watch-virunga-rangers-deaths-poaching-militia-gorillas/|work=National Geographic News|accessdate=27 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020|title=Twelve rangers killed in latest Virunga Park incident|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/04/twelve-rangers-killed-in-latest-virunga-park-incident/|accessdate=27 April 2020|work=Mongabay Environmental News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Kemgbe afọ 2000, e nweela atụmatụ igwu mmanụ na mpaghara Congo. Igbochi atụmatụ ndị a ogige ahụ nwetara nchebe ọzọ site na nkwekọrịta emechiri emechi n'etiti onyeisiala DRC Felix Tshisekedi na Boris Johnson na ogbako mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations nke afọ 2021 na Glasgow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-10|title=COP26: Landmark $500 million agreement launched to protect the DR Congo's forest|url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2021/cop26-landmark-500-million-agreement-launched-protect-dr-congo%E2%80%99s-forest|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Africa Renewal|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-07-25|title=&quot;DRC To Auction Oil And Gas Permits In Endangered Gorilla Habitat&quot; {{!}} SEJ|url=https://www.sej.org/headlines/drc-auction-oil-and-gas-permits-endangered-gorilla-habitat|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=www.sej.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji mee ka ọnọdụ akụ na ụba mba ahụ ka mma, gọọmentị mebiri nchedo ahụ site n'ịre ahịa na ngalaba nchọpụta mmanụ n'ime ogige ahụ ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha Julaị 2022. Tullow Oil Plc, TotalEnergies, ENI na China National Offshore Oil Corporation Ltd (CNOOC) nwere mmasị inweta ikike igwu ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oil and gas exploration Virunga National Park|url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/oil_exploration_virunga_national_park|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Banktrack|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị otu obodo na nke ụwa niile, dịka Greenpeace, na-adọ aka ná ntị gbasara mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi nke imebi oke ọhịa maka mmepụta mmanụ. Ndị na-eme mkpọsa na-agbalị ime ka ọha na eze mara ihe na-eme ha na-eyi egwu ma na-atụ ha egwu na mgbasa ozi ọha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=DRC's oil blocks auction: Civil society statement on threats and intimidation of environmental defenders in DR Congo|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/blogs/52080/drcs-oil-blocks-auction-civil-society-statement-on-threats-and-intimidation-of-environmental-defenders-in-dr-congo/|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Greenpeace Africa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Na mbido afọ 1920, ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado mmegharị nchekwa nke Europe kwadoro echiche nke ịmepụta mpaghara nchekwa na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Belgium Congo, n'etiti  Victor van Straelen, Jean Massart na Jean-Marie Derscheid. Mgbe e guzobere Albert National Park n'April 1925 dị ka ogige mba mbụ nke Congo, e chepụtara ya dị ka ebe nchekwa okike nke sayensị na-elekwasị anya na ya, ebumnuche ya bụ ịmụ ma chekwaa anụ ọhịa na ihe a na-akpọ &quot;ndị ochie&quot; ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-anakọta ihe n'Africa. Na 1926, Derscheid duuru ndị Belgium mbụ gaa ise map nke Albert National Park, nke gụnyere mpaghara 500 km2 (190 sq mi) gburugburu ugwu mgbawa gbawara agbawa Ugwu Karisimbi na Ugwu Mikeno. E wuru ebe nchekwa ahụ n'afọ 1929 site na Virunga National Park, nke gbara Ugwu Virunga, akụkụ nke Rutshuru Territory, na ala dị larịị nke dị n'ebe ndịda Ọdọ Mmiri Edward gburugburu. E buliri nha mbụ ya nke 2,920.98 km2 (1,127.80 sq mi) site na nzọụkwụ n'afọ ndị sochirinụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harroy1993&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Harroy, J.P.|year=1993|title=Contribution à l'histoire jusque 1934 de la création de l'Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge|journal=Civilisations. Revue internationale d'anthropologie et de sciences humaines|volume=41|issue=41|pages=427–442|doi=10.4000/civilisations.1732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bashonga2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bashonga, M. G.|year=2012|title=Etude socio-économique et culturelle, attitude et perceptions des communautés Twa pygmées autour du secteur Mikeno du Parc National des Virunga|publisher=Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature|location=Goma}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DeBont2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=De Bont, R.|year=2015|title=&quot;Primitives&quot; and Protected Areas: International Conservation and the &quot;Naturalization&quot; of Indigenous People, ca. 1910-1975|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=76|issue=2|pages=215–236|doi=10.1353/jhi.2015.0014|pmid=25937035}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=De Bont, R.|year=2017|title=A World Laboratory: Framing the Albert National Park|journal=Environmental History|volume=22|issue=3|pages=404–432|doi=10.1093/envhis/emx020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị obodo ahụ furu ikike ala ha n'usoro a, a chụpụkwara ha n'ógbè ahụ echekwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeBont2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Inogwabini&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Inogwabini, B.I.|year=2014|title=Conserving biodiversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a brief history, current trends and insights for the future|journal=Parks|volume=20|issue=2|pages=101−110|doi=10.2305/iucn.ch.2014.parks-20-2.bi.en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbata ngwụcha afọ 1930 na 1955, e mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 85,000 si Rwanda gaa n'ebe dị nso na Masisi dị na North Kivu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stephen2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Stephen J.|year=2007|title=Of &quot;Doubtful Nationality&quot;: Political Manipulation of Citizenship in the D. R. Congo|journal=Citizenship Studies|volume=11|issue=5|pages=481–500|doi=10.1080/13621020701605792}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1934, e hiwere Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge ka òtù na-achị isi maka ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Belgian Congo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harroy1993&quot;/&gt; N'agbata mmalite afọ 1930 na 1961, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Belgium mere ọtụtụ njem gaa Albert National Park, nke abụọ bụ Gaston-François de Witte. Ha gụrụ ma nakọta ụdị anụ ọhịa nke anụ ọhịa maka ''Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique'';&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Schouteden, H.|authorlink=Henri Schouteden|year=1938|title=Exploration du Parc National Albert: Oiseaux|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-g-f-de-witte-1933-1935/9-1938-mission-zending-g-f-de-witte-1933-1935/irscnb_p4137_00f8d8p_09_corps-de-texte-red.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frechkop1943&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Frechkop, S.|year=1943|title=Exploration du Parc National Albert: Mammifères|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park/1-1943-mission-s-mammiferes/irscnb_s2073_00fc5ax_1-core-red.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; lere anya n'agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ógbè a;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schumacher1943&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Schumacher, P.|title=Die Kivu-Pygmäen und ihre soziale Umwelt im Albert-National Park|year=1943|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-p-schumacher-1933-1936/1-1943-mission-p-schumacher/irscnb_p4143_rbins19135_1-5-90-red.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; mụọ ọrụ mgbawa ugwu,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Verhoogen, J.|year=1948|title=Les éruptions 1938-1940 du volcan Nyamuragira|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-j-verhoogen-1938-et-1940/1-1948-mission-j-verhoogen-les-eruptions-1938-1940-du-volcan-nyamuragira/irscnb_p4142_rbins19133_1-5-130-part-1-red.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ihe ndị e ji mee ihe ochie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=de Heinzelin de Braucourt, J.|year=1961|title=Le paléolithique aux abords d'Ishango|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-j-de-heinzelin-de-braucourt-1950/6-1961-mission-zending-j-de-heinzelin-de-braucourt-1950/irscnb_c23707_009a2cb_6-corps-de-texte-red.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1950, ndị Tutsi na-azụ anụ ụlọ ha banyere n'ogige ahụ, na-ebibi ebe obibi ebumpụta ụwa ruo n'ịdị elu nke mita 3,000 (ụkwụ 9,800), nke e chere na ọ na-eyi ugwu gorilla nke ogige ahụ egwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dart, R.A.|year=1960|title=The urgency of international intervention for the preservation of the mountain gorilla|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=56|issue=4|pages=85–87|url=https://journals.co.za/content/sajsci/56/4/AJA00382353_8871?crawler=true}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E megharịrị iwu ala n'afọ 1960 mgbe Belgian Congo ghọrọ mba nweere onwe ya dịka Republic of the Congo, ala ahụ wee bụrụ nke steeti ahụ, nke mere ka ndị obodo ahụ ghara inwe obi ụtọ. Ịchụ nta iwu na-akwadoghị n'ime ebe echedoro amụbaala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Inogwabini&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 1969, e jikọtara ogige abụọ ahụ n'aha Virunga National Park, nke a kpọrọ UNESCO na 1979 Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crawford2008&quot;/&gt;

Na 1996, e depụtara ogige ntụrụndụ mba dị ka ebe Ramsar dị mkpa maka mba ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crawford2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&amp;nbsp;Conservation&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;Conflict&amp;nbsp;– A case study&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;Virunga&amp;nbsp;National&amp;nbsp;Park,&amp;nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2011, ụlọ ọrụ Britain bụ Soco International nwetara ikike maka iwepụta mmanụ ala n'akụkụ na n'akụkụ buru ibu nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ. Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị kwadoro ọrụ nchọpụta nke ndị otu Soco International, ebe ndị njikwa ogige ahụ megidere ya. Ka ọgba aghara na-arị elu, a wakporo onyeisi ndị nche ogige ahụ, Emmanuel de Mérode, n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marijnen2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marijnen, E.|year=2018|title=Public Authority and Conservation in Areas of Armed Conflict: Virunga National Park as a &quot;State within a State&quot; in Eastern Congo|journal=Development and Change|volume=49|issue=3|pages=790–814|doi=10.1111/dech.12380}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ngagharị iwe mba ụwa gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwụsịrị inyocha ihe omume ma kweta ka ha ghara ịmalite ọrụ ndị yiri ya n'akụkụ ebe ihe nketa ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nkongolo, J.K.|year=2015|title=International solidarity and permanent sovereignty over natural resources: antagonism or peaceful coexistence? The case of oil in the Virunga National Park|journal=African Journal of Democracy and Governance|volume=2|issue=3–4|pages=77–98}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Verheyen, E.|year=2016|title=Oil extraction imperils Africa's Great Lakes|journal=Science|volume=354|issue=6312|pages=561–562|doi=10.1126/science.aal1722|pmid=27811261}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hochleithner, S.|year=2017|title=Beyond Contesting Limits: Land, Access, and Resistance at the Virunga National Park|journal=Conservation and Society|volume=15|issue=1|pages=100–110|doi=10.4103/0972-4923.201397}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kümpel, N.F.|year=2018|chapter=Sustainable development at natural World Heritage sites in Africa|title=World Heritage for Sustainable Development in Africa|editor=Moukala, E.|location=Paris|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|pages=51–61|chapterurl=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327302910}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Ọgọstụ 2015, Minista nke Njem Nleta na Omenala malitere atụmatụ anọ dị mkpa gụnyere ebe ndị njem nleta Tchegera Island na ngalaba okporo ụzọ Rugari-Bukima nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịnweta ngalaba Ugwu Mikeno.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Nord-Kivu: inauguration des activités du parc national des Virunga|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2015/08/24/actualite/economie/nord-kivu-inauguration-des-activites-du-parc-national-de-virunga|accessdate=29 September 2024|work=[[Radio Okapi]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2016, e wuru ọdọ mmiri anọ nke na-enye ọkụ eletrik nye obere azụmaahịa ma na-abara ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 bi n'ime obodo uru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Odiaua, I.|year=2018|chapter=Engaging World Heritage to drive sustainable development in Africa: next steps|editor=Moukala, E.|location=Paris|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|pages=251–277|title=World Heritage for Sustainable Development in Africa|chapterurl=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327302910}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2018 na 2026, a kpọkọtara ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ iji nyere aka lụso ọrịa Ebola ọgụ n'ógbè ahụ. Na 2026, gọọmentị etiti kpọrọ oku ka ndị nche guzobe ebe a na-enyocha ma na-ekewapụ ndị mmadụ iji nyere aka gbochie mgbasa nke nje ahụ gaa na ndịda na North Kivu.&lt;ref name=&quot;FT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Wallis|first=William|title=Ebola and jihadis threaten Africa’s oldest national park|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1560124d-d3fa-4184-873b-c609dae8f00e?syn-25a6b1a6=1|accessdate=11 June 2026|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=9 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agha nwere Ngwa Agha ===
Kemgbe mmalite afọ 1990, ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka metụtara mpaghara nchekwa ahụ. Mgbe ogbugbu agbụrụ Rwanda gasịrị, ọtụtụ puku ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ gbagara mpaghara Kivu, ọnụnọ nke ndị agha mụbara. Agha Congo nke Mbụ na nke Abụọ mere ka mpaghara ahụ ghara inwe udo. E gbochiri ndị nche mgbochi ịchụ nta n'ime ogige ahụ, e gbukwara ndị ọrụ ogige ahụ na anụ ọhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Debonnet2004&quot;/&gt; Ihe dị ka mmadụ 850,000 gbara ọsọ ndụ bi gburugburu ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ na 1994. Ihe ruru mmadụ 40,000 na-abanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ kwa ụbọchị ịchọ nkụ na nri, ma na-egbutu nnukwu ebe ndị dị n'ime ọhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeely2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McNeely, J.A.|year=2003|title=Conserving forest biodiversity in times of violent conflict|journal=Oryx|volume=37|issue=2|pages=142–152|doi=10.1017/S0030605303000334}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1994, e tinyere Virunga National Park n'ime Ndepụta nke Ihe Nketa Ụwa n'Ihe Ize Ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Debonnet2004&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe Agha nke Abụọ nke Congo gwụchara, esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ na ndị otu nnupụisi gara n'ihu; e gburu ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ 80 n'etiti 1996 na 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeely2003&quot;/&gt; Ọtụtụ ndị nnupụisi ji ngwa agha na-arụ ọrụ n'ogige ahụ, gụnyere Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda na National Congress for the Defence of the People (FDLR).&lt;ref name=&quot;Crawford2008&quot;/&gt; Latter chịrị ngalaba Mikeno nke Virunga National Park n'etiti Disemba 2006 na Jenụwarị 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Refisch2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Refisch, J.|year=2016|chapter=Transboundary collaboration in the Greater Virunga Landscape: From gorilla conservation to conflict-sensitive transboundary landscape management|title=Governance, Natural Resources, and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding|editor=Bruch, C.|publisher=Routledge|location=Oxon, New York|pages=825–841|isbn=978-1-136-27207-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=SP8nDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA825}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2005, European Commission (EC) kwadoro mmekorita nke gọọmentị na nkeonwe n'etiti gọọmentị mba ahụ na otu Britain na-abụghị nke gọọmentị bụ African Conservation Fund. Òtù nke ikpeazụ ahụ na-ahụ maka njikwa ogige kemgbe afọ 2010; ihe dị ka pasentị 80 nke ụgwọ nlekọta bụ nke EC na-akwado. E tinyere ndị agha n'ọrụ nchekwa ogige n'afọ ndị sochirinụ iji gbochie ndị nnupụisi na ndị na-achụ nta anụ ka ha ghara ịrụ ọrụ n'ime ogige ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marijnen2018&quot;/&gt; A na-enye ndị ọrụ ogige ahụ ọzụzụ ndị agha na ngwa agha dị elu, ha na-arụkọkwa ọrụ na ndị agha na ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verweijen2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Verweijen, J.|year=2016|title=The counterinsurgency/conservation nexus: guerrilla livelihoods and the dynamics of conflict and violence in the Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=45|issue=2|pages=300–320|doi=10.1080/03066150.2016.1203307|url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79039/3/counterinsurgency-conservation%20nexus.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A katọkwara usoro ndị a dị ka &quot;ịme ka ndị agha dị n'ihe gbasara nchekwa&quot;, maka ime ihe ike na mkpofu ndị obodo na-eche ihu. Obodo dịka Mbuti, ndị dabere na ala ndị dị n'ogige ahụ maka nri na ebe obibi, a chụpụrụ ha n'èzí, ma ọ bụ nwee ihe egwu ijide ma ọ bụ gbuo ha site n'aka ndị nche ogige ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ips&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2016/09/militarised-conservation-threatens-drcs-indigenous-people-part-1/|title=Militarised Conservation Threatens DRC's Indigenous People – Part 1|author=Moloo|first=Zahra|date=14 September 2014|work=Inter Press Service|accessdate=4 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ebo ebubo na mmụba nke nchekwa okike na-akwalite mwakpo ngwa agha nke ndị agha. Ndị bi n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ, ma ndị obodo ma ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, na-adabere n'ọrụ ugbo, ịchụ nta, ịkụ azụ̀, ịkpụ osisi na imepụta kol maka ihe ha ji ebi ndụ, ihe omume niile a machibidoro iwu. Ndị obodo ahụ enweghị ebe ọzọ ha ga-esi nweta nchekwa, ha na-adaberekwa na nchekwa nke ndị otu ji egbe, nke a na-ana ụgwọ maka ya site na ihe omume ndị a machibidoro iwu. Dịka akụkọ nke United Nations Security Council si kwuo, pasentị 80 nke kol e ji ree obodo Goma na-esi n'ogige ahụ enweta ihe na-eme ka ọ dị mma, nke na-egosi uru kwa afọ nke US $28–30 nde. Ma ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti ma ndị otu dị otu a na-ejikwa ngwa agha ezu ohi na ịtọrọ mmadụ maka ego.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verweijen2016&quot;/&gt;

Mgbalị ndị e mere n'ichekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere mmetụta dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ mgbe e bibiri ugbo n'ime Kibirizi, e zigakwara ndị agha na ndị nche ogige ka ha gaa leta ihe ndị dị ndụ, Ndị mmadụ kwagara n'ime ogige ahụ gaa n'ala nke FDLR na-achịkwa, ebe ha nwere ike ịgbazite obere ala. Ọgbaghara mere n'afọ 2015 mgbe otu ndị otu mpaghara dị na Binza (ugwu Bwisha) nwara iweghachi ikike nke mpaghara ahụ, ebumnuche nke ịmaliteghachi ọrụ ịkụ azụ ma kwe ka ndị mmadụ laghachi, gbuo onye nche ogige ntụrụndụ na ndị agha 11-15.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verweijen2016&quot;/&gt;

E gburu ndị nche ise n'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 2017 n'akụkụ Lake Edward n'ime mwakpo ndị agha. E gburu ndị nche ise na otu onye ọkwọ ụgbọala n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2018/apr/09/six-virunga-park-rangers-killed-in-drc-wildlife-sanctuary|title=Six Virunga park rangers killed in DRC wildlife sanctuary|author=Burke, J.|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2018|accessdate=10 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe agha ahụ malitere, ndị otu ji ngwa agha gburu ndị nche ogige 175 ruo Eprel 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://virunga.org/news/in-memoriam-april2018|title=In memoriam: deadliest attack on Virunga staff in Park's recent history brings total ranger deaths to 175|work=Virunga|date=2018|accessdate=2018-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Mee 2018, e gburu otu onye nche mgbe ọ na-agbachitere ndị njem nleta abụọ e tọọrọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;NGN2018&quot;/&gt; E mechara hapụ ha n'enweghị mmerụ ahụ. N'ihi ya, ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ka mechiri emechi maka ndị ọbịa site na June 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://visitvirunga.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/20180602_Closure-Statement.pdf|title=Virunga Park Closure Statement|date=2018|accessdate=2018-06-26|archivedate=2018-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615013113/https://visitvirunga.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/20180602_Closure-Statement.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; ruo Febụwarị 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-park-idUSKCN1Q50FM|title=Congo's Virunga park reopens eight months after deadly ambush|date=2019|work=Reuters|accessdate=2019-04-26|author=Prentice, A.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2020, ndị otu ndị agha wakporo otu ndị nkịtị gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị nche ogige iri na abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Rangers killed in &quot;deadliest&quot; DR Congo park attack|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52415798|work=BBC News|accessdate=27 April 2020|date=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa na Jenụwarị 2021, ndị ji egbe gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị nche isii ma merụọ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ahụ n'oge mwakpo ha mere n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Six park rangers killed in DR Congo's Virunga gorilla reserve|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210110-six-park-rangers-killed-in-dr-congo-s-virunga-gorilla-reserve|accessdate=2021-01-13|work=France 24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Six Virunga park rangers killed in eastern Congo ambush|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/11/africa/congo-virunga-park-rangers-killed-intl/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=12 January 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2021, onye nnọchi anya mba Itali na DRC bụ Luca Attanasio, ya na onye uwe ojii ndị agha Itali bụ Vittorio Iacovacci na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Congo bụ Moustapha Milambo, ndịha tọọrọ ma gbuo ha, ndị weghaara ndị otu ha nke Mmemme Nri Ụwa dị ihe dị ka kilomita 15 n'ebe ugwu Goma wee bute ha na Virunga. Ndị nche ogige ntụrụndụ nwere ike ịtọhapụ mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021|title=Italian ambassador to DR Congo killed in UN convoy attack|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56151600|accessdate=2021-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'etiti ọrịa Ebola nke afọ 2026, ndị jihadist sitere na Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) bibiri ụfọdụ akụkụ ugwu nke Virunga. Mwakpo abụọ nke ADF na June gburu mmadụ iri abụọ na itoolu, gụnyere ndị ọrụ nchekwa Virunga abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;FT&quot;/&gt;

== Ọdịdị ala ==
Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga dị na mpaghara mmiri Congo nke dị na Naịl, e kewara ya ụzọ atọ: Ugwu, Etiti, na Ndịda. Ngalaba Ugwu jikọtara ya na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Semuliki nke Uganda na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Ugwu Rwenzori.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crawford2008&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mubalama2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mubalama, L.|year=2004|title=Monitoring law enforcement and illegal activities in the northern sector of the Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Pachyderm|issue=36|pages=16–29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elu dị n'ime mpaghara ahụ sitere na mita 680 (ụkwụ 2,230) na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Puemba ruo n'elu ugwu kachasị elu nke Ugwu Stanley na mita 5,109 (ụkwụ 16,762) n'ime kilomita 30 (mile 19).&lt;ref name=&quot;Crawford2008&quot; /&gt; N'obosara ala ya ruru hekta 299,523, ọ bụ mpaghara kachasị ukwuu n'ala n'ogige ahụ, site na Osimiri Puemba ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Edward ma nwee Osimiri Semliki, Ugwu Rwenzori, na Ugwu Tshiaberim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ngalaba etiti gụnyere akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward yana ala dị larịị Rwindi-Rutshuru ruo Mabenga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụnyekwara mpaghara Lulimbi n'akụkụ Osimiri Ishasha, nke bụ ókèala ya na Uganda ma a na-akpọkwa ya Ngalaba Ọwụwa Anyanwụ mgbe ụfọdụ. Ngalaba a na-ekpuchi hekta 339,179, gụnyere hekta 144,548 nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward n'onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ugwu Virunga dị n'akụkụ ndịda na-achị mpaghara ndịda, na-eru elu ruru mita 4,500. Dịka Janvier Bagula Karumba si kwuo, ọ kpuchiri ala ya 145,672 hekta, site na ndịda Ugwu Kasali ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu. Ebe a nwere asaa n'ime ugwu mgbawa asatọ dị n'oké osimiri ahụ, gụnyere abụọ n'ime ugwu mgbawa kachasị na Afrịka: Nyiragongo na Nyamuragira, ebe Ugwu Mikeno adịghị ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; E chebere ya kemgbe afọ 1925, ọ dịkwa n'ime oke ọhịa Afromontane. Ebe nchịkwa nke ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị na Rumangabo dị nso na ogige gorilla ahụ, ebe Mount Mikeno Hotel bụkwa ebe ndị njem nleta dị mkpa. Tinyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke Rwanda nke ugwu mgbawa nke Rwanda na ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke Uganda nke Mgahinga Gorilla, ngalaba a na-emepụta usoro ihe owuwu ugwu mgbawa nke Greater Virunga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Mpaghara ókèala dị n'etiti ngalaba etiti na ndịda bara ụba karịsịa na ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ, nke nwere Ọdọ Mmiri Ondo, ọdọ mmiri Kibuga, ala mmiri dị n'akụkụ nsọtụ mmiri lava, na mmiri Molindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri asaa na ise nke mmiri dị n'osimiri Rutshuru dị ala sitere na Osimiri Molindi, nke na-eme ka mmiri ozuzo buru ibu nke ubi lava dị n'ebe ndịda na-amịkọrọ maliteghachi. Ebe a dị n'ebe ugwu nke ókèala mmiri Congo, nke na-asọba n'okpuru ala nke ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe ===
Mgbanwe nke Mpaghara Njikọ Intertropical na El Niño-Southern Oscillation na-emetụta ihu igwe dị na Albertine Rift. Maachị ruo etiti Mee na Septemba ruo Nọvemba bụ oge mmiri ozuzo kacha mkpa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Seimon, A.|year=2012|chapter=Regional Climatology of the Albertine Rift|title=Long Term changes in Africa's Rift Valley: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|location=New York|editor=Plumptre, A. J.|pages=18–38}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa n'ime savanna gbara Ọdọ Mmiri Edward gburugburu bụ 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in); nke a bụ akụkụ kacha kpọọ nkụ n'ala ahụ. Mpaghara ugwu na-enweta mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa ruo 220 mm (8.7 in), ebe mpaghara ndịda na-enweta mmiri ozuzo ruo 160 mm (6.3 in).&lt;ref name=&quot;Plumptre_al2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Plumptre, A. J.|title=Long Term changes in Africa's Rift Valley: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|year=2012|editor=Plumptre, A. J.|location=New York|pages=88–105|chapter=The effects of environmental and anthropogenic changes on the savannas of the Queen Elizabeth and Virunga National parks}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okpomọkụ nkezi n'ebe dị ala na-adị iche site na 23–28 Celsius (73–82 Celsius), nakwa n'ebe dị elu site na 16–24 Celsius (61–75 Celsius), ọ naghị adịkarị ala karịa 14 Celsius (57 Celsius).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bashonga2012&quot;/&gt;

== Osisi ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Multiple image/styles.css&quot; wrapper=&quot;.tmulti&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Osisi dị na Virunga National Park gụnyere ụdị osisi 2,077, gụnyere ụdị osisi 264 na osisi 230 ndị jupụtara na Albertine Rift.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plumptre_al2007&quot; /&gt; Ala dị larịị nke Virunga National Park bụ nke ala mmiri dị n'ime mmiri na ala ahịhịa juputara na papyrus sedge (''Cyperus papyrus''), jointed flatsedge (''C. articulatus''), common reed (''Phragmites mauritanica''), sacaton grasses (''Sporobolus consimilis''), ambatch (''Aeschynomene elaphroxylon''), conkerberry (''Carissa spinarum''), paperbark thorn (''Vachellia sieberiana'') na kowai fruit (''Coccinia grandis'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Mubalama2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mubalama, L.|year=2000|title=Population and Distribution of Elephants (''Loxodonta africana africana'') in the Central Sector of the Virunga National Park, Eastern DRC|journal=Pachyderm|volume=28|pages=44–55}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe fọdụrụ nke dicots dịka African caper (''Capparis tomentosa''), ''Maerua'' species, cucurbits nke ọhịa, na nightshades bụ nke a hụrụ ya n'ime bọọlụ nsị nke enyí Afrịka (Loxodonta) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka mgbasa mkpụrụ n'ala ahịhịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Brahmachary, R.L.|year=1980|title=On the germination of seeds in the dung balls of the African elephant in the Virunga National Park|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et la Vie)|volume=34|issue=1|pages=139–142|doi=10.3406/revec.1980.4059|url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/54997/LATERREETLAVIE_1980_34_1_139.pdf?sequence=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oke ọhịa ugwu dị n'agbata mita 1,800 na 2,800 (ụkwụ 5,900 na 9,200) n'akụkụ ndịda bụ nke osisi Ficalhoa laurifolia na Podocarpus milanjianus na-eto nke nwere osisi dị elu ruo mita 25 (ụkwụ 82). [[Yushania alpina|African alpine bamboo]] (''Yushania alpina'') na-eto n'ebe dị elu nke mita 2,300–2,600 (ụkwụ 7,500–8,500). Osisi dị n'elu mita 2,600 (ụkwụ 8,500) dị n'okpuru ala, nke nwere osisi redwood nke Afrịka (Hagenia abyssinica) kacha eto ruo mita 3,000 (ụkwụ 9,800). Tree heath (''Erica arborea''), heather na mosses kpuchiri ugwu mmiri dị elu ruo mita 3,700 (ụkwụ 12,100). ''Senecio'' na ''Lobelia'' ụdị osisi ndị a na-eto n'ebe dị oke ugwu ma na-eru elu ruo mita 8 (ụkwụ 26).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bashonga2012&quot;/&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Multiple image/styles.css&quot; wrapper=&quot;.tmulti&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche nke Virunga National Park gụnyere anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara 196, nnụnụ 706, anụmanụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ 109 na amphibians 65 dịka ọ dị na 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plumptre_al2007&quot; /&gt;

=== Anụ na-enye nwa ara ===
Anụmanụ praịmatị ndị dị na ogige ntụrụndụ mba gụnyere ￼￼Gorila ugwu (G. b. beringei), chimpanzee nkịtị (Pan troglodytes), enwe ọlaedo, red-tailed monkey (''Cercopithecus ascanius''), Dent's mona monkey (''C. denti''), blue monkey (''C. mitis''), Hamlyn's monkey (''C. hamlyni''), De Brazza's monkey (''C. neglectus''), Central African red colobus (''Procolobus foai''), mantled guereza (''Colobus guereza''), olive baboon (''Papio anubis'') na grey-cheeked mangabey (''Lophocebus albigena'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Plumptre_al2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frechkop1943&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanjouw2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lanjouw, A.|year=2002|chapter=Behavioural adaptations to water scarcity in Tongo chimpanzees|title=Behavioural diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=52–60|editor=Boesch, C.|isbn=0-521-00613-9|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-E7QdC6Q8cIC&amp;pg=PA52}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nixon2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Nixon, S. C.|year=2008|title=Conservation status of Okapi in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. ZSL Conservation Report No. 9|publisher=The Zoological Society of London|location=London|url=https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/Nixon%20and%20Lusenge%202008%20-%20Conservation%20status%20of%20okapi%20in%20Virunga%20National%20Park%2C%20DRC.pdf|accessdate=2018-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

African bush elephant (''Loxodonta africana''), hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'') na African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer'') biri n'ime ngalaba etiti nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mubalama2000&quot; /&gt; Okapi (''Okapia johnstoni''), blue duiker (''Philantomba monticola''), bay duiker (''Cephalophus dorsalis''), Weyns's duiker (''C. weynsi''), yellow-backed duiker (''C. silvicultor''), water chevrotain (''Hyemoschus aquaticus''), red river hog (''Potamochoerus porcus''), aardvark (''Orycteropus afer'') na bongo (''Tragelaphus eurycerus'') bụ ihe e dekọrọ na ngalaba ugwu na 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nixon2008&quot;/&gt; Harnessed bushbuck (''T. scriptus'') na giant forest hog (''Hylochoerus meinertzhageni'') dị na mpaghara ndịda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanjouw2002&quot;/&gt; Topi niile dị n'elu (Damaliscus lunatus jimela) n'ebe ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward na mpaghara Ishasha Flats, ma na-agafe ókèala ahụ mgbe niile na Uganda. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị na ya gụnyere Ugandan kob (''Kobus kob thomasi''), waterbuck (''K. ellipsiprymnus''), na &amp;nbsp;common warthog (''Phacochoerus africanus'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Plumptre_al2012&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Treves_al2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Treves|first=A.|title=Identifying a potential lion ''Panthera leo'' stronghold in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, and Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Oryx|volume=43|issue=1|year=2009|pages=60–66|doi=10.1017/S003060530700124X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga yana Ogige Ntụrụndụ Eze Nwanyị Elizabeth nke dị nso na-emepụta &quot;Ngalaba Nchekwa Ọdụm&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group|year=2006|title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa|publisher=IUCN|location=Pretoria, South Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewere mpaghara a dị ka ebe ọdụm (Panthera leo) nwere ike ị bị nke bụ ebe siri ike, ọ bụrụ na a kwụsị ịkpa anụ ma anụ ndị na-eri anụ ga-agbake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Treves_al2009&quot;/&gt; N'akụkụ ugwu nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ, African leopard (''P. pardus pardus''), marsh mongoose (''Atilax paludinosus''), giant pangolin (''Smutsia gigantea''), tree pangolin (''Phataginus tricuspis''), crested porcupine (''Hystrix cristata''), Lord Derby's scaly-tailed squirrel (''Anomalurus derbianus''), Boehm's bush squirrel (''Paraxerus boehmi''), western tree hyrax (''Dendrohyrax dorsalis''), Emin's pouched rat (''Cricetomys emini'') na checkered elephant shrew (''Rhynchocyon cirnei'') bụ nke e dekọrọ ha n'oge nnyocha emere na 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nixon2008&quot;/&gt;

=== Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ ===
Osimiri Semliki na-enye ebe obibi maka agụ iyi Naịl (Crocodylus niloticus). A hụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edwards na 1988 maka oge mbụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Verschuren, J.|year=1989|title=L'apparition des crocodiles au lac ex-Edouard, Parc National des Virunga, Zaïre|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et la Vie)|volume=44|issue=4|pages=367–397|doi=10.3406/revec.1989.5528|url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/55367/LATERREETLAVIE_1989_44_4_387.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnụnụ ===
Nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ime Albertine Rift, Rwenzori turaco, Rwenzori batis, Archer's ground robin, red-throated alethe, Kivu ground thrush, collared apalis, mountain masked apalis, dusky crimson-wing, Shelley's crimsonwing, red-faced woodland warbler, stripe-breasted tit, blue-headed sunbird, regal sunbird, Rwenzori double-collared sunbird, handsome spurfowl na strange weaver bụ nke e dekọrọ na ngalaba ndịda nke Virunga National Park n'oge nyocha na 2004. Nnụnụ ndị na-abụghị ndị a na-akọ akụkọ ha gụnyere Wahlberg's eagle, African goshawk, African hobby, harrier hawk, common buzzard, mountain buzzard, hadeda ibis, grey-crowned crane, black-and-white-casqued hornbill, black-billed turaco, African olive pigeon, tambourine dove, blue-spotted wood dove, red-eyed dove, brown-necked parrot, red-chested cuckoo, olive long-tailed cuckoo, barred long-tailed cuckoo, Klaas's cuckoo, Diederik cuckoo, blue-headed coucal, Narina trogon, white-headed wood hoopoe, white-necked raven, white-tailed crested flycatcher, African paradise flycatcher, white-eyed slaty flycatcher, African dusky flycatcher, white-tailed blue flycatcher, mountain oriole, speckled mousebird, cinnamon-chested bee-eater, grey-throated barbet, yellow-billed barbet, western tinkerbird, yellow-rumped tinkerbird, cardinal woodpecker, olive woodpecker, black saw-wing, Angola swallow, Alpine swift, mountain greenbul, yellow-whiskered greenbul, common bulbul, white-starred robin, Archer's ground robin, white-browed robin-chat, African stonechat, rufous thrush, African thrush, olive thrush, grassland pipit, cinnamon bracken warbler, black-faced rufous warbler, mountain yellow warbler, brown woodland warbler, green sandpiper, Chubb's cisticola, banded prinia, chestnut-throated apalis, grey-backed camaroptera, white-browed crombec, black-throated wattle-eye, chinspot batis, mountain illadopsis, grey-chested illadopsis, olive sunbird, bronze sunbird, malachite sunbird, collared sunbird, variable sunbird, yellow white-eye, Mackinnon's shrike, Doherty's bushshrike, Lühder's bushshrike, northern puffback, mountain sooty boubou, tropical boubou, narrow-tailed starling, Sharpe's starling, baglafecht weaver, black bishop, grey-headed nigrita, common waxbill, black-headed waxbill, bronze mannikin, black and white mannikin, pin-tailed whydah, African citril, streaky seedeater na thick-billed seedeater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Owiunji, I.|year=2005|title=Biological Survey of Virunga Volcanoes|publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society|location=New York|url=http://rw.chm-cbd.net/implementation/rapport-et-documents-nationaux/biodiversity-virunga-volcanoes/download/en/1/the-biodiversity-of-the-virunga-volcanoes.pdf|accessdate=2018-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agbụrụ dị iche iche ==
 
Agbụrụ ndị bi na Virunga National Park na gburugburu ya gụnyere:

* Ndị Mbuti&lt;ref name=&quot;Schumacher1943&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DeBont2015&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hart, T.B.|year=1986|title=The ecological basis of hunter-gatherer subsistence in African rain forests: the Mbuti of Eastern Zaire|journal=Human Ecology|volume=14|issue=1|pages=29–55|doi=10.1007/bf00889209}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ndị Nande&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kenfack|first=Chrislain Eric|date=17 March 2013|title=Le Paysage Virunga|url=https://www.cifor-icraf.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4086-cobambrief.pdf|accessdate=29 September 2024|publisher=[[Center for International Forestry Research]]|language=fr|archivedate=9 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109152839/https://www.cifor-icraf.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4086-cobambrief.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ndị Hunde&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Ndị Kumu&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Ndị Hutu&lt;ref name=&quot;DeBont2015&quot; /&gt;
* Ndị Tutsi&lt;ref name=&quot;DeBont2015&quot; /&gt;
* Basongora&lt;ref name=&quot;Losh2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Losh|first=Jack|date=2 April 2021|title=When Nature Conservation Goes Wrong|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/02/uganda-conservation-poaching-crisis-poverty-national-park/|work=[[Foreign Policy Magazine]]|accessdate=3 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;govisitkenya&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Details of the Basongoro of Rwenzori and their Culture in Uganda|url=https://www.govisitkenya.com/songora-people.html|date=2014|work=Go Visit Kenya|accessdate=3 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nkiri akụkọ ''Virunga'' na-egosi ọrụ ndị na-elekọta ogige ntụrụndụ mba Virunga na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ nke mba Britain bụ Soco International n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Screenings|url=http://virungamovie.com/screenings/past|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427064200/http://virungamovie.com/screenings/past|archivedate=April 27, 2014|work=Virunga (Official Website)|accessdate=20 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sinha-Roy|first=Pifa|title=Netflix's &quot;Virunga&quot; uncovers Congo's fight to protect resources|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-film-netflix-virunga-idUSKBN0IQ2OB20141107|work=[[Reuters]]|date=6 November 2014|accessdate=8 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; E gosipụtara Ndakasi, otu gorilla si n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn na ihe nkiri ole na ole, gụnyere ihe nkiri Netflix.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bella, T.|date=2021|title=Ndakasi, Beloved Mountain Gorilla of Photobomb Fame, dies|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/07/ndakasi-mountain-gorilla-selfie-dies/|work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{Cite web|title=Virunga National Park|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/63|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=22 January 2016}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6066|author=BirdLife International|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Virunga National Park}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.visitvirunga.org/|title=Visit Virunga National Park|accessdate=2011-07-16|archivedate=2020-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006091838/https://visitvirunga.org/}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/05/12/interview-with-emmanuel-de-merode-director-of-virunga-national-park/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051704/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/05/12/interview-with-emmanuel-de-merode-director-of-virunga-national-park/|archivedate=December 22, 2017|title=Interview With Emmanuel de Merode, Director of Virunga National Park – National Geographic Blog|work=blog.nationalgeographic.org|date=May 2017|accessdate=2017-12-21}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/07/virunga-national-parks-africa-congo-rangers/|title=Inside the Fight to Save a Dangerous Park|date=July 2016|work=National Geographic Magazine 230 (1)|accessdate=2017-09-11}}
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'''Ugorji Okechukwu Ugorji''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1964) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, ọkà mmụta, onye edemede, na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=September 15, 2020|title=Ugorji Ugorji: I am drawn to Black womanhood|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/ugorji-ugorji-i-am-drawn-to-black-womanhood/?amp|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ Kọmishọna maka Nchebe Obodo na Ihe Ndị Na-eme Nleba Anya na Steeti Imo, nakwa Onye Ndụmọdụ Pụrụ Iche nye Gọvanọ Hope Uzodimma gbasara Nchebe Obodo na Ọgụgụ Isi. Ọ bụ onye otu All Progressives Congress (APC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2020|title=Uzodinma should run inclusive government –Ugorji|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/uzodinma-should-run-inclusive-government-ugorji/?amp|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-11-12|title=Biafran uprising no threat to Nigeria's unity - Dr Ugorji|url=https://dailytrust.com/biafran-uprising-no-threat-to-nigerias-unity-dr-ugorji/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Ugorji na Aboh Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria. O nwetara nzere masta na Homeland Security na Mahadum George Washington na Mee 2019. O nwetakwara nzere doctorate nke agụmakwụkwọ na nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ na nlekọta na 1994, na Certified Public Manager Studies na 1989–1990, na Rutgers, Mahadum Steeti nke New Jersey, na New Brunswick, New Jersey. O nwetara nzere masta na ọrụ ndụmọdụ na ọrụ ndị ọrụ na 1989, nzere masta nke sayensị na bayoloji na 1987, na nzere masta nke nkà na akparamàgwà mmadụ na 1986, na Trenton State College (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka College nke New Jersey), na Ewing Township, New Jersey. Ọ gụchara mmemme ọzụzụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Office ndi Career Services na Mahadum Princeton na 1988–1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=September 15, 2020|title=Ugorji Ugorji: I am drawn to Black womanhood|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/ugorji-ugorji-i-am-drawn-to-black-womanhood/?amp|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Band|first=News|date=June 20, 2022|title=Imo Homeland Security Commissioner—Ugorji lays out security agenda for the state|url=https://news.band/imo-homeland-security-commissioner-ugorji-lays-out-security-agenda-for-the-state/|accessdate=2024-01-15|work=Band News|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115102931/https://news.band/imo-homeland-security-commissioner-ugorji-lays-out-security-agenda-for-the-state/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ugorji bụ onye guzobere ma na-ebipụta Sungai Books, ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ nke dị na Princeton, [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]], USA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sungai Books, Princeton books - All books by Sungai Books, Princeton publisher {{!}} BookScouter.com|url=https://bookscouter.com/publisher/sungai-books-princeton|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=bookscouter.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dere ma bipụta akwụkwọ gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, mmekọrịta mba ụwa, na ọdịbendị [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Ndị Afrịka na America]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chinua Achebe As Metaphor By Ugorji O. Ugorji, Ed.D. {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2013/05/20/chinua-achebe-metaphor-ugorji-o-ugorji-edd|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=saharareporters.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke African Writers Endowment, otu na-enweghị uru nke na-akwalite akwụkwọ na ọdịbendị Afrịka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=ThriftBooks|title=Okechukwu K. Ugorji Books {{!}} List of books by author Okechukwu K. Ugorji|url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/a/okechukwu-k-ugorji/1951870/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=ThriftBooks|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ===
Ugorji sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 1998, mgbe ọ zọọrọ ọkwa gọvanọ nke steeti Imo n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke United NaịjirịaCongress Party (UNCP). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=Dec 20, 2018|title=Buhari Will Win Three States In South–East – Ugorji|url=https://independent.ng/buhari-will-win-three-states-in-south-east-ugorji/|work=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara banye APC wee bụrụ enyi Gọvanọ Uzodimma. N'afọ 2020, a họpụtara ya dịka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Gọvanọ na nchekwa na ọgụgụ isi obodo, na 2021, a họpụtakwara ya dịka Kọmishọna maka Nchebe Obodo na Ihe Ndị Na-eme Nleba Anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Team|first=N. N. L.|date=2021-02-25|title=IMO GOV APPOINTS UGORJI AS SPECIAL ADVISER FOR HOMELAND SECURITY|url=https://nigeriannewsleader.com/index.php/gallery/imo-gov-appoints-ugorji-as-special-adviser-for-homeland-security|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=Nigerian News Leader|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=2021-12-21|title=Imo gov swears in 17 new commissioners, chief adviser|url=https://guardian.ng/news/imo-gov-swears-in-17-new-commissioners-chief-adviser/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=November 29, 2021|title=Aboh Mbaise stakeholders laud appointment of Dr Ugorji as Commissioner|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/aboh-mbaise-stakeholders-laud-appointment-of-dr-ugorji-as-commissioner/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-06-29|title=Imo Health Commissioner Wades Into Lorji Health Centre Project Scandal|url=https://dailytrust.com/imo-health-commissioner-wades-into-lorji-health-centre-project-scandal/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WPS 365|url=https://eu.docs.wps.com/module/common/loadPlatform/?sid=sICCUi86bAZOCka0G&amp;v=v2|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=eu.docs.wps.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka nchekwa na nchekwa ndụ n'ime steeti ahụ, nakwa ịhazi ọrụ nke ndị otu nche obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-04-10|title=Visiting the US: the case for Imo State &amp; Uzodimma ~ by Ugorji Okechukwu Ugorji|url=https://news.band/visiting-the-us-the-case-for-imo-state-uzodimma-by-ugorji-okechukwu-ugorji/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=News Band|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114203329/https://news.band/visiting-the-us-the-case-for-imo-state-uzodimma-by-ugorji-okechukwu-ugorji/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Okeoma|first=Chidiebube|date=2021-12-20|title=Uzodinma swears in commissioners, assigns portfolios|url=https://punchng.com/uzodinma-swears-in-commissioners-assigns-portfolios/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ani|first=Sunday|date=January 27, 2020|title=Uzodinma should run inclusive government –Ugorji|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/uzodinma-should-run-inclusive-government-ugorji/?amp|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-09-27|title=Ohia, Alozie, Amadi applaud Imo Homeland Security Commissioner, Ugorji|url=https://news.band/ohia-alozie-amadi-applaud-imo-homeland-security-commissioner-ugorji/|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=News Band|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116160910/https://news.band/ohia-alozie-amadi-applaud-imo-homeland-security-commissioner-ugorji/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ahọpụtara akụkọ ndụ ==

* Ahụrụ m igwe dara ( Akwụkwọ Sungai, 2014). Ụmụ nwanyị ọwụwa anyanwụ: Eserese zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Igbo (Akwụkwọ Sungai, 2009)  Drums toro ogologo: Eserese nke ndị Naijiria na-agbanwe America (Akwụkwọ Sungai, 2002)  The Crow Bride na akụkọ Torti ndị ọzọ (Akwụkwọ Sungai, 1997)  Ichekwa ala nna (Akwụkwọ Sungai, 2020).  ILU: Ilu Afrịka n'asụsụ Igbo, na ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee (Akwụkwọ Sungai, 2023).  Ọ bụ abụ ebighi ebi na abụ ndị ọzọ (Goldline na Jacobs Publishing, na Bluesland Communications, 2020).[1]  Site na&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Art|first=The|date=October 13, 2020|title=Gambari to chair presentation of 'She is Eternal &amp; Other Poems' OFO launch|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/gambari-to-chair-presentation-of-she-is-eternal-other-poems-ofo-launch/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Site n'afọ nke Chi'': Akụkọ ifo Africa (Sungai Books, 1993) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=From the Belly of the Gods|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8074671-from-the-belly-of-the-gods|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=Goodreads|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Njem Torti: Akụkọ sitere na West Afrika(Africa World Press, 1991) 

== ndụ nkeonwe ==
Ugorji lụrụ Uchenna Kate Ugorji, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ụmụaka na ahụike ọha na eze. Ha nwere ụmụ isii ma bi na Owerri, Imo Steeti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-02-25|title=Time For Gov. Uzodinma To Tigrify —Dr. Ugorji Ugorji|url=https://news.band/time-for-gov-uzodinma-to-tigrify-dr-ugorji-ugorji/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=News Band|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114203646/https://news.band/time-for-gov-uzodinma-to-tigrify-dr-ugorji-ugorji/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Laz Unaogu</title>
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      <text bytes="3123" sha1="817swrcylpedb4nkcs5hx14v36qlgsw" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Dr Laz Unaogu.jpg|thumb|Dr Laz Unaogu]]
'''Dr Laz Unaogu''' (27 Febụwarị 1956 - 6 Julaị 2004) bụ Minista Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Naijiria na Minista nke Ọrụ Pụrụ Iche. O nwekwara ọtụtụ ọkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime gọọmentị Naijiria. A maara ya dị ka Physicist na Gọọmenti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200407120511.html|title=Nigeria: Unaogu, Former Minister, Dies|author=Nkwopara|first=Chidi|date=2004-07-12|work=Vanguard (Lagos)|accessdate=2018-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Unaogu na Eziama, Imo State, ọ gụchara akwụkwọ na physics na Mahadum Naịjirịa, Nsukka (UNN) ma bụrụkwa nwa akwụkwọ kacha mma na ngalaba Fiziks na 1981. Na 1984, o nwetara akara ugo mmụta MSc na Sayensị Ike na Ihe Ndị Dị na ya site na Ngalaba Fiziks na Astronomy, Mahadum Naịjirịa. Ọ sonyeere mmemme Ph.D. nke Ike Anyanwụ na Institute for Energy Research, Calcutta India ebe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ ya na Fiziks (ọkachamara na uto kristal na njirimara).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/event/15271|title=Event details: Third International Seminar on Theoretical Physics and National Development (ISOTPAND2010) - physicsworld.com|work=physicsworld.com|accessdate=2016-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ngalaba Industrial Physics na Mahadum Nnamdi Azikiwe dị n'Awka. Ọ lụrụ Dr. Ijeoma Christiana Iboko n'afọ 1984, ha mụtakwara ụmụ ise.

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Mmasị Dr. Unaogu nwere n'ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị malitere mgbe ọ nọ na mahadum ahụ. N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na mahadum Naịjirịa, ọ bụ onye otu ndị omeiwu ụmụ akwụkwọ ebe a họpụtara ya dịka onye omeiwu kacha mma. A họpụtakwara ya dịka onyeisi oche nke Postgraduate Students Association.

Ọ gara n'ihu na mmasị ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị wee họpụta ya na Federal House of Representatives, na-anọchite anya Mbaitolu, Ikeduru constituency na ọchịchị Ibrahim Babangida, 1992 n'okpuru National Republican Convention (NRC). Na 1993, ọchịchị nkịtị nke Ernest Shonekan dara n'aka General Sani Abacha, onye weghachiri mba ahụ n'aka gọọmentị ndị agha. General Sani Abacha na-achọ odeakwụkwọ nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ, site na ndụmọdụ, General Abacha họpụtara Dr Laz Unaogu dị ka Minista Sayensị na Teknụzụ na Nọvemba 1993.

N'ime mgbanwe ọchịchị nke kabinet nke afọ 1995, e bufere Dr Unaogu ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche dịka Minista nke Ọrụ Pụrụ Iche ma nọrọ n'ọkwa a ruo afọ 1998.

== Sayensị na Teknụzụ ==
Dịka Minista Sayensị na Teknụzụ, Dr Unaogu tinyere aka n'ịhazi ngalaba ahụ ma duzie ịkwaga site na Lagos gaa Abuja mgbe ọchịchị Ernest Shonekan gasịrị.

== Nnabata n'aka ọha mmadụ ==
A kpọrọ okporo ụzọ aha Dr. Laz Unaogu na Federal Capital Territory (Abuja) nakwa na Owerri, Steeti Imo.

== Edensibia ==</text>
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    <title>Charles Udoh</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Charles Udoh
| image               = 
| caption             = 
| office1             = Delivery Advisor on Tourism
| termstart1          = March 4, 2025
| termend1            = 
| governor1           = [[Umo Eno]]
| predecessor1        = 
| successor1          = 
| office2             = Commissioner for Culture and Tourism
| termstart2          = July 2023
| termend2            = February 2025
| governor2           = [[Umo Eno]]
| predecessor2        = 
| successor2          = [[Anietie Udofia]]
| birth_name          = 
| birth_date          = 
| birth_place         = 
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = 
| spouse              = Regina Charles Udoh
| children            = 
| education           = 
}}
'''Charles Udoh''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka Kọmishọna maka Ọdịbendị na Njem na steeti Akwa Ibom, Naijiria malite na Julaị 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Africa: Sir Charles Udoh resumes office as Commissioner for Culture and Tourism, promises to make Akwa Ibom a tourism hub|url=https://atqnews.com/africa-sir-charles-udoh-resumes-office-as-commissioner-for-culture-and-tourism-promises-to-make-akwa-ibom-a-tourism-hub/|work=ATQ News|accessdate=8 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;akwaibomstate.gov.ng&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/|title=Members of Akwa Ibom State Executive Council|work=Akwa Ibom State Government|accessdate=26 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anietie [[Udofia Anietie|Udofia]] nọchiri ya na Febụwarị 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Anthony|first=Lovina|date=2025-02-19|title=Akwa Ibom Assembly clears 20 commissioner, special adviser nominees|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/19/akwa-ibom-assembly-clears-20-commissioner-special-adviser-nominees/|accessdate=2025-03-13|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Disemba 1, 2016, Gọvanọ Udom Emmanuel họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Kọmishọna maka Ozi na Atụmatụ.   &lt;ref name=&quot;theeagleonline.com.ng&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://theyesng.com/2016/12/03/charles-udoh-becomes-akwa-ibom-state-commissioner-for-information-and-strategy/|title=Charles Udoh Becomes Akwa-Ibom State Commissioner for Information and Strategy|date=3 December 2016|work=Yes International! Magazine|accessdate=26 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2016/12/02/akwa-ibom-govt-assigns-portfolios-to-new-commissioners/|title=Akwa Ibom Govt. Assigns Portfolios To New Commissioners • Channels Television|date=2 December 2016|work=Channelstv.com|accessdate=26 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijaperminute.com.ng/2016/12/02/aibom-governor-udom-emmanuel-appointed-charles-udoh-commissioner-information/amp/|title=A'Ibom: Why Governor Udom Emmanuel appointed Charles Udoh as Commissioner for Information - Naija Per Minute|work=Naijaperminute.com.ng|accessdate=26 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226184237/http://www.naijaperminute.com.ng/2016/12/02/aibom-governor-udom-emmanuel-appointed-charles-udoh-commissioner-information/amp/|archivedate=26 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2017-12-21|title=Bob Fitts, Ron Kenoly, others for A'Ibom Christmas Carol|url=https://guardian.ng/news/bob-fitts-ron-kenoly-others-for-aibom-christmas-carol/|accessdate=2025-11-25|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ugbu a onye ndụmọdụ nnyefe na njem nleta nye Gọvanọ Umo Eno.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2025-03-04|title=Mixed Reactions Trail Appointment Of Ex-Commissioners As Advisors In Akwa Ibom|url=https://thewhistler.ng/mixed-reactions-trail-appointment-of-ex-commissioners-as-advisors-in-akwa-ibom/|accessdate=2025-08-18|work=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Charles Udoh gara Diamond Hill Primary School, [[Calabar]] na mgbe ahụ West African Peoples' Institute, Calabar tupu ọ kwaga steeti Akwa Ibom  ịga School of Nka na sayensị. N'ikpeazụ, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta mbụ ya na Mahadum Uyo . &lt;ref name=&quot;akwaibomstate.gov.ng&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/mr-charles-udoh/|title=Mr. Charles Udoh|work=Akwa Ibom State Government|accessdate=26 December 2018|archivedate=24 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224220151/https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/mr-charles-udoh/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181224220151/https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/mr-charles-udoh/ &quot;Mr. Charles Udoh&quot;]. ''Akwa Ibom State Government''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 December&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Udoh lụrụ di na 1998. Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ amụọla ụmụ. Na Julaị 25, 2018, o mere emume ncheta alụmdi na nwunye ya nke iri abụọ na Akwa Ibom Steeti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pdpdefenders.org/aks-info-boss-celebrates-20-years-in-marriage/|title=AKS Info Boss Celebrates 20 years in Marriage.|date=25 July 2018|work=Pdpdefenders.org|accessdate=26 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Udoh malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-enye ọzụzụ na onye ndụmọdụ na Financial Institutions Training Center (FITC), Lagos, Nigeria. N'afọ 2003, ọ nwetara ọrụ na First Bank of Nigeria ma bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ngalaba akara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. N'afọ 2006, e nyere ya ọrụ na Guaranty Trust Bank dị ka onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ na onye isi nkwukọrịta ụlọ ọrụ. N'afọ 2008, KPMG Professional Services were ya n'ọrụ ma nye ya ọkwa onye isi otu, nkwukọrịta ụlọ ọrụ maka Diamond Bank. Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Adam &amp; Agnes Limited, akara, ahịa na ụlọ ọrụ nkwukọrịta. Ruo mgbe a họpụtara ya na 1 Disemba 2016, Udoh bụ Onye isi nke Brand na Marketing Communications na Wema Bank. &lt;ref name=&quot;akwaibomstate.gov.ng&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.qed.ng/charles-udoh-banker-footballer-new-akwa-ibom-information-commissioner/|title=Charles Udoh: Banker, ex-footballer is new Akwa Ibom information commissioner|first=Ajani|author=Okanlawon|date=2 December 2016|work=Qed.ng|accessdate=26 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theeagleonline.com.ng&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/akwa-ibom-gets-new-commissioner-of-information/|title=Akwa Ibom gets new Commissioner of Information|work=Theeagleonline.com.ng|accessdate=26 December 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://theeagleonline.com.ng/akwa-ibom-gets-new-commissioner-of-information/ &quot;Akwa Ibom gets new Commissioner of Information&quot;]. ''Theeagleonline.com.ng''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 December&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==
N'afọ 2018, e nyere Udoh onyinye dịka onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Institute of Information Management site na Institute of Information Management, Naịjirịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://insideakwaibom.com/2018-investiture-iim-hosted-akwa-ibom-charles-udoh-recieves-award/|title=2018 Investiture of IIM hosted in Akwa Ibom as Charles Udoh {{as written|rec|ieves [sic]}} award - Inside Akwa Ibom|accessdate=2018-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226133804/http://insideakwaibom.com/2018-investiture-iim-hosted-akwa-ibom-charles-udoh-recieves-award/|archivedate=2018-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nextreporter.com/aks-info-boss-charles-udoh-bags-iim-fellowship-award/|title=AKS INFO BOSS, CHARLES UDOH BAGS IIM FELLOWSHIP AWARD|date=7 July 2018|work=Next Reporter|accessdate=26 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, na 2018, ndị nhazi ihe ngosi nka &quot;Sacrificial Lamb&quot; nke emere na 2018 na National Art Gallery, Uyo nyere ya onyinye Nnọchiteanya Ahụike Uche maka ọdịmma uche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://insideakwaibom.com/aks-information-commissioner-bags-mental-health-ambassador-award/|title=AKS INFORMATION COMMISSIONER BAGS MENTAL HEALTH AMBASSADOR AWARD!!! - Inside Akwa Ibom|accessdate=2018-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226133710/http://insideakwaibom.com/aks-information-commissioner-bags-mental-health-ambassador-award/|archivedate=2018-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ natara onyinye Africa's Distinguished Personality Award site na Trans-Africa Students Initiative na 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wetinhappen.com.ng/akwa-ibom-info-boss-bags-2018-trans-africa-distinguished-personality/|title=AKWA IBOM INFO BOSS BAGS 2018 TRANS-AFRICA DISTINGUISHED PERSONALITY|date=5 April 2018|work=Wetinhappen.com.ng|accessdate=26 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406013027/https://www.wetinhappen.com.ng/akwa-ibom-info-boss-bags-2018-trans-africa-distinguished-personality/|archivedate=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensịbịa ==
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      <text bytes="17621" sha1="it5jo5nxxj1rtitv3tr0runxjf30nki" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Lake Mweru Sentinel-2.png|thumb|Lake Mweru]]
 

'''Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru'''  (a na-asụkwa ya Mwelu ma ọ bụ Mwero; n'asụsụ French: Lac Moero; n'asụsụ Swahili: Ziwa Mweru) bụ ọdọ mmiri dị ọcha nke dị n'otu n'ime ogwe kachasị ogologo nke Osimiri Congo, osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ogologo n'Afrịka.Ọ dị n'ókè ala dị n'etiti Zambia na Democratic Republic of the Congo, ma na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka kilomita 110 (maili 68) nke ogologo Osimiri Congo nke dị n'etiti akụkụ Osimiri Luapula (n'elu mmiri,) na Osimiri Luvua (n'okpuru mmiri,) nke usoro Osimiri Congo.

'''Mweru''' pụtara 'ọdọ mmiri' n'ọtụtụ Asụsụ Bantu, yabụ a na-akpọkarị ya 'Mweru'.

== Ọnọdụ ala ==
[[Osimiri Luapula]] na-enye Mweru mmiri, -abata site na ala mmiri si n'ebe ndịda, na Osimiri Kalungwishi si n'ọwụwa anyanwụ. Na njedebe ya n'ebe ugwu, Osimiri Luvua, nke na-asọba n'ebeebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ iji sonyere [[Osimiri Lualaba]] wee gaa na Congo. Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na ọdọ mmiri Congo ma dị kilomita 150 (93 mi) n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke njedebe ndịda nke kachasị ukwuu, odo mmiri Tanganyika

Osimiri Luapula na-etolite delta buru ibu jupụtara n'apịtị, nke obosara ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ hà nke nsọtụ ndịda Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru. N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, a pụrụ ile osimiri a na akụkụ ala ya na ọdọ mmiri ahụ anya dịka otu usoro mmiri.N'agbanyeghị na Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru dị n'ógbè nwere oge udu mmiri na oge ọkọchị doro anya, ogo na nha ya anaghị agbanwe nke ukwuu. Mgbanwe kwa afọ n'ogo mmiri ya bụ naanị ihe dị ka mita 1.7 (ụkwụ 5 na sentimita 7), ebe mmiri na-akacha elu n'ọnwa Mee, ma na-akacha ala n'ọnwa Jenụwarị.Nke a bụ n'ihi na Osimiri Luapula na-ebupụta mmiri sitere na .&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten|year=2006|title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations|journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science|volume=31|issue=1|pages=145–150|doi=10.2989/16085910609503882|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bangweulu Swamps na ala mmiri nke na-achịkwa mmiri na-aga, na-amịkọrọ idei mmiri kwa afọ ma na-ahapụ ya nke nta nke nta, na n'otu aka n'ihi nde ụzọ Mweru, Luvua, na-ada ngwa ngwa ma na-aga ngwa, na-enweghị ahịhịa iji gbochie  ya.A na-egbochi ịrị elu na Mweru ngwa ngwa  na ọsọ ọsọ na Luvua.

Ogologo nkezi nke Mweru bụ kilomita 118 (73 mi) na nkezi obosara ya bụ kilomita 45 (28 mi), na ogologo axis ya na-eche ihu n'ebe Ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ-sudwest. Elu ya bụ mita 917 (3,009 ,  elu karịa Tanganyika (763 mita (2,503 ). Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na ndagwurugwu  na Lake Mweru-Luapula graben, nke bụ alaka nke East African Rift. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na DR Congo na-egosipụta ugwu dị elu nke dị na ọdọ mmiri ndagwurugwu, na-arịgo na Ugwu Kundelungu  karịa, mana ndagwurugwum ndagwurugwo anaghị apụta ìhè n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ.

Mweru adịghị emi nke ukwuu n'akụkụ ndịda ya, ma ọ na-emi emi karịa n'akụkụ ugwu, e nwere ebe abụọ miri emi n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke omimi ha kacha ukwuu bụ mita 20 na mita 27 (ụkwụ 66 na 89).

Ọdọ mmiri dị obere a na-akpọ Mweru Wantipa (nke a makwaara dị ka Mweru Marshes) dị ihe dị ka kilomita 50 (31 mi) n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ya, na n'ebe ugwu nke Kalungwishi. Ọ na-abụkarị endorheic ma na-ewere mmiri site na Kalungwishi site na dambo ọtụtụ oge, mana n'oge nnukwu idei mmiri ọ nwere ike ịba n'ime Kalungwish na Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru.

== Ọnọdụ ala mmadụ ==

=== Nnyocha ===
Ndị ahịa Arab na [[Swahili people|Swahili]] (nke ọdụ́, ọla kọpa na ndị ohu) maara ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ndị jiri Kilwa Island dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka isi n'otu oge. Ha jiri ụzọ azụmaahịa si Zanzibar n'[[Òrìmìlì India|Oké Osimiri India]] gaa Ujiji n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika gaa Mweru wee gaa n'alaeze Lunda, Luba, Yeke ma ọ bụ Kazembe, nke ikpeazụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda nke Mweru. Ụzọ azụmahịa ọdịda anyanwụ si n'alaeze ndị ahụ gaa n'Oké Osimiri [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic]], ya mere Mweru dị n'okporo ụzọ azụmahịa gafere kọntinent.

N'etiti afọ 1796 na 1831, ndị ahịa / ndị nchọpụta Portuguese Pereira, Francisco de Lacerda na ndị ọzọ si [[Mozambique]] gaa Kazembe iji nweta nkwekọrịta iji ụzọ azụmahịa dị n'etiti ókèala ha nke Mozambique na [[Angola]]. Ndị Portugal ga-abụrịrị na ha maara banyere ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ndị nleta ga-aga naanị n'ebe dị elu ihe dị ka kilomita 5 (3.1 mi) n'ebe ugwu nke isi obodo Kanyembo nke Kazembe iji hụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ 10 kilomita (6.2 mi) n&quot;ebe dị anya. Otú ọ dị, ha nwere mmasị karịa ụzọ azụmaahịa karịa nchọpụta, ha esila n'ebe ndịda bịarute ma Mwata Kazembe gbochiri njem ha, ha enyeghị akụkọ banyere ya. Onye nchọpụta na onye ozi ala ọzọ David Livingstone, onye kpọrọ ya 'Moero', bụ onye a na-eto maka nchọpụta ya n'oge njem ya nke 1867-'8.

Livingstone hụrụ mbibi na nhụjuanya nke ahịa ohu kpatara n'ógbè ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Mweru, akụkọ ya nyekwara aka mee ka ndị na-emegide ya. Nke ikpeazụ nke ahia ohu n'ógbè ahụ bụ n'oge na 1890s, Otú ọ dị. Ka ọ dịgodị, n'etiti 1870 na 1891, esemokwu na agha n'etiti eze Yeke Msiri na ndị isi na ndị ahịa agbata obi mebiri mpaghara ahụ. Ọ bụ mmadụ ole na ole na ndị Europe gara Mweru kemgbe Livingstone, ruo mgbe Alfred Sharpe na 1890-1 na Stairs Expedition na 1892 gafere n'ụzọ ha na Msiri na-achọ nkwekọrịta. The Stairs Expedition gburu Msiri ma were Katanga maka Eze Leopold nke Abụọ nke Belgium. Sharpe hapụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi ya ka o guzobe ebe mbụ a na-achị ala ọzọ na ndagwurugwu Luapula-Mweru, Ndị Britain na Chiengi na 1891.

=== Ọganihu akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
[[Faịlụ:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru na isi mmiri ya, Osimiri Luapula dị ala na ala mmiri ya, na Kalungwishi. Ihe ọzọ a na-egosi bụ ụzọ Mweru si apụta, Osimiri Luvua na-aga n'ebe ugwu ruo n'osimiri Lualaba na Congo. Mmiri na-egosi dị ka oji na foto satellite NASA a na-acha ụgha. A na-egosi oke ala ahịhịa site na akara na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, a na-egosikwa oke ala mmiri dị ka akara ntụpọ. Obodo ndị ahụ bụ, na Zambia: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; na DR Congo: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Ihe ndị ọzọ: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 bụ agwaetiti mmiri kachasị ukwuu (na DR Congo), 11 bụ isi ala mmiri.]]
Ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Luapula-Mweru ghọrọ akụkụ nke Belgian Congo na akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Northern Rhodesia, onye Britain na-nchebe. '''Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru''' na Tanganyika bụ mpaghara nke e kpughere mmetụta ndị Europe na mbido, mgbe ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ bụ isi ụzọ mbata nke Northern Rhodesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Moore|first=R. J.|date=April 1937|title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru|journal=Africa|volume=10|issue=2|pages=137–158|doi=10.2307/1155780|issn=0001-9720}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na Kilwa Island dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ, e kenyere ya Northern Rhodesia, ya mere Zambia nwere 58% nke mmiri ọdọ mmiri, na DR Congo 42%.

E guzobere ogige ndị Belgium mbụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Lukonzolwa na Pweto nke bụ n'oge dị iche iche isi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ha nke Katanga. Ha kpochapụrụ ahịa ohu na-aga n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Onye ozi ala ọzọ Scottish Dan Crawford nke Plymouth Brethren guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ozi ala ọzọ mbụ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na 1892 na Luanza n'akụkụ Belgium nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.

Ndị Britain si Chiengi kwaga na Kalungwishi, ya na otu onye ma ọ bụ abụọ ndị uwe ojii Britain (dị ka [[Blair Watson]]), na ndị uwe ojii Afrịka. Na njikọ ya na ọrụ ndị gbara Abercorn gburugburu n'ụzọ azụmahịa, nke a zuru iji kwụsị ahịa ohu na-aga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Mweru, mana ezughị iji mee ka Mwata Kazembe nọrọ n'okpuru ọchịchị Britain, a ga-eziga njem agha na 1899 site na British Central Africa ([[Malawi|Nyasaland]]) iji rụọ ọrụ ahụ (lee isiokwu banyere Alfred Sharpe maka nkọwa ndị ọzọ).

Ọpụpụ nke boma site na Chiengi gaa Kalungwishi nwere mmetụta nke ịhapụ boma Belgian na Pweto nnwere onwe na njedebe ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-eduga otu narị afọ ka e mesịrị na ihe dị ka square kilomita 33 (13 sq mi) nke ala Zambia dị nso na Pweto ka e nyefere ya na DR Congo (nke Zaire n'oge ahụ). Lee esemokwu ókèala nke Luapula Province maka nkọwa na ntụaka ndị ọzọ.

Mgbe 1900, mpaghara Belgian Congo nke Katanga n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ mepụtara ngwa ngwa karịa akụkụ Northern Rhodesia, mpaghara Luapula na obodo Kasenga awa ole na ole site na ụgbọ mmiri gaa n'osimiri Luapula ghọrọ ndị kachasị mepụta na ndagwurugwu Luapula-Mweru, ruo n'afọ 1960 ọ bụ isi ụlọ ahịa nwere ọrụ na akụrụngwa ka mma karịa ebe ndị ọzọ. Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala Elizabethville malitere ngwa ngwa karịa ndị nke Copperbelt, Kasenga nyekwara ndị ọrụ ya azụ. Kemgbe afọ 1960, nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ileghara gọọmentị anya na agha n'akụkụ Congo emeela ka akụrụngwa mebie, ebe udo n'akụkụ Zambia emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ọrụ dịkwuo elu, na-eme ka nguzozi gbanwee.

=== Ebe ndị mmadụ bi ===
Ọtụtụ obodo ịkụ azụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Mweru. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ogige oge. Obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ Zambia bụ Nchelenge, Kashikishi na Chiengi, na n'akụkụ DR Congo, Kilwa (obodo dị n'ihu agwaetiti ahụ), [[Lukonzolwa]] na Pweto.

E wezụga Kilwa Island, e nwere agwaetiti abụọ ọzọ bi na ọdọ mmiri ahụ: Isokwe Island  3 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi), na 2 square kilometres (0.77 sq mi) agwaetiti Congolese n'akụkụ ọnụ Luapula.  (Agwaetiti abụọ ndị ọzọ dị na Luapula marshins nwere ụsọ mmiri n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ).

Akụkụ ọdọ mmiri dị na Congo metụtara nke ukwuu n'oge Agha Congo nke Abụọ nke mere n'agbata afọ 1999 ruo 2003, ma mpaghara ahụ ka na-agbake n'ọnọdụ agha ahụ ruo taa. Ọtụtụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ si na Pweto banye na Zambia, ebe e debere ha n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ dị na mpaghara Mporokoso na Kawambwa. 

=== Ụgbọ njem ===
Ndị Belgium na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile site na ụgbọ mmiri, ''Charles Lemaire'', n'etiti Kasenga na Luapula na Pweto na mpụta nke Osimiri Luvua, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomita 300 (190 mi) ma ọ bụrụ na a gụnyere nkwụsị na Kilwa. Ụgbọ mmiri ka na-aga n'ụzọ ahụ taa. A naghị eji ụgbọ mmiri eme ihe n'akụkụ Zambia, ma e wezụga Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island na Chisenga Island (n'ime apịtị Luapula).

Ọ bụ naanị okporo ụzọ ruru unyi na-eje ozi n'ógbè Mweru ruo mgbe okporo ụzọ Luapula Province dị n'akụkụ Zambia ka e tere ya na Nchelenge na 1987; ndị bi gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ amụbaala, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-erigbu azụ azụ bara ọgaranya nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Mgbe ebe a na-egwupụta ọla kọpa tụfuru ndị ọrụ na 1980s na 1990s, ọtụtụ ndị bụbu ndị na-egwe ihe n'ime ala kwagara n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọkachasị gburugburu Nchelenge-Kashikishi.

A leghaara okporo ụzọ ruru unyi n'akụkụ Congo anya ma nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ọjọọ, ọtụtụ ndị na-agafe Zambia iji jiri ụzọ gaa. Lee ụzọ Congo Pedicle maka nkọwa ndị ọzọ.

=== Ịkụ azụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Haplochromis_moeruensis.gif|thumb|Ihe osise nke ụdị ''Thoracochromis moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), haplochromine cichlid si Lake Mweru]]
A maara Mweru mgbe  maka longfin tilapia ya, (''Oreochromis macrochir''), nke a na-akpọ pale ('pa-lay') na [[Bemba language|Chibemba]], nke a na'ozuzu ya na-akpọnwụ na racks ma ọ bụ mats n'anyanwụ ma tinye ya na nkata maka ahịa.  (Ịṅụ sịga na itinye nnu n'ime azụ bụ usoro ndị na-adịbeghị anya n'ógbè ahụ). Catfish (otu ụdị nke na-eto ruo mita 2 (6  in) n'ogologo), a na-ejikwa ụdị carp, tigerfish, elephantfish na sardine-like fish.

Ndị na-egbu azụ na Lake Mweru na Osimiri Luapula bụ ndị [[Greece|Grik]] si n'Agwaetiti Dodecanese bụ ndị biri na Kasenga, DR Congo, n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Luapula 150 kilomita (93 mi) n'elu osimiri site na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ . Ha jiri ụgbọ mmiri ndị e wuru n'ụdị ndị Gris na-eji injin steam na-eji coal eme ihe, e mesịa jiri diesel dochie ya. Ha nyere ndị ọrụ nke Ebe a na-egwupụta ọla kọpa na Lubumbashi (mgbe e mesịrị Copperbelt dum) azụ nke a na-etinye na ice na Kasenga ma si ebe ahụ buru ya na gwongworo. E mere atụmatụ na 1950 e nwere ụgbọ mmiri ndị Gris 50 na-ejide 4,000 obere tọn (3,600 tọn) nke azụ ọhụrụ kwa afọ. Ọ ga-ewe otu izu maka ụgbọ mmiri iji gaa n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma jupụta ya, nke e ji ice bu n'ụgbọ ahụ kpuchie. 

N'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, igbu azụ belatara n'ihi igbu azụ gabigara ókè ma na-eme atụmatụ na 13,000 ogologo tọn (13,000  e jidere site na obere ụgbọ mmiri 4,500, ọkachasị ụgbọ mmiri plank. Ndị ọkụ azụ Congo na-ejide ihe kachasị n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere obere òkè nke mmiri. A na-ejide Tilapia site na ụgbụ, ha anaghị eru ogo ha mere n'otu oge. Kemgbe afọ 1980, ịkụ azụ 'chisense' mụbara. A na-eji usoro a ejide obere azụ a na-akpọ kapenta, nke sitere n'ụsọ osimiri ma ugbu a na-eji ọkụ n'ụgbọ mmiri n'abalị iji dọta azụ ndị a na-etinye na ụgbụ dị mma.

=== Ịchụ ala ===
Ngwuputa ọla kọpa Dikulushi  bụ ngwuputa mepere emepe  nke dị ihe dị ka kilomita 50 (maili 31) n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Kilwa na DR Congo, site n'okporo ụzọ ájá, ma dịkwa ihe dị ka kilomita 23 (maili 14) n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru.N'ọnwa Maachị 2010, ụlọ ọrụ Anvil Mining rere ngwuputa ahụ nye Mawson West, otu ụlọ ọrụ Australia.Mgbe ngwuputa ahụ na-arụ ọrụ, nnukwu gwongworo na-ebu ngwakọta ọla kọpa na-agafe Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru site n'iji nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri pontoon nwere injin, site na Kilwa ruo Nchelenge, nke dị ihe dị ka kilomita 44 (maili 27). Site na Nchelenge, gwongworo ndị ahụ na-aga njem dị ihe dị ka kilomita 2,500 (maili 1,600) ruo n'ebe a na-agbaze ọla kọpa dị na obodo Tsumeb, Namibia .    .

=== Njem ===
Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru emebeghị maka njem nleta n'agbanyeghị na a na-ewere ya dị ka &quot;nke mara mma n'ezie&quot;. Enweghị ohere n'oge gara aga, enweghị Nchekwa anụ ọhịa, na agha na DR Congo n'etiti 1996 na 2003 enyereghị aka. Afọ 60 gara aga, ụsọ mmiri ọdịda anyanwụ na nke ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke nnukwu ìgwè enyí, ala mmiri Luapula kwadoro ìgwè lechwe, na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Lusenga Plain na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mweru Wantipa bụ ebe a ma ama maka Cape buffalo, nnukwu ụdị antelope na [[Odúm|ọdụm]]. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ ebelatala n'ihi ịchụ nta, mbibi ebe obibi ha, na ịchụ nta iwu na-akwadoghị. N'akụkụ Zambia, ọ pụrụ ịbụ naanị Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Mweru Wantipa ka nwere nnukwu ohere maka mmepe njem nlegharị anya. N'akụkụ Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Kundelungu, nke dị n'ugwu ihe dị ka kilomita 75 (maili 47) n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nwere ike ịdị n'ọnọdụ ka mma.

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Ọdọ Mmiri Rift
* [[Osimiri Luapula]]
* Osimiri Luvua
* Osimiri Kalungwishi
* Kazembe
* Ógbè Katanga
* Msiri
* Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru Wantipa
* Esemokwu ókèala Luapula Province
* Ógbè Luapula

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

: '''Nkwupụta n'ozuzu'''
:* Maka mpaghara, omimi na data olu: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577_Update_on_the_bathymetry_of_Lake_Mweru_with_notes_on_water_level_fluctuations AR Bos, CK Kapasa na PAM van Zwieten: &quot;Mmegharị na bathymetry nke Lake Mweru (Zambia), na ihe edeturu na mgbanwe nke mmiri&quot;.] African Journal of Aquatic Science, 31 (1): 145-150 (2006). Enwetara ya na 4 Machị 2007. 
:* Maka anya: Google Earth.
:* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312203551/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr026.html Ntinye data nke World Lakes maka Lake Mweru]

== Njikọ mpụga ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;

* [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/lakmweru.htm Ihe ọmụma njem Zambia na foto]
* [https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/a-trans-africa-inland-waterway-system Usoro Mmiri Na-agafe Afrịka?]
* Democratic Republic of Congo Waterways Assessment E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
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    <title>Dambo</title>
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'''dambo'''  bụ ụdị ala mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-adịghị emi, a na-ahụkarị ya n'Ebe Etiti, Ndịda na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, ọkachasị na Zambia, Malawi, na Zimbabwe. A na-ahụkarị ha n'ebe dị larịị nke dị elu ma na-enweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, ma ha na-adịkarị ka alaka osimiri na-ekewa n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Ọ bụ ezie na alaka ndị a n'otu n'otu adịghị ukwuu, mgbe a chịkọtara ha ọnụ, ha na-ekpuchi nnukwu mpaghara. A na-eme atụmatụ na dambo na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka pasent 12.5% nke ala Zambia.Okwu ndị ọzọ yiri dambo n'Afrịka gụnyere mbuga (nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka), matoro ( Mashonaland), vlei ( South Afrịka), fadama ( Naijiria), na bolis (Sierra Leone). A tụkwasịkwara aro na okwu French bas-fond na okwu German Spültal na-ezo aka n'ala mmiri ahịhịa yiri nke a.

== Ihe ndị e ji mara ya ==
Dambos nwere ahịhịa, rushes na sedges, dị iche na ọhịa gbara ya gburugburu dị ka osisi miombo. Ha nwere ike ịcha n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na njedebe nke (oge ọkọchị), na-ekpughe ala na-acha ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ ụrọ ojii, mana n'adịghị ka Ala ahịhịa jupụtara na mmiri, ha na-ejigide akara mmiri n'oge ọkọchị. A na-ejupụta ha (mmiri) n'oge (oge mmiri ozuzo) mana ọ bụghị n'ozuzu n'elu ịdị elu nke ahịhịa, mmiri ọ bụla na-emeghe na-ejikarị iyi na obere ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri (obere ala mmiri) n'ebe kachasị ala n'ofe etiti.

A na-ejikarị aha dambo eme ihe maka ala mmiri dị larịị nke na-eme ka isi mmiri nke iyi dị. A tụwo aro nkọwa maka ebumnuche sayensị dị ka &quot;mmiri na-ekpuchi oge, ahịhịa na-ekpuchikarị, ndagwurugwu ndị dị n'akụkụ isi mmiri&quot;.

== Ụdị ==
Nsogbu dị na nkọwa e kwuru n'elu bụ na a pụkwara iji okwu dambo kpọọ ala mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri nke dị anya site n'isi iyi osimiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, e nwere dambo nke Osimiri Mbereshi n'ebe ọ na-abanye n'ime apịtị nke Osimiri Luapula na Zambia, na nhazi ala 09°43′30″S 28°46′00″E / 9.72500°S 28.76667°E. 

Akụkọ 1998 nke Food and Agriculture Organization na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti 'hydromorphic / phreatic' dambos (nke jikọtara ya na isi mmiri) na 'fluvial' dambos (nke jikọtara ya da Osimiri), ma na-ezo aka na ụdị geomorphological ise na mpaghara Luapula nke Zambia: ala, ''ndagwurugwu'', nkwonkwo, dunes na pan dambos.

== Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri ==
Mmiri ozuzo na-enye Dambos mmiri nke na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanye mmiri iji nye mmiri iyi nri, ya mere, ọ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke [[Etemete mmírí|okirikiri mmiri]]. Na mgbakwunye na ịbụ usoro okike dị mgbagwoju anya, ha na-arụkwa ọrụ na ụdị dị iche iche nke mpaghara ahụ.

E nwere echiche a ma ama na dambos na-arụ ọrụ dị ka sponges iji mee ka mmiri ozuzo nke ha ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abanye n'osimiri n'oge ọkọchị wee hụ na mmiri na-asọ n'afọ niile, mana ụfọdụ nnyocha na-emegide nke a nke na-egosi na n'etiti ruo n'oge mmiri ozuzo, a na-ewepụta mmiri n'ezie site na aquifers. A na-ahụ Isi iyi na ụfọdụ dambos. Ya mere, ọ nwere ike iwe ogologo oge - ma eleghị anya ọtụtụ afọ - maka mmiri sitere n'oge mmiri ozuzo siri ike ịgafe ugwu ma pụta na dambo, na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri n'ebe ahụ ma ọ bụ na-asọba n'osimiri ndị na-agbadata nke mmiri ozuzo nke afọ gara aga enweghị ike ịkọwa. Dambos nwere ike itinye aka, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ịkọwa ọdịiche dị mgbagwoju anya na ọkwa mmiri ma ọ bụ na-asọ na Lake Mweru Wantipa na Lake Chila na Mbala.

== Ojiji ==
N’omenala, a na-eji dambo eme ihe ma na-eritekwa uru na ya n’ụzọ dị iche iche:

* dị ka isi iyi mmiri n'oge ọkọchị
* maka ihe eji eme ihe dị ka ahịhịa na ihe mgbochi
* maka ụrọ e ji ewu ụlọ, ime brik na ụrọarịa ụrọ
* maka ịchụ nta (karịsịa nnụnụ na obere antelope) 
* maka ịzụlite akwụkwọ nri na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ, nke nwere ike ịdị mkpa n'afọ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ebe ọ bụ na ala dambo na-ejikarị mmiri zuru ezu iji mepụta ihe ubi mgbe mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị
* maka ịmịkọrọ cassava na-elu ilu n'ọdọ mmiri ndị e gwuru
* maka igbu azụ (na-ejikarị ọnyà azụ) na dambos ndị nwere iyi

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a na-eji ha eme ihe maka Ọdọ mmiri azụ na ịzụlite [[Osikàpà|osikapa]] n'elu ala. Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji zụlite dambos n'ọrụ ugbo enweela ihe mgbochi n'ihi enweghị nyocha na mmiri na ala nke dambos, nke gosipụtara na ọ dịgasị iche ma dị mgbagwoju anya.

== Ihe Nlereanya ==
A pụrụ ịhụ dambo dị na nhazi ala 11°28′S 28°54′E / 11.467°S 28.900°E (ihe dị ka kilomita 30 n'ebe ndịda Mansa, Zambia) n'ime ebe e debere maka nchekwa ọhịa. N'adịghị ka mpaghara ndị agbata obi nke e gbuturu osisi ha maka ọrụ ugbo na imepụta unyi, dambo ahụ na-egosi ọdịiche doro anya n'akụkụ mkpuchi osisi miombo nke ka na-adị n'ọnọdụ okike.Dambo ndị dị n'ebe isi iyi osimiri na-amalite nwere usoro alaka na-ekewa dịka osimiri. Ọtụtụ dambo na-enwekwa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu obosara ma na-emepụta ụdị nhazi yiri ibe ha.

Ihe atụ nke pan dambo dị na nhazi ala 16°22.003′S 24°18.580′E / 16.366717°S 24.309667°E (ihe dị ka kilomita 102 n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Mulobezi, Zambia). Mmiri dị n'ime pan ahụ akpọnwụla, a kpọkwara ahịhịa dị n'ebe ahụ ọkụ, nke mere ka etiti dambo ahụ yie ọchịchịrị. N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke pan dambo, a pụrụ ịhụ usoro dambos n'akụkụ osimiri abụọ.

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Ala Mmiri Bangweulu</title>
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'''Ala Mmiri Bangweulu''' bụ ala mmiri dị n'akụkụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu]] n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Zambia]]. A họpụtara mpaghara ahụ dị ka otu n'ime ala mmiri kachasị mkpa n'ụwa site na Nkwekọrịta Ramsar na &quot;Mpaghara Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa&quot; site na BirdLife International. N'afọ 2008, African Parks malitere ijikwa Bangweulu na mmekorita ya na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ogige Ntụrụndụ na Anụ Ọhịa nke Zambia site na nguzobe nke Bangweulu Wetland Management Board.

== Nchịkọta ==
A kọwara usoro okike nke Bangweulu Wetlands na 1940s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McKey|first=Doyle B.|date=27 December 2016|title=Present-day African analogue of a pre-European Amazonian floodplain fishery shows convergence in cultural niche construction|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=113|issue=52|pages=14,938–14,943|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613169114|pmid=27980030}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bangweulu, nke pụtara &quot;ebe mmiri na-ezute eluigwe&quot;, dị n'ime mpaghara Northern Province nke Zambia ma kweta na Nkwekọrịta Ramsar dị ka otu n'ime Ala mmiri kachasị mkpa n'ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Boyes|first=Steve|title=Working for Water: The Bangweulu Wetlands and Africa's Shoebill…|url=https://voices.nationalgeographic.org/2012/12/07/working-for-water-the-bangweulu-wetlands-and-africas-shoebill/|work=National Geographic|accessdate=10 October 2017|date=7 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpaghara 9,850-square-kilomita (3,800 sq mi) &lt;ref name=&quot;Gray&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gray|first=William|title=Zambia and Victoria Falls|date=2007|publisher=New Holland Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtRSM4h-TRgC&amp;pg=PA91|accessdate=10 October 2017|isbn=9781845378134}}&lt;/ref&gt; nwere ala mmiri, Ala ahịhịa na-eme ka mmiri na-asọ, ala ọhịa, &lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bangweulu Wetlands &quot;Where the water meets the sky&quot;|url=http://www.zm.undp.org/content/zambia/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/successstories/bangweulu-wetlands-where-the-water-meets-the-sky--.html|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|accessdate=10 October 2017|archivedate=19 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519213859/http://www.zm.undp.org/content/zambia/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/successstories/bangweulu-wetlands-where-the-water-meets-the-sky--.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ala mmiri na-adịgide adịgide nke osimiri [[Osimiri Chambeshi|Chambeshi]], [[Osimiri Luapula|Luapula]], Lukulu, na Lulimala na-enye mmiri. Òtù na-ahụ maka nchekwa na-enweghị uru African Parks na-elekọta mpaghara 6,000-square-kilomita (2,300 sq mi) nke nnukwu gburugburu ebe obibi Bangweulu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bangweulu Wetlands|url=https://www.african-parks.org/sites/default/files/uploads/resources/2017-06/African_Parks_Bangweulu_Fact_Sheet.pdf|publisher=[[African Parks]]|accessdate=4 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flora na anụmanụ ==
Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nwere Cyperus papyrus, ahịhịa na-ese n'elu mmiri, ala osisi Miombo, &lt;ref name=&quot;LP&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Lonely Planet Zambia, Mozambique &amp; Malawi|date=1 June 2013|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pL1pVdwpTWYC&amp;pg=PT204|accessdate=10 October 2017|first=Mary|author=Fitzpatrick|isbn=9781743216453}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ahịhịhịa ndị na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke agụ iyi, azụ, na Nnụnụ mmiri. Ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara gụnyere atụ, Burchell's zebra, bushbuck, tsessebe nkịtị, enyí, Enyí mmiri, hyenas, jackals, oribi, reedbuck, roan na sable antelope,na sitatunga &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Chisha|first=Christine|title=Malama set to make a difference|url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/malama-set-to-make-a-difference/|accessdate=11 October 2017|work=[[Zambia Daily Mail]]|date=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bangweulu nwere naanị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu fọdụrụnụ nke black lechwe;  E mere atụmatụ na 36,600 kọrọ na 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kamweneshe|first=Bernard Mwila|title=Ecology, Conservation and Management of the Black Lechwe (Kobus Leche Smithemani) in the Bangweulu Basin, Zambia|date=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ag_soQEACAAJ|accessdate=11 October 2017|publisher=[[University of Pretoria]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọtụtụ nde ụmụ oke na-acha ahịhịa na-akwaga n'oké ọhịa Mushitu nke Bangweulu na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Kasanka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Weaver&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Weaver|first=Tony|title=Eight Million New Wonders of the World|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-272264395.html|accessdate=11 October 2017|work=[[Cape Times]]|publisher=[[Sekunjalo Investments]]|date=11 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2016, African Parks jikọtara aka na Fondation Segré iji weghachite anụmanụ 600, gụnyere hartebeest, impala, na puku, n'ime ala mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;FS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bangweulu Wetlands Wildlife Reintroduction Project|url=http://www.fondationsegre.org/bangweulu-wetlands-wildlife-reintroduction-project/|publisher=Fondation Segré|accessdate=10 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; E weghachiri Cheetah n'ebe nchekwa ahụ na 2020, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu narị afọ mgbe ha na-anọghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zambia Hails the Return of Cheetahs to one of Africa’s Most Important Wetlands|url=https://www.africanparks.org/zambia-hails-return-cheetahs-one-africas-most-important-wetlands|accessdate=2023-05-23|work=www.africanparks.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Multiple image/styles.css&quot; wrapper=&quot;.tmulti&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

Bangweulu ka BirdLife International họpụtara dịka Mpaghara Dị Mkpa Maka Nchekwa Nnụnụ .Ala mmiri ya bụ ebe obibi nke ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 400, gụnyere cormorant, ducks , egret, goose, heron, ibis, pygmy goose, na nnụnụ ndị na-agagharị n'ala mmiri .Nnụnụ kacha pụta ìhè bụ shoebill, ụdị nnụnụ nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi ọkụ a na-agba n'ebe obibi ya iji kwadebe ala maka ọrụ ugbo, asọmpi sitere n'ọrụ ịkụ azụ, ahịa anụ ọhịa, na nsogbu ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ebe obibi ya.N'afọ 2022, e hiwere ebe a na-azụ ma na-emezigharị ụmụ shoebill.Ebe a na-elekọta ụmụ nnụnụ ahụ ruo mgbe ha tolitere nke ọma, emesịa a na-ahapụ ha ka ha laghachi n'ógbè ahụ.Ụdị nnụnụ ndị ọzọ e dekọrọ na Bangweulu gụnyere great white pelican, saddle-billed stork, African spoonbill, na wattled crane. .&lt;ref name=&quot;shoebill&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shoebill Conservation in Bangweulu - A Unique Solution for a Unique Bird|url=https://www.africanparks.org/shoebill-conservation-bangweulu-unique-solution-unique-bird|publisher=African Parks|accessdate=20 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Kamweneshe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kamweneshe|first=Bernard M.|title=Status of Ecology of Wattled Cranes in Bangweulu Basin, Zambia|url=https://www.savingcranes.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/pp261-265.pdf|accessdate=10 October 2017|pages=261–265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Esemokwu mmadụ na anụ ọhịa ===
Mpaghara Bangweulu gụnyere ọtụtụ obodo nta, ma a na-eme atụmatụ na mmadụ 50,000 ruo 90,000 na-adabere n'ala mmiri ndị ahụ maka ibi ndụ, nke a na-ebutekarị esemokwu n'etiti mmadụ na anụ ọhịa.Ihe ndị na-eyi usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ nke mpaghara ahụ egwu gụnyere ịkpọ ebe obibi anụmanụ ọkụ iji kwadebe ala maka ọrụ ugbo, ịkụ azụ gabigara ókè, na ịchụ nta iwu na-akwadoghị . Ịbawanye ojiji nke ụgbụ anwụnta eme ihe n'ịkụ azụ emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ belata na Bangweulu nakwa n'ofe Zambia.Iji lụso nsogbu ndị a ọgụ, African Parks mepụtara ọtụtụ mmemme obodo na ọrụ mmepe akụ na ụba, gụnyere ịzụ aṅụ, njikwa ịkụ azụ na-adịgide adịgide, na mmụta gbasara ahụike ọmụmụ. N'ihi nke a, a chịkwala ịchụ nta iwu na-akwadoghị na omume ndị ọzọ megidere iwu nke ọma, ma ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ amalitela ịlaghachi n'ọnọdụ ka mma. &lt;ref name=&quot;McIntyre&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=McIntyre|first=Chris|title=Zambia|date=5 July 2016|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69c5DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA336|accessdate=11 October 2017|isbn=9781784770129}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gettleman&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|title=Meant to Keep Malaria Out, Mosquito Nets Are Used to Haul Fish In|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/25/world/africa/mosquito-nets-for-malaria-spawn-new-epidemic-overfishing.html|accessdate=11 October 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Nchekwa ==
N'afọ 2008, African Parks malitere ijikwa Bangweulu site na nguzobe nke Bangweulu Wetland Management Board, nke gụnyere nnọchiteanya nke African Parks, Zambia Wildlife Authority, na ndị otu obodo isii. African Parks na United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) nwetara ego. Site na mmekorita a, African Parks na-ahụ maka njikwa na ọrụ niile nke Bangweulu, gụnyere mmanye iwu, mmepe obodo, nchekwa ụdị dị iche iche, akụrụngwa na mmepe akụ na ụba. Njikọ ọha na eze na nke obodo a bụ akụkụ nke echiche Community Partnership Park nke Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environment Protection na Zambia Wildlife Authority's &quot;Reclassification and Effective Management of National Protected Areas System&quot; project mepụtara. Dị ka UNDP si kwuo, ọrụ ahụ na-achọ &quot;imeziwanye njikwa nke Ebe Ndị A Na-echebe dị ugbu a site na mmanye iwu na ịtụ aro ụdị mpaghara ọhụrụ echedoro iji hụ na obodo nwere ma jikwaa ihe ndị sitere n'okike n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide&quot;.

Ndị mmekọ gara aga kwadoro nchekwa Ala Mmiri Bangweulu gụnyere Bangweulu Wetlands Management Board na Kasanka Trust. Dị ka African Parks si kwuo, ndị isi na-enye nkwado ugbu a gụnyere WWF–The Netherlands, WWF–Zambia, na Ngalaba Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba na Anụ Ọhịa nke Zambia.Ebumnuche Working for Water Project bụ ime nyocha na ichekwa nnukwu ala mmiri dị n'Afrịka, gụnyere Bangweulu, Delta Niger, Delta Okavango, Sudd, na Zambezi.Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology nke Mahadum Cape Town arụkọla ọrụ n'ịmepụta atụmatụ nchekwa maka nnụnụ shoebill.N'afọ 2016, African Parks na Fondation Segré malitere Bangweulu Wetlands Wildlife Reintroduction Project, nke ebumnuche ya bụ iwughachi mpaghara echekwara nke nwere usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ siri ike ma nwee ike ịdịgide onwe ya n'ọdịnihu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Partners: Bangweulu|url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/bangweulu/partners|publisher=African Parks|accessdate=11 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Hụkwa ==

* Anụ ọhịa nke Zambia

== Edensibịa ==
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== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite journal|pmid=28745838|title=First record of epizootic ulcerative syndrome from the Upper Congo catchment: An outbreak in the Bangweulu swamps, Zambia.|author=Huchzermeyer|first=C.F.|date=26 July 2017|doi=10.1111/jfd.12680|journal=[[Journal of Fish Diseases]]|volume=41|issue=1|pages=87–94}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
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* {{Cite web|url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/bangweulu|title=Bangweulu Wetlands|publisher=[[African Parks]]}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://africageographic.com/blog/beautiful-images-of-bangweulu-wetlands/|title=Beautiful images of Bangweulu Wetlands|date=2 December 2014|work=Africa Geographic}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/zambia/bangweulu-wetlands|title=Bangweulu Wetlands|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]}}</text>
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    <title>Osimiri Kabompo</title>
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'''Osimiri Kabompo''' bụ otu n'ime isi mmiri nke Osimiri Zambezi dị n'elu. Ọ na-asọ kpamkpam na [[Zambia]], na-ebili n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke isi iyi nke Zambezi, na North-Western Province. A na-ekwu na ọ bụ osimiri nke abụọ kachasị omimi n'Africa na otu n'ime ise kachasị elu n'ụwa, ọ bụ ezie na a ka ga-ebipụta ihe ndekọ nke omimi osimiri.

== Ọdịdị ala ==
Osimiri Kabompo na-asọba n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ site n'ime ọhịa miombo, ma mesịa gafee mpaghara ọhịa akọrọ dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Cryptosepalum, ebe West Lunga National Park dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ya.Mgbe osimiri ahụ gafere obodo Kabompo, ọ na-etolite mbara idei mmiri jupụtara n'apịtị nke nwere ike iru kilomita 5 n'obosara.Kabompo Ferry, nke dị n'akụkụ ala osimiri ahụ, na-ebufe ụgbọ ala na okporo ụzọ aja  bụ isi nke na-aga site n'ugwu ruo ndịda n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Zambezi.Osimiri Kabompo na-asọba banye n'Osimiri Zambezi n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Lukulu, n'akụkụ ugwu nke Barotse Floodplain.Isi osimiri ndị na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Kabompo bụ Osimiri West Lunga, nke si n'ebe ugwu bịa, na Osimiri Dongwe, nke si n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ bịa.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta osimiri nke Africa

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}} {{Coor|13|35|00|S|24|13|50|E|region:ZM_type:river_source:dewiki}}</text>
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    <title>O. Ö. Energiesparverband</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''OÖ Energiesparverband''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ike na Upper Austria. Gọọmenti mpaghara ahụ hibere ya n'afọ 1991 iji kwalite iji ike eme ihe nke ọma, iji isi mmalite ike a na-emelite eme ihe, na mmepe teknụzụ ike ọhụrụ. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Linz, Austria.

OÖ Energiesparverband na-akwado mmepe ahịa nke mmepụta ike na ojiji na mmemme na ọrụ ndị a:

* Ozi gbasara ike na ime ka ọha mmadụ mata ya.
* ike na mmata ọha na eze
* Ndụmọdụ ike na nyocha maka ezinụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze na azụmaahịa
* Ihe owuwu ndị na-adịgide adịgide
* Ọzụzụ
* Nchịkwa nke netwọk azụmahịa ọkụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ Oekoenergie-Cluster[[Oekoenergie-Cluster|Ìgwè Ike Oeko]]
* Usoro R&amp;D nke Ógbè
* Usoro Nkwekọrịta Nrụpụta Ike
* Atụmatụ ike mpaghara
* Ọrụ Europe, imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=IEA-RETD|year=2012|title=Renewable Energy for Residential Heating and Cooling: Policy Handbook|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781136537110}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.esv.or.at OÖ Energiesparverband]</text>
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    <title>Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru Wantipa</title>
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'''Odo mmiri Mweru Wantipa''' ma ọ bụ Mweru-wa-Ntipa, nke pụtara &quot;ọdọ apịtị&quot;,(nke a na-akpọkwa 'Mweru Marsh') bụ usoro mejupụtara ọdọ mmiri na apiti dị na Mpaghara Ugwu nke Zambia. N'oge gara aga, a na-ewere ya dị ka otu ọdọ mmiri jupụtara n'ihe omimi n'ihi na ogo mmiri ya na ogo nnu dị n'ime ya  na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ụzọ a na-apụghị ịkọwa nke ọma naanị site n'ịgbanwe oke mmiri ozuzo. A makwaara ya na ọ na-akpọnwụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam n'oge ụfọdụ.Ihe ọzọ na-eme ka ọmụmụ ya sie ike bụ na ọ dị n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ, nke mere na ndị na-amụ ọdịdị ala na ndị na-amụ nkume ala etinyeghị uche na ya dịka ha mere n'ọdọ mmiri ndị agbata obi ya buru ibu ma dị mfe iru, ya bụ Ọdọ Tanganyika, nke dị kilomita 25 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na Ọdọ Mweru, nke dị kilomita 40 n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ,&quot;nke aha ya na-adịkarịzi mgbagwoju anya. 

[[Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru]] Wantipa bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na ndagwurugwu nke dị na alaka nke East African Rift, na-esi na [[Osimiri Luapula]] gaa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika. E nwere ụfọdụ isi iyi na-ekpo ọkụ nke ndagwurugwu rift n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Mmiri ya na-acha apịtị, mgbe ụfọdụ na-acha uhie uhie ma 'na-atọtụ mmanụ'.  N'asụsụ obodo &quot;wa ntipa&quot; pụtara &quot;nke nwere apịtị&quot;, ya mere &quot;Mweru Wantipa&quot; na-eme ka ọ dị iche na onye agbata obi ya buru ibu, Lake Mweru, nke nwere mmiri doro anya.

== Isi iyi na mmiri ozuzo ==
Osimiri na iyi, ọ dịghị nke buru ibu, na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru Wantipa na marsh ya site na mbara ala Mporokoso ihe dị ka kilomita 32 n'ebe ndịda, na ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na DR Congo. A na-eche na ọ na-agbanye mmiri site na ala mmiri ya dị n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na [[dambo]] a na-akpọ Mofwe n'ime Osimiri Kalungwishi, nke na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru. Otú ọ dị, na njikọ nke Kalungwishi na Mofwe, ịdị elu ya bụ 942 m mana elu ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị naanị 932 m. O doro anya na Kalungwish na-asọba n'oge mmiri ozuzo n'ime Mweru Wantipa, mana ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị vice versa, ọ bụ ezie na otu akụkọ na 1931 mgbe nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kọrọ na idei mmiri si na Mofwe banye na Kalungungwishi. Otú ọ dị, n'ọtụtụ oge, Mweru Wantipa enweghị ụzọ ọpụpụ ma mepụta ọdọ mmiri dịpụrụ adịpụ.

== Ogologo ọdọ mmiri ==
N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2005, isi ọdọ mmiri Mweru Wantipa si n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 65 n'ogologo ma ọ dị ihe dị iche ka kilomita 20 n'obosara, mana alaka dị warara gbasaa ihe dị ka km 30 n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ site na njedebe ugwu, na-enye mpaghara elu nke ihe dị ka 1500 km2. N'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na Kampinda, ala dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri kewara mmiri na-asọ asọ nke nwere ọdọ mmiri Chimbwe na ọdọ mmiri a na-akpọ Lake Cheshi .  Otú ọ dị, n'oge dị iche iche n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a kọrọ na ọ bụghị ọdọ mmiri kama ọ bụ ala mmiri na-enweghị mmiri ọ bụla, ọbụnakwa ịbụ ala apịtị kpọrọ nkụ (nke e ji akpịrịkpa na ọkpụkpụ azụ, na ọkpụpụ nke agụ iyi na enyí nwụrụ anwụ). Mgbanwe ndị a n'elu mmiri na-eme ọ bụghị naanị n'ime otu oge ọkọchị na mmiri ozuzo, kamakwa n'ime afọ ma ọ bụ iri afọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a kọrọ na ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri na 1890, 1897, 1911, 1919 na 1938, mana ọ bụ ala mmiri na 1892, 1900-11, 1912-19, na 1922; nakwa na ọ kpọrọ nkụ n'ihe dị ka 1916. A kọọrọ omimi ya kachasị ukwuu dị ka 5 m, mana mgbe ụfọdụ ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-erughị 1 m omimi n'elu ọtụtụ n'ime elu ya.

Ogo nnu nke Ọdọ Mweru Wantipa na-agbanwekwa n'ime ogologo oge. A kọọrọ na mmiri ya bụ mmiri dị ụtọ n'afọ 1929 na 1939, ma n'afọ 1949, a chọpụtara na mmiri ya aghọọla mmiri nwere nnu.

== Ihe ndị na-ekpebi ọkwa mmiri na nnu ==
Ọ bụ ezie na mmiri ozuzo bụ isi ihe kpatara ya, nke a nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ akụkọ zuru ezu. Mgbochi nke Mofwe na osimiri ndị na-abanye na Mweru Wantipa site na papyrus na uto nke rushes nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke azịza. O nwekwara ike ịbụ na mmetụta nke afọ ọkọchị nwere ike igbu oge ruo afọ ole na ole site na ntọhapụ nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala site na ugwu ndị gbara ya gburugburu n'ime dambos nke na-asọba n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=HISTORICAL CHANGES IN THE ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE LAKE MWERU WA NTIPA WETLAND ECOSYSTEM OVER THE LAST 150 YEARS: A DRYING LAKE?|author=Chansa Chomba|journal=Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa|year=2005|volume=15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe onwunwe na nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi ==
Ịkụ azụ nke Odo mmiri Mweru Wantipa emeela nke ọma n'oge gara aga mana ọ gwụla n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke enyí mmiri na agụ iyi. Ewezuga nnụnụ na nnụnụ mmiri, anụ ọhịa dị n'ala na n'ala mmiri, nke buru ibu, ebelatawo n'agbanyeghị ịdị adị nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mweru Wantipa. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ mana ọ na-ekpuchi elu ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime marshes na akụkụ nke ụsọ mmiri ndịda. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị naanị kilomita ole na ole site n'ókè [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]] n'akụkụ ugwu ya na agha na esemokwu na mba ahụ emeela ka ọtụtụ puku ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ banye na mpaghara ahụ na Kaputa, na-etinye nrụgide na akụ. A kpọgara ọtụtụ n'ime ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ n'ogige ndị dị na mpaghara Kawambwa na Mporokoso tupu ha alaghachi.

== Ebe obibi na okporo ụzọ ==
Isi obodo ndị bi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ obodo Kaputa , nke bụkwa mpaghara nchịkwa nke Northern Province.

N'otu oge, okporo ụzọ bụ isi na-eje ozi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ nke si Mporokoso gaa n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ ya ebe e nwere ụgbọ mmiri na Bulaya, mana nke ahụ emebiwo ma ugbu a, okporo ụzọ awara awara bụ nke si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu ruo Kaputa.

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Marta Benavides</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Marta Benavides.jpg|thumb|Marta Benavides]]
'''Marta Benavides (a mụrụ na 1943) bụ onye ndu okpukpe na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị si El Salvador. Ọ bụ ọkà mmụta okpukpe , onye ụkọchukwu e chiri echichi n'okpukpe American Baptist, onye ọkachamara n'ọrụ ugbo na-adịghi de, onye nkuzi, na onye na-ese ihe'''

== Mgbalị ==
Benavides malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka ikike mmadụ na udo n'afọ ndị 1960. Mgbe ndị agha wepụrụ ọchịchị n'Eel Salvador n'afọ 1979 na mmalite nke Agha Obodo El Salvador, ọ ghọrọ onye ndú nke Kọmitii Ecumenical maka Enyemaka Mmadụ, otu nke Achịbishọp Óscar Romero kwadoro. E gburu Romero n'afọ 1980. N'afọ 1982, Benavides gara mba ọzọ na Mexico na United States, wee gaa n'ihu na mbọ ya site n'ebe ahụ.

N'afọ 1992, mgbe Nkwekọrịta Udo nke Chapultepec gasịrị, Benavides laghachiri El Salvador wee guzobe nzukọ Siglo XXIII, nke a makwaara dị ka International Institute for Cooperation Amongst Peoples, nke na akwalite  ọrụ odinala dị ka ụzọ isi nweta udo na-adịgide adịgide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Hanley|title=Culturally Relevant Arts Education for Social Justice: A Way Out of No Way|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415656603}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;earthrights&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marta Benavides|url=https://www.earthrightsinstitute.org/about-4/our-team/board-members/99-marta-benavides|work=Earth Rights Institute|accessdate=27 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọduziri ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide, ikike mmadụ, na mgbochi nke ime ihe ike obodo na ezinụlọ.

== Ihe nrite ==
N'afọ 2003, ọ bụ otu n'ime mmadụ iri atọ na atọ nwetara ihe nrite nke Women's World Summit Foundation Prize for Women's Creativity in Rural Life. N'afọ 2005, ọ so n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 1,000 a hopụtara maka Nobel Peace Prize . N'afọ 2009, e nyere ya ihe nrite Woman Peacemaker Prize site na Institute of Joan B. Kroc for Peace and Justice na Mahadum San Diego, California . &lt;ref name=&quot;Kroc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2009 Women PeaceMakers|url=https://www.sandiego.edu/peacestudies/ipj/programs/women_peace_makers/women_peacemakers/2009WomenPeaceMakers.php|publisher=University of San Diego, Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122035029/https://www.sandiego.edu/peacestudies/ipj/programs/women_peace_makers/women_peacemakers/2009WomenPeaceMakers.php|archivedate=22 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọbu otu n'ime ndị isi oche nke Global Call to Action Against Poverty (GCAP). &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Provost|first=Claire|title=Development goals? What development goals? Blank faces in El Salvador|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/apr/02/development-goals-el-salvador|accessdate=27 March 2021|work=The Guardian|date=2 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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    <title>Ogige Ntụrụndụ Bou-Hedma</title>
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      <text bytes="1309" sha1="fud8lt0oea2qduoumoij06g2ypnufa9" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Parc national de Bouhedma 7.jpg|alt=Ogige Ntụrụndụ Bouhedma|thumb|Parc national de Bouhedma]]
'''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Bou-Hedma''' dị na Gafsa Governorate na Sidi Bouzid Governorate, na [[Tunisia]]. E kere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na Disemba 18, 1980, ọ nọkwa na ndepụta UNESCO nke Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa kemgbe Mee 28, 2008 &lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5384/ Bou-Hedma National Park in UNESCO]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ogige ntụrụndụ mba dị oke mkpa n'ihi osisi na anụmanụ ya. Ụdị anụmanụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke e webatara ebe a gụnyere scimitar oryx (Oryx dammah), addax (Addax nasomuculatus), enyí ugwu Afrịka (Struthio camelus camelus) na dama gazelle (Gazella dama mhorr). 

Bou-Hedma bụ ebe dị mkpa e ji ihe ochie gwuo egwu. Ọ gụnyere, tinyere ihe fọdụrụ n'ebe ndị Rom oge ochie bi, dịka obodo ndị Rom, àkwà mmiri ndị Rom nke Wadi Bautista, ọdọ mmiri ndị Rom oge ochie na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime ọwa mmiri ndị Rom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bou-Hedma National Park, TUNISIA|url=https://medomed.org/featured_item/bou-hedma-national-park-and-its-archaeological-landscape-tunisia/|accessdate=2020-09-21|work=Med-O-Med|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Ọgba Chinhoyi</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Chinhoyi caves, Zimbabwe.JPG|thumb|Chinhoyi caves, Zimbabwe]]
'''Ọgba Chinhoyi''' (nke a na-akpọbu Ọgba Sinoia) bụ otu ìgwè ọgba dolomite na  laịmstone na dị n'ugwu etiti nke Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/345 345]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba na 1955, nke Zimbabwe Parks &amp; Wildlife Management Authority na-achịkwa.

== Ebe ==
Ọgba ndị a dị na Makonde District, Mashonaland West Province, na ugwu etiti Zimbabwe. Ha dị ihe dị ka kilomita itoolu (mile 5.6), n'akụkụ ụzọ, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Chinhoyi (nke bụbu Sinoia), obodo ukwu kacha nso, na ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na nke ógbè ahụ dị.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zimbabwe_Distance_Result.asp?%20fromplace=Sinoia%20Caves%20()&amp;toplace=Chinhoyi%20()&amp;fromlat=-17.35&amp;tolat=-17.3666667&amp;fromlng=30.1333333&amp;tolng=30.2 Map Showing Chinhoyi And Chinhoyi Caves With Distance Marker]&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe a dị ihe dị ka kilomita 135 (mile 84), n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Harare, isi obodo ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zimbabwe_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Sinoia%20Caves%20()%20&amp;toplace=Harare%20(Harare)&amp;fromlat=-17.35&amp;tolat=-17.8177778&amp;fromlng=30.1333333&amp;tolng=31.0447222 Road Distance Between Harare And Chinhoyi Caves With Map]&lt;/ref&gt; Ọgba ndị ahụ dị n'okporo ụzọ ukwu, Okporo ụzọ A-1, n'etiti Harare na Chirundu, n'ókè mba ụwa na Republic of Zambia, ihe dị ka kilomita 250 (mile 160), n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọgba ndị ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zimbabwe_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Sinoia%20Caves%20()%20&amp;toplace=Chirundu%20()&amp;fromlat=-17.35&amp;tolat=-16.0333333&amp;fromlng=30.1333333&amp;tolng=28.85 Map Showing Chinhoyi Caves And Chirundu With Distance Marker]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==
E ji nkume lime na dolomite mee usoro ọgba ahụ. Isi ọgba ahụ nwere ọdọ mmiri cobalt acha anụnụ anụnụ, nke a na-akpọ Sleeping Pool ma ọ bụ Chirorodziva (&quot;Ọdọ Mmiri nke Ndị Dara&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; Ndị na-egwu mmiri achọpụtala ụzọ mmiri si n'Ọgba Bat, obere ọnụ ụlọ nke Ọgba Ọchịchịrị, gaa n'ime ụlọ ọzọ a maara dị ka Ọgba Ndị Nwụrụ Anwụ. Enwere ike ịgba mmiri n'ọgba ndị ahụ n'afọ niile, ebe okpomọkụ anaghị agafe oke okpomọkụ nke 22 ruo 24 Celsius (72 ruo 75 Celsius) na-enweghị okpomọkụ thermocline efu. A na-ahụ ya nke ọma, ọ dịghịkwa anya nke ọma, mita 50 (160 ft) na karịa anaghị ahụkarị.Ndị otu ndị na-eme njem mmiri nke teknụzụ ndị na-egwu mmiri nke ukwuu na-eleta ebe a. Ọ bụghị ihe ọhụrụ ka ndị ọkachamara n'ịmụ mmiri na-egwu mmiri n'ebe karịrị mita 100 (ụkwụ 330) ebe a. Ebe a na-eme ụlọikwuu, nke National Parks Authority na-achịkwa, na ụlọ nkwari akụ dị n'ebe ahụ.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Aha obodo maka ọdọ mmiri ọgba ahụ, Chirorodziva (&quot;Ọdọ Mmiri nke Ndị Dara&quot;) sitere na ihe merenụ na 1830, ebe ndị otu agbụrụ Angonni wakporo ndị obodo ahụ ma tụba ndị ha gburu n'ime ọgba ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt;

Frederick Courtney Selous buru ụzọ kọwaa ọgba nkume limestone ahụ n'afọ 1888. Ọgba ndị a bụ usoro ọgba kachasị gbasaa na Zimbabwe nke ọha mmadụ nwere ike ịnweta.

== Okpukpe ==
Ọgba ndị a nwere ebe dị mkpa n'okpukpe ọdịnala Afrịka, ebe ọgba ndị ahụ dị ka ebe a na-eme mmiri ozuzo, nke gbara oke ọhịa dị nsọ gburugburu, ebe a na-apụghị igbutu osisi site na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kwashirai|first=Vimbai|date=2010|title=Zimbabwe's Chinhoyi Caves: 1845-1945|journal=Global Environment|volume=3|issue=5|pages=71–110|doi=10.3197/ge.2010.030504|url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/7554}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ogbe nke Zimbabwe
* Mpaghara nke Zimbabwe
* Akụnụba nke  Zimbabwe

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20251216212851/http://zimguide.com/chinhoyi-caves/ Ọgba Chinhoyi Zimbabwe]</text>
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    <title>Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)</title>
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      <text bytes="6999" sha1="c6rpjy1jmywf34gj7n9zunjwaielnav" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Wfm lake edward lake george.jpg|thumb|Wfm lake edward lake george]]
 

'''Ọdọ Mmiri George''' ma ọ bụ '''Ọdọ Mmiri Katunguru''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na Uganda. O nwere oke ala nke kilomita 250 (mita 97) ma bụrụkwa akụkụ nke usoro ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka, ọ bụ ezie na a naghị ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ukwu.  Dịka ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara ahụ, aha otu onye si n'ezinụlọ eze Britain gbanwere aha ya, n'ọnọdụ a, Prince George, onye mechara bụrụ Eze George V.  Ọdọ Mmiri George na-asọba n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Edward n'ime Ọwa Kazinga.

Ndị Batooro, Basongora, Banyampaka na Banyankore, tinyere ndị ọzọ, bi n'ógbè gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburugburu.  Mba ndị a niile na-asụ asụsụ ndị yiri ibe ha nke a na-akpọkarị asụsụ Runyakitara. ''Akatunguru'' bụ okwu pụtara 'yabasị' ma ndị mmadụ dị iche iche a na-eji ya.  N'ihi ya, a bịara mara ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka Katunguru n'ihi ọdịdị ya dị ka yabasị.

Onye nchọpụta Wales bụ Henry Morton Stanley bụ onye Europe mbụ hụrụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'afọ 1875, mgbe ọ gbasịrị ọsọ nke Osimiri Katonga si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'oge njem ya na mba Africa. O chere na ọ bụ akụkụ nke Lake Albert, o mere ka ọ gbanwee aha ya ka ọ bụrụ '''''Beatrice Gulf'''''.  A kwụsịtụrụ atụmatụ nyocha n'ihi egwu nke esemokwu na alaeze Bunyoro.  N'oge nleta nke abụọ ya na mpaghara ahụ, n'afọ 1888 n'oge njem enyemaka Emin Pasha, Stanley chọtara ọdọ mmiri Edward, ma ghọta na e nwere ọdọ mmiri abụọ nọọrọ onwe ha, nyere Lake George aha ya ugbu a.

== Ọdịdị ala na sayensị mmiri ==
Ọdọ Mmiri George dị na 0°0'N, 30°12'E ma nwee elu nke mita 914 n'elu ọkwa oké osimiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake George {{!}} Lake George {{!}} World Lake Database - ILEC|url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3591|accessdate=2025-08-11|work=wldb.ilec.or.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osimiri ndị si n'Ugwu Rwenzori na-asọpụta na-asọba n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ha bụ Rumi, Mubuku na Nsonge, ha na-asọpụta na Kaziga Channel nke jikọtara Lake George na Lake Edward.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-12-05|title=Explore the Beauty of Lake George {{!}}Uganda {{!}}Boat rides {{!}}Adventure|url=https://abundadiscoveriesuganda.com/explore-the-beauty-of-lake-george/|accessdate=2025-08-11|work=Abunda Discoveries Uganda|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Surface area [km2]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |250
|-
|Volume [km3]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0.8
|-
|Maximum depth [m]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4.5
|-
|Mean depth [m]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2.4
|-
|Water level
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Unregulated
|-
|Normal range of annual water level fluctuation [m]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0.1
|-
|Residence time [yr]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0.3
|-
|Catchment area [km2]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |9,705
|}

== Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Lakes_and_mountains_of_western_Uganda_ESA298477.tiff|thumb|304x304px|Ọdọ mmiri na ugwu ndị dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ Uganda]]
Na Maachị afọ 1988, a họpụtara Lake George na Uganda dịka Ala Mmiri Ramsar nke Mkpa Mba Nile nke mbụ, nke mere ka o doo anya na ọ dị mkpa maka ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake George, Uganda|url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/01/Lake_George_Uganda|accessdate=2025-08-11|work=www.esa.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ eutrophic na alkaline n'ihi algae na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke nwere ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ ma na-enye aka na agba akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ya dịka a na-ahụ ya site na satịlaịtị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ganf|first=G. G.|date=1974|title=Phytoplankton Biomass and Distribution in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake (Lake George, Uganda)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4214981|journal=Oecologia|volume=16|issue=1|pages=9–29|issn=0029-8549}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-akwado ala mmiri na osimiri, bụ́ ebe obibi nye ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 150, gụnyere ụgbala dị iche iche nke nwere ọnụ saddle, yana hippopotamuses, elephants, Nile crocodiles na sitatunga antelopes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake George|url=https://www.gorillaugandasafaris.com/lake-george/|accessdate=2025-08-11|work=Gorilla Trekking Uganda|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake George|url=https://www.insidequeenelizabethnationalpark.com/lake-george.html|accessdate=2025-08-11|work=Inside Queen Elizabeth National Park|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere ụdị dị iche iche bara ụba nke bara uru n'akụ azụ, dịka tilapia, ọtụtụ ụdị cichlids, yana lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus) na ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ catfish (Bagrus docmac and Clarias gariepinus).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Case of Lakes Edward-George and Kazinga Channel|url=https://docslib.org/doc/7318261/the-case-of-lakes-edward-george-and-kazinga-channel|accessdate=2025-08-11|work=Docslib|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mmadụ na njem nlegharị anya ==
Lake George dị n'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Queen Elizabeth nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị mkpa maka njem nlegharị anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;  Ndị bi n'ógbè gbara ya gburugburu na-enweta ihe ha ji ebi ndụ site n'ịkụ azụ̀, si otú a na-adabere n'ebe a na-azụ azụ̀ a ma ama n'ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ndị mmadụ nwekwara ike ịga njem ụgbọ mmiri, ikiri nnụnụ, ịnya ụgbọ mmiri, yana ikiri anụ ọhịa dịka hippos, nnụnụ, na ọbụna ele n'ala mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=polly|date=2019-02-25|title=Lake George - Lake George community tour|url=https://www.queenelizabethparkuganda.com/information/lake-george-community-tour/|accessdate=2025-08-11|work=Queen Elizabeth National Park|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;300&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Wild_Life_at_the_banks_of_Kazinga_channel,_Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park_15.jpg|Ndụ Anụ ọhịa n'akụkụ ọwa Kazinga, Queen Elizabeth National Park
Faịlụ:A_bloat_of_Hippos_in_Kazinga_Channel,_Western_Uganda.jpg|Ọwa Kazinga nke jikọtara Ọdọ Mmiri George na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward
Faịlụ:Feathers_in_Flight;_Birds_Flock_Behind_Our_Boat,_Seizing_Opportunities_on_Kazinga_Channel_01.jpg|Nku n'efe efe; Nnụnụ na-efegharị n'azụ ụgbọ mmiri anyị, na-eji ohere ndị dị na Kazinga Channel eme ihe.
Faịlụ:Kazinga_Channel_in_Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park.jpg|Kazinga Channel dị na Queen Elizabeth National Park na-ekiri anụ ọhịa.
Faịlụ:Passenger_boats_at_Kazinga_Channel_in_Kasese_district_in_western_Uganda_04.jpg|Ụgbọ mmiri ndị njem na Kazinga Channel dị na mpaghara Kasese dị na ọdịda anyanwụ Uganda
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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'''Osimiri Blue Nile''' bụ osimiri nke malitere na Lake Tana na Etiopia. Ọ na-aga ihe dị ka kilomita 1,450 (mile 900) site na Etiopia na Sudan. Tinyere Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, ọ bụ otu n'ime nnukwu mmiri abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl ma na-enye ihe dịka 85.6% nke mmiri na Osimiri Naịl n'oge mmiri ozuzo.

== Usoro ọmụmụ ==
A kọwala ogologo osimiri ahụ site na isi iyi ya ruo na njikọ ya dị n'etiti kilomita 1,460 na 1,600 (mile 910 na 990). Ihe a nwere ike ịbụ na osimiri ahụ na-asọfe n'ọtụtụ ndagwurugwu ndị a na-apụghị ịbanye n'ime ha nke a gbubiri n'Ugwu Etiopia ruo omimi nke ihe dị ka mita 1,500 (ụkwụ 4,900). Dịka akwụkwọ ndị Central Statistical Agency, otu ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị Etiopia bipụtara si kwuo, Osimiri Blue Nile nwere ogologo zuru oke nke kilomita 1,450 (mi 900), nke kilomita 800 (mi 500) dị n'ime Etiopia.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&amp;view=doc&amp;id=184&amp;format=raw&amp;Itemid=466 &quot;Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&amp;view=doc&amp;id=184&amp;format=raw&amp;Itemid=466 |date=13 November 2010 }}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009) &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Na Etiopia ===
Osimiri Blue Nile malitere na Gish Abay dị na Sekela na Etiopia (ebe a na-akpọ ya Osimiri Abay). Osimiri ahụ na-asọgakarị n'ebe ndịda tupu ọ banye n'osimiri dị ihe dị ka kilomita 400 (maịlụ 250) n'ogologo, ihe dị ka kilomita 30 (maịlụ 19) site na Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, nke bụ nnukwu ihe mgbochi maka njem na nkwukọrịta n'etiti ugwu na ndịda Etiopia. Ndị otu Britain kpọburu ndagwurugwu ahụ &quot;Grand Canyon&quot; na 1968, wee malite ịgbada osimiri ahụ site na Lake Tana ruo na njedebe nke ndagwurugwu ahụ; u rafting osimiri ndị sochirinụ kpọrọ ya &quot;Grand Canyon nke Naịl&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&amp;dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&amp;pg=PA37|title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program|first=Marina|author=Engelking|date=15 April 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-542738-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; TheMmiri Blue Nile (Amharic: Tis Abay, nke pụtara &quot;ọkụ dị mma&quot;), otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kachasị na Etiopia, dị na mmalite nke ndagwurugwu ahụ

Osimiri ahụ na-agbagharị gafee ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Etiopia tupu ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'etiti ọdọ mmiri Tana na ókèala Etiopia-Sudan na-enye ya nri. Ndị nọ n'akụkụ aka ekpe ya, n'usoro ala, gụnyere Osimiri Wanqa, Osimiri Bashilo, Osimiri Walaqa, Osimiri Wanchet, Osimiri Jamma, Osimiri Muger, Osimiri Guder, Osimiri Agwel, Osimiri Nedi, Osimiri Didessa na Osimiri Dabus. Ndị nọ n'akụkụ aka nri, dịkwa n'usoro ala, gụnyere Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, Muga, Gulla, Temcha, Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter na Beles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huntingford&quot;&gt;These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Na Sudan ===
[[Faịlụ:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|alt=|thumb|Foto satịlaịtị nke ebe White na Blue Nile jikọtara ọnụ]]
Osimiri Blue Nile na-aga n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ruo Sudan. Ọ na-aga ihe dị ka kilomita 650 (mile 400), na-agafe Er Roseires wee nata Osimiri Dinder n'akụkụ aka nri ya na Dinder. Na Khartoum, Osimiri Blue Nile na-esonye na Osimiri White Nile, dịka Osimiri Nile si dị, ọ na-agafe Ijipt ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian na Alexandria.

== Mmiri mmiri ==
[[Faịlụ:Zusammenfluss_der_Nile.JPG|alt=|thumb|Njikọta nke osimiri Naịl Blue na White dị nso Khartoum, isi obodo Sudan]]
Mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-eru oke kachasị n'oge mmiri ozuzo site na June ruo Septemba, mgbe ọ na-enye 80–86% nke mmiri nke Osimiri Nile kwesịrị ekwesị. Osimiri ahụ bụ isi iyi nke idei mmiri nke Naịl n'Ijipt nke nyere aka mee ka Ndagwurugwu Naịl dị mma ma mee ka akụkọ ifo Ijipt oge ochie na nke ndị Ijipt pụta ìhè. Mgbe e mechara mmiri Aswan na 1970, idei mmiri ndị a kwụsịrị ime na ala Ijipt. N'oge ọkọchị, mmiri ozuzo, idei mmiri Blue Nile, na-ebibi nnukwu ala na-eme nri site na Ugwu Etiopia ma na-ebuga ya n'ala dị ka ájá, na-eme ka mmiri ahụ gbaa ọchịchịrị ma ọ bụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ aja aja ma ọ bụ ojii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge|url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm|archivedate=20 August 2015|accessdate=11 October 2015|publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osimiri Naịl dị oke mkpa maka ndụ Ijipt: dịka akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke Naịl, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị 85% nke mmiri Naịl. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị mkpụmkpụ karịa Naịl Ọcha, pasentị iri ise na itoolu nke mmiri ruru Ijipt sitere n'ugwu Etiopia site na Naịl Anụnụ. Osimiri ahụ bụkwa ebe dị mkpa maka Sudan, ebe Roseires Dam na Sennar Dam na-enye aka na pasentị iri asatọ nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik mba ahụ site na ike mmiri. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-enyekwa aka ịgba mmiri n'ime atụmatụ Gezira, nke a ma ama maka oke mma ya dị elu nke owu, yana mmepụta ihe ubi wit na nri anụmanụ n'ógbè ahụ.

Na Nọvemba afọ 2012, Etiopia malitere iwu mgbidi mmiri Grand Ethiopia Renaissance Dam, nke nwere ike megawatt 6000 n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. A na-atụ anya na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-eme ka akụnụba Etiopia dịkwuo mma. Ma, mba Sudan na mba Ijipt kwupụtara nchegbu ha gbasara mbelata mmiri dị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
 |url               = http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point
 |title             = Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point
 |year              = 2012
 |publisher         = [[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]
 |location = [[Africa]]
 |access-date        = 9 July 2015
 |url-status           = live
 |archive-url        = https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point
 |archive-date       = 14 July 2015
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik malitere na Febụwarị 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Completed_new_Sebara_Dildiy_bridge.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Àkwà mmiri nkwụsịtụ nke dị n'elu Osimiri Naịl Blue. Ọ bụ naanị àkwà mmiri eriri ndị na-eje ije na-agafe Osimiri Naịl Blue na Etiopia.]]
[[Faịlụ:Bridges_across_the_Blue_Nile_Gorge.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Naịl Blue dị na Etiopia.]]
Ijipt Egwna-atụ egwu Etiopia nwere ike igbochi Blue Nile bụ isi ihe kpatara mmekọrịta dị ogologo ma dị mgbagwoju anya dị n'etiti Etiopia na Ijipt. WhiỌ bụ ezie na Ijipt tụkwasịrị Etiopia obi maka mmiri ya, Etiopia dabere na Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate nke Alexandria maka ikike nna ochie na nhọpụta nke obodo ukwu yahiNjikọta a emeela ka ihe ndị mere kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na otuorRuo ọtụtụ narị afọ, iyi egwu nke igbochi Osimiri Blue Nile bụ atụmatụ dị irè iji hụ na a họpụtara ndị isi obodo Ijipt. Agbanyeghị, n'ọrụ, a nwaghị ịgbanwe mmiri osimiri ahụ ma ọ bụ iji ya mee ihe n'ụzọ buru ibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Uhlig|first=Siegbert|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C|date=2003|pages=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nsogbu mbụ pụtara n'oge ọchịchị Eze Zagwe Gebre Mesqel Lalibela, onye ndị Ijipt chere na ọ na-agbalị ịtụgharị osimiri ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na alaeze ya eruteghị Osimiri Naịl Anụnụ. Ọ bụ Eze Ukwu Amda Seyon nke Mbụ buru ụzọ biri na mpaghara Blue Nile wee malite ịgbasa Iso Ụzọ Kraịst ebe ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Uhlig|first=Siegbert|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C|date=2003|pages=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị Eze Ukwu nke usoro ndị eze Solomon, ọkachasị Dawit nke Abụọ, Yeshaq nke Mbụ, na Zara Yaqob, gara n'ihu na-ekwusi ike na ọchịchị Etiopia dị n'osimiri ahụ dịka ngwa ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ha mekwara ka echiche a sikwuo ike n'okwu okpukpe, na-akọwapụta Blue Nile na Gihon nke dị na Baịbụl ma na-agbanwe Tammera Maryam ka o wee kwado ikike ha nwere n'elu mmiri. Akụkọ ifo ndị Yuropu oge ochie gbasara Etiopia dị ike nke Ndị Kraịst nke na-enyere aka na mbibi nke Alakụba mere ka mkpa nke Blue Nile dị na mmekọrịta Ethio-Egypt dịkwuo elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Uhlig|first=Siegbert|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C|date=2003|pages=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye mbụ a maara na Yuropu hụrụ Osimiri Naịl Naịl Blue na Etiopia, ebe osimiri ahụ si bịa, bụ Pedro Páez, onye Spen bụ Jesuit nke rutere n'isi iyi osimiri ahụ na 21 Eprel 1618. Agbanyeghị, João Bermudes, onye Portugal, onye kpọrọ onwe ya &quot;Patriarch nke Etiopia&quot;, nyere nkọwa mbụ nke Tis Abay River Falls n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya nke e bipụtara na 1565, na ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu bi na Etiopia na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 15 dịka Pêro da Covilhã gaara ahụ osimiri ahụ ogologo oge tupu Páez, mana ha eruteghị ebe o si bịa. Onye ozi ala ọzọ nke ndị Pọtugal bụ́ Jerónimo Lobo, onye na-eme nchọpụta na Scotland, rutere ebe Osimiri Naịl si apụta n'afọ 1629, na 1770, onye nchọpụta na Scotland bụ́ James Bruce ruru ya.

Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nchọpụta Yuropu chere echiche ịchọpụta ụzọ Osimiri Naịl site na njikọ Blue Nile na White Nile ruo n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, Ọwa Mmiri Blue Nile emeghị ka mgbalị niile ghara isi ike kemgbe Frédéric Cailliaud gbalịrị ime ya n'afọ 1821. Onye America bụ́ W.W. Macmillan mere mgbalị mbụ siri ike nke onye na-abụghị onye obodo iji chọpụta ókè osimiri a ruru n'ókèala ya na 1902, onye nchọpụta nke mba Norway bụ́ B.H. Jenssen nyeere aka; Jenssen si Khartoum gbagoo n'elu osimiri ebe Macmillan si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana gbadaa. Agbanyeghị, ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ gbachiri ụgbọ mmiri Jenssen n'ebe dị nso n'ókèala Sudan na Etiopia, ụgbọ mmiri Macmillan gbawara obere oge ka e buliri ha. Macmillan gbara Jenssen ume ka ọ gbalịa ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri site na Khartoum ọzọ na 1905, mana a manyere ya ịkwụsị kilomita 500 (maịlụ 300) site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana.&lt;ref&gt;Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&amp;nbsp;319f&lt;/ref&gt; Robert Cheesman, onye dere ihe ijuanya ya mgbe ọ bịarutere Etiopia mgbe ọ chọpụtara na mmiri dị n'elu nke &quot;otu n'ime osimiri kachasị ama ama n'ụwa, otu onye ndị ochie maara aha ya nke ọma&quot; n'oge ndụ ya &quot;e ji ahịrị ntụpọ mara ya na map ahụ&quot;, nwere ike ịse foto nke elu nke Blue Nile n'etiti 1925 na 1933. O mere nke a ọ bụghị site n'ịso osimiri ahụ n'akụkụ ya na site n'ọwara mmiri ya a na-apụghị ịgafe agafe kama site n'ịgbaso ya site n'ugwu dị n'elu, na-eji ịnyịnya ibu aga ihe dị ka kilomita 8,000 (maịlụ 5,000) n'akụkụ obodo dị nso.&lt;ref&gt;Cheesman, pp.&amp;nbsp;358–374.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1950 na 1960, ọtụtụ ndị na-anya kayak na-agbagharị n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ndagwurugwu ahụ. Na 1968, dịka Haile Selassie si kwuo, otu ndị agha na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị mmadụ iri isii nke ndị Britain na ndị Etiopia batara n'osimiri ahụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana ruo ebe dị nso n'ókèala Sudan nke onye nchọpụta bụ́ John Blashford-Snell duziri.&lt;ref&gt;Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị otu ahụ jiri ụgbọ mmiri Avon Inflatables nke e wuru n'ụzọ pụrụ iche ma gbanwee ụgbọ mmiri mwakpo ndị e ji aka ha mee iji kwọọ ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị egwu. Njem ụgbọ mmiri ndị sochirinụ n'afọ 1970 na 1980 na-ekpuchi naanị akụkụ nke ndagwurugwu osimiri ahụ.

Na 1999, onye edemede bụ Virginia Morell &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp|title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com|work=bookreporter.com|accessdate=3 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp|archivedate=8 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye na-ese foto Nevada Wier mere njem ahụ site n'ụgbọ mmiri si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana gaa Sudan, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara njem ha mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/|title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com|publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=27 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/|archivedate=6 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2000, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ akụkọ American na National Geographic, Kenneth Frantz, hụrụ foto Nevada Wier sere maka National Geographic nke ga-eme ka ọ chọta ụlọ ọrụ ebere ahụ. Foto a gosiri àkwà mmiri gbawara agbawa n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ebe mmadụ iri nọ n'akụkụ abụọ nke ogwe ahụ gbawara agbawa na-adọkpụ ibe ha site na iji eriri. Eze Ukwu Fasilides wuru àkwà mmiri akụkọ ihe mere eme a n'ihe dị ka afọ 1660 site n'iji teknụzụ àkwà mmiri ndị Rom wetara Etiopia site n'aka ndị agha Portugal n'oge agha ha na ndị Alakụba wakporo na 1507.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Baynes|first=Thomas Spencer|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1|year=1838|publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company|edition=Ninth|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ|chapter=Abyssinia}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2001 na 2009, ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo Bridges to Prosperity si mba Amerịka gaa rụzie àkwà mmiri gbawara agbawa n'ofe Osimiri Blue Nile wee mechaa wuo àkwà mmiri ọhụrụ nke na-anaghị emetụta ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/|title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists|publisher=Bridges to Prosperity|accessdate=27 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/|archivedate=12 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 28 Eprel 2004, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ala Pasquale Scaturro na onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ, onye na-eme kayak na onye na-eme ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Gordon Brown, ghọrọ ndị mbụ a maara iji mmiri na-agagharị na Blue Nile n'ozuzu ya. Ọ bụ ezie na njem ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, Brown na Scaturro bụ naanị ndị fọdụrụ na njem ahụ dum. Ha jiri igwefoto IMAX na kamera vidiyo abụọ ejiri aka dee akụkọ banyere njem ha, na-akọ akụkọ ha na fim ahụ bụ Mystery of the Nile na n'akwụkwọ nwere otu aha ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ụbọchị iri abụọ na itoolu nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2005, onye Canada bụ Les Jickling na onye otu ya bụ Mark Tanner, onye New Zealand, mechara njem mbụ nke Blue Nile na Nile zuru oke site n'aka mmadụ na Sudan na Egypt. Njem ha nke karịrị kilomita 5,000 (maịlụ 3,100) were ọnwa ise wee gaa njem site na Etiopia, Sudan, na Ijipt. Ha kọrọ na ha ji ụgbọ mmiri gafee ebe agha obodo, ebe a maara maka ndị ohi, ma hụkwa ọtụtụ ihe egwu na ọsọ ọsọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm|title=Department - Alumni Association|work=web.uvic.ca|accessdate=1 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm|archivedate=2 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==

* Ndepụta osimiri Etiopia
* Ndepụta osimiri nke Sudan 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ The Tana Project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling the Blue Nile]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ndagwurugwu Selja</title>
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      <text bytes="4551" sha1="6qj0t4snqnhcqeonw7eaic9zp74j34e" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Selja01(js).jpg|thumb|Selja01]]
'''Selja Gorges''' (site na transcription ọdịnala fr. Gorges de Selja) ma ọ bụ Thelja Gorges dị ka e si sụgharịa ya na Arabic (Arabic حلق الثالجة) dị na ndịda Tunisia na Gafsa Governorate. 

Ndagwurugwu ndị ahụ jikọtara Ndagwurịta okwu Gafsa na mbara ala Redeyef. Mpaghara ahụ nwere ọtụtụ phosphate.

== Ala Mmiri Ramsar ==
Ọdọ Mmiri ndị a bụ ndagwurugwu okike dị ọtụtụ kilomita n'ogologo, nwere nnukwu ndagwurugwu miri emi, ebe Thelja Wadi na-aga n'ụzọ dị omimi na-aga Chott El Gharsa. Gburugburu ya bụ ugwu na ala kpọrọ nkụ, ha bụkwa akụkụ nke Djebels nke Saharan Atlas (nke dị n'etiti mita 210 na mita 450). Ebe dị hekta 675 ka a na-echebe dị ka ala mmiri Ramsar, ebe mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'afọ niile (ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere obere mmiri na-asọ asọ).

Ebe nrụọrụ ahụ nwere ụdị osisi na osisi iri anọ na ise nke gụnyere: esparto ma ọ bụ &quot;alfa&quot; ahịhịa Macrochloa tenacissima, Juncus conglomeratus, French tamarisk Tamarix gallica, caper Capparis spinosa, le Batoum, canes Arundo donax na bridal broom Retama monosper

Anụmanụ ndị a ma ama bụ Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos na-eyi egwu na ezé Uromastyx acanthinura, nke a maara maka ikike ya ịnagide ọnọdụ ọzara siri ike. Na mgbakwunye, a na-ahụ anụmanụ ndị a n'ógbè ahụ ma kwado mkpa ọ dị ichebe ebe obibi ha:

hyena Crocuta crocuta a hụrụ n'anya, nkịta ọhịa Rüppell dị oke ụkọ Vulpes rueppellii, nwamba ọhịa Afrịka Felis silvestris lybica, mbe Tunisia (ma ọ bụ Nabeul) Testudo graeca nabeulensis, onye na-enyocha ọzara Varanus griseus, agụ owuru nwere imi ogologo Gambelia wislizenii, nduru mbe Europe Streptopelia turtur, onye na-eri anụ ehi na Europe merops apiaster, agwọ Montpellier Malpolon monspessulanus, Agwọ Moorish (Daboia mauritanica) na agbọ nwere mpi Sahara Cerastes cerastes

Maka nnụnụ, na mgbakwunye na ugo ọla edo nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ndagwurugwu ahụ na-enwekwa Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo), Barbary partridge ''Alectoris barbara,'' nkume nduru ''Columba livia,'' European turtle dove (''Streptopelia turtur''), crag martin (''Ptyonoprogne rupestris'') na collared sand martin (''Riparia riparia'') 

Ebe ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe mmetọ na-eyi egwu n'ihi ọrụ ndị a na-egwupụta ihe n'elu mmiri na ihe owuwu ndị metụtara njem nleta, mana ọ bụ akụkụ nke mmemme onye isi ala mepụtara na 2009 iji chekwaa biotopes, mee ka ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche sie ike, gbaa njem nleta gburugburu ebe obibi ume, ma kwado nyocha sayensị na njem nleta.

== Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ==
[[Faịlụ:Selja_gorge_railway.svg|thumb|Ụgbọ okporo ígwè, na mpaghara Selja Gorges na-acha ọbara ọbara.]]
N'afọ 1896, e wuru ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè iji jikọta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Sfax na obodo Gabes (ebe a na-edozi ore phosphate) na obodo Métlaoui. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta ihe n'ala gbatịrị ụzọ ahụ gafere Metlaoui gaa na mbara ala Redeyef iji buru phosphate e wepụtara na ebe ndị a na-eguzogide ihe n'ebe ahụ. A ghaghị idozi okporo ụzọ na ndagwurugwu ahụ, gafee ugwu ahụ ma chọọ iwu ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri na àkwà mmiri.

Na mgbakwunye, ụgbọ okporo ígwè maka ndị njem nleta nke e ji ụgbọ okporo ígwè a rụzigharịrị arụzigharị site na ebe a na-egwupụta phosphate nke a na-akpọ Red Lizard na-eburu ndị mmadụ si Metlaoui banye na ndagwurugwu maka njem ahụ. . 

N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2009, nnukwu mmiri ozuzo mere ka idei mmiri jupụta n'ala dị larịị na idei mmiri ahụ banyere na ndagwurugwu Gafsa na-agafe na ndagwuregwu Selja. Nke a kpatara nnukwu mmebi na okporo ụzọ na mfu nke ụgbọ ala na mmechi nke ụzọ ruo otu afọ ruo mgbe e wughachiri ya na nrụzi ya.&lt;gallery widths=&quot;225px&quot; heights=&quot;220px&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Red_butte,_Selja_gorges,_Tunisia.jpg|Red butte along the railway line
Faịlụ:Selja02(js).jpg|Tourists on the  &quot;Red Lizard&quot; train, 2012
Faịlụ:Gorges_de_Selja_28.jpg|Selja Gorges 2016
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke Ramsar Wetlands nke Mba Nile

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category|Selja Gorges|Selja Gorges}}

* Ihe ngosi nke ndagwurugwu mmiri, JakPrzetrwac.pl [https://web.archive.org/web/20120322133406/http://www.jakprzetrwac.pl/Katastrofa_w_w%C4%85wozie_Selja] (n'asụsụ Polish) 
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Blesbokspruit</title>
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      <text bytes="2458" sha1="li5z1ii9z679uy3kkaoljo6jbwdavx5" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|River in South Africa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}{{Use South African English|date = December 2023}}

{{Infobox river
| map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes|type=line|stroke-colour=#4271ae|stroke-width=5}}
| extra = 
| custom_data = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Blesbokspruit
 | designation1_date = 2 October 1986
 | designation1_number = 343&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blesbokspruit|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/343|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-26.6001|28.2898|format=dms|region:ZA|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = South Africa
| subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa]]
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_type2 = Province
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gauteng]]
| mouth = [[Suikerbosrand River]]
| custom_label = Protection status
| image = Marievale, Gauteng.jpg
}}

'''Blesbokspruit''' bụ osimiri dị na Gauteng, South Africa nke sitere n'ebe ugwu Daveyton, ebe ọ na-aga n'ebe ndịda wee gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ gafere obodo Springs, Nigel na Heidelberg tupu ọ banye na Osimiri Suikerbosrand, nke bụ Isi iyi nke Osimiri Vaal.

Ebe Nnụnụ Marievale dị n'elu ya, nke e guzobere mgbe okporo ụzọ na paịpụ mmiri rutere n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala dị nso na 1930. Akpọwo ebe dị hekta 1,848 ka ọ bụrụ ebe Ramsar iji chebe onwe ya pụọ na mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ala mmiri ahụ, a kpọkwara ya Mpaghara Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa.

== Ụdị dị iche iche ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;N'etiti osisi na anụmanụ ndị dị na ala mmiri Bleksbokspruit bụ heron, bulrushes, phragmites reeds, yellow-billed ducks, marsh mongoose na nnukwu bullfrogsy .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marievale Bird Sanctuary: Gauteng Tourism Authority|url=https://www.gauteng.net/attractions/marievale_bird_sanctuary|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=www.gauteng.net|language=en|archivedate=21 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621055320/https://www.gauteng.net/attractions/marievale_bird_sanctuary/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marievale Bird Sanctuary|url=https://www.nigel.co.za/marievale/|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=www.nigel.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta osimiri nke South Africa

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Aydar Akhatov</title>
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      <text bytes="10613" sha1="2ka684imklugq8fotzj20d8tzwjjv5n" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Russian lawyer and economist (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name        = Akhatov, Aydar Gabdulkhaevich&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Russian language|Rus.]] Ахатов, Айдар Габдулхаевич&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Tatar language|Tat.]] Əхәтов, Айдар Габделхәй улы&lt;/small&gt;
| image       = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010).jpg
| alt         =
| caption     = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010)
| birth_date  = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|06|20}}
| birth_place = [[Tobolsk]], [[Tyumen]] Oblast, [[Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union
| alma_mater  = [[Kazan State University]], [[Bashkir State University]], [[Saint Petersburg Mining Institute]], [[UCLA]]
| death_date  =
| death_place =
| known_for   = President of the company &quot;CITY&quot;, economist, president of the first environmental fund in the USSR / Russia, author of the first Russian ecological encyclopedia, ecologist, artist
| occupation  = Lawyer, economist, ecologist
| awards      = [[File:Statuette of Award &quot;Entrepreneur of the Year&quot;.jpg|33px]]
| spouse      =
| website     = {{URL|www.akhatov-a.ru}}
| signature   = 
}}

==Akụkọ ndụ==
Aydar Akhatov bụ ọkachamara mba ụwa n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ụzọ njikwa akụ na ụba nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;gabdulkhaevich24&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eurasian-defence1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurasian-defence.ru/node/7987|title=Centre for Military and Political Studies: Akhatov Aydar Gabdulkhaevich|access-date=21 May 2013|archive-date=5 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105073537/http://eurasian-defence.ru/node/7987|url-status=dead|accessdate=5 July 2026|archivedate=5 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105073537/http://eurasian-defence.ru/node/7987}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um2dJa9sEH8|title=TV: Экологические проблемы:отходы / Ecological Problems: Waste|date=25 May 2009 |via=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov&quot;&gt;[http://gaidar.viperson.ru/wind.php?ID=5122 VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov] {{in lang|ru|en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Onyeisi oche nke Kọmishọn nke ndị ọkachamara, onye otu Presidim nke Kọnsụl Elu Ecological na Steeti Duma nke Russian Federation (afọ 1997 ruo afọ 2008).[5] DSc na Akụnụba (1998).
Ọkammụta nke Mahadum Russia nke Humanities. Ọkammụta nke International Academy of Ecology, Man and Nature Protection Sciences (General Consultative state of Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) nke United Nations). Ọkammụta nke International Informatisational Academy nke (General Consultative state of Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) nke United Nations). Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ atọ dị elu na [[Russian Federation]] (akụnụba, iwu, gburugburu ebe obibi-geographical), Aydar Akhatov gụchara akwụkwọ [[UCLA]]. Otu n'ime ndị guzobere na ndị ndu nke mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi na Russia. Ọ bụ onye sonyere na onye nhazi nke ọtụtụ ogbako mba ụwa na ogbako maka nsogbu gburugburu ebOnye e obibi.

&lt;ref name=&quot;viperson2&quot; /&gt; onye nnọchiteanya the First All-Russian Congress on Environmental Protection (the delegate from the [[Republic of Tatarstan]]), Moscow, 3–5 June 1995.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wiwrf.ru/members/person_18478.html Who's Who in Russia: Aydar Akhatov.]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42075421 The Materials of the All-Russian Congress on Nature Protection, 3–5 June 1995] {{in lang|en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080119234617/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/russia/arf_meet.htm EIS/RF Meetings used as information sources: The All-Russian Congress on Environmental Protection. The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation, and the Inter-Agency Commission on Ecological Safety of the Security Council of the Russian Federation. Moscow, 3–5 June 1995] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119234617/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/russia/arf_meet.htm |date=19 January 2008 }} {{in lang|en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aydar Akhatov mepụtara usoro nke usoro akụ na ụba maka ijikwa ihe ndị sitere n'okike na ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge mgbanwe gaa n'usoro ahịa (1990).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wiw-rf.ru/members/person_18478.html|title=АХАТОВ АЙДАР ГАБДУЛХАЕВИЧ (Президент, член Совета директоров ОАО &quot;СИТИ&quot; - управляющей компании по строительству и развитию &quot;Московского Международного Делового Центра &quot;Москва-Сити&quot;, г. Москва) / Наши участники / КТО ЕСТЬ КТО в России|website=www.wiw-rf.ru|accessdate=5 July 2026|archivedate=2 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202184325/https://www.wiw-rf.ru/members/person_18478.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dabere na nke mbụ na USSR / Russia kwụsịrị mmefu ego steeti gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike nke onye iwu (1990), si otú ahụ malite ịmalite usoro nke ego steeti mmefu ego na akụkụ dị iche iche na mba ahụ. Onye nchoputa nke mbụ na USSR / Russia municipal sanitary-ecological police (1990),&lt;ref name=&quot;famous-scientists1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://famous-scientists.ru/anketa/ahatov-ajdar-gabdulhaevich-3626|title=доктор экономических наук Ахатов Айдар Габдулхаевич|website=famous-scientists.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke ghọrọ ihe nlereanya nke imepụta ihe owuwu ndị yiri ya n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke mba ahụ, gụnyere Moscow. Aydar Akhatov bụ onye dere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu mbụ nke akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma mba Russia bụ &quot;Ecology&quot; (mbipụta nke mbụ 1994, mbipụta nke abụọ 1995). Maka oge mbụ o mepụtara usoro nke nkọwa na iwepụ ụgwọ ụlọ.
&lt;ref name=&quot;famous-scientists1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Razovsky Yu.V. Mining rent. – Moscow: Economics, 2000, p. 31. {{ISBN|978-5-282-01991-9}} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nugaev R.A. Otu esi emeri nsogbu miri emi nke usoro dị iche iche na Russia site n'iji &quot;ọlaedo ojii&quot; (nnyocha akwụkwọ: Akhatov Aydar. Akụrụngwa mmanụ na gas nke Russia na mgbanwe narị afọ. – Moscow: &quot;Nedra&quot;, 1998. {{ISBN|978-5-247-03805-4}}) / Akwụkwọ akụkọ &quot;Science of Tatarstan&quot;, 1999, Nke 1, peeji nke 95-96. {{n'asụsụ|Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ọ bụkwa onye dere ụfọdụ atụmatụ iwu gọọmentị etiti na nke mpaghara (Tatarstan), ma na-enye nkọwa gbasara iwu ndị metụtara ngalaba akụ ndị sitere n'okike.
&lt;ref name=&quot;famous-scientists1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/ekhp/2013_1/files/st18.pdf Ivanchenkova L.V. Natural rent and environmental tax / Economy of Food Industry, № 1(17), 2013, pp. 68–70]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://economicsandwe.com/doc/2588/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702194047/http://economicsandwe.com/doc/2588/|url-status=unfit|title=СКОЛЬКО СПРАВЕДЛИВО СОДРАТЬ?!|archive-date=2014-07-02|website=economicsandwe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Aydar Akhatov bụ onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onye isi mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-ahụ maka ịchịkọta nchekwa ọlaedo nke Republic of Tatarstan (Russia), ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote Minista na-ahụ maka ego (1998–1999).&lt;ref name=&quot;viperson2&quot; /&gt;

Aydar Akhatov malitere itinye aka n'ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 1989, na-akwado okwu gbasara nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1990, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ngalaba nleba anya gburugburu ebe obibi n'okpuru kọmitii na-ahụ maka nchịkwa nke Kansụl Obodo Naberezhnye Chelny, Aydar Akhatov gwara ndị bi n'obodo ahụ okwu site na mgbasa ozi banyere ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị njọ (nke gụnyere ọnụnọ nke kemịkalụ 'phenol' n'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ n'ihi nsogbu pụtara n'otu ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ dị na Ufa), n'agbanyeghị mmachibido iwu sitere n'aka ndị isi otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị ọchịchị obodo ahụ. N'ihi ikwu okwu n'ụlọ ọrụ redio obodo na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọala KAMAZ n'enweghị ikike, a chụpụrụ ya n'ọkwa onye isi ngalaba nleba anya; mana e weghachiri ya n'ọkwa ahụ mgbe onye ọka iwu gọọmentị (onye ikpe) welitere mkpesa megide mkpebi kọmitii nchịkwa nke Kansụl Obodo ahụ. Okwu Akhatov kwuru gbochiri ka ọtụtụ ndị bi n'obodo ahụ ghara ịṅụ mmiri na-adịghị mma nke nwere ike ịkpata nsị. N'oge na-esote nke a, n'ihi nkwado siri ike o nwere maka ime ka ọha na eze mara banyere okwu gburugburu ebe obibi, a họpụtara ya dị ka Onye Nnọchiteanya Ndị Mmadụ (People's Deputy), onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi na gburugburu ebe obibi na Kansụl Obodo Naberezhnye Chelny, nakwa Onye Nnọchiteanya Ndị Mmadụ na Kansụl Kasị Elu nke Tatar ASSR. N'afọ 1990, Aydar Akhatov nwetara aha otutu bụ &quot;Mr. Time-'90&quot; dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kacha ewu ewu n'ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eurasian-defence1&quot; /&gt; 

Na 1990-1991, dịka ajụjụ gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya si dị, nke emere n'ụlọ nyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Parliament of Tatarstan, o nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ n'ọkwa ama ama n'etiti steeti na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Republic, ebe o nyere ọkwa mbụ naanị n'aka Onyeisiala nke Republic of Tatarstan [[Mintimer Shaimiev]].
&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160505092542/http://akhatov-a.ru/_si/0/30704.jpg In the Mirror of Sociology. – The newspaper &quot;Soviet Tatarstan&quot;, 30/01/1991.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505092542/http://akhatov-a.ru/_si/0/30704.jpg |date=5 May 2016 }} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;viperson3&quot;&gt;[http://gaidar.viperson.ru/wind.php?ID=5122 VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov] {{in lang|en|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160505092542/http://akhatov-a.ru/_si/0/30704.jpg In the Mirror of Sociology. – The newspaper &quot;Soviet Tatarstan&quot;, 30/01/1991.]

==ihe ịrịba ama ọrụ==
[[File:President of &quot;CITY&quot; Aydar Akhatov.jpg|left|290px|thumb|President of the company &quot;CITY&quot; Aydar Akhatov (center) was the moderator (Co-chair) at the International French-Russian Investment Forum in Paris (29 October 2010).]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Orange</title>
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        <username>Anastesia chi</username>
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      <text bytes="27897" sha1="h9euex5mhvtxp1dz724wpztjpjr2es0" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Údolí řeky Orange - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Orange]]
  

'''Osimiri Orange''' (site na Afrikaans / Dutch: '''''Oranjerivier''''') bụ osimiri dị na Southern Africa. Ọ bụ osimiri kachasị ogologo na South Africa. N'inwe ngụkọta 2,432  mi), Orange River Basin si [[Lesotho]] banye South Africa na [[Namibia]] n'ebe ugwu. Ọ na-ebili n'ugwu Drakensberg na Lesotho, na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na South Africa ruo n'[[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]]. Osimiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ókèala mba ụwa n'etiti South Africa na Lesotho na n'etiti Sud Africa na Namibia, yana ọtụtụ ókèala mpaghara n'ime South Africa. Ewezuga Upington, ọ naghị agafe obodo ukwu ọ bụla.Osimiri Orange na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụ na ụba South Africa n'ihi na ọ na-enye mmiri maka ịgba mmiri n'ubi na imepụta ọkụ eletrik sitere n'ike mmiri.Onye nchọpụta Dutch, Robert Jacob Gordon, kpọrọ ya Osimiri Orange iji sọpụrụ Ụlọ Orange, ezinụlọ eze na-achị Netherlands n'oge ahụ. Aha ndị ọzọ e ji mara osimiri ahụ gụnyere naanị okwu pụtara &quot;osimiri&quot;. N'asụsụ Khoekhoegowab, a na-ede ya !Garib, nke e mesịrị gbanwee n'asụsụ Afrikaans ka ọ bụrụ Osimiri Gariep, ebe e jiri ụda mkpụrụedemede dị iche dochie ụda mkpọtụ nke dị na mbụA na-akpọkwa ya Groote River (aha sitere na Kai !Garib) ma ọ bụ Osimiri Senqu, nke bụ aha a na-ejikarị ya na Lesotho, sitere n'okwu ǂNū, nke pụtara &quot;oji&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;nwa.&quot; N'asụsụ isiXhosa, a na-akpọ osimiri ahụ iGqili. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/|title=Wild Africa Travel: Orange River|author=Travel|first=Wild Africa|work=www.wildafricatravel.com|accessdate=2016-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/|archivedate=20 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx|title=Orange River Basin|work=www.dwa.gov.za|accessdate=2016-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213081531/https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx|archivedate=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Doke|first=C.M|title=Zulu-English Dictionary|publisher=Witwatersrand University Press|year=1972|isbn=0-85494-027-8|location=Johannesburg|pages=11|language=en, zu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụzọ ==
[[Faịlụ:Orange_River_basin_map.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụzọ na mmiri nke Osimiri Orange, Osimiri Caledon na Osimiri Vaal. Map a na-egosi ókèala na-agbaso omenala maka mmiri. N'ụzọ doro anya, ewepụghị ọdọ mmiri Kalahari, dịka ụfọdụ isi mmalite na-ekwu na ọ bụ endorheic. Ụfọdụ isi mmalite ndị ọzọ na-eji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ na-egosi ọdọ mmiri nke gụnyere akụkụ nke [[Botswana]] (ya mere nke Kalahari). ]]
Orange na-ebili n'Ugwu Drakensberg n'akụkụ ókèala dị n'etiti South Africa na [[Lesotho]], ihe dị ka kilomita 193 (120 mi) n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Òrìmìlì India|Oké Osimiri India]] na n'ịdị elu nke ihe karịrị 3,000 m (9,800 . A maara nsọtụ Osimiri Orange n'ime Lesotho dị ka '''Senqu'''. Akụkụ nke Osimiri Senqu na-ajụ oyi n'oge oyi n'ihi ịdị elu ya.  na-akpata ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-agbadata, nke na-emetụta mmepụta ewu na ehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Orange River {{!}} Physical Features &amp; Exploration {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Rosh_Pinah_Orange_River.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Orange n'ebe ndịda Rosh Pinah]]
[[Faịlụ:Senqu_River_in_Lesotho.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Senqu Near Ha Potomane (Ogige Ịkpụcha) na Quthing, Lesotho]]
[[Faịlụ:Orange_River_near_Oranjerivier.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Orange dị nso na Hopetown]]
Osimiri Orange na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na South Africa, na-emepụta ókèala ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mpaghara Free State. N'akụkụ a, osimiri ahụ na-ebu ụzọ banye na Gariep Dam ma mesịa banye na Vanderkloof Dam. Site n'ókè Lesotho ruo n'okpuru Vanderkloof Dam, a na-egbutu ala osimiri ahụ nke ukwuu. Ka ọ na-agbadata, ala ahụ dị larịị, a na-ejikwa osimiri ahụ eme ihe nke ukwuu maka ịgba mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Orange River {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://sahistory.org.za/place/orange-river|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=sahistory.org.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Free State, n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kimberley, Osimiri Orange na-ezukọta na isi iyi ya kachasị ukwuu, Osimiri Vaal, nke na-emekwa nnukwu akụkụ ókè ugwu nke mpaghara ahụ.Site n'ebe ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-aga n'ihu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agafe ọzara akọrọ nke mpaghara ndịda Kalahari na Namaqualand n'ime ógbè Northern Cape, ruo mgbe ọ rutere ókè ya na Namibia n'ogo ogologo 20°E.Site n'ebe ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ihe dị ka kilomita 550 (maili 340),ma bụrụ ókè mba ụwa n'etiti ógbè Northern Cape na ǁKaras Region nke Namibia.A pụrụ ịgafe osimiri ahụ n'okporo ụzọ site na Vioolsdrif / Noordoewer, nakwa na Alexander Bay / Oranjemund ebe a na-agafe ókèala, nakwa Sendlingsdrif, ebe a na-eji ụgbọ mmiri ebu ndị mmadụ agafe osimiri ahụ.  
[[Faịlụ:OrangeRiver_L7_11apr01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe oyiyi a na-egosi 100 kilomita ikpeazụ (62 mi) ma ọ bụ karịa nke Osimiri Orange, ebe nkume dị n'ala osimiri na n'akụkụ osimiri jupụtara na diamond, na ọtụtụ ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ a.]]
N'ime kilomita 800 (maili 500) ikpeazụ nke ụzọ Osimiri Orange si aga, ọ na-anata ọtụtụ iyi mmiri na-asọpụta naanị n'oge ụfọdụ (dịka Osimiri Fish), ebe ọtụtụ nnukwu ndagwurugwu mmiri akọrọ na-abanyekwa n'ime ya.N'akụkụ a, Ọzara Namib na-akwụsị n'akụkụ ugwu nke osimiri ahụ. N'ihi ya, n'ọnọdụ nkịtị, oke mmiri nke iyi ndị a na-agbakwunye n'osimiri ahụ pere mpe nke ukwuu.N'akụkụ a kwa, ala osimiri ahụ na-adịkwa omimi ọzọ n'ihi mmebi ala nke mmiri mere. Ọ bụkwa ebe Augrabies Falls dị, ebe Osimiri Orange na-adaba mita 56 (ụkwụ 184) n'ime ogologo ụzọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 18 (maili 11).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Augrabies Falls National Park, South Africa - Cedarberg Africa|url=https://www.cedarberg-travel.com/destination/south-africa/northern-cape/augrabies-falls-national-park/|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=www.cedarberg-travel.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Orange na-abanye n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic n'etiti obere obodo Oranjemund (nke pụtara &quot;ọnụ Orange&quot;) na Namibia na Alexander Bay na South Africa, banyere equidistant n'etiti Walvis Bay na [[Cape Town]]. Ọnụ osimiri Orange bụ ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche ma bụrụ ebe obibi nke ụdị nnụnụ 57 dị iche iche na 20 653-26 653 nnụnụ n'otu n'otu edere na 1985. Ọ bụ ebe a ma ama na Ramsar bụ otu n'ime ala mmiri ole na ole na-adịgide adịgide n'ụsọ oké osimiri South-West Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Anderson|first=Mark D|date=September 2003|title=Waterbird populations at the Orange River mouth from 1980–2001: a re-assessment of its Ramsar status|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306520309485389|journal=Ostrich|language=en|volume=74|issue=3–4|pages=159–172|doi=10.2989/00306520309485389|issn=0030-6525}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe dị ka 33 (21 mi) site n'ọnụ ya, ọ na-egbochi ya site na rapids na sand bars ma n'ozuzu ya anaghị agafe agafe ogologo oge. Osimiri ahụ nwere ngụkọta ,432 km (1,511 mi). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Orange River {{!}} Physical Features &amp; Exploration {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmiri ozuzo na mmiri ozuzo ===
[[Faịlụ:Augrabie_01.jpg|thumb|Ọda Mmiri Augrabies na-asọba]]
N'[[Oge ọkọchị]], ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri dị n'osimiri ahụ na-ebelata nke ukwuu n'ihi ọsọ ọsọ na evaporation. Na isi iyi nke Orange, mmiri ozuzo bụ ihe dị ka 2,000  in) kwa afọ, mana mmiri ozuzo na-ebelata ka osimiri ahụ na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ; n'ọnụ ya, mmiri ozu na-erughị 50  in) kwa shekara. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị na-akwado evaporation na-abawanye n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. N'Oge mmiri ozuzo (oge okpomọkụ), osimiri Orange na-aghọ iyi na-acha nchara nchara. Nnukwu ihe ndị e bu n'ime ala na-eme ka ọrụ injinia dị n'osimiri ahụ bụrụ ihe iyi egwu ogologo oge.

Mkpokọta mpaghara mmiri  nke Osimiri Orange, tinyere Osimiri Vaal, na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka 973,000 km² (376,000 square miles). Nke a hà ka ihe dị ka 77% nke mkpokọta ala South Africa, nke nwere mpaghara ruru 1,221,037 km² (471,445 square miles).Otú ọ dị, ihe dị ka 366,000 km² (141,000 square miles), ya bụ ihe dị ka 38% nke mpaghara mmiri a, dị n'èzí South Africa, n'ime mba Lesotho, Botswana, na Namibia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Orange River {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://sahistory.org.za/place/orange-river|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=sahistory.org.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụtụ isi ===

* Osimiri Vaal - 1,458 km (906 mi) 
* Osimiri Caledon - 642 km (399 mi) 
* Osimiri Khubelu - 144 km (89 mi) 

== Usoro ụtụ isi ==
A na-enye mmiri n'elu akụkụ Osimiri Orange site n'ọtụtụ osimiri nta na iyi mmiri ndị na-amalite n'ugwu ndị dị na Lesotho na South Africa.N'ime isi iyi ndị kachasị mkpa dị n'elu akụkụ osimiri ahụ bụ Osimiri Caledon, Osimiri Little Caledon, Osimiri Kraai, Kornetspruit, na Osimiri Senqunyane. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-anakọta mmiri sitere n'Ugwu Maloti, tupu ha ejikọọ na ọwa mmiri bụ isi nke Osimiri Orange. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Orange-Senqu River Basin|publisher=Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM)|year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmiri ndị a na-enye ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri Orange River na-agba kwa afọ n'ihi na mmiri ozuzo kachasị elu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-eme n'elu ugwu Lesotho. Snowfall na oge mmiri ozuzo na-enye aka nke ukwuu na iyi na-asọba n'oge ọkọchị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Hydrology of the Orange-Senqu Basin|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ mmiri ndị dị n'elu na-achịkwa site na ọdọ mmiri ndị metụtara Lesotho Highlands Water Project, nke na-enye South Africa mmiri mgbe ọ na-emepụta ike eletrik maka Lesotho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Orange-Senqu River Basin|publisher=ORASECOM|year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe mgbochi mmiri ===

* Ọdọ Mmiri Armenia
* Ọdọ Mmiri Egmont
* Ọdọ Mmiri Gariep
* Ọdọ Mmiri Newberry
* Ọdọ Mmiri Vanderkloof
* Ihe mgbochi mmiri Welbedacht
* Ọdọ Mmiri Knellport
* Ọdọ Mmiri Kalkfontein
* Ihe mgbochi mmiri Teirpoort
* Ọdọ Mmiri Mohale
* Ihe Mmiri Katse
* Ọdọ Mmiri Rustfontein

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==

=== Okwu mmalite ===
Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị bi na mbụ tupu ọchịchị ndị mmadụ achịkwa ha kpọrọ osimiri ahụ, na-ezo aka na ụcha ojii ya, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ naanị Kai ! ''Arib'' (&quot;Great River&quot;), nke sitere na ya na nsụgharị Afrikaans ''Gariep'',  na nsụgharị &quot;Groote Rivier&quot;. Aha Dutch mbụ maka osimiri ahụ bụ naanị nsụgharị ahụ, Groote Rivier, nke pụtara &quot;Osimiri Ukwu&quot;.  Colonel Robert Gordon, onye isi nke United East India Company (VOC)  na Cape Town, kpọrọ osimiri ahụ Osimiri Orange, na njem n'ime ime obodo na 1779.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACWR&quot; /&gt; Gordon kpọrọ osimiri ahụ iji sọpụrụ William V nke Orange.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACWR&quot; /&gt; Nkwenye a ma ama ma ọ bụghị nke ziri ezi bụ na a na-akpọ osimiri ahụ aha ya site na ụcha Oroma nke mmiri ya, n'adịghị ka ụcha nke mmiri ya na-esote, Osimiri Vaal, nke aha ya sitere na aha ahụ bụ &quot;osimiri na-acha odo odo&quot; (vaal bụ Afrikaans maka ntụ ma ọ bụ ntụ). Kemgbe njedebe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, aha &quot;Gariep&quot; enweela ihu ọma ka ukwuu na akwụkwọ ozi gọọmentị na South Africa, ọ bụ ezie na aha &quot;Orange&quot; nwere nkwado mba ụwa ka ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACWR&quot;&gt;Earle, Anton et al. (2005), [http://www.acwr.co.za/pdf_files/05.pdf A preliminary basin profile of the Orange/Senqu River (pdf)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228220417/http://www.acwr.co.za/pdf_files/05.pdf |date=28 February 2008 }}, ''African Centre for Water Research'', retrieved 30 June 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Na Lesotho, ebe osimiri ahụ na-ebili, a maara ya dị ka Osimiri Senqu, nke sitere na aha [[Griqua language|Khoemana]] mbụ.
[[Faịlụ:Orange_River_Panorama.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|Panorama e si n'ugwu jupụtara na fluorspar na-ele anya n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, nke jupụtara na mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo karịrị nke ọma]]
Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Aha Ala nke Eastern Cape akpọsawo ebumnuche ya ịtụle mgbanwe aha site na aha ọchịchị, maka akụkụ osimiri ahụ nke na-eme ka ókèala dị n'etiti Eastern Cape na Free State, na aro ndị bụ '''IGqili''' ma ọ bụ '''Senqu'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=New name looms for NC River|work=Diamond Fields Advertiser|date=13 June 2013|page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polity.org.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.polity.org.za/print-version/sa-statement-by-afriforum-civil-rights-organisation-objects-to-proposed-name-change-of-orange-river-06062013-2013-06-06|title=Statement by Afriforum on proposed name change of Orange River|work=Polity|date=6 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbasa ozi e tinyere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Aliwal Weekblad'' na-ekwu na &quot;a na-eche na aha a dị ugbu a nwere njikọ siri ike na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmeri ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ma ya mere enweghị ọnọdụ n'okpuru ikike ọchịchị onye kwuo ike ugbu a&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;polity.org.za&quot; /&gt;

=== Grootslang ===
N'akụkọ ọdịnala nke South Africa, a na-ejikọta Osimiri Orange na Grootslang, ihe e kere eke a na-akọ n'akụkọ ifo nke yiri nnukwu agwọ. A na-ejikọtakwa ya na dayamọnd ndị a na-ahụ n'ájá na nkume ndị mmiri osimiri na-eburu. A na-ekwu na Grootslang bi n'ime ọgba jupụtara na nkume dị oké ọnụ ahịa, nke ejikọtara na Osimiri Orange site n'okporo mmiri eke nke dayamọnd ndị ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abanye n'ime osimiri ahụ.Ebe ndị ọzọ a na-ekwu na ha bụ ebe Grootslang na-ebi gụnyere ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru King George Cataract na Aughrabies Falls, nke a na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ ebe dayamọnd si apụta,[1] nakwa nnukwu nkume dị n'etiti osimiri ahụ n'onwe ya. N'ụdị a nke akụkọ ifo ahụ, a na-ekwukwa na Grootslang na-achụ ma na-eri ehi ndị na-ata ahịhịa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dream&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Green, Lawrence G.|title=Where Men Still Dream|date=1948|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54893|publisher=Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town|pages=125–126}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glamour&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Cornell, F. C.|title=The Glamour of Prospecting|date=1920|url=https://archive.org/details/glamourprospect00corngoog|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ==
[[Faịlụ:Orange_River_at_Aliwal_North.jpg|thumb|Àkwà Mmiri General Hertzog n'elu Osimiri Orange na Aliwal North n'ókè ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na Free State: Rịba ama ihe ndị fọdụrụ na Frere Bridge n'aka ekpe.]]
Dị ka isi iyi mmiri maka ọtụtụ ndị South Africa, Osimiri Orange na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwado ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ, na igwu ala. Iji nyere aka na nke a, e mepụtara nnukwu atụmatụ mmiri abụọ, Orange River Project na Lesotho Highlands Water Project. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, osimiri ahụ keere òkè dị mkpa na South African diamond rush, na diamond mbụ na mba ahụ ka a chọtara na alluvial deposits na Orange. Taa, ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Orange na gburugburu ọnụ ya, ebe e nyere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ikike na ikikere maka nchọpụta mmanụ na gas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sowman|first=Merle|date=2023|title=Mapping for justice: towards an accessible, transparent database of mining along the West Coast of South Africa|url=https://oneoceanhub.org/mapping-for-justice-towards-an-accessible-transparent-database-of-mining-along-the-west-coast-of-south-africa/|accessdate=8 June 2026|work=One Ocean Hub}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi enweghị anụmanụ dị ize ndụ na oke mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, a na-eji osimiri ahụ eme ihe maka ntụrụndụ na rafting. Orange River rafting aghọwo ihe a ma ama n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eji ogige ha n'akụkụ osimiri iji rụọ ọrụ. Njem ndị kachasị ewu ewu bụ njem osimiri ụbọchị anọ na ụbọchị isii nke na-ewere ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ndagwurugwu dị n'okpuru Augrabies Falls ma ọ bụ na mpaghara Richtersveld.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=4-Day Orange River Adventure|url=https://orangeriverrafting.com/adventures/4-day-orange-river-adventure/|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=Orange River Rafting|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ Osimiri Orange ===
Orange River Project (ORP) bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ọrụ na nke kachasị mma nke ụdị ya na South Africa. Ọ bụ gọọmentị Hendrik Verwoerd wuru ya n'oge Oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. E wuru ORP iji mebie mmiri nke Osimiri Orange - nke, na-enweghị Osimiri Vaal, na-anọchite anya ihe dị ka 14.1% nke ngụkọta mmiri na South Africa - na n'ime usoro ahụ, iji gboo mkpa na-arịwanye elu maka mmiri. Ebumnuche ndị bụ isi nke ọrụ ahụ bụ: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Orange River - People, Economy, Borders {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River/People-and-economy#ref418184|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Research Portal|url=https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/doctoral/To-provide-for-the-supply-and/9942601307691|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=ujcontent.uj.ac.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* iji mee ka mmiri na-asọsi ike,
* mmepụta na nnyefe nke ike eletrik mmiri,
* iji nye ndị ọrụ mmiri a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Orange, na
* iji nye ndụ ọhụrụ na mpaghara ndị na-enweghị mmiri na Eastern Cape, dị ka Great Fish na Sundays River valleys.

Gariep Dam, nke dị nso na Colesberg, bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu a na-echekwa mmiri n'ime usoro Osimiri Orange.Site na dam a, a na-ebuga mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ:N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, mmiri na-eso Osimiri Orange gaa n'ihu (na-agafe ebe a na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik site n'ike mmiri) ruo Vanderkloof Dam.N'akụkụ ndịda, a na-ebufe mmiri ahụ site na Orange–Fish Tunnel ruo ógbè Eastern Cape.
[[Faịlụ:GariepDam.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Gariep Dam nke dị na Osimiri Orange bụ nnukwu mmiri na South Africa, ọ bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke Orange River Project.]]

==== Mmiri eletrik ====
Eskom na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na Gariep Dam na Vanderkloof Dam. Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik mmiri dị na Vanderkloof Dam bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletriki mbụ na South Africa nke dị kpamkpam n'okpuru ala. E guzobere obodo Oviston na Oranjekrag iji mee ka iwu na ịrụ ọrụ nke akụrụngwa ọhụrụ dị mfe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-11-06|title=Vanderkloof Power Station - Heritage|url=https://www.eskom.co.za/heritage/vanderkloof-power-station/|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=www.eskom.co.za|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Scenery_photo_by_Siloam_Village_Gariep.JPG|thumb|Nlegharị anya n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mmiri ahụ, na mmiri na-abanye na Oviston]]

==== Ịgba mmiri ====
[[Faịlụ:Orange_River_Wine_Farm.jpg|thumb|Ubi vaịn dị n'Osimiri Orange]]
[[Faịlụ:Irrigation_Project_along_the_Orange_River.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọrụ ịgba mmiri dị iche iche n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ]]
Ịgba mmiri n'ebe sara mbara dị n'okpuru mmiri nke Vanderkloof Dam, nke mere ka ọtụtụ puku hekta nke ala kpọrọ nkụ ghọọ ala ọrụ ugbo na-amị mkpụrụ nke ukwuu, mere ka o kwe omume site na iwu Gariep na Vanderk loof Dam. Atụmatụ ịgba mmiri ochie dị ka ndị dị na [[Buchuberg]], Upington, Kakamas, na Vioolsdrif enwetala uru n'ihi na ịchịkwa mmiri ahụ ga-ekwe omume ugbu a. N'akụkụ osimiri Namibia, Aussenkehr na-emepụta mkpụrụ vaịn site na enyemaka nke mmiri sitere na Orange.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-03-07|title=Irrigation Project along the Orange River - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/irrigation-project-along-the-orange-river-43035/|accessdate=2026-06-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ebe ndị na-emepụta mmanya n'akụkụ Osimiri Orange amụbaala n'ịdị mkpa. Ịgba mmiri n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Cape enwetala nnukwu mmụba, ọ bụghị naanị site na mmiri a na-eme ka ọ dị, kamakwa n'ihi mmelite nke mmiri. Enweghị mmelite a, ndị ọrụ ugbo citrus nọ n'akụkụ Osimiri Lower Sundays ga-anọgide na-ata ahụhụ mmepụta ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-01-30|title=Wine in the desert|url=https://news.wine.co.za/news.aspx?NEWSID=44771|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=wine.co.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Scheme|url=https://www.gfrwua.com/scheme|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=GFRWUA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ Mmiri nke Highlands ===
E chepụtara Lesotho Highlands Water Project iji gbakwunye mmiri na Vaal River System. A na-ebute mmiri na South Africa site na ọwa mbufe -agafe n'okpuru ókèala Lesotho South Africa na Osimiri Caledon, wee gaa n'okpuru Osimiri Little Caledon n'ebe ndịda Clarens na Free State, ma na-abanye na Osimiri Ash ihe dị ka kilomita 30 (19 mi) n'ebe ugwu. Atụmatụ ahụ ghọrọ ihe ga-ekwe omume mgbe mmiri achọrọ na Gauteng ruru ọkwa ndị a na-enweghịzi ike ịkwado n'ụzọ akụ na ụba site na atụmatụ nchekwa ọzọ dị ka Tugela River-Vaal River, nke jiri Sterkfontein Dam, nke dị nso na Harrismith na Free State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lesotho Large-Scale Water Transfer Scheme Case Study|url=https://www.internetgeography.net/geotopics/lesotho-large-scale-water-transfer-scheme-case-study/|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=Internet Geography|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diamonds nke mmiri na-asọ asọ ===
N'afọ 1867, a chọtara diamond mbụ a chọtara na South Africa, Eureka Diamond, na nso Hopetown na Osimiri Orange. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, a chọtara diamond buru ibu nke a maara dị ka Star of South Africa n'otu ebe ahụ, na-akpata ọganihu diamond. N'oge na-adịghị anya, diamond rush na-aga na diamond mine kpọmkwem site na kimberlite na Kimberley na 1871, ọ bụ ezie na a nọgidere na-ahụ diamond alluvial na Orange. Taa, ọtụtụ ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ikpeazụ nke osimiri ahụ, yana osimiri ndị gbara ọnụ ya gburugburu. Ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụkwa ọrụ n'etiti osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Eureka Diamond {{!}} History of Diamonds|url=https://cairndiamonds.com/blogs/news/eureka-diamond-historical-diamonds|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=Cairn Diamonds|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:OrangeRiverRafting.jpg|thumb|Rafting na Osimiri Orange bụ ọrụ ndị njem nleta na-ewu ewu.]]

=== Ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na ịnya ụgbọ mmiri ===
N'oge ọnwa dị jụụ nke Machị na Eprel, nyere ezigbo mmiri ozuzo na oghere nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emeghe, onye na-agba ụgbọ mmiri (ma ọ bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri) nwere ike ịga kilomita 30 (19 mi) kwa ụbọchị. Ebe ndị dị ala nke osimiri ahụ kachasị ewu ewu, n'ihi ọdịdị ala mara mma. A na-enweta njem azụmahịa, njem ndị a na-esi n'obodo Vioolsdrif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Butler|first=Graeme|date=1997-01-01|title=A Study of Places Relating to Selected Historic Forest Themes in the North East Forest Region Victoria (excluding Box Ironbark Area|url=https://www.academia.edu/43684379/A_Study_of_Places_Relating_to_Selected_Historic_Forest_Themes_in_the_North_East_Forest_Region_Victoria_excluding_Box_Ironbark_Area|journal=Volume 2: Place Reports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Anụ Ọhịa ==
Osimiri Orange enweghị nnukwu anụmanụ. Ọ dị n'èzí Agụ iyi Naịl, ọ bụ ezie na enyí dị ọtụtụ, a chụrụ ha na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Osimiri Orange nwere obere ụdị dị iche iche. Nnyocha site na 1995 ruo 2001 na Lower Orange River chọpụtara ụdị azụ 19 dị iche iche sitere na ezinụlọ asatọ dị iche iche. Ụdị abụọ na-abụghị nke ala e dekọrọ na nyocha ahụ bụ &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAe4&quot;&gt;Cyprinus carpio&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na ''Oreochromis mossambicus'', nke ikpeazụ n'ime ha mụbara ngwa ngwa n'ụba kemgbe mmalite afọ 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINA&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Næsje|first=T. F.|title=Fish populations, gill net catches and gill net selectivity in the Lower Orange River, Namibia, from 1995 to 2001|date=2007|publisher=NINR|location=Trondheim|isbn=978-82-426-1791-0|pages=5–6}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahụ ụdị ọzọ dị iche iche, rainbow trout, na isi mmiri nke osimiri na Lesotho.
[[Faịlụ:Labeobarbus_aeneus,_Orange_river,_Richtersveld.jpg|thumb|Smallmouth yellowfish (''Labeobarbus aeneus'') bụ Azụ egwuregwu a ma ama nke dị na usoro Osimiri Orange-Vaal.]]
Ụdị asaa dị na usoro Osimiri Vaal-Orange: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Beekman|first=Hans E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKWRJ7GOOM0C&amp;pg=PA13|title=Facing the Facts: Assessing the Vulnerability of Africa's Water Resources to Environmental Change|date=2006-05-30|publisher=UNEP/Earthprint|isbn=978-92-807-2574-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Azụ̀ catfish (''Austroglanis sclateri'') 
* Maluti redfin ma ọ bụ Maloti minnow (''Pseudobarbus quathlambae'') 
* Namaquab barb (Barbus hospes) 
* Osimiri sardine (''Mesobola brevianalis'') 
* Azụ̀ na-acha odo odo (''Labeobarbus aeneus'') 
* Nnukwu azụ na-acha odo odo (''Labeobarbus kimberlyensis'') 
* Azụ̀ Mudfish nke Osimiri Orange (''Labeo capensis'') 

[[Faịlụ:Augrabies_-_Twin_Falls_-_001.jpg|thumb|Twin Falls na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Augrabies Falls]]

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta osimiri dị na South Africa
* Ndepụta nke osimiri ndị dị n'ókè mba ụwa
* Ndepụta nke ịgafe Osimiri Orange

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}


== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Kruchem|first=Thomas|title=Orange-Senqu Artery of Life: Water and Peace in Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJs5MwEACAAJ|year=2012|publisher=Brandes &amp; Apsel|location=Eschborn|isbn=978-3-86099-884-7}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commons category|Orange River}}

* [http://www.orasecom.org/ Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM)] E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
* [http://www.orangesenqurak.org Orange-Senqu River Awareness Kit - ebe ihe ọmụma maka ọdọ mmiri Orange-Sencu River]
* Map of the Orange River basin at Water Resources eAtlasnaỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback  (nke edere na 13 Ọgọst 2012) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061007235833/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/orange.html Map nke akụkụ nke ọdọ mmiri Orange River nke bụ akụkụ nke South Africa]
* [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148587/seeing-orange-in-the-kalahari &quot;Ịhụ Orange na Kalahari&quot;], isiokwu na foto onye na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe na NASA Earth Observatory, July 18, 2021
* [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/ Ihe ọmụma banyere Osimiri Orange sitere na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri na Ọhịa nke South Africa]
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  <page>
    <title>Ubi Mmiri nke Uitkamp</title>
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        <username>Anastesia chi</username>
        <id>23720</id>
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      <comment>Added image to the article</comment>
      <origin>673717</origin>
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      <text bytes="9139" sha1="8qaidx48yut1mrsifnebp1m7h2sh6ol" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Uitkamp wetlands Cape Town - Watsonias and Arum lilies.jpg|thumb|Uitkamp wetlands Cape Town]]
 

Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve bụ ebe nchekwa mmiri dị hekta 32 (79-acre) nke dị na Durbanville na mpaghara Western Cape nke South Africa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Pages/BrochuresBooklets.aspx|title=Environmental resources and downloads. City of Cape Town. Environmental Resource Management Dept|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223125053/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Pages/Brochuresbooklets.aspx|archivedate=2012-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụdị dị iche iche ==
Ogige ahụ nwere mpaghara ise kewara ekewa site na okporo ụzọ. Ọ na-echebe ihe karịrị ụdị osisi 279, nke 30 n'ime ha nọ n'ihe ize ndụ &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; na ọtụtụ dị ụkọ. watsonia na arum lily na-acha pinki pinki na-ekpuchi ala mmiri n'oge opupu ihe ubi, tinyere restios, orchid, sundews na okooko osisi ndị ọzọ mara mma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.calflora.net/southafrica/capeflora.html|title=Flora of the Western Cape}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnukwu ihe iyi egwu na [[Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland|Ala mmiri]] ahụ sitere na osisi ndị ọzọ na-awakpo Port Jackson (''Acacia saligna'') na Ahịhịa Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum); &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=City of Cape Town Nature Reserves. Free Booklet|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Documents/CCT_Nature_Reserves_book_2010-02.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122115114/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Documents/CCT_Nature_Reserves_book_2010-02.pdf|archivedate=2010-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dekọrọ ụdị osisi 15 na-awụpo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ahịhịa ===
Ụdị osisi ndị kachasị n'ime mmiri bụ Typha capensis (nke bụ onye na-awakpo na gburugburu ebe obibi a) na Juncus effusus .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Faịlụ:Geissorhiza_radians_flower_Swartland_Shale_Renosterveld_-_Uitkamp_Cape_Town.jpg|''Geissorhiza radians'' flower growing in Swartland Shale Renosterveld at Uitkamp reserve. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Anụ na-enye nwa ara ===
Anụmanụ ndị a na-ahụ n'ime ogige ahụ na-adịkarị obere ma na-eme n'abalị. Bucks a chọtara bụ Common duiker, Steenbok na Cape grysbok. Nnukwu Mongoose na-acha ntụ ntụ bụ anụ na-eri ibe ya n'ime ebe nchekwa ahụ. A na-eche na Caracal na Cape fox na-eleta mgbe ụfọdụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-enye nwa ara gụnyere:

* Nkịta ọhịa nwere ntị bat
* Mongoos na-acha ntụ ntụ
* Mongoose na-acha odo odo
* Mongoliano
* Ezì ọhịa Cape
* Anụ ọhịa nwere eriri
* Anụ ọhịa African pygmy
* Shrew ọhịa

=== Nnụnụ ===
E nwere ụdị nnụnụ 67 a hụrụ n'ime ebe nchekwa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ ===
E nwere ụdị anụ na-akpụ akpụ iri na atọ dị n'ime ebe a na-echekwa anụ; ngwere anọ, agwọ isii, na mbe atọ. Ụdị ngwere kachasị ewu ewu bụ gecko Ocellated. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị agwọ bụ: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Onye na-eri slug
* Agwọ na-agba agba
* Agwọ na-acha ọbara ọbara / Herald

Igurube gụnyere Marsh terrapin na Parrot-beaked tortoise.

=== Anụ ndị bi n'ala na n'ala ===
A chọtawo otu ụdị anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ebe nchekwa ahụ, ụgbụgbọ mmiri Clicking.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anụmanụ ndị nwere azụ ===
A na-ahụ nwanyị di ya nwụrụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke Cape ebe a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ụdị dị iche iche nke Cape Town
* Ndepụta nke ebe nchekwa okike na Cape Town
* Swartland Shale Renosterveld
* [[Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland]]
* Ogige Nchekwa Ihe Ochie nke Durbanville

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Neodymium</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Anastesia chi</username>
        <id>23720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added image to the article</comment>
      <origin>673711</origin>
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      <text bytes="66498" sha1="d51u79gd4chh8376u09pszvfzigumny" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Neodym 1.jpg|thumb|Neodym]]
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt; '''Neodymium''' bụ kemịkalụ; ọ nwere akara '''Nd''' na nọmba atọm 60. Ọ bụ onye nke anọ n'ime usoro lanthanide ma a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ọla ndị dị ụkọ. Ọ bụ ígwè siri ike, nke a na-agbatịtụ, ọlaọcha nke na-emebi ngwa ngwa na ikuku na mmiri. Mgbe oxidized, neodymium na-emeghachi omume ngwa ngwa, na-emepụta pink, purple / blue, na yellow compounds na +2, +3 na +4 oxidation states. A na-ewere ya n'ozuzu ya dị ka nke nwere otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Werbowy|first=Slawomir|title=Studies of Landé gJ-factors of singly ionized neodymium isotopes (142, 143 and 145) at relatively small magnetic fields up to 334 G by collinear laser ion beam spectroscopy|journal=The European Physical Journal D|date=2017|volume=71|doi=10.1140/epjd/e2016-70641-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neodymium chọpụtara na 1885 site n'aka onye Austria na-emepụta kemịkal Carl Auer von Welsbach, onye chọpụtakwara praseodymium. Neodymium dị n'ọtụtụ na mineral monazite na bastnäsite. A naghị ahụ Neodymium n'ụzọ okike n'ụdị ígwè ma ọ bụ na-agwakọtaghị ya na lanthanides ndị ọzọ, a na-emekarị ka ọ dị mma maka iji ya eme ihe n'ozuzu. Neodymium bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị - ihe dị ka cobalt, nickel, ma ọ bụ ọla kọpa - ma na-ekesa ya n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ime mkpo ụwa. A na-egwupụta ọtụtụ neodymium azụmahịa n'ụwa na China, dịka ọ dị na ọtụtụ ọla ndị ọzọ dị ụkọ.

A na-eji ngwakọta Neodymium eme ihe na mbụ dị ka ihe na-acha odo odo na 1927 ma nọgide na-abụ ihe mgbakwunye a ma ama. Agba nke neodymium compounds sitere na Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; ion ma na-abụkarị na-acha uhie uhie. Agba a na-agbanwe na ụdị ọkụ n'ihi mmekọrịta nke bands na-amịkọrọ ìhè nke neodymium na ìhè gburugburu ebe obibi nke bara ọgaranya na bands na'ahụ anya nke mercury, trivalent europium ma ọ bụ Terbium. A na-eji ugogbe anya ndị e ji neodymium mee ihe na lasers nke na-ewepụta infrared na wavelengths n'etiti 1046 na 1062 nanometers. A na-eji lasers ndị a eme ihe na ngwa ike dị elu, dị ka inertial confinement fusion. A na-ejikwa Neodymium na kristal ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, dị ka yttrium aluminum garnet na Nd:YAG laser.

A na-eji alloys neodymium eme ihe iji mee ka Magnet neodymium dị elu, nke bụ Magnet na-adịgide adịgide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Herbst|first=J.F.|date=Nov 1991|title=Neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets|journal=Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials|volume=100|issue=1–3|pages=57–78|doi=10.1016/0304-8853(91)90812-o|issn=0304-8853}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji magnet ndị a eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ngwaahịa dị ka microphones, ụdaolu ọkachamara, ekweisi ntị, ihe ntụrụndụ DC eletrik dị elu, na draịvụ diski ike nke kọmputa, ebe a chọrọ obere magnet (ma ọ bụ olu) ma ọ bụ ebe magnetik siri ike. A na-eji nnukwu magnets neodymium mee ihe na motors eletrik nwere oke ike na ịdị arọ (dịka, na Ụgbọala hybrid) na generators (dịka ụgbọelu na ndị na-emepụta eletrik). 

== Ihe onwunwe ==
Neodymium ọla nwere ihe ọla na-egbuke egbuke, nke na-acha ọlaọcha. Neodymium na-adikarị n'ụdị allotropic abụọ, ya na mgbanwe site na hexagonal abụọ gaa na  body-centered cubic structure nke etiti ahụ na-eme ihe dị ka 863&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neodymium, dịka ọtụtụ lanthanides, bụ paramagnetic na okpomọkụ ụlọ. Ọ na-aghọ antiferromagnet mgbe ojuru oyi na okpụrụ  20 K (−253.2 °C).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Andrej Szytula|title=Handbook of Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Intermetallics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tgM8oAQcdcC&amp;pg=PA1|date=8 March 1994|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-4261-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Below this transition N'okpuru okpomọkụ mgbanwe a, ọ na e gosipụta na usoro na usoro nke magnetik dị mgbagwoju anya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zochowski|first=S W|title=Magnetic phase diagrams of neodymium|journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|volume=3|issue=41|date=1991|issn=0953-8984|doi=10.1088/0953-8984/3/41/007|pages=8079–8094}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lebech|first=B|title=Magnetic phase transitions in double hexagonal close packed neodymium metal-commensurate in two dimensions|journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|volume=6|issue=27|date=1994|issn=0953-8984|doi=10.1088/0953-8984/6/27/029|pages=5201–5222}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke nwere oge ntụrụndụ ogologo na omume spin glass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kamber|first=Umut|title=Self-induced spin glass state in elemental and crystalline neodymium|journal=Science|volume=368|issue=6494|date=2020|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.aay6757|pmid=32467362}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neodymium bụ metal dị ụkọ nke dị na mischmetal ochie na mkpokọta ihe dịka  18%. Iji mepụta neodymium magnets, a na-agwakọta ya na iron, nke bụ ferromagnet.

=== Nhazi eletrọn ===
Neodymium bụ onye nke anọ n'ime usoro lanthanide. Na tebụl oge, ọ na-apụta n'etiti lanthanides praseodymium n'aka ekpe ya na ihe na-emepụta radiation promethium n'akụkụ aka nri ya, na n'elu actinide 2&quot; href=&quot;./Uranium&quot; id=&quot;mwqg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Uranium&quot;&gt;uranium. A na-ahazi electrons 60 ya na 4&quot; href=&quot;./Electron_configuration&quot; id=&quot;mwqw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Electron configuration&quot;&gt;nhazi [Xe]4f46s2, nke electrons 6f na 6s bụ Valencia. Dị ka ọtụtụ ọla ndị ọzọ na usoro lanthanide, neodymium na-ejikarị electrons atọ dị ka valence electrons, dịka mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, electrons 4f fọdụrụ na-ejikọta nke ọma: nke a bụ n'ihi na 4f orbitals na-abanye n'ime isi nke electrons na nucleus, 5d na 6s sochiri, nke a na-abawanye na ụgwọ ion dị elu. Neodymium ka nwere ike ịhapụ electron nke anọ n'ihi na ọ na-abịa n'oge na lanthanides, ebe ụgwọ nuklia ka dị ala na ike 4f subshell dị elu iji kwe ka ewepụ valence electrons ndị ọzọ.[19]

&lt;nowiki&gt;Neodymium nwere ebe ịgbaze nke &lt;spall about=&quot;#mwt114&quot; data-mw='{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;convert&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Convert&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1024&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;C&quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;F&quot;},&quot;abbr&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;on&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwtg&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;1,024   na ebe ọ na-esi nke 3,074  . Dị ka lanthanides ndị ọzọ, ọ na-enwekarị Ọnọdụ oxidation +3, mana ọ pụkwara ịmepụta na +2 na +4 ọnọdụ oxidation, na ọbụna, n'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, +0. Neodymium metal na-agbaze ngwa ngwa n'ọnọdụ gburugburu,  na-emepụta oyi oxide dị ka nchara ígwè nke nwere ike ịgbasa ma kpughee metal ka ọ na-agbaji; ihe nlele dị sentimita nke neodymium na-agbacha kpamkpam n'ihe dị ka otu afọ.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; na-agbaze na mmiri. Dị ka onye agbata obi ya praseodymium, ọ na-ere ọkụ ngwa ngwa na ihe dị ka 150 °C iji mepụta neodymium (III) oxide; oxide ahụ wee pụọ, na-ekpughe nnukwu ígwè ahụ na oxidation ọzọ: &lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Neodymium bụ ihe electropositive, ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na mmiri oyi, ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa na mmiri ọkụ, iji mepụta neodymium (III) hydroxide: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Neodymium na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na dilute sulfuric acid iji mepụta ihe ngwọta nwere lilac Nd (III) ion. Ndị a dị ka [Nd (OH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; complexes: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webelements.com/neodymium/chemistry.html|title=Chemical reactions of Neodymium|publisher=Webelements|accessdate=2012-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe ndị mejupụtara ===
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
[[Faịlụ:Neodym(III)sulfat.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Neodymium (III) sulfate]]

* halides: NdF&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQQ&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdCl&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQY&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdCl&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQg&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdBr&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQo&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdI&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQw&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdI&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQ4&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* oxides: &amp;amp;nbsp;
* hydroxide: &amp;amp;nbsp;
* carbonate: Nd&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwARk&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (CO&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwARo&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;) &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwARs&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* sulfate: &amp;amp;nbsp;
* acetate: Nd (CH3COO) 3Nd (CH&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwASI&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;) &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwASM&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Magnet neodymium (Nd&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)  

==== Ihe ndị mejupụtara organoneodymium ====
Organoneodymium compounds bụ compounds nwere njikọ neodymium-carbon. Ngwakọta ndị a yiri nke lanthanides ndị ọzọ, nke a na-akọwa site na enweghị ike ịgafe π backbonding. N'ihi ya, a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe na cyclopentadienides ionic (isostructural na nke lanthanum) na alkyls na aryls dị mfe, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike ịbụ polymer.[23]

== Isotopes ==
 
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
Neodymium na-apụ''t'' n't-linkid=&quot;1184&quot; href=&quot;./Natural_abundance&quot; id=&quot;mwAWg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Natural abundance&quot;&gt;ụba okike (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) nwere isotopes ise - &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt; na &lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;, ebe &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; bụ nke kachasị ukwuu (27.2% nke oke okike) - na radioisotopes abụọ nwere ọkara ndụ dị ogologo, &lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (alpha decay na ọkara ndụ (t&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;) nke 2.29Nd×1015 afọ) na &lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (double beta decay, t1/2 ≈ 9.3×1018 afọ). N'ozuzu, achọpụtala 35 radioisotopes nke neodymium ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, ebe radioisotops kachasị kwụsie ike bụ ndị na-apụta n'okike: 144Nd na 150Nd. All nke fọdụrụ radioactive isotopes nwere ọkara ndụ nke dị mkpụmkpụ karịa ụbọchị iri na abụọ, na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a nwere ọkara oge nke dị mkpirikpi karịa 70 sekọnd; isotope aka kacha kwụsie ike bụ &lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt; na ọkara ndụ ya nke ụbọchị 10.98.&amp;nbsp;

Neodymium nwekwara 15 a maara me''t'' iso''t'', nke kachasị kwụsie ike bụ &lt;sup&gt;139m&lt;/sup&gt; (''t''&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; = 5.5 awa), &lt;sup&gt;135m&lt;/sup&gt; (t1/2 = 5.5 nkeji) na &lt;sup&gt;133m1&lt;/sup&gt; (t 1/2 ~ 70 sekọnd). Ụzọ mbu nke ire ure tupu isotope kachasị mma, &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;, bụ Njide electron na ire ure positron, na ụzọ mbu nke mbu mgbe beta na-ewepu ire ure. Ngwaahịa ndị bụ isi na-emebi tupu &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; bụ isotopes praseodymium, na ngwaahịa ndị bụ isi mgbe &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; gasịrị bụ isotops promethium.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Karlewski|first=T.|title=Decay of the heaviest isotope of neodymium:154Nd|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik A|volume=322|issue=1|date=1985|issn=0340-2193|doi=10.1007/BF01412035|pages=177–178}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anọ n'ime ise na-akwụsi ike isotopes bụ naanị na-akwụsịghị ike, nke pụtara na a na-atụ anya na ha ga-enwe mmebi nke radiation, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ọkara ndụ ogologo iji were ya dị ka nke kwụsiri ike maka ebumnuche bara uru.&lt;ref name=&quot;rare decays&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Belli|first=P.|title=Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays|date=2019|journal=[[European Physical Journal A]]|volume=55|pages=4–6 &lt;!--data table--&gt;|doi=10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-ebu amụma na ụfọdụ isotopes nke samarium ga-emebi na isotopes of neodymium.&lt;ref name=&quot;rare decays&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

A na-eji iso''t'' neodymium eme ihe na ọrụ sayensị dị iche iche. A na-eji &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; emepụta isotopes dị mkpirikpi nke thulium na ytterbium. A tụwo aro &lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt; maka mmepụta nke &lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;, nke bụ isi iyi nke ike radiation. E jirila ọtụtụ isotopes neodymium mee ihe maka mmepụta nke isotopes promethium ndị ọzọ. Mmebi site na &lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt; (t&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.06×1011 y) gaa na &lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt; na-enye ohere maka oge samarium-neodymium.&lt;ref name=&quot;DePaolo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Depaolo|first=D. J.|title=Nd isotopic variations and petrogenetic models|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=3|year=1976|doi=10.1029/GL003i005p00249|issue=5|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/41937/1/grl330.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikwa &lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt; mee ihe iji mụọ mbibi beta okpukpu abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Barabash|first=A. S.|title=Double beta decay of &lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;Nd to the First 0&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; excited state of &lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;Sm|journal=Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters|date=2004|volume=79|issue=1|pages=10–12|doi=10.1134/1.1675911|url=https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1675911}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
N'afọ 1751, onye Sweden na-amụ banyere ihe ndị dị n'ime ala bụ Axel Fredrik Cronstedt chọpụtara ihe ndị dị arọ site na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na Bastnäs, nke e mechara kpọwa cerite. Afọ iri atọ ka e mesịrị, Wilhelm Hisinger dị afọ iri na ise, onye otu ezinụlọ nwere ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, zigara Carl Scheele ihe nlele, onye na-achọtaghị ihe ọhụrụ ọ bụla n'ime ya. N'afọ 1803, mgbe Hisinger ghọsịrị onye na-ahụ maka ígwè, ya na Jöns Jacob Berzelius laghachiri na mineral ma wepụta oxide ọhụrụ, nke ha kpọrọ ''ceria'' n'aha obere mbara ala Ceres, nke a chọpụtara afọ abụọ tupu mgbe ahụ.[29] Martin Heinrich Klaproth kewapụrụ Ceria n'otu oge na n'onwe ya na Germany.[30] N'agbata afọ 1839 na 1843, onye dọkịta na-awa ahụ na onye na-emepụta ọgwụ na Sweden bụ Carl Gustaf Mosander gosipụtara na ceria bụ ngwakọta nke oxides, onye bi n'otu ụlọ ahụ dị ka Berzelius; ọ kewara oxides abụọ ọzọ, nke ọ kpọrọ ''lanthana'' na ''didymia''. &lt;ref name=&quot;XI&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/ed009p1231|author=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|authorlink=Mary Elvira Weeks|title=The Discovery of the Elements: XI. Some Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium:Zirconium, Titanium, Cerium and Thorium|journal=The Journal of Chemical Education|date=1932|volume=9|issue=7|pages=1231–1243}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Weeks&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|title=The discovery of the elements|date=1956|publisher=Journal of Chemical Education|location=Easton, PA|url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryoftheel002045mbp|edition=6th}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Virginia&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marshall|first=James L. Marshall|title=Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Confusing Years|journal=The Hexagon|date=2015|pages=72–77|url=http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/Hexagon%20Articles/rare%20earths%20II.pdf|accessdate=30 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mebiri akụkụ nke cerium nitrate site n'ịkpọ ya n'ikuku wee gwọọ oxide na-esi na ya apụta na nitric acid. A na-akpọ ọla ndị mepụtara oxides ndị a ''lanthanum'' na ''didymium''. Didymium mechara gosipụta na ọ bụghị otu ihe mgbe Carl Auer von Welsbach kewara ya n'ime ihe abụọ, praseodymium na neodymium, na Vienna n'afọ 1885.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=v. Welsbach|first=Carl Auer|title=Die Zerlegung des Didyms in seine Elemente|journal=Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften|volume=6|issue=1|year=1885|pages=477–491|doi=10.1007/BF01554643}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths|author=Krishnamurthy|first=N.|publisher=CRC Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-203-41302-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Von Welsbach gosipụtara nkewa site na nyocha spectroscopic, mana ngwaahịa ndị ahụ dị obere. A chọpụtara neodymium dị ọcha n'afọ 1925. Aha neodymium sitere na okwu Grik ''neos'' (νέος), ọhụrụ, na ''didymos'' (διδύμος), ejima.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/268 268]–270|title=Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements|author=Emsley, John|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2003|isbn=0-19-850340-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;XVI&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|title=The discovery of the elements. XVI. The rare earth elements|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=9|issue=10|year=1932|doi=10.1021/ed009p1751}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Double nitrate crystallization bụ ụzọ e si eme ka neodymium dị ọcha ruo n'afọ 1950. Lindsay Chemical Division bụ nke mbụ na-azụ ahịa nnu Mgbanwe ion nke neodymium. Malite na 1950s, a na-enweta ịdị ọcha dị elu (&gt;99%) neodymium site na usoro mgbanwe ion site na monazite, mineral jupụtara na ihe ndị dị ụkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-enweta ọla ahụ site na electrolysis nke nnu Halyde ya. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ewepụta ọtụtụ neodymium site na bastnäsite ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha site na iwepụta solvent. A na-eji mkpocha mgbanwe ion eme ihe maka ịdị ọcha kachasị elu (nke a na-ahụkarị &gt;99.99%). Kemgbe ahụ, teknụzụ iko emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mma n'ihi ịdị ọcha nke neodymium oxide dị n'ahịa na ọganihu nke teknụzụ enyo n'ozuzu. Ụzọ mbụ nke ikewa lanthanides dabere na fractional crystallization, nke na-enyeghị ohere maka ikewapụ neodymium dị elu ruo mgbe e mepụtara usoro mgbanwe ion a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị.

== Ebe ọ pụtara na mmepụta ==
[[Faịlụ:Bastnaesite_-_Kischtimsk,_Ural.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ebe a na-adịghị ahụkebe]]
A naghị ahụkarị Neodymium n'okike dị ka ihe nweere onwe ya, kama ọ na-apụta na ore dị ka monazite na bastnäsite (nke bụ ìgwè mineral kama otu mineral) nke nwere obere ihe niile dị n'ala. Neodymium anaghị adịkarị na mineral ndị a, ma e wezụga monazite- (Nd) na kozoite- (Nd). &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/|title=Mindat.org|author=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy|date=1993–2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ndị a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala dị na China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, na Australia.

Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; ion nwere nha yiri nke nha lanthanides mbụ n'ime otu cerium group (ndị sitere na lanthanum ruo samarium naeuropium). N'ihi nke a, a na-ahụkarị ya ka ọ na eso nyere na ime mineral ndị bụ, phosphate, silicate na carbonate,  dịka monazite (M&lt;sup&gt;III&lt;/sup&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) na bastnäsite (M&lt;sup&gt;III&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;F), ebe mkpụrụedemede M na-anochite anya rare-earth ma e wezụga  scandium na radioactive promethium (karịsịa Ce, La, na Y, yana obere Pr na Nd).[41] Bastnäsite anaghị enwekarị  thorium na lanthanides ndị dị arụ, usoro iweputa lanthanides ndị dị mfe na ya adịghịkwa mgbagwoju anya ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke monazite. Mgbe agbasasịrị ma gwerie nkume ore ahụ, a na-ebu uzo jiri acid sulfuric dị ọku ma sie ike, nke a na-eweputa carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, na silicon tetrafluoride. A na- akpọrọ ihe ahụ pụtara na ya nkụ ma jiri mmiri saa ya, nke na-eme ka ion lanthanide ndị mbụ gụnyere lanthanum nogide na ngwakọta mmiri ahụ.[41] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Source discusses treatment of both ores with HCl etc to produce LnCl3 but not treatment with sulfuric acid. (May 2024)&quot;&gt;failed verification&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; margin-right:15px; margin-down:0; font-size:90%; line-height:11pt; text-align: center&quot;
|+Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro anyanwụ[42]
!Ọnụ ọgụgụ atọm&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&quot;width:45%; text-align: left&quot; |Ihe ndị dị na ya
! style=&quot;padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 10px; text-align: left&quot; |Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|42
|Molybdenum
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |2.771
|-
|47
|Ọlaọcha
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.590
|-
|50
|Tin
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |4.699
|-
|58
|Cerium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |1.205
|-
|59
|Praseodymium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.205
|- style=&quot;background:#ff9;&quot;
|''60''
|''Neodymium''
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |''1''
|-
|74
|Tungsten
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.054
|-
|90
|Thorium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.054
|-
|92
|Uranium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.022
|}
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Neodymium n'ime Usoro anyanwụ bụ 0.083 ppb (akụkụ kwa ijeri). [42] [b] Ọnụ ọgụgụ a bụ ihe dịka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke platinum, mana okpukpu abụọ na ọkara karịa mercury, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu ise karịa ọlaedo.[42] A naghị ahụkarị lanthanides na mbara igwe, ha dịkwa ọtụtụ n'ime mkpo ụwa.  [42]

A na-ekewa Neodymium dị ka lithophile n'okpuru nhazi Goldschmidt, nke pụtara na a na-ahụkarị ya na oxygen. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nke ọla ndị dị ụkọ, neodymium abụghị ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ya n'ime mkpo ụwa bụ ihe dịka 41 mg / kg. Ọ dị ka lanthanum n'ụba.&amp;nbsp;

Mmepụta ụwa nke neodymium bụ ihe dị ka tọn 7,000 na 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/268 268]–270|title=Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements|author=Emsley, John|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2003|isbn=0-19-850340-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, ihe ka ukwuu na mmepụta na ebe nchekwa nke ala ndị dị ụkọ dị na China.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rare Earths Statistics and Information {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2016-raree.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506184123/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2016-raree.pdf|archivedate=2016-05-06|accessdate=2023-06-07|work=minerals.usgs.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke ọnụahịa na nnweta emeela ka ụlọ ọrụ (karịsịa ndị Japan) mepụta magnet na-adịgide adịgide na motors eletrik ndị metụtara ya na obere ọla ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/honda-rareearths-idUST9N18R02G|title=Honda co-develops first hybrid car motor free of heavy rare earth metals|date=12 July 2016|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-12/honda-readies-heavy-rare-earth-free-hybrids-to-sidestep-china|title=Honda's Heavy Rare Earth-Free Hybrid Motors Sidestep China|date=12 July 2016|work=Bloomberg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neodymium is typically 10–18% of the rare-earth content of commercial deposits of the light rare-earth-element minerals bastnäsite and monazite.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; With neodymium compounds being the most strongly colored for the trivalent lanthanides, it can occasionally dominate the coloration of rare-earth minerals when competing chromophores are absent. It usually gives a pink coloration. Outstanding examples of this include monazite crystals from the tin deposits in Llallagua, Bolivia; ancylite from Mont Saint-Hilaire, [[Quebec]], Canada; or lanthanite from Lower Saucon Township, Pennsylvania. As with neodymium glasses, such minerals change their colors under the differing lighting conditions. The absorption bands of neodymium interact with the visible emission spectrum of mercury vapor, with the unfiltered shortwave UV light causing neodymium-containing minerals to reflect a distinctive green color. This can be observed with monazite-containing sands or bastnäsite-containing ore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Buzhinskii|first=I. M.|date=1971-08-01|title=Influence of specific neodymium-glass absorption bands on generating energy|journal=Journal of Applied Spectroscopy|language=en|volume=15|issue=2|pages=1002–1005|doi=10.1007/BF00607297|issn=1573-8647}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpa maka ihe onwunwe mineral, dị ka ihe ndị dị ụkọ (gụnyere neodymium) na ihe ndị ọzọ dị oke egwu, anọwo na-abawanye ngwa ngwa n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mmepe ụlọ ọrụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe achọrọ maka ọha mmadụ nwere obere carbon emeela ka a chọọ teknụzụ na-echekwa ike dịka batrị, motors dị elu, isi mmalite ike na-agbanwe agbanwe, na sel mmanụ. N'etiti teknụzụ ndị a, a na-ejikarị magnet na-adịgide adịgide emepụta motors dị elu, na magnet neodymium-iron-boron (nd&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sintered and bonded magnets; ebe a na-akpọ NdFeB magnet) bụ ụdị magnet na-adịghị adịgide adịgide n'ahịa kemgbe ha mepụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sagawa|first=M.|title=New material for permanent magnets on a base of Nd and Fe (Invited)|journal=Journal of Applied Physics|date=1984|volume=55|issue=6|pages=2083–2087|doi=10.1063/1.333572|url=https://doi.org/10.1063/1.333572}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji ndFeB magnet eme ihe na ụgbọala eletrik hybrid, Ụgbọala eletrik plug-in, ụgbọala eletriki, ụgbọala cell, turbines ifufe, ngwa ụlọ, kọmputa, na ọtụtụ obere ngwaọrụ eletrọniki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yang Yongxiang&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yang|first=Yongxiang|date=2017-03-01|title=REE Recovery from End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnet Scrap: A Critical Review|journal=Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=122–149|doi=10.1007/s40831-016-0090-4|issn=2199-3831}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, ha dị mkpa maka ịchekwa ike. Iji mezuo ebumnuche nke Nkwekọrịta Paris, a na-atụ anya na ọchịchọ maka ndFeB magnet ga-abawanye nke ukwuu n'ọdịnihu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yang Yongxiang&quot; /&gt;
 
Magnet Neodymium (ihe alloy, Nd&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) bụ magnet kachasị ike na-adịgide adịgide a maara. Magnet neodymium nke iri gram ole na ole nwere ike ibuli otu puku okpukpu nke ịdị arọ ya, ma nwee ike ijikọta ya na ike zuru ezu iji kụwaa ọkpụkpụ. Magnet ndị a dị ọnụ ala, dị mfe, ma sie ike karịa samarium-cobalt magnets. Otú ọ dị, ha abụghị ndị ka elu n'akụkụ ọ bụla, ebe ọ bụ na magnet ndị dabeere na neodymium na-efunahụ magnetism ha na okpomọkụ dị ala &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=W.|title=The Fe-Nd (Iron-Neodymium) system|journal=Journal of Phase Equilibria|date=1992|volume=13|issue=6|pages=645–648|doi=10.1007/BF02667216|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02667216}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma na-emebi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bala|first=H.|date=1993-10-01|title=Effect of impurities on the corrosion behaviour of neodymium|journal=Journal of Applied Electrochemistry|language=en|volume=23|issue=10|pages=1017–1024|doi=10.1007/BF00266123|issn=1572-8838}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe Magnet samarium-cobalt anaghị emebi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hopp|first=M.|date=2003-04-01|title=Testing the cytotoxicity of metal alloys used as magnetic prosthetic devices|journal=Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine|language=en|volume=14|issue=4|pages=335–345|doi=10.1023/A:1022931915709|pmid=15348458|issn=1573-4838}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neodymium magnets appear in products such as microphones, professional loudspeakers, headphones, [[Égwu ahiri|guitar]] and [[bass guitar]] pick-ups, and computer hard disks where low mass, small volume, or strong magnetic fields are required. Neodymium is used in the electric motors of hybrid and electric automobiles&lt;ref name=&quot;Yang Yongxiang&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yang|first=Yongxiang|date=2017-03-01|title=REE Recovery from End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnet Scrap: A Critical Review|journal=Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=122–149|doi=10.1007/s40831-016-0090-4|issn=2199-3831}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in the electricity generators of some designs of commercial wind turbines (only wind turbines with &quot;permanent magnet&quot; generators use neodymium).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stanfordmagnets.com/application-of-neodymium-magnets-in-wind-turbine-generators.html|title=Application of Neodymium Magnets in Wind Turbine Generators|author=Marchio|first=Cathy|date=Apr 16, 2024|work=Stanford Magnets|accessdate=Aug 16, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, drive electric motors of each Toyota Prius require one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of neodymium per vehicle.{{R|reu}} Permanent neodymium iron boride ( ) magnets are often made with heavy rare earth elements like [[Ọrịa na-esi ísì ụtọ|dysprosium]] and terbium as substituents to improve their performance in heated conditions, since the magnets lose performance rapidly above room temperature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rom|first=Christopher L.|date=2024|title=Emerging magnetic materials for electric vehicle drive motors|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1557/s43577-024-00743-4|journal=MRS Bulletin|language=en|volume=49|issue=7|pages=738–750|doi=10.1557/s43577-024-00743-4|issn=0883-7694}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neodymium magnets are used in medical devices such as MRI and treatments for chronic pain and wound healing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yuksel|first=Cengiz|date=September 2018|title=The use of neodymium magnets in healthcare and their effects on health|journal=Northern Clinics of Istanbul|volume=5|issue=3|pages=268–273|doi=10.14744/nci.2017.00483|issn=2536-4553|pmid=30688942}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-emepụta iko Neodymium (Nd:glass) site na itinye 2&quot; href=&quot;./Neodymium(III)_oxide&quot; id=&quot;mwAzQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Neodymium(III) oxide&quot;&gt;neodymium oxide (Nd2O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) na iko agbaze. N'ìhè ehihie ma ọ bụ ọkụ na-enwu enwu, iko neodymium na-apụta lavender, mana ọ na-apụghị ịcha anụnụ anụnụ n'okpuru ọkụ fluorescent. Enwere ike iji Neodymium mee ihe iji mee ka iko na-acha odo odo site na purple ruo na mmanya na-acha ọbara ọbara na ntụ ntụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kondrukevich|first=A. A.|date=2008-05-01|title=Color of porcelain containing neodymium oxide|journal=Glass and Ceramics|language=en|volume=65|issue=5|pages=203–207|doi=10.1007/s10717-008-9039-9|issn=1573-8515}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ojiji azụmahịa mbụ nke neodymium dị ọcha bụ na agba iko, malite na nnwale nke Leo Moser na Nọvemba 1927. Igwe &quot;Alexandrite&quot; nke sitere na ya ka bụ agba nke Moser glassworks ruo taa. Neodymium glass e ṅomiri n'ọtụtụ ebe na mbido afọ 1930 site na ụlọ iko America, ọkachasị Heisey, Fostoria (&quot;wisteria&quot;), Cambridge (&quot;heatherbloom&quot;), na Steuben (&quot;wistería&quot;), na ebe ndị ọzọ (dịka Lalique, na France, ma ọ bụ Murano). Tiffin's &quot;twilight&quot; nọgidere na mmepụta site n'afọ 1950 ruo afọ 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://coloradosprings.yourhub.com/CrippleCreekTellerCounty/Stories/Arts/Story~443258.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403165916/http://coloradosprings.yourhub.com/CrippleCreekTellerCounty/Stories/Arts/Story~443258.aspx|archivedate=2008-04-03|title=Chameleon Glass Changes Color|accessdate=2009-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ndị a na-enweta ugbu a gụnyere ndị na-emepụta iko na Czech Republic, United States, na China. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Brown|first=David C.|title=High-Peak-Power Nd: Glass Laser Systems|chapter=Optical-Pump Sources for Nd : Glass Lasers|series=Springer Series in Optical Sciences|date=1981|pages=99–127|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-38508-0_3|isbn=978-3-662-13516-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akara absorption nke neodymium na-eme ka agba iko gbanwee n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọkụ dị iche iche, na-acha uhie uhie na-acha odo odo n'okpuru ìhè ehihie ma ọ bụ ìhè na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-aṅụrị anụnụ n'okpuru ọkụ na-acha ọcha, na-aghọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'okpuru ọchịchịrị trichromatic. Na njikọta ya na ọlaedo ma ọ bụ [[selenium]], a na-emepụta ụcha uhie. Ebe ọ bụ na agba neodymium na-adabere na mgbanwe &quot;a machibidoro iwu&quot; f-f n'ime atọm ahụ, enwere mmetụta dị nta na agba site na gburugburu kemịkal, yabụ agba ahụ anaghị emetụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iko ahụ. Otú ọ dị, maka agba kachasị mma, ọ dị mkpa ka e belata ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha nwere ígwè na silica eji eme iko ahụ. Otu ọdịdị a machibidoro iwu nke mgbanwe f-f na-eme ka ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ghara ịdị ike karịa nke ọtụtụ ihe mgbanwe d nyere, yabụ a ga-eji ihe ndị ọzọ mee ihe na iko iji nweta ike agba achọrọ. Nchịkọta mbụ nke Moser jiri ihe dị ka 5% nke neodymium oxide mee ihe na iko ahụ gbazere agbaze, nke zuru oke nke Moser zoro aka na ndị a dị ka iko &quot;ụwa-adịghị ahụkebe&quot;. N'ịbụ ntọala siri ike, ọkwa nke neodymium ahụ ga-emetụta ihe ndị na-agbaze nke iko ahụ, na ihe dị na lime nke iko ahụ nwere ike ịchọ mgbanwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofglas0000bray|title=Dictionary of glass: materials and techniques|author=Bray, Charles|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|date=2001|isbn=0-8122-3619-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìhè a na-ebute site na iko neodymium na-egosi bands absorption dị nkọ n'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe; a na-eji iko ahụ eme ihe n'Ọrụ mbara igwe iji mepụta bands dị nkọ nke enwere ike ịhazi akara spectral.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntinye ọzọ bụ ịmepụta nzacha ndị na-ahọrọ mbara igwe iji belata mmetụta nke mmetọ ìhè site na sodium na ọkụ fluorescent mgbe ọ na-agafe agba ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ikuku hydrogen-alpha na-acha uhie uhie site na nebulae. A na-ejikwa Neodymium wepụ ụcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ígwè na iko kpatara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peelman|first=S.|date=2018-06-01|title=Recovery of Neodymium as (Na, Nd)(SO4)2 from the Ferrous Fraction of a General WEEE Shredder Stream|journal=Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=276–287|doi=10.1007/s40831-018-0165-5|issn=2199-3831}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neodymium bụ akụkụ nke &quot;didymium&quot; (na-ezo aka na ngwakọta nke nnu nke neodymium na praseodymium) nke a na-eji eme ka iko na-acha iji mee ka ugogbe anya nke onye na-agbanye mmiri na onye na-eme ka iko ghara ịdị ike na 589 nm. Mmetụta yiri nke ahụ nke akara na-acha odo odo nke mercury na 578 nm bụ isi ihe kpatara ụcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ a hụrụ maka iko neodymium n'okpuru ọkụ na-acha ọcha. A na-eji ugegbe Neodymium na didymium eme ihe na nzacha na-eme ka agba dịkwuo mma na foto ime ụlọ, ọkachasị na nzacha ụcha odo site na ọkụ ọkụ. N'otu aka ahụ, iko neodymium na-aghọ ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe kpọmkwem na ọkụ ọkụ. Lamps ndị a nwere neodymium n'ime iko iji nyochaa ìhè odo, na-eme ka ìhè na-acha ọcha nke dị ka ìhè anyanwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Liqiang|title=Color-filtered phosphor-in-glass for LED-lit LCD with wide color gamut|journal=Ceramics International|date=August 2019|volume=45|issue=11|pages=14432–14438|doi=10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.04.164}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, a kọrọ na a na-eji enyo didymium ebufe koodu Morse gafee ọgbọ agha.&lt;ref name=&quot;b1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fontani, Marco|title=The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck9jBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA173|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-938334-4|pages=172–173}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ojiji ya na iko, a na-eji nnu neodymium eme ihe dị ka ihe na-acha maka enamels.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

=== Lasers ===
Enwere ike iji ihe ụfọdụ na-apụta ìhè na obere njupụta nke neodymium ion mee ihe na lasers dị ka mgbasa ozi mmeri maka ogologo oge infrared (105&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-1064 nm), dịka Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet), Nd:YAP (yttrium aluminum Perovskite), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Sulc|first=Jan|editor=Hoffman|title=Solid State Lasers XIV: Technology and Devices|chapter=Comparison of diode-side-pumped triangular Nd:YAG and Nd:YAP laser|date=27 April 2005|doi=10.1117/12.588233|chapterurl=https://www.crytur.cz/storage/cryt_UK-General/posters%20laser/Nd_triangl.pdf|accessdate=16 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nd:YLF (yttrium lithium fluoride), Nd: YVO4 (yttrium orthovanadate), na Nd:glass. Neodymium-doped crystals (nke a na-ahụkarị Nd:YVO&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwA4k&quot;&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;) na-emepụta ọkụ laser infrared dị elu nke a na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ìhè laser na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na laser pointers DPSS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tanjib Atique Khan|date=2012-06-27|title=Solid State Laser &amp; Semiconductor Laser|url=http://dewan.buet.ac.bd/EEE6503/Reports/Report_Chap12-13_SolidStateLasers+SemiconductorLasers.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Trivalent neodymium ion Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; bụbụ lanthanide mbụ sitere na ihe ndị dị ụkọ eji emepụta radiation laser. Emeputara laser Nd:CaWO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;  n'afọ 1961.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.126.1406|title=Continuous operation of a solid-state optical maser|year=1962|author=Johnson|first=L. F.|journal=Physical Review|volume=126|issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ bụ laser nke atọ etinyere n'ọrụ. (nke mbụ bụbụ ruby, nke abụọ bụ laser U&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;:CaF ). Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, laser neodymium  ghọrọ otu n'ime lasers ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ebumnuche ojiji. Ihe ịga nke ọma ion Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; dị na nhazi nke ọkwa ike ya na ihe ndị dị na spectroscopic dabara adaba maka imepụta radiation laser. N'afọ 1964 Geusic et al.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1063/1.1753928|title=Laser oscillations in nd-doped yttrium aluminum, yttrium gallium and gadolinium garnets|year=1964|author=Geusic|first=J. E.|journal=Applied Physics Letters|volume=4|issue=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;  gosipụtara ọrụ nke ion neodymium na YAG matrix Y&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Al&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;. Ọ bụ laser ọkwa anọ nwere ike ala ma nwee ezigbo ihe eji arụ ọrụ na okpomọkụ. Maka mgbapụta anya nke ihe a, ọ kere omume iji flashlamp radiation na adịghị ejikọta ọnụ ma ọ bụ ihe na agbanwe agbanwe diode.

Laser dị ugbu a na UK Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), HELEN (High Energy Laser Embodymium) 1-terawatt neodymium-glass laser, nwere ike ịnweta etiti nke mpaghara nrụgide na okpomọkụ ma jiri ya nweta data maka imepụta otu njupụta, okpomọkụ, na nrụgide si emekọrịta n'ime ogbunigwe. HELEN nwere ike ịmepụta plasma nke dị gburugburu 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; K, nke a na-atụle opacity na nnyefe nke radiation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1364/AO.41.003497|title=Multipass Reconfiguration of the HELEN Nd:Glass Laser at the Atomic Weapons Establishment|date=2002|journal=Applied Optics|volume=41|pages=3497–505|pmid=12078672|issue=18|author=Norman|first=M. J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eji Neodymium solid-state lasers  eme ihe na sistemụ ọkụ (terawatt scale), ike dị elu (megajoules) maka njikọta ikuku. inertial confinement fusion. A na-ejikarị lasers Nd:glass frequency tripled na third harmonic at 351&amp;nbsp;nm  na ngwaọrụ njikọta laser.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=W.|date=2010-10-01|title=Third harmonic generation of Nd:glass laser with novel composite deuterated KDP crystals|journal=Laser Physics|language=en|volume=20|issue=10|pages=1923–1926|doi=10.1134/S1054660X10190175|issn=1555-6611}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Neodymium nwere ikike okpomọkụ dị oke egwu na okpomọkụ mmiri-helium, yabụ ọ bara uru na cryocoolers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Neodymium: Properties and Applications|url=https://www.stanfordmaterials.com/blog/neodymium-properties-and-applications.html|accessdate=2025-05-13|work=www.stanfordmaterials.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Enwere ike iji Neodymium acetate mee ihe dị ka ihe dị iche iche na microscopy electron (ihe na-anọchi anya uranyl acetate na-egbu egbu na nke na-egbu mgbu). &lt;ref name=&quot;uranyl acetate&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kuipers|first=Jeroen|date=2020-04-01|title=Neodymium as an alternative contrast for uranium in electron microscopy|journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology|language=en|volume=153|issue=4|pages=271–277|doi=10.1007/s00418-020-01846-0|issn=1432-119X|pmid=32008069}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Eleghị anya n'ihi myirịta ya na Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, a kọọrọ Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;  iji kwalite uto osisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wei, Y. and Zhou, X.|title=The Effect of Neodymium (Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;) on Some Physiological Activities in Oilseed Rape during Calcium (Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;) Starvation|url=http://www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/2/399.htm|journal=10th International Rapeseed Congress|volume=2|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikarị ihe ndị dị n'ala dị ụkọ eme ihe na China dị ka [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tommasi|first=Franca|date=2021-11-01|title=Review of Rare Earth Elements as Fertilizers and Feed Additives: A Knowledge Gap Analysis|journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|language=en|volume=81|issue=4|pages=531–540|doi=10.1007/s00244-020-00773-4|issn=1432-0703|pmid=33141264}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Samarium-neodymium dating bara uru maka ịchọpụta mmekọrịta afọ nke nkume  na meteorites. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7639024.stm|title=Team finds Earth's 'oldest rocks'|work=BBC News|accessdate=2009-06-06|date=2008-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A na-eji isotopes nke Neodymium edere na mmiri iji wughachi mgbanwe na mgbasa nke oké osimiri gara aga.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tachikawa|first=K.|date=2003|title=Neodymium budget in the modern ocean and paleo-oceanographic implications|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=108|issue=C8|doi=10.1029/1999JC000285}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=van de Flierdt|first=Tina|date=2016-11-28|title=Neodymium in the oceans: a global database, a regional comparison and implications for palaeoceanographic research|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume=374|issue=2081|doi=10.1098/rsta.2015.0293|pmid=29035258}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na nchebe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ==
   
A chọpụtala na lanthanides mbụ, gụnyere neodymium, yana lanthanum, cerium na praseodymium dị mkpa maka ụfọdụ nje methanotrophic na-ebi na mudpots nke ugwu mgbawa, dị ka ''Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/1462-2920.12249|pmid=24034209|title=Rare earth metals are essential for methanotrophic life in volcanic mudpots|date=2013|author=Pol|first=Arjan|journal=Environmental Microbiology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=255–64|url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl//bitstream/handle/2066/128108/128108.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kang|first=Lin|date=2000-04-01|title=Neodymium cations Nd3+ were transported to the interior ofEuglena gracilis 277|journal=Chinese Science Bulletin|language=en|volume=45|issue=7|pages=585–592|doi=10.1007/BF02886032|issn=1861-9541}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maghị Neodymium ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vais|first=Vladimir|date=2003-09-01|title=Condensation reaction in the bandpass reaction cell improves sensitivity for uranium, thorium, neodymium and praseodymium measurements|journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry|language=en|volume=377|issue=1|pages=85–88|doi=10.1007/s00216-003-2084-x|pmid=12856100|issn=1618-2650}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uzuzu ígwè Neodymium na-ere ọkụ ma yabụ ihe ize ndụ mgbawa. Neodymium compounds, dị ka ọ dị na ọla niile dị ụkọ, nwere obere na nke dị nro; Otú ọ dị, a chọpụtabeghị nsị ya nke ọma. A na-ewere nnu neodymium a na-eri dị ka ihe na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-agbaze karịa ma ọ bụrụhaala na ha anaghị agbaze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/nd.htm|title=Neodymium (Nd) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uzuzu na nnu nke neodymium na-akpasu anya na mucous membranes iwe nke ukwuu, ma na-akcasu Akpụkpọ ahụ iwe. Ịṅụ ume n'ájá nwere ike ịkpata embolism nke akpa ume, na ikpughe ihe na-emebi imeju. Neodymium na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi ọbara ịkpụkọ, ọkachasị mgbe a na-enye ya na intravenously.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/268 268]–270|title=Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements|author=Emsley, John|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2003|isbn=0-19-850340-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A nwalere magnet Neodymium maka iji ọgwụ mee ihe dị ka magnetic braces na mmezi ọkpụkpụ, mana nsogbu Biocompatibility egbochiwo itinye ya n'ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Donohue|first=V. E.|date=Mar 1995|title=In vitro cytotoxicity testing of neodymium-iron-boron magnets|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jab.770060110|journal=Journal of Applied Biomaterials|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=69–74|doi=10.1002/jab.770060110|pmid=7703540|issn=1045-4861}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magnet ndị a na-ere ahịa nke e ji neodymium mee siri ike nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ịdọta ibe ha site n'ebe dị anya. Ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nlezianya, ha na-agbakọta ngwa ngwa na ike, na-akpata mmerụ ahụ. Enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ihe edere ede banyere onye na-efunahụ mkpịsị aka mgbe magnet abụọ ọ na-eji na-agbakọta ọnụ site na 50 cm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Swain|first=Frank|title=How to remove a finger with two super magnets|publisher=Seed Media Group LLC|date=March 6, 2009|url=http://scienceblogs.com/sciencepunk/2009/03/06/how-to-remove-a-finger-with-tw/|accessdate=2013-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Ihe ize ndụ ọzọ nke magnet ndị a dị ike bụ na ọ bụrụ na a na-eri ihe karịrị otu magnet, ha nwere ike ịpị anụ ahụ dị nro na eriri afọ. Nke a emeela ka e mee atụmatụ na 1,700 nleta n'ime ụlọ mberede  ma mee ka ọ dị mkpa icheta usoro ihe eji egwuri egwu nke Buckyballs, nke bụ usoro iwu obere magnet neodymium. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Neodymium Magnets: Too Attractive?|date=2014|url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/821835|journal=Medscape Gastroenterology|author=Balistreri, William F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Lanthanides
* Oge 6 ihe
* Mkpụrụ osisi ndị dị ụkọ
* Magnet
* [[Ọrịa na-esi ísì ụtọ]] 

== Ebensibịa ==

== Akwụkwọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|date=2011|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}}
*  
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* {{Cite journal|author=Lodders|first=K.|title=Solar System abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements|year=2003|pages=1220–47|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=591|issue=2|issn=0004-637X|doi=10.1086/375492|url=http://solarsystem.wustl.edu/wp-content/uploads/reprints/2003/Lodders%202003%20ApJ%20Elemental%20abundances.pdf}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>d51u79gd4chh8376u09pszvfzigumny</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ịgafe Ụmụ Mmadụ</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the section &quot;External links&quot; from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871339|Transhumance]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="25243" sha1="3bkqu82i8ohu88mei05zq5abd5tyq11" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).

N'omenala ịzụ atụrụ na Poland, a na-ahụ Redyk dị ka ememme obodo kacha mma. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enye atụrụ ha nye onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka oge niile, tupu ha ata nri n'ọhịa, na-edepụta ha (ọtụtụ mgbe site n'itinye akara n'osisi, osisi ma ọ bụ osisi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ), na-akara ha akara ma tinye ha n'ime nkata e ji tynin mee. Na Ncheta nke Tatra Society site na 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, na-enye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ).

A chịkọtara atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ niile n'otu ebe n'ala ugwu, e mesịakwa kpụọ otu nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ gaa na szalas. [ O doro anya na nke a bụ okwu Hungary nke sałasz, yabụ na ọ bụghị nke dị na ngalaba Poland. ] E mesikwara okwu ike nke ọma n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke hala: e nwere ịgba égbè, ịkụ ọkpọ na iti mkpu ruo ebe niile. E bu n'obi nke a ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ n'anụmanụ ha ma mee ka ìgwè atụrụ ahụ dum dịrị n'otu.

Mgbe emume ahụ gasịrị, e nwere egwu na ịgba egwu ọnụ. Ndị egwu ahụ kpọrọ ngwa egwu ọdịnala: gajdas na violin. Dịka egwu si sonye, ndị Sałashniks mere egwu kacha ochie - owiedziok, owczarza, kolomajka, swinszczok, na masztołka.

Redyk gụnyere ọtụtụ omume obodo, emume na emume. N'oge a, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ntụrụndụ ọdịnala obodo. Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke oge a, Redyk (ụgbọ atụrụ) nwere àgwà nke ihe ngosi ọdịnala nke a na-agwa ndị obodo na ndị njem nleta, kamakwa nye ndị bi n'ugwu n'onwe ha, ndị ga-amata omenala ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahazi redyk nkịtị na Czechia, Slovakia na Romania. Na Poland, ndị nhazi bụ Transhumant Pastoral Foundation.

=== Briten ===

==== Wales ====

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]

== Njikọ ndị ọzọ ==

[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).

N'omenala ịzụ atụrụ na Poland, a na-ahụ Redyk dị ka ememme obodo kacha mma. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enye atụrụ ha nye onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka oge niile, tupu ha ata nri n'ọhịa, na-edepụta ha (ọtụtụ mgbe site n'itinye akara n'osisi, osisi ma ọ bụ osisi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ), na-akara ha akara ma tinye ha n'ime nkata e ji tynin mee. Na Ncheta nke Tatra Society site na 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, na-enye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ).

A chịkọtara atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ niile n'otu ebe n'ala ugwu, e mesịakwa kpụọ otu nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ gaa na szalas. [ O doro anya na nke a bụ okwu Hungary nke sałasz, yabụ na ọ bụghị nke dị na ngalaba Poland. ] E mesikwara okwu ike nke ọma n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke hala: e nwere ịgba égbè, ịkụ ọkpọ na iti mkpu ruo ebe niile. E bu n'obi nke a ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ n'anụmanụ ha ma mee ka ìgwè atụrụ ahụ dum dịrị n'otu.

Mgbe emume ahụ gasịrị, e nwere egwu na ịgba egwu ọnụ. Ndị egwu ahụ kpọrọ ngwa egwu ọdịnala: gajdas na violin. Dịka egwu si sonye, ndị Sałashniks mere egwu kacha ochie - owiedziok, owczarza, kolomajka, swinszczok, na masztołka.

Redyk gụnyere ọtụtụ omume obodo, emume na emume. N'oge a, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ntụrụndụ ọdịnala obodo. Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke oge a, Redyk (ụgbọ atụrụ) nwere àgwà nke ihe ngosi ọdịnala nke a na-agwa ndị obodo na ndị njem nleta, kamakwa nye ndị bi n'ugwu n'onwe ha, ndị ga-amata omenala ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahazi redyk nkịtị na Czechia, Slovakia na Romania. Na Poland, ndị nhazi bụ Transhumant Pastoral Foundation.

=== Briten ===

==== Wales ====

* [https://www.fao.org/4/Y4856E/y4856e05.htm Mkparịta ụka nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US gbasara Eshia]
* [http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/t6260e/t6260e02.htm Mkparịta ụka Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US gbasara Afrịka] Archived  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090331200354/http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/roman_africa/TRANSHUM.HTM Mgbanwe Mmadụ na 'Ebe Nchere' na Ugwu Afrịka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060228100800/http://www.australianalps.deh.gov.au/publications/cultural-values/pubs/cultural-values.pdf Mgbanwe mmadụ n'ọdịnala pere mpe na Australia]
* Archived [http://anthro.palomar.edu/subsistence/sub_3.htm Ịzụ Ụmụ anụmanụ]   na 3 Febụwarị 2016
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081114210429/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/geography/geog12.htm Nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke transhumance na North America]
* [http://www.alporama.ch Ndekọ ala Switzerland nke ala ahịhịa alpine (German)]
* [http://www.madrid-guide-spain.com/la-transhumancia.html La transhumancia na Madrid Spain]
* [https://www.merano-suedtirol.it/en/schnalstal-valley/summer/culture/annual-transhumance-in-schnalstal-valley/ Mgbanwe mmadụ site na Ndagwurugwu Schnals (Italy) ruo Ndagwurugwu Ötz (Austria)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081022133440/http://www.uv.es/metode/numero36/78_36.html Ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Lionel Martorell, otu n'ime ndị pastọ ikpeazụ na-eme ihe ọjọọ na Eastern Spain]</text>
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Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).

N'omenala ịzụ atụrụ na Poland, a na-ahụ Redyk dị ka ememme obodo kacha mma. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enye atụrụ ha nye onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka oge niile, tupu ha ata nri n'ọhịa, na-edepụta ha (ọtụtụ mgbe site n'itinye akara n'osisi, osisi ma ọ bụ osisi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ), na-akara ha akara ma tinye ha n'ime nkata e ji tynin mee. Na Ncheta nke Tatra Society site na 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, na-enye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ).

A chịkọtara atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ niile n'otu ebe n'ala ugwu, e mesịakwa kpụọ otu nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ gaa na szalas. [ O doro anya na nke a bụ okwu Hungary nke sałasz, yabụ na ọ bụghị nke dị na ngalaba Poland. ] E mesikwara okwu ike nke ọma n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke hala: e nwere ịgba égbè, ịkụ ọkpọ na iti mkpu ruo ebe niile. E bu n'obi nke a ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ n'anụmanụ ha ma mee ka ìgwè atụrụ ahụ dum dịrị n'otu.

Mgbe emume ahụ gasịrị, e nwere egwu na ịgba egwu ọnụ. Ndị egwu ahụ kpọrọ ngwa egwu ọdịnala: gajdas na violin. Dịka egwu si sonye, ndị Sałashniks mere egwu kacha ochie - owiedziok, owczarza, kolomajka, swinszczok, na masztołka.

Redyk gụnyere ọtụtụ omume obodo, emume na emume. N'oge a, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ntụrụndụ ọdịnala obodo. Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke oge a, Redyk (ụgbọ atụrụ) nwere àgwà nke ihe ngosi ọdịnala nke a na-agwa ndị obodo na ndị njem nleta, kamakwa nye ndị bi n'ugwu n'onwe ha, ndị ga-amata omenala ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahazi redyk nkịtị na Czechia, Slovakia na Romania. Na Poland, ndị nhazi bụ Transhumant Pastoral Foundation.

=== Briten ===

==== Wales ====

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).

N'omenala ịzụ atụrụ na Poland, a na-ahụ Redyk dị ka ememme obodo kacha mma. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enye atụrụ ha nye onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka oge niile, tupu ha ata nri n'ọhịa, na-edepụta ha (ọtụtụ mgbe site n'itinye akara n'osisi, osisi ma ọ bụ osisi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ), na-akara ha akara ma tinye ha n'ime nkata e ji tynin mee. Na Ncheta nke Tatra Society site na 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, na-enye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ).

A chịkọtara atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ niile n'otu ebe n'ala ugwu, e mesịakwa kpụọ otu nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ gaa na szalas. [ O doro anya na nke a bụ okwu Hungary nke sałasz, yabụ na ọ bụghị nke dị na ngalaba Poland. ] E mesikwara okwu ike nke ọma n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke hala: e nwere ịgba égbè, ịkụ ọkpọ na iti mkpu ruo ebe niile. E bu n'obi nke a ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ n'anụmanụ ha ma mee ka ìgwè atụrụ ahụ dum dịrị n'otu.

Mgbe emume ahụ gasịrị, e nwere egwu na ịgba egwu ọnụ. Ndị egwu ahụ kpọrọ ngwa egwu ọdịnala: gajdas na violin. Dịka egwu si sonye, ndị Sałashniks mere egwu kacha ochie - owiedziok, owczarza, kolomajka, swinszczok, na masztołka.

Redyk gụnyere ọtụtụ omume obodo, emume na emume. N'oge a, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ntụrụndụ ọdịnala obodo. Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke oge a, Redyk (ụgbọ atụrụ) nwere àgwà nke ihe ngosi ọdịnala nke a na-agwa ndị obodo na ndị njem nleta, kamakwa nye ndị bi n'ugwu n'onwe ha, ndị ga-amata omenala ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahazi redyk nkịtị na Czechia, Slovakia na Romania. Na Poland, ndị nhazi bụ Transhumant Pastoral Foundation.

=== Briten ===

==== Wales ====

* [https://www.fao.org/4/Y4856E/y4856e05.htm Mkparịta ụka nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US gbasara Eshia]
* [http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/t6260e/t6260e02.htm Mkparịta ụka Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US gbasara Afrịka] Archived  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090331200354/http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/roman_africa/TRANSHUM.HTM Mgbanwe Mmadụ na 'Ebe Nchere' na Ugwu Afrịka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060228100800/http://www.australianalps.deh.gov.au/publications/cultural-values/pubs/cultural-values.pdf Mgbanwe mmadụ n'ọdịnala pere mpe na Australia]
* Archived [http://anthro.palomar.edu/subsistence/sub_3.htm Ịzụ Ụmụ anụmanụ]   na 3 Febụwarị 2016
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081114210429/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/geography/geog12.htm Nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke transhumance na North America]
* [http://www.alporama.ch Ndekọ ala Switzerland nke ala ahịhịa alpine (German)]
* [http://www.madrid-guide-spain.com/la-transhumancia.html La transhumancia na Madrid Spain]
* [https://www.merano-suedtirol.it/en/schnalstal-valley/summer/culture/annual-transhumance-in-schnalstal-valley/ Mgbanwe mmadụ site na Ndagwurugwu Schnals (Italy) ruo Ndagwurugwu Ötz (Austria)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081022133440/http://www.uv.es/metode/numero36/78_36.html Ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Lionel Martorell, otu n'ime ndị pastọ ikpeazụ na-eme ihe ọjọọ na Eastern Spain]
== Njikọ ndị ọzọ ==

[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).

N'omenala ịzụ atụrụ na Poland, a na-ahụ Redyk dị ka ememme obodo kacha mma. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enye atụrụ ha nye onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka oge niile, tupu ha ata nri n'ọhịa, na-edepụta ha (ọtụtụ mgbe site n'itinye akara n'osisi, osisi ma ọ bụ osisi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ), na-akara ha akara ma tinye ha n'ime nkata e ji tynin mee. Na Ncheta nke Tatra Society site na 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, na-enye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ).

A chịkọtara atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ niile n'otu ebe n'ala ugwu, e mesịakwa kpụọ otu nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ gaa na szalas. [ O doro anya na nke a bụ okwu Hungary nke sałasz, yabụ na ọ bụghị nke dị na ngalaba Poland. ] E mesikwara okwu ike nke ọma n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke hala: e nwere ịgba égbè, ịkụ ọkpọ na iti mkpu ruo ebe niile. E bu n'obi nke a ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ n'anụmanụ ha ma mee ka ìgwè atụrụ ahụ dum dịrị n'otu.

Mgbe emume ahụ gasịrị, e nwere egwu na ịgba egwu ọnụ. Ndị egwu ahụ kpọrọ ngwa egwu ọdịnala: gajdas na violin. Dịka egwu si sonye, ndị Sałashniks mere egwu kacha ochie - owiedziok, owczarza, kolomajka, swinszczok, na masztołka.

Redyk gụnyere ọtụtụ omume obodo, emume na emume. N'oge a, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ntụrụndụ ọdịnala obodo. Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke oge a, Redyk (ụgbọ atụrụ) nwere àgwà nke ihe ngosi ọdịnala nke a na-agwa ndị obodo na ndị njem nleta, kamakwa nye ndị bi n'ugwu n'onwe ha, ndị ga-amata omenala ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahazi redyk nkịtị na Czechia, Slovakia na Romania. Na Poland, ndị nhazi bụ Transhumant Pastoral Foundation.

=== Briten ===

==== Wales ====

* [https://www.fao.org/4/Y4856E/y4856e05.htm Mkparịta ụka nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US gbasara Eshia]
* [http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/t6260e/t6260e02.htm Mkparịta ụka Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US gbasara Afrịka] Archived  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090331200354/http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/roman_africa/TRANSHUM.HTM Mgbanwe Mmadụ na 'Ebe Nchere' na Ugwu Afrịka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060228100800/http://www.australianalps.deh.gov.au/publications/cultural-values/pubs/cultural-values.pdf Mgbanwe mmadụ n'ọdịnala pere mpe na Australia]
* Archived [http://anthro.palomar.edu/subsistence/sub_3.htm Ịzụ Ụmụ anụmanụ]   na 3 Febụwarị 2016
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081114210429/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/geography/geog12.htm Nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke transhumance na North America]
* [http://www.alporama.ch Ndekọ ala Switzerland nke ala ahịhịa alpine (German)]
* [http://www.madrid-guide-spain.com/la-transhumancia.html La transhumancia na Madrid Spain]
* [https://www.merano-suedtirol.it/en/schnalstal-valley/summer/culture/annual-transhumance-in-schnalstal-valley/ Mgbanwe mmadụ site na Ndagwurugwu Schnals (Italy) ruo Ndagwurugwu Ötz (Austria)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081022133440/http://www.uv.es/metode/numero36/78_36.html Ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Lionel Martorell, otu n'ime ndị pastọ ikpeazụ na-eme ihe ọjọọ na Eastern Spain]</text>
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      <text bytes="39177" sha1="9f399rqu4ef9w7prxlsjthwe6xkmauh" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).

N'omenala ịzụ atụrụ na Poland, a na-ahụ Redyk dị ka ememme obodo kacha mma. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enye atụrụ ha nye onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka oge niile, tupu ha ata nri n'ọhịa, na-edepụta ha (ọtụtụ mgbe site n'itinye akara n'osisi, osisi ma ọ bụ osisi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ), na-akara ha akara ma tinye ha n'ime nkata e ji tynin mee. Na Ncheta nke Tatra Society site na 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, na-enye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ).

A chịkọtara atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ niile n'otu ebe n'ala ugwu, e mesịakwa kpụọ otu nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ gaa na szalas. [ O doro anya na nke a bụ okwu Hungary nke sałasz, yabụ na ọ bụghị nke dị na ngalaba Poland. ] E mesikwara okwu ike nke ọma n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke hala: e nwere ịgba égbè, ịkụ ọkpọ na iti mkpu ruo ebe niile. E bu n'obi nke a ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ n'anụmanụ ha ma mee ka ìgwè atụrụ ahụ dum dịrị n'otu.

Mgbe emume ahụ gasịrị, e nwere egwu na ịgba egwu ọnụ. Ndị egwu ahụ kpọrọ ngwa egwu ọdịnala: gajdas na violin. Dịka egwu si sonye, ndị Sałashniks mere egwu kacha ochie - owiedziok, owczarza, kolomajka, swinszczok, na masztołka.

Redyk gụnyere ọtụtụ omume obodo, emume na emume. N'oge a, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ntụrụndụ ọdịnala obodo. Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke oge a, Redyk (ụgbọ atụrụ) nwere àgwà nke ihe ngosi ọdịnala nke a na-agwa ndị obodo na ndị njem nleta, kamakwa nye ndị bi n'ugwu n'onwe ha, ndị ga-amata omenala ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahazi redyk nkịtị na Czechia, Slovakia na Romania. Na Poland, ndị nhazi bụ Transhumant Pastoral Foundation.

=== Briten ===

==== Wales ====

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).

N'omenala ịzụ atụrụ na Poland, a na-ahụ Redyk dị ka ememme obodo kacha mma. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enye atụrụ ha nye onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka oge niile, tupu ha ata nri n'ọhịa, na-edepụta ha (ọtụtụ mgbe site n'itinye akara n'osisi, osisi ma ọ bụ osisi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ), na-akara ha akara ma tinye ha n'ime nkata e ji tynin mee. Na Ncheta nke Tatra Society site na 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, na-enye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ).

A chịkọtara atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ niile n'otu ebe n'ala ugwu, e mesịakwa kpụọ otu nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ gaa na szalas. [ O doro anya na nke a bụ okwu Hungary nke sałasz, yabụ na ọ bụghị nke dị na ngalaba Poland. ] E mesikwara okwu ike nke ọma n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke hala: e nwere ịgba égbè, ịkụ ọkpọ na iti mkpu ruo ebe niile. E bu n'obi nke a ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ n'anụmanụ ha ma mee ka ìgwè atụrụ ahụ dum dịrị n'otu.

Mgbe emume ahụ gasịrị, e nwere egwu na ịgba egwu ọnụ. Ndị egwu ahụ kpọrọ ngwa egwu ọdịnala: gajdas na violin. Dịka egwu si sonye, ndị Sałashniks mere egwu kacha ochie - owiedziok, owczarza, kolomajka, swinszczok, na masztołka.

Redyk gụnyere ọtụtụ omume obodo, emume na emume. N'oge a, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ntụrụndụ ọdịnala obodo. Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke oge a, Redyk (ụgbọ atụrụ) nwere àgwà nke ihe ngosi ọdịnala nke a na-agwa ndị obodo na ndị njem nleta, kamakwa nye ndị bi n'ugwu n'onwe ha, ndị ga-amata omenala ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahazi redyk nkịtị na Czechia, Slovakia na Romania. Na Poland, ndị nhazi bụ Transhumant Pastoral Foundation.

=== Briten ===

==== Wales ====

* [https://www.fao.org/4/Y4856E/y4856e05.htm Mkparịta ụka nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US gbasara Eshia]
* [http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/t6260e/t6260e02.htm Mkparịta ụka Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US gbasara Afrịka] Archived  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090331200354/http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/roman_africa/TRANSHUM.HTM Mgbanwe Mmadụ na 'Ebe Nchere' na Ugwu Afrịka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060228100800/http://www.australianalps.deh.gov.au/publications/cultural-values/pubs/cultural-values.pdf Mgbanwe mmadụ n'ọdịnala pere mpe na Australia]
* Archived [http://anthro.palomar.edu/subsistence/sub_3.htm Ịzụ Ụmụ anụmanụ]   na 3 Febụwarị 2016
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081114210429/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/geography/geog12.htm Nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke transhumance na North America]
* [http://www.alporama.ch Ndekọ ala Switzerland nke ala ahịhịa alpine (German)]
* [http://www.madrid-guide-spain.com/la-transhumancia.html La transhumancia na Madrid Spain]
* [https://www.merano-suedtirol.it/en/schnalstal-valley/summer/culture/annual-transhumance-in-schnalstal-valley/ Mgbanwe mmadụ site na Ndagwurugwu Schnals (Italy) ruo Ndagwurugwu Ötz (Austria)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081022133440/http://www.uv.es/metode/numero36/78_36.html Ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Lionel Martorell, otu n'ime ndị pastọ ikpeazụ na-eme ihe ọjọọ na Eastern Spain]
== Ébém si de ==
* Jones, Schuyler . &quot;Echereghachila Mgbanwe Mmadụ&quot;. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Royal Anthropological Institute'', London, 2005.
* Costello, Eugene &amp; Svensson, Eva (ndị nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme). [[iarchive:historicalarchaeologiesoftranshumanceacrosseurope|Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mgbanwe Mmadụ n'ofe Europe]] Routledge, London, 2018.
* Jones, Schuyler. ''Ndị ikom nwere mmetụta: Njikwa ọha na eze na idozi esemokwu na Waigal Valley, Afghanistan'' . Seminar Press, London na New York, 1974.
*  Isiokwu a gụnyere ederede sitere na ọrụ  
== Njikọ ndị ọzọ ==

[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).

N'omenala ịzụ atụrụ na Poland, a na-ahụ Redyk dị ka ememme obodo kacha mma. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enye atụrụ ha nye onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka oge niile, tupu ha ata nri n'ọhịa, na-edepụta ha (ọtụtụ mgbe site n'itinye akara n'osisi, osisi ma ọ bụ osisi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ), na-akara ha akara ma tinye ha n'ime nkata e ji tynin mee. Na Ncheta nke Tatra Society site na 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, na-enye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ).

A chịkọtara atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ niile n'otu ebe n'ala ugwu, e mesịakwa kpụọ otu nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ gaa na szalas. [ O doro anya na nke a bụ okwu Hungary nke sałasz, yabụ na ọ bụghị nke dị na ngalaba Poland. ] E mesikwara okwu ike nke ọma n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke hala: e nwere ịgba égbè, ịkụ ọkpọ na iti mkpu ruo ebe niile. E bu n'obi nke a ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ n'anụmanụ ha ma mee ka ìgwè atụrụ ahụ dum dịrị n'otu.

Mgbe emume ahụ gasịrị, e nwere egwu na ịgba egwu ọnụ. Ndị egwu ahụ kpọrọ ngwa egwu ọdịnala: gajdas na violin. Dịka egwu si sonye, ndị Sałashniks mere egwu kacha ochie - owiedziok, owczarza, kolomajka, swinszczok, na masztołka.

Redyk gụnyere ọtụtụ omume obodo, emume na emume. N'oge a, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ntụrụndụ ọdịnala obodo. Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke oge a, Redyk (ụgbọ atụrụ) nwere àgwà nke ihe ngosi ọdịnala nke a na-agwa ndị obodo na ndị njem nleta, kamakwa nye ndị bi n'ugwu n'onwe ha, ndị ga-amata omenala ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahazi redyk nkịtị na Czechia, Slovakia na Romania. Na Poland, ndị nhazi bụ Transhumant Pastoral Foundation.

=== Briten ===

==== Wales ====

* [https://www.fao.org/4/Y4856E/y4856e05.htm Mkparịta ụka nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US gbasara Eshia]
* [http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/t6260e/t6260e02.htm Mkparịta ụka Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US gbasara Afrịka] Archived  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090331200354/http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/roman_africa/TRANSHUM.HTM Mgbanwe Mmadụ na 'Ebe Nchere' na Ugwu Afrịka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060228100800/http://www.australianalps.deh.gov.au/publications/cultural-values/pubs/cultural-values.pdf Mgbanwe mmadụ n'ọdịnala pere mpe na Australia]
* Archived [http://anthro.palomar.edu/subsistence/sub_3.htm Ịzụ Ụmụ anụmanụ]   na 3 Febụwarị 2016
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081114210429/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/geography/geog12.htm Nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke transhumance na North America]
* [http://www.alporama.ch Ndekọ ala Switzerland nke ala ahịhịa alpine (German)]
* [http://www.madrid-guide-spain.com/la-transhumancia.html La transhumancia na Madrid Spain]
* [https://www.merano-suedtirol.it/en/schnalstal-valley/summer/culture/annual-transhumance-in-schnalstal-valley/ Mgbanwe mmadụ site na Ndagwurugwu Schnals (Italy) ruo Ndagwurugwu Ötz (Austria)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081022133440/http://www.uv.es/metode/numero36/78_36.html Ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Lionel Martorell, otu n'ime ndị pastọ ikpeazụ na-eme ihe ọjọọ na Eastern Spain]</text>
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      <text bytes="40597" sha1="snmxq5qdrgcqidd918wah7i2ruiy0i5" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).

N'omenala ịzụ atụrụ na Poland, a na-ahụ Redyk dị ka ememme obodo kacha mma. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enye atụrụ ha nye onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka oge niile, tupu ha ata nri n'ọhịa, na-edepụta ha (ọtụtụ mgbe site n'itinye akara n'osisi, osisi ma ọ bụ osisi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ), na-akara ha akara ma tinye ha n'ime nkata e ji tynin mee. Na Ncheta nke Tatra Society site na 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, na-enye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ).

A chịkọtara atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ niile n'otu ebe n'ala ugwu, e mesịakwa kpụọ otu nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ gaa na szalas. [ O doro anya na nke a bụ okwu Hungary nke sałasz, yabụ na ọ bụghị nke dị na ngalaba Poland. ] E mesikwara okwu ike nke ọma n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke hala: e nwere ịgba égbè, ịkụ ọkpọ na iti mkpu ruo ebe niile. E bu n'obi nke a ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ n'anụmanụ ha ma mee ka ìgwè atụrụ ahụ dum dịrị n'otu.

Mgbe emume ahụ gasịrị, e nwere egwu na ịgba egwu ọnụ. Ndị egwu ahụ kpọrọ ngwa egwu ọdịnala: gajdas na violin. Dịka egwu si sonye, ndị Sałashniks mere egwu kacha ochie - owiedziok, owczarza, kolomajka, swinszczok, na masztołka.

Redyk gụnyere ọtụtụ omume obodo, emume na emume. N'oge a, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ntụrụndụ ọdịnala obodo. Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke oge a, Redyk (ụgbọ atụrụ) nwere àgwà nke ihe ngosi ọdịnala nke a na-agwa ndị obodo na ndị njem nleta, kamakwa nye ndị bi n'ugwu n'onwe ha, ndị ga-amata omenala ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahazi redyk nkịtị na Czechia, Slovakia na Romania. Na Poland, ndị nhazi bụ Transhumant Pastoral Foundation.

=== Briten ===

==== Wales ====

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).

N'omenala ịzụ atụrụ na Poland, a na-ahụ Redyk dị ka ememme obodo kacha mma. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enye atụrụ ha nye onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka oge niile, tupu ha ata nri n'ọhịa, na-edepụta ha (ọtụtụ mgbe site n'itinye akara n'osisi, osisi ma ọ bụ osisi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ), na-akara ha akara ma tinye ha n'ime nkata e ji tynin mee. Na Ncheta nke Tatra Society site na 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, na-enye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ).

A chịkọtara atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ niile n'otu ebe n'ala ugwu, e mesịakwa kpụọ otu nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ gaa na szalas. [ O doro anya na nke a bụ okwu Hungary nke sałasz, yabụ na ọ bụghị nke dị na ngalaba Poland. ] E mesikwara okwu ike nke ọma n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke hala: e nwere ịgba égbè, ịkụ ọkpọ na iti mkpu ruo ebe niile. E bu n'obi nke a ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ n'anụmanụ ha ma mee ka ìgwè atụrụ ahụ dum dịrị n'otu.

Mgbe emume ahụ gasịrị, e nwere egwu na ịgba egwu ọnụ. Ndị egwu ahụ kpọrọ ngwa egwu ọdịnala: gajdas na violin. Dịka egwu si sonye, ndị Sałashniks mere egwu kacha ochie - owiedziok, owczarza, kolomajka, swinszczok, na masztołka.

Redyk gụnyere ọtụtụ omume obodo, emume na emume. N'oge a, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ntụrụndụ ọdịnala obodo. Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke oge a, Redyk (ụgbọ atụrụ) nwere àgwà nke ihe ngosi ọdịnala nke a na-agwa ndị obodo na ndị njem nleta, kamakwa nye ndị bi n'ugwu n'onwe ha, ndị ga-amata omenala ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahazi redyk nkịtị na Czechia, Slovakia na Romania. Na Poland, ndị nhazi bụ Transhumant Pastoral Foundation.

=== Briten ===

==== Wales ====

* [https://www.fao.org/4/Y4856E/y4856e05.htm Mkparịta ụka nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US gbasara Eshia]
* [http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/t6260e/t6260e02.htm Mkparịta ụka Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US gbasara Afrịka] Archived  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090331200354/http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/roman_africa/TRANSHUM.HTM Mgbanwe Mmadụ na 'Ebe Nchere' na Ugwu Afrịka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060228100800/http://www.australianalps.deh.gov.au/publications/cultural-values/pubs/cultural-values.pdf Mgbanwe mmadụ n'ọdịnala pere mpe na Australia]
* Archived [http://anthro.palomar.edu/subsistence/sub_3.htm Ịzụ Ụmụ anụmanụ]   na 3 Febụwarị 2016
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081114210429/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/geography/geog12.htm Nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke transhumance na North America]
* [http://www.alporama.ch Ndekọ ala Switzerland nke ala ahịhịa alpine (German)]
* [http://www.madrid-guide-spain.com/la-transhumancia.html La transhumancia na Madrid Spain]
* [https://www.merano-suedtirol.it/en/schnalstal-valley/summer/culture/annual-transhumance-in-schnalstal-valley/ Mgbanwe mmadụ site na Ndagwurugwu Schnals (Italy) ruo Ndagwurugwu Ötz (Austria)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081022133440/http://www.uv.es/metode/numero36/78_36.html Ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Lionel Martorell, otu n'ime ndị pastọ ikpeazụ na-eme ihe ọjọọ na Eastern Spain]
== South America ==
[[Faịlụ:Gauchos_in_Calchaquí_Valleys,_Argentina_04.jpg|thumb|Gauchos na ndagwurugwu Calchaquí, Argentina]]
Mgbanwe mmadụ na South America dabere na ndị otu &quot;cowboy&quot;, ndị gaucho nke Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay na (na mkpoputa &quot;gaúcho&quot;) ndịda Brazil, ndị llanero nke Colombia na Venezuela, na ndị huaso nke Chile.

A na-eme Transhumance ugbu a ma ọ dịkarịa ala na Argentina, Chile, Peru na Bolivia, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Andaluz Westreicher|first=Carlos|year=2007|title=The Economics of Pastoralism: Study on Current Practices in South America|journal=Nomadic Peoples|volume=11|issue=2|doi=10.3167/np.2007.110205|id=pp. 87–105. (Print), 1752–2366 (Online)}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana na Pantanal nke  ndị Brazil. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=de Abreu|first=Urbano Gomes Pinto|year=2010|title=Cattle ranching, conservation and transhumance in the Brazilian Pantanal|journal=Pastoralism|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.3362/2041-7136.2010.007|id=pp. 99–114. (print), 2041-7136 (online)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-agụnyekarị mmegharị ehi na Pantanal na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Argentina. Na Altiplano, obodo nke ndị obodo na-adabere n'ịzụ camel, karịsịa llamas. A na-achịkwa ìgwè ewu site na transhumance na North Neuquén na South Mendoza, ebe a na-ejikarị atụrụ eme ihe na mbara ala Patagonian. Criollos na ndị obodo na-eji usoro transhumant eme ihe n'ebe ndịda America
== Ébém si de ==
* Jones, Schuyler . &quot;Echereghachila Mgbanwe Mmadụ&quot;. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Royal Anthropological Institute'', London, 2005.
* Costello, Eugene &amp; Svensson, Eva (ndị nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme). [[iarchive:historicalarchaeologiesoftranshumanceacrosseurope|Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mgbanwe Mmadụ n'ofe Europe]] Routledge, London, 2018.
* Jones, Schuyler. ''Ndị ikom nwere mmetụta: Njikwa ọha na eze na idozi esemokwu na Waigal Valley, Afghanistan'' . Seminar Press, London na New York, 1974.
*  Isiokwu a gụnyere ederede sitere na ọrụ

== Njikọ ndị ọzọ ==

[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).

N'omenala ịzụ atụrụ na Poland, a na-ahụ Redyk dị ka ememme obodo kacha mma. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enye atụrụ ha nye onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka oge niile, tupu ha ata nri n'ọhịa, na-edepụta ha (ọtụtụ mgbe site n'itinye akara n'osisi, osisi ma ọ bụ osisi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ), na-akara ha akara ma tinye ha n'ime nkata e ji tynin mee. Na Ncheta nke Tatra Society site na 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, na-enye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ).

A chịkọtara atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ niile n'otu ebe n'ala ugwu, e mesịakwa kpụọ otu nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ gaa na szalas. [ O doro anya na nke a bụ okwu Hungary nke sałasz, yabụ na ọ bụghị nke dị na ngalaba Poland. ] E mesikwara okwu ike nke ọma n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke hala: e nwere ịgba égbè, ịkụ ọkpọ na iti mkpu ruo ebe niile. E bu n'obi nke a ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ n'anụmanụ ha ma mee ka ìgwè atụrụ ahụ dum dịrị n'otu.

Mgbe emume ahụ gasịrị, e nwere egwu na ịgba egwu ọnụ. Ndị egwu ahụ kpọrọ ngwa egwu ọdịnala: gajdas na violin. Dịka egwu si sonye, ndị Sałashniks mere egwu kacha ochie - owiedziok, owczarza, kolomajka, swinszczok, na masztołka.

Redyk gụnyere ọtụtụ omume obodo, emume na emume. N'oge a, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ntụrụndụ ọdịnala obodo. Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke oge a, Redyk (ụgbọ atụrụ) nwere àgwà nke ihe ngosi ọdịnala nke a na-agwa ndị obodo na ndị njem nleta, kamakwa nye ndị bi n'ugwu n'onwe ha, ndị ga-amata omenala ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahazi redyk nkịtị na Czechia, Slovakia na Romania. Na Poland, ndị nhazi bụ Transhumant Pastoral Foundation.

=== Briten ===

==== Wales ====

* [https://www.fao.org/4/Y4856E/y4856e05.htm Mkparịta ụka nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US gbasara Eshia]
* [http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/t6260e/t6260e02.htm Mkparịta ụka Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US gbasara Afrịka] Archived  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090331200354/http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/roman_africa/TRANSHUM.HTM Mgbanwe Mmadụ na 'Ebe Nchere' na Ugwu Afrịka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060228100800/http://www.australianalps.deh.gov.au/publications/cultural-values/pubs/cultural-values.pdf Mgbanwe mmadụ n'ọdịnala pere mpe na Australia]
* Archived [http://anthro.palomar.edu/subsistence/sub_3.htm Ịzụ Ụmụ anụmanụ]   na 3 Febụwarị 2016
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081114210429/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/geography/geog12.htm Nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke transhumance na North America]
* [http://www.alporama.ch Ndekọ ala Switzerland nke ala ahịhịa alpine (German)]
* [http://www.madrid-guide-spain.com/la-transhumancia.html La transhumancia na Madrid Spain]
* [https://www.merano-suedtirol.it/en/schnalstal-valley/summer/culture/annual-transhumance-in-schnalstal-valley/ Mgbanwe mmadụ site na Ndagwurugwu Schnals (Italy) ruo Ndagwurugwu Ötz (Austria)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081022133440/http://www.uv.es/metode/numero36/78_36.html Ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Lionel Martorell, otu n'ime ndị pastọ ikpeazụ na-eme ihe ọjọọ na Eastern Spain]</text>
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=='''FaithSpeaks: Christian Voices in Igbo Wikiquote'''==
FaithSpeaks is a project aimed at bringing inspiring words and teachings from Christian leaders around the world to Igbo Wikiquote so that it can be accessible, meaningful and relatable to Igbo speakers. The goal is to preserve and share the words of wisdom of respected Christian voices; pastors, priests, evangelists, missionaries and other faith leaders – by making their quotes available in the Igbo language for readers, learners and future generations.


== '''Project Timeline''' ==
*Project Launch/Physical event - '''  Saturday, 18th July 2026
**Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1

*Edit-A-Thon start date - ''' Saturday, 18th July 2026
**Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1

*Edit-A-Thon end date - ''' Sunday, 2nd August 2026
**Time - ''' 11:00PM UTC+1


== '''Facilitators''' ==
# [[User:Senator Choko]] - Project Lead/Facilitator
# [[User: Vivian Amalachukwu]] - Co-Facilitator


== '''Expectation''' ==
#Expansion of Igbo Wikiquote Content.
#Increased contributor capacity.
#More active contributors in Igbo Wikiquote.
#Preservation and Promotion of Igbo language.
#Improved access to Inspirational and Educational resources.


== '''Target audience''' ==

* Members of the Igbo Wikimedians User Group
* Wikimedia grantees
* Igbo language speakers
* Students and researchers
* Anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia projects in Igbo


== '''Redlist''' ==

[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/15ReIwQLJ307iw7iL7VnkzcNL9WDTX0fEFYrjSo1YfnA/edit?usp=drivesdk  work list]

== '''Outcome''' ==
'''TBD'''

== '''Gallery''' ==
'''TBD'''</text>
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    <title>Gwá m íhé bụ́ nké gị́, mà mmádụ́ níílè kàrà gị́ nwèrè yá?</title>
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== Aziza ==

== Myiri N'asụsụ ozo ==

== Bekee ===
&lt;b&gt;Riddle:&lt;/b&gt;:

&lt;b&gt;Answer&lt;/b&gt;:</text>
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== Aziza ==
áhà gi

== Myiri N'asụsụ ọzọ ==

== Bekee ===
&lt;b&gt;Riddle:&lt;/b&gt;:
Tell me what belongs to you,but others have it more than you

&lt;b&gt;Answer&lt;/b&gt;:
Your name</text>
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      <text bytes="220" sha1="0xt58nqurebelfiw7g0ym2u917x3kx2" xml:space="preserve">== Mkpọpụta ==

== Aziza ==
áhà gi

== Myiri N'asụsụ ọzọ ==

== Bekee ===
&lt;b&gt;Riddle:&lt;/b&gt;:
Tell me what belongs to you,but others have it more than you?

&lt;b&gt;Answer&lt;/b&gt;:
Your name

[[Category:gwam gwam gwam]]</text>
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[[File:LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Miracle Udugwu (Miracle2024)-Gwá m íhé bụ́ nké gị́, mà mmádụ́ níílè kàrà gị́ nwèrè yá?.wav]]

== Aziza ==
áhà gi

== Myiri N'asụsụ ọzọ ==

== Bekee ===
&lt;b&gt;Riddle:&lt;/b&gt;:
Tell me what belongs to you,but others have it more than you?

&lt;b&gt;Answer&lt;/b&gt;:
Your name

[[Category:gwam gwam gwam]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Miracle2024</username>
        <id>59960</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Aziza */</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="433" sha1="ghahnlotm4qi7l18t4p17u74r3cc77e" xml:space="preserve">== Mkpọpụta ==
[[File:LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Miracle Udugwu (Miracle2024)-Gwá m íhé bụ́ nké gị́, mà mmádụ́ níílè kàrà gị́ nwèrè yá?.wav]]

== Aziza ==
áhà gi
[[File:LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Miracle Udugwu (Miracle2024)-àhà gị́.wav]]

== Myiri N'asụsụ ọzọ ==

== Bekee ===
&lt;b&gt;Riddle:&lt;/b&gt;:
Tell me what belongs to you,but others have it more than you?

&lt;b&gt;Answer&lt;/b&gt;:
Your name

[[Category:gwam gwam gwam]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673637</id>
      <parentid>673634</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:34:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Miracle2024</username>
        <id>59960</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created new entry</comment>
      <origin>673637</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="432" sha1="cc9fvw2wrxdrhybnunbzh6mdhf1rrzc" xml:space="preserve">== Mkpọpụta ==
[[File:LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Miracle Udugwu (Miracle2024)-Gwá m íhé bụ́ nké gị́, mà mmádụ́ níílè kàrà gị́ nwèrè yá?.wav]]

== Aziza ==
áhà gi
[[File:LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Miracle Udugwu (Miracle2024)-àhà gị́.wav]]

== Myiri N'asụsụ ọzọ ==

== Bekee ===
&lt;b&gt;Riddle:&lt;/b&gt;:
Tell me what belongs to you,but others have it more than you?

&lt;b&gt;Answer&lt;/b&gt;:
Your name
[[Category:gwam gwam gwam]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Mara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:13:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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      <text bytes="8962" sha1="i8bpqq0m2m8zz6exfw3qr56xl423o06" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Osimiri dị na Mara Region, Tanzania na Narok County, Kenya}}
{{Infobox river
| name               = Mara River
| name_native        = 
| name_native_lang   = 
| name_other         = 
| name_etymology     = 
&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;
| image              = Mara River Massai Mara.jpg
| image_size         = 
| image_caption      = The Mara River in Kenya
| map                = Lake Victoria Basin in Kenia OSM.png
| map_size           = 
| map_caption        = Mara River (bottom)
| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_map_size   = 
| pushpin_map_caption= 
&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;
| subdivision_type1  = Country
| subdivision_name1  = [[Kenya]]
| subdivision_type2  = County
| subdivision_name2  = [[Narok County]]
| subdivision_type3  = Country
| subdivision_name3  = [[Tanzania]]
| subdivision_type4  = Region
| subdivision_name4  = [[Mara Region]]
| subdivision_type5  = 
| subdivision_name5  = 
&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;
| length             = {{cvt|395|km|mi|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Waterway&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| width_min          = 
| width_avg          = 
| width_max          = 
| depth_min          = 
| depth_avg          = 
| depth_max          = 
| discharge1_location= Near mouth
| discharge1_min     = 
| discharge1_avg     = (Period: 1960–2000){{cvt|41.7|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;HYDROLOGY OF THE NILE&quot;&gt;[
http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/NILE/The%20Nile%20Basin%20Water%20Resources%20Atlas-Chapter%206_0.pdf](PDF; 10,77&amp;nbsp; MB)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nile River&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&amp;Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| discharge1_max     = 
&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;
| source1            = ''Mau escarpment''
| source1_location   = [[Narok County]], [[Kenya]]
| source1_coordinates= 
| source1_elevation= {{cvt|3000|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth              = [[Lake Victoria]]
| mouth_location     = [[Mara Region]], [[Tanzania]]
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|1|30|50|S|33|55|56|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    =
| progression        = [[Lake Victoria]] → [[Victoria Nile]] → [[Albert Nile]] → [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]]
| river_system       = [[Nile River]]
| basin_size         = {{cvt|13,393|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;HYDROLOGY OF THE NILE&quot;&gt;[
http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/NILE/The%20Nile%20Basin%20Water%20Resources%20Atlas-Chapter%206_0.pdf](PDF; 10,77&amp;nbsp; MB)&lt;/ref&gt;
| tributaries_left   = Amala, Talek, Sand, Somoche
| tributaries_right  = Nyangores, Thigithe
| custom_label       = 
| custom_data        = 
| extra              = 
}}
[[File:Bridges-across-Mara-2012.JPG|thumb|Bridges on the border of Kenya and Tanzania]]
[[File:Hipp04(js).jpg|thumb|Hippo with calf, Mara River, Kenya]]
'''Osimiri Mara''' bụ [[osimiri]] nke na-amalite ịsọ site na [[Narok County]] na [[Kenya]] wee kwụsị na [[Mpaghara Mara]] na [[Tanzania]]. Ọ dị n'ofe ụzọ mbugharị nke [[ungulate]] na usoro iheomume [[Maasai Mara]]/[[Serengeti National Park|Serengeti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Serengeti Ecosystem {{!}} Management {{!}} Vancouver Island University {{!}} Canada |url=https://management.viu.ca/landscape-level/serengeti-ecosystem |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=management.viu.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mmiri Osimiri ahụ na-asọ==
Osimiri Mara kpuchiri ala nke {{cvt|13,504|km2}}, nke ihe dị ka 65% dị na Kenya na 35% dị na Tanzania.&lt;ref&gt;Jim K. Kairu, &quot;Biodiversity Action Plan for Sustainable Management: Mara River Basin&quot; (WWF, 2008)&lt;/ref&gt; Site na isi iyi ya n'ugwu Kenya, osimiri ahụ na-asọ ihe dị ka {{cvt|395|km}} ma na-esi na [[Mau Escarpment]] apụta ma na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]. Enwere ike kewaa ala ahụ ụzọ anọ maka ojiji ala na/ma ọ bụ ngalaba nchịkwa.

==Mpaghara ndị Mara==
Ebe Nzọpụ Mau: Osimiri Mara sitere na apịtị Napuiyapi (2932m), ebe isi iyi mmiri ndị na-adịgide adịgide bụ Amala na Nyangores, nke na-asọpụ site na ọdịda anyanwụ Mau Escarpment. Akụkụ a nke ala mmiri ahụ na-akwado ma e wezụga oke ọhịa, ma [[obere ugbo]] (ihe na-erughị eka 10) ma ugbo ndị dị ọkara (ọtụtụ mgbe ugbo tii ruru eka 40).

Ala Nkịtị Kenya: N'ebe a, osimiri Amala na Nyangores na-esi na Mau Escarpment na-asọpụta ma na-ezukọta wee mepụta Osimiri Mara. Osimiri ahụ na-agafe n'ime ahịhịa savannah mepere emepe nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ [[Ndị Maasai|Ndị Maasai]] na-achịkwa ma jiri ya mee ebe ịta nri maka anụ ụlọ na maka obere na ọrụ ugbo buru ibu (ihe karịrị eka iri anọ). E nwekwara ebe mmiri anọ dị mkpa nke mmiri Mara (osimiri Talek, Engare, Sand na Engito) dị n'ebe a, tinyere ụfọdụ ebe ugwu dịka [[Ugwu Loita]].

Ebe Ndị E Chebere: N'ikpeazụ, osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Masai Mara National Reserve]] a ma ama n'ụwa, ebe ọ na-ejikọta ya na atọ n'ime mmiri anọ a kpọtụrụ aha. N'ókèala Kenya na Tanzania, osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Ogige Ntụrụndụ Serengeti]] ma ọ na-esonyere ya na nnukwu mmiri nke anọ: Osimiri Ájá (ma ọ bụ Longaianiet). N'ogige anụ ọhịa ndị a, ihe mmadụ na-eme bụ naanị ikiri anụ ọhịa.

N'ala mmiri dị na Mpaghara Mara Tanzania: Ozugbo Osimiri Mara si na [[Ikorongo Game Reserve]] (nke dị n'akụkụ Ogige Ntụrụndụ Serengeti) rịdata, ọ na-agbagharị nke ọma gaa n'ebe ugwu. N'ebe osimiri ahụ na-aga n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, ọwa mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ ọzọ n'ime iyi dị iche iche, nke na-agafe n'ala mgbada [[Ala Mmiri Mara |Ala Mmiri Mara]]. Iyi na ala mmiri ndị a na-aga n'ihu ruo ihe dị ka {{cvt|70|km}} n'akụkụ ala. N'akụkụ a nke ógbè ahụ, njupụta mmadụ na anụ ụlọ dị elu, ebe obere ihe e ji eme ala bụ isi ihe e ji eme ya. Osimiri Mara bụ otu n'ime [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri]] iri na-abanye na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]], ya mere, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba na Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na n'akụkụ [[Osimiri Naịl]].

==Elu na oke==
[[Elu|elu]] dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị site na mita 2,932 gburugburu isi iyi mmiri dị na Mau Escarpment ruo mita 1,134 gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. Oke mmiri ozuzo na-adị iche dabere na elu ndị a. Mau Escarpment na-enweta mmiri ozuzo kachasị na nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ dị n'agbata 1,000 na 1,750mm. Ala ahịhịa savannah nke dị n'etiti ókèala na-enweta nkezi n'etiti 900 na 1,000 mm, na ala Kenya [[Ugwu Loita]] na mpaghara gbara Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria gburugburu naanị ihe dị ka mmiri ozuzo 700 na 850mm kwa afọ. N'elu mgbanwe mmiri ozuzo a na mbara igwe, a makwaara mpaghara ahụ maka mgbanwe mmiri ozuzo ya n'oge, nke pụtara na mpaghara dị iche iche niile na-enweta mmiri ozuzo dị iche iche n'afọ. Oge mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'ụdị abụọ, ebe mmiri ozuzo na-amalite n'etiti Maachị ruo Juun, ebe mmiri ozuzo na-apụta n'ọnwa Eprel, ebe obere mmiri ozuzo na-abịa n'etiti Septemba na Disemba.
[[File:Masai Mara River aerial.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Mara dị na Narok County]]

==Mmetụta nke Mara==
Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe dị mkpa maka anụmanụ ndị na-ata nri n'ime ebe nchekwa ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na n'oge ọkọchị, ọ na-adịkarị ka ọ dị obere, mana ọ nwere ike ito ruo okpukpu abụọ nke nha ya mgbe mmiri ozuzo siri ike gasịrị. Nke a nwere ike ime ka mmiri gbapụta n'osimiri ahụ, nke nwere ike ibute ụkọ nri maka anụ ọhịa ndị na-enweghị ike ịgafe osimiri ịchụ nta.[https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?353152/Healthy-Mara-river-is-critical-to-Kenya-and-Tanzania][https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2019_USAID_ATLAS_Vulnerability%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Mara%20River%20Basin.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620060155/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2019_USAID_ATLAS_Vulnerability%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Mara%20River%20Basin.pdf |date=2024-06-20 }}

== Leekwa ==
* [[Naịl|Osimiri Naịl]]
* [[Osimiri Nzoia]]
* [[Osimiri Yala]]
* [[Masai Mara|Maasai Mara]]
* [[Ogige Ntụrụndụ Serengeti]]
* [[Mpaghara Mara]]
* [[Narok County]]

==Edensibia==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.gabepalacio.com/mara.html gabepalacio.com: Mara River virtual Tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518203348/http://www.gabepalacio.com/mara.html |date=2020-05-18 }} (requires QuickTime plugin)
* [http://www.maratriangle.org The Mara Triangle] The Mara River defines the boundaries of the Mara Triangle in the Masai Mara
* [https://www.serengeti.com/ Serengeti] Mara River flows from Masai Mara into Serengeti</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Suguta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77510</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673636</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:22:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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'''Osimiri Suguta''' bụ osimiri oge a na-enweta n'oge dị na [[Ndagwurugwu Rift, Kenya | Ndagwurugwu Rift Ukwu]] dị na [[Kenya]] (Afrịka), kpọmkwem na ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana]].
Ọ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ndagwurugwu Suguta]] n'oge mmiri ozuzo, na-emepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Alablad nwa oge, [[ọdọ mmiri akọrọ]] nke na-ejikọta ya na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Logipi]] na nsọtụ ugwu nke ndagwurugwu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
 |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/ilec/WLC13_Papers/others/5.pdf
 |page=18
 |first=Chege David
 |last=Mathea
 |title=OUR LAKES, OUR FUTURE
 |date=November 1, 2009
 |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation
 |access-date=2011-12-29
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426070349/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/ilec/WLC13_Papers/others/5.pdf
 |archive-date=April 26, 2012
 |url-status=dead
 }}
&lt;/ref&gt;

Osimiri Suguta na-amalite site n'ime iyi mmiri dị nso na-esi nke na-esi n'akụkụ [[Ugwu Silali]], ugwu mgbawa gbawara agbawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://northrifttourism.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;layout=blog&amp;id=71&amp;Itemid=213
 |title=About the Baringo Region
 |work=North Rift Tourism
 |access-date=2012-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-eche na isi iyi ọkụ [[Kapedo]], nke na-asọda site na otu mmiri mmiri na-asọda na Osimiri Suguta, bụ ebe mmiri si na [[Lake Baringo]] {{convert|60|km|mi}} gaa na ndịda.&lt;ref name=Frommers/&gt;
N'otu oge, Osimiri Suguta gafere n'etiti ugwu mgbawa abụọ, isi iyi ọkụ na-esikwa n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ na-enye ya mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/Kenya/RiftValley/LogipiGeyser.htm
 |title=Logipi Geyser
 |work=WonderMondo
 |access-date=2012-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ebe ụfọdụ, a na-eji nkwụ kpuchie akụkụ Osimiri Suguta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.flyladylori.com/2011/09/sand-dunes-of-the-suguta-valley-2/
 |title=SAND DUNES OF THE SUGUTA VALLEY
 |work=Lady Lori
 |access-date=2012-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Osimiri ahụ na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya bụ ebe obibi nke [[cichlid]], [[Nịl tilapia#Ụdị|Suguta tilapia]] (''Oreochromis niloticus sugutae'').
Ọ bụ ezie na osimiri ahụ na-akpọnwụ mgbe mmiri ozuzo gasịrị, azụ̀ ndị ahụ na-adị ndụ n'ọdọ mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite FTP |url        = ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/inco2/docs/29_dookeyo.pdf
 |title      = TAXONOMY, COMMON NAMES AND DISTRIBUTION OF FISH IN THE EASTERN ARM OF THE RIFT VALLEY DRAINAGE, KENYA
 |author     = Daniel O. Okeyo
 |server     = FTP server
 |url-status = dead
 |access-date = 2012-04-09
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Osimiri ahụ bụkwa ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ agụ iyi.&lt;ref name=Frommers/&gt;
Nnukwu ìgwè flamingo bi n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.bigearth.com/location/suguta-valley-crossing/
 |work=Big Earth
 |title=Suguta Valley Crossing
 |access-date=2012-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Leekwa==

* [[Ọdọ Mmiri Suguta]]

==Edensibia==
{{Reflist |refs=
&lt;ref name=Frommers&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtIuj0DenGwC&amp;pg=PA159
 |title=Frommer's Kenya and Tanzania
 |author1=Keith Bain |author2=Pippa De Bruyn |author3=Philip Briggs |author4=Lizzie Williams |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2010 |isbn=978-0470285589}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Kerio</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:36:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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{{Infobox river
| name = Kerio River
| image = KerioRiver-Flowing.JPG
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = Kerio River flowing after heavy spring rainstorms in the area
| map = Keriofloden.png
| map_size = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = River course
| source1_location = 
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|0.528581|35.709643}}
| mouth_location = 
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|2.956584|36.151543|display=inline,title}}
| progression = 
| location = 
| length = {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation = 
| mouth_elevation = 
| discharge1_avg = 
| basin_size = {{convert|13000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| river_system = 
| tributaries_left = 
| tributaries_right = 
}}

'''Osimiri Kerio''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Turkana County]], [[Kenya]]. Ọ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana]]. Ọ bụ otu n'ime osimiri ndị kachasị ogologo na Kenya (ihe dị ka {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}}), nke sitere nso na [[equator]].

==Usoro==
Osimiri Kerio na-arịgo n'ugwu ugwu nke Ugwu Amasya n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Bogoria.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=192}}
It flows northward through the [[Kerio Valley]] between [[Tugen Hills]] and [[Elgeyo Escarpment]].
Escarpment nke Elgeyo ruru ihe karịrị {{convert|1830|m|ft}} n'elu ndagwurugwu Kerio n'ebe dị iche iche.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|Parkinson|Ray|2006|p=430}}
Kerio na-aga n'ihu n'ebe ugwu, ọtụtụ mgbe site na ndagwurugwu miri emi na nke dị warara, wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana n'ime delta dị na ndịda delta nke [[Osimiri Turkwel|Turkwel]] na [[Osimiri Lokichar|Lokichar]].
Ndị Kerio na Turkwel na-enye pasent 98 nke mmiri osimiri na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana na mpaghara Kenya (nke mejupụtara naanị pasent 2 nke mmiri niile dị n'akụkụ osimiri). N'ime obere osimiri ha, osimiri abụọ a na-adị n'oge.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=192}}

N'akụkụ isi iyi ya, mmiri abụọ dị mkpa na-asọda n'Elgeyo Escarpment na-asọda n'akụkụ Osimiri Kerio: Osimiri Arror, na Osimiri Embobut.

==Ojiji ala==

Ọdọ Mmiri Kamnarok National Reserve na [[Kerio Valley National Reserve]] dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Kerio na ndagwurugwu dị n'elu. Ha abụghị ndị a na-akọbeghị, mana ha nwere ọtụtụ nnụnụ, a makwaara ha maka ọmarịcha ihe ndị dị na ha.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|Parkinson|Ray|2006|p=410}}
Akụkụ aka ekpe nke akụkụ {{convert|25|km|mi}} nke osimiri ahụ dị na [[South Turkana National Reserve]].{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=193}}

N'afọ 1999, e nwere ebubo na Fluorspar Mines na-atụba ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu n'ime osimiri ahụ. Minista na-ahụ maka nchọpụta ihe ndị dị n'ime ala jụrụ ihe ndị a.{{sfn|Kalweo|1999|p=2754}}
Ebe ndị bụ́ isi dị na [[Turkana District]] maka ọrụ ugbo mmiri bụ n'akụkụ osimiri Turkwel na Kerio. Usoro mmiri Lotubai na Morulem dị na Kerio.
Ihe ndị bụ́ isi a kụrụ bụ ọka na sorghum, bụ́ ndị mejupụtara pasentị iri asatọ nke ihe ọkụkụ a na-akọ n'ubi, tinyere gram akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, agwa ehi, unere, mango, oroma na guava.{{sfn|Watson|van Binsbergen|2008|p=16}}

==Ihe ngosi==
&lt;gallery widths=200px&gt;
File:KerioRiver-Dry.JPG|Osimiri Kerio n'oge ọkọchị. Ala osimiri ahụ na-adị ájá ma na-emebi ngwa ngwa n'oge oké ifufe.
File:KerioRiver-Well.JPG|Omimi mmiri e gwuru n'ime ala osimiri.
File:KerioRiver-Flowing-Nakor.JPG|Osimiri Kerio na-asọ mgbe oké mmiri ozuzo gasịrị.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Leekwa==
* [[Biretwo]]
* [[Ndepụta osimiri nke Afrịka]]
* [[Ndị Turkana]]

==Edensibia==
{{Reflist |colwidth=30em}}

==Isi mmalite==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBgnGUa9a2YC&amp;pg=PA410
 |title=East África
 |first1=Mary |last1=Fitzpatrick |first2=Tom |last2=Parkinson |first3=Nick |last3=Ray
 |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2006 |isbn=1-74104-286-0}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA192
 |title=A directory of African wetlands
 |first1=R. H. |last1=Hughes |first2=J. S. |last2=Hughes
 |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}
*{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5pG930b0dgC&amp;pg=PT7
 |date=December 7, 1999 |title=Parliamentary Debates
 |chapter=Dumping of Toxins into River Keria
 |last=Kalweo}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QymdbSCTNYwC&amp;pg=PA16
 |title=Livelihood diversification opportunities for pastoralists in Turkana, Kenya
 |last1=Watson |first1=D.J. |last2=van Binsbergen |first2=J.
 |publisher=ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD) |year=2008 |isbn=978-92-9146-210-0}}
{{Refend}}


{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Turkwel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77512</id>
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      <id>673640</id>
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        <id>17172</id>
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      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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      <text bytes="4458" sha1="h77n5hm2ubzrpy7zx3ckjs3mpfyso0z" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Osimiri na-asọ n'ókè Kenya na Uganda}}
[[File:Turkwel River Outside Lodwar Town in Turkana County Kenya.JPG|thumb|Ala mmiri kpọrọ nkụ nke osimiri Turkwel, dị nso n'obodo [[Lodwar]] dị na [[Turkana County]], Kenya]]
[[File:Turkwel River and Lake Turkana (17343415454).jpg|thumb|Ahụrụ ka ọ na-abanye [[Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana]]]]
'''Osimiri Turkwel'''&lt;ref&gt;{{GEOnet2|32FA881FBC793774E0440003BA962ED3|Turkwel (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]&lt;/ref&gt; (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ede '''Osimiri Turkwell'''&lt;ref&gt;{{GEOnet2|32FA881FBC783774E0440003BA962ED3|Turkwell (Variant)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]&lt;/ref&gt;) bụ osimiri na-asọ site na [[Ugwu Elgon]] n'ókèala [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]] ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana]]. A na-akpọ osimiri ahụ Osimiri Suam site na isi iyi ya ruo ókèala na [[Turkana County]] nke Kenya. Aha Turkwel sitere na aha [[asụsụ Turkana|Turkana]] maka osimiri ahụ, ''Tir-kol'', nke pụtara osimiri nke &quot;na-eguzogide ọzara&quot;. Turkwel na-amalite n'ugwu akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke [[Ugwu Elgon]] na [[Ugwu Cherangani]], wee gafee Ala Ndịda Turkana, gafere Ọzara Loturerei dị nso [[Lodwar]] wee bata n'ime ọdọ ọzara kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, [[Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adams, W. M.|date=1989|title=Dam construction and the degradation of floodplain forest on the Turkwel River, Kenya|journal=Land Degradation &amp; Development |publisher=Wiley |volume=1 |number=3|pages=189&amp;ndash;198|doi=10.1002/ldr.3400010303}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmiri na-asọ asọ n'osimiri ahụ bụ nke oge, idei mmiri nwere ike ime n'oge mmiri ozuzo mgbe ụfọdụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams&quot; /&gt;

[[Gọọmentị Kenya|gọmentị Kenya]] wuru [[Turkwel Dam]] a na-ese okwu site na 1986 ruo 1991 site n'enyemaka nke [[France]]. Atụmatụ ahụ bụ iji mmiri Turkwel mee ihe. E bu n'obi na ọrụ a ga-efu [[shilling Kenyan|KSh]] ijeri anọ...KSh ijeri iri abụọ, mana o mechara gwụ ihe karịrị ijeri iri abụọ.  Mmiri mmiri ahụ jupụtara n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Turkwel ahụ&lt;ref&gt;{{GEOnet2|32FA881FBC743774E0440003BA962ED3|Turkwel Gorge (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]&lt;/ref&gt; ma mepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Turkwel Gorge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author1=Kotut, Kiplagat |author2=Njuguna, Stephen G |author3=Muthuri, Francis M. |author4=Krienitz, Lothar  |name-list-style=amp | date=1999 | title=The physico-chemical conditions of Turkwel Gorge Reservoir, a new man made lake in Northern Kenya | journal=Limnologica &amp;ndash; Ecology and Management of Inland Waters | volume=29 | number=4 | pages=377–392 | doi=10.1016/S0075-9511(99)80046-2| doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmadụ ==
[[File:Hominin KNM-WT 22944 G-J.png|thumb|Aka Hominin fọdụrụ site na South Turkwel.]]
Na 1999, e kenyere ihe ndị e ji ihe ndị sitere na ndịda osimiri ahụ ''[[Australopithecus]]'' sp. dabere na myirịta ya na ''[[Australopithecus afarensis|A. afarensis]]'', ọ bụ ezie na ha abụghị otu. Ndị otu mba dị iche iche chọtara ha na 1990 wee kpọga ha na Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Mba Kenya. Ihe ndị a gụnyere mpekere [[metacarpal]], [[capitate]], [[hamate]], [[Lunate (microlith)|lunate]], [[pedal phalanx]], [[Mandible|mandibular]], na [[Ezé|ezé]] ka dị. Ha enweghị ikike [[omume nkwụsịtụ|nkwụsịtụ]] na [[ịrị elu]] n'ime [[aka]] na [[aka]] nke ndị ọgbọ ha, mana ha nwere ogwe aka nwere akwara buru ibu nke mara ụdị [[Njide nkenke|njide nkenke]] ụfọdụ dịka enwe dabere na ikike ntụgharị a tụrụ aro. E kenyere ndị a KNM-WT 22944 G ruo J, ha dịkwa mya 3.5 site na Nachukui Formation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Ward |first1=C.V. |title=South Turkwel: A new Pliocene hominid site in Kenya |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248498902627 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=36 |pages=69–95 |year=1999 |doi=10.1006/jhev.1998.0262 |last2=Leakey |first2=M.G. |last3=Brown |first3=B. |last4=Brown |first4=F. |last5=Harris |first5=J. |last6=Walker |first6=A.|issue=1 |pmid=9924134 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}

{{coord|3|06|17|N|36|05|51|E|region:KE_type:river_source:GNIS|display=title}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Omo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673660</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:04:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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      <text bytes="18480" sha1="mdfjckn0g6w5r2ry18c9a27lcw02pxd" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Osimiri dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Etiopia}}

&quot;Osimiri Omo&quot; (nke a na-akpọkwa Omo-Bottego) dị na ndịda Etiopia bụ osimiri Etiopia kachasị ukwuu n'èzí [[Naịl|Naịl]]. Ụzọ ya dị n'ime ókèala Etiopia kpamkpam, ọ na-abanyekwa n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana]] dị na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Etiopia-Kenya|ókèala Kenya]]. Osimiri ahụ bụ isi iyi nke [[endorheic]] [[drainage basin]], [[Turkana Basin]].

A maara osimiri ahụ maka ọtụtụ ihe ochie [[hominid]] na ihe ndị e ji mee ihe ochie dịka ngwaọrụ nkume mbụ, nke mere ka e tinye ya na [[UNESCO]] [[Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ụwa]] na 1980.&lt;ref name = &quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 |title = Lower Valley of the Omo |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 18 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ọdịdị ala==
[[Image:Omo river delta.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Delta Osimiri Omo]]
Osimiri Omo na-etolite site na njikọ nke [[Osimiri Gibe]], nke kachasị na mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Omo, na [[Osimiri Gojeb]], nnukwu akụkụ aka nri nke Omo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://etd.aau.edu.et/server/api/core/bitstreams/97c95d07-ed80-460f-bcfc-167ddfd78fe6/content |title = Impact of Land use Land cover change on Stream flow (Case Study Gilgel Gibe III) |website = Addis Abeba University |publisher = Addis Abeba University - Institute of Technology School of Garaduate Studies Department of Civil Engineering |access-date = 9 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na ha buru ibu, ogologo na ụzọ ha, mmadụ nwere ike iwere osimiri Omo na Gibe dị ka otu osimiri mana ha nwere aha dị iche iche. N'ihi ya, a na-akpọ ebe a na-akpọ osimiri dum ''Obodo Osimiri Omo-Gibe''. Osimiri a gụnyere akụkụ nke ọdịda anyanwụ [[Mpaghara Oromia]] na etiti [[Mpaghara Ndịda, Mba, na Ndị Mmadụ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HydroSHEDS&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụzọ ya na-agakarị n'ebe ndịda, mana ọ gbagọrọ agbagọ gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ na ihe dịka 7° N 37° 30' E ruo ihe dịka 36° E ebe ọ na-atụgharị gaa ndịda ruo 5° 30' N'ebe ọ na-eme nnukwu S-bend wee maliteghachi ụzọ ndịda ya gaa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana. Dịka ihe ndị Etiopia [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọnụọgụgụ Etiti (Etiopia)|Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọnụọgụgụ Etiti]] bipụtara si kwuo, Osimiri Omo-Bottego dị {{convert|760|km}} ogologo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&amp;view=doc&amp;id=184&amp;format=raw&amp;Itemid=466 &quot;Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)&quot;], Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime usoro ya, Omo-Bottego nwere oke ọdịda dị ihe dịka {{convert|700|m}} site na njikọta nke osimiri Gibe na Wabe na {{convert|1060|m}} ruo {{convert|360|m}} na ọkwa ọdọ mmiri, ọ bụkwa iyi dị ngwa ngwa n'elu ya, nke Kokobi na mmiri ndị ọzọ na-agbawa, a pụkwara ịgagharị naanị obere oge n'elu ebe ọ na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri Turkana, otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri nke [[Gregory Rift]]. ''Ntuziaka Spectrum nye Etiopia'' kọwara ya dị ka ebe a ma ama maka [[ịgba ụgbọ mmiri ọcha]] na Septemba na Ọktoba, mgbe osimiri ka dị elu site na oge mmiri ozuzo.&lt;ref&gt;Camerapix (2000), p. 262&lt;/ref&gt; Osimiri kachasị mkpa ya bụ [[Osimiri Gibe]]; obere osimiri gụnyere [[Osimiri Wabe|Wabi]], [[Osimiri Denchya|Denchya]], [[Osimiri Gojeb|Gojeb]], [[Osimiri Mui|Mui]] na [[Osimiri Usno|Usno]] osimiri.

Osimiri Omo-Bottego mere ókèala ọwụwa anyanwụ maka alaeze ndị bụbu [[Alaeze Janjero|Janjero]], na [[Alaeze Garo|Garo]]. Omo na-agafekwa [[Mago National Park|Mago]] na [[Omo National Park]], nke a maara maka anụ ọhịa ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=281|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi nso na n'osimiri ahụ, gụnyere [[hippopotamus]]es, [[agọ]]s na [[Bitis arietans|puff adders]].

==Ihe ndị e mere n'oge ochie==
[[File:Lower Valley of the Omo-138523.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Okporo ụzọ osimiri Omo]]
Osimiri Omo dum dịkwa mkpa ma a bịa n'ihe gbasara ala na ihe ochie. A chọpụtala ihe karịrị ihe ochie 50,000 site na ndagwurugwu dị n'okpuru ala, gụnyere ihe ochie hominid 230 nke dị n'etiti [[Pliocene]] na [[Pleistocene]].&lt;ref name = &quot;Alemseged&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Alemseged |first1=Z |title=An integrated approach to taphonomy and faunal change in the Shungura Formation (Ethiopia) and its implication for hominid evolution |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=April 2003 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=451–478 |doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00012-5|pmid=12727463 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Fossils ndị dị n'ime ndị a ''[[Australopithecus]]'' na ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' a chọtala n'ọtụtụ ebe ihe mgbe ochie, tinyere ngwaọrụ e ji [[quartzite]] rụọ, nke kacha ochie n'ime ha dị ihe dị ka nde afọ 2.4 gara aga.&lt;ref name = &quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; Mgbe achọpụtara ha, e chere na ngwaọrụ ndị ahụ nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke ihe a na-akpọ ụlọ ọrụ tupu oge ochie, ọbụna karịa nke dị na [[Olduvai Gorge]]. Nnyocha e mere eme gosiri na ọdịdị dị njọ nke ngwaọrụ ndị a bụ n'ihi ihe ndị e ji arụ ọrụ adịghị mma, nakwa na usoro eji eme ihe na ụdịdị ndị ahụ na-ekwe ka ha tinye na [[Oldowan]]. 

Ihe mbụ e mere n'ebe ahụ bụ n'afọ 1901, site n'aka ndị France mere njem. Ndị otu ihe ochie mba ụwa mere ihe ndị kacha pụta ìhè n'oge na-adịghị anya, n'agbata afọ 1967 na 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;/&gt; Ndị otu a chọtara ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere ọkpụkpụ agba nke otu nwoke ''[[Australopithecus]]'', nke a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị ihe dị ka nde afọ 2.5.&lt;ref&gt;Crandall (2007)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;/&gt; Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie achọtakwala [[ihe fọdụrụ | iberibe ihe ochie]] nke [[Olduwan]] [[hominid]] site na mmalite [[[Pleistocene]] ruo oge [[Pliocene]]. A chọtala ngwaọrụ quartz yana ụfọdụ ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' nke e mechara chọta n'akụkụ osimiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;/&gt; Kemgbe ahụ, otu ndị France na Amerịka jikọrọ aka rụọla ọrụ igwu ala ahụ.&lt;ref name = &quot;Plummer&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Plummer |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Ferraro |first2=Joseph V. |last3=Louys |first3=Julien |last4=Hertel |first4=Fritz |last5=Alemseged |first5=Zeresenay |last6=Bobe |first6=René |last7=Bishop |first7=L.C. |title=Bovid ecomorphology and hominin paleoenvironments of the Shungura Formation, lower Omo River Valley, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=November 2015 |volume=88 |pages=108–126 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.006|pmid=26208956 |doi-access=free |hdl=10211.3/198525 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mgbakwunye na ihe ndị e ji mee ihe n'oge ochie nke hominid, ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche dị na anụmanụ&lt;ref name = &quot;Plummer&quot;/&gt; na azụ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Trapani |first1=Josh |title=Quaternary fossil fish from the Kibish Formation, Omo Valley, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=September 2008 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=521–530 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.05.017|pmid=18691738 }}&lt;/ref&gt; fossil rụọ n'ime Omo Valley.&lt;ref name = &quot;Alemseged&quot;/&gt;

== Mmetụta mmadụ ==
[[File:Omo River Valley IMG 9888.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Ndagwurugwu Osimiri Omo]]
Ụfọdụ kwenyere na ndagwurugwu Omo dị n'okpuru ala bụ ebe a na-aga kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ ka omenala na agbụrụ dị iche iche na-akwaga gburugburu mpaghara ahụ, ya na nnukwu usoro [[Hominidae|hominid]] fosil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Lower Valley of the Omo |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo taa, ndị bi na Ndagwurugwu Ala nke Omo, gụnyere [[Ndị Mursi|Ndị Mursi]], [[Ndị Surma|Ndị Suri]], a na-amụ [[Ndị Nyangatom | Ndị Nyangatom]], [[Ndị Dizi | Ndị Dizi]] na Me'en, maka [[Ọdịbendị dị iche iche|ọdịbendị]] ha.&lt;ref&gt;Hurd (2006)&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye nchọpụta Itali [[Vittorio Bottego]] rutere n'osimiri Omo na 29 Juun 1896 n'oge njem nke abụọ ya n'Africa (1895–97), wee nwụọ n'oge njem a na 17 Maachị 1897. A gbanwere aha osimiri Omo ka ọ bụrụ Omo-Bottego iji sọpụrụ ya. [[Herbert Henry Austin]] na ndị ikom ya rutere Omo delta na 12 Septemba 1898, wee chọpụta na njem Etiopia, nke Ras [[Wolda Giyorgis] duziri, mbụ tinyela ọkọlọtọ Etiopia n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri Turkana na 7 Eprel. Lieutenant [[Alexander Bulatovich]] duuru njem Etiopia nke abụọ nke ruru ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Ọgọst 21, 1899, ma mebiekwa ihe. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ndị France nọ na pati ahụ mere nke ọma maka oge mbụ ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke Delta nke Osimiri Omo. A ka na-eji nsụgharị a nke Osimiri Omo eme ihe ruo afọ 1930 mgbe ndị na-ese foto nke ndị Itali chịrị mere nsụgharị ọhụrụ na nke ziri ezi nke osimiri ahụ na delta ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/o/ORTO.pdf |title= Local History in Ethiopia |access-date= 2016-05-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110612210605/http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/o/ORTO.pdf |archive-date= 2011-06-12 |url-status= dead }} The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 1 May 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ọdụ ike hydroelectric==
E nwere ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik na dam dị na mpaghara Omo nke akpọrọ aha [[Osimiri Gilgel Gibe]] na [[Osimiri Gibe]], nke bụ akụkụ mmiri nke Osimiri Omo. N'agbanyeghị na aha ha dị mgbagwoju anya, ha bụ ọdụ ọkụ eletrik na dam ndị dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Omo.
===Ọdụ ọkụ Gilgel Gibe II===
Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik [[Gilgel Gibe II]] {{coord|7.756492664604506|N|37.56255950100352|E}} bụ [[hydroelectric]] [[ọkụ eletrik]] dị n'Osimiri Omo nke nwere ike megawatt 420 (MW). Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ na-enweta mmiri site na ọnụ ụzọ ọwara {{coord|7|55|27|N|37|23|16|E|name=Gilgel Gibe II Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik headrace ọwara ọnụ ụzọ |display=inline}} na [[Osimiri Gilgel Gibe]] na [[ọsọ-n'osimiri]] atụmatụ. Ọnụ ụzọ ọwara ahụ dị n'okpuru mmiri nke [[Gilgel Gibe I Dam]] nakwa n'akụkụ Osimiri Gilgel Gibe nke o ji mee ka ọwara mmiri eletrik dị.

===dam Gibe nke Atọ===
Ọdọ mmiri mmiri Gibe nke Atọ bụ ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke {{convert|243|m}} dị elu [[roller-compacted siment]] nwere ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri jikọtara ya na Osimiri Omo na [[Ethiopia]]. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ike mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Etiopia nwere ike mmepụta ihe dị ka Megawatt 1870 (MW), ya mere, ọ karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke ikike arụnyere na Etiopia site na ọkwa 814 MW ya nke 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014013025/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ |date=2016-10-14 }}, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET   Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET |date=2010-08-31 }}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Esemokwu amalitela gbasara owuwu ya, ebe ọtụtụ ndị otu NGO na-eme mkpọsa megide ya. Dịka Terri Hathaway, onye nduzi nke mmemme [[International Rivers]]' nke Afrịka si kwuo, Gibe nke Atọ bụ &quot;mmiri mgbochi mmiri kacha emebi emebi n'Africa.&quot; Ọrụ a ga-akatọ &quot;ọkara nde mmadụ n'ime ndị kacha nwee nsogbu n'ógbè ahụ n'ihi agụụ na esemokwu.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Otu ndị na-eme mkpọsa mba ụwa malitere mkpesa n'ịntanetị megide ọrụ mgbochi mmiri nke Etiopia maka nchegbu gbasara ikike mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm|title=Web campaign against Ethiopia dam|date=2010-03-23|access-date=2018-04-13|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683|title=Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia|last=International|first=Survival|access-date=2018-04-13|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agbanyeghị, Azeb Asnake, onye njikwa ọrụ nke Gibe III maka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik gọọmentị, kwuru na a kwadebela usoro mbelata ma ọ bụrụ na ihe emee. E wezụga nke a, Asnake buru amụma na ọrụ ahụ agaghị enwe ihe ọjọọ ọ bụla ga-esi na ya pụta, na-agbakwụnye na ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ dabere na enyemaka idei mmiri nakwa na ọ dị mkpa ka ụlọ ọrụ a rụọ ọrụ n'ihi na ugbu a, ọ na-enye naanị pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ndị bi na ya ike.&lt;ref&gt;[http://nazret.com/blog/index.php/2009/03/30/ethiopia_gilgel_gibe_iii_managers_dismis &quot;Ethiopia - Gilgel Gibe III managers dismiss environmental concerns&quot;] nazret.com. 30 Mar 2009. Last accessed 22 Apr 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Idei mmiri nke afọ 2006 ==
Mmiri ozuzo nke mere n'afọ 2006 mere ka Omo jupụta n'ala ala ya, nke mere ka ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 456 oriri ma chụpụ ihe karịrị mmadụ 20,000 n'ime ụbọchị ise nke na-agwụ na 16 Ọgọst. Ọ bụ ezie na oké mmiri ozuzo n'oge a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'akụkụ a nke mba ahụ, ịta ahịhịa gabiga ókè na igbukpọ ọhịa bụ ihe kpatara ọdachi a. &quot;Osimiri ndị dị na Etiopia enweghị ike ijide mmiri dịka ha nwere ọtụtụ afọ gara aga, n'ihi na a na-ejupụta ha na ájá,&quot; ka onye na-ekwuchitere [[World Food Programme]] bụ Paulette Jones kwuru. &quot;Ọ na-ewe obere mmiri ozuzo... iji mee ka osimiri dị n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke obodo ahụ jupụta.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?rep=2&amp;aid=315920&amp;sid=wor &quot;More than 700 killed or missing in Ethiopian floods&quot;], Zeenews.com 16 August 2006; [http://home.eircom.net/content/reuters/worldnews/8695698?view=Eircomnet &quot;Ethiopian floods feared to have killed 870&quot; by Tsegaye Tadesse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312013509/http://home.eircom.net/content/reuters/worldnews/8695698?view=Eircomnet |date=2007-03-12 }}, Eircom net, 16 August 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Idei mmiri nke Osimiri Omo n'oge dị oke mkpa nye ndị obodo bi n'akụkụ ya. Idei mmiri ahụ na-eweta ájá dị mma ma jupụta n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na mmiri, nke mere ka o kwe omume ịkọ ihe n'akụkụ osimiri. Ndị dị iche iche dị n'akụkụ Omo ala—nke gụnyere ndị [[Ndị Turkana | Turkana]], [[Daasanach people | Dassanach]], [[Hamar people|Hamer]], [[Nyangatom people|Nyangatom]], Karo, [[Kwegu people|Kwegu]], [[Mursi people|Mursi]], [[Bodi people|Bodi]], na [[Me'en people|Me'en]]—na-enweta nnukwu akụkụ nke nri ha site na ịkọ ubi mmiri ozuzo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict |url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-02 |access-date=2009-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iju mmiri buru ibu ma mebie ihe nke afọ 2006 bụ naanị nke mere n'ime afọ iri ise gara aga. Mbelata dị n'ọkwa ọdọ mmiri Turkana n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nke a maara na ọ na-enweta ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu nke mmiri ya site na mmiri Omo na-abata, emeela ka ọkwa nnu dị elu.

== Leekwa ==
[[File:Karo woman and child.jpg|thumb|Nwanyị Karo na nwatakịrị nọ nso n'Osimiri Omo]]
* [[Osimiri Gibe]]
* [[Ndepụta nke osimiri Etiopia]]
* [[Ndepụta ebe e si nweta fossil]] ''(na ndekọ njikọ)''
* [[Nhazi Omo Kibish]]
* [[Omo fọdụrụ]]
* [[Ndepụta Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa na Etiopia]]

== Ihe ndetu ==
{{reflist|2}}

==Edensibia==
* Butzer, Karl W. (1971). ''Recent history of an Ethiopian delta: the Omo River and the level of Lake Rudolph'', Research paper '''136''', Department of Geography, University of Chicago, 184 p., [[Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]] 70-184080
* Camerapix (2000). ''Spectrum Guide to Ethiopia'', First American Ed., Brooklyn: Interlink, {{ISBN|1-56656-350-X}}
* Crandall, Ben (2007). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20061210123834/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/africa/omoriver.html The Omo River Valley]'', eMuseum @ [[Minnesota State University, Mankato]]; website accessed 31 October 2007
* Hurd, W. (2006). &quot;[http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/rangers-birth Rangers by Birth]&quot;, ''Cultural Survival Quarterly'', '''30.2''', website accessed 31 October 2007
* UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2007). ''[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 Lower Valley of the Omo]'', World Heritage List, website accessed 31 October 2007
* Vannutelli, L. and Citerni, C. (1899). ''Seconda spedizione Bòttego: L'Omo, viaggio d'esplorazione nell'Africa Orientale'', Milano : Hoepli, 650 p. &lt;!--commented out as original is 1899 long before ISBN, no search on ISBN successful, please provide reprint details: ISBN 978-0543938176--&gt;

==Njikọ mpụga==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.selamta.net/omo_park.htm Omo National Park]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160307222523/http://www.slidespost.com/zoom.php?id=2326  The African Tribes of OMO]
*[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ Africa Resources Working Group Gibe III Dam Omo River]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PUSPE_7ek8&amp;t=4s Walking With The Mursi is an adventure/travel documentary spanning four continents as David Willing hikes 500km across Ethiopia's remote Omo Valley, home of the fascinating Mursi tribes.]


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    <title>Osimiri Gibe</title>
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[[File: Omo OSM.png|thumb|Maapụ na-egosi ala Omo, ya na Osimiri Gibe (n'elu aka nri)]]
'''Osimiri Gibe''' (nakwa '''Osimiri Gibe Ukwu''') bụ akụkụ kachasị ukwuu nke [[Osimiri Omo (Etiopia)|Osimiri Omo]] dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ [[Etiopia]] ma na-asọba n'ozuzu ndịda-ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Njikọta nke Osimiri Gibe {{coord|7|20|N|37|22|E|display=title,inline|Eregion:ET_type:river}} na [[Osimiri Gojeb]] na-eme Osimiri Omo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://etd.aau.edu.et/server/api/core/bitstreams/97c95d07-ed80-460f-bcfc-167ddfd78fe6/content |title = Impact of Land use Land cover change on Stream flow (Case Study Gilgel Gibe III) |website = Addis Abeba University |publisher = Addis Abeba University - Institute of Technology School of Garaduate Studies Department of Civil Engineering |access-date = 9 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-akpọ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri]] dum ''Ebe Odo-Gibe River Basin'' ebe Gibe na Omo na-agbapụta (n'otu n'otu) elu na ala.

Dịka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ osimiri Etiopia, Gibe abụghị ebe a na-agagharị agagharị.

==Nchịkọta==
Gibe na-ebili n'ebe ugwu nke ihe dịka 2,200m n'ebe ugwu obodo [[Bilo, Ethiopia|Bila]], ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Chomen swamp]] site na [[Gudeya Bila]] [[woreda]], nke dị na [[East Welega Zone]], [[Oromia Region]]. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ebe ọ na-ejikọta Osimiri Gojeb. Osimiri ya gụnyere osimiri [[Amara River, Ethiopia|Amara]], [[[Alanga River|Alanga]] na [[[Osimiri Gilgel Gibe | Gilgel Gibe]]. Ebe mgbaba mmiri ndịda nke Gibe gụnyere [[ógbè Gibe]], ebe ọtụtụ ala-eze ndị [[Oromo | Oromo]] na ndị [[[Sidama |Sidama]] nwere. Osimiri Gibe na-akwụsị n'elu elu nke mita 830, mgbe ọ na-ejikọta ya na Osimiri Gojeb, si otú a na-emepụta Osimiri Omo.

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ebi n'akụkụ mmiri ya na mmiri ya kemgbe oge ochie, a kpọrọ Gabe aha mbụ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ &quot;Royal Chronicle&quot; nke Eze Ukwu [[Sarsa Dengel]], onye mere mkpọsa n'ebe ugwu nke mpaghara ahụ na 1566.&lt;ref&gt;G.W.B. Huntingford, ''The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'', (Oxford University Press: 1989), p. 143&lt;/ref&gt; Onye Europe mbụ e dekọrọ edekọ ịhụ Gibe bụ onye ozi ala ọzọ nke Jesuit Portuguese [[António Fernandes (Jesuit)|António Fernandes]], onye gafere Gibe na 1613 ka ọ na-apụ [[Ennarea]] wee banye [[Alaeze Janjero|Janjero]]. Fernandes mechara kọwaa Gibe dị ka onye bu &quot;Mmiri karịa Naịl&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Baltazar Téllez, ''The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia'', 1710 (LaVergue: Kessinger, 2010), p. 194&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Yuropu agaghị eleta Gibe ọzọ ruo narị afọ nke 19, ya mere akụkọ Fernandes nọgidere bụrụ nke a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi ma bụrụ nke a na-ahọrọ karịa ozi sitere n'aka ndị njem obodo.&lt;ref&gt;As [[Charles Johnston (travel writer)|Charles Johnston]] laments in his work, ''Travels in Southern Abyssinia through the Country of Adal to the Kingdom of Shoa'' (London, 1844), vol. 2 pp. 113–125&lt;/ref&gt;

==Edensibia==
{{Reflist}}

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    <title>Ol Arabel</title>
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'''Ol Arabel''' (ma ọ bụ Olarabel) bụ osimiri dị na [[Ndagwurugwu Rift Ukwu, Kenya|Ndagwurugwu Rift Ukwu]] nke [[Kenya]] nke na-azụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Baringo]]. Ọ na-enye aha ya n'oké ọhịa nke kpuchiri isi mmiri ya na mpaghara.

==Osimiri==

Osimiri Ngusero na Ol Arabel na-asọpụ nsọtụ ugwu nke [[Aberdare Range]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA190 |page=190
 |title=A Directory of African Wetlands
 |author=R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes
 |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |ISBN=2880329493}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Osimiri ahụ na-emepụta delta ebe ọ na-abanye na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri Baringo na {{coord|0.531113|36.115837}}, nke a na-aghọkwa oké apịtị n'oge dị elu karịa n'oge ọdọ mmiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQYDPsQhCx0C&amp;pg=PA563 |pages=563–564
 |title=Lake Basins Through Space and Time
 |first1=Elizabeth |last1=Gierlowski-Kordesch |first2=K. R. |last2=Kelts
 |publisher=AAPG |year=2000 |ISBN=0891810528}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Osimiri ahụ na-adị n'oge oge, n'oge ọkọchị nke mmalite afọ 2000, ọ dịghịzi erute ọdọ mmiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aCjIB5YRtnkC&amp;pg=PA338 |page=338
 |title=The East African Great Lakes: Limnology, Palaeolimnology, and Biodiversity
 |author=Eric Onyango Odada, Daniel O. Olago
 |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |ISBN=1402007728}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ojiji ala n'oge gara aga==

N'oge gara aga, ndị na-azụ anụ [[Il Chamus]] na-eji mpaghara ahụ eme ihe.
N'afọ 1930, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eto eto nke ndị ọrụ ugbo [[Ndị Tugen|Tugen]] kwabatara n'ógbè ahụ, site n'enyemaka gọọmentị.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lik9AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA34 |page=34
 |title=The Elusive Granary: Herder, Farmer, and State in Northern Kenya
 |first=Peter D. |last=Little
 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1992 |ISBN=0521405521}}&lt;/ref&gt;
N'afọ 1940, ndị bi n'ala ọzọ kwagara n'Oke Nchekwa Ohia Ol Arabel dị na [[Laikipia District]] wee kụọ ala dị eka 84, e mechara chụpụ ha n'ala na 1947.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_go9AGqld1AC&amp;pg=PA102 |page=102
 |title=Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63
 |author=Tabitha M. Kanogo
 |publisher=East African Publishers |year=1987 |ISBN=9966463267|author-link=Tabitha Kanogo}}&lt;/ref&gt;
N'afọ 1970, gọọmentị mere atụmatụ maka ebe obibi na Ol Arabel, mana emechara gbalịa ime ka ala ahụ laghachi n'ime oke ọhịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHSYeqVpXDEC&amp;pg=PT19 |page=1311
 |journal=Kenya National Assembly Official Record (Hansard)
 |title=Banning of Forest Excisions
 |date=3 Jul 1996
 |access-date=2012-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Atụmatụ obibi Harambee gụnyere {{convert|6000|ha}} iji mee ihe maka ịzụ ehi na ịkọ ọka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_L37A_v4o9kC&amp;pg=PA78
 |title=Peak Revision K.C.S.E Agriculture
 |author=A. Nyanjom &amp; J. K’Onyango
 |publisher=East African Publishers |ISBN=9966254625}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Nchekwa ọhịa==

Ebe Nchekwa Ọhịa Ol Arabel bụ akụkụ nke ọhịa Marmanet dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Rift Valley, n'ebe ugwu nke [[Nyahururu]].
Ebe nchekwa ọhịa, nke bụ akụkụ nke ebe mgbada elu nke Osimiri Ol Arabel, kpuchiri {{convert|9629|ha}}, mana e gbupụrụ {{convert|6273|ha}} na 1993.
A kọwaghị atụmatụ ókèala ọ bụla.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/Mau-Complex_20May08.pdf
 |title=Mau Complex and Marmanet forests
 |date=20 May 2008
 |publisher=UNEP
 |access-date=2012-04-12
 |archive-date=2010-11-22
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122213800/http://www.unep.org/pdf/Mau-Complex_20May08.pdf
 |url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
N'ihi ya, ihe dị ka pasentị iri asatọ nke ọhịa ahụ ka e biri site na atụmatụ [[Mochongoi]] ruo afọ 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.smenetwork.co.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=59%3Aforest-allocation-in-kenya&amp;Itemid=102
 |work=SMS Network
 |title=Forest Allocation in Kenya
 |author=Hilary Kiprop
 |access-date=2012-04-12
 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Mee 2007, a mara ọkwa na European Union na-akwado mbọ a na-agba iji kụọ osisi ọhịa ọzọ na mpaghara ahụ, gụnyere ọhịa Ol Arabel.
N'ime afọ iri gara aga, ọdọ mmiri Baringo anọwo na-agbaze ma na-ebelata n'ógbè ahụ n'ihi mmụba ọrụ ugbo na mbelata mkpuchi ọhịa n'ime mmiri ya,
ebe azụ̀ dị mkpa n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba na-ada nke ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://desertification.wordpress.com/2007/05/30/kenya-investment-in-reforestation-environmental-and-community-devlopment-projects-fao-infosylva-allafrica-the-nation/
 |title=Kenya: important investment in reforestation, environmental and community development projects |work=The Nation
 |date=May 24, 2007
 |access-date=2012-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Na Septemba 2011, otu onye ọrụ nke otu Green Belt kwuru na oke ọhịa Ol Arabel fọrọ nke nta ka ọ laa n'iyi n'ihi ndị na-egbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, ọkachasị ndị na-ere ọkụ na-ere ọkụ.
Ndị uwe ojii anaghị eme ihe ọ bụla iji gbochie ihe omume ha.
Osimiri ndị dị n'ime ọhịa ahụ na-eri nri na-achọ ịkpọnwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201109091317.html
 |title=Kenya: Greenbelt Sounds Alarm Over Destruction of Two Laikipia Forests
 |author=WANJOHI GAKIO
 |date=9 September 2011
 |work=The Star
 |access-date=2012-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Edensibia==
{{reflist}}

==Njikọ mpụga==
*{{cite web |url=http://protectedplanet.net/sites/Olarabel_Forest_Reserve
 |work=Protected Planet
 |title=Ol Arabel Forest Reserve
 |access-date=2012-04-12}}</text>
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    <title>Osimiri Perkerra</title>
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'''Osimiri Perkerra''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Ndagwurugwu Rift Ukwu, Kenya|Ndagwurugwu Rift Ukwu]] dị na [[Kenya]] nke na-azụ mmiri dị ọcha [[Ọdọ Mmiri Baringo]].
Ọ bụ naanị osimiri na-adịru ogologo oge n'ala kpọrọ nkụ na nke na-anaghị akọrọ nke [[Baringo County]].{{sfn|National Irrigation Board}}
Osimiri Perkerra na-enye mmiri nye atụmatụ mmiri Perkerra dị n'ala Jemps dị nso na obodo [[Marigat]], dị nnọọ na ndịda ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Chambers|2005|p=6}}

==Ebe ndọba mmiri==

Osimiri ahụ nwere ebe mmiri na-abata nke {{convert|1207|km2}}.{{sfn|Onyando|Kisoyan|Chemelil|2005|p=133}}
Ọ na-arịgo n'ime [[Ọhịa Mau]] n'akụkụ mgbidi ọdịda anyanwụ nke ndagwurugwu Rift na {{convert|8000|ft}}, na-agbada ruo {{convert|3200|ft}} n'ọnụ ya n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Chambers|1973|p=345}}
Ebe a na-adọba mmiri nwere ugwu ndị dị elu n'akụkụ ugwu, na-agbaze ala.{{sfn|Onyando|Kisoyan|Chemelil|2005|p=133}}
Ọtụtụ mmiri na-esi n'ugwu ndị dị n'elu ugwu abịa, ebe mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ sitere na {{convert|1100|mm}} ruo {{convert|2700|mm}}.
Mpaghara gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburugburu bụ nke kpọrọ nkụ, mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ nke {{convert|450|mm}} na ọnụego mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ nke {{convert|1650|mm}} gaa na {{convert|2300|mm}}.{{sfn|Akivag et al. 2010|p=2441–2442}}

==Mgbanwe ojiji ala==

N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1800, [[Ndị Njemps]], otu agbụrụ metụtara [[Ndị Maasai|Ndị Maasai]], bi n'ala dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.
Ha jiri ihe mgbochi osisi brushwood mee ka ọkwa osimiri ahụ dị elu ma kwe ka mmiri ahụ na-asọfe n'elu ala dị larịị.  Idei mmiri nke oge a ga-ebibi ihe mgbochi ahụ, nke ga-achọ ka e dochie ya, mana usoro ahụ kwụsiri ike.{{sfn|Chambers|1973|p=345–346}}
Onye nchọpụta Britain [[Joseph Thomson (onye nchọpụta)|Joseph Thomson]] gara Perkerra na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu ya na ndị njem ya wee zụta ọka n'aka ndị obodo ahụ, a na-eto ha site na iji usoro ịgba mmiri ha a nwapụtara na ya site na iji besịn na ọwa mmiri.{{sfn|de Laet|1994|p=113}}

Mgbe ndị Yuropu bịarutere ebe ahụ, ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na nke anụ ụlọ mụbara.
A kpara ahịhịa dị elu n'ebe a na-adọba mmiri, mbuze amụbaala, ọnụego mmiri na-asọpụta mụbakwara, nke na-akpata idei mmiri mgbe ụfọdụ.  Usoro ihe mgbochi osisi brushwood enweghị ike ịnagide idei mmiri ahụ, ndị Njemps wee malite ịzụ anụ ụlọ. [[ịta ahịhịa gabigara ókè], oké ọkọchị na mwakpo igurube butere nsogbu nri na ngwụcha afọ 1920.  N'afọ 1930, ndị ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị malitere ịtụle ohere nke ịgba mmiri, e mekwara nnyocha n'afọ 1936, ọ bụ ezie na e meghị ihe ọ bụla ruo afọ ụfọdụ.{{sfn|Chambers|1973|p=346}}

==Atụmatụ ịgba mmiri na Perkerra==

A malitere usoro ịgba mmiri Perkerra n'afọ 1952 n'oge [[Mwakpo Mau Mau|Mberede]].{{sfn|Chambers|2005|p=6}}
Ọrụ ụlọ malitere n'afọ 1954.{{sfn|SoftKenya}}&gt;
Ndị ejidere rụrụ ụzọ ndị ahụ ma kwadebe ala maka ịgba mmiri.
Ọrụ ahụ dị ngwa ngwa, ọ dị oke ọnụ iji mejuputa na ilekọta, mana ọ dịghị ihe ga-eme ka ọ baa uru.
E nwere ihe isi ike ịkọ ihe ubi na ihe isi ike ire ha.
Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ugbo bi n'ụlọ ndị ahụ mechara pụọ.
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1959, e kpebiri imechi atụmatụ ahụ, nke nwere naanị ezinụlọ 100, mana a gbanwere nke a ka ọ bụrụ obere ọrụ na-aga n'ihu. Na 1962, a gbasaara atụmatụ ahụ, ma ka ọ na-erule 1967, e nwere ụlọ ọrụ ugbo 500, ọ bụ ezie na a ka chọrọ enyemaka ego.{{sfn|Chambers|2005|p=6}}
 
Atụmatụ ịgba mmiri Perkerra na-akwado ihe dị ka ezinụlọ ugbo 670 ugbu a.
Mpaghara ịgba mmiri niile enwere ike ịgba mmiri bụ {{convert|2340|ha|acre}} mana naanị {{convert|810|ha|acre}} ka emepụtara maka ịgba mmiri site na gravity, a na-egbutukwa {{convert|607|ha|acre}} n'ihi ụkọ mmiri.
N'oge gara aga, ihe ndị bụ́ isi a kụrụ n'ubi bụ yabasị, ose, mmiri ara ehi, pawpaws na owu. E webatara ọka n'afọ 1996 ma ọ dị mfe ire ya.{{sfn|National Irrigation Board}}
Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọrụ Ugbo nke Kenya nwere ebe nyocha na Marigat Township nke na-emeju atụmatụ ịgba mmiri.{{sfn|Kenya Agricultural Research}}

==Nsogbu na omume==

Ugbua, ọ fọrọ obere ka ọ bụrụ na e nweghị ihe ọkụkụ ọ bụla n'ala dị larịị ruo ọnwa asatọ ma ọ bụ itoolu n'afọ ma e wezụga apịtị dị n'akụkụ ala nke osimiri [[Osimiri Molo|Molo]] na osimiri Perkerra na n'akụkụ ọnụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ. 
Ala ndị ahụ, nke ahịhịa ndị na-adịgide adịgide na-ekpuchikarị ma na-ejupụta mmiri ruo naanị ọnwa abụọ n'afọ, na-enye ndị na-azụ anụ nri.{{sfn|Little|1992|p=22}}
Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ala karịa na mbụ, mana ụfọdụ efuola n'aka ndị ọrụ ugbo kwagara ebe ahụ, ụfọdụ efuolakwa n'ihi atụmatụ ịgbara mmiri.
Ndị na-azụ anụ na-ekwu na ọwa mmiri ndị a na-agba mmiri ebelatala oke idei mmiri kwa afọ ma si otú a belata oke ahịhịa.{{sfn|Little|1992|p=136}}

Ebe ọ bụ na osisi anaghị ekpuchi ya nke ọma n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ala, ala ahụ na-agbaze ngwa ngwa, a na-etinyekwa ọtụtụ ájá n'Ọdọ Mmiri Baringo.
N'agbata afọ 1972 na 2003, omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ adaala site na {{convert|8|m}} ruo {{convert|2.5|m}}.{{sfn|Onyando|Kisoyan|Chemelil|2005|p=133}}
Ọdọ mmiri ahụ amụbaala site na {{convert|160|km2}} na 1960 ruo {{convert|108|km2}} na 2001.
Ọ na-aghọ nnu, azụ̀ na-ebelatakwa. 
Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2010 gosiri na osimiri ahụ na-aghọ nke oge.
Nnyocha ahụ tụrụ aro ka e tinye iwu nchekwa ma ọ bụ usoro gburugburu ebe obibi.
E chere na ọrụ Chemususu dam n'otu n'ime isi iyi mmiri nke Perkerra, nke a ga-arụ ọrụ na 2011, ga-ebelata mmetụta nke ebe nchekwa ahụ nwere n'ahụ ndị na-eji mmiri eme ihe ma hụ na osimiri ahụ akpọnwụghị kpamkpam.{{sfn|Akivag et al. 2010|p=2441}}
Ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-ebu {{convert|11000000|m3}} ma ga-enye {{convert|35000000|lita}} kwa ụbọchị, nke ga-ezuru mmadụ 200,000.{{sfn|Mau - ICS}}

Ndị otu ndị na-eji mmiri osimiri eme ihe na mpaghara elu nke osimiri Perkerra na Molo anọwo na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi, ichekwa akụkụ osimiri na imezi ebe ndị mebiri emebi site n'ịchịkọta ájá na igwu olulu.  Perkerra RFUA anọwokwa na-echebe isi iyi, nke bụ ihe na-echegbu onwe ya karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na isi iyi 30 n'ime 72 dị na mpaghara ahụ akwụsịla ịgba.{{sfn|Mau - ICS}}

==Edensibia==
{{reflist |colwidth=30em}}
;Isi mmalite
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Akivag et al. 2010}}
 |url=http://www.weap21.org/Downloads/Akivaga_et_al.pdf
 |journal=International Journal of the Physical Sciences |volume=5 |issue=16 |pages=2441–2449 |date=4 December 2010
 |title=Impact of introducing reserve flows on abstractive uses in water stressed Catchment in Kenya: Application of WEAP21 model
 |first1=Erick Mugatsia |last1=Akivaga |first2=Fred A. O. |last2=Otieno |first3=E. C. |last3=Kipkorir |first4=Joel |last4=Kibiiy |first5=Stanley |last5=Shitote}}
*{{cite web |url=http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/115/rc180.pdf?sequence=2
 |title=MWEA: An Irrigated Rice Settlement in Kenya 
 |first1=Robert |last1=Chambers |year=1973
 |access-date=2012-04-11}}
*{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dsTBkFnYjRYC&amp;pg=PA6 
 |chapter=Learning from project pathology: The case of Perkerra
 |title=Ideas For Development
 |first=Robert |last=Chambers
 |publisher=Earthscan |year=2005 |isbn=978-1844070886}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DtnHLh9HgqAC&amp;pg=PA113
 |title=History of Humanity: The twentieth century
 |first=Sigfried J. |last=de Laet
 |publisher=UNESCO |year=1994 |isbn=978-9231040832}} 
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Kenya Agricultural Research}}
 |url=http://www.kari.org/?q=content/kari-perkerra
 |title=KARI Perkerra
 |publisher=Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
 |access-date=2012-04-11}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lik9AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA22
 |title=The Elusive Granary: Herder, Farmer, and State in Northern Kenya
 |first=Peter D. |last=Little
 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0521405522}}
*{{cite web
 |ref={{harvid|Mau - ICS}}
 |url=http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/achievements/116-tour-of-the-rvca
 |date=March 9, 2010
 |title=The Ministry of Water and Irrigation is spearheading the conservation of catchment areas in the Mau
 |publisher=Mau - ICS
 |access-date=2012-04-11
 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|National Irrigation Board}}
 |url=http://www.nib.or.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=35&amp;Itemid=48
 |title=Perkerra Irrigation Scheme
 |publisher=National Irrigation Board
 |access-date=2012-04-11}}
*{{cite journal |title=Estimation of Potential Soil Erosion for River Perkerra Catchment in Kenya
 |last1=Onyando |first1=J. |last2=Kisoyan |first2=P. |last3=Chemelil |first3=M.
 |journal=Water Resources Management |volume=19 |issue=2 |date=April 2005 
 |pages=133–143 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/s11269-005-2706-5|s2cid=154014304
 }}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|SoftKenya}}
 |url=http://softkenya.com/water/irrigation-in-kenya/
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512075726/http://softkenya.com/water/irrigation-in-kenya/
 |url-status=usurped
 |archive-date=May 12, 2012
 |title=Irrigation in Kenya
 |work=SoftKenya
 |access-date=2012-04-11}}
{{refend}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Njoro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673678</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:49:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
      <origin>673678</origin>
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      <text bytes="2379" sha1="r0pt7h72nqlxp5sd0vmr1hzq0jd7zvh" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Mmiri iyi na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Nakuru, Kenya}}
'''Njoro''' bụ iyi nke atọ nke na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nakuru]], [[Kenya]]. Isi iyi ya dị na [[Ọhịa Mau]]. A makwaara ya dị ka '''Osimiri Ndarugu'''.

A na-agba mbọ idozi nsogbu dị mkpa ([[ụzọ fecal-oral|nsị]]) [[mmetọ mmiri]] nke osimiri ahụ, ọkachasị n'ebe dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://profiles.uonbi.ac.ke/maina_gichaba/publications/patterns-and-sources-faecal-pollution-heavily-impaired-river-njoro-waters|title=Proceedings of the Sumawa Mau Forest Complex Conference|year=2009|publisher=Sumawa|archive-date=2016-03-10|access-date=2016-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310072149/https://profiles.uonbi.ac.ke/maina_gichaba/publications/patterns-and-sources-faecal-pollution-heavily-impaired-river-njoro-waters|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ke-undp&quot;&gt;
{{cite web
| url = http://www.ke.undp.org/GEF-SGP/Projects%20Elsewhere.htm
| title = UNDP-Kenya, GEF-SGP — Kenya Community based Wetland Management for Waste Water Treatment
| publisher = United Nations Development Programmeme
| year = 2007
| accessdate = 2009-04-18
}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iapad&quot;&gt;
{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.iapad.org/applications/plup/njoro_watershed.htm
 |title       = Njoro River Watershed, Kenya
 |publisher   = Integrated Approaches to Participatory Development (IAPAD)
 |accessdate  = 2009-04-18
 |url-status     = dead
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603152911/http://www.iapad.org/applications/plup/njoro_watershed.htm
 |archivedate = 2009-06-03
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-eleba anya n'echiche na usoro [[onye ọrụ ugbo ndụ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cdlib&quot;&gt;
{{cite web
| url = http://repositories.cdlib.org/uciaspubs/articles/3/
| title = Linking Farmer, Forest and Watershed: Agricultural Systems and Natural Resources Management Along the Upper Njoro River, Kenya
| publisher = University of California — Global, Area, and International Archive
| date = March 3, 2006
| accessdate = 2009-04-18
| last = Krupnik
| first = Timothy J.
|author2=Marion W. Jenkins
 }}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==

{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060928153351/http://www.nri.org/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/LELO-FK.pdf Managing the Njoro River Watershed]


{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Gilgil</title>
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    <id>77518</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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'''Osimiri Gilgil''' na-asọpụta akụkụ nke ala nke [[Ndagwurugwu Rift Ukwu, Kenya]] na ala dị larịị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ndagwurugwu ahụ, na-asọ site n'ebe ugwu ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha]]. Osimiri ahụ na-agbaga n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo [[Gilgil]], nke dị n'elu ala dị n'etiti ọdọ mmiri Naivasha na ebe ndị dị n'akụkụ mmiri [[Ọdọ Mmiri Elmenteita]].

Osimiri ahụ malitere n'elu {{convert|2500|m|ft}}, ebe mmiri ozuzo na-ezo ihe dịka {{convert|1100|mm|in}} kwa afọ.
Ọ na-enweta mmiri n'afọ niile.{{sfn|Harper|2003|p=1}}
Gilgil nwere isi mmiri atọ. Morindati na-arị elu na {{convert|2700|m|ft}}, Kiriundu na {{convert|2710|m|ft}} na Little Gilgil na {{convert|2400|m|ft}}.{{sfn|Harper|2003|p=19}}
Ogologo ọwa kwụ ọtọ kachasị bụ {{convert|60|km|mi}} ebe mbelata kachasị bụ {{convert|873|m|ft}}.{{sfn|Harper|2003|p=16}}

N'ebe ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-emepe ka ọ ghọọ nnukwu ala idei mmiri, ebe a gwuworo ọwa mmiri iji kwado ọrụ ugbo mmiri.{{sfn|Harper|2003|p=19}}
E ji akwụkwọ papyrus, sedges ndị ọzọ na Typha kpuchie ụzọ mbata osimiri ahụ gaa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha.{{sfn|Lake Naivasha - Birdlife}}
Gilgil na [[Osimiri Malewa|Malewa]] bụ isi iyi mmiri maka Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha. Ha abụọ na-ebu nnukwu ihe ruru unyi n'ime ọdọ mmiri n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Otu ihe ngwọta a tụrụ aro bụ ịkụ ihe ubi [[Vetiver grass]] n'ofe mpaghara delta, nke egosiri n'ebe ndị ọzọ na ọ dị irè n'ịdọchi ájá ma na-enyekwa aka mee ka ala mmiri dịghachi ndụ.{{sfn|Vetiver|2009}}

Onye ọkà mmụta ala [[J.W. Gregory]] chọtara ebe obibi ochie dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Gilgil nke nwere ngwa ọrụ nkume obsidian na ite ụrọ siri ike, nke dịrị tupu oge ígwè. Ngwaọrụ ndị a gụnyere ihe e ji kpụcha akpụkpọ ahụ, ihe e ji ekpuchi oghere na obere mma.{{sfn|Gregory|1896|p=323}}

==Edensibia==
{{Reflist |colwidth=30em}}

==Isi mmalite==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRtkpqANIB4C&amp;pg=PA323
 |title=The Great Rift Valley...
 |first=John Walter |last=Gregory
 |publisher=J. Murray |year=1896|isbn = 9780714618128}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Q1pfcjMae8C&amp;pg=PA1
 |title=Lake Naivasha, Kenya
 |first=David M. |last=Harper
 |publisher=Springer |year=2003 |isbn=1-4020-1236-5}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Lake Naivasha - Birdlife}} |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6438
 |title=Lake Naivasha
 |publisher=Birdlife International
 |access-date=2012-01-02}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.vetiver.org/KEN-Lake%20Naivasha_o.pdf
 |title=Lake Naivasha: A Lake in Trouble - A Possible Solution?
 |last=Vetiver Network International
 |year=2009
 |ref={{sfnref|Vetiver|2009}}}}
{{Refend}}

{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Malewa</title>
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'''Osimiri Malewa''' na-arịgo n'ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Aberdare Range]] dị na [[Kenya]] ma na-asọba n'ebe ndịda na ọdịda anyanwụ gaa na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha]] dị na [[Ndagwurugwu Rift, Kenya | Ndagwurugwu Rift Ukwu]].
Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha bụ isi iyi mmiri dị mkpa n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ, ọ na-akwadokwa azụmaahịa ọrụ ugbo na ịkọ ugbo nke na-elekwasị anya na mbupụ yana njem nlegharị anya. Mmiri dị n'osimiri Malewa emebiela n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe mmadụ na-eme n'elu mmiri ahụ. Mmetụta ogologo oge nke a nwere na pasentị mmiri ozuzo na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha edoghị anya. O nwere ike na afọ mmiri ozuzo dị ala, pasentị ahụ ga-ada n'ihi mmiri a na-amịkọrọ, ebe n'afọ mmiri ozuzo dị elu, pasentị ahụ ga-arị elu n'ihi ala a kụrụ akụ nwere obere ikike ijide mmiri na iwebata ihe karịrị 100% mmiri na-asọpụta dịka okporo ụzọ laamba na mpempe ígwè, wdg.

==Ebe ndọba mmiri==

Mmiri mmiri Malewa nke {{convert|1730|km2|sqmi}} na-enye ihe dị ka 90% nke mmiri na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha, ebe ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-esi na [[Osimiri Gilgil]] apụta.{{sfn|Gherardi|2007|p=93}}
Isi mmiri nke isi ọwa mmiri Malewa na-amalite site n'ebe dị elu nke {{convert|3700|m|ft}} n'ugwu Nyandarua (Aberdare). Osimiri nta dị iche iche na-esi na mkpọda nke Aberdares na-asọba n'akụkụ mmiri ya nke [[Osimiri Wanjohi|Wanjohi]].{{sfn|Harper|2003|p=16}}
Ụtụ ndị ọzọ bụ [[Turasha River|Turasha]], Simba, Nyairoko na Ol Kalou.{{sfn|Harper|2003|p=17}}
Osimiri ndị dị na mpaghara Malewa dị obere mana ha niile na-adịru ogologo oge.{{sfn|Harper|2003|p=16}}

Oke ọhịa Aberdare na-enweta ihe dị ka {{convert|1200|mm|in}} mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ ma nwee nnukwu oke ọhịa.
Ugwu ndị Malewa na-agbapụta bụ ugwu mgbawa ma na-enye aka na sodium na calcium na mmiri site na mmiri kemịkalụ nke nkume ndị ahụ. Sulphate dị n'ime mmiri na-esi n'ikuku apụta.{{sfn|Young|1996|p=142}}
Ala nke Rift Valley na-adị naanị {{convert|600|mm|in}} kwa afọ, a na-ekpuchikwa ya nke ọma site na ahịhịa, yana ájá nkịtị.
Mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'etiti Eprel na Juun, nakwa ọzọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba na Nọvemba. Mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'ime ọnwa ndị a.{{sfn|Hamududu|1998}}

==Ojiji ala==

Osimiri Malewa na-enweta mmiri site na iyi ndị na-agafe [[Kinangop Plateau]]. N'otu oge, ala ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ahịhịa jupụtara na ya nke nwere obere osisi. Ndagwurugwu iyi ahụ nwere ọtụtụ apịtị ndị na-amị amị.
[Ndị Kikuyu|Ndị Kikuyu]] ndị ọrụ ugbo bi n'ala ahụ kemgbe afọ 1960. Ha akọọla ọtụtụ ala iji kụọ ọka, ọka wit, kabeeji na poteto. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ala mmiri ndị ahụ agbapụtala.{{sfn|Birdlife International}}
Ebe a na-anaghị eme atụmatụ iwepụ mmiri n'ime mmiri, osisi ndị a kụrụ maka osisi na nkụ na-amịkọrọ mmiri ahụ. Usoro a bụ ịkọ ihe ubi nri na ihe ubi ego nke ọma.{{sfn|Darwin Initiative|2006}}

==Nsogbu==

Ogbugbu na mkpọmkpọ ala na-eyi osimiri ahụ egwu, mmụba nke mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, na mmetọ sitere na fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje.{{sfn|Lake Naivasha - Malewa}}
N'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 1997, mmiri osimiri Malewa jupụtara n'ala gbasasịrị ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft}} wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha.{{sfn|Harper|2003|p=16}}
Inweta akụrụngwa na ahịa sitere n'okike adịghị mma n'ógbè ahụ.
[[Esemokwu mmiri]] bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, ịda ogbenye dịkwa ebe niile.
Mmezi na usoro njikwa akụrụngwa nwere ike ibute nnukwu mmezi na ibelata mmetọ na mbuze.{{sfn|Ogweno|2009}}

==Edensibia==
{{reflist |colwidth=30em}}

==Isi mmalite==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6394
 |title=KE004: Kinangop grasslands
 |last=Birdlife International
 |access-date=2011-12-28}}
*{{cite web
 |url=http://darwin.defra.gov.uk/documents/EIDPO007/4977/EIDPO007%20FR%20Ann%2011.3%20Kinangop%20Mgmt%20plan.pdf 
 |title=Kinangop Plateau Nature Reserve Management Plan 
 |date=2006-07-05 
 |author=Darwin Initiative 
 |access-date=2011-12-28 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425001645/http://darwin.defra.gov.uk/documents/EIDPO007/4977/EIDPO007%20FR%20Ann%2011.3%20Kinangop%20Mgmt%20plan.pdf 
 |archive-date=2012-04-25 
 |df= 
}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.researchkenya.org/?ID=622
 |title=Erosion assessment for large basins using remote sensing and GIS
 |first=Byman, H |last=Hamududu |year=1998
 |publisher=International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, Netherlands
 |access-date=2012-01-02}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RNfRJvCXbe4C&amp;pg=PA93
 |title=Biological invaders in inland waters: profiles, distribution and threats
 |first=Francesca |last=Gherardi|authorlink=Francesca Gherardi
 |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4020-6028-1}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Q1pfcjMae8C&amp;pg=PA16
 |title=Lake Naivasha, Kenya
 |first=David M. |last=Harper
 |publisher=Springer |year=2003 |isbn=1-4020-1236-5}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Lake Naivasha - Malewa}}
 |url=http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/eastern_southern_africa/our_solutions/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=KE0852
 |title=Lake Naivasha - Malewa River Basin Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Programme
 |publisher=WWF Global
 |access-date=2011-01-02}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.researchkenya.org/?ID=630
 |title=Hydrological analysis of Malewa watershed as a basis for implementing payment for environmental services (PES)
 |last=Ogweno |first=Luke Philip |year=2009
 |publisher=Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
 |access-date=2012-01-02}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGm16q8aCFAC&amp;pg=PA142
 |title=East African ecosystems and their conservation
 |first=T. P. |last=Young
 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-510817-5}}
{{refend}}</text>
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    <title>Osimiri Volta</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362401132|Volta River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Osimiri Volta'''  (Akan: Asuo Firaw, Ewe: Amuga, French: Fleuve Volta) bụ usoro osimiri kachasị mkpa na mba Ghana dị na ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka. Ọ na-asọpụta gaa n'ebe ndịda banye na Ghana site n'ugwu dị gburugburu Bobo-Dioulasso na mba Burkina Faso.

Akụkụ atọ dị mkpa nke osimiri ahụ bụ Black Volta, White Volta, na Red Volta. N'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ, Black Volta mejupụtara ókèala mba ụwa nke [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], Ghana, na Burkina Faso. Volta na-aga n'ebe ndịda n'akụkụ ugwu Akwapim-[[Togo]], ma na-abanye n'[[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] na Gulf of Guinea na Ada Foah. Otu n'ime obere mmiri ya, Osimiri [[Osimiri Oti|Oti]], na-abanye Ghana site na Togo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. E meela ka Osimiri Volta dị na Akosombo maka ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik mmiri. Mmiri a na-akpọ Lake Volta sitere na Akosombo Dam dị n'ebe ndịda ruo n'akụkụ ugwu nke mba ahụ, ọ bụkwa ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu nke mmadụ mere site na mpaghara n'ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake Volta, Ghana|url=https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=58197|work=Visible Earth|date=7 April 2002|publisher=NASA|accessdate=7 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-akpọbu mba [[Burkina Faso]] Upper Volta, site na osimiri ahụ.
[[Faịlụ:Ada,_Volta_River.jpg|thumb|Ada, Osimiri Volta]]

== Mmiri ahụ ==
Ọdọ Mmiri Volta bụ ọdọ mmiri nke Akosombo Dam na-ejide na ala Osimiri Volta na ndịda Ghana. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Ọ na-agbasa site na Akosombo Dam na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Ghana ruo n'obodo Yapei na Central Gonja District, Northern Region of Ghana, ihe dị ka kilomita 400 (250 mi) n'ebe ugwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lake Volta {{!}} Africa, Map, History, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Volta|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ụlọ ọrụ ike eletrik nke mmiri ahụ na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik maka ndị na-ahụ maka Osimiri Volta, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na'enyekwa ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri. Ọ bụ ihe enyemaka maka ịgba mmiri, na ịzụ azụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-23|title=Akosombo Dam: Engineering Facts And History|url=https://www.ice.org.uk/what-is-civil-engineering/infrastructure-projects/akosombo-dam|accessdate=2026-05-23|work=Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-01|title=Ghana's Akosombo Dam, Volta Lake Fisheries &amp; Climate Change {{!}} American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/ghanas-akosombo-dam-volta-lake-fisheries-climate-change|accessdate=2026-05-23|work=www.amacad.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Omimi nke osimiri ahụ dị ihe dị ka mita 14 n'okpuru ọdọ mmiri Volta. Adome Bridge gafere Osimiri Volta n'okpuru Akosombo Dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Volta River|url=https://samplecontents.library.ph/wikipedia/wp/v/Volta_River.htm|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=samplecontents.library.ph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ndị Akwamu bụ ndị wuru alaeze n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ gafere [[Ghana]], [[Togo]], na [[Benin]] ugbu a na-akpọ ya Firaw. Ha nwere chi a raara nye osimiri a na-akpọ Mfodwo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wissing|first=Kirsty|title=Assistance and resistance of (hydro-)power: Contested relationships of control over the Volta River, Ghana|journal=Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space|date=November 2019|volume=37|issue=7|pages=1167, 1169|doi=10.1177/0263774x18807482}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osimiri Volta bụ ndị na-azụ ọlaedo ndị Portugal nọ na Ghana kpọrọ ya aha. Ọ bụ ebe kacha anya ha rutere n'oge nchọpụta ha tupu ha alaghachi azụ (okwu volta n'asụsụ Portuguese pụtara &quot;ịtụgharị&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;ịlaghachi azụ&quot;).A makwaara ya dị ka &quot;Osimiri Nloghachi&quot;, ikekwe n'ihi na ọ bụ ebe ụgbọ mmiri na-atụgharị azụ laghachi n'ụlọ, ma ọ bụ &quot;osimiri mgbagọ&quot;, n'ihi ụzọ ya na-agbagọ agbagọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volta - etymology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=volta {{!}} Search Online Etymology Dictionary|url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=Volta|accessdate=2025-01-15|work=www.etymonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakewell&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Ivor|author=Wilks|chapter=Wangara, Akan, and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries|editor=Bakewell|title=Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas|date=1997|publisher=Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited|location=Aldershot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Mmetụta nke Akosombo Hydroelectric Project - nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ site na Akosombo Dam na Lake Volta.

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

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    <title>Osimiri Turasha</title>
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'''Osimiri Turasha''' bụ isi iyi mmiri nke Osimiri Malewa, nke na-eri [[Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha]] na [[Ndagwurugwu Rift, Kenya | Ndagwurugwu Rift Ukwu]] nke [[Kenya]].

Turasha na-arịgo n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Ugwu Kipipiri]].{{sfn|Harper|2003|p=16}}
Kemgbe afọ 1994, e nwere atụmatụ maka ijide osimiri ahụ maka mmiri ime obodo, nke nwere ike iyi egwu n'Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha.{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=179}} 
A na-egbochi ya n'ebe dị ihe dị ka {{convert|3000|m|ft}} iji nye obodo [[Nakuru]] mmiri dị ọcha.{{sfn|Harper|2003|p=16}}
A na-ebuga ihe dị ka {{convert|17500|m3}} mmiri na Nakuru kwa ụbọchị.{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=120}}
N'ime nke a, ihe dị ka ụzọ abụọ n'ime atọ na-aga na Obodo Nakuru, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ na-agakwa na obodo [[Gilgil]].{{sfn|Mbela|1994|p=641}}
N'okpuru mmiri ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-ada ngwa ngwa ruo mgbe ọ sonyeere Malewa.
{{sfn|Harper|2003|p=16}}

==Edensibia==
{{reflist |colwidth=30em}}
;Isi mmalite
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Q1pfcjMae8C&amp;pg=PA16
 |page=16
 |title=Lake Naivasha, Kenya
 |first=David M. |last=Harper
 |publisher=Springer |year=2003 |isbn=1402012365}}
*{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYBeDlKy6bUC&amp;pg=PA641
 |title=State of Water in Nakuru
 |first=D.M. |last=Mbela
 |journal=Kenya National Assembly Official Record (Hansard)
 |date=3 May 1994 |volume=4 |issue=25}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&amp;pg=PA120
 |title=Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment
 |first=Michele L. |last=Thieme
 |publisher=Island Press |year=2005 |isbn=1559633654}}
{{refend}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ewaso Ng'iro Ndịda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77522</id>
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      <text bytes="4037" sha1="8pgj7zuh2iizinq9j507k51irc7b746" xml:space="preserve">{{For|osimiri nke na-arịgo n'Ugwu Kenya ma na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri India|Ewaso Ng'iro}}

[[File:The view from inside the river..jpg|thumb|Osimiri dị na Shompole Reserve nke Kenya.]]
'''Ewaso Ng'iro Ndịda''' (Osimiri Brown) bụ osimiri dị na [[Ndagwurugwu Rift, Kenya|Ndagwurugwu Rift Ukwu]] na [[Kenya]]. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke [[Lake Natron]], ebe bụ isi ebe a na-azụkarị ụmụ anụmanụ ndị fọrọ nke nta ka ha bụrụ ndị a na-eyi egwu [[flamingo dị obere]]. Mgbanwe e mere n'ihe gbasara ojiji ala n'isi mmiri osimiri ma ọ bụ n'ime apịtị tupu osimiri abanye n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike inwe nnukwu mmetụta n'ụdị a.

==Usoro==
Ewaso Ng'iro na-arịgo n'elu [[Mau Escarpment]], ebe ọ na-asọpụ akụkụ ndịda nke [[Mau Forest]]. Oke ọhịa ahụ, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa na nzacha mmiri na-abata n'osimiri ahụ, nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na osisi na mkpochapụ ala maka ọrụ ugbo. Mbibi ga-eme ka ibu ihe ndị dị n'ime osimiri ahụ dịkwuo elu ma mee ka olu mmiri ahụ dịkwuo iche n'oge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 |title=Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya |author=E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola |date=January 2003 |accessdate=2012-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ndịda site na ndagwurugwu gbagọrọ agbagọ gaa n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Nguruman Escarpment]]. Ọ na-agafe ókèala ahụ gaa na [[Tanzania]], ebe ọ na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Natron]]. Osimiri ahụ, nke na-asọba n'afọ niile, bụ isi ihe na-abata n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.

Osimiri ahụ na-asọba ozugbo n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, mana n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e jiri [[Horst (geology)|horst]] dị n'akụkụ ugwu mgbawa [[Shompole]] mechie ya. Nke a emeela ka mmiri gbasaa n'ime apịtị Engare Ng'iro na-agbasa nke ukwuu, ebe osimiri ahụ na-etinye ájá ya. Mmiri osimiri nke na-enweghị ájá na-abanye n'ọdọ mmiri mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&amp;pg=PA257 |title=Evaporites: Sediments, Resources And Hydrocarbons |first=John K. |last=Warren |publisher=Birkhäuser |year=2006 |isbn=3540260110}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ala mmiri na-adịgide adịgide ahụ na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka {{convert|4000|ha|acre}}. N'ebe ndịda nke a, ala mmiri nke oge a dị ihe dị ka {{convert|8000|ha|acre}} na-agbada ruo ọdọ mmiri Natron na n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA254 |page=254 |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |author=R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2880329493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mgbanwe ndị nwere ike ime==
[[File:Flamingos lake natron.jpg|thumb|280px|Obere flamingo dị n'elu ọdọ mmiri Natron]]
Akpọọla ọdọ mmiri Natron dị ka Ala Mmiri nke Mkpa Mba Nile n'okpuru [[Mgbakọ Ramsar]]. Agbanyeghị, n'oge gara aga, e nweela atụmatụ igbochi Ewaso Ng'iro maka mmepụta ike eletrik na mmiri ịgba mmiri n'ala mmiri nke ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-atụgharị mmiri site n'osimiri ndị ọzọ iji mee ka mmiri ahụ na-asọba ngwa ngwa. Atụmatụ ndị a ga-agụnyekwa ịmepụta ọdọ mmiri mmiri dị iche iche nke nwere mpaghara dị ihe dị ka {{convert|50|km2|sqmi}}.

Ọ bụrụ na e tinye ya n'ọrụ, mmetụta dị na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike ịdị oke njọ. Mbelata nnu na mmetọ site na iji kemịkalụ ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ihichapụ algae-acha anụnụ anụnụ-akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke na-enye nri maka [[flamingo dị obere]]. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe a na-azụlite ụdị anụmanụ a fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe egwu. Dịka ọ dị na afọ 2007, ọrụ mmiri ahụ dị ka a ga-akwụsị.

==Edensibia==
{{Reflist}}
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    <title>Ọdọ Mmiri Oponona</title>
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'''Ọdọ Mmiri Oponona''' (Ndonga: onye loro mmiri niile) bụ ọdọ mmiri sitere n'okike dị na mpaghara ọchịchị Uuvudhiya Constituency n'ime Mpaghara Oshana nke ugwu Namibia. Ọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 70 (maili 43) site na Etosha Pan, ma bụrụkwa ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ime Cuvelai Basin

N'afọ mmiri na-ezo nke ọma, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-ejide mmiri ruo mgbe oge mmiri ozuzo na-esote. N'ihi na ọ na-edobe mmiri ruo ogologo oge, ọtụtụ nnụnụ dịka flamingo na ụdị nnụnụ ndị ọzọ na-akwaga ebe ahụ nwa oge mgbe oshana (ala idei mmiri), apiti, na ala mmiri ndị ọzọ akpọnwụọ.

N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2012/2013 Ọdọ Mmiri Oponona ji ihe karịrị mita 500 (1,600  belata n'ihi ọtụtụ puku ehi a kwagara ebe ahụ ịṅụ mmanya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newera.com.na/features/stricken-cattle-threaten-lake/|title=Stricken Cattle Threaten Lake|author=Shaanika|first=Helvy|work=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]]|date=30 August 2013|accessdate=30 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nwekwara Osimiri Oponona nke dị n'obodo Onizimba   nke Ompundja Constituency . 

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Osimiri Jubba</title>
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      <text bytes="7632" sha1="arzamb209gzlu21v45xh7tu1nyzwnv0" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Osimiri dị na Somalia}}

'''Osimiri Jubba''' ma ọ bụ '''Osimiri Juba''' ({{langx|so|Webiga Jubba}}, {{langx|it|fiume Giuba}}) bụ [[osimiri]] dị na ndịda [[Somalia]] nke na-agafe mpaghara [[Jubaland]]. Ọ na-amalite n'ókèala ya na [[Etiopia]], ebe osimiri [[Osimiri Dawa|Dawa]] na [[Osimiri Ganale Dorya|Ganale Dorya]] na-ezukọ, ma na-asọba kpọmkwem n'ebe ndịda ruo n'Oké Osimiri Somalia, ebe ọ na-agbapụta n'ebe a na-akpọ ''Goobweyn''. Oke mmiri nke Jubba kpuchiri mpaghara {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].&lt;/ref&gt; Aha osimiri ahụ bụ Jubaland, nke a na-akpọbu ''Trans-Juba''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |access-date=28 May 2026 |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Akụkọ ihe mere eme==
===Alaeze Ukwu Ajuran===
Osimiri Jubba nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme bara ụba nke mmepeanya na azụmaahịa dị elu nke ndị [[Somali]] dị ike nke chịrị Osimiri Jubba.

N'oge Oge Ochie, Osimiri Jubba dị n'okpuru [[Alaeze Ukwu Ajuran]] nke [[Mpaghara Afrịka]] nke jiri Osimiri Jubba mee ihe ubi ya, ọ bụkwa naanị [[alaeze hydraulic]] n'Africa. Alaeze ukwu nke bilitere na narị afọ nke 13 AD, Ajuran ji aka ya chịkwaa akụ mmiri nke Osimiri Jubba na [[Osimiri Shebelle|Shebelle]]. Site na [[injinịa hydraulic]], ọ rụkwara ọtụtụ n'ime [[nkume lime]] [[olulu mmiri|olulu mmiri]] na [[olulu mmiri]] nke steeti ahụ nke ka na-arụ ọrụ ma na-arụ ọrụ taa.  Ndị ọchịchị ya mepụtara usoro ọrụ ugbo na ụtụ isi ọhụrụ, nke a nọgidere na-eji eme ihe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Afrịka ruo na narị afọ nke 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;His 40&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |page=26 |isbn=9780313378577 |access-date=2014-02-14|last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |year=2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'ịchịkwa olulu mmiri dị n'ógbè ahụ, ndị ọchịchị Garen nwere ikike ịchịkwa ndị ha na-achị [[ndị na-agagharị agagharị]] n'ihi na ha bụ otu n'ime [[alaeze mmiri]] ole na ole dị n'Africa. E wuru nnukwu olulu mmiri e ji [[lime]] mee n'ofe steeti ahụ, nke dọtara ndị na-akwagharị [[ndị Somalia|Somali]] site n'anụ ụlọ ha. Iwu etiti nke olulu mmiri mere ka ọ dịrị ndị na-agagharị agagharị mfe idozi esemokwu site n'iwega ajụjụ ha gaa n'aka ndị ọrụ gọọmentị bụ ndị ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ogbugbo. Azụmahịa ụgbọala n'ebe dị anya, nke bụ ihe a na-emekarị n'oge dị anya na Afrịka, gara n'ihu n'enweghị mgbanwe n'oge Ajuran. Taa, ọtụtụ mkpọmkpọ ebe na obodo ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ n'ime ime obodo Somalia na mpaghara Afrịka bụ ihe akaebe nke njikọ azụmaahịa dị n'ime obodo nke malitere n'oge ochie.{{sfnp|Cassanelli|1982|p=149}}

Site na nleba anya nke Ajuran, ugbo na [[Afgooye]], [[Bardhere District|Bardhere]] na mpaghara ndị ọzọ dị na ndagwurugwu Jubba na [[Osimiri Shebelle | Shebelle]] mụbara mmepụta ihe. Usoro olulu mmiri a maara n'ógbè a dịka ''Kelliyo'' na-eri nri ozugbo site n'Osimiri Shebelle na Osimiri Jubba banye n'ugbo ebe [[sorghum]], [[ọka]], a na-akọ agwa, ọka na owu n'oge oge ''gu'' ([[oge opupu ihe ubi (oge opupu ihe ubi)|oge opupu ihe ubi]] n'asụsụ Somali) na oge ''xagaa'' ([[oge okpomọkụ]] n'asụsụ Somali) nke kalenda [[kalenda Somali]]. Usoro ịgba mmiri a nwere ọtụtụ [[Levee|dikes]] na ihe mgbochi mmiri kwadoro. Iji chọpụta nha nkezi nke ugbo, e mekwara usoro nha ala nke ejiri okwu ndị a na-akpọ ''moos'', ''taraab'' na ''guldeed''.

Ebe etiti obodo nke [[Mogadishu]], [[Merca]], [[Barawa]], [[Kismayo]] na [[Hobyo]] na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ ghọrọ ebe azụmaahịa bara uru maka ngwa sitere na ime obodo Steeti. Ndị obodo [[Somalis|Somali]] ndị ọrụ ugbo nke dị n'azụ ala si na Jubba na [[Shebelle River|Shebelle]] na ndagwurugwu wetara [[ihe ubi]] na obodo Somalia dị n'akụkụ osimiri, ebe e rere ha nye ndị ahịa obodo bụ́ ndị nọgidere na-azụ ahịa mba ọzọ nke ọma, ụgbọ mmiri na-aga ma na-esi [[Arabia]], [[Persia]], [[India]], [[Venetian Republic|Venice]], [[Egypt]], [[Portugal]] abịa , nakwa dịka [[Java]] na [[China]] dị anya.&lt;ref&gt;''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ===
Ihe karịrị narị afọ abụọ gafere ruo mgbe onye nchọpụta German bụ́ Baron [[Karl Klaus von der Decken]] rịgoro n'akụkụ ala nke osimiri ahụ n'obere ụgbọ mmiri Welf nke na-ekuru mmiri na 1863. O mebiri ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'elu mmiri dị n'elu [[Bardhere District|Bardhere]], ebe ndị Somali bi na mpaghara ahụ wakporo oriri ahụ, nke mechara nwụọ n'ọnwụ nke Baron na mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ nọ n'òtù ya. Onye mbụ si Yuropu gaa nyocha sara mbara ma mechaa ụzọ osimiri ahụ bụ onye nchọpụta Itali [[Vittorio Bottego]] nke Onyeisi Ndị Agha Mmiri Britain F. G. Dundas gara. Bottego na njem ya ji ụgbọ mmiri {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=in|order=flip}} nke osimiri ahụ na 1891. N'oge nchọpụta ya, Bottego gbanwere aha ndị ọgaranya bụ́ isi na Juba—osimiri Ganale—na [[Ganale Doria]] site n'aha onye Itali a ma ama bụ́ ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị n'okike [[Giacomo Doria]].&lt;ref&gt;1892; ''Il Giuba esplorato'', 1895.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;F. G. Dundas, &quot;Expedition up the Jub River through Somali-Land, East Africa&quot;, ''Geographical Journal'', 1 (March 1893), pp. 209–222.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Nchịkọta==
[[Image:Bardere.bridge.jpg|thumb|Àkwà mmiri gafere osimiri Jubba na [[Mpaghara Bardhere|Bardhere]].|alt=]]
Mpaghara Juba bụ [[savanna]], ọ bụkwa, n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ gburugburu ebe obibi, akụkụ kacha baa ọgaranya na mba ahụ n'ihi ala ubi ya na-eme nri. Anụ ọhịa ndị obodo gụnyere [[girffe]]s, [[cheetah]], [[ọdụm]], [[hyena]], [[African Buffalo|buffalo]], [[hippopotamus]], [[agịgọ]], [[oryx]], [[gazelle]], [[camel]], [[ostrich]], [[jackal]], na [[Somali wild ass]].

Osimiri Jubba na-enye aha ya na mpaghara nchịkwa Somalia nke Upper Juba ([[Gedo]], [[Bay, Somalia|Bay]], [[Bakool]]), [[Middle Juba]] na [[Lower Juba]], tinyere mpaghara akụkọ ihe mere eme buru ibu nke [[Jubaland]]. Obodo ukwu ndị Osimiri Jubba na-agafe gụnyere [[Dolow]], [[Luuq]], [[Burdhubo]], [[Beled Hawo|Beled'hawo]], [[Bardhere District|Bardhere]], [[Buale]], na [[Goobweyn]] nso [[Kismaayo]].

==Leekwa==
*[[Shebelle River]]

==Edensibia==
{{reflist}}

===Ọrụ ndị e zoro aka na ya===
* {{cite book |first=Lee V. |last=Cassanelli |title=The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600–1900 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mlhyAAAAMAAJ}}

==Njikọ mpụga==
{{Commons}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101110220920/http://multimedia.wri.org/watersheds_2003/af10.html Map of the Jubba River basin at Water Resources eAtlas]</text>
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    <title>Ewaso Ng'iro</title>
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      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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      <text bytes="10940" sha1="7rjdq0s3ph74gluwhl6u4x8y3ovo3fu" xml:space="preserve">{{For|osimiri dị na Ndagwurugwu Rift nke na-azụ Ọdọ Mmiri Natron|Ewaso Ng'iro Ndịda}}
[[File:Kenya’s Ewaso Nyiro River Dries.jpg|thumb|A na-ahụ akwa osimiri kpọrọ nkụ ahụ n'ihe osise a nke agba a.]]
'''Ewaso Ng'iro''', a na-akpọkwa ya '''Ewaso Nyiro''', bụ osimiri dị na [[Kenya]] nke na-ebili n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Ugwu Kenya]] ma na-asọga n'ebe ugwu, wee gaa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ikpeazụ gaa n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-agafe [[Somalia]] ebe ọ na-esonyere [[Osimiri Jubba]].&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite map
| publisher = Rough Guide
| title = Rough Guide Map Kenya
| edition =9
| year = 2006
| cartography =World Mapping Project
| scale =1:900,000
| series = Rough Guide Map
| isbn = 1-84353-359-6
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aha osimiri ahụ sitere na [[asụsụ Maasai]] nke obodo ahụ, ma pụtakwa osimiri nke mmiri aja aja ma ọ bụ apịtị. N'ala ala, a na-akpọkwa iyi na-agafe agafe na Somalia '''Lagh Dera'''.

Elu mmiri nke Osimiri Ewaso Ng'iro bụ {{convert|15,200|km2|sqmi|adj=on|
abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 |title=The Upper Ewaso Ng’iro Basin, Kenya |access-date=2007-06-21 |last=Makali |first=Samuel |author2=Boniface Kiteme |date=September 2005 |publisher=Network for Water and Sanitation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524041456/http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 |archive-date=2007-05-24 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Osimiri ahụ na-enweta mmiri mgbe niile n'ihi mmiri mmiri dị na [[Ugwu Kenya]]. Ewaso Ng'iro na-eri nri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Ol Bolossat, naanị ọdọ mmiri dị na Nyandarua County na nnukwu Central Kenya,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000172240/discovering-central-kenya-s-only-natural-lake|title=Discovering Central Kenya's only natural lake|last=Mulli|first=Thorn|website=The Standard|access-date=2019-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html|title=A wreath for Ewaso Ng'iro|website=Daily Nation|language=en|access-date=2019-02-23|archive-date=2019-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223134934/https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018/02/20/why-lake-that-feeds-ewaso-was-declared-protected-area_c1708470|title=Why lake that feeds Ewaso was declared protected area|website=The Star, Kenya|language=en|access-date=2019-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma gafee ala asaa kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọkara ala kpọrọ nkụ. E ji njirimara na ụdị dị iche iche mara ya, ọ ghọkwara ihe dị mkpa maka ndụ nke anụ ọhịa, tinyekwara mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba. Mmiri, oke ala nke ala mmiri Ewaso Ng’iro nyere, a na-ekesa ya n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma n'ofe mpaghara ndị dị elu na ndị dị ala nke mmiri mmiri n'ihi nnukwu pasentị dị mkpa iji nọgide na-enwe ọrụ ugbo na mgbanwe ihu igwe.

[[File:EwasoNgiroRiverKenya.jpg|thumb|left|Ewaso Ng'iro na Shaba National Reserve, Kenya]]

Osimiri ahụ na-adọta ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa n'akụkụ ya, na-emepụta ebe obibi akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. [[Samburu National Reserve|Samburu]], [[Shaba National Reserve|Shaba]] na [[Buffalo Springs National Reserve]] na Ugwu Kenya jupụtara n'anụ ọhịa n'ala kpọrọ nkụ, n'ihi mmiri nke osimiri ahụ. N'okpuru [[Saricho]], osimiri ahụ gbasaa ruo [[Apịtị Lorian]], nnukwu ebe mmiri jupụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA194
 |title=A directory of African wetlands
 |author=R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes
 |publisher=IUCN
 |year=1992
 |ISBN=2-88032-949-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọdịiche dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ofe mmiri ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche na mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro, ebe ọ si n'ala ndị dị elu nke Ugwu Kenya nke nwere ike ọrụ ugbo, kpọmkwem na Mpaghara Thome nke Nanyuki-Laikipia County, nke ahụ pụtara na ebe mmalite nke osimiri a bụ n'obodo Thome ebe e si na njikọta nke Osimiri Naromoru mepụta ya, na-enweta mmiri site na Ugwu Kenya, na Osimiri Ngarinyiru na-enweta mmiri site na Aberdares ma ọ na-agafe mpaghara asaa ndị a dị n'ala kpọrọ nkụ ruo na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ nke Meru, Laikipia, Samburu, Isiolo, Wajir, Marsabit, na Garissa (Said et al. 14). Mgbe mba Kenya nwere nnwere onwe, ala ndị dị n'akụkụ mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro kpuchiri gbanwere ikike ha site n'aka ndị ọrụ ugbo nke ndị ọchịchị wee bụrụ ndị ọrụ ugbo pere mpe. Ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ ghọrọ ebe bụ́ isi ndị ọrụ ugbo nta ga-esi kwado ọrụ ugbo ha na ịzụlite ihe ndị e ji ebi ndụ.

Osimiri Ewaso Narok bụ otu n'ime mmiri ndị dị n'ime ya. [[Mmiri Thomson]] dị nso na [[Nyahururu]] dị n'akụkụ Ewaso Narok.

== Nnweta akụrụngwa ==
&quot;Mmiri ọhụrụ a na-enweta na Kenya erughị cubic mita 650 kwa onye ọ bụla kwa afọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime mba ndị kacha enwe ụkọ mmiri n'ụwa&quot; ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmepe Afrịka (Fọnd mmepe Afrịka nke 6) kwuru. Ọ bụ ezie na Ewaso Ng’iro bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu n’ime ebe mmiri ise dị na Kenya, ụkọ ihe ndị sitere n'okike aghọọla ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga (Said et al. 5).

'''Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe'''

Mmiri ndị na-asọba n'ime mmiri ahụ amalitela ịkpọ nkụ nke ukwuu, ọkachasị n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ.  (Mutiga, Su, and Woldai 102). Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ dịka &quot;ụdị mmiri ozuzo na ọnụọgụ mmiri ozuzo a na-apụghị ịtụkwasị obi na mbelata mmiri ozuzo n'oge obere mmiri ozuzo&quot; nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu n'akụkụ niile nke mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro (Aeschbacher, Liniger na Weingartner 155,156). Ebe mmiri a na-agbapụta bụ n'etiti ala kpọrọ nkụ ruo n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ ebe mmiri ozuzo na mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ na-ebelata kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. Ka nkesa mmiri na-adịghị nhata aghọọla okwu dị mgbagwoju anya, ikike ịkwado ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ọhịa nke gburugburu ebe obibi ga-ebelata, na ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na mmepe ga-enwe ihe ịma aka na-aga n'ihu na-adịgide adịgide.

'''Mmiri ozuzo (evapotranspiration)'''

Agbanyeghị, ihe dị otu a dịka ekwuru n'elu nwere ike ịbụ njikọ na ọkwa evapotranspiration na mmiri mmiri, mana, inweta nha kpọmkwem nke mgbanwe ike dị otu a egosila na ọ bụ usoro siri ike ma dị mgbagwoju anya.

== Nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi ==
Mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro gbasaara n'ọtụtụ usoro gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche site na mpaghara dị elu nke Ugwu Kenya ruo mpaghara ala kpọrọ nkụ ruo mpaghara ndị kpọrọ nkụ. Usoro gburugburu ọ bụla na-enye onyinye pụrụ iche nye ala na ndị bi na Kenya ka ha na-akpakọrịta iji nweta nguzozi na-adịgide adịgide.

'''Ala mmiri'''

Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara ndị dị elu nke Ugwu Kenya na-enye usoro nzacha mmiri eke, ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche, yana ihe oriri maka ụdị na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ niile. N'ihi mmụba nke ndị mmadụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ala mmiri dị na Kenya emebiela, ebe obibi aghọwokwa ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu nye [[ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]].

'''Sistemụ ọrụ ugbo'''

A na-ahụkarị usoro ọrụ ugbo na mmepe na mpaghara ndị dị elu nke mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro ma na-enye aka na nri dị mkpa iji kwado anụ ọhịa, anụ ụlọ, yana ụmụ mmadụ. Site n'ịkwado ma na-akwado usoro ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche n'ofe mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro, ọ ga-ekwe ka gburugburu ebe obibi too nke ọma dịka o kwere mee. Nsogbu dị na gburugburu ebe obibi ga-emetụta uto na nkwado nke ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ.

== Nkwado mmepe ==
Mkpa ọ dị ịnọgide na-enwe usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro na-akwado dị oke mkpa maka ndị mmadụ bi na ya ma n'otu n'otu ma n'ọkwa mmepe. Kemgbe afọ 2009, ọnụọgụgụ ndị bi na mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro amụbaala site na ihe karịrị nde 1.5 n'ime afọ 42 gara aga. A hụla mmụba a karịsịa n'ógbè etiti ruo elu nke [[mpaghara njide mmiri|ịkpọchi mmiri]] karịsịa maka ebe obibi ndị ọrụ ugbo. A na-eji nnukwu pasentị mmiri eme ihe n'ebe ndị dị n'elu mmiri maka ịgbara ihe ubi mmiri, nke na-eme ka ihe ubi ahụ dịgide adịgide &quot;mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi ugbu a na nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu nke na-emetụta ndụ na nkwado [...] na mgbalị ogologo oge iji belata ịda ogbenye. Ndị mmadụ na-adabere nke ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ụzọ isi kwado ha &quot;inye ọrụ, ịchịkwa ọrụ, ọrụ omenala, na ọrụ nkwado&quot; dịka [[Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]] si kọwaa ya n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi. N'ebe ndị mmadụ bi n'ebe ahụ gburugburu mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro, ụlọ ọrụ ahịa amalitela ịmepụta ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo nta dị ka ndị kacha enye aka (Said et al. 27). Mmebi oke nke akụ sitere n'okike n'ógbè elu nke mmiri ahụ na-eme ka usoro mmepe na ọrụ ugbo sikwuo ike maka mpaghara dị nso na ala. Ụmụ mmadụ amụbaala ihe ha ji ebi ndụ na mmepe ha site na iji usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ eme ihe na mmiri Ewaso Ng’iro; agbanyeghị, nnukwu ihe nwere ike ibute n'ihi mmegbu na mgbanwe ihu igwe nke na-emetụta oke nnweta mmiri.

== Esemokwu ==
N'ihi ala kpọrọ nkụ ruo n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ nke gbara mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro gburugburu, ọkwa nnweta mmiri iji nweta ma jiri ya na-ebelata ka ọchịchọ maka oriri mmadụ na sistemụ ọrụ ugbo na-abawanye (Said et al. 14). Ndị bi n'akụkụ ebe ndị dị elu nke ebe a na-egwu mmiri nwere ohere dị ukwuu maka akụ sitere n'okike, ha ejirila ha mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo. Agbanyeghị, mgbe ejiri usoro ndị a tụnyere mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Kenya site na ala kpọrọ nkụ ruo na ala kpọrọ nkụ, ohere ndị mmadụ bi n'ala ala inweta ihe ndị sitere n'okike adịla oke oke (Weismann et al. 12). Ndị dị na mpaghara ala nke mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro enwetawo nrụgide siri ike iji nweta ihe ndị sitere n'okike iji nọgide na-enwe mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mmepe ha na-eto eto (Kiteme and Gikonyo 332). Dịka otu Mountain and Research Development si kwuo, &quot;Nsogbu ndị a na-agafe ókèala na-agbakwụnye na esemokwu omenala, okpukperechi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị n'ọtụtụ obodo nke a na-etinyekwu aka na akụ na ụba ụwa taa&quot; (Hurni 386).

== Leekwa ==
* [[Ọdịdị ala nke Kenya]]
* [[Asụsụ Ogiek]]
* [[Ọdụm Ewaso]]
* [[Ewaso Nyiro barb]]
* [[Ewaso Nyiro labeo]]

== Edensibia ==

{{Reflist}}

==Njikọ mpụga==
{{commonscat-inline}}
{{Coord missing|Kenya}}
{{Rivers of Kenya}}
{{Rivers of Somalia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Kenya]]
[[Category:Rivers of Somalia]]</text>
      <sha1>7rjdq0s3ph74gluwhl6u4x8y3ovo3fu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Naro Moru</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77528</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673780</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T20:27:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
      <origin>673780</origin>
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      <text bytes="1087" sha1="5rhzwawwiy1gpo6yjglv4vpfkce64tf" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Osimiri dị na Kenya}}
'''Osimiri Naro Moru''' malitere na [[Ugwu Kenya]] wee na-asọba n'ọdịda anyanwụ, site na [[Nyeri County]], [[Kenya]], ruo na Osimiri [[Ewaso Ng'iro]]. Osimiri Naro Moru nke Ugwu na Ndịda na-enweta nri site n'aka Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn na Glacier, Hut Tarn na Darwin Glacier n'elu ugwu Ugwu Kenya. Ha na-esonye n'ogo dị mita 2,810 (ụkwụ 9,200) n'elu ọkwa oké osimiri. Osimiri Naro Moru na-asọfe ihe dịka {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}}, site n'obodo [[Naro Moru]], ruo mgbe ọ ruru Osimiri Ewaso Ngiro. Ebe mmiri nke Osimiri Naro Moru dị gburugburu 83&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NaroMoruRiver&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal
| last = Mathooko
| first = J.M.
|author2=K.M. Mavuti
| title = Composition and seasonality of benthic invertebrates, and drift in the Naro Moru River, Kenya
| journal = Hydrobiologia
| volume = 232
| issue =
| pages = 47–56
| publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers
| year = 1992
| url =
| doi =10.1007/BF00014611
| s2cid = 41036257
| accessdate =
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==

{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>5rhzwawwiy1gpo6yjglv4vpfkce64tf</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Dawa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673822</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T21:30:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
      <origin>673822</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20986" sha1="gylbqupspq5osooqrxswng8i0j2t002" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}

'''Osimiri Dawa''' ({{langx|so|Webiga Daawa}}; Laga Daawwaa(Oromo) {{langx|it|fiume Daua}}) dị na [[East Africa]], na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 58,961&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Woldemariyam|first1=Fikadu|last2=Ayenew|first2=Tenalem|date=2016|title=Application of hydrochemical and isotopic techniques to understand groundwater recharge and flow systems in the Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia|journal=Environmental Earth Sciences|volume=75|issue=12|doi=10.1007/s12665-016-5777-0|s2cid=132722791}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-agafe mba atọ dị mkpa: [[Kenya]], [[Etiopia]], na [[Somalia]], ebe a na-ahụ pasentị iri asatọ na otu n'ime ha n'ókèala Etiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot; /&gt; A maara ya maka gburugburu ebe obibi ya dị mgbagwoju anya, nke pụtara ìhè site na usoro nhazi ya dị iche iche [[lithology]], na-abịa site na nso osimiri ahụ ruo ọtụtụ ihe omume [[Mgbọmgbọm|ugwu mgbawa-tectonic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Woldemariyam|first1=Fikadu|last2=Ayenew|first2=Tenalem|date=2016-07-25|title=Identification of hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater of Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|volume=188|issue=8|page=481|doi=10.1007/s10661-016-5480-3|pmid=27456694|s2cid=7744765|issn=0167-6369}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osimiri sara mbara ahụ nwere obere ugwu dị nro n'akụkụ abụọ nke [[ala]] ya a na-ahụ anya. Osimiri Dawa na-asọga ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ iji bụrụ akụkụ nke [[ókèala Etiopia-Somalia]] na [[ókèala Etiopia-Kenya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; Awata, Digati, na Mormora bụ naanị osimiri dị mkpa na-asọfe na Dawa.

== Ọnọdụ na ọdịdị mmiri ahụ==
Osimiri Dawa nwere oke na oke kachasị elu karịa ọkwa oke osimiri nke {{convert|3098|m|ft|0|disp=or}} na {{convert|169|m|ft|0|disp=or}} n'otu n'otu. Mkpọda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot; /&gt; Ebe kpọmkwem mmiri ahụ dị n'etiti 3.92°-6.47° N na 38.02°-42.08° E.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot; /&gt;  A na-amata oke akụkụ dị ukwuu nke mpaghara dị n'ugwu ugwu na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site na [[ridge]]s na ndagwurugwu, ebe a na-amata akụkụ ndịda na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ site na ala dị larịị, [[Mgbapụta|ala dị ala]], ogologo [[ndagwurugwu]], ntụpọ [[ugwu]] na ala dị elu nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri ukwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Manalebish Debalike Asfaw|last2=Semu Mitiku Kassa|last3=Lungu|first3=Edward M.|last4=Woldeamlak Bewket|date=2019|title=Effects of temperature and rainfall in plant–herbivore interactions at different altitude|journal=Ecological Modelling|volume=406|pages=50–59|doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.05.011|issn=0304-3800}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
Osimiri Dawa gụnyere mpaghara oyi, mpaghara [[Ihu igwe dị ọkụ|ebe okpomọkụ]] na ala dị larịị, ndị a bụ isi atọ [[Nhazi ihu igwe|ebe ihu igwe]] nke mba ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot; /&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ mba Etiopia [[Meteorology|Meteorology Agency]] na-anakọta mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa site na 1996 ruo 2016 wee chọpụta na e nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti mpaghara mmiri ozuzo dị elu, nke gụnyere mpaghara ugwu oyi, na obere mmiri ozuzo n'ebe dị larịị nke osimiri Dawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot; /&gt; Nkezi mmiri ozuzo dị ihe dịka {{convert|1500|mm|in|-1|disp=or}} na nsọtụ ugwu ma na-ebelata dịka elu si dị na {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}} dị nso na nsọtụ osimiri dị na nsọtụ ndịda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot; /&gt; Okpomọkụ nkezi kwa afọ dị ihe dịka {{convert|15.5|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} na nsọtụ ugwu na {{convert|28|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} na nsọtụ ndịda. [[Mmiri dị n'ime ala]] na-adịkarị oyi, okpomọkụ ya na-adị site na {{convert|17.1|to|29.0|°C|°F}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot; /&gt; Maka [[ala]] ọ bụla, ịdị mma mmiri zuru oke dị elu, yana [[nnu]] dị elu na ala sedimentary karịa na [[okwute ugwu mgbawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe mgbagwoju ala ==
A maara osimiri Dawa maka ebe pụrụ iche ya dị na mbara ala. O nwere usoro nhazi dị iche iche [[lithology]] na nhazi, nke e guzobere n'ihi ọnọdụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị nso na ọtụtụ ihe omume ugwu mgbawa-[[Tectonics|tectonic]]. Dịka ọ na-adịkarị, n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, [[Mgbaala ala (geology)|mgbaala ala ụlọ]] dị n'akụkụ n'etiti ebe a na-egwupụta mmiri ahụ, n'etiti ugwu ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ, nkume mgbawa ugwu na ala ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ dị larịị sara mbara [[nhazi sedimentary]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt;
Nhazi nke sdimentary na-ekpuchi akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Dawa. [[Karoo|sediment Karoo]], nke bụ nkeji kacha ochie n'usoro ma mejupụtara [[sandstone]] na [[Shale gas|shale]] ka [[Adigrat Sandstone]] na-ekpuchi. Ihe ndị kacha ochie ruo [[Cretaceous]] e ji sedimentary kpuchie bụ ájá Adigrat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; [[Nnyocha ubi|Nlele ubi]] na [[Ihe na-eme ka ihe kwụsie ike | ihe na-egwu olulu]] n'ógbè ahụ na-egosi na nhazi ahụ gbawara nke ukwuu, nke na-eduga n'inweta ezigbo ntọala maka mmiri dị n'ime ala ime ma na-agagharị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ ihe ndị na-anaghị ekpuchi mmiri nke na-egbochi mmegharị mmiri dị n'ime ala, dịka [[marble]] na [[Shale gas|shale]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; N'otu akụkụ nke Osimiri Dawa, e nwere akụkụ dị oke mmiri mmiri nke na-ekpuchi ebe a na-eme Hamanlie ma tinye onye nwere ike imepụta mmiri a karịa omimi dị ọnụ ala maka obodo nkịtị [[Olulu mmiri|olulu mmiri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt;  N'ozuzu, nkume ndị ochie na-abanye n'ime ma na-amịkọrọ mmiri, nke a na-eme ka ha na-enweta ma na-ebufe nnukwu mmiri. Agbanyeghị, nkume ndị ọhụrụ a na-apụghị ịgbapụ mmiri ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi nye mmiri kwụ ọtọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; A na-achịkwa mmegharị mmiri dị n'ala site na ntụzịaka nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ma na-asọga n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. N'ógbè ndị dị n'ugwu mmiri, mmiri na-asọpụta kpọmkwem site na mmiri ozuzo mpaghara na mmiri mmiri na-asọpụta, ọkachasị dị ka isi iyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; N'aka nke ọzọ, na [[Ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ|Mpaghara Semiarid]] na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, mmiri na-apụta n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na idei mmiri na-apụta ìhè na mgbe mmiri ozuzo siri ike gasịrị, site na mmiri dị n'ime ala dị omimi n'ime akwa mmiri [[Wadi|wadi]]. N'ọtụtụ oge, ọ na-eme site n'aka obodo iji [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric electric plant]], ma ọ bụ site na igwu olulu mmiri dị mfe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe omume ugwu mgbawa ===
Osimiri ahụ nwere ihe e kere eke [[Mkpọtụ ime ụlọ Precambrian|Mkpọtụ ime ụlọ Precambrian]], [[Mesiozoic|Mesozoic sedimentary]], nkume ugwu mgbawa nke atọ na [[Ndebanye aha alluvial nke anọ]]. N'ala ugwu mgbawa ahụ, mmiri dị n'ime ala na-agbaze nke ukwuu, ebe nnu dị n'ime ala ahụ bụ nke kachasị elu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt;

== Anụ ọhịa ==
Osimiri Dawa bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ puku anụmanụ na osisi, ebe ọtụtụ osimiri na iyi mmiri na-abanye n'osimiri ahụ n'oge. Osisi kachasị ukwuu dị na [[Ọhịa Riparian|Ọhịa osimiri]] dị n'akụkụ ala nke Osimiri Dawa. Ndị a gụnyere: [[Diospyros mespiliformis|Diospyros Mespliformis]], [[Ficus sycomorus|Ficus sycamorus]], Mimusops kummel, [[Tamarind|Tamarindus indica]] na [[Trichilia emetica|African mahogany Trichilia emetica]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=BirdLife Data Zone|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/dawa--wachile-iba-ethiopia|date=2020|website=datazone.birdlife.org|access-date=2020-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osisi nke [[Ficus|Ficus capreaefolia]] kpuchiri ọtụtụ akụkụ osimiri ahụ, ebe [[ala ọhịa]] na [[oké ọhịa]] na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ala Wachile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 9&quot; /&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime anụ ọhịa ka dị ụkọ n'oge ọkọchị ogologo oge, na-emepụta osisi dịka [[Acokanthera schimperi]], [[Dobera glabra]], [[Euclea racemosa|Euclea racemosa schimperi]] na [[Salvadora persica]] bara ụba ma a na-ahụ anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 9&quot; /&gt; Ndị Borena amụtala nkà ịkọ ehi na atụrụ n'ihi na ihe ubi ha kpọrọ nkụ nke ukwuu nke na ha agaghị eto n'oge ọkọchị ogologo oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 9&quot; /&gt;

Ngwakọta nke ahịhịa na oke ọhịa kpuchiri mpaghara Osimiri Dawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kebbede|first=Girma|title=Environment and Society in Ethiopia|date=2016-10-04|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315464299|isbn=978-1-315-46429-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ nri nwere ngwakọta nke [[osisi na-adịgide adịgide|ahịhịa perennial]], [[forb]] na [[osisi na-adịgide adịgide|ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 12&quot; /&gt; E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ahịhịa na osisi ndị dị n'ime obodo nke na-enye nri dị mma, inye osisi ndị ahụ uru dị elu maka ndị gbara ha gburugburu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 12&quot; /&gt; N'oge ọkọchị, osisi ndị ka dị ndụ na-ejigide [[Protein (ihe oriri)|protein a na-anaghị eri anụ]] karịa ahịhịa. Nkesa nke osisi dabere na [[elu]], [[mmiri ozuzo]], [[okpomọkụ]] na [[ụdị ala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 12&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe a na-ele mpaghara ihu igwe atọ ahụ anya, e nwere ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche dị na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ugwu oyi, ọnụọgụgụ [[herbivore]] dị ole na ole n'ihi oke okpomọkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot; /&gt; N'ala ndị dị larịị, ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-azụ ahịhịa dịkwa obere n'ihi mmiri ozuzo na ụkọ mmiri. N'ógbè okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru ala, e nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịhịa nakwa ndị mmadụ dị elu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot; /&gt; Nnyocha sitere na ọrụ [[Simons Foundation|Simons foundation]] nke dabere na [[Botswana International University of Science and Technology|Botswana International University]] lere anya n'otú mmiri ozuzo na okpomọkụ si emetụta uto nke osisi gbara ala dị ala nke Osimiri Dawa gburugburu ma kwubie na ọ bụrụ na mmiri ozuzo ebelata site na 1.5%, ndị na-akọ ahịhịa ga-apụ n'anya na mpaghara ala dị larịị ma gaa [[Mbibi|nbibi]] ma ọ bụ kwaga mpaghara ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot; /&gt;

=== Oké ọkọchị ===
Osimiri Dawa, na-agafe mpaghara Somalia ebe mpaghara a na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ enweela oke ọkọchị nke osimiri ahụ ruo ihe karịrị afọ atọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=When the river dries out all life disappears {{!}} DRC|url=https://drc.ngo/news/when-the-river-dries-out-all-life-disappears|website=drc.ngo|language=da-DK|access-date=2020-05-16}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-akpọbu mmiri na-asọfe n'osimiri ahụ, ugbu a ọ na-ekpughe ala kpọrọ nkụ na nke na-ekpo ọkụ, enweghịkwa osisi na-eto eto, anụmanụ enweghịkwa ike iri nri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 11&quot; /&gt; Nke a emeela ka Somalia na mba ndị gbara ya gburugburu nọrọ n'ọnụ ụzọ [[Nsogbu enyemaka mmadụ | ọdachi enyemaka mmadụ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 11&quot; /&gt; Mgbe osimiri ahụ kpọrọ nkụ, obodo agaghị enwe ike [[Ọrụ Ugbo|ịkọ ubi]], ịkụ azụ̀, iji osisi gbara osimiri gburugburu maka nri, nke kachasị mkpa bụ ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha. Nke a na-eme ka ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị bi na Somalia nke dị nde mmadụ 6.2, nọrọ n'ọnọdụ mkpa nri na mmiri nke Osimiri Dawa nyere n'oge gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 11&quot; /&gt;

== Ojiji nke osimiri ahụ ==
Ịchọta ala dị mma bụ ihe ịma aka n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ala ahụ. Ka oge na-aga, ndị mmadụ anọwo na-eji ma na-emepe Osimiri Dawa iji bụrụ ebe dị mma maka obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu iji nweta mmiri na ike. Site na mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ọdịnihu a na-atụ anya ya, a ga-achọkwu mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot; /&gt;

=== Ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri eletrik ===
[[Ethiopia]], [[Somalia]] na [[Kenya]] na 14 Nọvemba 2014, ha kwetara ịrụ [[Dam|ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi mmiri]] na [[Hydroelectricity|ọdụ ọkụ mmiri]] n'Osimiri Dawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia inaugurates Genale Dawa III hydroelectric power plant|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2020/02/ethiopia-inaugurates-genale-dawa-iii-hydroelectric-power-plant/|last=Ilolo|first=Patricia|date=2020-02-20|website=Construction Review Online|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bidoro ọrụ a na mbụ n'afọ 2010 mana o nwetara nsogbu n'ihi nsogbu ndị metụtara ịkwaga ndị bi nso na Mmiri ahụ. N'ihi nsogbu dị n'ịchọta mmiri dị mma n'ime afọ a, atụmatụ a chọrọ idozi ụkọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide nke kpuchiri mpaghara gbara osimiri Dawa gburugburu.

Na Febụwarị afọ 2020, Etiopia meghere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Genale Dawa nke atọ. Mmepe a ga-enyere aka mee ka ikike ọkụ eletrik nke obodo gbara ya gburugburu ruo 4654 MW, ebe ọ na-emekwa ka uru akụ na ụba nke obodo Dawa dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye mmepe ịgba mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 6&quot; /&gt; Mmiri mgbochi mmiri a nke dị mita 110 n'ogologo ma dịkwa mita 426 n'ogologo nwere ike iburu mmiri ruru ijeri cubic mita 2.5.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 6&quot; /&gt;

Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke hydroelectric nwetara ego itinye ego ruru nde US$451, ụlọ ọrụ China a kpọrọ [[Gezhouba Group|China Gezhouba Group]] wuru ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 6&quot; /&gt; [[Prime Minista nke Etiopia | Praịm Minista Etiopia]] [[Abiy Ahmed]] na-ekwu na &quot;mgbasawanye nke mmepe mmiri ga-enyere obodo Etiopia na ndị gbara ya gburugburu aka ịnọgide na-enwe nchekwa nri.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 6&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na mba ọ bụla gbara ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik gburugburu nwere mmasị na mkpa nke ya, enwebeghị nkwekọrịta atọ gbasara mmekorita maka ojiji osimiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sipri|date=2019-07-08|title=WATER SECURITY AND GOVERNANCE IN THE HORN OF AFRICA|journal=Policies for Common Security|doi=10.4324/9780429277801|isbn=9780429277801}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmekọrịta gbara ya gburugburu ojiji ya abụrụla nke a na-eji site n'ọdịmma obodo na esemokwu dị n'etiti mba dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 10&quot; /&gt; Agbanyeghị, ohere nke esemokwu dị n'etiti steeti n'ihi esemokwu ndị a dị obere, n'ihi uru Etiopia nwere na [[agha]] ya, n'ihe gbasara mpaghara, n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba na mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 10&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọrụ ugbo a na-akọ mmiri ===
Ndị obodo dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Dawa ejirila ọrụ ugbo na ịkọ ala, ọkachasị [[Ndị Borana Oromo|Ndị na-azụ anụ na Borona]], kemgbe 1983/84, ọkachasị, ezinụlọ dị na Hadhessa na Qorati.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Boru|first1=Did|last2=Schwartz|first2=Moshe|last3=Kam|first3=Michael|last4=Degen|first4=A. Allan|date=2015-01-31|title=Effects of Family Size and Wealth on Size of Land Cultivated by Borana Pastoralists in Southern Ethiopia|journal=Human Ecology|volume=43|issue=1|pages=15–28|doi=10.1007/s10745-014-9711-3|s2cid=153478205|issn=0300-7839}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Gada nke Liben Jaldessa malitere iji ya na 2000. Na afọ 2008, ọrụ ugbo mmiri, nke a na-eji ọkpọkọ ụgbọala arụ ọrụ, gbasaa n'akụkụ Osimiri Dawa ma ndị Borona [[Ndị Pastoralism|Ndị Pastoralists]] ji ya mee ihe na Liben. Gọọmentị n'ime afọ iri ruo iri abụọ gara aga agbaala ume ka a na-akọ ugbo n'akụkụ Osimiri Dawa n'ihi oke ọkọchị, na mbelata ọnụọgụ [[anụ ụlọ]] nke metụtara obodo niile dị na mba ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 5&quot; /&gt; Ná mmalite, ebo/obodo nwere ọtụtụ ehi, a machibidoro ịkọ ala ruo 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 5&quot; /&gt; Ugbua, ndị mmadụ amụtala nkà ọrụ ugbo site na iji mmiri iyi, nke a mere e ji jiri Osimiri Dawa mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 5&quot; /&gt; E nwere obere ọdọ mmiri ndị obodo wuru iji nye anụmanụ ha mmiri n'ebe sara mbara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 9&quot; /&gt; Obodo ndị dị gburugburu Osimiri Dawa ga-egwu olulu mmiri miri emi nke na-amịpụta mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Olulu mmiri ndị a na-enye ihe karịrị ụzọ anọ n'ime ise nke mmiri niile a na-enweta n'oge ọkọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 12&quot; /&gt; Ịse ihe site n'olulu mmiri na-ewe oge dị ukwuu, ọ bụkwa ihe dị mkpa nye ndị na-azụ anụmanụ n'ógbè ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 12&quot; /&gt;  Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ akụ na ụba dị mkpa a n'akụkụ ndịda kpọrọ nkụ nke [[Borena Zone|Borena]], obodo ndị ahụ na-anakọta chịngọm na resin site na osisi nke [[Commiphora]] na [[Boswellia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 9&quot; /&gt; Esemokwu dị n'etiti agbụrụ ndị gbara Osimiri Dawa gburugburu na-abụkarị gbasara [[Ala ịta ahịhịa]] na [[aka nri mmiri]]. Ebe ọ bụ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-eme ugbu a kwa afọ 1 ruo 2, nke a na-akpata ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ anụ ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 12&quot; /&gt; Nke a emeela ka ịkọ ala dịkwuo elu n'etiti ebo na obodo ndị dara ogbenye.

== Nchọpụta ọlaedo ==
Osimiri Dawa abụrụla ebe a na-ahụ ihe [[gold]] achọpụtala n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Local history of Ethiopia: Daoierri - Dearo Tekle|url=https://nai.uu.se/library/resources/thematic-resources/local-history-of-ethiopia.html|date=2020-03-23|website=nai.uu.se|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkụ Osimiri Dawa, a hụla ọlaedo n'etiti ihe ndị na-agbaze na Awata na Kokowa. A na-akpọ akụkụ ala nke osimiri ahụ dị ka nke nwere obere [[Okirikiri mbuze | okirikiri mbuze]], ndagwurugwu a sara mbara nke ukwuu, ebe ugwu dị nro n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ nwere nkume a na-ahụ anya. Ihe owuwu ahụ e kpugheere mere ka otu ụlọ ọrụ Texas Africa Exploration Co. [[ọkà mmụta ala]] na 1958 chọpụta [[titanium]] [[mineral]]s na [[ilmenite]] n'ime osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 7&quot; /&gt; Nchọpụta nke titanium na ilmenite dugara na nchọpụta ọlaedo na 1958-59, nke a mere ka o kwe omume ịbawanye ojiji ọlaedo na mpaghara Dawa maka ọrụ n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source 7&quot; /&gt; Nke a bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke Osimiri Dawa n'oge gara aga, mana n'oge a mkpa nke Osimiri agbanweela gaa n'inye obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu mmiri.

== Edensibia==
{{reflist}}

== Ndekọ Akwụkwọ ==
# Woldemariyam, F., Ayenew, T 2016, ‘Application of hydro chemical and isotopic techniques to understand [[groundwater recharge]] and flow systems in the Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia’, Environ Earth Sci 75, 1002
# Woldemariyam, F., Ayenew, T 2016. ‘Identification of hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater of Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia’. ''Environ Monit Assess'' 188, 481
# Manalebish Debalike Asfaw, Semu Mitiku Kassa, Lungu, E. and Woldeamlak Bewket, 2019. ‘Effects of temperature and rainfall in plant–herbivore interactions at different altitude’. ''Ecological Modelling'', 406, pp.&amp;nbsp;50–59
# Serur, A. and Sarma, A., 2017. ‘Current and projected water demand and water availability estimates under climate change scenarios in the Weyib River basin in Bale mountainous area of South-eastern Ethiopia’. ''Theoretical and Applied Climatology'', 133(3-4), pp.&amp;nbsp;727–735
# Boru, D., Schwartz, M., Kam, M. and Degen, A., 2015. ‘Effects of Family Size and Wealth on Size of Land Cultivated by Borana Pastoralists in Southern Ethiopia’. ''Human Ecology'', 43(1), pp.&amp;nbsp;15–28
# Construction Review Online. 2020. ''Ethiopia Inaugurates Genale Dawa III Hydroelectric Power Plant''.  Available at: https://constructionreviewonline.com/2020/02/ethiopia-inaugurates-genale-dawa-iii-hydroelectric-power-plant/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].
# Nai.uu.se. 2020. ''Local History Of Ethiopia : Daoierri - Dearo Tekle''.  Available at: https://nai.uu.se/library/resources/thematic-resources/local-history-of-ethiopia.html [Accessed 23 March 2020]
#Commons.wikimedia.org. 2010. ''File:Jubbarivermap.Png - Wikimedia Commons''.  Available at: [[:File:Jubbarivermap.png|https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jubbarivermap.png]] [Accessed 22 April 2020].
#Datazone.birdlife.org. 2020. ''Birdlife Data Zone''.  Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/dawa--wachile-iba-ethiopia [Accessed 15 May 2020].
#Sipri.org. 2020. ''WATER SECURITY AND GOVERNANCE IN THE HORN OF AFRICA''.  Available at: https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-03/sipripp54_0.pdf [Accessed 17 May 2020].
#Drc.ngo. 2020. ''When The River Dries Out All Life Disappears | DRC''.  Available at: https://drc.ngo/news/when-the-river-dries-out-all-life-disappears{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} [Accessed 16 May 2020].
#KEBBEDE, G., 2018. ''ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY IN ETHIOPIA''. [Place of publication not identified]: ROUTLEDGE.</text>
      <sha1>gylbqupspq5osooqrxswng8i0j2t002</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Sierra Leone</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353051213|Sierra Leone River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Osimiri Sierra Leone''' bụ ọdụ mmiri dị n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Atlantic na Ọdịda Anyanwụ Sierra Leone. Osimiri Bankasoka na Osimiri Rokel na-akpụ ya, ọ dịkwa n'agbata maịlụ 4 na 10 n'obosara (kilomita 6–16) na maịlụ 25 (kilomita 40) n'ogologo. Ọ nwere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị bụ isi nke Queen Elizabeth II Quay na Pepel. Osimiri ahụ dịkwa mkpa maka mbupu. Ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri okike kachasị ukwuu na kọntinent Afrịka. Ọtụtụ agwaetiti, gụnyere Agwaetiti Tasso (nke kachasị ukwuu), Agwaetiti Tombo, na Agwaetiti Bunce dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.

== Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile nke Lungi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
A na-ahazi square kilo ,950 (1,140 mi2) nke ọnụ mmiri nke Osimiri [[Sierra Leone]] dị ka ala mmiri dị mkpa nke mba ụwa Ramsar Convention na ọdịda anyanwụ Sierra Leone. Ebe ahụ bụ ebe a na-ahụkarị mangrove marshes mana ọ gụnyekwara oké ọhịa mmiri na-atọ ụtọ. A họpụtakwara saịtị ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke Eurasian oystercatchers, curlew sandpipers na nnụnụ nwere okpu.&lt;ref name=&quot;bli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sierra-leone-river-estuary-iba-sierra-leone|title=Sierra Leone River Estuary|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ebe ndị a na-echebe na Sierra Leone
* Ndepụta Ramsar nke ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673842</id>
      <parentid>673832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T21:56:33Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Adimora chidinma</username>
        <id>15845</id>
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      <text bytes="3120" sha1="oa6yy0j4ubtla31b5h91a1rrdcpp9io" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|River estuary in Sierra Leone}}
{{Infobox river
  | name              = Sierra Leone River
  | image             = Freetown SPOT 1094.jpg
  | image_size        = 250px
  | image_caption     = Sierra Leone River Estuary
  | source1_location  = 
  | mouth_location    = [[Atlantic Ocean]]
  | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|8.504|-13.186|region:SL|display=inline,title}}
  | length_mi = 25
  | source1_elevation = 
  | mouth_elevation   = 
  | discharge1_avg    = 
  | basin_size        = 
  |extra = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Sierra Leone River Estuary
 | designation1_date = 13 December 1999
 | designation1_number = 1014&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sierra Leone River Estuary|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1014|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Osimiri Sierra Leone''' bụ ọdụ mmiri dị n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Atlantic na Ọdịda Anyanwụ Sierra Leone. Osimiri Bankasoka na Osimiri Rokel na-akpụ ya, ọ dịkwa n'agbata maịlụ 4 na 10 n'obosara (kilomita 6–16) na maịlụ 25 (kilomita 40) n'ogologo. Ọ nwere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị bụ isi nke Queen Elizabeth II Quay na Pepel. Osimiri ahụ dịkwa mkpa maka mbupu. Ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri okike kachasị ukwuu na kọntinent Afrịka. Ọtụtụ agwaetiti, gụnyere Agwaetiti Tasso (nke kachasị ukwuu), Agwaetiti Tombo, na Agwaetiti Bunce dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.

== Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile nke Lungi ==
{{isi akụkọ|Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile nke Lungi}}
Osimiri ahụ kewara Freetown, isi obodo Sierra Leone, nke dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, site na ọdụ ụgbọelu isi obodo ahụ, Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile nke Lungi, nke dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na mpaghara a na-akpọ &quot;Bullom Shore.&quot; Ụzọ mbufe isi site na ọdụ ụgbọ elu gaa Freetown bụ site na ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri ọsọ. Ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na helikọpta anaghịzi arụ ọrụ.

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
A na-ahazi square kilo ,950 (1,140 mi2) nke ọnụ mmiri nke Osimiri [[Sierra Leone]] dị ka ala mmiri dị mkpa nke mba ụwa Ramsar Convention na ọdịda anyanwụ Sierra Leone. Ebe ahụ bụ ebe a na-ahụkarị mangrove marshes mana ọ gụnyekwara oké ọhịa mmiri na-atọ ụtọ. A họpụtakwara saịtị ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke Eurasian oystercatchers, curlew sandpipers na nnụnụ nwere okpu.&lt;ref name=&quot;bli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sierra-leone-river-estuary-iba-sierra-leone|title=Sierra Leone River Estuary|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ebe ndị a na-echebe na Sierra Leone
* Ndepụta Ramsar nke ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673843</id>
      <parentid>673842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T22:06:43Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Adimora chidinma</username>
        <id>15845</id>
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      <text bytes="3791" sha1="j4n3ui1ogf7m74qhrkpvourfzdne0u8" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|River estuary in Sierra Leone}}
{{Infobox river
  | name              = Sierra Leone River
  | image             = Freetown SPOT 1094.jpg
  | image_size        = 250px
  | image_caption     = Sierra Leone River Estuary
  | source1_location  = 
  | mouth_location    = [[Atlantic Ocean]]
  | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|8.504|-13.186|region:SL|display=inline,title}}
  | length_mi = 25
  | source1_elevation = 
  | mouth_elevation   = 
  | discharge1_avg    = 
  | basin_size        = 
  |extra = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Sierra Leone River Estuary
 | designation1_date = 13 December 1999
 | designation1_number = 1014&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sierra Leone River Estuary|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1014|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Osimiri Sierra Leone''' bụ ọdụ mmiri dị n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Atlantic na Ọdịda Anyanwụ Sierra Leone. Osimiri Bankasoka na Osimiri Rokel na-akpụ ya, ọ dịkwa n'agbata maịlụ 4 na 10 n'obosara (kilomita 6–16) na maịlụ 25 (kilomita 40) n'ogologo. Ọ nwere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị bụ isi nke Queen Elizabeth II Quay na Pepel. Osimiri ahụ dịkwa mkpa maka mbupu. Ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri okike kachasị ukwuu na kọntinent Afrịka. Ọtụtụ agwaetiti, gụnyere Agwaetiti Tasso (nke kachasị ukwuu), Agwaetiti Tombo, na Agwaetiti Bunce dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067679/Sierra-Leone-River &quot;Sierra Leone River&quot;] britannica.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile nke Lungi ==
{{isi akụkọ|Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile nke Lungi}}
Osimiri ahụ kewara Freetown, isi obodo Sierra Leone, nke dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, site na ọdụ ụgbọelu isi obodo ahụ, Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile nke Lungi, nke dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na mpaghara a na-akpọ &quot;Bullom Shore.&quot; Ụzọ mbufe isi site na ọdụ ụgbọ elu gaa Freetown bụ site na ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri ọsọ. Ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na helikọpta anaghịzi arụ ọrụ.

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
A na-akpọ {{Convert|2950|km2|mi2}} nke osimiri Sierra Leone dị ka ala mmiri dị mkpa maka mba ụwa Mgbakọ Ramsar n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Sierra Leone]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=198331&amp;level=int ''World Database on Protected Areas: Site Information''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924014313/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=198331&amp;level=int |date=2008-09-24}}, UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2004), retrieved on 10 November 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe a bụ isi apịtị mangrove mana ọ gụnyekwara oke ọhịa apịtị mmiri dị ọcha.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wetlands.org/RSDB/default.htm Ramsar Sites Information Service] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714104645/http://www.wetlands.org/RSDB/default.htm |date=2008-07-14}}, Ramsar, retrieved on 10 November 2007&lt;/ref&gt; BirdLife International akpọwokwa ebe a Mpaghara Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị Eurasian oystercatchers, curlew sandpipers na hooded vultures.&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sierra-leone-river-estuary-iba-sierra-leone|title= Sierra Leone River Estuary|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ebe ndị a na-echebe na Sierra Leone
* Ndepụta Ramsar nke ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Kathita</title>
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      <id>674001</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T09:44:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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      <text bytes="3018" sha1="tt26x3adfzg43xlr9gataspo9omi6or" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Osimiri dị na Kenya}}

'''Osimiri Kathita''' bụ osimiri dị n'ọwụwa anyanwụ Kenya bụ osimiri kachasị ogologo na [[Meru County|Meru]]. Osimiri ahụ na-asọfe n'ebe ugwu-ọwụwa anyanwụ site n'ebe dị elu n'elu [[Ugwu Kenya]] gburugburu ugwu Ithangune na Rutundu site na ebe ọ na-asọfe n'ọwụwa anyanwụ site na oke ọhịa equatorial [[oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo]] na-aga Obodo Meru ma n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ banye n'Osimiri Tana. Ọ bụ akụkụ ugwu nke ugwu Kenya nke [[Osimiri Tana (Kenya)|Osimiri Tana]].

==Ọdịdị ala==
N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ osimiri ndị ọzọ na-eso ebe ha si apụta n'ala ahịhịa dị na Kenya, Osimiri Kathita pụrụ iche n'ihi na ọ na-agbaze site na mmiri na-agbaze n'elu ugwu Kenya. Ya mere, ihe mere mmiri ya ji dị oke oyi n'oge niile, ọbụna mmiri paịpụ sitere na osimiri a bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'àgwà a nke oyi. Ndị Kathita na-eso ụzọ mgbagharị na-agafe obere obodo nta ndị dị na [[Kithaku]], [[Katheri]], [[Kaing'inyo]], [[Gitimbene]] ma mechaa gbasaa n'etiti Obodo [[Meru, Kenya|Meru]]. Osimiri Kathita nwere ihe pụrụ iche n'ihi na mmiri ya na-agafe n'ime olulu mmiri dị omimi, n'ihi na ọrụ injinia a maka ọrụ ịgba mmiri na osimiri Kathita dị oke ọnụ. Agbanyeghị, ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, site na ọrụ enyemaka onwe onye nke obodo, achọtala ụzọ isi see mmiri maka ojiji n'ime ụlọ na ịgba mmiri mgbe niile.  Ihe atụ gụnyere ọrụ mmiri Nduruma n'obodo Kianthumbi nke Maazị Japhet MÍkiara malitere ma mechaa ya na 1997 site na onyinye ego na ntinye aka nke ndị bi na Kianthumbi ibe ha. E mere ka ọrụ a gbasaa, ọrụ Gakumbo nke na-ejere ọtụtụ mmadụ ozi, site n'enyemaka nke gọọmentị Australia. N'oge ochie, ndị Ameru nwere àkwà mmiri osisi pụrụ iche nke e ji agafe osimiri Kathita n'akụkụ mmiri miri emi ya. Ọtụtụ n'ime àkwà mmiri osisi ndị ahụ ka na-arụ ọrụ.  Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ otu obodo, dịka nke dị na obodo Kianthumbi, enweela ike ịkwalite ha ruo n'ọkwa ọgbara ọhụrụ nke ihe owuwu simenti na ígwè ka ha wee mee ka nchekwa na ohere ịbanye n'ime nnukwu olulu mmiri ahụ dịkwuo mma.

==Mkpa omenala dị mkpa==
Ọ bụ osimiri kachasị ukwuu na mpaghara Imenti nke Meru County na ebe a na-eme emume na emume [[ndị Meru]], gụnyere mmalite ụmụ nwoke ruo mgbe ha toruru ogo mmadụ. N'agbata afọ 2008 na 2010, obodo ahụ sonyere na mmepe nke obere jenerato mmiri n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/13298/ndurumo_hydro_electricity_power_project_kathita_river_imenti_north.html &quot;Ndurumo Hydro Electricity Power Project – Kathita River, Imenti North&quot;], GEF Small Grants Programme&lt;/ref&gt;

==Edensibia==
{{Reflist}}

==Njikọ mpụga==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930202322/http://www.gaiafoundation.org/content/eco-cultural-mapping-along-kathita-river Eco-cultural Mapping along Kathita River]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Thika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>674003</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T09:59:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
      <origin>674003</origin>
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      <text bytes="6966" sha1="tpyrj91bg4x2e5dltoxvvahwl6kdx1k" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Osimiri dị n'etiti Kenya}}
[[File:Tana OSM.png|right|thumb|330px|Osimiri Thika (n'elu aka ekpe)]]
'''Osimiri Thika''' na-agafe Kiambu County dị n'etiti [[Kenya]] ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime mmiri nke [[Osimiri Tana (Kenya)|Osimiri Tana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Kiringu |first=Kuria |title=Consideration of factors that affect flood levels in the Tana River Delta in Kenya |date=March 1, 2015 |publisher=Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96890 |language=en-ZA |archive-url=https://scholar.sun.ac.za/items/b76d70a0-6990-4798-8d24-9705815635d7 |archive-date=March 1, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Osimiri ahụ na-eme ókè uche n'etiti ógbè Murang'a na Kiambu.  Osimiri Thika bụ isi iyi dị mkpa nke ike mmiri na-enye ọkụ eletrik na Kenya ma na-enye ọtụtụ mmiri maka [[Nairobi]], isi obodo na obodo kachasị ukwuu na Kenya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Macharia |first=Racheal |last2=Ndiritu |first2=John |last3=Gathenya |first3=John M. |date=January 7, 2025 |title=Probabilistic operating rules for Thika Dam in Kenya |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wwp2.12248?casa_token=hq-tRzWlmeEAAAAA%3Ay4rydW0ajznLudKWLwE_72viNN0cBhBmstrUmO1J71yKeZMSOoPfNWGHyOql_PdT6fGBYIqf66osO5yaJg |journal=World Water Policy |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=526-552 |via=Wiley Online Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Aha ahụ bụ ''Thika'' sitere na [[asụsụ Gikuyu|asụsụ Kikuyu]] ma ọ bụ site na [[asụsụ Maasai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Thika&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thikamunicipal.go.ke/bginfo.php|title=Municipal council of Thika: Background information|publisher=Municipal Council of Thika|accessdate=2008-09-28|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029063219/http://www.thikamunicipal.go.ke/bginfo.php|archivedate=2008-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;  O nwere ike ịbụ okwu metụtara Kikuyu nke bụ ''guthika'', nke pụtara ''ili''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thika&quot; /&gt;  O yikwara okwu Maasai bụ ''sika'', nke pụtara ''ịcha ihe n'ọnụ''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thika&quot; /&gt;

==Usoro==
Osimiri Thika malitere na [[Aberdare Range]].&lt;ref name=&quot;reservoir&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDtP9_hNKAAC&amp;dq=Thika+river&amp;pg=PA131|title=Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering |pages=131–140|author=British Dam Society Conference|publisher= Thomas Telford |year=1992|accessdate=2009-02-20 | isbn=978-0-7277-1692-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ọ na-asọba n'Osimiri Tana, nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;reservoir&quot; /&gt;

Ihe dị mkpa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ bụ Mmiri Mmiri Thika, nke dị nso n'obodo [[Thika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ambros&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7ha1PXs1OcC&amp;dq=Thika+river&amp;pg=PA162|title=Kenya: An Up-to-date Travel Guide with 153 Color Photos and 14 Maps |pages=159–162|author=Eva Ambros|publisher= Hunter Publishing |year=1999|accessdate=2009-02-20 | isbn=978-3-88618-167-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Thika Falls nwere ihe dị ka {{convert|25|m|ft}} n'ime ọzara dị nso na [[Blue Post Hotel]], otu n'ime họtel kacha ochie na Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambros&quot; /&gt;

==Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi==
Na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ndị na-achụ nta anụ ọhịa buru ibu nke ndị ọchịchị hụrụ hippopotamus na agụ iyi n'akụkụ miri emi nke osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;macqueen&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/inwildestafrica00macqgoog|quote=Thika river.|title=In Wildest Africa: The Record of a Hunting and Exploration Trip Through Uganda, Victoria Nyanza, the Kilimanjaro Region and British East Africa, with an Account of an Ascent of the Snowfields of Mount Kibo, in East Central Africa, and a Description of the Various Native Tribes|pages=[https://archive.org/details/inwildestafrica00macqgoog/page/n387 273]–274|author=[[Peter McHarg MacQueen|Peter MacQueen]]|publisher= George Ball and Sons|year=1909|accessdate=2009-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Adaka na agụ bi n'ime ọhịa dị nso na Thika Falls.&lt;ref name=&quot;macqueen&quot; /&gt;  Anụ ọhịa na ịnyịnya ọhịa bi n'ime ime obodo dị n'elu mmiri iyi ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;macqueen&quot; /&gt;  Anụ ọhịa, ọdụm, na hyena bikwa n'ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;macqueen&quot; /&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime egwuregwu ndị a na-eme taa kwagara n'elu osimiri gaa n'ọhịa Aberdares ma ọ bụ n'okpuru osimiri n'ihi nrụgide sitere na mmụba nke ebe obibi mmadụ n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ.

==Isi iyi mmiri==
Pasentị iri asatọ nke mmiri e ji enweta na Nairobi, isi obodo Kenya, sitere n'Osimiri Thika.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm|title=Hydrologic And Environmental Impacts Of Conservation Practices In Oklahoma Agricultural Watersheds (abstract)|pages=1|author=Moriasi, Daniel|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service|year=2007|accessdate=2009-02-20|display-authors=etal|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216082029/http://ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm|archivedate=2009-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbukpọ ọhịa na [[ịta ahịhịa gabigara ókè]] n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ nke jupụtara na mmadụ emeela ka ala ghara ịdị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot; /&gt; Mmiri ndị dị n'ime ala emeela ka mmiri na-asọfe n'osimiri, nha ebe a na-echekwa mmiri, na ịdị mma mmiri belata.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot; /&gt; Mmiri dị mma emebiwokwa n'ihi ọgwụ nje ndị na-agbapụta.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot; /&gt;

==Mmiri eletriki==
Thika bụ akụkụ nke Tana bezin, ebe mmiri kpọrọ nkụ kacha arụ ọrụ nke ọma na Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;hydrology&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC&amp;dq=Thika+river&amp;pg=PA421|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |pages=421–422|author=Mamdouh Shahin|publisher= Springer |year=2002|accessdate=2009-02-20 | isbn=978-1-4020-0866-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Ike eletriki sị na mmiri]] sitere na Osimiri Thika na-enye nnukwu akụkụ nke ọkụ eletrik Kenya.  A tụpụtara atụmatụ mbụ maka iji ike mmiri nke Osimiri Thika mee ihe obere oge ka Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị site n'aka [[Guglielmo Marconi]] dịka ụzọ isi nye ike maka ọdụ nkwukọrịta redio a haziri na Nairobi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hugill&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=215780|title=Global Communications since 1844|pages=118–119|author=Peter J. Hugill|publisher= JHU Press|year=1999|access-date=2009-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;  E meghị atụmatụ Marconi, mana n'afọ 1994, e wuru [[Mmiri Thika]] site na iji [[ebe nchekwa mmiri]] nke {{convert|70|e6m3|e9impgal e9usgal|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hugill&quot; /&gt;  Osimiri Thika na-enyekwa aka na [[Masinga Reservoir]], nke na-ejere [[Seven Forks Dams]] ozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot; /&gt;  A gbakọọ ọnụ, ụzọ atọ n'ime ụzọ anọ nke ọkụ eletrik Kenya na-esi na dam ndị a.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot; /&gt;

==Edensibia==
{{Reflist}}

==Njikọ mpụga==
*[https://www.panoramio.com/photo/12328241 Panoramic photograph of Thika Falls]


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    <title>Osimiri Tana (Kenya)</title>
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      <text bytes="10341" sha1="d4g005wilbu67ftolqsrbwskkmlh1q1" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Osimiri dị na Kenya}}
{{For|osimiri dị na Norway|Tana (Norway)}}
{{For|aha ochie nke osimiri Don|Don (osimiri)}}

'''Osimiri Tana''' bụ [[osimiri]] kachasị ogologo na [[Kenya]], a na-akpọkwa ya Osimiri Sagana na mpaghara Ugwu Kenya ma nye aha ya [[Obodo Osimiri Tana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Pokomo tribe of Tana River County call it Saana name&quot; =nakaegawa2012=&quot;&quot;&gt; Nakaegawa T., Wachana C. and KAKUSHIN Team-3 Modeling Group. (2012). &quot;First impact assessment of hydrological cycle in the Tana River Basin, Kenya, under a changing climate in the late 21st Century,&quot; [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hrl/6/0/6_0_29/_pdf ''Hydrological Research Letters'', 6, pp. 29–34]. &lt;/ref&gt; Ogologo ya dị ihe dị ka kilomita 1000, ebe mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka kilomita 100,000, enwere ike kewaa ya n'ime isi mmiri na Tana dị ala nke mejupụtara akụkụ dị n'okpuru ala Kora ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọ ihe dị ka kilomita 700 site na mbara ala kpọrọ nkụ.&lt;ref&gt;(Omengo, Fred &amp; Geeraert, Naomi &amp; Bouillon, Steven &amp; Govers, Gerard. (2016). Sediment deposition patterns in a tropical floodplain, Tana River, Kenya. Catena. 143. 57–69. 10.1016/j.catena.2016.03.024.) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301291119_Sediment_deposition_patterns_in_a_tropical_floodplain_Tana_River_Kenya]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Osimiri|Osimiri]] ya gụnyere ụfọdụ osimiri dị mkpa na Mpaghara Etiti dịka [[Osimiri Thika|Thika]], Osimiri Ragati, Nyamindi, Thiba, Mathioya, Chania, Thuci na Mutonga. The river rises from Mt Kenya in [[Nyeri]]. Ọ na-amalite ịgbaga ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ tupu ọ tụgharịa gaa ndịda gburugburu [[massif]] nke [[Ugwu Kenya]] wee gbadaa ruo Oké Osimiri India. 

N'okpuru [[#Dams|dams]], osimiri ahụ na-atụgharị gaa n'ebe ugwu ma na-asọfe n'ókèala ugwu-ndịda n'etiti [[Meru, Kenya|Meru]] na Ugwu [[Kitui County|Kitui]] na Bisanadi, Kora na Rabole National Reserve. N'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-atụgharị ọwụwa anyanwụ, wee gaa ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ọ na-agafe obodo ndị dị na [[Garissa]], [[Hola, Kenya|Hola]] na [[Garsen]] tupu ọ banye na [[Oké Osimiri India]] na mpaghara [[Ungwana Bay]]-[[Kipini]], na njedebe nke [[osimiri delta]] nke ruru ihe dị ka kilomita iri atọ site n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ n'onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Pokomo tribe of Tana River County call it Saana name&quot;/&gt; Ọ na-agafe n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ ma na-agba mmiri n'ala gbara ya gburugburu.

Mmiri mmiri kwa afọ karịrị nde 5,000 [[cubic mita]] (MCM) na nkezi, mana ọ na-agbanwe nke ukwuu ma n'ime na n'ime afọ niile, ọ na-agụnyekwa oge idei mmiri abụọ kwa afọ. N'agbata afọ 1944 na 1978, nkezi mmiri zuru oke (na Garissa) bụ MCM 6,105, nke dị iche site na naanị MCM 1,789 na 1949 ruo MCM 13,342 na 1968.&lt;ref&gt;Hughes, F. (1990). &quot;The Influence of Flooding Regimes on Forest Distribution and Composition in the Tana River Floodplain, Kenya,&quot; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2404295 ''Journal of Applied Ecology'', 27(2), pp. 475–491].&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge 1982-1996, mmiri kwa afọ dị n'elu 5,000 MCM.&lt;ref&gt;Maingi, J.K. and Marsh, S.E. (2002). &quot;Quantifying hydrologic impacts following dam construction along the Tana River, Kenya,&quot; [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196300908607 ''Journal of Arid Environments'', 50, pp. 53–79].&lt;/ref&gt; 
A na-esi n'osimiri ahụ enweta mmiri site na ọrụ ịgba mmiri ndị a dị mkpa: [[Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Ịkwụ Ala na Bura (Kenya)|Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Ịkwụ Ala na Bura]], Atụmatụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala  na Tana na Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Tana Delta.&lt;ref&gt;Government of Kenya 2007. ''Kenya Vision 2030: a Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya''.&lt;/ref&gt;

E nwere ihe akaebe na-egosi na [[mgbanwe ihu igwe]] ga-emebi Osimiri Tana na ebe obibi ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Jenkins|first1=Rhosanna L. M.|last2=Warren|first2=Rachel F.|last3=Price|first3=Jeff T.|date=2021-07-21|title=Addressing risks to biodiversity arising from a changing climate: The need for ecosystem restoration in the Tana River Basin, Kenya|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=16|issue=7|article-number=e0254879|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0254879|pmid=34288974|issn=1932-6203|pmc=8294490|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1654879J|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Muthuwatta|first1=Lal|last2=Sood|first2=Aditya|last3=McCartney|first3=Matthew|last4=Silva|first4=Nishchitha Sandeepana|last5=Opere|first5=Alfred|date=2018-06-05|title=Understanding the Impacts of Climate Change in the Tana River Basin, Kenya|url=https://piahs.copernicus.org/articles/379/37/2018/|journal=Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences|language=English|publisher=Copernicus GmbH|volume=379|pages=37–42|doi=10.5194/piahs-379-37-2018|bibcode=2018PIAHS.379...37M|hdl=10568/96602|s2cid=51999648 |hdl-access=free |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Nakaegawa|first1=Tosiyuki|last2=Wachana|first2=Calistus|date=2012|title=First impact assessment of hydrological cycle in the Tana River Basin, Kenya, under a changing climate in the late 21st Century|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hrl/6/0/6_0_29/_article|journal=Hydrological Research Letters|volume=6|pages=29–34|doi=10.3178/hrl.6.29|bibcode=2012HRL.....6...29N|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dam==
E wuru ọtụtụ dam mmiri hydroelectric (Ụlọ ọrụ Seven Forks Hydro Stations ma ọ bụ Seven Forks Scheme) n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ndị a gụnyere (n'usoro e si agbaze) [[Masinga Dam]] (e nyere ọrụ na 1981 nke nwere ikike arụnyere nke 40MW), [[Mdam Kamburu]] (1974, 94.20MW), [[Mdam Gitaru]] (1978, 225.25MW), [[Mdam Kindaruma]] (1968, 72MW) na [[Mdam Kiambere]] (1988, 168MW).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0016-7185(86)90007-2 | title=The environmental effects of dam construction in tropical Africa: Impacts and planning procedures | year=1986 | last1=Adams | first1=W.M. | last2=Hughes | first2=F.M.R. | journal=Geoforum | volume=17 | issue=3–4 | pages=403–410 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDISMGMT/Resources/0821363328.pdf |access-date=2012-06-23 |title=Reducing the Impacts of Floods through Early Warning and Preparedness: A Pilot Study for Kenya |work=Arnold, Chen, Deichmann, Dilley, Lerner-Lam, Pullen, and Trohanis. Natural Disaster Hotspots Case Studies. |publisher=The World Bank |last1=Galadin |first1=H. |last2=Bidault |first2=N. |last3=Stephen |first3=L. |last4=Watkins |first4=B. |last5=Dilley |first5=M. |last6=Mutunga |first6=N. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; en&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=207:seven-forks-hydro-stations&amp;catid=33:power-stations|title = KenGen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://energypedia.info/wiki/Hydropower_Stations_in_Kenya|title = Hydropower Stations in Kenya - energypedia}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ọdọ Mmiri Masinga]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kiambere]], nke Masinga na Kiambere dam mepụtara n'otu n'otu, na-arụ ọrụ abụọ: [[ike mmiri na ọkụ eletrik]] (HEP) mmepụta na ịgba mmiri n'ọrụ ugbo. A na-eji atọ ndị ọzọ eme ihe nanị maka mmepụta HEP. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2003 gosiri na usoro ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Tana nyere ụzọ abụọ n'ime atọ nke mkpa ọkụ eletrik nke Kenya. Ọtụtụ mmadụ kwenyere na mmiri dị n'okpuru osimiri a dị n'okpuru ya, mana ọ dịghị otú ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy06tana.pdf |title=Tana River, Kenya: integrating downstream values into hydropower planning |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |work=Case Studies in Wetland Valuation #6 |date=May 2003 |access-date=2012-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-enye ọkụ eletrik ahụ na sistemụ grid mba ma kesaa ya n'ofe mba ahụ site na usoro nke obere ọdụ, transformer na waya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/KenGen-increases-hydropower-output/1056-4521358-dtimtu/index.html|title=KenGen increases hydropower output|website=Daily Nation|language=en|access-date=2020-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Aha ndị yiri ya==
A na-akpọ ụdị anụ abụọ dị n'Africa aha Osimiri Tana: ''[[Mochlus tanae]]'' na ''[[Myriopholis|Myriopholis tanae]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (&quot;Tana&quot;, p. 260).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Malonza |first=Patrick K. |last2=Wasonga |first2=Victor D. |last3=Muchai |first3=Vincent |last4=Rotich |first4=Damaris |last5=Bwong |first5=Beryl A. |last6=Bauer |first6=Aaron M. |date=July 2006 |title=Diversity and Biogeography of Herpetofauna of the Tana River Primate National Reserve, Kenya |url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-east-african-natural-history/volume-95/issue-2/0012-8317_2006_95_95_DABOHO_2.0.CO_2/DIVERSITY-AND-BIOGEOGRAPHY-OF-HERPETOFAUNA-OF-THE-TANA-RIVER-PRIMATE/10.2982/0012-8317(2006)95[95:DABOHO]2.0.CO;2.full |journal=Journal of East African Natural History |language=en |volume=95 |issue=2 |doi=10.2982/0012-8317(2006)95[95:DABOHO]2.0.CO;2.full |issn=1026-1613 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220120162002/https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-east-african-natural-history/volume-95/issue-2/0012-8317_2006_95_95_DABOHO_2.0.CO_2/DIVERSITY-AND-BIOGEOGRAPHY-OF-HERPETOFAUNA-OF-THE-TANA-RIVER-PRIMATE/10.2982/0012-8317(2006)95[95:DABOHO]2.0.CO;2.full |archive-date=2022-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Leekwa==
*[[Ebe Nchekwa Osimiri Tana River]]
*[[Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Ịkwaga Bura (Kenya)|Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Ịkwaga Bura]]
*[[Galana Kulalu Project]]

==Edensibia==
{{reflist}}

==Ịgụkwu ihe==
*[http://www.hydrology.nl/mainnews/1-latest-news/377-securing-water-and-land-in-the-tana-basin-kenya-a-resource-book-for-water-managers-and-practitioners.html Securing water and land in the Tana Basin, Kenya: a resource book for water managers and practitioners]
* &quot;And the River Flowed On; An Adventurous Journey Down the Tana River&quot; site n'aka James Meester 1958

==Njikọ mpụga==
{{Commons category|Tana River (Kenya)}}
* [http://www.kenweb.or.ke/index.php/projects/tana-delta.html &quot;Tana River Delta&quot;]. ''The Kenya Wetlands Biodiversity Research Team''. Retrieved 2026-06-01.

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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Athi-Galana-Sabaki</title>
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[[File:Tsavo national park map en.png|thumb|Usoro osimiri Athi-Galana-Sabaki.]]
Osimiri '''Athi-Galana-Sabaki''' bụ osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ogologo na [[Kenya]] (mgbe [[Osimiri Tana (Kenya)|Osimiri Tana]] gasịrị).  O nwere ogologo ya niile nke {{convert|390|km}} ma na-awụpụ mmiri nke {{convert|58,639|km2}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Osimiri ahụ na-arịgo n'ime ọhịa Gatamaiyo dị ka '''Osimiri Athi''' ma banye na [[Oké Osimiri India]] dị ka '''Osimiri Galana''' (a makwaara dị ka '''Osimiri Sabaki''').

== Mmiri na-asọ asọ ==
Osimiri Athi na-agafe ala dị larịị Kapote na Athi, site n'obodo [[Osimiri Athi (obodo)|Osimiri Athi]], wee gaa n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ ebe [[Nairobi River]] zutere ya. N'akụkụ [[Thika]], osimiri ahụ na-emepụta Mmiri Iri na Anọ ma na-atụgharị gaa n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ n'okpuru ugwu ọhịa nke ugwu Yatta, nke na-emechi n'ime ọdọ mmiri ya n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ. E wezụga ọtụtụ obere ihe ndị na-eri nri n'osimiri elu, naanị [[tributary]] ọzọ bụ [[Osimiri Tsavo]], site n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Kilimanjaro]], nke na-abanye na ihe dị ka 3° S. Ọ na-atụgharị gaa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, a makwaara ya n'akụkụ ala ya dị ka Osimiri Sabaki (ma ọ bụ Galana), nke na-agafe [[enweghị ike ịmụ nwa | enweghị ike ịmị mkpụrụ]] [[quartz]]-ala nke ala dị n'èzí [[ala]]. Ndagwurugwu ahụ dị ala ma dị larịị, e ji oke ọhịa na ahịhịa kpuchie ya, nwere obere ọdọ mmiri na mmiri ndị dị n'azụ nke jikọtara na osimiri n'oge mmiri ozuzo. N'oge mmiri ozuzo, osimiri ahụ na-arị elu ruo {{convert|10|m}} n'ebe dị iche iche, ugbu a ọ na-asọ nke ọma na agba odo gbara ọchịchịrị, usoro mmiri ọsọ ọsọ na-egbochi njem ụgbọ mmiri, na Lugard drops. Ọ na-asọga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ọ na-abanye n'Oké Osimiri India {{convert|10|km}} n'ebe ugwu nke [[Malindi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{EB1911 |wstitle=Sabaki |volume=23 |page=958 |inline=y}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:GalanaRiverKenya.jpg|Onyonyo nke Osimiri Galana na [[Kenya]]
File:Fourteen falls Thika,Kenya.JPG|Mmiri Iri na Anọ dị nso [[Thika]]
File:Flickr - don macauley - A drongo at Sabaki River.jpg|[[drongo]] na Osimiri Sabaka
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Anụ ọhịa ==
Osimiri ahụ na-agafe n'ime [[Tsavo East National Park]] ma nwee ọtụtụ azụ̀ dị iche iche, yana [[hippopotamus]], [[agụ iyi]], na nnụnụ dịka [[Ugo Azụ̀ Afrịka |Ugo Azụ̀ Afrịka]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Kenya na-adabere n'osimiri ahụ maka mmiri ọṅụṅụ na ịgba mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=nick |date=2023-10-27 |title=Where two rivers meet: battling pollution in the Athi River |url=https://tsavotrust.org/where-two-rivers-meet-battling-pollution-in-the-athi-river/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Tsavo Trust |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmepe ==

=== Thwake Dam ===
{{Excerpt|Thwake Dam}}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons}}
*[https://www.google.com.au/maps/@-3.1675064,40.0870486,12z Google Maps, Galana River]

{{coord|3|10|S|40|09|E|region:KE_type:river_source:dewiki|display=title}}</text>
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    <title>Ogige Nnụnụ Mba Djoudj</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362722045|Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary]]&quot;</comment>
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Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary (French: Parc national des oiseaux du Djoudj, ) dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Senegal na Senegal, n'ebe ugwu Biffeche, n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke St-Louis

Ọ na-enye ọtụtụ ebe obibi mmiri mmiri nke na-ewu ewu nke ukwuu n'etiti nnụnụ ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha agafeela Sahara. N'ime ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nnụnụ 400, ndị kacha apụta ìhè bụ pelicans na flamingo. Ndị na-awagharị mmiri na-esi na Europe kwaga ebe ahụ anaghị apụta ìhè nke ọma; maka ndị a, ogige ahụ bụ otu ebe kachasị mkpa maka oge oyi achọpụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 February 2007|title=Expedition solves Aquatic Warbler mystery|url=http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2007/02/aquatic_warbler_senegal.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224175807/http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2007/02/aquatic_warbler_senegal.html|archivedate=24 February 2007|work=[[BirdLife International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ Anụ ọhịa na-ebikwa n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, nke a họpụtara dị ka Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa. A gbakwunyere saịtị ahụ na ndepụta nke World Heritge in Danger na 1984 n'ihi iwebata nnukwu osisi salvinia na-awakpo, nke na-eyi egwu igbuchapụ ahịhịa ndị dị n'ogige ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/2412/|title=Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=World Heritage Convention|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, e wepụrụ ya na ndepụta ahụ na 2006.

== Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Faịlụ:DjoudjNASA.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|N'aka ekpe, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke Septemba 1979; n'aka nri, idei mmiri nke Nọvemba 1999]]
Kemgbe ọrụ nke Diama Dam n'Osimiri Senegal malitere na 1988, ndị ọkachamara ahụla na ọkwa mmiri na-ebelata, na-eme ka nnu dị ọcha, na-emebi ájá. Mgbanwe ndị a na-eyi anụmanụ na osisi egwu. Karịsịa, e nweela mmụba nke typhas na Phragmites. N'aka ekpe, foto satịlaịtị nke NASA sere na 1979 (tupu e wuo dam ahụ) na 1999 (mgbe e mesịrị) na-egosi mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mpaghara ahụ.

N'afọ 2006, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị ihe a kọrọ banyere influenza nnụnụ na Senegal, a malitere usoro nlekota.

Na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 16,000 hekta, e dekọrọ ụdị nnụnụ 395 (ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde nnụnụ atọ) n'ebe ahụ, na-eme ka Ogige Ntụrụndụ Djoudj bụrụ nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Parc National des oiseaux du Djoudj (PNOD)|url=https://www.saintlouisdusenegal.com/parc-du-djoudj/|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=Saint-Louis du Sénégal|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ebe nsọ ahụ nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke agụ iyi na Manatees. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/25/|title=Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=World Heritage Convention|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clear left}}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ogige Ntụrụndụ Diawling
* Anụ ọhịa nke Senegal

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070209070541/http://www.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/djoudj.html WCMC Natural Site Data Sheet]
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/25 Ntinye weebụsaịtị UNESCO]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 Ngalaba na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, nchekwa nke okike, ọdọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri aka mere: Ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe nchekwa], 13 Ọktoba 2005.

[[Faịlụ:Djoudj_ile_pelican.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|250x250px|Pelicans n'àgwàetiti dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ]]
[[Faịlụ:Embarcadere_du_Djoudj.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|250x250px|Ụgbọ mmiri na warthogs]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5417" sha1="4qzajqytgrqzmvo95y0v5dejv0s3ca6" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|National park in Senegal}}
{{Expand French|Parc national des oiseaux du Djoudj|date=January 2009|topic=geo}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary
| iucn_category = II
| image = CormoransDjoudj.JPG
| image_caption = 
| location = [[Senegal]]
| nearest_city = 
| module = {{designation list
 |embed = yes
 |designation1 = WHS
 |designation1_date = 1981 &lt;small&gt;(5th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])&lt;/small&gt;
 |designation1_type = Natural
 |designation1_criteria = vii, x
 |designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/25 25]
 |designation1_free1name = Region
 |designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|Africa]]
 |designation1_free2name = [[List of World Heritage in Danger|Endangered]]
 |designation1_free2value = 1984–1988; 2000–2006
 }}
| pushpin_map = Senegal#Africa
| pushpin_relief = 1
| map_size = 200
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{cvt|160|km2}}
| established = 14 April 1971
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = 
| module2 = {{Designation list
 |embed = yes
 |designation1 = Ramsar
 |designation1_offname = Parc National des Oiseaux du Djoudj
 |designation1_date = 11 July 1977
 |designation1_number = 138&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parc National des Oiseaux du Djoudj |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/138 |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610044106/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/138 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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'''Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary''' (French: Parc national des oiseaux du Djoudj, ) dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Senegal na Senegal, n'ebe ugwu Biffeche, n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke St-Louis

Ọ na-enye ọtụtụ ebe obibi mmiri mmiri nke na-ewu ewu nke ukwuu n'etiti nnụnụ ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha agafeela Sahara. N'ime ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nnụnụ 400, ndị kacha apụta ìhè bụ pelicans na flamingo. Ndị na-awagharị mmiri na-esi na Europe kwaga ebe ahụ anaghị apụta ìhè nke ọma; maka ndị a, ogige ahụ bụ otu ebe kachasị mkpa maka oge oyi achọpụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 February 2007|title=Expedition solves Aquatic Warbler mystery|url=http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2007/02/aquatic_warbler_senegal.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224175807/http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2007/02/aquatic_warbler_senegal.html|archivedate=24 February 2007|work=[[BirdLife International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ Anụ ọhịa na-ebikwa n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, nke a họpụtara dị ka Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa. A gbakwunyere saịtị ahụ na ndepụta nke World Heritge in Danger na 1984 n'ihi iwebata nnukwu osisi salvinia na-awakpo, nke na-eyi egwu igbuchapụ ahịhịa ndị dị n'ogige ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/2412/|title=Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=World Heritage Convention|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, e wepụrụ ya na ndepụta ahụ na 2006.

== Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Faịlụ:DjoudjNASA.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|N'aka ekpe, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke Septemba 1979; n'aka nri, idei mmiri nke Nọvemba 1999]]
Kemgbe ọrụ nke Diama Dam n'Osimiri Senegal malitere na 1988, ndị ọkachamara ahụla na ọkwa mmiri na-ebelata, na-eme ka nnu dị ọcha, na-emebi ájá. Mgbanwe ndị a na-eyi anụmanụ na osisi egwu. Karịsịa, e nweela mmụba nke typhas na Phragmites. N'aka ekpe, foto satịlaịtị nke NASA sere na 1979 (tupu e wuo dam ahụ) na 1999 (mgbe e mesịrị) na-egosi mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mpaghara ahụ.

N'afọ 2006, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị ihe a kọrọ banyere influenza nnụnụ na Senegal, a malitere usoro nlekota.

Na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 16,000 hekta, e dekọrọ ụdị nnụnụ 395 (ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde nnụnụ atọ) n'ebe ahụ, na-eme ka Ogige Ntụrụndụ Djoudj bụrụ nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Parc National des oiseaux du Djoudj (PNOD)|url=https://www.saintlouisdusenegal.com/parc-du-djoudj/|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=Saint-Louis du Sénégal|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ebe nsọ ahụ nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke agụ iyi na Manatees. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/25/|title=Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=World Heritage Convention|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clear left}}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ogige Ntụrụndụ Diawling
* Anụ ọhịa nke Senegal

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070209070541/http://www.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/djoudj.html WCMC Natural Site Data Sheet]
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/25 Ntinye weebụsaịtị UNESCO]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 Ngalaba na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, nchekwa nke okike, ọdọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri aka mere: Ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe nchekwa], 13 Ọktoba 2005.

[[Faịlụ:Djoudj_ile_pelican.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|250x250px|Pelicans n'àgwàetiti dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ]]
[[Faịlụ:Embarcadere_du_Djoudj.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|250x250px|Ụgbọ mmiri na warthogs]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Thwake Dam</title>
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      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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      <text bytes="5522" sha1="asziungx1ru20qwwmy3x1w19zt7mfgk" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Dam complex in Kenya}}

'''Dam Thwake''' ma ọ bụ '''Mmepe Dam Thwake Multi-purpose,''' bụ ebe a na-ewu mmiri mgbochi mmiri n'elu [[Osimiri Athi-Galana-Sabaki|Osimiri Athi]] dị na Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Otieno|first=Jullias|title=Uhuru: Thwake Dam construction will be complete by June next year|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2021-07-09-uhuru-thwake-dam-construction-will-be-complete-by-june-next-year/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=The Star|language=en-KE}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-07-13|title=Thwake Multi-purpose Dam project timeline and all you need to know|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/biggest-projects/thwake-multi-purpose-dam-project-timeline-and-all-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Construction Review Online|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere ka ọdọ mmiri a bụrụ [[mmiri ọtụtụ ihe]] nke na-enye mmiri ọṅụṅụ, mmiri ịgba mmiri n'ugbo, ike mmiri, na akụrụngwa mmiri ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ebe nchekwa mmiri dị kubik mita nde 688, a na-emekwa ya maka ụlọ ndị dị n'ime ime obodo, [[Konza, Kenya|Konza]] na mpaghara ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ [[Shilling Kenya|KSh.]] ijeri 37, ka e ji arụ ọrụ ahụ, ọ bụkwa [[China Gezhouba Group Company]] ka rụrụ ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Koech|first=Gilbert|date=25 October 2020|title=Nema shifts focus to Athi after Nairobi River cleaned up|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/counties/nairobi/2020-10-25-nema-shifts-focus-to-athi-after-nairobi-river-cleaned-up/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=The Star|language=en-KE}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[African Development Fund]] nwetara ego ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kenya - Thwake Multi-purpose Water Development Programme – Phase I|url=https://projectsportal.afdb.org/dataportal/VProject/show/P-KE-E00-008|access-date=2021-07-27|website=projectsportal.afdb.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Usoro ==
E kewara owuwu na mmejuputa ọrụ ahụ ụzọ anọ:&lt;ref name=&quot;MWSI2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Ministry of Water, Sanitation, and Irrigation |date=2024 |title=Terms of Reference: Consultancy Services to Undertake Stakeholder Awareness and Community Sensitization Communication Campaigns on Dam Break and Emergency Preparedness |url=https://water.go.ke/sites/default/files/2025-01/TOR-CONSULTANCY%20SERVICES%20TO%20UNDERTAKE%20STAKEHOLDER%20AWARENESS%20AND%20COMMUNITY%20SENSITIZATION%20COMMUNICATION%20CAMPAIGNS%20ON%20DAM%20BREAK%20AND%20EMERGENCY%20PREPAREDNESS%20.pdf |access-date=2026-06-05 |publisher=Government of Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkebi nke mbụ''': Ọrụ owuwu nke mgbidi mgbochi mmiri na ụzọ mmiri si agbada osimiri Athi na Thwake. Mgbidi ahụ dị mita 80.5 n'ịdị elu, nke nwere mita kubik nde 688.&lt;ref name=&quot;MWSI2025&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Ministry of Water, Sanitation, and Irrigation |date=2025 |title=Terms of Reference for Identification of Dam Management and Operations Agency |url=https://www.water.go.ke/sites/default/files/2025-01/TOR%20for%20identification%20of%20Dam%20Managament%20and%20Operations%20Agency.pdf |access-date=2026-06-05 |publisher=Government of Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ owuwu a malitere na Machị 27, 2018, a ga-emechakwa ya na Nọvemba 2022, mana e gburu oge n'ihi ego na ọrịa [[COVID-19|Covid-19]] a na-efe efe, a ga-emechakwa ya na Juun 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marita |first=Bosco |date=2024-10-02 |title=Thwake Dam phase 1 to be complete by June 2025 - CS Muuga |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2024-10-02-thwake-dam-phase-1-to-be-complete-by-june-2025-cs-muuga}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wanza |first=Prudence |date=2024-06-18 |title=Thwake Dam project hits milestone with completion of embankment area |url=https://www.kbc.co.ke/thwake-dam-project-hits-milestone-with-completion-of-embankment-area/ |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=KBC Digital |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkebi nke abụọ''': Nke a bụ iji tinye usoro ike mmiri nke dam ahụ nke nwere ike nke MW 20 na ebe a na-agwọ mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;ThwakeDamCharter2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=ResearchGate |date=2024 |title=Probable Project Charter: Thwake Multi-Purpose Dam Project |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383037329_Probable_Project_Charter_Thwake_Multi-Purpose_Dam_Project |access-date=2026-06-05 |publisher=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkebi nke ato:''' Na-elekwasị anya na mmiri na ihe owuwu dị ọcha iji jeere ndị bi na Kitui na Makueni ozi. E mekwara usoro njikwa ihe mkpofu mmiri dịka akụkụ nke usoro a.&lt;ref name=&quot;MWSI2024&quot; /&gt;

'''Nkebi nke anọ:''' Ebumnuche nke a bụ ịmepụta atụmatụ ịgba mmiri gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ iji kpuchie hekta 40,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;MWSI2024&quot; /&gt;

== nchegbu mmetọ ==
Mkpa ọ dị maka [[mmiri a na-aṅụ]] site na dam ahụ dugara n'ọtụtụ ọrụ nchekwa dị n'elu mmiri, na-agbalị ịmepụta mmiri dị ọcha ka mma, dịka na [[Ondiri Wetland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ amalitela ịgbasa ozugbo n'ime osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Na Julaị 2021, onye nyocha [[Nancy Gathungu]] katọrọ mmiri ahụ maka enweghị mmiri dị ọcha na nke dị mma a ga-ejigide n'ihi ebe mmetọ dịka [[Osimiri Athi (obodo)|Osimiri Athi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-30|title=Sh81b Thwake Dam project water 'unfit for human use'|url=https://www.pd.co.ke/news/sh81b-thwake-dam-project-water-unfit-for-human-use-83833/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=People Daily|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ogige Nchekwa Ihe Ochie nke Guembeul</title>
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        <username>Adimora chidinma</username>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362740094|Guembeul Natural Reserve]]&quot;</comment>
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Guembeul Natural Reserve (fr. Réserve spéciale de faune de Guembeul) .bụ ebe nchekwa ihe okike dị ihe dị ka kilomita iri na ndịda Saint-Louis, Senegal, na mpaghara Gandiol. Ọ na-ekpuchi ala dị hekta 720, a kpọkwara ya IUCN nke IV Faunal Reserve na 1983.
[[Faịlụ:Guembeul_5981.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Igurube a kpaliri n'Afrịka]]
[[Faịlụ:GazellaDama.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mhorr gazelle (Ụdị nke Dama gazelle) ]]

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929144313/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=11653&amp;level=nat World Database of Protected Areas ndekọ].
* [http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/pa/0712p.htm Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke UNEP, 1986] [njikọ nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide]. 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nke okike]: ndepụta ogige ntụrụndụ.</text>
      <sha1>obh72izvk55lrvcrnfw635w6k6j702i</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>674016</id>
      <parentid>674013</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T10:58:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adimora chidinma</username>
        <id>15845</id>
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      <origin>674016</origin>
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      <text bytes="2291" sha1="453ajsw2rq8bduau85at0i3gnx3jvzh" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Natural reserve in Gandiol, Senegal}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Réserve spéciale de faune de Guembeul
| iucn_category = IV
| image = OryxGuembeul.JPG
| image_caption = [[Scimitar Oryx]]s at the Guembeul Reserve
| location = [[Gandiol Region]], [[Senegal]]
| nearest_city = [[Saint-Louis, Senegal]]
| coordinates = {{coords|15|55|00|N|16|28|00|W|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{cvt|720|ha}}
| established = 1 January 1983
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = Ministre de l'Environnement et de la Protection de la Nature - Senegal
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Réserve Spéciale de Faune de Gueumbeul
| designation1_date = 29 September 1986
| designation1_number = 338&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Réserve Spéciale de Faune de Gueumbeul|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/338|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}
 

'''Guembeul Natural Reserve''' (fr. Réserve spéciale de faune de Guembeul) .bụ ebe nchekwa ihe okike dị ihe dị ka kilomita iri na ndịda Saint-Louis, Senegal, na mpaghara Gandiol. Ọ na-ekpuchi ala dị hekta 720, a kpọkwara ya IUCN nke IV Faunal Reserve na 1983.
[[Faịlụ:Guembeul_5981.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Igurube a kpaliri n'Afrịka]]
[[Faịlụ:GazellaDama.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mhorr gazelle (Ụdị nke Dama gazelle) ]]
Ogige ntụrụndụ a bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ, anụ na-akpụ akpụ na anụmanụ. Ebe a bụkwa ebe a na-eme mmemme ịmaliteghachi ụdị mgbada atọ ma bụrụkwa ebe obibi nke mbe ndị Africa na-agbagharị agbagharị.
== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929144313/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=11653&amp;level=nat World Database of Protected Areas ndekọ].
* [http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/pa/0712p.htm Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke UNEP, 1986] [njikọ nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide]. 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nke okike]: ndepụta ogige ntụrụndụ.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Mbagathi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77542</id>
    <revision>
      <id>674015</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T10:57:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
      <origin>674015</origin>
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      <text bytes="2543" sha1="3r6unn8fkbfuc9l630c5qmdret621rx" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Osimiri dị na Kenya}}
'''Osimiri Mbagathi''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Kenya]] dị nso na [[Nairobi]] ma bụrụkwa [[isi iyi]] nke [[Osimiri Athi]]. Osimiri ahụ si n'isi iyi ebumpụta ụwa gbapụta ruo n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ugwu Ngong n'ebe obibi a na-akpọ Kerarapon. Osimiri ahụ nwere ihe ndabara ọma, n'ihi na ọ naghị agafe ebe e wuru ewu, ruo mgbe ọ ruru obodo sara mbara na North Kajiado nke a na-akpọ Ongata Rongai (nke pụtara Narrow Plain n'asụsụ KiMaa). N'akụkụ ugwu ya niile, ụlọ ndị dị n'etiti obodo na-echebe ya ntakịrị, ebe ọ na-asọga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ma na-agafe Nairobi National Park. Ọ na-eritekwa uru site na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi site na ịgbatị Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba na site na mbelata nnyonye anya na ugwu ya na ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, akụkụ ndịda ya. Mmiri mbụ nke osimiri ahụ dị kilomita iri abụọ ruo iri atọ enweghị mmetọ n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị nso na obodo kachasị ukwuu na Kenya, Nairobi. E nwere ihe akaebe mgbe ụfọdụ na-egosi na ihe mkpofu na ihe mkpofu na-apụ n'anya, gụnyere plastik. Tupu ọ ghọọ ókèala ndịda nke Nairobi National Park, ọ na-agafe ebe obibi nkịtị a maara dị ka 'Bangladesh'. Ọtụtụ iyi dị mkpa, ọkachasị Mokoyeti na Sosian, nke na-ebili n'ime ọhịa Ngong, na-esi n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba na-agafe osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;Walling, D.E., Probst, Jean-Luc, 1997, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4KJDbNAEzQC ''Human Impact on Erosion and Sedimentation''], IAHS, {{ISBN|978-1901502305}}, page 146.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ókèala ndịda nke [[Nairobi National Park]].&lt;ref&gt;Prins, Herbert H. T., Grootenhuis, Jan Geu, and Dolan, Thomas T., 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YoRKKE2lRf8C&amp;dq ''Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use''], Springer, {{ISBN|0-412-79730-5}}, page 143.&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgwè anụmanụ na-agafe osimiri mgbe ha na-akwaga mba ọzọ. Ọ na-emekwa ókèala ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Nairobi county]] nke na-agafe [[Utawala]], n'etiti [[Kamulu]] na [[Joska]].&lt;ref&gt;Trillo, Richard, 2002, [https://books.google.com/books?id=99x5ea1Gq-cC The Rough Guide to Kenya], Rough Guides, {{ISBN|1-85828-859-2}}, page 158.&lt;/ref&gt; E wuru ọtụtụ obere [[dam]] n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;Hodd, Michael, 2002, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NUyRbGkUzyAC ''East Africa Handbook: The Travel Guide''], Footprint Travel Guides, {{ISBN|1-900949-65-2}}, page 115.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==

{{Reflist}}


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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Nairobi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77543</id>
    <revision>
      <id>674017</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T11:11:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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      <text bytes="5357" sha1="4t28rplnpo3jolflfg6dyc705evy7rs" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Osimiri dị na Nairobi, Kenya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
[[File:Nairobi river pollution.jpg|thumb|300px|Mmetọ dị n'Osimiri Nairobi.]]
&quot;Osimiri Nairobi&quot; bụ osimiri nke na-asọfe [[Nairobi]], isi obodo [[Kenya]]. Ọ bụ isi iyi nke Osimiri Nairobi, ebe ọtụtụ iyi ndị yiri ya na-asọga n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri nile nke dị na mpaghara Nairobi na-esonye n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Nairobi wee zute [[Osimiri Athi-Galana-Sabaki|Osimiri Athi]], nke na-emesịa na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri India]]. Osimiri ndị ahụ dị warara ma eme tọrọ ya rinne,&lt;ref&gt;Ndiritu, G. G., N. N. Gichuki, P. Kaur, and L. Triest. 2003. The Nairobi river is mainly used by local citizens for bathing, washing clothes, and cleaning their homes. Characterization of environmental gradients using physicochemical measurements and diatom densities in Nairobi River, Kenya. Aquatic Ecosystem Health &amp; Management, 6 (3): 343–354.&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na mgbalị ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya iji hichaa osimiri emeela ka mma mmiri dị gbagọrọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/PDFs/ISWMLaunch_NairobiRiverBasin.pdf|title=Nairobi River Basin|url-status=dead|access-date=2015-05-13|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131216/http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/PDFs/ISWMLaunch_NairobiRiverBasin.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Isi iyi ahụ, Osimiri Nairobi, na-agafe etiti obodo dị n'ebe ugwu, ebe ọ bụ akụkụ nke [[nke a na-agbanwe agbanwe]].

== Osimiri ndị na-asọ asọ ==
Osimiri Nairobi sitere na [[Ondiri Wetland|Ondiri Swamp]] dị na [[Kikuyu, Kenya|Kikuyu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Increased human activities threaten source of Nairobi River - Smart Harvest|url=https://www.farmers.co.ke/article/2001293527/increased-human-activities-threaten-source-of-nairobi-river|last=Obura|first=Fredrick|website=www.farmers.co.ke|access-date=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osimiri Nairobi nwere ọtụtụ [[[Mmiri|mmiri ndị na-asọfe mmiri]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;tributaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://askumo.com/a-guide-to-nairobi-rivers-and-streams/ |title=
A Guide to Nairobi's Rivers and Streams |date=27 May 2017 |author=Galimo Askumo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*[[Osimiri Athi-Galana-Sabaki|Osimiri Athi]]
*Osimiri Gatara-ini
*Osimiri Gitathuru
*Osimiri Kiu
*Osimiri Mathari
*[[Osimiri Mbagathi]]
*Osimiri Nairobi
*Osimiri Ngong
*Osimiri RuiRuaka

Osimiri Motoine na-asọba na [[Nairobi Dam]], [[Mmiri (mmiri)|ọdọ mmiri e ji aka rụọ]] nke e zubere iji nye ndị bi na Nairobi mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Iyi ahụ na-aga n'ihu dị ka Osimiri Ngong.

Iyi [[Gatharaini]]&lt;ref&gt;Ndaruga, A. M., G. G. Ndiritu, N. N. Gichuki and W. N. Wamicha.N. 2004. The impact of water quality changes on riverine macroinvertebrate assemblages along a tropical stream, [[Kenya]]. African Journal of Ecology 42: 208–216&lt;/ref&gt; na-amalite n'ala mmiri dị n'ala ala nke [[Ugwu Aberdare|Ugwu Aberdare]] ma na-agafe n'ọtụtụ ebe mmadụ bi. Ọrụ mmadụ na-arụ n'akụkụ mmiri ya na n'ebe mmiri ya na-asọda na-emetụta iyi ahụ. N'akụkụ elu nke Kiambaa na Kanunga, iyi ahụ na-agafe n'ebe apịtị na apịtị dị, tinyere ọrụ ugbo na ebe obibi mmadụ dị ka ụdị ojiji ala bụ isi. N'etiti Kiambu, e nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ kọfị na [[ọrụ ugbo agwakọtara]].

Na ọwụwa anyanwụ Nairobi, ọ na-agafe ụlọ ọrụ Nairobi Sewerage Company dị na Ngundu, [[Kamulu]].

N'akụkụ ala nke Githurai na Zimmerman, a na-ahụ iyi ahụ site n'ịkọ kọfị, ịkọ ugbo dị iche iche, na ụlọ ọrụ dịka Kamiti Tannery Factory. Mmiri iyi dị n'okpuru ala na-acha odo odo ma na-emebi emebi. N'oge gara aga, ọrụ ugbo mmiri [[ihe ubi]] nke [[arrowroot]] na [[kale]] bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ógbè ahụ dum. A ka ga-amalite mbọ iji chekwaa ma chekwaa osimiri a.
 
E metọrọ osimiri Nairobi n'ihi ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ndị ogbenye, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.biosafetynews.com/octnov02/story8.htm |title=Biosafety News, October/November 2002 |access-date=2006-10-13 |archive-date=2006-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023152439/http://www.biosafetynews.com/octnov02/story8.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ndiritu, G. G., N. N. Gichuki and L. Triest. 2006. Distribution of epilithic diatoms in response to environmental conditions in an urban tropical stream, Central Kenya. Biodiversity and conservation 15:3267-3293&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge mmiri ozuzo, osimiri ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri ndị dị ala na-ejupụta n'ime mmiri.

Kenya nwere osimiri nke abụọ a na-akpọ Nairobi nke na-amalite na [[Ugwu Kenya]] ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime osimiri Sagana na [[Osimiri Tana (Kenya)|Tana]], osimiri kachasị ogologo na mba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite map | publisher = Rough Guide | title = Rough Guide Map Kenya | edition = 9| year = 2006
 | cartography = World Mapping Project
 | scale = 1:900,000
 | series = Rough Guide Map
 | isbn = 1-84353-359-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Gathara-ini river.jpg|thumb|Gathara-ini river is in Kasarani constituency; Nairobi county.]]

== Leekwa ==
* [[Nweta Mmiri na ịdị ọcha na Kenya]]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|1|11|59|S|37|09|26|E|region:KE-200_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ogige Ntụrụndụ Kalissaye</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Adimora chidinma</username>
        <id>15845</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362777975|Kalissaye Avifaunal Reserve]]&quot;</comment>
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Kalissaye Avifaunal Reserve ('''KAR''') bụ obere ebe nchekwa okike na Senegal, nke dị n'ọnụ Kalissaye Pond n'etiti Osimiri Casamance.

Dị ka Ogige Ntụrụndụ Basse Casamance 35 kilomita, KAR mechiri ugbu a n'ihi Esemokwu Casamance.&amp;nbsp;

== Flora ==
Na obere agwaetiti ájá mejupụtara ebe nchekwa ahụ, ahịhịa nwere ''Ipomoea pes-caprae'', ''Sporobolus spicatus'', na ''[[Alternanthera maritima]]''.

== Anụmanụ ==


E nwere ihe karịrị 10,000 Caspian terns (''Sterna caspia'') na nchekwa n'oge 1980s, e nwekwara ọtụtụ royal terns (''Thalasseus maximus'') na nnukwu white pelicans (''Pelecanus onocrotalus'').

Ọtụtụ ụdị mbe mmiri nwere ọtụtụ mmadụ, gụnyere loggerheads (''Caretta caretta'') na mbe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ (''Chelonia mydas'').

A na-ahụkwa Dolphin nkịtị (''Delphinus delphis'') na African manatee (''Trichechus senegalensis'') n'ógbè ahụ.

== Mgbanwe ihu igwe ==
Na 2022, Akụkọ Nyocha nke Isii nke IPCC tinyere Kalissaye Avifaunal Reserve na ndepụta ebe ihe nketa eke nke Afrịka nke ga-eyi egwu site na idei mmiri na mbuze mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri na njedebe nke narị afọ a, mana ọ bụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe esochie RCP 8.5, nke bụ ọnọdụ nke nnukwu ma na-abawanye ụba nke ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ nke jikọtara ya na okpomọọkụ nke ihe karịrị 4 °C,[1] ma a naghịzi ewere ya dị ka ihe nwere ike ime.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hausfather|first=Zeke|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hausfather|first=Zeke|title=RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions|journal=PNAS|date=20 October 2020|volume=117|issue=45|pages=27791–27792|doi=10.1073/pnas.2017124117|pmid=33082220}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ndị ọzọ, ihe ndị ọzọ kwere omume na-eme ka okpomọkụ dị ala ma si otú a belata oke osimiri: ma, oke osimiri ga-anọgide na-abawanye ruo ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 n'okpuru ha niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf|title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=August 2021|publisher=IPCC|accessdate=12 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ ahụ na-ejedebe na 1.5 °C, a ka na-atụ anya na ịrị elu nke oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-agafe 2-3 m (7-10  mgbe afọ 2000 gasịrị (na ọkwa okpomọkụ dị elu ga-ahụ mmụba dị ukwuu n'oge ahụ), n'ihi ya gafere 2100 nke oke osimiri n'okpuu RCP 8.5 (~0.75   na nso nke 0.5-1 m (2-3 ) tupu afọ 4000.  

== Hụkwa ==

* [[List of national parks and nature reserves of Senegal|Ndepụta nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba na ebe nchekwa okike nke Senegal]]
* Ebe obibi nke Senegal

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* (n'asụsụ Bekee) Kalissaye Avifaunal Reserve[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6854&amp;m=0 Ogige Ntụrụndụ Kalissaye]
* (n'asụsụ Bekee) World Database on Protected Areas[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013936/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=3217&amp;level=nat Ebe nchekwa data ụwa na mpaghara ndị a na-echebe]
* (n'asụsụ French) [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị]
* (n'asụsụ French) Wetlands International[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000437/http://www.wetlands.org/Africa/fr/getfilefromdb.aspx?ID=f2684d11-176a-46a9-9c5f-7656b3a19198 Ala Mmiri nke Mba Nile]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Barbary</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Adimora chidinma</username>
        <id>15845</id>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311463229|Langue de Barbarie]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Senegal_2006.jpg|thumb|Nnụnụ na-agbakọta n'ụsọ osimiri na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Langue de Barbarie, 2006.]]
[[Faịlụ:LangueBarbarie.jpg|thumb|Mkpọmkpọ ebe n'ogige ntụrụndụ]]
Langue de Barbarie ([[Asụsụ French|French]] maka &quot;Barbary spit of land&quot;, nke akpọrọ aha Barbary Coast) bụ obere ala dị nro, nke nwere [[Aja|ájá]], nke dị n'akụkụ [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], nke dị na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Senegal]], n'ógbè obodo Saint-Louis . &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Jane|author=Deith|title=Senegal fights hunger to save birds|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6500797.stm|work=BBC News online|date=2007-05-05|accessdate=2007-08-08|publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ala ahụ na-ekewa oké osimiri na akụkụ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Senegal.

== Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Ogige Ntụrụndụ Langue de Barbarie (French: Parc National de la Langue de barbarie) dị na nsọtụ ndịda nke ala ahụ. Na-ekpuchi ebe dị hekta 2,000 (4,900 acres), ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị nnụnụ dịgasị iche iche na ụdị mbe atọ, gụnyere mbe mmiri Hawksbill nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2|title=Parcs et réserves|publisher=Environment Ministry, Senegalese Government|date=13 October 2005|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=French|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2|archivedate=2009-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6845&amp;m=0|title=Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie|accessdate=8 August 2007|format=|work=World Bird Database|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ Ebe Ramsar na 2021.

== 2003 mmebi na ọdachi gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Faịlụ:Langue_de_Barbarie_breach_animation.gif|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke mmụba nke oghere ahụ.]]
E bepụrụ mgbawa dị mita anọ (ụkwụ iri na atọ) n'ime peninshula dị nso n'obodo Saint-Louis na ụbọchị atọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2003 iji nyere aka gbochie idei mmiri nwere ike ime. Agbanyeghị, mgbawa ahụ gbasaara ngwa ngwa ruo mita 800 (ụkwụ abụọ, isii) ma kewaa nsọtụ ndịda nke peninshula ahụ kpamkpam site na mba ahụ bụ́ isi, wee mee ka ọ bụrụ agwaetiti nke ọma. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Disemba afọ   oké osimiri ahụ ekwuola na ọ karịrị  (1.9 mi) nke ala ma kpatara mfu nke obodo nta na ebe ezumike ndị njem nleta na mgbakwunye na mgbanwe na osisi na anụmanụ nke ala ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2013/12/11/pres-de-saint-louis-du-senegal-la-mer-engloutit-les-villages_3529136_3244.html|title=Près de Saint-Louis du Sénégal, la mer engloutit les villages|first=Maureen|author=Grisot|work=[[Le Monde]]|language=French|date=11 December 2013|accessdate=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.oncfs.gouv.fr/IMG/file/oiseaux/oiseaux-eau/FS289_triplet.pdf|title=Évolution de quelques espèces d'oiseaux d'eau dans le delta du fleuve Sénégal – Période 1989-2010|first=Patrick|author=Triplet|journal=Faune Sauvage|volume=289|year=2010|pages=6–13|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://cybergeo.revues.org/23017|first=Paul|author=Durand|title=L'impact de l'ouverture de la brèche dans la langue de Barbarie à Saint-Louis du Sénégal en 2003: un changement de nature de l'aléa inondation ?|journal=Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography|language=French|date=27 April 2010|accessdate=8 January 2014|doi=10.4000/cybergeo.23017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule Jenụwarị 2020, oghere ahụ agbasaala ruo kilomita isii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/28/how-the-venice-of-africa-is-losing-its-battle-against-the-rising-ocean|title=How the 'Venice of Africa' is losing its battle against the rising ocean|author=Pronczuk|first=Monika|date=2020-01-28|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2020-01-29|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>qwszecb8312k8e5muqb24rsbla1n0qh</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Tsavo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77546</id>
    <revision>
      <id>674020</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T11:34:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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      <text bytes="1805" sha1="tuc0ygwdqfjdb6r660d4ejgkrod40wm" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Osimiri dị na Kenya}}
[[File:Tsavo national park map en.png|thumb|Osimiri Tsavo na Tsavo National Parks]]
&lt;!-- [[File:View of the Tsavo River in Tsavo West National Park (edited).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Foto nke Osimiri Tsavo dị na [[Tsavo West National Park]]]] --&gt;
'''Osimiri Tsavo''' dị na [[Coast Province]] na [[Kenya]]. Ọ na-aga n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ site na nsọtụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Tsavo West National Park]] nke [[Kenya]], nso ókèala [[Tanzania]], ruo mgbe ọ sonyeere [[Osimiri Athi-Galana-Sabaki|Osimiri Athi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Patterson2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Patterson, Bruce D. |year=2004 |title=The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=0-07-136333-5 |page=29 }}&lt;/ref&gt; na-eme [[Osimiri Galana]] dị nso n'etiti ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ. Osimiri a bụ isi ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị n'akụkụ ala nke mpaghara ogige ahụ dị, ọ bụkwa ebe obibi nke azụ̀ juru ebe niile. Osimiri Tsavo bụ ebe ihe mere n'afọ 1898 [[Tsavo Maneaters]].
{| style=&quot;margin: 0 auto 0 auto; border: none;&quot;
| style=&quot;padding-right: 0.5em;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;padding-left: 0.5em;&quot; | [[File:View of the Tsavo River in Tsavo West National Park (edited).jpg|thumb|center|Foto nke Osimiri Tsavo dị na [[Ogige Mba Tsavo West]]]]
|}

== Leekwa ==
* [[Tsavo Man-Eaters]]
* [[Tsavo]]

== Ntụaka ==
{{reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category|Tsavo River}}

* [http://fish.mongabay.com/data/ecosystems/Sabaki%20River.htm Freshwater Fish Species in Athi-Galana-Sabaki River Drainage System]
* [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Man-Eaters-of-Tsavo.html Man-Eaters of Tsavo] Smithsonian.com


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  <page>
    <title>Langue de Barbarie</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>674021</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T11:38:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adimora chidinma</username>
        <id>15845</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311463229|Langue de Barbarie]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Senegal_2006.jpg|thumb|Nnụnụ na-agbakọta n'ụsọ osimiri na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Langue de Barbarie, 2006.]]
[[Faịlụ:LangueBarbarie.jpg|thumb|Mkpọmkpọ ebe n'ogige ntụrụndụ]]
Langue de Barbarie ([[Asụsụ French|French]] maka &quot;Barbary spit of land&quot;, nke akpọrọ aha Barbary Coast) bụ obere ala dị nro, nke nwere [[Aja|ájá]], nke dị n'akụkụ [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], nke dị na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Senegal]], n'ógbè obodo Saint-Louis . &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Jane|author=Deith|title=Senegal fights hunger to save birds|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6500797.stm|work=BBC News online|date=2007-05-05|accessdate=2007-08-08|publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ala ahụ na-ekewa oké osimiri na akụkụ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Senegal.

== Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba ==
 
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2|title=Parcs et réserves|publisher=Environment Ministry, Senegalese Government|date=13 October 2005|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=French|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2|archivedate=2009-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6845&amp;m=0|title=Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie|accessdate=8 August 2007|format=|work=World Bird Database|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ Ebe Ramsar na 2021.

== 2003 mmebi na ọdachi gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Faịlụ:Langue_de_Barbarie_breach_animation.gif|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke mmụba nke oghere ahụ.]]
E bepụrụ mgbawa dị mita anọ (ụkwụ iri na atọ) n'ime peninshula dị nso n'obodo Saint-Louis na ụbọchị atọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ2003 iji nyere aka gbochie idei mmiri nwere ike ime. Agbanyeghị, mgbawa ahụ gbasaara ngwa ngwa ruo mita 800 (ụkwụ abụọ, isii) ma kewaa nsọtụ ndịda nke peninshula ahụ kpamkpam site na mba ahụ bụ́ isi, wee mee ka ọ bụrụ agwaetiti nke ọma. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Disemba afọ   oké osimiri ahụ ekwuola na ọ karịrị  (1.9 mi) nke ala ma kpatara mfu nke obodo nta na ebe ezumike ndị njem nleta na mgbakwunye na mgbanwe na osisi na anụmanụ nke ala ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2013/12/11/pres-de-saint-louis-du-senegal-la-mer-engloutit-les-villages_3529136_3244.html|title=Près de Saint-Louis du Sénégal, la mer engloutit les villages|first=Maureen|author=Grisot|work=[[Le Monde]]|language=French|date=11 December 2013|accessdate=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.oncfs.gouv.fr/IMG/file/oiseaux/oiseaux-eau/FS289_triplet.pdf|title=Évolution de quelques espèces d'oiseaux d'eau dans le delta du fleuve Sénégal – Période 1989-2010|first=Patrick|author=Triplet|journal=Faune Sauvage|volume=289|year=2010|pages=6–13|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://cybergeo.revues.org/23017|first=Paul|author=Durand|title=L'impact de l'ouverture de la brèche dans la langue de Barbarie à Saint-Louis du Sénégal en 2003: un changement de nature de l'aléa inondation ?|journal=Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography|language=French|date=27 April 2010|accessdate=8 January 2014|doi=10.4000/cybergeo.23017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule Jenụwarị 2020, oghere ahụ agbasaala ruo kilomita isii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/28/how-the-venice-of-africa-is-losing-its-battle-against-the-rising-ocean|title=How the 'Venice of Africa' is losing its battle against the rising ocean|author=Pronczuk|first=Monika|date=2020-01-28|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2020-01-29|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

*  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109200648/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=70 Oge mmeghe na ọnụaịa]
{{National_Parks_of Senegal}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coor|15|55|N|16|30|W|source:frwiki_region:SN}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>674038</id>
      <parentid>674021</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T11:57:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adimora chidinma</username>
        <id>15845</id>
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[[Faịlụ:Senegal_2006.jpg|thumb|Nnụnụ na-agbakọta n'ụsọ osimiri na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Langue de Barbarie, 2006.]]
[[Faịlụ:LangueBarbarie.jpg|thumb|Mkpọmkpọ ebe n'ogige ntụrụndụ]]
Langue de Barbarie ([[Asụsụ French|French]] maka &quot;Barbary spit of land&quot;, nke akpọrọ aha Barbary Coast) bụ obere ala dị nro, nke nwere [[Aja|ájá]], nke dị n'akụkụ [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], nke dị na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Senegal]], n'ógbè obodo Saint-Louis . &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Jane|author=Deith|title=Senegal fights hunger to save birds|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6500797.stm|work=BBC News online|date=2007-05-05|accessdate=2007-08-08|publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ala ahụ na-ekewa oké osimiri na akụkụ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Senegal.

== Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba ==
{{Designation list
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie
| designation1_date = 7 April 2021
| designation1_number = 2467&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2467|access-date=2 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Langue de Barbarie Ogige ntụrụndụ mba ({{langx|fr|Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie}}) dị na nsọtụ ndịda nke peninsula. na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke {{convert|2000|ha}}, Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị nnụnụ dị iche iche na ụdị nduru atọ, gụnyere nke dị oke egwu [[Hawksbill Sea Turtle]]
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2|title=Parcs et réserves|publisher=Environment Ministry, Senegalese Government|date=13 October 2005|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=French|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2|archivedate=2009-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6845&amp;m=0|title=Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie|accessdate=8 August 2007|format=|work=World Bird Database|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ Ebe Ramsar na 2021.

== 2003 mmebi na ọdachi gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Faịlụ:Langue_de_Barbarie_breach_animation.gif|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke mmụba nke oghere ahụ.]]
E bepụrụ mgbawa dị mita anọ (ụkwụ iri na atọ) n'ime peninshula dị nso n'obodo Saint-Louis na ụbọchị atọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ2003 iji nyere aka gbochie idei mmiri nwere ike ime. Agbanyeghị, mgbawa ahụ gbasaara ngwa ngwa ruo mita 800 (ụkwụ abụọ, isii) ma kewaa nsọtụ ndịda nke peninshula ahụ kpamkpam site na mba ahụ bụ́ isi, wee mee ka ọ bụrụ agwaetiti nke ọma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.senegalaisement.com/senegal/langue_de_barbarie_parc_national.php | title = Le parc national de la Langue de Barbarie | publisher = Senegalaisement.com | language = French | date = 29 May 2009 | accessdate = 20 October 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Disemba afọ   oké osimiri ahụ ekwuola na ọ karịrị  (1.9 mi) nke ala ma kpatara mfu nke obodo nta na ebe ezumike ndị njem nleta na mgbakwunye na mgbanwe na osisi na anụmanụ nke ala ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2013/12/11/pres-de-saint-louis-du-senegal-la-mer-engloutit-les-villages_3529136_3244.html|title=Près de Saint-Louis du Sénégal, la mer engloutit les villages|first=Maureen|author=Grisot|work=[[Le Monde]]|language=French|date=11 December 2013|accessdate=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.oncfs.gouv.fr/IMG/file/oiseaux/oiseaux-eau/FS289_triplet.pdf|title=Évolution de quelques espèces d'oiseaux d'eau dans le delta du fleuve Sénégal – Période 1989-2010|first=Patrick|author=Triplet|journal=Faune Sauvage|volume=289|year=2010|pages=6–13|accessdate=8 January 2014|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://cybergeo.revues.org/23017|first=Paul|author=Durand|title=L'impact de l'ouverture de la brèche dans la langue de Barbarie à Saint-Louis du Sénégal en 2003: un changement de nature de l'aléa inondation ?|journal=Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography|language=French|date=27 April 2010|accessdate=8 January 2014|doi=10.4000/cybergeo.23017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule Jenụwarị 2020, oghere ahụ agbasaala ruo kilomita isii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/28/how-the-venice-of-africa-is-losing-its-battle-against-the-rising-ocean|title=How the 'Venice of Africa' is losing its battle against the rising ocean|author=Pronczuk|first=Monika|date=2020-01-28|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2020-01-29|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

*  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109200648/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=70 Oge mmeghe na ọnụaịa]
{{National_Parks_of Senegal}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coor|15|55|N|16|30|W|source:frwiki_region:SN}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tudor Creek</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77548</id>
    <revision>
      <id>674022</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T11:39:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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'''Tudor Creek''' bụ otu n'ime isi mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke kewara [[Agwaetiti Mombasa]] (na obodo [[Mombasa]]) na ala [[Kenya]] (ahụ nke ọzọ bụ [[Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Kilindini]]).

Tupu [[osimiri]] abanye [[Oké Osimiri India]], [[iyi]] na-agafe n'okpuru [[Akwa Nyali]], ma [[Makupa Causeway]] na-agbakọ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.

Isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ nke ghọrọ iyi ahụ dị nso n'obodo [[Mariakani]], ihe dị ka {{convert|20|mi|km}} n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mombasa.

==Njikọ mpụga==
{{commonscat-inline}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Voi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>674026</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T11:45:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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      <text bytes="3448" sha1="l4kxhzhoelcaxiu5zg7urjdkz7coeby" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Osimiri dị na Kenya}}
[[File:The Voi River towards the east and the Aruba Dam in the Tsavo East National Park, Kenya.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Voi dị na Tsavo East National Park]]
'''Osimiri Voi'''&lt;ref&gt;{{GEOnet2|32FA8820171D3774E0440003BA962ED3|Voi (Variant)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]&lt;/ref&gt; ('''Osimiri Goshi'''&lt;ref&gt;{{GEOnet2|32FA8820171E3774E0440003BA962ED3|Goshi (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]&lt;/ref&gt;) bụ osimiri dị na [[Coast Province]], Kenya, East Africa. Ọ malitere n'ugwu Taita ma na-agafe obodo [[Voi]] wee gafere [[Tsavo East National Park]] tupu ọ banye n'oké osimiri na [[Kilifi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Muslim, F.|chapter=Kenya National Report|title=Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports|series=UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)|pages=31&amp;ndash;57, page 52|url=http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view}} [http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/at_download/file download rsrs049.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; Ogologo ya niile dị ihe dịka {{Convert|210|km|mi|0}}. Agbanyeghị, n'oge ọkọchị, naanị kilomita iri asatọ ikpeazụ (dị ala) nwere mmiri na ya.

==Aruba Dam==
[[File:Lake of the Aruba Dam next to the Ashnil Aruba Lodge from the east during the evening in the Tsavo East National Park, Kenya 7.jpg|thumb|Ebe nchekwa mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Aruba]]
E wuru Ọdọ Mmiri Aruba n'afọ 1952 n'ofe Osimiri Voi. Ebe nchekwa mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ mepụtara na-adọta ọtụtụ anụmanụ na nnụnụ mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Caputo, Philip|chapter=Among the Man-Eaters (from ''National Geographic Adventure'')|year=2002|title=The Best American Travel Writing 2001|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston, Massachusetts|pages=47&amp;ndash;74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6Vzo5glJNgC&amp;pg=PA54 page 54]|isbn=0-618-11877-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ayeni |first=J. S. O. |date=July 1977 |title=Some Aspects of Evolution and Management of Waterholes in Tsavo National Park (East), Kenya |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879 |journal=East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=45–69 |doi=10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879 |issn=0012-8325|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ọnụ==
N'ọnụ ọnụ Voi, osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri Goshi. Osimiri Goshi na-asọba n'olu dị warara ebe e nwere [[Àkwà mmiri Kilifi|àkwà mmiri]] dị n'etiti osimiri Shauri Moyo na Kilifi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Weiss |first1=Robert |last2=Bahlburg |first2=Heinrich |year=2006 |title=The Coast of Kenya Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami |journal=Earthquake Spectra |volume=22 |number=S3 |pages=238 |doi=10.1193/1.2201970|bibcode=2006EarSp..22..235W |s2cid=110486072 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236210 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara olu ya dị ka Kilifi Creek ma dị ihe dị ka {{Convert|3|km|mi|2}} ogologo n'etiti osimiri na oké osimiri.

==Ihe ndetu==
{{Commons category|Voi River}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}

{{Coord|03|37|55|S|039|48|51|E|display=title}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Umba (Tanzania)</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-08T11:53:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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      <text bytes="4118" sha1="c79z8z8s6do0balt2t4vkuvcavshxxs" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Osimiri dị na mpaghara Mkinga, mpaghara Tanga nke Tanzania na mpaghara Kwale, Kenya}}

'''Osimiri Umba''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Umba}}) dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Tanzania]] na [[Mpaghara Lushoto, Tanga | Lushoto]] na [[Mpaghara Mkinga, Tanga | Mkinga]] nke [[Mpaghara Tanga]]. Ọ na-arịgo na Schageiuforest (Shagayu) n'Ọdịda Anyanwụ [[Ugwu Usambara]] nke Lushoto n'elu mita 2,000 ma na-asọba n'akụkụ ugwu nke ugwu dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=umba|title=Deutsches Koloniallexikon 1920, SCHNEE, H.(Buchstabe: Umba)|access-date=2011-04-17|archive-date=2021-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925212012/http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Umba|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na [[Lelwa]], ọ na-awụpụ mmiri [[Osimiri Mbalamu]], nke si n'ebe ugwu nke Ugwu Usambara pụta, na [[Osimiri Mglumi]] banye na Umba. Tupu Umba abanye n'ime [[Oké Osimiri India]], ọ gafere ókèala ahụ gaa [[Kenya]]. Ọnụ ahụ n'onwe ya bụ ebe kachasị ọwụwa anyanwụ n'ókè dị n'etiti Tanzania na Kenya, nke e mere n'ahịrị kwụ ọtọ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ na-aga [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] na narị afọ nke 19. N'elu osimiri ahụ n'etiti afọ 1960, a chọtara ọtụtụ nkume dị oké ọnụ ahịa, gụnyere [[Umba sapphires|sapphires]] na [[Almandine|spessartine]], n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. N'akụkụ osimiri ahụ bụkwa [[Umba River Game Reserve]], ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa nke gụnyere [[Mkomazi Game Reserve]], ihe dị ka kilomita 2,600.

==Hydrometry==
A hụla mmiri osimiri ahụ n'ime ihe karịrị afọ iri anọ (1963–2003) na Mbuta, obodo dị ihe dị ka kilomita iri anọ n'elu ọnụ.

Mmiri nkezi kwa ọnwa nke ọdụ mmiri Umba nke Mbuta (na m3) (agbakọ site na iji data ahụ ruo afọ 30, 1954–84)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.worldwatercongress2008.org/resource/authors/abs624_article.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322202450/http://www.worldwatercongress2008.org/resource/authors/abs624_article.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 22, 2012 | title=Unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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==Ntụaka==
{{Reflist}}

== Leekwa ==
* [[Ọdịdị ala nke Tanzania]]
* [[Umba Valley]]
* [[Umba sapphires]]</text>
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