Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1691 674396 515700 2026-07-09T07:14:45Z SafariScribe 18560 Ndezi 674396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nigeria''', nke ogologo aha ya bụ '''Federal Republic of Nigeria''', bụ mba dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ [[West Africa]]. Ndị bi na ya bụ mba gụnyere [[ndị Igbo]], [[ndi Hausa|Hausa]], na [[ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] nakwa ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Obodo a na-akpọ [[Benin|Ripọblik du Benin]] nọ ni aka-ekpe Naijiria. [[Chad]] na [[Kameroon]] nọ kwa n'aka-nri ya. Na elu ya nọ obodo ana-akpọ [[Nije]]. Okpuru ya ruru ebe mmiri a na-akpobu [[Baight nke Biafra]] nke a gbanwere [[Gulf nke Guinea]] di. Ebe ahụ bukwa ebe mmiri ana-akpọ [[Baight nke Biafra]] di tupu a kpowa ya [[Baight nke Bonny]]. Ni [[1991]], ebugara isi obodo ya n' Abuja. Isi obodo ya dibu ni Lagos nke dị ni ndida anyanwu (Westan Naijiria). Abuja buzi isi obodo nọ n'etiti Naijiria.<ref name=CIAFB>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20200831040543/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html CIA - The World Factbook-- Nigeria]. Retrieved 29 Juun 2006.''</ref> <!-- :The following is a direct translation of the text above: '''Nigeria''', officially named the '''Federal Republic of Nigeria''', is a [[country]] in [[West Africa]] and the most populous country in [[Africa]]. Nigeria shares land [[border]]s with the Republic of [[Benin]] in the west, [[Chad]] and [[Cameroon]] in the east, and [[Niger]] in the north. Its coast lies on the [[Gulf of Guinea]] in the south. Since 1991, its [[capital city|capital]] has been the centrally-located city of [[Abuja]]; previously, the [[Nigerian government]] was headquartered in the coastal city [[Lagos]].<ref name=CIAFB>''[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html CIA - The World Factbook-- Nigeria]. Retrieved 29 Juun 2006.''</ref> --> Akụkọ mbido Naijiria hiri nne ma dikwa ogologo. Ihe egwuputara n'ala bụ ihe ne egosi ebe mmadu si, gosiri ne mmadu bidoro biwe nebe a site na-afo mgbe ochie bụ 9000 BC.<ref name=mcintoshandkeech>''McIntosh, Susan Keech, Current directions in west African prehistory. Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews Inc., 1981. 215-258 p.: ill.''</ref>, Ebe Mmiri a na-akpọ [[River Benue-Benue-Cross River]] bụ ebe echere na ndị a na akpọ ndị Bantu bi bu,[[Bantu/Bantu Migrants]]. Ndị a sitekwara ebea wee gbasaa rue n'Etiti Afrika [[central Africa]] nakwa ndida Afrika [[southern Africa]] n'igwe site na [[1 BC|1st millenium BC]] rue [[2|2nd millenium AD]]. <!-- :The following is a direct translation of the text above: The people of Nigeria have an extensive history, and archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BC.<ref name=mcintoshandkeech>''McIntosh, Susan Keech, Current directions in west African prehistory. Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews Inc., 1981. 215-258 p.: ill.''</ref> The [[Benue River|Benue-Cross River]] area is thought to be the original homeland of the [[Bantu|Bantu migrants]] who spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves between the [[1st millennium BC]] and the [[2nd millennium AD]]. --> Nà [[Ọnwaàsatọ 1]] ni afọ ǹkè [[1960]], ndị bèkeè tọhapụ rụalobodoah'a nọchìrì rùouafọ ǹke zuru ọgụ àtọ [[United Kingdom]] wee bia na ala ebe ha bidoro kpowa Naijiria, nyeghachiri ndi Naijiria ala ha. Naijiria ugbua nweziri ngalaba ochichi okpuru obodo di 36, [[36 states]] nakwa Isi Obodo- bu Federal Capital Territory- Abuja. Naijiria nweghachikwara ochichi a na akpo Demokrasi [[Democracy]] n'afo [[1999]], mgbe ndi Soja [[Military]] chigoro afo iri na isii. Site n'afo 1966 rue 1999 ndi soja ala Naijiria bu ndi na achi Naijiri (ma oburu na ewepu ochichi Shehu Shagari, nke na eteghi aka, nke akporo[[second repiblic]] 1979-1983). Ndị Soja a na-eweghara ochichi n'ike. Ha chikwara site na [[coup d'etats/counter-coups]] site n'afo [[1966-1979 na 1983-1998]]. <!-- :The following is a shaky translation of the text above: On [[1 Ọktoba]], [[1960]], Nigeria gained its independence from the [[United Kingdom]], and now consists of 36 [[States of Nigeria|states]] and the federal capital territory. Nigeria re-achieved democracy in 1999 after a sixteen-year interruption; from 1966 until 1999, Nigeria had been ruled (except the short-lived [[Shehu Shagari|second republic]], 1979-1983) by military dictators who seized power in [[coup d'état|coups d'état]] and counter-coups during the [[Nigerian military juntas of 1966-1979 and 1983-1998]]. --> <!-- ==Akuko gbasara Naijiria== ===Cuisine=== Nigerian cuisine, like West African cuisine in general, is known for its richness and variety. Many different [[spice]]s, [[herb]]s and flavourings are used in conjunction with [[palm oil]] or [[groundnut]] oil to create deeply-flavoured sauces and soups often made very hot with [[chilli pepper]]s. Nigerian feasts are colourful and lavish, while aromatic market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in oil are plentiful and varied.<ref>H.O. Anthonio & M. Isoun: "Nigerian Cookbook". Macmillan, Lagos, 1982.</ref> An incomplete list of examples of Nigerian dishes: * [[Amala]] is a thick smooth paste or porridge made from [[yam]] flour. * [[Groundnut Stew]] is perhaps the jewel in the crown of Nigerian cooking, with groundnuts, tomato and onion as the base, it can be infinitely varied with chicken, beef or fish and different leaf vegetables for subtle flavours. * [[Draw soup]] is made from [[okra]] or [[melon]] seeds cooked until they 'thicken.' * [[Eba]], also called [[garri]] is, like amala, a very thick paste, rolled into balls and made from [[cassava]] (manioc). * [[Egusi|Egusi soup]] is thickened with ground melon seeds and contains leaf vegetables, other vegetables, seasonings, and meat. * [[Aloco|Fried plantain or 'dodo']] is a side dish of [[plantain]]s or bananas fried in vegetable oil or palm oil. * [[Fufu]] is a thick and very smooth paste made from yams or [[cocoyam]], but any starchy staple can be used such as [[potato]], cassava, plantains, [[maize]]. * [[Iru]] is fermented [[locust bean]]s used as a condiment in cooking and is typically added to egusi soup and ogbono soup. * [[Jollof rice]] consists of rice, tomatoes and tomato paste, onion, salt, and red pepper and a variety of vegetables and meats, and can constitute a complete banquet on a plate. * [[Moimoi]] is a steamed bean pudding made from a mixture of washed and peeled [[black-eyed bean]]s, onions and fresh black pepper wrapped in a moimoi leaf (like a banana leaf). * [[Ogbono soup]] is made with ground ogbono seeds, with leaf vegetables, other vegetables, seasonings, and meat. * [[Suya]] is a meat kebab coated with [[groundnut]]s (peanuts) and chilli pepper. * [[Sobo (drink)|Sobo]] is a drink made of [[roselle (plant)|roselle]] juice. * [[Efo soup]] is a stew made from leafy vegetables and tastes nice when eaten with fish. It is common among the Yorubas. --> Naijiria (akpọrọ / naɪˈdʒɪrɪə /) bụ Fedral Ripọblik nke Naijiria. Naijiria dị ni West Afrika. Ọ dị n'akụkụ Benin na ọdịda anyanwụ, Niger n'ebe ugwu, Chad na Cameroon n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, na Atlantik Oshọn na ndịda. Abuja bụ isi obodo obodo a. Ọ bụ ezie na Naijiria nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ, a chọpụtala agbụrụ atọ kachasị ma nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ, ndị agbụrụ ndị ọzọ fọdụrụnụ kewara ụzọ abụọ. Ndị a bụ HausaÈya, Igbo na Yoruba. Naijiria nwere ogologo oge, ihe mgbe ochie na-egosikwa na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ malitere ma ọ dịkarịa ala 9000 kJ. [6] A na-eche na mpaghara Benue-Cross River bụ ebe mbụ ndị Bantu bi na-agagharị na mpaghara etiti na ndịda Africa dị ka isi iyi n'etiti narị afọ iri mbụ BCE na puku afọ nke abụọ. Aha Naijiria bụ Osimiri Oya, nke a makwaara dịka Osimiri Niger, nke si na Naịjirịa gafere. Flora Shaw, nwunye ọdịnihu nke onye Britain nke baron Lugard, wepụtara aha ahụ na ngwụsị 19sa. Naijiria bụ mba kacha baa ụba na Uwa ndị oji, nke asatọ kachasị [7] na ụwa, na mba ndị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ụwa. Ọ bụ otu n’ime obodo akpọrọ “Next Ịrị na otu” n’ihi ahia ha, ma bụrụkwa otu n’ime ụmụ amaala. Akụ na ụba Nigeria bụ otu n'ime ụwa na - eto ngwa ngwa na IMF nwere atụmatụ ịrị elu site na 9% maka 2008 na 8.3% maka 2009. [8] [9] [10] [11] Na mbido afọ 2000, imirikiti ndị Naịjirịa bi ihe na-erughi US $ 1.25 (PPP) US $ 12. Nigeria nwere nnukwu azụmaahịa n'Africa, ma sie ike na West Africa. ''Akụkọ Ochie'' Ndị Nok nọ na etiti Naịjirịa emeela ihe ọkpụ ụrọ nke ndị na-amụ banyere ihe mgbe ochie na-asọpụrụ. [13] Nok akpụrụ akpụ na Institute of Arts nke Minneapolis, na-akọwa onye ama ama nke bu “mkpanaka” n’aka nri ya na mkpanaka n’aka ekpe. Nke a bụ akara ngosi nke njikọ nke ndị Fero oge ochie na chi ndị Ijipt, Osiris, nke pụtara na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, okpukpe, na okpukpe nke Egypt oge ochie dị na mpaghara nke oge a Nigeria n'oge ndị Fero. Dị peeji nke 14] N'ebe ugwu, Kano na Katsina nwere akwukwo ederede edere malite na 999 kJ. Ala eze ndị Hausa na usoro ndị eze Kanem-Bornu gbasaa dịka ebe azụmahịa n’etiti North na West Africa. Na mbido narị afọ nke iri na itoolu n’okpuru Usman dan Fodio ndị Fulani ghọrọ ndị ọchịchị nke alaeze Fulani nke dịgidere ruo 1903 mgbe e kewara ha na ndị Europe. N'agbata afọ 1750 na 1900, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị Fulani nọ na-ata ahụhụ n'ihi agha. [15] Ememme ụlọikwuu Main isiokwu: Amusín Nigeria Obodo Benin na narị afọ nke 17 na Oba nke Benin na-aga. E sere foto a n’akwụkwọ European, Traduite du Flamand, n’afọ 1668. [18] Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Portuguese bụ ndị Europe izizi azụmaahịa na Naịjirịa wee wepụta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lagos site na aha Lagos na Algarve. A maara aha ahụ nke ọma dịka azụmahịa azụmahịa nke Europe. Ndị Europe na ụmụ amaala na-azụ ahịa n'akụkụ mmiri ahụ, wee malite ịzụ ahịa na ebe ahụ, na-emebi ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala Nigeria. Mgbe agha Napoleon gachara, ndi Britain choro igbasa ahia rue etiti Nigeria. N’afọ 1885, ndị Britain weghaara ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka ghọrọ ndị mba ụwa nabatara. N'afọ sochirinụ, e nyere ụlọ ọrụ Royal Niger ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'aka Sir George Taubman Goldie. Na 1900, ndị Britain nwe ala ahụ. Na Jenụwarị 1901, Nigeria ghọrọ steeti jikọrọ aka. Nigeria ghọrọ akụkụ nke alaeze Britain dị ike n’oge ahụ. N’afọ 1914, mpaghara ahụ batara dịka Colony na Protectorate nke Naịjirịa. Maka ebumnuche nhazi, e kewara Nigeria na mpaghara ugwu, ndịda na Lagos. Akụnụba ụwa taa na-arị elu na ndịda karịa n'ebe ugwu, nke a na-apụtakwa ìhè na ụwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria taa. Emechara kagbuo ahia ohu na 1936. [19] Mgbe Agha Worldwa nke Abụọ gasịrị maka nzaghachi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Naijiria na-arịwanye elu na ọchịchọ maka nnwere onwe, iwu ọzọ nke Britain mere ka Nigeria bịaruo onye nnọchi anya na gọọmentị gụnyere. N'etiti narị afọ nke 20, mgba maka nnwere onwe gbasara Africa dum. Mgbe nnwere onwe N’abalị mbụ n’ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1960, Naịjirịa nweere onwe ya n’aka Nationstù Mba Nationswa. Obodo ọhụrụ a webatara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị mmadụ chọrọ ka ala nna ha bụrụ nke kachasị ike. Ọchịchị ọhụrụ nke Naijiria bụ njikọta nke ndị otu mgbagha: Nigerian People's Congress, njikọta nke ndị ugwu na ndị Alakụba bụ ndị Ahmadu Bello na Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, onye praịm minista mbụ mgbe nnwere onwe, na onye ndu nke ndị Igbo na okpukpe. Kristi bụ onye isi oche nke National Council of Nigeria na Cameroons (NCNC) nke Nnamdi Azikiwe bụ onye isi, onye ghọrọ gọvanọ mbụ aha ọjọọ na 1960. Iguzogide bụ otu akpọrọ Action Group (AG), bụ ndị Yoruba duziri nke Obafemi Awolowo duziri. [20] Mkpebi e mere na 1961 maka South Cameroon isoro Cameroon mgbe Northern Cameroon nọgidere na Naịjirịa kpatara enweghị nhatanha n'ihi na mpaghara ugwu anyị kariri ndịda. Nigeria kewapụrụ na Britain na 1963 site na iguzobe onwe ya dị ka otu mba, ebe Azikiwe bụ onyeisi oche mbụ ya. Esemokwu dapụtara na Western Region ka emechara ntuli aka nke 1965 mgbe Nigerian National Democratic Party weghaara ọchịchị n’aka AG. Gọọmentị agha mbụ Adịghị nha nhata a na nrụrụ aka nke usoro ntuli aka na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dugara n'usoro ọchịchị ndị agha na 1966. Ihe a mere na Jenụwarị site n'aka ndị ntorobịa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'okpuru Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna na Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. Ọnwụ ọnwụ ahụ egbughị nke ọma - Mịnịsta Ala, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Mpaghara Ugwu nke Nigeria, Sir Ahmadu Bello, na Western Region nke Nigeria, Sir Ladoke Akintola. Otu ọ dị, ndị ahụ na-enupụ isi enweghị ike ịme gọọmentị n'ihi ihe isi ike, ya mere Nwafor Orizu, onye isi oche nke onye isi, manyere iguzobe gọọmentị maka ndị agha Nigeria n'okpuru nduzi nke Navy JTY Aguyi-Ironsi. Ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Lee kwa: Federal Government of Nigeria Iwu E nwere usoro iwu iwu anọ dị iche iche na Nigeria. Iwu Britaen, malitere na Britaen. Iwu zuru oke, mepụtara mgbe colonialism gasịrị. Iwu ọdịnala, nke sitere na omenaala na omume na Naịjirịa niile. Iwu Sharia Nigeria bụ ngalaba ikpe nke thelọikpe Kasị Elu nke Naijiria. Okere mmekọrịta Ọrụ agha Iwu nke ndị agha Federal Republic of Nigeria bụ ichebe Naịjirịa, ịkwalite nchekwa Naịjirịa na ịkwado usoro udo na West Africa. Ndị agha Naijiria gụnyere ndị agha, ndị agha mmiri, na ndị agha ikuku. Ndị agha Naijiria na-etinyekarị aka na ọrụ udo na Afrịka. Ndị agha Naịjirịa dịka onye so na ECOMOG keere oke ọrụ dị ka onye nchekwa udo na Liberia na 1990, Sierra Leone na 1995, Ivory Coast na Sudan. Ala Maapụ Naijiria Naijiria dị ni West Afrịka ni Gulf nke Guinea, yana ngụkọta ala nke 923,768 km2 (356,669 sq mi), na-eme ka ọ bụrụ mba 32nd kachasị n'ụwa karịa Tanzania. Borderkè-ala ya bu Benin dika ihe dịka 773 km, Nije nwere ihe dịka 1497 km, na Tsad banyere 87 km na Kameroon ihe dịka 1690 km; yana oke osimiri ya na 853 km. Ebe kachasị elu na Naijiria bụ Chappal Waddi na 2419 m (7936 ft). Osimiri ndi mmadu no na ya bu Osimiri Oya na Benue nke na-aga Lokoja site na ebe ha si abanye na Atlantik Oshọn site ni Naija Delta. N’otu aka ahụ, Naijiria bụ isi obodo maka agbụrụ dị iche iche. Nnukwu urukurubụba n'ụwa bụ Calabar ni Cross River Staet. Enwe anụ ụlọ na-ebi naanị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Nigeria na Kameroon. Naijiria dị iche iche. Ni Saut, ihu igwe na-abụkarị sentimita 60-80 (1,524 ruo 2,032 mm) kwa afọ. N'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ ingslọ Obudu. Steeti E kewara Naịjirịa na steeti iri isii na isii na otu ’’ Fedral Capital Teritri ’; E kewakwara ndị a na okpuru ọchịchị ime obodo 774. Obodo isii dị na Naijiria nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ otu puku ma ọ bụ karịa: Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, Kaduna, Port Harcourt na Benin. Steeti nke Naịjirịa, e nwere ngụkọta nke steeti 36 na Nigeria na mgbe ahụ, Abuja, isi obodo mpaghara etiti. Steeti: Abuja Anambra Enugwu Akwa Ibom Adamawa Abia Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Osimiri Cross Delta Ebonyi Umeji Ekiti Gombe Ihe omuma Igede-Ekiti Ebonyi Kano Katsina Ebonyi Kogi Kwara Arochukwu Nasarawa Akwukwu Agha Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Osimiri Traụza Taraba Yobe Zamfara Federal Capital Territory: Abuja Okowo Naijiria bụ otu n'ime ahịa na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ihi oke akụ na ụba ya, ego, nkwukọrịta, iwu na njem na nke abụọ kachasị oke mgbanwe na Naijiria. Naijiria na 2007 bu 37th n’uwa n’uwa tinye na ntinye ego. Dika ngalaba Ịkọnọmik Intelligens Unit ni World Bank siri kwuo, akuko mkpuru ego ndi Naijiria n’otu n’uba abiala site na $ 170.7 kwa na 2005 rue $ 292.6 na 2007. Onu ogugu n’uzo n’aho otu onye si na $ 692 puta na 2006 ruru $ 1,754 kwa onye na 2007. [21] N’oge nrịba mmanụ nke afọ ndị 1970, Naịjirịa chịkọbara nnukwu ụgwọ iji kwado mgbake akụ na ụba, mana ka ọnụ ahịa mmanụ dara na 1980s, ọ na-esiri Naijiria ike ịkwụghachi ụgwọ ya, na-ebute nsogbu ụgwọ. mgbazinye ego. Ka ha na gọọmentị Naịjirịa kwurịtara okwu, n'ọnwa Ọktọba 2005 Naịjirịa na ndị Paris Club kwekọrịtara na Naịjirịa nwere ike ịkwụghachi ụgwọ ya na mbelata 60%. Naịjirịa jiri uru sitere na mmanụ ala kwụọ 40% fọdụrụnụ, na-ahapụ otu ijeri $ 1.15 kwa afọ iji nọrọ nso. Nigeria ghọrọ mba Africa mbụ kwụrụ ụgwọ ya ($ 30,000) na Paris Club na Eprel 2006. Akụ na ụba Nigeria bụ mba 8th nke kacha emepụta mmanụ, na nke iri kachasị nwee mmanụ. Nigeria bụ onye otu OPEC. Mmanụ ala na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu na akụnụba Naijiria na-aza 40% nke Gross Domestic Product (GIO) na 80% nke mmefu gọọmentị. Naịjirịa bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ụwa niile, yana ụlọ ọrụ telecom dịka MTN, Etisalat, Zain na Globacom nwere ụlọ ọrụ kachasị ukwuu na kachasị na Nigeria. [22] Naịjirịa nwere ngalaba ego mepụtara nke ọma, ya na ngwakọta ụlọ akụ na nke mba ofesi, ụlọ ọrụ ala na ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ala, ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ahịa, ụlọ ọrụ nha na ụlọ akụ. Naịjirịa nwekwara ọtụtụ mineral ndị anaghị ekpocha ọkụ dịka gas, kol, bauxite, tantalite, ọla edo, poselin, iron ore, limestone, niobiomu, juice, and zinc [24]. Ọ bụ ezie na akụnụba ụlọ a hiri nne, ọ nweghị ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ̀ iji wepụta ha. Ọrụ ugbo bụ isi iyi nke mgbanwe mba ofesi maka Nigeria [25]. N’otu oge, Naịjirịa bụ mba kacha wee buru ọka, ahịhịa na mmanụ nkwụ na onye na-ebubata aki oyibo, oroma, ọka, ọka, sorghum, tubers na okpete. Ihe ruru pacenti iri isii n’ime ndị Naịjirịa na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, ma nwe ala dị ole na ole mana ọ nweghị. Naịjirịa nwere ụlọ ọrụ akwa na akwa akwa na Kano, Abeokuta, Onitsha na Lagos. Companieslọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala dịka Peugeot si France na Bedford si Britain nke bụzị akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala America, General Motors, t-shirt dị egwu, plastik na nri mkpọ. Omuma mmadu Ọnụ ọgụgụ Nigeria bụ or Mba Afrika kacha nwee onu ogugu n'agbanyeghi na amaghi onu ogugu. Nationstù [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] kwuru na n’afọ 2009 ndị bi na ya bụ 154,729,000, nke 51.7% lụrụ di na nwunye ma 48.3% biri n'obodo mepere emepe na mmadụ nde 167.5 nọ na mpaghara kilomita abụọ. Naịjirịa bụ mba asatọ ji ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ kacha elu n’ụwa niile. Atụmatụ na 2006 kwuru na ọnụọgụ ndị mmadụ 0-14 bụ 42.3%, na n'etiti afọ 15-65 bụ 54.6%. Onu ogugu omumu di elu karie onu ogugu ndi mmadu, na 40.4 na 16.9 na 1,000 mmadu obula. Nigeria nwere ihe dika agbụrụ 250 nwere asụsụ na ọdịbendị dịgasị iche. Ndi agbụrụ kacha ibu bụ Hausa / Fulani, Yoruba na Igbo nwere 68% nke ngụkọta ebe Edo, Ijaw, Kanuri, Ibibio, Ebira, Nupe na Tiv nwere 27% ebe ndị fọdụrụnụ bụ 7%. A maara na etiti Nigeria nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dịka Pyem, Goemai na Kofyar. More about this source textSource text required for additional translation information Send feedback Side panels History Saved Contribute == Edensibia == {{reflist|2}} == Link pụrụ ezi == * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Occasionally_acceptable_links 2. Web directories: When deemed appropriate by those contributing to an article on Wikipedia, a link to one web directory listing can be added, with preference to open directories (if two are comparable and only one is open). ; Government * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041127020926/http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/ Nigerian Government website] ; 1999 Constitution * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160525192058/http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria - 1999] ; Consulates and embassies * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701002255/http://www.nigeriaconsulatenewyork.com/ Nigerian consulate in New York] {{Countries of Africa}} {{Member states of the African Union}} {{D8 nations}} {{G15}} {{OPEC}} {{OIC}} {{Community of Sahel-Saharan States}} {{Niger-Congo-speaking}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} [[Òtù:Ala no n'ime Afrịka]] [[Òtù:Naigeria| 1]] 68qmvopnvkiw82jnx4uccp3ri01y137 674399 674396 2026-07-09T07:16:19Z SafariScribe 18560 /* Link pụrụ ezi */ Ndezi 674399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nigeria''', nke ogologo aha ya bụ '''Federal Republic of Nigeria''', bụ mba dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ [[West Africa]]. Ndị bi na ya bụ mba gụnyere [[ndị Igbo]], [[ndi Hausa|Hausa]], na [[ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] nakwa ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Obodo a na-akpọ [[Benin|Ripọblik du Benin]] nọ ni aka-ekpe Naijiria. [[Chad]] na [[Kameroon]] nọ kwa n'aka-nri ya. Na elu ya nọ obodo ana-akpọ [[Nije]]. Okpuru ya ruru ebe mmiri a na-akpobu [[Baight nke Biafra]] nke a gbanwere [[Gulf nke Guinea]] di. Ebe ahụ bukwa ebe mmiri ana-akpọ [[Baight nke Biafra]] di tupu a kpowa ya [[Baight nke Bonny]]. Ni [[1991]], ebugara isi obodo ya n' Abuja. Isi obodo ya dibu ni Lagos nke dị ni ndida anyanwu (Westan Naijiria). Abuja buzi isi obodo nọ n'etiti Naijiria.<ref name=CIAFB>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20200831040543/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html CIA - The World Factbook-- Nigeria]. Retrieved 29 Juun 2006.''</ref> <!-- :The following is a direct translation of the text above: '''Nigeria''', officially named the '''Federal Republic of Nigeria''', is a [[country]] in [[West Africa]] and the most populous country in [[Africa]]. Nigeria shares land [[border]]s with the Republic of [[Benin]] in the west, [[Chad]] and [[Cameroon]] in the east, and [[Niger]] in the north. Its coast lies on the [[Gulf of Guinea]] in the south. Since 1991, its [[capital city|capital]] has been the centrally-located city of [[Abuja]]; previously, the [[Nigerian government]] was headquartered in the coastal city [[Lagos]].<ref name=CIAFB>''[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html CIA - The World Factbook-- Nigeria]. Retrieved 29 Juun 2006.''</ref> --> Akụkọ mbido Naijiria hiri nne ma dikwa ogologo. Ihe egwuputara n'ala bụ ihe ne egosi ebe mmadu si, gosiri ne mmadu bidoro biwe nebe a site na-afo mgbe ochie bụ 9000 BC.<ref name=mcintoshandkeech>''McIntosh, Susan Keech, Current directions in west African prehistory. Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews Inc., 1981. 215-258 p.: ill.''</ref>, Ebe Mmiri a na-akpọ [[River Benue-Benue-Cross River]] bụ ebe echere na ndị a na akpọ ndị Bantu bi bu,[[Bantu/Bantu Migrants]]. Ndị a sitekwara ebea wee gbasaa rue n'Etiti Afrika [[central Africa]] nakwa ndida Afrika [[southern Africa]] n'igwe site na [[1 BC|1st millenium BC]] rue [[2|2nd millenium AD]]. <!-- :The following is a direct translation of the text above: The people of Nigeria have an extensive history, and archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BC.<ref name=mcintoshandkeech>''McIntosh, Susan Keech, Current directions in west African prehistory. Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews Inc., 1981. 215-258 p.: ill.''</ref> The [[Benue River|Benue-Cross River]] area is thought to be the original homeland of the [[Bantu|Bantu migrants]] who spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves between the [[1st millennium BC]] and the [[2nd millennium AD]]. --> Nà [[Ọnwaàsatọ 1]] ni afọ ǹkè [[1960]], ndị bèkeè tọhapụ rụalobodoah'a nọchìrì rùouafọ ǹke zuru ọgụ àtọ [[United Kingdom]] wee bia na ala ebe ha bidoro kpowa Naijiria, nyeghachiri ndi Naijiria ala ha. Naijiria ugbua nweziri ngalaba ochichi okpuru obodo di 36, [[36 states]] nakwa Isi Obodo- bu Federal Capital Territory- Abuja. Naijiria nweghachikwara ochichi a na akpo Demokrasi [[Democracy]] n'afo [[1999]], mgbe ndi Soja [[Military]] chigoro afo iri na isii. Site n'afo 1966 rue 1999 ndi soja ala Naijiria bu ndi na achi Naijiri (ma oburu na ewepu ochichi Shehu Shagari, nke na eteghi aka, nke akporo[[second repiblic]] 1979-1983). Ndị Soja a na-eweghara ochichi n'ike. Ha chikwara site na [[coup d'etats/counter-coups]] site n'afo [[1966-1979 na 1983-1998]]. <!-- :The following is a shaky translation of the text above: On [[1 Ọktoba]], [[1960]], Nigeria gained its independence from the [[United Kingdom]], and now consists of 36 [[States of Nigeria|states]] and the federal capital territory. Nigeria re-achieved democracy in 1999 after a sixteen-year interruption; from 1966 until 1999, Nigeria had been ruled (except the short-lived [[Shehu Shagari|second republic]], 1979-1983) by military dictators who seized power in [[coup d'état|coups d'état]] and counter-coups during the [[Nigerian military juntas of 1966-1979 and 1983-1998]]. --> <!-- ==Akuko gbasara Naijiria== ===Cuisine=== Nigerian cuisine, like West African cuisine in general, is known for its richness and variety. Many different [[spice]]s, [[herb]]s and flavourings are used in conjunction with [[palm oil]] or [[groundnut]] oil to create deeply-flavoured sauces and soups often made very hot with [[chilli pepper]]s. Nigerian feasts are colourful and lavish, while aromatic market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in oil are plentiful and varied.<ref>H.O. Anthonio & M. Isoun: "Nigerian Cookbook". Macmillan, Lagos, 1982.</ref> An incomplete list of examples of Nigerian dishes: * [[Amala]] is a thick smooth paste or porridge made from [[yam]] flour. * [[Groundnut Stew]] is perhaps the jewel in the crown of Nigerian cooking, with groundnuts, tomato and onion as the base, it can be infinitely varied with chicken, beef or fish and different leaf vegetables for subtle flavours. * [[Draw soup]] is made from [[okra]] or [[melon]] seeds cooked until they 'thicken.' * [[Eba]], also called [[garri]] is, like amala, a very thick paste, rolled into balls and made from [[cassava]] (manioc). * [[Egusi|Egusi soup]] is thickened with ground melon seeds and contains leaf vegetables, other vegetables, seasonings, and meat. * [[Aloco|Fried plantain or 'dodo']] is a side dish of [[plantain]]s or bananas fried in vegetable oil or palm oil. * [[Fufu]] is a thick and very smooth paste made from yams or [[cocoyam]], but any starchy staple can be used such as [[potato]], cassava, plantains, [[maize]]. * [[Iru]] is fermented [[locust bean]]s used as a condiment in cooking and is typically added to egusi soup and ogbono soup. * [[Jollof rice]] consists of rice, tomatoes and tomato paste, onion, salt, and red pepper and a variety of vegetables and meats, and can constitute a complete banquet on a plate. * [[Moimoi]] is a steamed bean pudding made from a mixture of washed and peeled [[black-eyed bean]]s, onions and fresh black pepper wrapped in a moimoi leaf (like a banana leaf). * [[Ogbono soup]] is made with ground ogbono seeds, with leaf vegetables, other vegetables, seasonings, and meat. * [[Suya]] is a meat kebab coated with [[groundnut]]s (peanuts) and chilli pepper. * [[Sobo (drink)|Sobo]] is a drink made of [[roselle (plant)|roselle]] juice. * [[Efo soup]] is a stew made from leafy vegetables and tastes nice when eaten with fish. It is common among the Yorubas. --> Naijiria (akpọrọ / naɪˈdʒɪrɪə /) bụ Fedral Ripọblik nke Naijiria. Naijiria dị ni West Afrika. Ọ dị n'akụkụ Benin na ọdịda anyanwụ, Niger n'ebe ugwu, Chad na Cameroon n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, na Atlantik Oshọn na ndịda. Abuja bụ isi obodo obodo a. Ọ bụ ezie na Naijiria nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ, a chọpụtala agbụrụ atọ kachasị ma nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ, ndị agbụrụ ndị ọzọ fọdụrụnụ kewara ụzọ abụọ. Ndị a bụ HausaÈya, Igbo na Yoruba. Naijiria nwere ogologo oge, ihe mgbe ochie na-egosikwa na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ malitere ma ọ dịkarịa ala 9000 kJ. [6] A na-eche na mpaghara Benue-Cross River bụ ebe mbụ ndị Bantu bi na-agagharị na mpaghara etiti na ndịda Africa dị ka isi iyi n'etiti narị afọ iri mbụ BCE na puku afọ nke abụọ. Aha Naijiria bụ Osimiri Oya, nke a makwaara dịka Osimiri Niger, nke si na Naịjirịa gafere. Flora Shaw, nwunye ọdịnihu nke onye Britain nke baron Lugard, wepụtara aha ahụ na ngwụsị 19sa. Naijiria bụ mba kacha baa ụba na Uwa ndị oji, nke asatọ kachasị [7] na ụwa, na mba ndị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ụwa. Ọ bụ otu n’ime obodo akpọrọ “Next Ịrị na otu” n’ihi ahia ha, ma bụrụkwa otu n’ime ụmụ amaala. Akụ na ụba Nigeria bụ otu n'ime ụwa na - eto ngwa ngwa na IMF nwere atụmatụ ịrị elu site na 9% maka 2008 na 8.3% maka 2009. [8] [9] [10] [11] Na mbido afọ 2000, imirikiti ndị Naịjirịa bi ihe na-erughi US $ 1.25 (PPP) US $ 12. Nigeria nwere nnukwu azụmaahịa n'Africa, ma sie ike na West Africa. ''Akụkọ Ochie'' Ndị Nok nọ na etiti Naịjirịa emeela ihe ọkpụ ụrọ nke ndị na-amụ banyere ihe mgbe ochie na-asọpụrụ. [13] Nok akpụrụ akpụ na Institute of Arts nke Minneapolis, na-akọwa onye ama ama nke bu “mkpanaka” n’aka nri ya na mkpanaka n’aka ekpe. Nke a bụ akara ngosi nke njikọ nke ndị Fero oge ochie na chi ndị Ijipt, Osiris, nke pụtara na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, okpukpe, na okpukpe nke Egypt oge ochie dị na mpaghara nke oge a Nigeria n'oge ndị Fero. Dị peeji nke 14] N'ebe ugwu, Kano na Katsina nwere akwukwo ederede edere malite na 999 kJ. Ala eze ndị Hausa na usoro ndị eze Kanem-Bornu gbasaa dịka ebe azụmahịa n’etiti North na West Africa. Na mbido narị afọ nke iri na itoolu n’okpuru Usman dan Fodio ndị Fulani ghọrọ ndị ọchịchị nke alaeze Fulani nke dịgidere ruo 1903 mgbe e kewara ha na ndị Europe. N'agbata afọ 1750 na 1900, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị Fulani nọ na-ata ahụhụ n'ihi agha. [15] Ememme ụlọikwuu Main isiokwu: Amusín Nigeria Obodo Benin na narị afọ nke 17 na Oba nke Benin na-aga. E sere foto a n’akwụkwọ European, Traduite du Flamand, n’afọ 1668. [18] Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Portuguese bụ ndị Europe izizi azụmaahịa na Naịjirịa wee wepụta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lagos site na aha Lagos na Algarve. A maara aha ahụ nke ọma dịka azụmahịa azụmahịa nke Europe. Ndị Europe na ụmụ amaala na-azụ ahịa n'akụkụ mmiri ahụ, wee malite ịzụ ahịa na ebe ahụ, na-emebi ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala Nigeria. Mgbe agha Napoleon gachara, ndi Britain choro igbasa ahia rue etiti Nigeria. N’afọ 1885, ndị Britain weghaara ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka ghọrọ ndị mba ụwa nabatara. N'afọ sochirinụ, e nyere ụlọ ọrụ Royal Niger ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'aka Sir George Taubman Goldie. Na 1900, ndị Britain nwe ala ahụ. Na Jenụwarị 1901, Nigeria ghọrọ steeti jikọrọ aka. Nigeria ghọrọ akụkụ nke alaeze Britain dị ike n’oge ahụ. N’afọ 1914, mpaghara ahụ batara dịka Colony na Protectorate nke Naịjirịa. Maka ebumnuche nhazi, e kewara Nigeria na mpaghara ugwu, ndịda na Lagos. Akụnụba ụwa taa na-arị elu na ndịda karịa n'ebe ugwu, nke a na-apụtakwa ìhè na ụwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria taa. Emechara kagbuo ahia ohu na 1936. [19] Mgbe Agha Worldwa nke Abụọ gasịrị maka nzaghachi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Naijiria na-arịwanye elu na ọchịchọ maka nnwere onwe, iwu ọzọ nke Britain mere ka Nigeria bịaruo onye nnọchi anya na gọọmentị gụnyere. N'etiti narị afọ nke 20, mgba maka nnwere onwe gbasara Africa dum. Mgbe nnwere onwe N’abalị mbụ n’ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1960, Naịjirịa nweere onwe ya n’aka Nationstù Mba Nationswa. Obodo ọhụrụ a webatara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị mmadụ chọrọ ka ala nna ha bụrụ nke kachasị ike. Ọchịchị ọhụrụ nke Naijiria bụ njikọta nke ndị otu mgbagha: Nigerian People's Congress, njikọta nke ndị ugwu na ndị Alakụba bụ ndị Ahmadu Bello na Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, onye praịm minista mbụ mgbe nnwere onwe, na onye ndu nke ndị Igbo na okpukpe. Kristi bụ onye isi oche nke National Council of Nigeria na Cameroons (NCNC) nke Nnamdi Azikiwe bụ onye isi, onye ghọrọ gọvanọ mbụ aha ọjọọ na 1960. Iguzogide bụ otu akpọrọ Action Group (AG), bụ ndị Yoruba duziri nke Obafemi Awolowo duziri. [20] Mkpebi e mere na 1961 maka South Cameroon isoro Cameroon mgbe Northern Cameroon nọgidere na Naịjirịa kpatara enweghị nhatanha n'ihi na mpaghara ugwu anyị kariri ndịda. Nigeria kewapụrụ na Britain na 1963 site na iguzobe onwe ya dị ka otu mba, ebe Azikiwe bụ onyeisi oche mbụ ya. Esemokwu dapụtara na Western Region ka emechara ntuli aka nke 1965 mgbe Nigerian National Democratic Party weghaara ọchịchị n’aka AG. Gọọmentị agha mbụ Adịghị nha nhata a na nrụrụ aka nke usoro ntuli aka na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dugara n'usoro ọchịchị ndị agha na 1966. Ihe a mere na Jenụwarị site n'aka ndị ntorobịa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'okpuru Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna na Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. Ọnwụ ọnwụ ahụ egbughị nke ọma - Mịnịsta Ala, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Mpaghara Ugwu nke Nigeria, Sir Ahmadu Bello, na Western Region nke Nigeria, Sir Ladoke Akintola. Otu ọ dị, ndị ahụ na-enupụ isi enweghị ike ịme gọọmentị n'ihi ihe isi ike, ya mere Nwafor Orizu, onye isi oche nke onye isi, manyere iguzobe gọọmentị maka ndị agha Nigeria n'okpuru nduzi nke Navy JTY Aguyi-Ironsi. Ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Lee kwa: Federal Government of Nigeria Iwu E nwere usoro iwu iwu anọ dị iche iche na Nigeria. Iwu Britaen, malitere na Britaen. Iwu zuru oke, mepụtara mgbe colonialism gasịrị. Iwu ọdịnala, nke sitere na omenaala na omume na Naịjirịa niile. Iwu Sharia Nigeria bụ ngalaba ikpe nke thelọikpe Kasị Elu nke Naijiria. Okere mmekọrịta Ọrụ agha Iwu nke ndị agha Federal Republic of Nigeria bụ ichebe Naịjirịa, ịkwalite nchekwa Naịjirịa na ịkwado usoro udo na West Africa. Ndị agha Naijiria gụnyere ndị agha, ndị agha mmiri, na ndị agha ikuku. Ndị agha Naijiria na-etinyekarị aka na ọrụ udo na Afrịka. Ndị agha Naịjirịa dịka onye so na ECOMOG keere oke ọrụ dị ka onye nchekwa udo na Liberia na 1990, Sierra Leone na 1995, Ivory Coast na Sudan. Ala Maapụ Naijiria Naijiria dị ni West Afrịka ni Gulf nke Guinea, yana ngụkọta ala nke 923,768 km2 (356,669 sq mi), na-eme ka ọ bụrụ mba 32nd kachasị n'ụwa karịa Tanzania. Borderkè-ala ya bu Benin dika ihe dịka 773 km, Nije nwere ihe dịka 1497 km, na Tsad banyere 87 km na Kameroon ihe dịka 1690 km; yana oke osimiri ya na 853 km. Ebe kachasị elu na Naijiria bụ Chappal Waddi na 2419 m (7936 ft). Osimiri ndi mmadu no na ya bu Osimiri Oya na Benue nke na-aga Lokoja site na ebe ha si abanye na Atlantik Oshọn site ni Naija Delta. N’otu aka ahụ, Naijiria bụ isi obodo maka agbụrụ dị iche iche. Nnukwu urukurubụba n'ụwa bụ Calabar ni Cross River Staet. Enwe anụ ụlọ na-ebi naanị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Nigeria na Kameroon. Naijiria dị iche iche. Ni Saut, ihu igwe na-abụkarị sentimita 60-80 (1,524 ruo 2,032 mm) kwa afọ. N'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ ingslọ Obudu. Steeti E kewara Naịjirịa na steeti iri isii na isii na otu ’’ Fedral Capital Teritri ’; E kewakwara ndị a na okpuru ọchịchị ime obodo 774. Obodo isii dị na Naijiria nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ otu puku ma ọ bụ karịa: Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, Kaduna, Port Harcourt na Benin. Steeti nke Naịjirịa, e nwere ngụkọta nke steeti 36 na Nigeria na mgbe ahụ, Abuja, isi obodo mpaghara etiti. Steeti: Abuja Anambra Enugwu Akwa Ibom Adamawa Abia Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Osimiri Cross Delta Ebonyi Umeji Ekiti Gombe Ihe omuma Igede-Ekiti Ebonyi Kano Katsina Ebonyi Kogi Kwara Arochukwu Nasarawa Akwukwu Agha Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Osimiri Traụza Taraba Yobe Zamfara Federal Capital Territory: Abuja Okowo Naijiria bụ otu n'ime ahịa na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ihi oke akụ na ụba ya, ego, nkwukọrịta, iwu na njem na nke abụọ kachasị oke mgbanwe na Naijiria. Naijiria na 2007 bu 37th n’uwa n’uwa tinye na ntinye ego. Dika ngalaba Ịkọnọmik Intelligens Unit ni World Bank siri kwuo, akuko mkpuru ego ndi Naijiria n’otu n’uba abiala site na $ 170.7 kwa na 2005 rue $ 292.6 na 2007. Onu ogugu n’uzo n’aho otu onye si na $ 692 puta na 2006 ruru $ 1,754 kwa onye na 2007. [21] N’oge nrịba mmanụ nke afọ ndị 1970, Naịjirịa chịkọbara nnukwu ụgwọ iji kwado mgbake akụ na ụba, mana ka ọnụ ahịa mmanụ dara na 1980s, ọ na-esiri Naijiria ike ịkwụghachi ụgwọ ya, na-ebute nsogbu ụgwọ. mgbazinye ego. Ka ha na gọọmentị Naịjirịa kwurịtara okwu, n'ọnwa Ọktọba 2005 Naịjirịa na ndị Paris Club kwekọrịtara na Naịjirịa nwere ike ịkwụghachi ụgwọ ya na mbelata 60%. Naịjirịa jiri uru sitere na mmanụ ala kwụọ 40% fọdụrụnụ, na-ahapụ otu ijeri $ 1.15 kwa afọ iji nọrọ nso. Nigeria ghọrọ mba Africa mbụ kwụrụ ụgwọ ya ($ 30,000) na Paris Club na Eprel 2006. Akụ na ụba Nigeria bụ mba 8th nke kacha emepụta mmanụ, na nke iri kachasị nwee mmanụ. Nigeria bụ onye otu OPEC. Mmanụ ala na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu na akụnụba Naijiria na-aza 40% nke Gross Domestic Product (GIO) na 80% nke mmefu gọọmentị. Naịjirịa bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ụwa niile, yana ụlọ ọrụ telecom dịka MTN, Etisalat, Zain na Globacom nwere ụlọ ọrụ kachasị ukwuu na kachasị na Nigeria. [22] Naịjirịa nwere ngalaba ego mepụtara nke ọma, ya na ngwakọta ụlọ akụ na nke mba ofesi, ụlọ ọrụ ala na ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ala, ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ahịa, ụlọ ọrụ nha na ụlọ akụ. Naịjirịa nwekwara ọtụtụ mineral ndị anaghị ekpocha ọkụ dịka gas, kol, bauxite, tantalite, ọla edo, poselin, iron ore, limestone, niobiomu, juice, and zinc [24]. Ọ bụ ezie na akụnụba ụlọ a hiri nne, ọ nweghị ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ̀ iji wepụta ha. Ọrụ ugbo bụ isi iyi nke mgbanwe mba ofesi maka Nigeria [25]. N’otu oge, Naịjirịa bụ mba kacha wee buru ọka, ahịhịa na mmanụ nkwụ na onye na-ebubata aki oyibo, oroma, ọka, ọka, sorghum, tubers na okpete. Ihe ruru pacenti iri isii n’ime ndị Naịjirịa na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, ma nwe ala dị ole na ole mana ọ nweghị. Naịjirịa nwere ụlọ ọrụ akwa na akwa akwa na Kano, Abeokuta, Onitsha na Lagos. Companieslọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala dịka Peugeot si France na Bedford si Britain nke bụzị akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala America, General Motors, t-shirt dị egwu, plastik na nri mkpọ. Omuma mmadu Ọnụ ọgụgụ Nigeria bụ or Mba Afrika kacha nwee onu ogugu n'agbanyeghi na amaghi onu ogugu. Nationstù [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] kwuru na n’afọ 2009 ndị bi na ya bụ 154,729,000, nke 51.7% lụrụ di na nwunye ma 48.3% biri n'obodo mepere emepe na mmadụ nde 167.5 nọ na mpaghara kilomita abụọ. Naịjirịa bụ mba asatọ ji ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ kacha elu n’ụwa niile. Atụmatụ na 2006 kwuru na ọnụọgụ ndị mmadụ 0-14 bụ 42.3%, na n'etiti afọ 15-65 bụ 54.6%. Onu ogugu omumu di elu karie onu ogugu ndi mmadu, na 40.4 na 16.9 na 1,000 mmadu obula. Nigeria nwere ihe dika agbụrụ 250 nwere asụsụ na ọdịbendị dịgasị iche. Ndi agbụrụ kacha ibu bụ Hausa / Fulani, Yoruba na Igbo nwere 68% nke ngụkọta ebe Edo, Ijaw, Kanuri, Ibibio, Ebira, Nupe na Tiv nwere 27% ebe ndị fọdụrụnụ bụ 7%. A maara na etiti Nigeria nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dịka Pyem, Goemai na Kofyar. More about this source textSource text required for additional translation information Send feedback Side panels History Saved Contribute == Edensibia == {{reflist|2}} == Link pụrụ ezi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041127020926/http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/ Nigerian Government website] {{Countries of Africa}} [[Òtù:Ala no n'ime Afrịka]] [[Òtù:Naigeria| 1]] 0emi8penlsazkfrs8x51z8q9mfn172c 0 2300 674379 89478 2026-07-09T07:01:40Z SafariScribe 18560 SafariScribe moved page [[Obodo Békè]] to [[Europe]]: Enweghị na Igbo Lexicon ebe ana akpọ Europe ala bekee 89478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Obodo [[Békè']]''' bu he ndi Igbo kpowa ala ukwu ndi ocha ana-kpo '''Europe'''. O soto [[Asia]] na [[Afrịka]] n'imerime madu bi la ya. ==Lee nke ozo== * [[Afrịka]] * [[Amerika]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[Asia]] * [[Ostraliya]] === Ala no na obodo bekee === :* [[Finland]] :* [[Jémanị]] :* [[Mpaghara Russia]] :* [[Norway]] :* [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú]] :* [[Poland]] :* [[Yukrain]] {{ÉdéNtạ}} [[Òtù:Obodo Békè| ]] e2g0ltoxt453x1z7thzta8zvqndpcbj 0 2314 674365 577838 2026-07-09T06:46:26Z SafariScribe 18560 SafariScribe moved page [[Anambra Steeti]] to [[Anambra]] 577838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anambra''' bụ steeti Naijiria, nke dị na mpaghara ọdịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ.<ref name="Britanica1">{{Cite web|title=Anambra {{!}} state, Nigeria {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anambra|accessdate=2022-03-12|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> E guzobere steeti ahụ na August 27, 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-07|title=Anambra State|url=https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/anambra-state/|accessdate=2022-05-16|work=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706130549/https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/anambra-state/}}</ref> Steeti Anambra nwere ókèala [[Ȯra Delta|Delta Steeti]] n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|steeti Imo]] n'ebe ndịda, steeti Enugu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na steeti [[Ȯra Kogi|Kogi]] n'ebe ugwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anambra State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Anambra/|accessdate=2022-05-20|work=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> Dị ka akụkọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ 2022 si kwuo, e nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ itoolu bi na steeti ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nigeria.opendataforafrica.org/xspplpb/nigeria-census|title=Nigeria Census - Nigeria Data Portal}}</ref> E guzobere aha steeti ahụ na 1976 site na steeti East Central, a na-akpọ steeti ahụ aha [[Anambra River|Osimiri Omambala]], osimiri nke na-agafe steeti ahụ. Anambra bụ aha Anglicized nke [[Anambra River|Omambala]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Grid 3|first=Nigeria|title=Anambra|url=https://grid3.gov.ng/state/about/anambra|accessdate=26 June 2022|archivedate=26 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926112324/https://grid3.gov.ng/state/about/anambra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ezenwa-Ohaeto|first=Ngozi|date=2013|title=Sociolinguistic import of name-clipping among Omambala cultural zone in Anambra state|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/cajtms/article/view/117032|journal=Creative Artist: A Journal of Theatre and Media Studies|volume=7|issue=2|pages=111–128}}</ref> Isi obodo steeti ahụ bụ [[Óká|Awka]], obodo na-eto ngwa ngwa nke mụbara n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ site na ihe dịka 700,000 ruo ihe karịrị nde 6 n'etiti afọ 2006 na 2020. Obodo [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]], obodo ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'oge tupu oge ọchịchị, ka bụ ebe azụmahịa dị mkpa n'ime steeti ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Onitsha {{!}} Location, Facts, & Population {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Onitsha-Nigeria|accessdate=2022-03-12|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> A na-akpọ ya "Ìhè nke Mba", Anambra Steeti bụ [[Ndetu Nkeji Ochíchííwu Nigeria nke ogúgú madu|steeti nke asatọ kachasị nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Most Populated States in Nigeria (2022)|url=http://www.wefinder24.com/2022/02/top-10-most-populated-states-in-nigeria.html|accessdate=2022-08-30|archivedate=2022-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830213550/https://www.wefinder24.com/2022/02/top-10-most-populated-states-in-nigeria.html}}</ref> na mba ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na arụrịta ụka siri ike megide ya dị ka Onitsha, mpaghara obodo ukwu kachasị ukwuu na nke kachasị nwee ọnụ ahịa mmadụ na 2020 site na Africapolis nke mere [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] mpaghara obodo ukwu nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] site na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ma bụrụ nke atọ n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 50 Agglomerations in Africa|url=https://africapolis.org/en/research/top-50-largest-agglomerations|publisher=Africapolis}}</ref> Ọzọkwa Dị ka 2019 Demographia World Urban Areas Onitsha si kwuo, Onitsha bụ obodo ukwu nke iri anọ na asaa kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ asatọ Anambra bụ steeti nwere ọtụtụ mmadụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ [[Ndetu ȯra Nigeria na ògò ala hä|nke abụọ]] kacha nta n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ndulue, Ayadiuno|first=Dominic Chukwuka, Romanus Udegbunam|date=2021|title=PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING MODE OF MOVEMENT IN ANAMBRA STATE, SOUTH EAST NIGERIA|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352166052|journal=Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation|volume=32|issue=3|pages=3837–3848}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=World|first=Population Review|date=2022|title=Population of Cities in Nigeria (2022)|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cities/nigeria|accessdate=26 June 2022}}</ref> Ebe a maara ugbu a dị ka Anambra State abụwo ebe ọtụtụ mmepeanya dị kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala narị afọ nke 9 AD, gụnyere [[Anieze Nri|alaeze]] oge ochie nke Nri, nke isi obodo ya bụ obodo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[Igbo-Ukwu]] n'ime steeti ahụ. Ndị bi na steeti Anambra bụ ndị Igbo, asụsụ [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] na-eje ozi dị ka asụsụ a na-asụ na steeti ahụ dum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anambra State – SENDEF|url=http://southeast.ng/sendef/the-region/anambra-state/|accessdate=2021-03-09|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603164103/http://southeast.ng/sendef/the-region/anambra-state/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Igbo, sometimes (especially formerly) referred to as Ibo, are one of the largest single ethnicities in Africa|url=https://faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/igbo/igbo2.htm|accessdate=2021-03-09|work=faculty.ucr.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Onumajuru|first=V. C.|date=2016-06-06|title=A contrastive study of two varieties of Onicha and the Central Igbo language|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijah/article/view/137075|journal=AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=225–240|doi=10.4314/ijah.v5i2.18|issn=2227-5452}}</ref> N'oge agha obodo Naijirịa (1967–1970), Anambra steeti so na mba ndị na-achị obodo Biafra nke ndị Igbo hiwere. N'oge agha ahụ, ụnwụ dara dara na steeti Anambra, nke kpagburu ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ.[1][2] Taa, steeti Anambra bụ steeti mepere emepe nke ukwuu,[3] ma nwee nnukwu ọganiihu n'ibelata ogo ịda ogbenye ya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-15|title=Remembering Nigeria's Biafra war that many prefer to forget|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51094093|accessdate=2021-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Derrick|first=Jonathan|date=1984|title=West Africa's Worst Year of Famine|journal=African Affairs|volume=83|issue=332|pages=281–299|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097620|issn=0001-9909}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anambra State Government – Light Of The Nation|url=https://old.anambrastate.gov.ng/urbanization-and-regional-planning|accessdate=2021-03-09|work=old.anambrastate.gov.ng|archivedate=18 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118150649/https://old.anambrastate.gov.ng/urbanization-and-regional-planning}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria: poverty rate, by state 2019|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1121438/poverty-headcount-rate-in-nigeria-by-state/|accessdate=2021-03-09|work=Statista|language=en}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite == Aha Anambra bụ njikọta nke Anam na alaka. Anam bụ otu agbụrụ dị na mpaghara [[Omambala]] na obodo ikpeazụ na-asụ asụsụ Igbo nke ndị Britain na-achị ala zutere mgbe ha na-aga Northern Nigeria site n'ofe mpaghara osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=eribake|first=akintayo|date=2014-09-20|title=Controversy over Igbo Origin: 'We have proof that Umueri is the cradle of Ndigbo'|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/09/controversy-igbo-origin-proof-umueri-cradle-ndigbo/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ha na-akọwakarị Anambra nke oge a dị ka 'alaka Anam' nye ndị ọrụ ibe ha n'ebe ugwu. Ihe kpatara Anam na ụfọdụ agbụrụ ndị agbata obi bụ Anambra LGA mgbe e kere steeti ahụ. Ọ bụ ugbu a Anambra-West LGA na Olumbanasa. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Akụkọ Anambra gbagoro na narị afọ nke itoolu AD, ka e gwupụtara n'ala Igbo-Ukwu na Ezira. Ọ nwere nnukwu ọrụ nka na ígwè, ọla kọpa, ọla kọpa na ite. Ndị a ekpughere usoro ọchịchị dị egwu nke Chukwu, bụ nke jisiri ike na mpaghara Anambra site na c. 948 AD ruo 1911. N'obodo ụfọdụ, dị ka Ogidi na ndị ọzọ, ezinụlọ nwere ikike nketa nke ịbụ eze ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Onumonu|first=Ugo Pascal|title=The development of kingship institution in Oru-Igbo up to 1991|date=2016|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/og/article/download/141242/130976|journal=Ogirisi: A New Journal of African Studies|volume=12|pages=68–96|doi=10.4314/og.v12i1.4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Okonkwo|first=Nwabueze|date=24 May 2017|title=Appeal court ends 233-year old rule by Amobi family of Ogidi|work=Vanguard|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/appeal-court-ends-233-year-old-rule-amobi-family-ogidi/|accessdate=26 June 2022}}</ref> Great Britain ghọtara ụfọdụ n'ime ndị eze na ndị isi ọdịnala a na usoro ọchịchị ha na-apụtaghị ìhè nke Protectorate nke South Nigeria. Malite na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ha họpụtara ụfọdụ ndị isi dị ka ndị isi Warrant, na-enye ha ikike ịnakọta ụtụ isi, n'etiti ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Anambra dị n'ógbè ndị Igbo na-achịkwa nke kewapụrụ dị ka akụkụ nke Biafra nwere onwe ya na 1967, na-esote esemokwu na-arịwanye elu na Northern Nigeria. N'oge agha Naijiria / [[Bịafra|Biafran]] (1967-1970), ndị injinia Biafra wuru ọdụ ụgbọ elu enyemaka n'obodo Uli / Amsterdam (koodu a na-akpọ "Annabelle"). Ụgbọelu enyemaka dị oke egwu si na Sao Tome na ebe ndị ọzọ bu tọn nri na ọgwụ maka ndị Biafra nwere nsogbu. Uli/Amorka airstrip bụ ebe ndị ọkwọ ụgbọelu America dị ka Alex Nicoll, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, butere tọn enyemaka nye ndị Biafra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ajcarchives.net/AJC_DATA/Files/661.PDF|title=Reference at ajcarchives.net|accessdate=8 January 2009|archivedate=23 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723005150/http://ajcarchives.net/AJC_DATA/Files/661.PDF}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nhụjuanya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ na-arị elu na Biafra n'ihi agụụ, yana mmekpa ahụ na-aga n'ihu nke ụgbọ elu enyemaka nke Nigeria Airforce, Carl Gustaf von Rosen gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye na-anya ụgbọ elu enyemaka Red Cross. O nyeere Biafra aka guzobe ụgbọ elu Minicoin ise Malmö MFI-9 guzo n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu Uga. Ọ kpọrọ ndị agha ikuku ya pere mpe mana dị irè "Babies of Biafra" iji kwanyere ụmụ ọhụrụ nwụrụ n'agụụ n'ime Biafra.[1][2].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dr. Marshall|first=Michel|date=4 April 2008|title=The Biafran Babies|work=Kaiserslautern American|url=https://www.kaiserslauternamerican.com/the-biafran-babies/|accessdate=26 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.las-en-bok.com/biafran_babies_eng.pdf|title=Operation Biafran Babies|publisher=www.las-en-bok.com|year=2014|pages=1–185|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Lasse|first=Heerten|date=15 September 2017|title="Biafran Babies"|pages=140–174|doi=10.1017/9781316282243.006|isbn=978-1-316-28224-3|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/biafran-war-and-postcolonial-humanitarianism/biafran-babies/F6DE9FF424C7D983C8DC3F2581D32702|accessdate=26 June 2022}}</ref> E kere Old Anambra State na 1976 site na akụkụ nke East Central State, isi obodo ya bụ [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]]. N'afọ 1991, nhazi nke Anambra kewara na steeti abụọ, Anambra na [[Ȯra Enugu|Enugu]]. Isi obodo Anambra bụ [[Óká|Awka]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anambra {{!}} state, Nigeria|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anambra|accessdate=2021-06-14|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> == Ihu igwe == [[Ihu igwe na mpaghara Naijiria|Ihu igwe]] Anambra Steeti bụ Udummiri na Ọkọchị. [[Okpomọkụ nke nguzozi mbara ala|Okpomọkụ]] nke Steeti a na ebido karị na (28.99*c rue na 84.18*f) Oge Udummiri na ebido karị na ọnwa Apurelu rue na ọnwa Ọktoba afọ ọbụla. [[Oké ọkọchị|Oge Ọkọchị]] na ebido karị na ọnwa Ekeresimesi rue na ọnwa Maachị. Na oge Ọkọchị, ana enwe oge Uguru nke na- ebido ọnwa Ekeresimesi ma kwụsị na ọnwa nke mbụ nke afọ. Anambra Steeti so ná Steeti nke [[Mgbanwe ihu igwe]] na enye nsogbu nke ukwu n'ime [[Naijiria]] [[Mgbanwe ihu igwe]] na eme ka [[Idei mmiri]], Mbuze na [[Ala ọma jijiji|ala ọmajiji]] na enye kwa nsogbu na Steeti a. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ora no na ime Naigeria]] [[Òtù:Ȯra Anambra]] k5qi9hblojxhrs5vd6fy28xzenxpxvo 0 3091 674375 82446 2026-07-09T06:59:04Z SafariScribe 18560 SafariScribe moved page [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú]] to [[United Kingdom]]: Anaghị ewepu aha di etua 82446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:LocationUnitedKingdom.png|thumb|right|250px|Ebe Njikota Ochíchíeze no na Europe]][[Usòrò:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|thumb|right|250px|Okoloto ndi NO]] '''Obodoézè Nà Ofú''' (''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'') bu otu ala ndi ocha no na obodo ukwu adi-kpo [[Obodo Békè]] (''Europe''). Obu ndi na, bula ndi ocha biara n'ime [[Afrịka]] nonye na [[Naigeria]] n'oge gara-aga, bukwa wo bu ndi ocha nke ana kpo ndi [[békè']]. == Lee nke ozo == * [[Obodo Békè]] <!-- Europe --> * [[Òbòdò àgwè]] * [[Asụsụ Inglish]] {{Ala no n'ime Obodo Békè}} [[Òtù:Njikota Ochíchìézè| ]] tjuxfpbo4grdhaiqzmgy3s7i9p17f7c 674378 674375 2026-07-09T07:00:08Z SafariScribe 18560 /* */ ndezi 674378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:LocationUnitedKingdom.png|thumb|right|250px|Ebe Njikota Ochíchíeze no na Europe]][[Usòrò:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|thumb|right|250px|Okoloto ndi NO]] '''United Kingdom''' bụ mba di na [[Obodo Békè]]. Obu ndi na, bula ndi ocha biara n'ime [[Afrịka]] nonye na [[Naigeria]] n'oge gara-aga, bukwa wo bu ndi ocha nke ana kpo ndi [[békè']]. == Lee nke ozo == * [[Obodo Békè]] <!-- Europe --> * [[Òbòdò àgwè]] * [[Asụsụ Inglish]] {{Ala no n'ime Obodo Békè}} [[Òtù:Njikota Ochíchìézè| ]] jzuc3h8wrxv7hpopvf7dxxykshcneuj 0 7437 674364 656189 2026-07-09T06:45:41Z SafariScribe 18560 /* Ndu na mmalite */ updating and expanding from Enwiki 674364 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2015).png|thumb|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] '''Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie''' {{Audio|Ig-Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.ogg|Audio}} (15 September 1977) bụ onye [[Naijiria]] na-ede akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/934358840/8aaff2c36c5045e4cdc228b043634b53d27f|work=www.scribd.com|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref> Amuru Adichie na [[Ora Enugu]]. O gara akwụkwọ mahadum na [[University of Nigeria]] nke di na [[Nsukka]]. N'ebe ahụ, oji otu afo na ọkara wee guo maka ọgwụ. Ọ hapuru Naijiria gaba mba [[Amerika]] mgbe odi afo iri nn-iteghete. Na mba Amerika, Ọ bidoro guba akwụkwo na [[Drexel University]] nke di na [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Site n'ebe ahụ, obukwara na [[Eastern Connecticut State University]], [[Johns Hopkins University]], ya na [[Yale University]]; ha niile di na mba Amerika. Otutu n'ime akwụkwọ Adichie dere nwéré ngalaba ndị bi na [[Nsukka]] ebe azuru ya na ntakiri. Obu mgbe ọ na agụ Akwụkwọ na mahadum ka obidoro debe akwụkwo. Oburu ụzọ dee akwukwo ábu ana akpọ ''Decisions'' (1997), nke n'eso ya bụ ''For Love of Biafra'' (1998). Ọ turu ugo na mmara ndị mmadu mgbe odechara ''[[Purple Hibiscus]]'', akwụkwọ akụkọ nke izizi odere. Adichie eweela otutu akwụkwọ ma kpọọ [[Chinua Achebe]] na [[Buchi Emecheta]] ndị ndú ya. Ihe ndị odere gbasara ukwu na ndọrọ ndoro jikotara ndị ojii na ndị ọcha, okachasi site na [[Ndị Igbo]]. Adichie ma ekwu okwu oha. Onyela otutu okwu mmechi na mmeghe akwụkwo na mahadum di iche ichè, okachasi na [[Williams College]] (2017), [[Harvard University]] (2018), na [[American University]] (2019). Onyere okwu [[TEDx]] ana akpọ "The Danger of a Single Story" (2009) ya na "We Should All Be Feminists" (2012). Ụfọdụ okwu ya bu ihé onye na eti egwú [[Beyoncé]] tinyere na egwu ọhụrụ ana akpọ ''*Flawless''. Adichie aturula otutu asambodo na ngalaba ịgụ akwụkwọ na ide akwụkwọ. O nwetara MacArthur Fellowship n'afọ 2008 ma nnabata ya na otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences n'afọ 2017. == Ndu na mmalite == Aha enyere Adichie mgbe amụrụ ya bụ áhà oyibo, Grace<ref name="punchng">{{Cite news |last=Olonilua |first=Ademola |date=2 January 2021 |title=ICYMI: My parents did not name me Chimamanda, says author, Adichie |url=https://punchng.com/my-parents-did-not-name-me-chimamanda-says-author-adichie/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Amụrụ ya na 15 September n'afọ 1977 dika nwa nke ise na [[Enugu]], Nigeria, site na aka nne na nna ya bu [[ndi Igbo]].{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}}{{sfn|Akinyoade|2021}} Nna ya bụ [[James Nwoye Adichie]] bụ onye Abba di na [[Anambra]] ma nne ya bụ Grace Odigwe bụ onye [[Umunnachi]].{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}} Nna ya, onye gụrụ mathematics na [[University College, Ibadan]], tupu ọgụchara akwụkwọ n'afọ 1957, nụrụ Grace na 15 April n'afọ 1963,{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} ma kpọrọ ya wee jee [[Berkeley, California]] ebe ọgụrụ akwụkwọ maka ngalaba PhD ya na [[University of California]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Mgbe ha no na [[United States]], nne na nna Adichie nwéré ụmụaka nwaanyị abuo: ljeoma Rosemary na Uchenna.{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} Nna ya lotara mba Nigeria ma bido ọrụ nkụzi na mahadum [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]] n'afo 1966.{{sfn|''The Sun''|2020}} Nne ya bidoro akwụkwọ mahadum ya n'afọ 1964, na [[Merritt College]] nke di na [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California. Mgbe ọgụchara, ọ nwetara ngalaba na sociology ya na anthropology nke sitere na University of Nigeria.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}}{{sfn|Martin|2014}} The [[Biafran War]] broke out in 1967 and Adichie's father started working for the Biafran government at the Biafran Manpower Directorate.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} She lost her maternal and paternal grandfathers during the war.{{sfn|Adichie|2006}} After Biafra ceased to exist in 1970, her father returned to the University of Nigeria,{{sfn|''The Sun''|2020}}{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} while her mother worked for the government at Enugu until 1973, before becoming an administration officer at the University of Nigeria, and later the first female [[Registrar (education)|registrar]].{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}}{{sfn|Martin|2014}} Adichie stayed at the campus of the University of Nigeria, in a house previously occupied by Nigerian writer [[Chinua Achebe]].{{sfn|Murray|2007}} Her siblings include Ijeoma Rosemary, Uchenna "Uche", Chukwunweike "Chuks", Okechukwu "Okey", and Kenechukwu "Kene".{{sfn|Anya|2005}}{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} As a child, Adichie read only English-language stories,{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} especially by [[Enid Blyton]]. Adichie's [[juvenilia]] included stories with characters who were white and blue-eyed, modeled on British children she had read about.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}}{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} At the age of 10, she discovered [[African literature]] and read ''[[Things Fall Apart]]'' by [[Chinua Achebe]],{{sfn|Murray|2007}} ''[[The African Child]]'' by [[Camara Laye]],{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' by [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]], and ''[[The Joys of Motherhood]]'' by [[Buchi Emecheta]].{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Adichie began to study her father's stories about Biafra when she was 13 years old. On visits to Abba, she saw houses that were destroyed and rusty bullets scattered on the ground. She would later incorporate these memories and her father's accounts into her novels.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} At her Catholic confirmation, Adichie changed her English name from Grace to Amanda, under which name her first work was published.<ref name="punchng"/>{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}}{{sfn|Anya|2005}} In her formal education, Adichie was taught in both [[Igbo language|Igbo]] and English.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}} Although Igbo was not a popular subject, she continued taking courses in the language throughout high school.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} She completed her secondary education at the University of Nigeria Campus Secondary School, with top distinction in the [[West African Examinations Council]] (WAEC),{{sfn|Anya|2005}} and academic prizes.{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}} She was admitted to the University of Nigeria, where she studied medicine and pharmacy for a year and half.{{sfn|Agbo|2018b}} She was also the editor of ''The Compass'', a student-run university magazine.{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} In 1997, at the age of 19, Adichie published ''Decisions'', a collection of poems, and later moved to the United States,{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} to study communications at [[Drexel University]] in [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania.{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}}{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} In 1998, she wrote a play called ''For Love of Biafra'', which was her initial exploration of the theme of war.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} These early works were written under the name Amanda N. Adichie.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}} Two years after moving to the United States, she transferred to [[Eastern Connecticut State University]] in [[Willimantic, Connecticut]], living with her sister Ijeoma, who was a medical doctor there.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}} In 2000, Adichie published her short story "My Mother, the Crazy African",{{sfn|Adichie|2000}} which discusses the problems that arise when a person is facing two cultures that are complete opposites from each other.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|pages=297–298}} After finishing her undergraduate degree, she continued studying and simultaneously pursuing a writing career.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} While a senior at Eastern Connecticut, she wrote articles for the university paper ''Campus Lantern.''{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} She received her bachelor's degree ''[[summa cum laude]]'' with a major in political science and a minor in communications in 2001.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} She earned a master's degree in creative writing from [[Johns Hopkins University]] in 2003,{{sfn|Braimah|2018}}{{sfn|Krieger|2015}} and for the next two years was a Hodder Fellow at [[Princeton University]], where she taught introductory fiction.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}}{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}} She began studying at [[Yale University]], and completed a second master's degree in [[African studies]] in 2008.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} Adichie received a [[MacArthur Fellowship]] that same year,{{sfn|Irvine|2008}} plus other academic prizes, including the 2011–2012 Fellowship of the [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University]].{{sfn|Okachie|2011}} == Ihe ndị o dere == * ''For Love of Biafra'', 1998<ref>{{Cite news|title=For Love of Biafra {{!}} play by Adichie {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/For-Love-of-Biafra|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=For love of Biafra by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie {{!}} Open Library|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL877060W/For_love_of_Biafra|work=Open Library|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=ig}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=For love of Biafra {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/925975179|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=For Love of Biafra|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/For_Love_of_Biafra.html?id=WSlaAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Spectrum Books|date=1998|isbn=978-978-029-032-0|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=For love of Biafra {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/925975179|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> * ''That Harmattan Morning'', 2002<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Adichie, a growing literary prodigy|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/|work=Vanguard News|date=2014-01-22|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-GB|author=vanguard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://literaturfestival.com/en/authors/chimamanda-adichie/|work=international literature festival berlin|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaintro.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Chimamanda Adichie, a growing literary prodigy|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/|work=Vanguard News|date=2014-01-22|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-GB|author=vanguard}}</ref> * ''Purple Hibiscus'', 2003<ref>{{Cite book|title=Purple Hibiscus|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Purple_Hibiscus.html?id=ztCYPwAACAAJ|publisher=Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill|date=2003|isbn=978-0-00-718267-1|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Purple Hibiscus {{!}} novel by Adichie {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Purple-Hibiscus|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Purple Hibiscus|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Purple_Hibiscus.html?id=ztCYPwAACAAJ|publisher=Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill|date=2003|isbn=978-0-00-718267-1|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SwissEduc - English - Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi: *1977|url=https://www.swisseduc.ch/english/readinglist/adichie_chimamanda/hibiscus/|work=www.swisseduc.ch|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=de}}</ref> * ''Half of a Yellow Sun'', 2006<ref>{{Cite book|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun.html?id=-Bkrc1Fbm-EC|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|date=2008-11-12|isbn=978-0-307-48577-9|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Half Of A Yellow Sun – Narrative Landscape Press|url=https://www.narrativelandscape.com/product/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|date=2025-04-08|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun.html?id=J4bxP32E0QgC|publisher=Harper Perennial|date=2007|isbn=978-0-00-720028-3|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|edition=1. North American ed|title=Half of a yellow sun|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18749.Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun|publisher=Knopf|date=2006|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4000-4416-0|series=A Borzoi book|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''The Thing Around Your Neck'', 2009<ref>{{Cite book|title=THE THING AROUND YOUR NECK {{!}} Kirkus Reviews|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/the-thing-around-your-neck/|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=LitCharts|url=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-thing-around-your-neck/the-thing-around-your-neck|work=LitCharts|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Thing Around Your Neck by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://bookpeddler.ng/books/the-thing-around-your-neck-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/|work=Bookpeddler|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Thing Around Your Neck|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Thing_Around_Your_Neck.html?id=dKVDAqs5x6oC|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|date=2009-06-16|isbn=978-0-307-27205-8|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Thing Around Your Neck – Rovingheights Books|url=https://rhbooks.com.ng/product/the-thing-around-your-neck/|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Americanah'', 2013<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie&oldid=1357902289|date=2026-06-05|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimananda Ngozi Adichie, "Americanah," 2013|url=https://kpfa.org/area941/episode/chimananda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-2013/|work=KPFA|date=2026-06-09|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Americanah {{!}} novel by Adichie {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Americanah|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Americanah|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Americanah.html?id=_wZ1Rf1QQ_EC|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|date=2013-05-14|isbn=978-0-307-96212-6|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Americanah|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/15796700-americanah|work=Goodreads|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Americanah|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/americanah/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''We Should All Be Feminists'', 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminists - April 12, 2013|url=https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/communication/we-should-all-be-feminists-april-12-2013|work=awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminists – Narrative Landscape Press|url=https://www.narrativelandscape.com/product/we-should-all-be-feminists/|work=www.narrativelandscape.com|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminists by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://africanbookaddict.com/2015/01/14/we-should-all-be-feminists-ebook-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/|work=African Book Addict!|date=2015-01-14|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=Darkowaa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=We Should All Be Feminists|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/We_Should_All_Be_Feminists.html?id=XHhTBAAAQBAJ|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|date=2014-10-09|isbn=978-0-00-811528-9|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminist – Rovingheights Books|url=https://rhbooks.com.ng/product/we-should-all-be-feminist/|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ndị o meriri == [[File:Ms. magazine Cover - Summer 2014.jpg|thumb|270px|Ms. magazine Cover, n'afọ 2014.]][[Usòrò:2020 - Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (sq cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] * 2002 BBC Short Story Competition, ''That Harmattan Morning''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Adichie, a growing literary prodigy|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/|work=Vanguard News|date=2014-01-22|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-GB|author=vanguard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Author Bio|url=http://adichieauthorstudy.weebly.com/author-bio.html|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Author Study|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Competition {{!}} BBC Wa short story, in English, between 1800 and 2100 words long. orld Service|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/arts/competition/story.shtml|work=www.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref> * 2005 Commonwealth Writers' Prize, Africa category, ''Purple Hibiscus''<ref>{{Cite web|title=allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Nation's Writers Dominate Commonwealth Prizes|url=http://allafrica.com:80/stories/201102070018.html|work=allafrica.com|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Author Bio|url=http://adichieauthorstudy.weebly.com/author-bio.html|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Author Study|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SwissEduc - English - Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi: *1977|url=https://www.swisseduc.ch/english/readinglist/adichie_chimamanda/hibiscus/|work=www.swisseduc.ch|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaawards.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Purple Hibiscus Turns 15: The Best Moments of a Modern Classic|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/10/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-purple-hibiscus-turns-15-the-best-moments-of-a-modern-classic/|work=Brittle Paper|date=2018-10-15|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2007 Orange Broadband Prize: Fiction category, Shortlist, ''Half of a Yellow Sun''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://www.anisfield-wolf.org/winners/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|work=Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie wins Orange Prize|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2007/0607/410149-orange/|date=2007-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaawards.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Half of a Yellow Sun’ wins Orange Prize {{!}} Books+Publishing|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2007/06/12/4468/half-of-a-yellow-sun-wins-orange-prize/|work=www.booksandpublishing.com.au|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-AU|author=Mem: 10457880}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2008 Reader's Digest Author of the Year Award<ref>{{Cite web|title=1.2: Education and Career|url=https://human.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Literature_Supplemental_Modules/Chimamanda_Adichie%3A_A_Research_Guide/01%3A_Biographical_and_Background_Information/1.02%3A_Education_and_Career|work=Humanities LibreTexts|date=2021-06-07|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Writer Review: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://africanliteraturereviews.wordpress.com/2014/06/10/writer-review-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/|work=African Literature Reviews|date=2014-06-10|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en|author=Robinson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaawards.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref> * 2013 National Book Critics Circle Award: Fiction category, ''Americanah''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigerian Wins Prestigious U.S. Book Award|url=https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00029503.html|work=allAfrica.com|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2013|url=https://www.bookcritics.org/past-awards/2013/|work=National Book Critics Circle|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Americanah|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/americanah/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/americanah-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-summary-themes.html|work=study.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> * 2014 Listed among Africa39 project of 39 writers aged under 40<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa39: We Have New Names|url=https://thenewinquiry.com/blog/africa39-we-have-new-names/|work=The New Inquiry|date=2014-11-10|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US|author=Aaron Bady}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Making lists: Africa39|url=https://africainwords.com/2014/04/10/making-lists-africa39/|date=2014-04-10|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en|author=Kate Wallis}}</ref> == Lekwazie ndi nke ozo bụ ndi édémédé akwụkwọ == * [[Chinụa Achebe]] * [[Adaora Lily Ulasi]] * [[Helon Habila]] * [[Lola Shoneyin]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Links n'aga n'ezi== * Website nke [http://chimamanda.com/ Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie] * [http://www.l3.ulg.ac.be/adichie/index.html The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website], English Department of the University of Liège, [[Belgium]] {{commons|Category:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị Igbo]] [[Òtù:Ndi Afrika nke Amerika]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] [[Òtù:Ndi Amerika]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1977]] pjtsm060f2pvgq7ull814m9t4o8n5qe 674372 674364 2026-07-09T06:57:20Z SafariScribe 18560 /* Ndu na mmalite */ ndezi 674372 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2015).png|thumb|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] '''Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie''' {{Audio|Ig-Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.ogg|Audio}} (15 September 1977) bụ onye [[Naijiria]] na-ede akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/934358840/8aaff2c36c5045e4cdc228b043634b53d27f|work=www.scribd.com|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref> Amuru Adichie na [[Ora Enugu]]. O gara akwụkwọ mahadum na [[University of Nigeria]] nke di na [[Nsukka]]. N'ebe ahụ, oji otu afo na ọkara wee guo maka ọgwụ. Ọ hapuru Naijiria gaba mba [[Amerika]] mgbe odi afo iri nn-iteghete. Na mba Amerika, Ọ bidoro guba akwụkwo na [[Drexel University]] nke di na [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Site n'ebe ahụ, obukwara na [[Eastern Connecticut State University]], [[Johns Hopkins University]], ya na [[Yale University]]; ha niile di na mba Amerika. Otutu n'ime akwụkwọ Adichie dere nwéré ngalaba ndị bi na [[Nsukka]] ebe azuru ya na ntakiri. Obu mgbe ọ na agụ Akwụkwọ na mahadum ka obidoro debe akwụkwo. Oburu ụzọ dee akwukwo ábu ana akpọ ''Decisions'' (1997), nke n'eso ya bụ ''For Love of Biafra'' (1998). Ọ turu ugo na mmara ndị mmadu mgbe odechara ''[[Purple Hibiscus]]'', akwụkwọ akụkọ nke izizi odere. Adichie eweela otutu akwụkwọ ma kpọọ [[Chinua Achebe]] na [[Buchi Emecheta]] ndị ndú ya. Ihe ndị odere gbasara ukwu na ndọrọ ndoro jikotara ndị ojii na ndị ọcha, okachasi site na [[Ndị Igbo]]. Adichie ma ekwu okwu oha. Onyela otutu okwu mmechi na mmeghe akwụkwo na mahadum di iche ichè, okachasi na [[Williams College]] (2017), [[Harvard University]] (2018), na [[American University]] (2019). Onyere okwu [[TEDx]] ana akpọ "The Danger of a Single Story" (2009) ya na "We Should All Be Feminists" (2012). Ụfọdụ okwu ya bu ihé onye na eti egwú [[Beyoncé]] tinyere na egwu ọhụrụ ana akpọ ''*Flawless''. Adichie aturula otutu asambodo na ngalaba ịgụ akwụkwọ na ide akwụkwọ. O nwetara MacArthur Fellowship n'afọ 2008 ma nnabata ya na otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences n'afọ 2017. == Ndu na mmalite == Aha enyere Adichie mgbe amụrụ ya bụ áhà oyibo, Grace<ref name="punchng">{{Cite news |last=Olonilua |first=Ademola |date=2 January 2021 |title=ICYMI: My parents did not name me Chimamanda, says author, Adichie |url=https://punchng.com/my-parents-did-not-name-me-chimamanda-says-author-adichie/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Amụrụ ya na 15 September n'afọ 1977 dika nwa nke ise na [[Enugu]], Nigeria, site na aka nne na nna ya bu [[ndi Igbo]].{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}}{{sfn|Akinyoade|2021}} Nna ya bụ [[James Nwoye Adichie]] bụ onye Abba di na [[Anambra]] ma nne ya bụ Grace Odigwe bụ onye [[Umunnachi]].{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}} Nna ya, onye gụrụ mathematics na [[University College, Ibadan]], tupu ọgụchara akwụkwọ n'afọ 1957, nụrụ Grace na 15 April n'afọ 1963,{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} ma kpọrọ ya wee jee [[Berkeley, California]] ebe ọgụrụ akwụkwọ maka ngalaba PhD ya na [[University of California]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Mgbe ha no na [[United States]], nne na nna Adichie nwéré ụmụaka nwaanyị abuo: ljeoma Rosemary na Uchenna.{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} Nna ya lotara mba Nigeria ma bido ọrụ nkụzi na mahadum [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]] n'afo 1966.{{sfn|''The Sun''|2020}} Nne ya bidoro akwụkwọ mahadum ya n'afọ 1964, na [[Merritt College]] nke di na [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California. Mgbe ọgụchara, ọ nwetara ngalaba na sociology ya na anthropology nke sitere na University of Nigeria.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}}{{sfn|Martin|2014}} [[Agha Biafra]] bidoro n'afọ 1967. Mgbe áhụ, nna Adichie malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Biafran Manpower Directorate nke bu ụlọ ọrụ [[Biafra]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Nne na nna ukwu Adichie nwụrụ na agha ahu.{{sfn|Adichie|2006}} Mgbe agha ahu kwụsịrị n'afọ 1970, nna ya laghachiri na University nke Nigeria,{{sfn|''The Sun''|2020}}{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} ebe nne ya, onye ruru ọrụ na Enugu wee rue afọ 1973, bia bụrụ onye ọrụ na ndị isi na University nke Nigeria. O mechara buru [[Registrar (education)|registrar]] ma burukwa onye izi bu nwaanyị malitere ya bu ọrụ.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}}{{sfn|Martin|2014}} Adichie nọrọ n'ụlọ obibi University nke Nigeria, n'ụlọ [[Chinua Achebe]] biri ikpeazụ.{{sfn|Murray|2007}} Umunne ya bụ Ijeoma Rosemary, Uchenna "Uche", Chukwunweike "Chuks", Okechukwu "Okey", na Kenechukwu "Kene".{{sfn|Anya|2005}}{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} Dika nwatakịrị, Adichie gụrụ naanị akwụkwọ akụkọ edere na-asusu bekee,{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} okachasi nke [[Enid Blyton]]. Adichie's [[juvenilia]] included stories with characters who were white and blue-eyed, modeled on British children she had read about.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}}{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} At the age of 10, she discovered [[African literature]] and read ''[[Things Fall Apart]]'' by [[Chinua Achebe]],{{sfn|Murray|2007}} ''[[The African Child]]'' by [[Camara Laye]],{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' by [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]], and ''[[The Joys of Motherhood]]'' by [[Buchi Emecheta]].{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Adichie began to study her father's stories about Biafra when she was 13 years old. On visits to Abba, she saw houses that were destroyed and rusty bullets scattered on the ground. She would later incorporate these memories and her father's accounts into her novels.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} At her Catholic confirmation, Adichie changed her English name from Grace to Amanda, under which name her first work was published.<ref name="punchng"/>{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}}{{sfn|Anya|2005}} In her formal education, Adichie was taught in both [[Igbo language|Igbo]] and English.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}} Although Igbo was not a popular subject, she continued taking courses in the language throughout high school.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} She completed her secondary education at the University of Nigeria Campus Secondary School, with top distinction in the [[West African Examinations Council]] (WAEC),{{sfn|Anya|2005}} and academic prizes.{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}} She was admitted to the University of Nigeria, where she studied medicine and pharmacy for a year and half.{{sfn|Agbo|2018b}} She was also the editor of ''The Compass'', a student-run university magazine.{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} In 1997, at the age of 19, Adichie published ''Decisions'', a collection of poems, and later moved to the United States,{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} to study communications at [[Drexel University]] in [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania.{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}}{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} In 1998, she wrote a play called ''For Love of Biafra'', which was her initial exploration of the theme of war.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} These early works were written under the name Amanda N. Adichie.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}} Two years after moving to the United States, she transferred to [[Eastern Connecticut State University]] in [[Willimantic, Connecticut]], living with her sister Ijeoma, who was a medical doctor there.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}} In 2000, Adichie published her short story "My Mother, the Crazy African",{{sfn|Adichie|2000}} which discusses the problems that arise when a person is facing two cultures that are complete opposites from each other.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|pages=297–298}} After finishing her undergraduate degree, she continued studying and simultaneously pursuing a writing career.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} While a senior at Eastern Connecticut, she wrote articles for the university paper ''Campus Lantern.''{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} She received her bachelor's degree ''[[summa cum laude]]'' with a major in political science and a minor in communications in 2001.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} She earned a master's degree in creative writing from [[Johns Hopkins University]] in 2003,{{sfn|Braimah|2018}}{{sfn|Krieger|2015}} and for the next two years was a Hodder Fellow at [[Princeton University]], where she taught introductory fiction.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}}{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}} She began studying at [[Yale University]], and completed a second master's degree in [[African studies]] in 2008.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} Adichie received a [[MacArthur Fellowship]] that same year,{{sfn|Irvine|2008}} plus other academic prizes, including the 2011–2012 Fellowship of the [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University]].{{sfn|Okachie|2011}} == Ihe ndị o dere == * ''For Love of Biafra'', 1998<ref>{{Cite news|title=For Love of Biafra {{!}} play by Adichie {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/For-Love-of-Biafra|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=For love of Biafra by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie {{!}} Open Library|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL877060W/For_love_of_Biafra|work=Open Library|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=ig}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=For love of Biafra {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/925975179|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=For Love of Biafra|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/For_Love_of_Biafra.html?id=WSlaAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Spectrum Books|date=1998|isbn=978-978-029-032-0|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=For love of Biafra {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/925975179|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> * ''That Harmattan Morning'', 2002<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Adichie, a growing literary prodigy|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/|work=Vanguard News|date=2014-01-22|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-GB|author=vanguard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://literaturfestival.com/en/authors/chimamanda-adichie/|work=international literature festival berlin|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaintro.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Chimamanda Adichie, a growing literary prodigy|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/|work=Vanguard News|date=2014-01-22|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-GB|author=vanguard}}</ref> * ''Purple Hibiscus'', 2003<ref>{{Cite book|title=Purple Hibiscus|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Purple_Hibiscus.html?id=ztCYPwAACAAJ|publisher=Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill|date=2003|isbn=978-0-00-718267-1|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Purple Hibiscus {{!}} novel by Adichie {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Purple-Hibiscus|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Purple Hibiscus|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Purple_Hibiscus.html?id=ztCYPwAACAAJ|publisher=Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill|date=2003|isbn=978-0-00-718267-1|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SwissEduc - English - Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi: *1977|url=https://www.swisseduc.ch/english/readinglist/adichie_chimamanda/hibiscus/|work=www.swisseduc.ch|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=de}}</ref> * ''Half of a Yellow Sun'', 2006<ref>{{Cite book|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun.html?id=-Bkrc1Fbm-EC|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|date=2008-11-12|isbn=978-0-307-48577-9|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Half Of A Yellow Sun – Narrative Landscape Press|url=https://www.narrativelandscape.com/product/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|date=2025-04-08|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun.html?id=J4bxP32E0QgC|publisher=Harper Perennial|date=2007|isbn=978-0-00-720028-3|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|edition=1. North American ed|title=Half of a yellow sun|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18749.Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun|publisher=Knopf|date=2006|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4000-4416-0|series=A Borzoi book|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''The Thing Around Your Neck'', 2009<ref>{{Cite book|title=THE THING AROUND YOUR NECK {{!}} Kirkus Reviews|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/the-thing-around-your-neck/|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=LitCharts|url=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-thing-around-your-neck/the-thing-around-your-neck|work=LitCharts|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Thing Around Your Neck by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://bookpeddler.ng/books/the-thing-around-your-neck-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/|work=Bookpeddler|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Thing Around Your Neck|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Thing_Around_Your_Neck.html?id=dKVDAqs5x6oC|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|date=2009-06-16|isbn=978-0-307-27205-8|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Thing Around Your Neck – Rovingheights Books|url=https://rhbooks.com.ng/product/the-thing-around-your-neck/|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Americanah'', 2013<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie&oldid=1357902289|date=2026-06-05|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimananda Ngozi Adichie, "Americanah," 2013|url=https://kpfa.org/area941/episode/chimananda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-2013/|work=KPFA|date=2026-06-09|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Americanah {{!}} novel by Adichie {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Americanah|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Americanah|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Americanah.html?id=_wZ1Rf1QQ_EC|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|date=2013-05-14|isbn=978-0-307-96212-6|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Americanah|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/15796700-americanah|work=Goodreads|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Americanah|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/americanah/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''We Should All Be Feminists'', 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminists - April 12, 2013|url=https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/communication/we-should-all-be-feminists-april-12-2013|work=awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminists – Narrative Landscape Press|url=https://www.narrativelandscape.com/product/we-should-all-be-feminists/|work=www.narrativelandscape.com|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminists by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://africanbookaddict.com/2015/01/14/we-should-all-be-feminists-ebook-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/|work=African Book Addict!|date=2015-01-14|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=Darkowaa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=We Should All Be Feminists|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/We_Should_All_Be_Feminists.html?id=XHhTBAAAQBAJ|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|date=2014-10-09|isbn=978-0-00-811528-9|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminist – Rovingheights Books|url=https://rhbooks.com.ng/product/we-should-all-be-feminist/|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ndị o meriri == [[File:Ms. magazine Cover - Summer 2014.jpg|thumb|270px|Ms. magazine Cover, n'afọ 2014.]][[Usòrò:2020 - Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (sq cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] * 2002 BBC Short Story Competition, ''That Harmattan Morning''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Adichie, a growing literary prodigy|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/|work=Vanguard News|date=2014-01-22|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-GB|author=vanguard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Author Bio|url=http://adichieauthorstudy.weebly.com/author-bio.html|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Author Study|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Competition {{!}} BBC Wa short story, in English, between 1800 and 2100 words long. orld Service|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/arts/competition/story.shtml|work=www.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref> * 2005 Commonwealth Writers' Prize, Africa category, ''Purple Hibiscus''<ref>{{Cite web|title=allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Nation's Writers Dominate Commonwealth Prizes|url=http://allafrica.com:80/stories/201102070018.html|work=allafrica.com|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Author Bio|url=http://adichieauthorstudy.weebly.com/author-bio.html|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Author Study|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SwissEduc - English - Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi: *1977|url=https://www.swisseduc.ch/english/readinglist/adichie_chimamanda/hibiscus/|work=www.swisseduc.ch|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaawards.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Purple Hibiscus Turns 15: The Best Moments of a Modern Classic|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/10/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-purple-hibiscus-turns-15-the-best-moments-of-a-modern-classic/|work=Brittle Paper|date=2018-10-15|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2007 Orange Broadband Prize: Fiction category, Shortlist, ''Half of a Yellow Sun''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://www.anisfield-wolf.org/winners/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|work=Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie wins Orange Prize|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2007/0607/410149-orange/|date=2007-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaawards.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Half of a Yellow Sun’ wins Orange Prize {{!}} Books+Publishing|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2007/06/12/4468/half-of-a-yellow-sun-wins-orange-prize/|work=www.booksandpublishing.com.au|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-AU|author=Mem: 10457880}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2008 Reader's Digest Author of the Year Award<ref>{{Cite web|title=1.2: Education and Career|url=https://human.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Literature_Supplemental_Modules/Chimamanda_Adichie%3A_A_Research_Guide/01%3A_Biographical_and_Background_Information/1.02%3A_Education_and_Career|work=Humanities LibreTexts|date=2021-06-07|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Writer Review: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://africanliteraturereviews.wordpress.com/2014/06/10/writer-review-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/|work=African Literature Reviews|date=2014-06-10|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en|author=Robinson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaawards.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref> * 2013 National Book Critics Circle Award: Fiction category, ''Americanah''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigerian Wins Prestigious U.S. Book Award|url=https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00029503.html|work=allAfrica.com|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2013|url=https://www.bookcritics.org/past-awards/2013/|work=National Book Critics Circle|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Americanah|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/americanah/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/americanah-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-summary-themes.html|work=study.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> * 2014 Listed among Africa39 project of 39 writers aged under 40<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa39: We Have New Names|url=https://thenewinquiry.com/blog/africa39-we-have-new-names/|work=The New Inquiry|date=2014-11-10|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US|author=Aaron Bady}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Making lists: Africa39|url=https://africainwords.com/2014/04/10/making-lists-africa39/|date=2014-04-10|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en|author=Kate Wallis}}</ref> == Lekwazie ndi nke ozo bụ ndi édémédé akwụkwọ == * [[Chinụa Achebe]] * [[Adaora Lily Ulasi]] * [[Helon Habila]] * [[Lola Shoneyin]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Links n'aga n'ezi== * Website nke [http://chimamanda.com/ Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie] * [http://www.l3.ulg.ac.be/adichie/index.html The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website], English Department of the University of Liège, [[Belgium]] {{commons|Category:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị Igbo]] [[Òtù:Ndi Afrika nke Amerika]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] [[Òtù:Ndi Amerika]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1977]] 7ba5e9b5xgij8b8zoq7qa1lrgj13v53 674382 674372 2026-07-09T07:02:40Z SafariScribe 18560 /* */ ndezi 674382 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2015).png|thumb|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] '''Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie''' {{Audio|Ig-Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.ogg|Audio}} (15 September 1977) bụ onye [[Naijiria]] na-ede akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/934358840/8aaff2c36c5045e4cdc228b043634b53d27f|work=www.scribd.com|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref> Amuru Adichie na [[Enugu]]. O gara akwụkwọ mahadum na [[Mahadum nke Nigeria]] nke di na [[Nsukka]]. N'ebe ahụ, oji otu afo na ọkara wee guo maka ọgwụ. Ọ hapuru Naijiria gaba mba [[Amerika]] mgbe odi afo iri nn-iteghete. Na mba Amerika, Ọ bidoro guba akwụkwo na [[Drexel University]] nke di na [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Site n'ebe ahụ, obukwara na [[Eastern Connecticut State University]], [[Johns Hopkins University]], ya na [[Yale University]]; ha niile di na mba Amerika. Otutu n'ime akwụkwọ Adichie dere nwéré ngalaba ndị bi na [[Nsukka]] ebe azuru ya na ntakiri. Obu mgbe ọ na agụ Akwụkwọ na mahadum ka obidoro debe akwụkwo. Oburu ụzọ dee akwukwo ábu ana akpọ ''Decisions'' (1997), nke n'eso ya bụ ''For Love of Biafra'' (1998). Ọ turu ugo na mmara ndị mmadu mgbe odechara ''[[Purple Hibiscus]]'', akwụkwọ akụkọ nke izizi odere. Adichie eweela otutu akwụkwọ ma kpọọ [[Chinua Achebe]] na [[Buchi Emecheta]] ndị ndú ya. Ihe ndị odere gbasara ukwu na ndọrọ ndoro jikotara ndị ojii na ndị ọcha, okachasi site na [[Ndị Igbo]]. Adichie ma ekwu okwu oha. Onyela otutu okwu mmechi na mmeghe akwụkwo na mahadum di iche ichè, okachasi na [[Williams College]] (2017), [[Harvard University]] (2018), na [[American University]] (2019). Onyere okwu [[TEDx]] ana akpọ "The Danger of a Single Story" (2009) ya na "We Should All Be Feminists" (2012). Ụfọdụ okwu ya bu ihé onye na eti egwú [[Beyoncé]] tinyere na egwu ọhụrụ ana akpọ ''*Flawless''. Adichie aturula otutu asambodo na ngalaba ịgụ akwụkwọ na ide akwụkwọ. O nwetara MacArthur Fellowship n'afọ 2008 ma nnabata ya na otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences n'afọ 2017. == Ndu na mmalite == Aha enyere Adichie mgbe amụrụ ya bụ áhà oyibo, Grace<ref name="punchng">{{Cite news |last=Olonilua |first=Ademola |date=2 January 2021 |title=ICYMI: My parents did not name me Chimamanda, says author, Adichie |url=https://punchng.com/my-parents-did-not-name-me-chimamanda-says-author-adichie/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Amụrụ ya na 15 September n'afọ 1977 dika nwa nke ise na [[Enugu]], Nigeria, site na aka nne na nna ya bu [[ndi Igbo]].{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}}{{sfn|Akinyoade|2021}} Nna ya bụ [[James Nwoye Adichie]] bụ onye Abba di na [[Anambra]] ma nne ya bụ Grace Odigwe bụ onye [[Umunnachi]].{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}} Nna ya, onye gụrụ mathematics na [[University College, Ibadan]], tupu ọgụchara akwụkwọ n'afọ 1957, nụrụ Grace na 15 April n'afọ 1963,{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} ma kpọrọ ya wee jee [[Berkeley, California]] ebe ọgụrụ akwụkwọ maka ngalaba PhD ya na [[University of California]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Mgbe ha no na [[United States]], nne na nna Adichie nwéré ụmụaka nwaanyị abuo: ljeoma Rosemary na Uchenna.{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} Nna ya lotara mba Nigeria ma bido ọrụ nkụzi na mahadum [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]] n'afo 1966.{{sfn|''The Sun''|2020}} Nne ya bidoro akwụkwọ mahadum ya n'afọ 1964, na [[Merritt College]] nke di na [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California. Mgbe ọgụchara, ọ nwetara ngalaba na sociology ya na anthropology nke sitere na University of Nigeria.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}}{{sfn|Martin|2014}} [[Agha Biafra]] bidoro n'afọ 1967. Mgbe áhụ, nna Adichie malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Biafran Manpower Directorate nke bu ụlọ ọrụ [[Biafra]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Nne na nna ukwu Adichie nwụrụ na agha ahu.{{sfn|Adichie|2006}} Mgbe agha ahu kwụsịrị n'afọ 1970, nna ya laghachiri na University nke Nigeria,{{sfn|''The Sun''|2020}}{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} ebe nne ya, onye ruru ọrụ na Enugu wee rue afọ 1973, bia bụrụ onye ọrụ na ndị isi na University nke Nigeria. O mechara buru [[Registrar (education)|registrar]] ma burukwa onye izi bu nwaanyị malitere ya bu ọrụ.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}}{{sfn|Martin|2014}} Adichie nọrọ n'ụlọ obibi University nke Nigeria, n'ụlọ [[Chinua Achebe]] biri ikpeazụ.{{sfn|Murray|2007}} Umunne ya bụ Ijeoma Rosemary, Uchenna "Uche", Chukwunweike "Chuks", Okechukwu "Okey", na Kenechukwu "Kene".{{sfn|Anya|2005}}{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} Dika nwatakịrị, Adichie gụrụ naanị akwụkwọ akụkọ edere na-asusu bekee,{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} okachasi nke [[Enid Blyton]]. Adichie's [[juvenilia]] included stories with characters who were white and blue-eyed, modeled on British children she had read about.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}}{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} At the age of 10, she discovered [[African literature]] and read ''[[Things Fall Apart]]'' by [[Chinua Achebe]],{{sfn|Murray|2007}} ''[[The African Child]]'' by [[Camara Laye]],{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' by [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]], and ''[[The Joys of Motherhood]]'' by [[Buchi Emecheta]].{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Adichie began to study her father's stories about Biafra when she was 13 years old. On visits to Abba, she saw houses that were destroyed and rusty bullets scattered on the ground. She would later incorporate these memories and her father's accounts into her novels.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} At her Catholic confirmation, Adichie changed her English name from Grace to Amanda, under which name her first work was published.<ref name="punchng"/>{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}}{{sfn|Anya|2005}} In her formal education, Adichie was taught in both [[Igbo language|Igbo]] and English.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}} Although Igbo was not a popular subject, she continued taking courses in the language throughout high school.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} She completed her secondary education at the University of Nigeria Campus Secondary School, with top distinction in the [[West African Examinations Council]] (WAEC),{{sfn|Anya|2005}} and academic prizes.{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}} She was admitted to the University of Nigeria, where she studied medicine and pharmacy for a year and half.{{sfn|Agbo|2018b}} She was also the editor of ''The Compass'', a student-run university magazine.{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} In 1997, at the age of 19, Adichie published ''Decisions'', a collection of poems, and later moved to the United States,{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} to study communications at [[Drexel University]] in [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania.{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}}{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} In 1998, she wrote a play called ''For Love of Biafra'', which was her initial exploration of the theme of war.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} These early works were written under the name Amanda N. Adichie.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}} Two years after moving to the United States, she transferred to [[Eastern Connecticut State University]] in [[Willimantic, Connecticut]], living with her sister Ijeoma, who was a medical doctor there.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}} In 2000, Adichie published her short story "My Mother, the Crazy African",{{sfn|Adichie|2000}} which discusses the problems that arise when a person is facing two cultures that are complete opposites from each other.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|pages=297–298}} After finishing her undergraduate degree, she continued studying and simultaneously pursuing a writing career.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} While a senior at Eastern Connecticut, she wrote articles for the university paper ''Campus Lantern.''{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} She received her bachelor's degree ''[[summa cum laude]]'' with a major in political science and a minor in communications in 2001.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} She earned a master's degree in creative writing from [[Johns Hopkins University]] in 2003,{{sfn|Braimah|2018}}{{sfn|Krieger|2015}} and for the next two years was a Hodder Fellow at [[Princeton University]], where she taught introductory fiction.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}}{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}} She began studying at [[Yale University]], and completed a second master's degree in [[African studies]] in 2008.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} Adichie received a [[MacArthur Fellowship]] that same year,{{sfn|Irvine|2008}} plus other academic prizes, including the 2011–2012 Fellowship of the [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University]].{{sfn|Okachie|2011}} == Ihe ndị o dere == * ''For Love of Biafra'', 1998<ref>{{Cite news|title=For Love of Biafra {{!}} play by Adichie {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/For-Love-of-Biafra|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=For love of Biafra by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie {{!}} Open Library|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL877060W/For_love_of_Biafra|work=Open Library|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=ig}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=For love of Biafra {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/925975179|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=For Love of Biafra|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/For_Love_of_Biafra.html?id=WSlaAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Spectrum Books|date=1998|isbn=978-978-029-032-0|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=For love of Biafra {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/925975179|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> * ''That Harmattan Morning'', 2002<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Adichie, a growing literary prodigy|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/|work=Vanguard News|date=2014-01-22|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-GB|author=vanguard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://literaturfestival.com/en/authors/chimamanda-adichie/|work=international literature festival berlin|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaintro.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Chimamanda Adichie, a growing literary prodigy|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/|work=Vanguard News|date=2014-01-22|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-GB|author=vanguard}}</ref> * ''Purple Hibiscus'', 2003<ref>{{Cite book|title=Purple Hibiscus|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Purple_Hibiscus.html?id=ztCYPwAACAAJ|publisher=Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill|date=2003|isbn=978-0-00-718267-1|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Purple Hibiscus {{!}} novel by Adichie {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Purple-Hibiscus|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Purple Hibiscus|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Purple_Hibiscus.html?id=ztCYPwAACAAJ|publisher=Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill|date=2003|isbn=978-0-00-718267-1|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SwissEduc - English - Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi: *1977|url=https://www.swisseduc.ch/english/readinglist/adichie_chimamanda/hibiscus/|work=www.swisseduc.ch|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=de}}</ref> * ''Half of a Yellow Sun'', 2006<ref>{{Cite book|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun.html?id=-Bkrc1Fbm-EC|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|date=2008-11-12|isbn=978-0-307-48577-9|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Half Of A Yellow Sun – Narrative Landscape Press|url=https://www.narrativelandscape.com/product/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|date=2025-04-08|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun.html?id=J4bxP32E0QgC|publisher=Harper Perennial|date=2007|isbn=978-0-00-720028-3|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|edition=1. North American ed|title=Half of a yellow sun|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18749.Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun|publisher=Knopf|date=2006|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4000-4416-0|series=A Borzoi book|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''The Thing Around Your Neck'', 2009<ref>{{Cite book|title=THE THING AROUND YOUR NECK {{!}} Kirkus Reviews|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/the-thing-around-your-neck/|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=LitCharts|url=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-thing-around-your-neck/the-thing-around-your-neck|work=LitCharts|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Thing Around Your Neck by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://bookpeddler.ng/books/the-thing-around-your-neck-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/|work=Bookpeddler|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Thing Around Your Neck|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Thing_Around_Your_Neck.html?id=dKVDAqs5x6oC|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|date=2009-06-16|isbn=978-0-307-27205-8|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Thing Around Your Neck – Rovingheights Books|url=https://rhbooks.com.ng/product/the-thing-around-your-neck/|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Americanah'', 2013<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie&oldid=1357902289|date=2026-06-05|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimananda Ngozi Adichie, "Americanah," 2013|url=https://kpfa.org/area941/episode/chimananda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-2013/|work=KPFA|date=2026-06-09|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Americanah {{!}} novel by Adichie {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Americanah|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Americanah|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Americanah.html?id=_wZ1Rf1QQ_EC|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|date=2013-05-14|isbn=978-0-307-96212-6|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Americanah|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/15796700-americanah|work=Goodreads|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Americanah|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/americanah/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''We Should All Be Feminists'', 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminists - April 12, 2013|url=https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/communication/we-should-all-be-feminists-april-12-2013|work=awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminists – Narrative Landscape Press|url=https://www.narrativelandscape.com/product/we-should-all-be-feminists/|work=www.narrativelandscape.com|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminists by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://africanbookaddict.com/2015/01/14/we-should-all-be-feminists-ebook-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/|work=African Book Addict!|date=2015-01-14|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=Darkowaa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=We Should All Be Feminists|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/We_Should_All_Be_Feminists.html?id=XHhTBAAAQBAJ|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|date=2014-10-09|isbn=978-0-00-811528-9|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminist – Rovingheights Books|url=https://rhbooks.com.ng/product/we-should-all-be-feminist/|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ndị o meriri == [[File:Ms. magazine Cover - Summer 2014.jpg|thumb|270px|Ms. magazine Cover, n'afọ 2014.]][[Usòrò:2020 - Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (sq cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] * 2002 BBC Short Story Competition, ''That Harmattan Morning''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Adichie, a growing literary prodigy|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/|work=Vanguard News|date=2014-01-22|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-GB|author=vanguard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Author Bio|url=http://adichieauthorstudy.weebly.com/author-bio.html|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Author Study|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Competition {{!}} BBC Wa short story, in English, between 1800 and 2100 words long. orld Service|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/arts/competition/story.shtml|work=www.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref> * 2005 Commonwealth Writers' Prize, Africa category, ''Purple Hibiscus''<ref>{{Cite web|title=allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Nation's Writers Dominate Commonwealth Prizes|url=http://allafrica.com:80/stories/201102070018.html|work=allafrica.com|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Author Bio|url=http://adichieauthorstudy.weebly.com/author-bio.html|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Author Study|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SwissEduc - English - Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi: *1977|url=https://www.swisseduc.ch/english/readinglist/adichie_chimamanda/hibiscus/|work=www.swisseduc.ch|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaawards.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Purple Hibiscus Turns 15: The Best Moments of a Modern Classic|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/10/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-purple-hibiscus-turns-15-the-best-moments-of-a-modern-classic/|work=Brittle Paper|date=2018-10-15|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2007 Orange Broadband Prize: Fiction category, Shortlist, ''Half of a Yellow Sun''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://www.anisfield-wolf.org/winners/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|work=Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie wins Orange Prize|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2007/0607/410149-orange/|date=2007-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaawards.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Half of a Yellow Sun’ wins Orange Prize {{!}} Books+Publishing|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2007/06/12/4468/half-of-a-yellow-sun-wins-orange-prize/|work=www.booksandpublishing.com.au|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-AU|author=Mem: 10457880}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2008 Reader's Digest Author of the Year Award<ref>{{Cite web|title=1.2: Education and Career|url=https://human.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Literature_Supplemental_Modules/Chimamanda_Adichie%3A_A_Research_Guide/01%3A_Biographical_and_Background_Information/1.02%3A_Education_and_Career|work=Humanities LibreTexts|date=2021-06-07|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Writer Review: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://africanliteraturereviews.wordpress.com/2014/06/10/writer-review-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/|work=African Literature Reviews|date=2014-06-10|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en|author=Robinson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaawards.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref> * 2013 National Book Critics Circle Award: Fiction category, ''Americanah''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigerian Wins Prestigious U.S. Book Award|url=https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00029503.html|work=allAfrica.com|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2013|url=https://www.bookcritics.org/past-awards/2013/|work=National Book Critics Circle|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Americanah|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/americanah/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/americanah-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-summary-themes.html|work=study.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> * 2014 Listed among Africa39 project of 39 writers aged under 40<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa39: We Have New Names|url=https://thenewinquiry.com/blog/africa39-we-have-new-names/|work=The New Inquiry|date=2014-11-10|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US|author=Aaron Bady}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Making lists: Africa39|url=https://africainwords.com/2014/04/10/making-lists-africa39/|date=2014-04-10|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en|author=Kate Wallis}}</ref> == Lekwazie ndi nke ozo bụ ndi édémédé akwụkwọ == * [[Chinụa Achebe]] * [[Adaora Lily Ulasi]] * [[Helon Habila]] * [[Lola Shoneyin]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Links n'aga n'ezi== * Website nke [http://chimamanda.com/ Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie] * [http://www.l3.ulg.ac.be/adichie/index.html The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website], English Department of the University of Liège, [[Belgium]] {{commons|Category:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị Igbo]] [[Òtù:Ndi Afrika nke Amerika]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] [[Òtù:Ndi Amerika]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1977]] ej8ndtz0mk3u8tmnnhrnac4guky57si 674393 674382 2026-07-09T07:11:03Z SafariScribe 18560 /* */ ndezi 674393 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2015).png|thumb|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] '''Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie''' ({{Audio|Ig-Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.ogg|Audio}}; 15 September 1977) bụ onye odee akwụkwọ si na mba [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/934358840/8aaff2c36c5045e4cdc228b043634b53d27f|work=www.scribd.com|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref> Amuru Adichie na [[Enugu]]. O gara akwụkwọ mahadum na [[Mahadum nke Nigeria]] di na obodo [[Nsukka]]. N'ebe ahụ, oji otu afo na ọkara wee guo akwụkwọ gbasara ọgwụ. Ọ hapuru Naijiria gaba mba [[Amerika]] mgbe odi afo iri na-iteghete. Na mba Amerika, Ọ bidoro akwụkwo na [[Drexel University]] nke di na [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Site n'ebe ahụ, ogukwara na [[Eastern Connecticut State University]], [[Johns Hopkins University]], na [[Yale University]]; ha niile di na mba Amerika. Otutu n'ime akwụkwọ Adichie dere nwéré ngalaba ndị bi na [[Nsukka]] ebe azuru ya na ntakiri. Obu mgbe ọ na agụ Akwụkwọ na mahadum ka obidoro debe akwụkwo. Oburu ụzọ dee akwukwo ábu ana akpọ ''Decisions'' (1997), nke n'eso ya bụ ''For Love of Biafra'' (1998). Ọ turu ugo na mmara ndị mmadu mgbe odechara ''[[Purple Hibiscus]]'', akwụkwọ akụkọ nke izizi odere. Adichie eweela otutu akwụkwọ ma kpọọ [[Chinua Achebe]] na [[Buchi Emecheta]] ndị ndú ya. Ihe ndị odere gbasara ukwu na ndọrọ ndoro jikotara ndị ojii na ndị ọcha, okachasi site na [[Ndị Igbo]]. Adichie ma ekwu okwu oha. Onyela otutu okwu mmechi na mmeghe akwụkwo na mahadum di iche ichè, okachasi na [[Williams College]] (2017), [[Harvard University]] (2018), na [[American University]] (2019). Onyere okwu [[TEDx]] ana akpọ "The Danger of a Single Story" (2009) ya na "We Should All Be Feminists" (2012). Ụfọdụ okwu ya bu ihé onye na eti egwú [[Beyoncé]] tinyere na egwu ọhụrụ ana akpọ ''*Flawless''. Adichie aturula otutu asambodo na ngalaba ịgụ akwụkwọ na ide akwụkwọ. O nwetara MacArthur Fellowship n'afọ 2008 ma nnabata ya na otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences n'afọ 2017. == Ndu na mmalite == Aha enyere Adichie mgbe amụrụ ya bụ áhà oyibo, Grace<ref name="punchng">{{Cite news |last=Olonilua |first=Ademola |date=2 January 2021 |title=ICYMI: My parents did not name me Chimamanda, says author, Adichie |url=https://punchng.com/my-parents-did-not-name-me-chimamanda-says-author-adichie/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Amụrụ ya na 15 September n'afọ 1977 dika nwa nke ise na [[Enugu]], Nigeria, site na aka nne na nna ya bu [[ndi Igbo]].{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}}{{sfn|Akinyoade|2021}} Nna ya bụ [[James Nwoye Adichie]] bụ onye Abba di na [[Anambra]] ma nne ya bụ Grace Odigwe bụ onye [[Umunnachi]].{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}} Nna ya, onye gụrụ mathematics na [[University College, Ibadan]], tupu ọgụchara akwụkwọ n'afọ 1957, nụrụ Grace na 15 April n'afọ 1963,{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} ma kpọrọ ya wee jee [[Berkeley, California]] ebe ọgụrụ akwụkwọ maka ngalaba PhD ya na [[University of California]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Mgbe ha no na [[United States]], nne na nna Adichie nwéré ụmụaka nwaanyị abuo: ljeoma Rosemary na Uchenna.{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} Nna ya lotara mba Nigeria ma bido ọrụ nkụzi na mahadum [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]] n'afo 1966.{{sfn|''The Sun''|2020}} Nne ya bidoro akwụkwọ mahadum ya n'afọ 1964, na [[Merritt College]] nke di na [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California. Mgbe ọgụchara, ọ nwetara ngalaba na sociology ya na anthropology nke sitere na University of Nigeria.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}}{{sfn|Martin|2014}} [[Agha Biafra]] bidoro n'afọ 1967. Mgbe áhụ, nna Adichie malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Biafran Manpower Directorate nke bu ụlọ ọrụ [[Biafra]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Nne na nna ukwu Adichie nwụrụ na agha ahu.{{sfn|Adichie|2006}} Mgbe agha ahu kwụsịrị n'afọ 1970, nna ya laghachiri na University nke Nigeria,{{sfn|''The Sun''|2020}}{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} ebe nne ya, onye ruru ọrụ na Enugu wee rue afọ 1973, bia bụrụ onye ọrụ na ndị isi na University nke Nigeria. O mechara buru [[Registrar (education)|registrar]] ma burukwa onye izi bu nwaanyị malitere ya bu ọrụ.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}}{{sfn|Martin|2014}} Adichie nọrọ n'ụlọ obibi University nke Nigeria, n'ụlọ [[Chinua Achebe]] biri ikpeazụ.{{sfn|Murray|2007}} Umunne ya bụ Ijeoma Rosemary, Uchenna "Uche", Chukwunweike "Chuks", Okechukwu "Okey", na Kenechukwu "Kene".{{sfn|Anya|2005}}{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} Dika nwatakịrị, Adichie gụrụ naanị akwụkwọ akụkọ edere na-asusu bekee,{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} okachasi nke [[Enid Blyton]]. Adichie's [[juvenilia]] included stories with characters who were white and blue-eyed, modeled on British children she had read about.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}}{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} At the age of 10, she discovered [[African literature]] and read ''[[Things Fall Apart]]'' by [[Chinua Achebe]],{{sfn|Murray|2007}} ''[[The African Child]]'' by [[Camara Laye]],{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' by [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]], and ''[[The Joys of Motherhood]]'' by [[Buchi Emecheta]].{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Adichie began to study her father's stories about Biafra when she was 13 years old. On visits to Abba, she saw houses that were destroyed and rusty bullets scattered on the ground. She would later incorporate these memories and her father's accounts into her novels.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} At her Catholic confirmation, Adichie changed her English name from Grace to Amanda, under which name her first work was published.<ref name="punchng"/>{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}}{{sfn|Anya|2005}} In her formal education, Adichie was taught in both [[Igbo language|Igbo]] and English.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}} Although Igbo was not a popular subject, she continued taking courses in the language throughout high school.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} She completed her secondary education at the University of Nigeria Campus Secondary School, with top distinction in the [[West African Examinations Council]] (WAEC),{{sfn|Anya|2005}} and academic prizes.{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}} She was admitted to the University of Nigeria, where she studied medicine and pharmacy for a year and half.{{sfn|Agbo|2018b}} She was also the editor of ''The Compass'', a student-run university magazine.{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} In 1997, at the age of 19, Adichie published ''Decisions'', a collection of poems, and later moved to the United States,{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} to study communications at [[Drexel University]] in [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania.{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}}{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} In 1998, she wrote a play called ''For Love of Biafra'', which was her initial exploration of the theme of war.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} These early works were written under the name Amanda N. Adichie.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}} Two years after moving to the United States, she transferred to [[Eastern Connecticut State University]] in [[Willimantic, Connecticut]], living with her sister Ijeoma, who was a medical doctor there.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}} In 2000, Adichie published her short story "My Mother, the Crazy African",{{sfn|Adichie|2000}} which discusses the problems that arise when a person is facing two cultures that are complete opposites from each other.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|pages=297–298}} After finishing her undergraduate degree, she continued studying and simultaneously pursuing a writing career.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} While a senior at Eastern Connecticut, she wrote articles for the university paper ''Campus Lantern.''{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} She received her bachelor's degree ''[[summa cum laude]]'' with a major in political science and a minor in communications in 2001.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} She earned a master's degree in creative writing from [[Johns Hopkins University]] in 2003,{{sfn|Braimah|2018}}{{sfn|Krieger|2015}} and for the next two years was a Hodder Fellow at [[Princeton University]], where she taught introductory fiction.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}}{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}} She began studying at [[Yale University]], and completed a second master's degree in [[African studies]] in 2008.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} Adichie received a [[MacArthur Fellowship]] that same year,{{sfn|Irvine|2008}} plus other academic prizes, including the 2011–2012 Fellowship of the [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University]].{{sfn|Okachie|2011}} == Ihe ndị o dere == * ''For Love of Biafra'', 1998<ref>{{Cite news|title=For Love of Biafra {{!}} play by Adichie {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/For-Love-of-Biafra|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=For love of Biafra by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie {{!}} Open Library|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL877060W/For_love_of_Biafra|work=Open Library|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=ig}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=For love of Biafra {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/925975179|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=For Love of Biafra|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/For_Love_of_Biafra.html?id=WSlaAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Spectrum Books|date=1998|isbn=978-978-029-032-0|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=For love of Biafra {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/925975179|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> * ''That Harmattan Morning'', 2002<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Adichie, a growing literary prodigy|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/|work=Vanguard News|date=2014-01-22|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-GB|author=vanguard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://literaturfestival.com/en/authors/chimamanda-adichie/|work=international literature festival berlin|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaintro.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Chimamanda Adichie, a growing literary prodigy|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/|work=Vanguard News|date=2014-01-22|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-GB|author=vanguard}}</ref> * ''Purple Hibiscus'', 2003<ref>{{Cite book|title=Purple Hibiscus|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Purple_Hibiscus.html?id=ztCYPwAACAAJ|publisher=Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill|date=2003|isbn=978-0-00-718267-1|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Purple Hibiscus {{!}} novel by Adichie {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Purple-Hibiscus|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Purple Hibiscus|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Purple_Hibiscus.html?id=ztCYPwAACAAJ|publisher=Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill|date=2003|isbn=978-0-00-718267-1|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SwissEduc - English - Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi: *1977|url=https://www.swisseduc.ch/english/readinglist/adichie_chimamanda/hibiscus/|work=www.swisseduc.ch|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=de}}</ref> * ''Half of a Yellow Sun'', 2006<ref>{{Cite book|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun.html?id=-Bkrc1Fbm-EC|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|date=2008-11-12|isbn=978-0-307-48577-9|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Half Of A Yellow Sun – Narrative Landscape Press|url=https://www.narrativelandscape.com/product/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|date=2025-04-08|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun.html?id=J4bxP32E0QgC|publisher=Harper Perennial|date=2007|isbn=978-0-00-720028-3|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|edition=1. North American ed|title=Half of a yellow sun|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18749.Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun|publisher=Knopf|date=2006|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4000-4416-0|series=A Borzoi book|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''The Thing Around Your Neck'', 2009<ref>{{Cite book|title=THE THING AROUND YOUR NECK {{!}} Kirkus Reviews|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/the-thing-around-your-neck/|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=LitCharts|url=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-thing-around-your-neck/the-thing-around-your-neck|work=LitCharts|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Thing Around Your Neck by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://bookpeddler.ng/books/the-thing-around-your-neck-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/|work=Bookpeddler|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Thing Around Your Neck|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Thing_Around_Your_Neck.html?id=dKVDAqs5x6oC|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|date=2009-06-16|isbn=978-0-307-27205-8|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Thing Around Your Neck – Rovingheights Books|url=https://rhbooks.com.ng/product/the-thing-around-your-neck/|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Americanah'', 2013<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie&oldid=1357902289|date=2026-06-05|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimananda Ngozi Adichie, "Americanah," 2013|url=https://kpfa.org/area941/episode/chimananda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-2013/|work=KPFA|date=2026-06-09|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Americanah {{!}} novel by Adichie {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Americanah|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Americanah|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Americanah.html?id=_wZ1Rf1QQ_EC|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|date=2013-05-14|isbn=978-0-307-96212-6|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Americanah|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/15796700-americanah|work=Goodreads|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Americanah|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/americanah/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''We Should All Be Feminists'', 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminists - April 12, 2013|url=https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/communication/we-should-all-be-feminists-april-12-2013|work=awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminists – Narrative Landscape Press|url=https://www.narrativelandscape.com/product/we-should-all-be-feminists/|work=www.narrativelandscape.com|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminists by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://africanbookaddict.com/2015/01/14/we-should-all-be-feminists-ebook-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/|work=African Book Addict!|date=2015-01-14|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=Darkowaa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=We Should All Be Feminists|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/We_Should_All_Be_Feminists.html?id=XHhTBAAAQBAJ|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|date=2014-10-09|isbn=978-0-00-811528-9|language=en|author=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We Should All Be Feminist – Rovingheights Books|url=https://rhbooks.com.ng/product/we-should-all-be-feminist/|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ndị o meriri == [[File:Ms. magazine Cover - Summer 2014.jpg|thumb|270px|Ms. magazine Cover, n'afọ 2014.]][[Usòrò:2020 - Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (sq cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] * 2002 BBC Short Story Competition, ''That Harmattan Morning''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Adichie, a growing literary prodigy|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/|work=Vanguard News|date=2014-01-22|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-GB|author=vanguard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Author Bio|url=http://adichieauthorstudy.weebly.com/author-bio.html|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Author Study|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Competition {{!}} BBC Wa short story, in English, between 1800 and 2100 words long. orld Service|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/arts/competition/story.shtml|work=www.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref> * 2005 Commonwealth Writers' Prize, Africa category, ''Purple Hibiscus''<ref>{{Cite web|title=allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Nation's Writers Dominate Commonwealth Prizes|url=http://allafrica.com:80/stories/201102070018.html|work=allafrica.com|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Author Bio|url=http://adichieauthorstudy.weebly.com/author-bio.html|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Author Study|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SwissEduc - English - Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi: *1977|url=https://www.swisseduc.ch/english/readinglist/adichie_chimamanda/hibiscus/|work=www.swisseduc.ch|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaawards.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Purple Hibiscus Turns 15: The Best Moments of a Modern Classic|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/10/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-purple-hibiscus-turns-15-the-best-moments-of-a-modern-classic/|work=Brittle Paper|date=2018-10-15|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2007 Orange Broadband Prize: Fiction category, Shortlist, ''Half of a Yellow Sun''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://www.anisfield-wolf.org/winners/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|work=Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie wins Orange Prize|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2007/0607/410149-orange/|date=2007-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaawards.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Half of a Yellow Sun’ wins Orange Prize {{!}} Books+Publishing|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2007/06/12/4468/half-of-a-yellow-sun-wins-orange-prize/|work=www.booksandpublishing.com.au|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-AU|author=Mem: 10457880}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Half of a Yellow Sun|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/half-of-a-yellow-sun/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2008 Reader's Digest Author of the Year Award<ref>{{Cite web|title=1.2: Education and Career|url=https://human.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Literature_Supplemental_Modules/Chimamanda_Adichie%3A_A_Research_Guide/01%3A_Biographical_and_Background_Information/1.02%3A_Education_and_Career|work=Humanities LibreTexts|date=2021-06-07|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Writer Review: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|url=https://africanliteraturereviews.wordpress.com/2014/06/10/writer-review-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/|work=African Literature Reviews|date=2014-06-10|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en|author=Robinson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaawards.html|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref> * 2013 National Book Critics Circle Award: Fiction category, ''Americanah''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigerian Wins Prestigious U.S. Book Award|url=https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00029503.html|work=allAfrica.com|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2013|url=https://www.bookcritics.org/past-awards/2013/|work=National Book Critics Circle|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Americanah|url=https://www.chimamanda.com/americanah/|work=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/americanah-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-summary-themes.html|work=study.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> * 2014 Listed among Africa39 project of 39 writers aged under 40<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa39: We Have New Names|url=https://thenewinquiry.com/blog/africa39-we-have-new-names/|work=The New Inquiry|date=2014-11-10|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US|author=Aaron Bady}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Making lists: Africa39|url=https://africainwords.com/2014/04/10/making-lists-africa39/|date=2014-04-10|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en|author=Kate Wallis}}</ref> == Lekwazie ndi nke ozo bụ ndi édémédé akwụkwọ == * [[Chinụa Achebe]] * [[Adaora Lily Ulasi]] * [[Helon Habila]] * [[Lola Shoneyin]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Links n'aga n'ezi== * Website nke [http://chimamanda.com/ Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie] * [http://www.l3.ulg.ac.be/adichie/index.html The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website], English Department of the University of Liège, [[Belgium]] {{commons|Category:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị Igbo]] [[Òtù:Ndi Afrika nke Amerika]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] [[Òtù:Ndi Amerika]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1977]] 63henzgzfrqkwo1lo1vtmo3cuomqb7q 0 10235 674239 641204 2026-07-08T19:59:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eedris Abdulkareem''' bụ onye [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na-agụ egwu hipụ họpụ . Amụrụ Eedris Turayo Abdulkareem Ajenifuja n’ezinaụlọ a lụrụ karịa otu nwanyị <ref name="sv">{{Cite web |url=http://sammy-ville.tripod.com/id8.html |title=Peace or War: An Interview with Eedris Abdulkareem |accessdate=2020-11-26 |archivedate=2020-12-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204034640/http://sammy-ville.tripod.com/id8.html }}</ref> na [[Kano]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], nna ya si obodo Ilesha, [[Ȯra Osun|Osun Steeti]], ma nne ya si [[Ȯra Ogun|Ogun steeti]] . N’ịbụ onye tolitere na Kano, ọ nakweere Kano [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|steeti]] dị ka steeti ya. Nna na umunne ya nwoke asatọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ. <ref name="yt">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnjowDQWGD0 Youtube Interview]</ref> == Ọrụ == Abdulkareem na ndị otu egwu hipụ-họpụ ya [[The Remedies|The Remedies gosipụtara]] egwu ha site 1997 rue mgbe ha kewara na 2002. Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye na-eti egwu wee wepụta abọm ''PASS'' ("Pain and Stress= Success") na 2002. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-13|title=I’ve been vindicated again because Nigeria is still jaga jaga'' - Eedris Abdulkareem|url=https://m.guardian.ng/life/ive-been-vindicated-again-because-nigeria-is-still-jaga-jaga-eedris-abdulkareem/|language=en-US}}</ref> Egwu ya "Wackawickee MC's" katọrọ Tony Tetuila, Plantashun Boiz na Double X Posse . N’ime otu afọ ahụ, o wepụtara abọm nke akpọrọ ''"Mr Lecturer"'' . Egwu ya na-egosi ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na kọleji na mahadum ndị Naịjirịa na-enweta ego na mmekọahụ maka nnukwu akara ule. N’afọ 2004, Abdulkareem weputara abọm nke atọ ya bụ “ ''Jaga Jaga”,'' okwu Yoruba pụtara ihe mebiri emebi, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria and the Jaga Jaga Prophecy|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2016/12/16/nigeria-and-the-jaga-jaga-prophecy/|publisher=The Tide Newspaper Corporation|date=16 December 2016|accessdate=26 November 2020|archivedate=23 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123100806/http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2016/12/16/nigeria-and-the-jaga-jaga-prophecy/}}</ref> na-ekwupụta ire ure na ahụhụ na Naịjirịa. Onye isi ala [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] machibidoro egwu a ịkpọ na redio, mana ọ gara n'ihu na-akpọ egwu a na klọb abalị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Obasanjo still fighting Eedris over Nigeria jaga jaga|url=http://www.naijacenter.com/news/obasanjo-still-fighting-eedris-over-nigeria-jaga-jaga/|date=31 August 2012|accessdate=26 November 2020|archivedate=19 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519004612/http://www.naijacenter.com/news/obasanjo-still-fighting-eedris-over-nigeria-jaga-jaga/}}</ref> Ihe mkpuchi abọm ahụ bụ onye na-ese ihe, Lemi Ghariokwu , amaara maka ịmepụta ọtụtụ mkpuchi abọm nke Fela Kuti bụ onye mepụtara ya. N’ọnwa Nọvemba nke afọ 2005, Abdulkareem weputara akwụkwọ egwu ya, La Kreem Music wee wepụta egwu nke anọ ya, "''Letter to Mr President"''. Aha egwu a kwuru banyere nkatọ Obasanjo katọrọ "Jaga Jaga"; abọm ahụ gosikwara "Flash Up Unu Lighter", ụtụ maka nwunye Obasanjo, [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella]], onye nwụrụ mgbe ọ na-awa ahụ na Spain, ya na ndị ihe mberede ụgbọelu nke "Bellview Airlines" nke Ọktoba 2005. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-09-03|title=Obasanjo is my mugu- Eedris Abdulkareem|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/98725-obasanjo-is-my-mugu-eedris-abdulkareem.html|language=en-GB}}</ref> O weputara usoro nke "Jaga Jaga" na Jenụwarị 2012 n'oge ngagharị iwe nke Naịjirịa maka ịwepụ enyemaka mmanụ ụgbọala. O mekwala egwu na nke ndị egwu ndị ọzọ tinyere “Bad Guy Baller” nke gosiputara Mode 9 na VTEK na egwu nke Oba Mmega. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-31|title=‘Buhari Is Nigeria’s Most Successful Fraudster In History’, Eedris spits fire!|url=http://www.dailyadvent.com/politics/2018/10/31/buhari-is-nigerias-most-successful-fraudster-in-history-eedris-spits-fire/|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Abdulkareem lụrụ Yetunde na 2004. N’afọ 2019, onye na-agụ egwu a gara na soshal midia ya ka ọ maa ọkwa maka ọmụmụ nke nwa ọhụrụ ha. Di na nwunye a nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ na otu nwoke. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Oluwafunmilayo|first=Akinpelu|date=2018-12-27|title=New photos of singer Eedris Abdulkareem's adorable kids surface online|url=https://www.legit.ng/1211891-proud-father-eedris-abdulkareem-shows-cute-children-photos.html|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe omume ndị ọzọ == Na 2000 Abdulkareem so na ndị Naịjirịa họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ ọwa ọkụ Olimpik na mba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian celebrities who have carried the Olympic Torch|url=http://pulse.ng/celebrities/pulse-list-nigerian-celebrities-who-have-carried-the-olympic-torch-id5354926.html|publisher=Ringier Nigeria|date=8 August 2016|accessdate=26 November 2020|archivedate=19 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519042159/http://pulse.ng/celebrities/pulse-list-nigerian-celebrities-who-have-carried-the-olympic-torch-id5354926.html}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Studiyo abọm === * ''P.A.S.S (2002)'' * ''Mr. Lecturer (2002)'' * ''Jaga Jaga (2004)'' * ''Letter to Mr. President (2005)'' * ''King Is Back (2007)'' * ''Unfinished Business (2010)'' * ''Nothing But The Truth (2020)'' === Otu egwu === * "Jaga Jaga part 2 (2012) otu * "Wonkere ft Fatai Rolling dollar (2011) otu * "Sekere ft Vector (2013) single * "Fela ft Femi Kuti (2013) otu * "I Go Whoze You ft Vtek (2013) otu * " Trouble Dey Sleep ft Konga (2016) otu == Edensibịa == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Abdulkareem, Eedris}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] knlqvkb6oyign8u3zgkw33qvqxkmyt1 0 10677 674481 174811 2026-07-09T11:22:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Oldest Pots used by the recent people kept at Gidan Makama Museum Kano.jpg|thumb|Ite kacha ochie nke ndị mmadụ na nso nso a ji na-edebe na Gidan Makama Museum Kano]]   '''Gidan Makama Museum Kano''' ma ọ bụ Kano Museum bụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị na steeti [[Kano]], Nigeria . Ụlọ a rụrụ ọrụ dị ka obí eze nwa oge nke Kano tupu e wuo obí eze ugbu a bụ Gidan Rumfa na narị afọ nke iri na ise Ihe ngosi nka ahụ nwere nnukwu nchịkọta nka, ọrụ aka na ihe ndị nwere mmasị akụkọ ihe mere eme metụtara mpaghara Kano.<ref>Barau, Aliyu Salisu (2007) The Great Attractions of Kano. Research and Documentation Directorate Government House, Kano</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nigerianembassy.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=50 |title=Nigerian Embassy |accessdate=2021-07-23 |archivedate=2012-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303091843/http://nigerianembassy.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=50 }}</ref> Ọ dị na ụlọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke iri na ise, nke Gọọmentị Naịjirịa ghọtara dị ka ihe ncheta mba.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-17|title=Make this summer vacation memorable for your kids|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/make-this-summer-vacation-memorable-for-your-kids/|accessdate=2021-01-04|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303122635/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/make-this-summer-vacation-memorable-for-your-kids/}}</ref> E kewara ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ n'ime ụlọ ngosi iri na otu, nke ọ bụla nwere ebe ha na-elekwasị anya. Ihe ngosi nka gụnyere Zaure ma ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ mbata nke nwere ngosipụta nke ihe ọdịnala, mgbidi obodo na map nke Kano, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke steeti, Kano na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, Agha Obodo, akụ na ụba, ụlọ ọrụ na egwu.<ref>[http://www.kanoonline.com/gidan_makama/ Kano Online]</ref> Ebe mepere emepe n'ime ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri maka otu egwu na ihe nkiri Koroso.<ref>"Dance Draws Young Into Museum." Africa News Service 7 Jan. 2009. Business Insights: Global. Web. 5 Mar. 2016</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Gidan Makam Museum Kano.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Gidan Man, Kano]] E wuru ụlọ ahụ na narị afọ nke iri na ise maka Muhammad Rumfa mgbe ahụ nwa nwa nke eze nke a họpụtara Makama Kano, aha ọdịnala. Rumfa mechara bụrụ Eze ma kwaga n'obí ọhụrụ mana Makamas sochirinụ biri n'ụlọ ahụ. Mgbe ndị mba Britain weghaara Kano n'afọ 1903, ebe ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ maka ndị isi ọchịchị na steeti Kano.<ref name="DT">{{Cite news|title=Nigeria: Gidan Makama - the Story of Kano's Famous Museum|publisher=Daily Trust|date=23 December 2012|accessdate=5 March 2016}}</ref> E mechara kewaa ihe owuwu ahụ n'akụkụ atọ. Otu ngalaba ghọrọ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Ngalaba Antiquities na-elekọta, nke ọzọ ghọrọ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na nke atọ nọgidere na-enwe ebumnuche mbụ dị ka ụlọ obibi.<ref name="DT" /> Gidan Makama bụzi akụkụ nke ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie n'okpuru njikwa nke National Commission of Museums and Monuments na otu n'ime ụlọ ochie na-egosi ụlọ ọdịnala [[Ndi Haụsa|Hausa]]. Ọdịdị ahụ nwere mgbidi aja nke oge ahụ mana n'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ụfọdụ ọrụ nrụzigharị nke oge a emeela. == Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie == Ihe ngosi nka a dị n'okporo ụzọ Emir Palace ma kewaa ya n'ime ụlọ ngosi iri na otu na nke ọ bụla nwere akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ihe ọdịnala [[Kano|Kanawa]], foto, ngwá egwu, ọrụ aka na ihe.<ref>"The Place of Gidan Makama and Gidan Dan Hausa in Tourism [opinion]." Africa News Service 29 July 2012. Business Insights: Global. Web. 5 Mar. 2016</ref> Ụlọ ihe nkiri ndị ahụ bụ ọnụ ụlọ na ogige nke Makamas ochie ma gosipụta ụdị ebe obibi ọdịnala nke onye isi steeti Kano. Ọnụ ụzọ ámá ndị ahụ gosipụtara ụfọdụ ite akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe ochie nke a kwenyere na e gwupụtara na Kofar Kabuga, ọnụ ụzọ ámá dị n'ime mgbidi obodo Kano na egbe abụọ nke ndị ọchịchị. Ụlọ ahụ nwere ụlọ ngosi iri na otu (11). === Ihe ngosi nka<ref name="DT"/> === Ihe ngosi nka ahụ nwere ụlọ ngosi iri na otu nke ọ bụla nwere ihe, ihe ochie na foto ndị na-anọchite anya ihe nketa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị mmadụ. * Ụlọ ihe ngosi ''nke mbụ'' bụ banyere ụlọ ọdịnala ndị Hausa ma na-agụnye ihe owuwu nke ndị Kano ji * ''Nke abụọ'' nwere ọnụ ụzọ ámá Kofar kabuga nke ndị Britain si banye ma mesịa weghara Kano; o nwekwara map na-egosi mgbidi Kano * ''Nke atọ'' na-egosi akụkọ okpukpe ọdịnala nke Kano na foto na akụkọ nke ndị mbụ wakporo Kano nke Bagauda duziri * ''Nke anọ'' na-egosi ndị Fulani metụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Kano malite na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu * ''Nke ise'' na-akọ akụkọ banyere agha obodo Kano * ''Nke isii'' na-akọ akụkọ banyere akụ na ụba Kano ochie na Durbar * ''Nke asaa'' nwere oge ọchịchị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị narị afọ nke iri abụọ * ''Nke asatọ'' gụnyere ihe nketa Alakụba nke ndị Kano * ''Nke itoolu'' na-egosi ọrụ dị iche iche nke ndị Kano ma na-agụnye ngwá ọrụ ugbo, nkata na ákwà * Iri nwere ngwá egwu * ''Nke iri na otu'' na-egosi ọnụ ụlọ nwanyị a na-alụ ọhụrụ nke Hausa. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ụlọ Ihe Ngosi Nke Naijiria]] tf7dokkuqxxfblhtig8pmq47yy7quvi 3 11338 674455 672029 2026-07-09T09:43:30Z MediaWiki message delivery 4554 /* Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #256: Moving toward our first Abstract Wikipedia integration milestone */ nkeji ohúrù 674455 wikitext text/x-wiki Abụ m Olugold ọ na-amasị m inye aka na ọrụ Wikimedia Foundation. == Have you voted in the UCoC enforcement guidelines ratification? == Hi! Olugold, The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]]. Please vote and encourage other editors of Igbo Wikipedia to also vote. Regards, [[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|kwuo]]) 16:39, 11 Ọnwa atọ 2022 (UTC) :Thank you so much [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 20:41, 11 Ọnwa atọ 2022 (UTC) == Stefania Turkewich == Thank you very much for this article, Olugold! [[Ọbanife:Nicola Mitchell|Nicola Mitchell]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Nicola Mitchell|kwuo]]) 10:02, 14 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC) :Anytime!😊👍🏾 [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 11:38, 14 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC) == [[:Òtù:Candidates for speedy deletion]] == Hi, can you please review these deletion requests? '''[[User:Rschen7754|Rs]][[User talk:Rschen7754|chen]][[Special:Contributions/Rschen7754|7754]]''' 23:58, 8 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC) :Done! Thank you! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 07:20, 9 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[file:Ask Me Anything on Movement Charter, Introduction by Érica Azzellini, English, Nov 12, 2022.webm|thumb|320px|Ask Me Anything session introduction (12 November), presented by a Movement Charter Drafting Committee member.]] * MCDC members attended the “[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#Ask Me Anything on Movement Charter sessions|'''Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter''']]” sessions to provide more information about the Movement Charter, its goal, why it matters and how it impacts the communities. Recordings of the presentations in different languages can be found [[m:c:Category:Movement_Charter_videos|here]]. * [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|'''The Movement Charter Ambassadors Program''']]: Movement Charter Ambassadors (MCA) are individuals or groups interested in helping to ensure that their communities are fully engaged in community consultations. MCA are interested in supporting their communities to understand the content of the Movement Charter as well as ensuring that their communities can easily provide feedback. Anyone can become a MCA! [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/grant|Dedicated funds are available]] to support the MCA and their activities. Are you interested in becoming a Movement Charter Ambassador for your community? Sign up [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|here]]! * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcements/Closing membership|'''The Movement Charter Drafting Committee will close membership''']]: The  Committee decided not to add new members or replace those who step down after 1 January 2023, unless for exceptional reasons. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#October 2022|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in October''']]:  The Committee released its regular monthly update from October 2022. It includes highlights about the Committee's progress in drafting the Movement Charter content, its upcoming community consultation and participation at Wikimedia events. '''Coming up''': * '''[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#Community_consultation|Regional feedback conversations]]:''' The MCDC’s community consultations to collect feedback on the first three sections of the Movement Charter will take place between November 20 and December 18, 2022. You are invited to join one of the regional conversations planned for the eight regions (and various languages) of the Movement. Please note that interested people can share their feedback in different ways, including on the [[m:Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]], on the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/c/ensure-equity-in-decision-making/movement-charter/21 Movement Strategy forum], filling out a [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 survey] (anonymously) and sending an email to: [mailto:movementcharter@wikimedia.org movementcharter{{@}}wikimedia.org]. * '''Sign up [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|here]]''' to become a Movement Charter Ambassadors from your community and help ensure that your community is aware of the conversations around the Movement Charter!  <section end="content" /> </div> --13:37, 20 Novemba 2022 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24094585 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2022 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfirst newsletter, covering November 2022. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Activities''' * Current: Women in Climate Change editathon in various languages (1 December 2022 - 31 January 2023) (SDG 5 & 13) [17] * Past: Wikipedia and sustainability, how to increase knowledge on climate change? (SDG all) [1] * Past: Wikidata editathon in Swedish during COP 27 (SDG 13) [2] '''News''' * Wikimedia Nederland signed the Wikimedia Affiliates Environmental Sustainability Covenant (SDG all) [3] * WikiProject Govdirectory was featured as Digital Public Goods (SDG 16) [11] * The theme for Wiki Loves Africa 2023 has been revealed: Climate and weather (SDG 13) [16] '''Resources''' * Let's Connect learning report - pilot phase 2022 (SDG 17) [15] '''Research''' * Recommendations for use of annotations and persistent identifiers in taxonomy and biodiversity publishing [SDG 15) [7] * A longitudinal analysis of gender diversity in Wikipedia articles (SDG 5) [13] '''Videos''' * 10 Anos de Wikidata: Wikidata for Open Access to Cultural Heritage, por Susanna Ånäs (AvoinGLAM) (SDG 11) [14] '''New WikiProjects''' * Myosotis Pilot (SDG 15) [12] '''New Wikidata properties''' * Bank of information on the historical and cultural heritage of the Republic of Belarus (SDG 11) [4] * Louisiana Plant ID (SDG 15) [5] * DrugCentral ID (SDG 3) [8] * Probes And Drugs ID (SDG 3) [9] '''New Wikidata query examples''' * Map of water bodies in France (SDG 14) [6] * Gender balances of winners of literary awards (SDG 5) [10] '''Links''' * [1] https://www.wikimedia.nl/session_wikiconnl22/ * [2] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Sweden/Swedish_Riksdag_documents/Kopplingssprint_COP_27 * [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Affiliates_Environmental_Sustainability_Covenant * [4] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11184 * [5] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11189 * [6] https://w.wiki/5wCp * [7] https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.8.e97374 * [8] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11198 * [9] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11199 * [10] https://w.wiki/5$BR * [11] https://mailchi.mp/c3e4c371c62a/announcing-new-dpga-members-and-strengthening-dpi-12387620 * [12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa/What_We%27ve_Done/Myosotis_Pilot * [13] https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wednesday-index * [14] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vgh5_oD1yec * [15] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Let%27s_Connect_learning_report_-_pilot_phase_2022.pdf * [16] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Africa_2023 * [17] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Climate_Change_2022 This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 22:05, 1 Disemba 2022 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24143847 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Wikimedia Movement Charter - Values and Principles presentation - November 2022.webm|thumb|256px|right|Presentation about the Values & Principles chapter by MCDC member [[m:User:Geugeor|Georges Fodouop]].]] [[File:Wikimedia Movement Charter - Roles and Responsibilities presentation - November 2022.webm|thumb|256px|right|Presentation about the Roles and Responsibilities chapter (statement of intent) by MCDC member [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]].]] * [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#November%202022|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in November''']]''':''' As usual, the Committee released its regular monthly updates from November 2022. This month’s updates include highlights about the external facilitator hiring, next in-person meeting of the Committee and updates about the new drafting groups, among others. * [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|'''First community consultation period:''']] From mid November to mid December 2022 the Committee members took part in 8 regional feedback sessions. Committee members joined the sessions to provide clarifications and answer to questions that came from different language communities on the Movement Charter. ** Recordings of the presentations shared during the regional meetings are available [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Regional Conversations#Regional%20conversation|here]] for those interested. ** A list '''[[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Frequently Asked Questions|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' that came up in the calls is available on Meta. ** If you have not shared your feedback on the drafts of the Movement Charter yet, please do so by filling out this [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 '''anonymous survey'''], which is open until '''January 2, 2023''' and is available in '''more than 12 languages'''. * [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|'''The Movement Charter Ambassador Program''']] received over 15 proposals. The ambassadors are currently putting their initiatives into action in various local communities. The Movement Charter Ambassadors Program will once again be opened for applications in the second quarter of 2023, in preparation for the next  round of Movement Charter consultations. Both individuals and organizations will be able to apply. Those interested in becoming Movement Charter Ambassadors are encouraged to [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|sign-up]]. '''Coming up''': * '''Community Conversations summary:''' [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Team|The Movement Strategy and Governance]] team of the Wikimedia Foundation will prepare and publish the final summary report of the community feedback in January 2023. The report will be shared with the MCDC and the communities on different channels of communication. * '''Feedback on the Movement Charter:''' There will be additional ways to engage with the Movement Charter content, including the early feedback on the proposed ratification process and a new set of draft chapters in the second quarter of 2023. <section end="content" /> </div> --14:27, 22 Disemba 2022 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24275711 --> == Ihe nrite Onye Ntinyeaka == {| style="background-color: #CEF2D4; border: 10px solid Green;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Silverwiki 2 za zásluhy.png|100px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''Onye ntụgharị Pụrụ iche n'afọ 2022''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Anyị n'ekele gị maka ọrụ ị na-arụ na <span class="plainlinks">[https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 Wikipidia Igbo]</span>. '''Daalụ maka ịtụgharị edemede karịrị nari abụọ'''. Ị mere nke ọma, jisie ike! [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 10:48, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC) |} :Obi dị mu ụtọ maka ihe nrite nke afọ a. Daalụ nke ukwu! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 20:55, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2022 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentysecond newsletter, covering December 2022. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * January 15: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|Online user group meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 15) * [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 & 13) '''News''' * [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2022/11/28/museology-myosotis-and-metadata-oh-my-sharing-sustainably-in-wikipedia/ Museology, Myosotis, and metadata oh my! Sharing sustainably in Wikipedia] (SDG 15) '''Resources''' * New Book: [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-05182-1 Open Mapping Towards Sustainable Development Goals] (SDG all) '''Videos''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t66i3ztg-1E&t=1717s Margaret Donald - Wikidata, OpenRefine & Biota] (SDG 15) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_alismatid_families|List of alismatid families]] (SDG 15) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11231|has biological vector]] (SDG 15) * [[d:Property:P11272|Bureau of Meteorology location ID]] (SDG 13) * [[d:Property:P11277|CIViC gene ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11281|Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11282|Tanzania Parliament member ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11311|Lygaeoidea Species File ID]] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 14:37, 1 Jenụwarị 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24307628 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentythird newsletter, covering January 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 16<!-- insert related SDGs here -->.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|19 February - User group meeting]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230115|15 January - User group meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 14) * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/Dunedin_5|The 2023 Bug of the Year Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 14) * Past: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=74 Lexeme challenge Urology] (SDG 3) * Past: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Veckans_tävling/Grodor_versus_ödlor|Swedish Wikipedia weekly challenge - Frogs versus lizards]] (SDG 14) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December_2022/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Three_hundred_episodes_of_Critter_of_the_Week|Three hundred episodes of Critter of the Week]] (SDG 14) * Past: [https://zenodo.org/record/7521891#.Y9p6MdLMKw4 Wikidata Queries around the SARS-CoV-2 virus and pandemic] (SDG 3) * Past: [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 & 13) '''News''' * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/05/the-stories-behind-the-wiki-loves-earth-2022-photos-from-turkiye/ The stories behind the Wiki Loves Earth 2022 photos from Türkiye] (SDG 14) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/05/announcing-our-funding-support-from-the-patient-centered-outcomes-research-institute-pcori/ Announcing our funding support from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)] (SDG 3) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/04/jumping-for-science-how-wikipedia-assignments-inspire-stem-students/ Jumping for science: how Wikipedia assignments inspire STEM students] (SDG 14) * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Birds_of_NYC_Photo_Contest/Winners|Birds of NYC Photo Contest Winners announced!]] (SDG 14) * [https://anchor.fm/civichackerpodcast/episodes/Using-Wikidata-to-Connect-Constituents-With-Their-Government-e1or922 Using Wikidata to Connect Constituents With Their Government] (SDG 16) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/23/wiki-loves-earth-2022-presents-the-winners-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment/ Wiki Loves Earth 2022 presents the winners of the special nomination “Human rights and environment”!] (SDG 10 & 14) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/19/equity-diversity-inclusion-in-affiliate-governance/ Equity, diversity & inclusion in affiliate governance] (SDG 5 & 10) '''Resources''' * [https://www.databricks.com/blog/2023/01/26/building-life-sciences-knowledge-graph-data-lake.htmlBuilding a Life Sciences Knowledge Graph with a Data Lake] (SDG 3) '''Videos''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HW6YxXRL18 Editor uses Wikidata to find new uses for existing drugs and speed up approval process for new treatments] (SDG 3) * [[c:File:WikiForHumanRights_Information_Session_2023.webm|WikiForHumanRights Information Session]] (SDG 10) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_birds_of_Tuvalu|List of birds of Tuvalu]] (SDG 14) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Laos|List of World Heritage Sites in Laos]] (SDG 11) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh|List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh]] (SDG 11) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11429|NIP]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11402|NSR doctor ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:/Property:P11430|UniProt disease ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11446|Strazha ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11500|United States House of Representatives ID]] (SDG 16) </div> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 16:25, 1 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24426147 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|120px|right]] * '''First Community Consultation:''' A concise summary of the community consultation on the initial three drafts of the Charter is now available for your review [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Summary|on Meta]] and [[wmfblog:2023/02/07/movement-charter-community-consultation-summary/|on the Diff platform]]. In addition, you can read about MC Ambassadors are sharing about their experiences: ** [[wmfblog:2023/02/10/highlights-of-the-movement-charter-drafting-committees-first-community-consultation/|Highlights of the community consultation process, as well as about the Movement Charter Ambassador Program]]. ** [[wmfblog:2023/02/10/igbo-wikimedians-communitys-participation-in-the-movement-charter-consultation/|The Igbo Wikimedia community’s participation in the MC consultation]]. ** [[wmfblog:2023/02/01/ambassadors-of-the-movement-charter-draft-committee-in-the-arabic-speaking-community-share-their-experience/|The experience of Arabic-speaking community members]]. * '''What’s next after the community feedback period?''' The Committee is currently reviewing the detailed feedback which consists of 59 pages of comments, in March the Committee will share their response to the comments. The detailed version of the feedback, which the Committee is reviewing, is also available [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|on this Meta page]]. * '''MCDC’s Virtual Working Session:''' The Committee gathered virtually from 3rd to 5th February to work on the drafts of the following new set of [[m:Movement Charter/Content|chapters of the Movement Charter]]: Global Council, Hubs, Decision Making, and Roles & Responsibilities. The Committee members worked in their smaller drafting groups first. The full Committee then convened, with representatives of each drafting group presenting the progress made so far, as well as about what type of support is needed for their future sessions. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#January 2023|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in January''']]''':''' The update includes details of the meetings held by the Committee in the month of January 2023, stakeholder conversations, completed work as well as about the new drafting groups, creating glossary and independent legal review. '''Coming up:''' * '''Community feedback on the ratification methodology''' proposal of the future Movement Charter. The feedback was postponed until March 2023. The communities will be able to review the ratification methodology and share their early input on the open questions.   * '''The MCDC will soon announce a “Call for Advisors”.''' The call will be an invitation for interested individuals with relevant expertise and knowledge to participate in drafting the Charter. Advisors will be considered non-voting members. * '''Responses to the community consultation feedback''' by the MCDC. The Committee has been carefully reviewing feedback collected in the consultation from November & December 2022, and will publicly share responses to the feedback by March.   <section end="content" /> </div> --14:20, 22 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24476598 --> == A new Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions update is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-02-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: the latest changes in our development team, info about our participation at the latest Conversation with Trustees, links to the recordings of our last week's meetings, and the latest development updates. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 11:28, 27 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24618444 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfourth newsletter, covering February 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16<!-- insert related SDGs here -->.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|2023-03-05 User group meeting]] (SDG all) * [[m:2023-03-19 User group meeting|Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[wikimania:2023:Program/Submissions|Suggest "Environmental sustainability and climate crisis" topics for Wikimania]] (SDG all) * Ongoing: [[m:Africa_Environment|Africa Environment WikiFocus]] (SDG 13) * Past: [https://www.eventbrite.com/x/edit-for-climate-change-wikipedia-editathon-registration-526291811977 Edit for Climate Change: Wikipedia Editathon] (SDG 13) * Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|Capacity Building Sessions on "Tools for Finding the Right Articles" and "Building Article List with Petscan"]] (SDG 10 & 13) * Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Resources|Regional Office Hours for Africa and Maghreb Regions]] (SDG 10 & 13) '''News''' * [https://observablehq.com/@thadk/garden NCBI breakdown of common garden foods with photographs by Phytotheca] (SDG 2) '''Resources''' * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Sweden_report|3000 Arctic images]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Content_Partnerships_Hub_report|SMART-Servier Medical Art upload]] (SDG 3) '''Research''' * [https://fosdem.org/2023/schedule/event/sustainability/ Open Source in Environmental Sustainability] (SDG 13) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11576|Norwegian war prisoner detention camp ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11587|Iowa legislator ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11610|National Grid Balancing Mechanism unit ID]] (SDG 7) '''Wikidata query examples''' * [https://w.wiki/5Vu8 Map of disasters by type] (SDG 11) '''Featured articles''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:South_Asian_river_dolphin|South Asian river dolphin]] (SDG 14) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka|List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka]] (SDG 11) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_lamiid_families|List of lamiid families]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg|Three horses (SDG 15) File:Hunter_baby_chameleon.jpg|Hunter baby chameleon (SDG 15) File:Rice_paper_butterfly_%2816709%29.jpg|Rice paper butterfly (SDG 15) File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28top_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (top view) (SDG 15) File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28side_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (side view).jpg (SDG 15) File:Mockingbird_on_the_North_Lake_Trail_%2836851%29.jpg|Mockingbird on the North Lake Trail (SDG 15) File:Striated_Pardalote_0012.jpg|Striated Pardalote (SDG 15) File:Kleines_Wiesenv%C3%B6gelchen_am_Morgen.jpg|Wiesenvögelchen (SDG 15) File:Immature_herring_gull_%2816259%29.jpg|Herring gull (SDG 15) File:Northern_shoveler_male_in_Marine_Park_%2833296%29.jpg|Northern shoveler (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 18:57, 1 Maachị 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24647320 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #106 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract_Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: an essay from Denny about deconstructing narratives around functions, links to the recordings of our last presentations, and the latest development updates. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1678127403 today at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 09:21, 6 Maachị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24664700 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #107 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract_Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: an essay from Denny about where to store objects for Abstract Wikipedia (and relative problems with such issue) and the next appointment with the community. About the last point, we remind you that the next Natural Language Generation workstream public meeting will be held on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679416242 March 21, at 16:30 UTC] on Jitsi ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 11:02, 17 Maachị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24726847 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|120px|right]] * '''Call for Advisors'''! Individuals interested to support the Drafting Groups or the Subcommittees of the MCDC in the role of an advisor can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd2Fp9NxOox_nxjf9kgV8Q7InIPm4jO9rLmteNkUV34vSHatA/viewform fill out the advisory application form] by May, 2023. The MCDC will be contacting interested individuals on a rolling basis. Do you want to know more about it? Please [[wmfblog:2023/02/21/movement-charter-drafting-committee-call-for-advisors/|read here for more information]]. The information is also available in [[wmfblog:ar/2023/03/02/لجنة-صياغة-ميثاق-الحركة-دعوة-مستشارين/|Arabic]], [[wmfblog:es/2023/03/01/comite-de-redaccion-de-la-carta-del-movimiento-convocatoria-de-asesores/|Spanish]], [[wmfblog:fr/2023/02/27/comite-de-redaction-de-la-charte-du-mouvement-appel-aux-conseillers/|French]], [[wmfblog:pt/2023/02/24/comite-de-redacao-da-carta-do-movimento-wikimedia-chamada-para-pessoas-assessoras/|Brazilian Portuguese]], [[wmfblog:ru/2023/03/02/комитет-по-разработке-устава-движени/|Russian]] and [[wmfblog:zh-hant/2023/03/02/運動憲章起草委員會：徵求顧問/|Chinese]] languages respectively. * '''Movement Charter Ambassadors from the Latin America and the Caribbean region''' share their experiences of organizing community conversations on the Movement Charter. Please read the Diff blog [[wmfblog:pt/2023/03/12/programa-de-pessoas-embaixadoras-da-carta-do-movimento-wikimedia-na-america-latina-e-no-caribe/|in Brazilian Portuguese]] and in [[wmfblog:es/2023/03/16/programa-de-embajadores-de-la-carta-del-movimiento-wikimedia-en-america-latina-y-el-caribe/|Spanish languages]]. * '''Casual updates''': The MCDC publishes regular casual updates after bi-weekly full Committee meetings, as well as after other drafting group and subcommittee meetings. If you are interested, please read casual updates [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates/Casual|here on Meta]] and on [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-drafting-committees-casual-updates/2079 Movement Strategy Forum]. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#February 2023|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in February''']]''':''' As usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work & discussions. The MCDC’s monthly updates are also [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charters-discussion-and-monthly-updates/363/20 shared on the multilingual Movement Strategy forum]. '''Coming up''' * '''[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|MCDC Responses to the community feedback]]''': The MCDC published responses [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Summary|to the community feedback]] on the first set of drafts (collected during a consultation in November - December 2022). The response includes a [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|Summary]], as well as some [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|specific responses to the full community feedback]] (highlighted in orange). * '''Revised Movement Charter drafts:''' The MCDC will share in the coming month the revised versions of the first two chapters: [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|Preamble]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values & Principles|Values & Principles]] (including a newly-added glossary), and the revised [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities intentions statement]]. * '''Ratification methodology consultation''': The MCDC is working on a new proposal (not available yet) for a [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification|ratification methodology]]. The proposal will be discussed through a community consultation process, including live meetings to provide feedback. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> --11:34, 21 Maachị 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24745150 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #108 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue we announce [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-21780-7_6 a new paper] about Natural Language Generation by [https://www.cse.chalmers.se/~aarne/ Aarne Ranta], member of the Abstract Wikipedia NLG Special Interest Group and professor at the [[:w:en:University of Gothenburg|University of Gothenburg, Sweden]]. The paper is also accessible as a pre-print [https://www.grammaticalframework.org/~aarne/preprint-AAM-textgen.pdf here]. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1680543035 April 3, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 10:50, 24 Maachị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfifth newsletter, covering March 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230305|User group meeting 2023-03-05]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/30/join-the-wikiforhumanrights-campaign-and-contribute-knowledge-that-connects-human-rights-with-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/ WikiForHumanRights] (SDG 10 & 13) * Upcoming: April 19 - [[m:Translat-a-thon/NYC/2023|LaGuardia Community College Earth Day Translatathon with Casa de las Américas NYC]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: April 22 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_2023_Bushwick|Earth Day 2023 Edit-a-thon Environment of Brooklyn Focus with Sure We Can]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: April 23 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_Wiknic|Earth Day Wiknic NYC]] (SDG 13) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/WMF_GLAM_report|Gender and culture related event to test image suggestions on Wikipedia]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[m:Feminism_and_Folklore_2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[m:Edit_a_thon/artfeminism-edit-a-thon-for-nigerian-female-artists-2023|Art+Feminism edit-a-thon for Nigerian female artists]] (SDG 5) '''News''' * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/08/putting-our-energy-into-wikipedia-as-climate-action/ Putting our energy into Wikipedia as climate action] (SDG 13) * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/07/how-artfeminism-is-using-wikipedia-to-promote-equity-in-the-art-world/ How Art+Feminism is using Wikipedia to promote equity in the art world] (SDG 5) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/New_Zealand_report|Biodiversity Heritage Library and Wikidata]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/USA_report|Black history month and more]] (SDG 10) * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/14/women-do-news-tackling-the-gender-divide-in-journalism-through-wikipedia/ Women Do News: Tackling the Gender Divide in Journalism Through Wikipedia] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/17/wiki-loves-earth-2023-is-starting/ Wiki Loves Earth 2023 is starting!] (SDG 15) * [https://medium.com/@openheritagefoundation/the-quest-to-close-the-gender-gap-on-wikipedia-continues-five-year-anniversary-with-feminism-ebd7a3b3185e The Quest to Close the Gender Gap on Wikipedia Continues; Five-Year Anniversary with Feminism & Folklore] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/28/wikigap-malaysia-2023-empowering-women-in-indigenous-languages/ WikiGap Malaysia 2023: Empowering women in indigenous languages] (SDG 5) * [https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/climate-crisis/wikipedia-has-a-climatetech-problem Wikipedia has a climatetech problem] (SDG 13) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11623|NCI Drug Dictionary ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11649|Malaysia Federal Legislation act ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11650|Moscow University Herbarium ID]] (SDG 15) * [[d:Property:P11666|Norwegian Petroleum Directorate field ID]] (SDG 13) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_Saxifragales_families|List of Saxifragales families]] (SDG 15) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:Red-throated_wryneck|Red-throated wryneck]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> Ourapteryx_yerburii_ssp._specimens_and_male_genitalia.jpg|Ourapteryx yerburii ssp. specimens and male genitalia (SDG 15) Pterophorus_pentadactyla_-_Keila.jpg|Pterophorus pentadactyla (SDG 15) Wood_duck_drake_%2886815%29.jpg|Wood duck drake (SDG 15) Cardinal_%2886755%29.jpg|Cardinal (SDG 15) Bunten_Kronwicke_%28Securigera_varia%29_Bl%C3%BCte-20200626-RM-173640.jpg|Bunten Kronwicke (Securigera varia) (SDG 15) Neubrunn_Steinbruch_Blutrote_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_sanguineum%29_8262082.jpg|Sympetrum sanguineum (SDG 15) Boerenkrokus_%28Crocus_tommasinianus%29_28-02-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Crocus tommasinianus (SDG 15) Papaya_-_longitudinal_section_close-up_view.jpg|Papaya - longitudinal section close-up view (SDG 15) Aphantopus_hyperantus_-_Keila.jpg|Aphantopus hyperantus (SDG 15) Australian_Zebra_Finch_0A2A3013.jpg|Australian Zebra Finch (SDG 15) Melospiza_melodia_JRVdH_03.jpg|Melospiza melodia (SDG 15) Roadside_hawk_%28Rupornis_magnirostris_griseocauda%29_eating_speckled_racer_%28Drymobius_margaritiferus%29_Orange_Walk.jpg|Roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris griseocauda) eating speckled racer (Drymobius margaritiferus) (SDG 15) Black_iguana_%28Ctenosaura_similis%29_Cayo.jpg|Black iguana (Ctenosaura similis) (SDG 15) Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28side_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (side view) (SDG 15) Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28dorsal_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (dorsal view) (SDG 15) Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_%28Leucojum_vernum%29-20230220-RM-161056.jpg|Frühlings-Knotenblume (Leucojum vernum) (SDG 15) Ocellated_turkey_%28Meleagris_ocellata%29_male_Peten.jpg|Ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata) male (SDG 15) Geoffroy%27s_spider_monkey_%28Ateles_geoffroyi_yucatanensis%29_Peten_2.jpg|Geoffroy's spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) (SDG 15) Bessen_van_een_Ophiopogon_planiscapus_%27Niger%27._28-02-2023._%28d.j.b%29.jpg|Ophiopogon planiscapus (SDG 15) Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066.jpg|Protaetic cuprea ignicollis (SDG 15) Monarch_butterflies_%28Danaus_plexippus_plexippus%29_Piedra_Herrada_2.jpg|Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus plexippus) (SDG 15) Cepaea_nemoralis_Paarung-20230314-RM-110511.jpg|Cepaea nemoralis (SDG 15) Wiesen_Pippau_%28Crepis_biennis%29-20220624-RM-123950.jpg|Crepis biennis (SDG 15) Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) Cayo.jpg|Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) (SDG 15) Trifolium_spadiceum_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg|Trifolium spadiceum (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 07:42, 1 Eprel 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24816279 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:MCDC_pre_work_at_New_York_BoT_retreat.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Committee's meeting in New York, in early March.]] * '''Starting conversations on how to ratify the Movement Charter:''' The Committee invites the Wikimedia movement to express opinions on the [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification|'''proposed Movement Charter ratification methodology''']] from April 10 to April 28. Everyone is invited to share feedback [[m:Talk:Movement Charter#Ratification methodology|on the Meta talk page]] or the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-ratification-methodology-community-review-from-10-28-april-2023/2930 Movement Strategy forum]. Two community conversation hours are planned to take place: on '''April 18 at 10.00 UTC''' and '''April 24 at 17.00 UTC'''. Please [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification/Ratification methodology review launch|read the details here]]. * [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|'''MCDC’s responses to the community feedback are now on Meta''']]''':''' The Committee has shared a summary of their responses and next steps based on the feedback from the first round of community consultation which took place late 2022. * '''What to read on Diff?''' ** [[wmfblog:2023/03/17/4-movement-charter-ambassadors-from-the-french-speaking-community-share-their-experience/|'''Learn more about the Movement Charter Ambassadors work''']]''':''' Movement Charter Ambassadors from the French-speaking community share their experience. ** MCDC member [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]] has written a blog post titled “[[wmfblog:2023/03/30/an-excerpt-from-my-life-movement-strategy-and-mcdc/|An excerpt from my life, movement, strategy and MCDC]]”. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#Meetings|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in March''']]''':''' the monthly Committee’s updates include information about the coordination efforts with Wikimedia Germany, update on membership, submission to Wikimania 2023, participation at the Wikimedia Foundations Board of Trustees’ strategic retreat in New York in March 2023. '''Coming up:''' * '''Revised chapters:''' The Committee is preparing to publish the revised draft chapters of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|The Preamble]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values & Principles|Values & Principles]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities]] intentions statement, based on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|the community feedback]] received in November and December 2022. * '''Inviting advisors and experts:''' The Committee is preparing to welcome a number of advisors from outside the Committee. All interested Wikimedians were invited to apply earlier (you can still [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd2Fp9NxOox_nxjf9kgV8Q7InIPm4jO9rLmteNkUV34vSHatA/viewform apply here]!). Additionally, the Committee is planning and scheduling meetings with individuals with specific sets of expertise in various topics, including stewards, movement committees, Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate staff, and others. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> --19:18, 15 Eprel 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24859561 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #109 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-04-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: a reflection about implementation of functions, a [https://keet.wordpress.com/2023/03/14/some-reflections-on-designing-abstract-wikipedia-so-far/ reflection on Abstract Wikipedia] from [[User:Keet10|Prof. Maria Keet]], and a reminder about an in-person talk about Abstract Wikipedia in Sweden. Also, we remind you that the next Natural Language Generation special interest group public meeting will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682440206 April 25, 2023 at 16:30 UTC]''' on Jitsi ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Special guest of the meeting will be [https://github.com/olpa/multi-nlg Oleg Parashchenko], who will share his experience and thoughts about implementing a multilingual NLG system. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 09:11, 21 Eprel 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #110 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-04-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: Wikimedia Endowment finances development of the project, and the team has published its manifesto, Objectives and Key Results (OKRs) and communications principles. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1683567008 May 8, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:54, 2 Mee 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-sixth newsletter, covering April 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting 2023-05-07]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20230402|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_the_Challenge|WikiForHumanRights 2023 International Writing Contest]] (SDG 13, 14, 6) * Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_Community_Events|WikiForHumanRights 2023 local community events]] (SDG 13, 15, 14, 6) * Ongoing: [[m:Wiki_Climate_Campus_Tour_Nigeria|WikiCampusTourNigeria Project]] (SDG 6, 13, 14, 15) * Upcoming (and past): [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Kvinnor,_arkitektur_och_design|Women, architecture and design]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Albania_report|WikiGap Tirana 2023, Albania]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|BBC 100 women editathon]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Kosovo_report|WikiGAP in Prishtina]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Switzerland_report|15 Days of French women writers]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/DC/TSU_USF_Women%27s_History_Month_Wikipedia_Edit-a-thon|TSU USF Women's History Month Wikipedia Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject_Smithsonian_AWHI/Meetup/Crafting_a_Better_Wikipedia:_Women_of_Color_in_the_Renwick_Gallery|Crafting a Better Wikipedia: Women of Color in the Renwick Gallery]] (SDG 5) '''News''' * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/07/tuswug-s2e2-women-in-wiki/ TUSWUG S2E2: Women in Wiki] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/13/inaugural-edition-of-the-organizer-lab-awards-6-community-grants/ Inaugural edition of the organizer lab awards – 6 community grants] (SDG 5 & SDG 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/29/bolstering-womens-voices-and-histories-on-wikipedia/ Bolstering women’s voices and histories on Wikipedia] (SDG 5) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|A huge upload for biologists]] (SDG 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycPPBhuQPhs&ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation WikiForHumanRights 2023 Launch Webinar] (SDG 13, 14, 6) * [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|WikiForHumanRights 2023 and WMF Human Rights Team Online Safety Capacity Building for Organizers]] (SDG 13) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLBSSlrI2vo WikiForHummanRights 2023 and Let's Connect Capacity building on good practices for retention] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/living-through-a-triple-planetary-emergency-capturing-the-most-impactful-knowledge-to-weather-the-storm/ Living through a Triple Planetary Emergency: Capturing the Most Impactful Knowledge to Weather the Storm] (SDG 10 & SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/wikimedia-foundation-environmental-sustainability-report-for-2022/ Wikimedia Foundation Environmental Sustainability Report for 2022] (SDG 13) * [[:File:Wikimedia_h%C3%A5llbarhetsrapport_2022.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige sustainability report 2022]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13) '''Research''' * [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12964 Hypotheses in urban ecology: building a common knowledge base] (SDG 15) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11698|student retention rate]] (SDG 4) * [[d:Property:P11704|INEP ID]] (SDG 4) [51] * [[d:Property:P11729|Kulturenvanteri.com ID]] (SDG 11) * [[d:Property:P11747|holds diplomatic passport of]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11741|SINTA affiliation ID]] (SDG 4) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_afrosoricids|List of afrosoricids]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15) Leptura_quadrifasciata_female_-_Keila.jpg|Leptura quadrifasciata (SDG 15) Bursa_lamarckii_01.jpg|Bursa lamarckii (SDG 15) Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_head_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15) Western_Bowerbird_0A2A0436.jpg|Chlamydera guttata (SDG 15) White-breasted_nuthatch_%2826471%29.jpg|Sitta carolinensis (SDG 15) Patzmannsdorf_-_K%C3%BCrbisfeld_mit_Pfarrkirche_und_Raiffeisen-Silo_in_Stronsdorf.jpg|Pumpkin field (SDG 2) Cinnamon-bellied_flowerpiercer_%28Diglossa_baritula%29_male_on_Indian_shot_%28Canna_indica%29_Finca_El_Pilar.jpg|Diglossa baritula & Canna indica (SDG 15) Knoppen_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer_platanoides%29._03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer platanoides (SDG 15) Cinnamon_hummingbird_%28Amazilia_rutila%29_in_flight_Los_Tarrales.jpg|Amazilia rutila (SDG 15) Passion_fruits_-_whole_and_halved.jpg|Passiflora edulis (SDG 15) Golden-fronted_%28Velasquez%27s%29_woodpecker_%28Melanerpes_aurifrons%29_male_Copan.jpg|Melanerpes aurifrons (SDG 15) Argiope_spider_female_adult_on_her_web_dorsal_view_black_background_Don_Det_Laos.jpg|Argiope versicolor (SDG 15) Daslook._Allium_ursinum%2C_zwellende_bloemknop._18-04-2022_%28actm.%29_04.jpg|Allium ursinum (SDG 15) Fallen_leaf_of_Platanus_x_hispanica_%281%29.jpg|Platanus x hispanica (SDG 15) Thymelicus_lineola_underside_-_Keila.jpg|Thymelicus lineola (SDG 15) Japanse_esdoorn_%28Acer_palmatum%29_03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer palmatum (SDG 15) [38] Common_kestrel_%28Falco_tinnunculus%29_female_%28IMGP1648r2-DNA%29.jpg|Falco tinnunculus (SDG 15) [39] California_sea_lion_nap_time_in_La_Jolla_%2870474%29.jpg|Zalophus californianus (SDG 15) [40] Bladknop_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer%29._13-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29_01.jpg|Acer pseudoplatanus (SDG 15) Tamarind_fruits_%28Tamarindus_indica_%27Si_Thong%27%29.jpg|Tamarindus indica (SDG 15) White_leucistic_squirrel_with_a_peanut_%2885668%29.jpg|Sciurus carolinensis (SDG 15) [43] Fork-tailed_flycatcher_%28Tyrannus_savana_monachus%29_in_flight_Cayo.jpg|Tyrannus savana monachus (SDG 15) Rapa_incurva_01.jpg|Rapa incurva (SDG 15) Arboreal_stingless_bee_nest_%28Trigona_sp.%29_Flores.jpg|Trigona sp. (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:31, 2 Mee 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24969562 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> '''Updates:''' * '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#April_2023_ratification_methodology_community_review|Charter Ratification Methodology proposal conversations]]''': The Movement Charter Drafting Committee recently held the first conversations regarding the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification|ratification methodology for the Movement Charter]]. The MCDC has received valuable feedback from different communities and the Committees during the community input period. The report of the community input will be shared in May, while the updated version of the ratification methodology will be presented between September and November 2023. * '''Communication evaluation''': The Communications sub-committee of the MCDC together with the support staff conducted an evaluation of the communications. The Communications sub-committee appreciates the time and input of the community members who shared their opinions during the interviews. Several recommendations are going to be implemented in the upcoming period based on the valuable input. * '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Updates#April_2023|Learn about the MCDC’s work in April]]''': The MCDC continues to draft additional chapters: The Global Council, Hubs, Decision-making and Roles & Responsibilities. Alongside the drafting work, the MCDC is planning their in-person meeting scheduled for 2-4 June in Utrecht, Netherlands with the aim of advancing the charter's content. '''What’s coming up?''' * Participants of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiNusantara_2023|WikiNusantara 2023 in Banjarmasin, Indonesia]] are invited to join a [[m:WikiNusantara_2023/Acara/Selayang_Pandang_Arah_Strategis_Gerakan_Wikimedia:_Kolaborasi_WMF_dan_Komunitas|session on the topics around Wikimedia Movement Strategy and community collaboration]] on May 20. [[m:User:RamzyM_(WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]] will provide updates, share about the Movement Charter Ambassadors Program and answer the questions. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=25016423 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #111 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: a new full stack software engineer joins the development team, and a presentation of a paper co-authored by Denny about the history of Wikidata. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:04, 15 Mee 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #112 and #113 are out == There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them! On May 17, 2023, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-17|thanked Julia]] for her work and we wished her well for her new work with the Trust & Safety team. On May 25, 2023, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-25|presented our new viewing and editing experience]] for Wikifunctions. Want to catch-up with the previous updates? Check [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:58, 26 Mee 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25053227 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #114 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: a very brief note about the Wikimedia Hackathon in Athens. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1685986233 June 5, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Note: since last time we've had some network problems with Jitsi, <u>in case of new malfunctions</u> during next meeting we will provide on short notice a Google Meet link to the participants. Thanks for your understanding. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 07:08, 3 Jụn 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25053227 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #115 is out == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue we present the new interface for multilingual editing, and we discuss the results of our "fix-it week". Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:35, 9 Jụn 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25053227 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #116 and #117 are out == There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them! On June 22, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-22|summarised the results]] of our annual in-person meeting in Delft, The Netherlands. On June 28, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-28|thanked Cai and Allan]] for their work and we wished them well for their new endeavours. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1689010212 July 10, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:02, 4 Julaị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25213308 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #118 to #121 are out == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them! On July 20, we shared an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-20|update on our plans for the initial deployment of Wikifunctions]] in the next few weeks, what will be possible, and changes to the development in the last few weeks. Also, a request for suggestions on what should be the very first Function to be created in Wikifunctions. On July 17, we announced a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-17|grant from Google.org]]. On July 12, we announced a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-12|grant from The Rockefeller Foundation]]. On July 7, we welcomed a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-07|new Director of Product]] to the team. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]]) 21:38, 20 Julaị 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25312292 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|180px|right]] ''This newsletter combines content from both June and July, due to a delay in sharing out the previous newsletter.'' '''Updates:''' * '''New Movement Charter content published:''' The Committee published new draft chapters on the [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Global Council|'''Global''' '''Council''']], [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Hubs|'''Hubs''']] and the [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Glossary|'''Glossary''']]. You are invited to share your feedback or ask any questions you may have to the Committee before September 1, 2023 on the following talk pages: ** [[m:Talk:Movement Charter/Content/Global Council|Share your feedback on The Global Council draft]] ** [[m:Talk:Movement Charter/Content/Hubs|Share your feedback on Hubs draft]] * [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft|'''Revised draft chapters published on Meta:''']] The Committee has shared the revised draft chapters: [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Preamble|Preamble]], [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Values & Principles|Values & Principles]], and [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities]] intentions statement. These revisions are based on the [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#November-December 2022 consultation|community feedback]] received in November-December 2022. * [[m:wmfblog:2023/06/02/how-will-the-wikimedia-movement-ratify-its-charter/|'''Ratification Methodology community feedback:''']] The summary of community feedback on the proposed methodology for the ratification of the Charter is on Diff. * Listen to the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jy_IQ_G1wEI '''WikiAfrica Hour #46: Africa and Movement Charter'''], where MCDC members [[m:User:Anass Sedrati|Anass Sedrati]] and [[m:User:Geugeor-WMF|Georges Foudoup]]  talk about Movement Charter, its aims and objectives, and the relevance to the African community. * MCDC member’s are busy participating in various community events to discuss Movement Charter. [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]], a member of the Global Council and Roles and Responsibilities Drafting Groups [[m:EduWiki Conference 2023/Program/MCDC|joined the EduWikiConference 2023]].  The MCDC support staff [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]] shared updates about the charter at [[m:WikiNusantara 2023|WikiNustantara 2023]] in Banjarmasin, Indonesia ([https://twitter.com/wikimediaid/status/1659772318913294336 @wikimediaid on Twitter]). The Wikimedia communities in Indonesia were engaged by [[m:Grants:Project/MSIG/Arcuscloud/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program|Movement Charter Ambassador]] [[m:User:Arcuscloud|Arcuscloud]] in the [[m:Grants:Project/MSIG/Arcuscloud/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program|last round of community conversations]]. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#May 2023|'''Learn about MCDC’s work in May & June:''']] as usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work & discussions. '''What’s coming up?''' * [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#MCDC Live Launch Party|'''Join the live launch party''']]: The Drafting Committee is hosting a launch party on July 30th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1690725614 14.00 UTC] to celebrate the new drafts, introduce them to the community and give space for sharing thoughts and feedback. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZYsdOiurT0vHta6stHaiHHEyrwK3RUPveBR#/registration '''Register here to receive a Zoom link to the launch party.'''] * [[m:Movement Charter/Ambassadors Program/Grant|'''Movement Charter Community Conversation grants''']] are open for individuals or groups who want to organize conversations about the Charter content. Talk to us if you need any support on [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/c/ensure-equity-in-decision-making/movement-charter-ambassadors/38 the MS Forum]! Apply for a grant before Jul 30, 2023. * [[m:wmania:2023:Wikimania|'''Wikimania 2023''']]''':''' Wikimania 2023: Members of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee are excited to be attending Wikimania Singapore in August, to speak to and hear from you in person (and hybrid) about the four drafts and the Charter in general. * '''Community events:''' MCDC members will be present in the [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2023|CEE Meeting]] in September in Georgia to discuss the Charter content with the CEE and CA communities. In addition, the MCDC prioritizes participation in the conferences planned for 2023 to continue conversations on the content of the Charter with the communities: [[m:WikiConvention francophone/2023|WikiConvention Francophone]], [[m:WikiWomenCamp 2023|WikiWomen Camp]],  [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2023|WikiIndaba Morocco]], [[m:wikiconference:2023/Main_Page|WikiConference North America]], [[m:GLAM Wiki 2023|GLAM Wiki Conference]], among others. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> --12:25, 30 Julaị 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=25275952 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #122 is out: Wikifunctions is live! == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Wikifunctions:Main_Page Wikifunctions.org] is live (in read-only mode), we welcome a new member of the team, and we announce a new job opening. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:02, 31 Julaị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25357486 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter: August 2023</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> '''Updates''' * '''Community consultation''': The community consultation on the [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Global_Council|Global Council]], [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Hubs|Hubs]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Glossary|Glossary]] drafts is ongoing. We value your input, if you have not already, please take a moment to review the draft chapters and share your thoughts with the MCDC. We’ve posed open questions we would like your opinion on. Feel free to engage in a way that is most comfortable for you and your community. Learn more on our Diff blogs about the [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/13/a-global-council-for-our-movement/ Global Council] and [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/27/building-wikimedia-movement-hubs-together/ Hubs]. * '''Launch Party''': On July 30 we hosted a Launch Party to share the Global Council and Hubs draft chapters. It was an inspiring event where we had the opportunity to listen to your feedback and address some of your questions. If you missed it, you can catch the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SItWeX78tv8&list=LL&index=4 recording on YouTube]. * '''Community Conversations''': We want to hear from as many people as possible. On July 16, the SWAN meeting opened its doors and offered an opportunity to interact with the MCDC members regarding the new drafts of the charter. [[m:Strategic_Wikimedia_Affiliates_Network/2023_07#Notes|Notes are available here]]. On July 28, a regional conversation with the Francophone community was held. Here comes a [[m:Talk:Movement_Charter/Content/Global_Council#Summary_of_the_feedback_from_the_francophone_conversation|short summary here in English and French]]. Additionally, on August 2 we had a fruitful conversation with the [[m:Talk:Movement_Charter/Content/Hubs#Summary_from_2_August_call|LATAM region]]. * '''[[m:Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Updates#July_2023|MCDC’s Work in July]]''': As usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work & discussions. '''Upcoming''' * '''Join the MCDC at Wikimania''': Whether you’ll be at Wikimania 2023 in person or joining virtually, there are a few events that we would like to invite you to. Please drop by for a casual conversation. We would love to connect to workshop any ideas together. Drop in, get a sweet treat, and share your thoughts with us! [https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2023:Registration Register] and see below for an overview of our time together: ** Tuesday, August 15 *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-15 02:00|02:00 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/UVKSKQ/ '''Movement Strategy & Governance Connection track - Welcome and opening'''] (Room 325) *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-15 05:45|05:45 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/FJCXUP/ '''Movement Charter Drafting Committee: Open office hour'''] (Room 326) ** Wednesday, August 16 *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-16 03:15|03:15 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/EYGDHC/ '''Role Play the Future Roles and Responsibilities in the Movement'''] (Room 326) ** Thursday, 17 August *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-17 03:15|03:15 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/AWXHMA/ '''Movement Charter Content Discussions'''] (Room 310) * A '''[[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#Regional_conversation:_Middle_East_and_North_Africa|regional call tailored for the MENA region]]''' will be conducted in Arabic on September 2 at 17.00 UTC. Kindly indicate your interest to attend this meeting. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta-wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> MCDC Support Team, 23:53, 14 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=25458213 --> == Spam article == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] [[Suraj Rana]] a blank page, requested for speedy deletion under the reason of "no useful content, spam page" [[Ihü kárírí:Contributions/82.115.220.168|82.115.220.168]] 12:16, 20 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thanks for this notification [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 17:17, 20 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Spam Articles == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Pages that are requested for speedy deletion, I mentioned the link to the page & reason below : 1) [[Krishnam Kumar]] Reason : Language, written in english language in igbo wikipedia also, Telegram links are included in reference list, it indicates self promotion links. 2) [[Jhonnchefe]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like spotify, apple music, jaxta, YouTube. 3) [[Faaxy]] Reason : Language (English) 4) [[الشيخ محمد حمزة التميمي]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 5) [[مسكنك]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 6) [[إيجي سكاي]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 7) [[أراتوك]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 8) [[كيرلس مجدي القمص]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 01:30, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thanks for this notification. Done! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:05, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Spam Articles (for speedy deletion) == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Again I'm here to show some spam articles, Pages that are requested for speedy deletion, I mentioned the link to the page & reason below : 1) [[اشرف عظيم وخبرته الواسعة في التسويق]] Reason : Language (English) 2) [[Mohamed Mohsen]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like Facebook, TikTok, Instagram 3) [[Exclusive Movies (Streaming Platform)]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram 4) [[Iftkhar Mughal ( Actor )]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included - Instagram 5) [[Vivek Tripathi - Actor]] Reason : Language (English) 6) [[Nitin Meena]] Reason : Language (English) 7) [[Kiddyong]] Reason : Language, Contains personal informations - "phone number, email adddress," also it is just a self promoting article even you can able to understand by seeing the first line of that article "Kiddyong The Naughty Kid"??? 7) [[Omar Yahya (actor)]] Reason : Language (English), Self Promotional links are included - telegram, I couldn't find any real Movies of his and his biography is disorganized 8) [[King Media]] Reason : Language (English), Self Promotional links are included - telegram 9) [[Yahya Moussa]] Reason : Self Promotional links are included - telegram [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 18:10, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thank you once again for bringing these to my notice. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 18:25, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) ::@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Welcome :) [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 01:19, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Spam articles == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Once again here to show some spammy articles written in "Arabic language" with "Self promotional links" 1) [[محمد عتال]] Reason : Language (Arabic), Self Promotional Links - SoundCloud, Spotify Anghami 2) [[وسام شاهين]] Reason : Language (Arabic) 3) [[محمد جابر طه]] Reason : Language (Arabic) [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 14:55, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thank you so much! Do not hesitate to tag me for cleanup. I sincerely appreciate your efforts. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 21:27, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) ::@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] 2 more spammy articles too. This time I included reason and additional reasons. ::1) [[Abdul Rahman Al Rubaie]] ::'''• Reason''' : Language (English), No useful content ::'''• Additional Reason''' : I searched about this person and I can't even able to get a single result about this person. This article contains only one paragraph, it says that he is football coach, other than it doesn't includes any notable works about him. ::2) [[Ahmed ALshehri]] ::'''• Reason''' : Language (English), No useful content ::'''• Additional reason''' : as same as mentioned in the first article. :: Another info - [[Nitin Meena]] This page was previously deleted because of language and multiple issues, this article was re-created by the same person [[ 2401:4900:41E8:A08C:D5B9:C39B:83A4:2E9C]] and I noticed that he is the person who is creating autobiography on themself as you can see his message on here: [[Okwu:Nitin Meena]]. ::Also thank you for your each responses. [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 11:18, 24 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :::Thanks @[[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]], I have responded accordingly.-- [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 15:13, 24 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #125 is out: Wikimania digest, CoSMo language, GFpedia demo, CCKS keynote == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-08-31|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we recap what happened at our sessions at Wikimania 2023, we talk about some new updates regarding our Natural Language Generation special interest group (NLG SIG), and we briefly speak about Denny's most recent keynote speech. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:35, 1 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25545271 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #126 is out: Let's start building morphological paradigms! == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, Denny proposes a call for action for creating morphological paradigms on Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 19:25, 10 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25545271 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #127 is out: Renderers and parsers for types == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, Denny introduces a discussion about how to represent integers on Wikifunctions and its related challenges. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:07, 22 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25636326 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #128 is out: Serializers and deserializers for types == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, Denny introduces a discussion about how to make types easier to use, by discussing serializers and deserializers, and their role in Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:47, 29 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25669070 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #129 is out: Arguments made easier == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-10-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the recent improvements that made it easy to reference arguments in functions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:58, 5 Ọktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25703700 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #130 is out: Running on WebAssembly == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-10-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our decision of rewriting the evaluator encapsulation service, in order to make it run on [[:w:en:WebAssembly|WebAssembly]]. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:31, 27 Ọktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25714201 --> == Crosswiki spam == Dear colleague, I have found your name at the page of sysop requests though I cannot figure out if you were elected eventually or not. But as you seem to be esteemed member of ig.wiki community, you know better what to do. It's about the article [[Hacktivist Vanguard]] which seems to be the last remnants of massive crosswiki spam and as such is the subject for speedy deletion. I'd be grateful if you take necessary steps according to the rules and habits of your local wiki. The best, [[Ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|Андрей Романенко]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|ṅkátá]]) 19:51, 3 Novemba 2023 (UTC) :Dear@[[Ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|Андрей Романенко]] thanks for bringing this to my notice. Yes, I'm a sysop on the Wiki. I'll do the needful. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 21:02, 3 Novemba 2023 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #131 is out: Python on WebAssembly; Improved Object selector; Next volunteer's corner == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our latest technical improvements on Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1699900200 November 13, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:16, 6 Novemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25809033 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #132 is out: Wikifunctions, the library of functions that anyone can use and edit == [[File:Anyone can edit Wikifunctions.png|center|alt=Wikifunctions can now be edited by anyone!|660x660px]] There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we finally announce that Wikifunctions is on general availability, and that functions can be run also by non-logged in users! Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1699900200 November 13, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:50, 10 Novemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25837034 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #133 is out: What types next? == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss which new types of functions should we support and the latest changes to the software. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:10, 18 Novemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25859261 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #134 is out: Welcome, Grace and Miguel! Appointing Functioneers now by community == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present two new members of the team, we discuss the latest changes in software, and we announce that Functioneer right will be now assigned by the community. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1701714600 December 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 1 Disemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25909237 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #135 is out: Announcing Wikifunctions on the Wikimedia Foundation blog. Looking for feedback on the Function page proposal == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-12-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/12/05/introducing-wikifunctions-first-wikimedia-project-to-launch-in-a-decade-creates-new-forms-of-knowledge/ the latest blogpost] about us on WMF blog, and we invite you to share your feedback at the [[:f:Wikifunctions:Project chat#Function page proposal: looking for feedback|Wikifunctions' Project chat]] on the new proposed designs for the Function page. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 19:06, 7 Disemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25930840 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #136 is out: Looking back at 2023 == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-12-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we look back at all the accomplishments that we achieved in 2023 and we thank you all for your help in achieving them. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! This will be the last newsletter for 2023, so see you again in 2024! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:49, 15 Disemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25930840 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-seventh newsletter, a sort of year-in-review for 2023.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> Dear Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, As we bid farewell to 2023, we reflect on a year that has been an uneven year for our user group. While the journey has been marked by some truly inspiring events, most of our efforts have been largely uncoordinated and the user group hasn't been the support it could have been. Yet, there's a glimmer of hope and a world of potential for 2024. '''Highlights of 2023:''' ;Newsletters Galore: We kicked off the year with zeal, sharing updates and inspiration through four newsletters. The number of things happening in the movement is astounding, but we need to rethink the format of the newsletter going into the next year. ;Growing Strong: The Wikimedians for Sustainable Development family welcomed 33 new members in 2023. Your passion and dedication continue to inspire us, and we look forward to nurturing this community spirit in the year ahead. ;Wikimania Talks: Our voices echoed far and wide at Wikimania, where several members of our community took the virtual stage to share insights and ideas about everything from Wikipedians-in-Residence's to open data. Your contributions showcased our commitment to sustainable development on a global scale. ;Content Creation Magic: Throughout the year, our extended community demonstrated incredible dedication to expanding the knowledge base on Wikipedia. Countless hours were spent creating and curating content that aligns with our mission, contributing to a more sustainable digital ecosystem. ;Campaigning hard: We saw a large variety of campaigns, from writing challenges to editathons. The willingness to experiment with new formats and partners, as well as learning from past efforts, shows great promise for the future. '''Acknowledging Challenges:''' While we celebrate these achievements, we acknowledge that 2023 presented its fair share of challenges. A lack of global coordination reminded us that the road to sustainable development is not always linear. However, it is precisely these challenges that fuel our determination to work together more cohesively in the coming year and proof that the user group is needed. '''Hopeful Anticipation for 2024:''' As we turn the page to 2024, let's carry forward the lessons learned and the successes celebrated. We are optimistic that, with renewed energy and a collective commitment, we will overcome obstacles and create an even more impactful and connected Wikimedians for Sustainable Development community. Here's to a year of collaboration, growth, and making a lasting impact on the world through our shared passion for sustainability. Together, we can turn challenges into opportunities and pave the way for a brighter future. Wishing you all a joyous holiday season and a Happy New Year! Warm regards, [[m:User:Ainali|User:Ainali]], [[m:User:Daniel Mietchen|User:Daniel Mietchen]] PS. We have started writing [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|our yearly report]], please add your activities to it. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 17:14, 1 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=25817439 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #137 is out: Introducing our first new type: Lists == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our newest and much requested type of function, list. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1704738600 January 8, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:37, 5 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26002740 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #138 is out: The Joy of Collaboration; Introducing the Function of the Week: reverse string == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you an essay from Denny and we introduce a new section of the newsletter, dedicated to the "function of the week". Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! We also wanted to note that we are in the process of moving the Updates from Meta to Wikifunctions. We'll keep you updated about it. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:27, 12 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26002740 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #139 is out: Refreshing the Function page; Function of the Week: ROT13 == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-17|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce a redesign and rewrite of the Function page and we present our first "function of the week". Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:05, 19 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26057555 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #140 is out: Getting debug information from code; Function of the Week: Wrap string == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss debugging in implementations and we present our new "function of the week". Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:54, 26 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #141 is out: The Igbo Imperative! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we focus on language functions in Igbo, a language spoken by more than 44 million people in South-Eastern Nigeria. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Starting from this issue, the status updates will be hosted on Wikifunctions, instead of Meta. One more step towards maturation of the project! Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive (on Meta)]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1707157800 February 5, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:14, 2 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-eighth newsletter.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * We have submitted our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|2023 annual report]]. * Upcoming meeting: on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|9 February]], we'll have a call about roles and responsibilities in the user group. This is an attempt to make more opportunities to engage more of the user groups members in its activities. If you want to help out in some way, but don't know how, this is a meeting for you to get help creating that opportunity. If you know how you would like to help, but don't know how to get started, this is also the meeting for you. ; Other news * New Wikiproject for Climate Change on Basque Wikipedia: [[:eu:Wikiproiektu:Klima aldaketa|Wikiproiektu Klima Aldaketa]] * Climate Justice, Digital Rights and Indigenous Voices international Wikimedia event in Huaraz, Peru 2024: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeDIuZQ61v35y3Q293ZV9YjNWOHsgwvq3t2XjP2cQ0OHG-EPA/viewform Engagement Survey] (closes 2 Feb) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:22, 2 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26169519 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #142 is out: Quarterly planning. Thank you, Nick! Function of the Week: is permutation == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss about the results of our last internal planning meeting, whose objective was to define what we will work on in this quarter. Also, we take a look at the latest changes in the team and the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive on Wikifunctions]] and [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|also on Meta]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:22, 8 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Question from [[User:Assuranc29|Assuranc29]] (16:16, 14 Febụwarị 2024) == Please what it all about --[[Ọbanife:Assuranc29|Assuranc29]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Assuranc29|ṅkátá]]) 16:16, 14 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #143 is out: Fix-it week == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-14|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we take a look at the latest software developments, after our monthly "fix-it week", where we work on technical debt and other issues that pile up in our daily work. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive on Wikifunctions]] and [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|also on Meta]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:19, 16 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #144 is out: Updating the function model == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present the new documentation about our [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Function model|function model]] and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:55, 23 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26262834 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #145 is out: Type proposal for natural numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our progresses with the new natural numbers type, we talk about events we are taking part to, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1709577000 March 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:40, 1 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26316559 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #146 is out: Introducing our second new type: Natural numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the launch of the new natural numbers type, we talk about events we are taking part to, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:58, 8 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26316559 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-ninth newsletter.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * On 9 February, we had a user group meeting on roles and responsibilities ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240209|minutes]]) * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 17 March]] ; Other news * Wiki Loves Earth: Reminder that if you want to [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2024/Organise|organize a local competition]], it is time to get started. (SDG 15 and 14) * Wiki for Human Rights: Reminder that if you would like to [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|organize a local event]], there is support available. (SDG 10) * Study: [https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/650852934/Meier_Wiki_Climate.pdf Using Wikipedia Pageview Data to Investigate Public Interest in Climate Change at a Global Scale] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 10:40, 9 Maachị 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26331508 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #147 is out: On identity == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the notion of identity and present our latest document about [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Representing identity|how we represent it]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:27, 14 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26387944 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #148 is out: On the way to internationalizing numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our progresses with the implementation of renderers and parsers for natural numbers, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:11, 22 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26401651 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #149 is out: Creating tests is now much easier! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our progresses with tests and how it is easier to make them, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 29 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26500849 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #150 is out: Product Update on Diff and Upcoming API Improvements == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/03/27/wikifunctions-where-we-are-now-and-what-you-can-do/ our latest blog post on Diff], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1712615400 April 8, at 22:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:23, 4 Eprel 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26500849 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #151 is out: New API for calling Wikifunctions and celebrating 1000 functions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the new API for calling Wikifunctions, we celebrate our first 1,000 functions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Also, there's [https://boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/5850672 a job opening] for joining our team! Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:57, 12 Eprel 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26566985 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #152 is out: Welcome, Sharvani! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 22 Eprel 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Question from [[User:Henny17|Henny17]] (00:01, 26 Eprel 2024) == Hello I want to start editing --[[Ọbanife:Henny17|Henny17]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Henny17|ṅkátá]]) 00:01, 26 Eprel 2024 (UTC) :Hi @[[Ọbanife:Henny17|Henny17]]! Are you in the community WhatsApp group? That's where must editing sessions and training are announced. You can also join the Igbo community hubs around your area. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:38, 26 Eprel 2024 (UTC) == Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia == Ndewo @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]]! Aha mụ bụ [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|Uzoma Ozurumba]], ana mụ arụrụ ndi WMF orụ. Biko, onwe ozi ndi WMF Language team zitere ndi Igbo Wikimedians nọ na [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako|igwe nkata Wikipedia]]. Ebe ibu otu onye nime ndi na atughari edemede na Igbo Wikipedia, ọ ga amasi anyi ma [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia|igụọ ozi anyi]] gbasara mgbanwe ndi otu [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] chọrọ ime na igwe ntughari okwu nke nọ na Igbo Wikipedia, ma gwa anyi ebumunobi gi maka ya. Daalụ sọ maka ọru gi nile na ikwado ọmumu ihe na asụsụ Igbo. [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 20:17, 30 Eprel 2024 (UTC) :Ndewo@[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]. Daalụ maka ozi a i zitere. A gụrụ m ozi ahụ ma tinye kwa ebumunobi [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia|ebe a]]. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:34, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtieth newsletter covering March and April 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 19 May]] ; Other news * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2024-03-29/Recent_research#Other_recent_publications|Wikipedia Signpost highlighted five papers about climate change editing]]. (SDG 13) * On Wikidata, [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|a model for documenting green house gas emissions]] has been created. (SDG 13) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/EPA_Victoria_WiR_April_2024_Update An update] from the Wikipedian in Residence at the Environment Protection Authority in Victoria, Australia. * WikiAcción Perú organized a training session: "[[m:Volunteer Supporters Network/VSN Training: Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement|Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement]]" (SDG 13) * WikiForHumanRights organized a session: "[[m:Event:Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage|Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage]]" ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, starts in May. (SDG 14 & 15) * [[m:Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region|Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region]] starts in May. (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 19:17, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26428292 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #153 is out: Team meeting and Quarterly plan == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the results of our team meeting held in San Francisco, USA, as well as presenting the objectives that we will pursue in the next months. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:57, 4 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteer's Corner is on May 6 == We remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1715016600 May 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Apologies for the reaching out to you with a separate message. See you at the meeting! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:12, 4 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #154 is out: Flagship type for enumerations: Months of the Gregorian calendar == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our first proposal for a new type for enumerations and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 13 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #155 is out: Call for Functions: Spell out the number! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we call on you to help us doing new language functions about numbers and we also take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:01, 16 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26780875 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #156 is out: New type - Gregorian calendar months == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce our initial enumeration Type, Gregorian calendar months, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:18, 23 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26803534 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #157 is out: A single singular or a plurality of plurals? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the various implications of linguistic functions about singulars and plurals, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1717435800 June 3, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:17, 31 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26847493 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtyfirst newsletter, covering May 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]], 16 June * [[m:Talk:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development#Mini_report_from_the_Wikimedia_Summit_2024|Mini report from the Wikimedia Summit 2024]] * [https://wikipediapodden.se/jan-ainali-wikimedians-for-sustainable-development-wikimedia-summit-2024-265/ User group representative interviewed by Wikipediapodden] at Wikimedia Summit ([[:File:WP265 - Jan Ainali, Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, Wikimedia Summit 2024.mp3|commons]]) * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240519|Minutes from user group meeting in May]] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/05/02/reflecting-_women-for-sustainability-africa-arts-feminism-her-voice-campaign-2023/ Reflecting _Women For Sustainability Africa Arts + Feminism #Her Voice Campaign 2023] * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report: Climate change and GLAM]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library April monthly highlights]] (SDG 14 & 15) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-024-00166-y WikiProject Biodiversity featured in Nature Africa] (SDG 14 & 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFWS7hfetZk Wikimedia UK releases a video about their climate focus] (SDG 13) ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, continues in some countries. (SDG 14 & 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 13:18, 1 Jụn 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26852366 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #158 is out: New Type: Sign == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new enumeration type, Sign, and we take a look at the latest software developments. We are also looking for feedback for our next new types. See [[:f:Wikifunctions:Project chat#Testing two new types|the announcement at the Project Chat]] for more information. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:59, 7 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26847493 --> == Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Igbo Wikipedia == Ndewo Nwa-ada @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]], Imere otu ole? Enwerem olileanya na ahụ di gi nma. Biko, onwe ozi ndi WMF Language team zitere ndi otu Igbo Wikipedia maka ngwa ọrụ ha chọrọ itineyere anyi. Ọ ga-amasi anyi ma igụọ ihe gbasara [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Igbo Wikipedia|'''ozi a''']], ma testia ngwa a, ma zaghachi anyi ebunuche gi gbasara itinye ngwa ọrụ a nke a na akpọ "MinT for Wiki Readers" na ịgbo Wiki. Inwekwara ike ime ka ndi otu Igbo Wikipedia ndi ọzọ mata maka ozi a ma gwa anyi uche ha igwe ozi. Daalụ sọ! [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 23:57, 10 Jụn 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #159 is out: New Type: Igbo calendar months == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new enumeration type, this time for the thirteen months of the [[:en:Igbo calendar|Igbo calendar]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:21, 14 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26847493 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #160 is out: New Type: Integers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we are happy to announce that we introduced another new type, [[:f:Z16683|integers]], that will increase our coverage of mathematical functions. Moreover, we take a look at the (many!) software developments we introduced in the last week. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:07, 21 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26945737 --> == Question from [[User:Kwinkate|Kwinkate]] (21:51, 21 Jụn 2024) == Hello --[[Ọbanife:Kwinkate|Kwinkate]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Kwinkate|ṅkátá]]) 21:51, 21 Jụn 2024 (UTC) :Hello [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 04:02, 22 Jụn 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #161 is out: Welcome, Daphne! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team, we ask for feedback about [[:f:Wikifunctions:Design/About widget improvements|our "About" widget designs]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1719855000 July 1, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:20, 27 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26945737 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtysecond newsletter, covering June 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 13, 14, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Movement Charter Vote|User group vote on the adoption of the Movement Charter]] (closes 7 July 23.59 UTC) * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming user group meeting]] 21 July * User group meeting held in June - [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240616|minutes]] * The group was featured in the latest WikiAfrica Hour: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B6VI20qopk #36: Does the Wikimedia movement contribute to the SDGs?] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/stories-from-the-anti-disinformation-repository-how-wikiproject-covid-19-and-other-wikimedia-initiatives-counter-health-disinformation/ Stories from the anti-disinformation repository: How WikiProject COVID-19 and other Wikimedia initiatives counter health disinformation] (SDG 3) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Environment_Centre_NT_Wikipedian_in_Residence Environment Centre Northern Territory Wikipedian in Residence] (SDG 15) * [https://www.gp.se/debatt/med-ai-kan-vi-oka-transparensen-om-foretagens-klimatavtryck.2dd4e006-57e3-4534-a0be-70ca56a289e4 With AI can we increase transparency of companies' carbon footprints] (in Swedish). Op-ed that mentions that the greenhouse gas emissions of the top 150 companies on the Stockholm stock exchange has been uploaded to Wikidata. The model is documented on [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|WikiProject Climate Change on Wikidata]]. (SDG 13) * [[wmfblog:2024/06/25/another-year-in-review-where-is-wikimedia-in-the-climate-crisis-seeing-the-impact-of-wikimedia-projects/|Another Year in Review: Where is Wikimedia in the Climate Crisis? Seeing the impact of Wikimedia Projects]] (SDG 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/06/24/46-scholars-self-advocates-bring-knowledge-to-wikipedias-disability-healthcare-content/ 46 scholars, self-advocates bring knowledge to Wikipedia’s disability healthcare content] (SDG 3) * [[c:File:Wikimedia klimatpåverkansrapport 2023.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige publishes their 2023 climate impact report]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13) * WikiProject Govdirectory has started [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Weekly collaboration|weekly collaboration on countries]] (SDG 16) ; Events * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/wikimedia-chapters-and-groups-organise-the-first-sharks-and-rays-wikimarathon/ Wikimedia chapters and groups organise the first Sharks and Rays Wikimarathon] (29 June, but edits in the weeks after are welcome) (SDG 14) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 09:27, 1 Julaị 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27039469 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #162 is out: Quarterly planning == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present our objectives and lines of work for this quarter, we remember to give your feedback about [[:f:Wikifunctions:Design/About widget improvements|our "About" widget designs]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1720459800 July 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:59, 5 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27024810 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #163 is out: Type proposals for accessing Lexemes == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our current draft about Type proposals for accessing Lexemes, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:21, 12 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27076454 --> == First meet == Nnọọ @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]], I came from English WP, and I am a bit interested with languages, since I am a seminarian, and often speak little Igbo. I presume many of our editors are on the English based. I will want you to keep good eye here since I will try creating, revamping, and tagging for deletion also. Asirim ka m gwa gi. It is also part of my learning to advance in it. [[Ọbanife:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:SafariScribe|ṅkátá]]) 14:30, 15 Julaị 2024 (UTC) :Ndewo @[[Ọbanife:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]]! It's really great to have you here.👍🏽 I see your works on the English Wikipedia, way to go! I started with the English Wikipedia, then moved to Igbo when I discovered it was available. Though I still edit the English Wikipedia sometimes...You are welcome and if you need assistance or anything you think I can help out with, please feel free to let me know. Obi dị m ụtọ na ị bịara ịnọnyere anyị, nnọọ! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 03:00, 16 Julaị 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #164 is out: Research report on integrating Wikifunctions from Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-18|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you the results of a research about how to integrate Wikifunctions and Wikipedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:33, 19 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27076454 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #165 is out: Wikimania 2024 coming soon! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our upcoming Wikifunctions events at Wikimania 2024, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:13, 29 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27145131 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty third newsletter, covering July 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 10, 13, and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting held in July, [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240721|minutes]] * Next user group meeting will be 18 August ; Other news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Climate change editahon and workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/wikiforhumanrights-in-nigeria-2024-campaign-virtual-launch/ WikiForHumanRights in Nigeria 2024 Campaign Virtual Launch] (SDG 10&16) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/what-we-learned-from-wiki-women-in-red-8-campaign-2023-women-for-sustainability-africa/ What we Learned from Wiki Women In Red @8 Campaign 2023 Women for Sustainability Africa] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/ghanaian-wikipedians-set-to-educate-students-on-open-climate/ Ghanaian Wikipedians set to educate students on Open Climate] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/23/using-wikipedia-as-a-tool-for-climate-action/ Using Wikipedia as a Tool for Climate Action] (SDG 13) ; Events * 5th August, [[m:Event:Wiki-Green_Conference_2024 Wiki-Green Conference]] (SDG 13) * 7-10 August, Wikimania - [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|All SDG related sessions]] * 7-9 November, [https://wikimedia.org.ar/2024/07/03/justicia-climatica-voces-indigenas-y-plataformas-wikimedia/ Justicia climática, voces indígenas y plataformas Wikimedia] (SDG 13) ; Participate * Share an example of a successful [[m:Campaigns/WikiProjects|WikiProject or topical collaboration]] in this on-wiki survey This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 18:57, 1 Ọgọọst 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27042528 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #169 is out: Limits on Name and Description Lengths == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the introduction of more stringent limits on the length of object names, input names, and descriptions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! You might be interested in the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-02|launch of our "About" widget]], a [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-16|summary of our experience at Wikimania 2024]], or the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-23|refinement of WasmEdge]]. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1725298200 September 2, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:04, 30 Ọgọọst 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27347529 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 11, 15, and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20240915|Next user group meeting]], 15 September, will be focused on starting to develop a strategy for the group. If you cannot attend, you can leave your input on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030/Ideas|the ideas page]]. * User group meeting held in August ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240818|minutes]]) ; Other news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|Report from WikiProject International Botanical Congress 2024]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Meeting for Writing on Femenist Strikes and Wiki for Peace Camp St. Imier]] (SDG 5 & 16) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]] (SDG 15) * Wikimania had a lot of [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|SDG related sessions]] and you can watch them back now ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2024|Wiki Loves Monuments]] starts in September (SDG 11) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 06:24, 2 Septemba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27262444 --> == Pages nominated for deletion == Hello @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] this are the pages with no information on Igbo wikipedia I told you about. Please help me delete them. 1 [[Innocent Anyanwu]] 2 [[Ikedi Ohakim]] 3 [[Iheanyi Uwaezuoke]] 4 [[Ifunanyachi Achara]] 5[[Ibezito Ogbonna|I bezito Ogbonna]] 6 [[Holmes Onwukaife]] 7 [[Henry Nwawuba]] 8 [[Francis Okaroh]] 9 [[Francis Arinze]] 10 [[Ezenwa Otorogu]] 11 [[Eric Obinna Chukwunyelu]] 12 [[Ephraim Ikeakor]] 13 [[Emmanuel Okala]] 14 [[Emmanuel Ekwueme]] 15 [[Edwin Ume-Ezeoke]] 16 [[Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi]] 17 [[Clarion Chukwura]] 18 [[Chukwuemeka Chikelu]] 19 [[Chima Anyaso]] 20 [[Chikelue Iloenyosi]] 21 [[Chijioke Ejiogu]] 22 [[Charles Chukwuma Soludo]] 23 [[Cedric Ogbuehi]] 24 [[Bruno Ibeh]] 25 [[Bonaventure Enemali]] 26 [[Augustine Nwagwu]] 27 [[Augustine Aniebo]] 28 [[Anyika Onuora]] 29 [[Jude Aneke]] 30 [[Kennedy Ihenacho]] 31 [[Kelvin Ebuka Nwamora]] 32 [[Kenechuhwu Uchenwa]] 33 [[Kennedy Nzechukwu]] 34 [[Kingsley Chibueze Onyeukwu]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186940|2]] 35 [[Louis Okoye]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186939|2]] 36 [[Maxwell Anikwenwa]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186938|2]] 37 [[Victoria Ohuruogu]] 38 [[Valerian Ume-Ezeoke]] 39 [[Obinna Nwaneri]] 40 [[Ugonna Ozurigbo]] 41 [[Ugonna Anyora]] 42 [[Uchechukwu N. Maduako]] 43 [[Steve Eboh]] 44 [[Rolland Ezuruike]] 45 [[Philomena Obiageliuwa Uyanwah]] 46 [[Obinna Eregbu]] 47 [[Osita Henry Chikere]] 48 [[Okwesilieze Nwodo]] 49 [[Okey Uzoeshi]] 50 [[Sikiratu Sindodo]] 51 [[Abba Moro]] 52 [[Ramatu Tijani Aliyu]] [[Ọbanife:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Ogalihillary|ṅkátá]]) 13:04, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC) :Thanks @[[Ọbanife:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]] thanks for this notification. I'll do the needful. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 16:08, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #171 is out: Dagbani Wikipedia will be our first wiki for Wikifunctions integration == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-13|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce Dagbani Wikipedia as our first wiki for Wikifunctions integration, discuss the recent stability challenges we've had in the past few days, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:51, 13 Septemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27347529 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #172 is out: Introducing focus topic areas == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-20|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce focus topic areas for generating natural language texts and we update you on last week's site incident. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:30, 21 Septemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27457443 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #173 is out: Quarterly planning for October–December 2024 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-26|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we give you an overview of what we will focus on in the next three months, we discuss our presentation at [[:m:Celtic Knot Conference 2024|Celtic Knot conference 2024]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:42, 26 Septemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27457443 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240915|User group meeting held in September on strategy for the group]] ; Other news * [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2024/Submissions/Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region|Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region]], presentation at CEE meeting. ([https://www.youtube.com/live/iB3KNFtA4xI?t=6739 YouTube]) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/09/30/all-about-wiki-green-conference-2024/ All About Wiki-Green Conference 2024] (SDG 13) ; Events * Course: [https://wikiedu.org/courses/global-approaches-to-climate-finance-4/ Global Approaches to Climate Finance] by WikiEdu (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:26, 1 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27437535 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #174 is out: Focus topic: food == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss one of our next topics we will focus on for our work: food. We hope you have a good appetite for discussion. :) Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1728322200 October 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:42, 4 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27548252 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #175 is out: Wikidata Lexemes in Wikifunctions are coming soon == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a preview of our planned support for Wikidata lexemes in Wikifunctions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:54, 11 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27548252 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #176 is out: What could abstract content look like? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present some thoughts by [[User:Mahir256]] about how abstract content could look like in the future, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:12, 17 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27548252 --> == Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (23:51, 17 Ọktoba 2024) == How can I be promoted to administrative level here? --[[Ọbanife:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 23:51, 17 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #177 is out: Our goal for this Quarter: Agreement == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our goal of building up phrases from Lexemes using linguistic agreement, i.e. accordance to number and gender when constructing a phrase. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:32, 25 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27638060 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming meeting]], 24 November, 17.00 UTC ; Other news * Talk at WikiIndaba: [[m:WikiIndaba 2024/Proposal/Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region|Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region]] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/17/championing-inclusion-in-the-wikimedia-movement-africa-wiki-women-presentation-at-the-wiki-niger-conference/ Championing Inclusion in the Wikimedia Movement: Africa Wiki Women Presentation at the Wiki Niger Conference] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/25/mountains-birds-and-lakes-wiki-loves-earth-2024-central-asia-edition/ Mountains, Birds and Lakes: Wiki Loves Earth 2024 – Central Asia Edition] (SDG 15) ; Events * November 6, 12 and 21: [https://universityofexeter.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJAkdeqrrzMoGdEeMYlR6q0A7QMHwwwM2VIZ#/registration Climate Change & Health in the UK - Wikipedia workshop] (SDG 3 and 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:01, 1 Novemba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27587619 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #178 is out: Rewriting the backend == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss how the team is working hard to rewrite Wikifunctions' backend, to overcome some of the limits we encountered with the current language. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1730745000 November 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:19, 2 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27660634 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #179 is out: The dream of a Universal Language == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we talk about several presentation in and around the topics of languages and our work, we discuss the current refactoring of our functions catalogue and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 22:50, 7 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27660634 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #180 is out: New type: Rational numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you our newest Type, [[:f:Z19677|rational numbers]], as well as the new renderer and parser for natural numbers, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:40, 14 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27660634 --> == We need your help with Igbo Wikipedia Main Page == Ndewo Goody, Biko nyere anyi aka, mmadu mebisiri ihu mbu Igbo Wikipedia. A na m acho ka mweghachi ya mana okweghi. Biko nyere anyi aka. [[Ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 13:38, 19 Novemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #181 is out: New special page for missing labels, new type for Gregorian years, and much more == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new special page for objects with a missing label, we present two new types (Gregorian year and Wikidata statement rank), we showcase several contributions made by you volunteers, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:23, 22 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27757932 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #182 is out: WordGraph release; New Special page: list functions by tests; new type for day of the year, and much more == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the implications of the release of Google Zurich's WordGraph dataset, we introduce a new special page, support for other Wikidata statements and a new type (day of Roman year), and finally we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:03, 28 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27872982 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 8, 12, 13, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting, 24 November ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241124|minutes]]) * We are working on our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]], please add activities that you would like to work on. ; Other news * [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 8 (November 2024)|CEE Catch up Nr. 8 with a sustainability theme]] * [[w:pt:Wikipédia:Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia|Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/New_Zealand_report#nz-edit|Report from New Zealand Species Edit-a-thons]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/Macedonia_report#vvc|Report from climate change editing workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2024/Contents/Croatia_report|DeGrowth in November with students, artists and academics in Croatia]] (SDG 8&12) * The new [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#November_2024:_Production_deployment_and_security_review_complete|Charts extension has been enabled on Wikimedia Commons]]. It's time to start bringing all your local sustainability related charts over there! (SDG 17) ; Events * Ongoing: [[m:Event:Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers|Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:Event:Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia|Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia]] (SDG 13) * Just started: [[m:Event:African Legislators in Red|African Legislators in Red]] (SDG 16) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:29, 1 Disemba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27830533 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on December 9 == Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next '''Volunteers' Corner''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1733758200 December 9, at 15:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:46, 6 Disemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27889617 --> == Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (18:38, 13 Disemba 2024) == Hi, Olugold I have added Wikipedia pages for quick deletion. I hope to delete them as soon as possible and activate the deletion template on them, but they delete them over and over again. Thanks Olugold --[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 18:38, 13 Disemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #183 is out: Sketching a path to Abstract Wikipedia; Team offsite in Lisbon; and much more == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-12-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss how natural language generation for Abstract Wikipedia might develop, and we share news on tools and types on Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:52, 16 Disemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27889617 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #184 is out: Function of the Week: age; Intros for year articles; New Type: Floating-point number == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-12-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In the last issue for 2024, we discuss functions to create introductions for articles about years, we showcase one of the 23 functions with the Gregorian year type, we introduce a new type, and finally we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 22:06, 19 Disemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27889617 --> == Question from [[User:Ahmedborar673|Ahmedborar673]] on [[Basil Raslan]] (22:11, 26 Disemba 2024) == Basil Raslan --[[Ojiarụ:Ahmedborar673|Ahmedborar673]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Ahmedborar673|ṅkátá]]) 22:11, 26 Disemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 10, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting in December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241229|minutes]]) * We have adopted an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]]! ; Other news * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_hWBwaQxaw Lightning talk by Adam Harangzo - National Institute for Health and Care Research on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/11/top-photos-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2024%f0%9f%a4%9d/ Top photos of the special nomination “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2024!] (SDG 10&15) * [https://www.wikimedia.nz/nz-species-editathon-recap/ Two days, 15 editors, 750 edits] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/28/a-peekaboo-into-our-butterflying-trip-from-the-amazon-of-the-east/ A Peekaboo Into Our Butterflying Trip from the Amazon of the East] (SDG 15) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/12/27/brooklyn-college-students-bring-ecology-course-content-to-wikipedia/ Brooklyn College students bring ecology course content to Wikipedia] (SDG 13&15 * [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09636625241268890 Declaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on WikipediaDeclaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on Wikipedia] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 08:04, 2 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27983472 --> == Would you join our editorial board? == Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]], how are you doing? Would you join our community editorial board? This helps to record a resounding outcome. Thanks for your consideration. [[Ojiarụ:Onwuka Glory|Onwuka Glory]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Onwuka Glory|ṅkátá]]) 16:22, 2 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on January 13 == Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next Volunteers' Corner, that will be held on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1736793000 January 13, at 18:30 UTC] ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:44, 10 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28062578 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #185 is out: Happy Wikipedia day! Quarterly planning == The [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-15|first update of 2025]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions is out. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present our plan for the upcoming quarter (January-March 2025), we suggest changes to our "Function of the week" section, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:34, 17 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28062578 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #186 is out: Welcome, David! Naming conventions recommendations == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team, we introduce our current discussion on naming conventions recommendations, we introduce a new section dedicated to the newest functions created, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:36, 23 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28062578 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #187 is out: With 2000 Functions into the new year: time for stats == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present some statistics about where we are as a project, we give some updates about our Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1738607400 February 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:05, 30 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28185757 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 11, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250223|User group meeting 23 February]] * User group meeting in January ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250119|minutes]]). * The user group submitted an annual report in the new [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Affiliates Strategy/Implementation/Affiliate health criteria/Reports/2024/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|affiliate health criteria format]], and as an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2024|activity report]]. * The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030|2030 strategy]] for the user group was adopted. ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/06/swiss-server-helped-optimise-wikidata-in-the-field-of-medicine/ Swiss server helped optimise Wikidata in the field of medicine] (SDG 3) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/08/photographers-from-turkiye-tell-the-story-of-award-wining-photos-in-wiki-loves-earth-2024/ Photographers from Türkiye tell the story of award wining photos in Wiki Loves Earth 2024] (SDG 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZnAp7oovlg OpenStreetMap and Wikidata in Disaster Times - CEE Meeting 2024 Istanbul] (SDG 11) ; Events * 1-28 February: [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/5DC7IKHKGBEE5KOD4PY2XNKT55EA6LW4/|Wiki Loves Africa: Climate & Weather ISA campaign]] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 14:05, 4 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28153013 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #188 is out: Invitation to the Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a proposal to restructure our Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group (NLG SIG) meeting, we announce the creation of a new type, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:17, 6 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28185757 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #189 is out: Restricting the World, redux == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we have an essay from Denny, we discuss the fix to the Byte Type, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:19, 14 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28241947 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #190 is out: A proposal for types per language and part of speech == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a proposal for types to represent a part of speech in a language, we present some events that we have taken part to (or we are taking part to), and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:50, 20 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28271571 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">We would like to hear about your experiences with Temporary Accounts</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> [[File:Temporary Accounts - first edit popup.png|thumb]] '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_e2MNLeWJU89pNTo This survey should take no longer than 5 minutes to complete.]''' The Trust & Safety Product team recently made [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] available on 12 wikis. There are plans to expand this to a larger set of wikis in the coming weeks and months and then proceed with a complete deployment later this year. Your participation in this survey will be immensely valuable in helping us understand how well Temporary Accounts are working and what we can improve on going forward. The privacy policy for this survey may be [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Temp_Accounts_Minor_Pilots_Survey_Privacy_Statement|viewed at this link]]. By completing this survey, you agree to the terms set forward in the privacy policy. Thank you!<section end="body"/> </div> [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">ṅkátá</span>]]) 02:50, 27 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/8&oldid=28315571 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #191 is out: From things to words == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the deployment of the possibility of getting the right Lexeme given a Wikidata Item, we discuss the newest updates about Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1741026600 March 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:16, 28 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28307629 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fortieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting in February ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250223|minutes]]). ; Other news * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2025/Organise|Time to get ready to organize Wiki Loves Earth]] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/02/05/women-of-the-future-international-womens-day-2025/ ‘Women of the Future’ – International Women’s Day 2025] (SDG 5) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/02/17/the-experts-behind-the-edits-expanding-public-understanding-of-healthcare/ The Experts Behind the Edits: Expanding public understanding of healthcare] (SDG 3) * [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/ecosia-and-wikimedia-enterprise-partner/ Wikimedia Enterprise and Ecosia Partner to Drive Sustainable Search Innovation] (SDG 13) * A [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Climate Change/Policies|subproject to WikiProject Climate Change about Climate Change Policies]] has just started on Wikidata (SDG 13) ; Events * 1 March: [[m:Event:Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire|Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire]] (SDG 8) * 7 March [[m:Event:Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025|Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025]] (SDG 16) * 8 March–1 April: [[m:Event:Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025|Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025]] (SDG 5) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 07:51, 1 Maachị 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #192 is out: Recent Changes in the software, Recording of Volunteer’s Corner, and talks in London == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present two talks that will feature Denny as a speaker and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:12, 7 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28307629 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #193 is out: Upcoming NLG meeting, Recent Changes in the software == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we invite you to the next [[:f:Wikifunctions:NLG SIG|NLG SIG Meeting]], that will take place [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1739894400 on Tuesday March 18 at 16 UTC], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:39, 15 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28399838 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #194 is out: Wikidata-based simple enumerations == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a discussion about a new kind of enumeration type, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:06, 21 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28399838 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #195 is out: It’s about time == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a discussion about how to support the creation of a type for time that is compatible with Wikidata, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:25, 28 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28399838 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13, 15 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/03/27/organise-your-local-wiki-loves-earth-in-2025/ Organise your local Wiki Loves Earth in 2025!] (SDG 15) * [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Climate Policy Radar ID|Wikidata property proposal for the Climate Policy Radar]] (SDG 13) * [https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/85640/NKB_Debatt_Wikipedia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Biologists encourage other biologists to edit Wikipedia] (in Swedish) (SDG 15) * A [[c:File:Langzeitkooperationen zwischen Museen und dem Wikipedia-Universum.pdf|presentation on long-term collaborations between museums and the Wikimedia universe]] was given on March 10 at a [https://www.kiekeberg-museum.de/fileadmin/user_upload/3_4_1_Tagungen/geplante_tagungen/Programm_Tagung_Mittwochs_ist_Museumstag_-_Langzeitkooperationen_im_Museum_10-11.3.2025_FLMK3.pdf symposium on long-term collaborations with museums in Germany](SDG 17) * A [[c:File:Gemeinsam mehr erreichen Freies Wissen als Grundlage der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wikimedia und anderen Ehrenamtsinitiativen.pdf|presentation on existing and potential collaborations between the Wikimedia community and other volunteer communities]] was given on March 29 at a [https://tdsummit.d-s-e-e.de/ national volunteering convention] in Germany (SDG 17) ; Events * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250420|Next user group meeting: 20 April]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> [[Ojiarụ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:MediaWiki message delivery|ṅkátá]]) 09:28, 1 Eprel 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #196 is out: Quarterly Planning for April–June 2025; We are looking for a Senior Product Manager == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present our work plan for the upcoming quarter (April-June 2025), we publish a new job opening for joining the team, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1744047000 April 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 6 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28471753 --> == Question from [[User:Riyad hossain 89|Riyad hossain 89]] (18:56, 9 Eprel 2025) == Riyad Hossain With over 05 years of experience in the field of journalism, Riyad Hossain heads the editorial operations of Mission Ki Awaaz as a Blogger. Lives from Bangladesh --[[Ojiarụ:Riyad hossain 89|Riyad hossain 89]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Riyad hossain 89|ṅkátá]]) 18:57, 9 Eprel 2025 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #197 is out: Quarter in review, and lots of material to watch == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we evaluate our work done for the recently closed quarter (January-March 2025), we present you a number of video and blogpost about us to watch and read, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1744732800 April 15, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:20, 11 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28471753 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #198 is out: Wikifunctions integrated in Dagbani - and Wikifunctions; and the date of Easter == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that this week we switched on the ability to call Wikifunctions functions from within Dagbani Wikipedia (our first wiki to do so!), we discuss the functions related to calculating the dates of Easter, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:28, 17 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28471753 --> == Question from [[User:Dr Ann Dangote|Dr Ann Dangote]] on [[Legrek Parond]] (07:00, 25 Eprel 2025) == do all articles have to be written in igbo or can the articles be written in English. --[[Ojiarụ:Dr Ann Dangote|Dr Ann Dangote]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Dr Ann Dangote|ṅkátá]]) 07:00, 25 Eprel 2025 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #199 is out: Welcome, Gregory! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a new member of the team, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746466200 May 5, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:16, 28 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28586963 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #200 is out: Abstract Wikipedia is a MacArthur 100&Change finalist == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that we reached the final stage of a grant competition, we introduce our next big conversation about where the content of Abstract Wikipedia will be located, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746466200 May 5, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:57, 1 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28628447 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #201 is out: Abstract Wikipedia and the Wikimedia AI Strategy == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-09|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss how Abstract Wikipedia ties in with the newly announced WMF's strategy for AI, we talk about the Wikimedia Hackathon and our community meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:27, 10 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28661550 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250420|minutes]]) ; Other news * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/09/zombie-ants-to-bioremediation-the-world-of-entomopathogenic-fungi/ Zombie ants to bioremediation: The world of entomopathogenic fungi] (SDG 15) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/21/with-foundation-increases-support-to-expand-disability-healthcare-information-on-wikipedia/ WITH Foundation increases support to expand disability healthcare information on Wikipedia] (SDG 3) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/04/04/women-and-health-project-improving-the-representation-of-womens-health-on-wikipedia/ Women and Health Project: Improving the representation of women’s health on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&5) ; Events * May 19: [[m:Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025|Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025]] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 07:22, 11 Mee 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #202 is out: Location of Abstract Content == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we invite you to [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|a consultation]] about where should the content of Abstract Wikipedia be stored, we invite you to our next online presentation, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:56, 16 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28661550 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #203 is out: Ongoing consultation about the Location for Abstract Content == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we invite you again to [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|a consultation]] about where should the content of Abstract Wikipedia be stored, we present some updates about existing and new types, we remind you of our next online presentation, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:54, 23 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28661550 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #204 is out: Rolling out to five Wiktionaries; Calculating with today's date == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we talk about our latest deployment on five Wiktionaries, we showcase a couple of functions about dates, we remind you of ongoing discussions and upcoming presentations, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1748885400 June 2, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:38, 29 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28780680 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #205 is out: Where will Abstract Content go? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we give you some updates on the discussion about where to store abstract content, we present you the recordings of our latest presentations and meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:38, 9 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28806388 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 10, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 22 June: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]] ; Other news * Several papers presented at WikiWorkshop: ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_24.pdf EcoWikiRS: Using Species Descriptions in Wikipedia and Remote Sensing to Learn about the Ecological Properties of a Place] (SDG 15) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_6.pdf Data Extraction Methods for Analyzing Gender Bias on Wikipedia's Front Page] (SDG 5) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_28.pdf Measuring Cross-Lingual Information Gaps in English Wikipedia: A Case Study of LGBT People Portrayals] (SDG 10) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_14.pdf Exploring Wikipedia community practices during the 2024 European Parliament election] (SDG 16) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_55.pdf Wikipedia as a Tool for Tracking Mass Migration Flows: Insights from the Russian Invasion of Ukraine] (SDG 10) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_65.pdf Regulations in Wikidata: The case of PFAS-related regulations] (SDG 3 & 16) * [https://wikipediapodden.se/minimal-viable-species-stub-315/ Podcast about the minimal viable species stub] (SDG 15) * [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/05/media-literacy-and-responding-to-emergencies-and-disinformation/ Wikimedia UK and the Royal Society host workshop on information literacy and future health emergencies] (SDG 3) ; Events * 16 June: [[w:en:Event:Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon|Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 09:37, 12 Jụn 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28771610 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #206 is out: Closing the consultation about the location of Abstract Content == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce the closing of the discussion about where to store abstract content, we remind you about our current discussions about types and our next [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:NLG_SIG|NLG SIG meeting]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:56, 16 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28860768 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #207 is out: Quarterly Planning for July–September 2025 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we outline our priorities for the next quarter (July–September 2025), we give you some updates related to our new types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:38, 23 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28860768 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #208 is out: How many people are needed to write an encyclopedia? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share a short essay from Denny about writing an encyclopedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:38, 28 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28860768 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 6 July: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250706|User group meeting]] ; Other news * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9I8Nr_UamtM Biodiversidade na Wiki] (in Portuguese) (SDG 15) * [https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.70050 The women honoured in flowering plant genera: From myth to reality] (SDG 5&15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/20/rethinking-wiki-engagement-in-medical-research-insights-from-a-residency-at-nihr/ Rethinking Wiki engagement in medical research: insights from a residency at NIHR] (SDG 3) ; Events * 24 July: [https://mdi.georgetown.edu/events/guwikieditathonsummer2025/ Editing for Equity: Closing the Wikipedia Gender Gap] (SDG 5) * 2 & 9 August: [https://events.humanitix.com/nz-species-editathon-wellington New Zealand Species Edit-a-thon] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 21:06, 1 Julaị 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28881683 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #209 is out: Coverage of 1298 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share a short essay from Denny about how Wikipedias cover articles about years, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1751909400 July 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:39, 4 Julaị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28927185 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #210 is out: Length limits on labels and descriptions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a measure to limit length of labels and descriptions, we show a video illustrating our work on front-end components, we share some news on new Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1752595200 July 15, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:46, 11 Julaị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28960872 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #211 is out: Wikidata-based enumerations are here == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new kind of Type (Wikidata-based enumerations), we remind you of our current sprint in fixing labels and descriptions that are too long, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:16, 19 Julaị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28960872 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #212 is out: “Wikipedia is an encyclopedia”; Two years of Wikifunctions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-26|the '''second anniversary update''']] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our work on functions that generate sentences and fragments in several languages, we celebrate our second anniversary, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:33, 26 Julaị 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29016422 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 10, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * 6 July: User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250706|minutes]]) * We are trying to establish better governance for the user group and [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Draft by-laws|have some inspiration]] on which your comments are requested. ; Other news * To promote sustainability and increase the visibility of the Sustainable Development Goals, the [[w:tr:Vikiproje:S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilir_Kalk%C4%B1nma|"Sustainable Development Wikiproject" was launched on the Turkish Wikipedia]] * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/11/wiki-loves-butterfly-community-led-contributions-in-dzongu-valley-north-sikkim-india/ Wiki Loves Butterfly: Community-Led Contributions in Dzongu Valley, North Sikkim, India] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/12/gender-climate-and-sustainability-my-journey-with-the-awa-fellowship-2025/ Gender, Climate and Sustainability: My Journey with the AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 5 & 13) * [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2025/07/14/the-power-and-potential-of-wikidata-for-botany/ The power and potential of Wikidata for botany] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/amplifying-inclusion-and-climate-justice-through-open-knowledge-my-journey-as-a-fellow-under-awa-fellowship-2025/ Amplifying Inclusion and Climate Justice Through Open Knowledge: My Journey as a Fellow under AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/justice-through-open-knowledge-training-human-rights-advocate-to-document-human-rights-incident-with-wikipedia-and-wikimedia-commons/ Justice through Open Knowledge: Training Human Rights Advocate to Document Human Rights Incident with Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons] (SDG 10) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/16/wings-of-bengal-the-winners-of-wiki-loves-bangla-2025/ Wings of Bengal: The Winners of Wiki Loves Bangla 2025] (SDG 15) * [https://infomgnt.org/posts/2025-07-16-Connecting-Knowledge-with-Wikidata-a-practical-Project-with-the-Museum-fuer-Naturkunde-Berlin/ Connecting Knowledge with Wikidata: A Practical Project with the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/19/when-time-slows-down-documenting-butterflies-in-the-north-eastern-himalayas/ When Time Slows Down: Documenting Butterflies in the North Eastern Himalayas] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/23/wiki-loves-earth-celebrates-1000000-images-of-the-natural-heritage-worldwide/ Wiki Loves Earth celebrates 1,000,000 images of the natural heritage worldwide!] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/28/closing-content-gaps-highlights-from-my-july-as-an-awa-inclusion-and-climate-justice-fellow/ Closing Content Gaps: Highlights from my July as an AWA Inclusion and Climate Justice Fellow] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/01/thrilling-two-day-butterfly-expedition-in-central-odisha/ Thrilling Two-Day Butterfly Expedition in Central Odisha] (SDG 15) ; Events * 6-9 August: Wikimania is coming up, and you can easily [[wikimania:2025:Registration|join remotely]]. Find [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|all sessions related to the Sustainable Development Goals]]. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 09:27, 2 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28881683 --> == Question from [[User:Imborhope|Imborhope]] (16:31, 15 Ọgọọst 2025) == How do I write my perfect autobiography --[[Ojiarụ:Imborhope|Imborhope]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Imborhope|ṅkátá]]) 16:31, 15 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) :Writing an autobiography is not encouraged on Wikipedia. Learn more: [[en:Wikipedia:Autobiography|Wikipedia:Autobiography]]. If a person is notable, other editors will write a [[en:Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biography]] about the person. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 03:48, 16 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #215 is out: Accessing Wikidata items now possible from embedded function calls; Wikifunctions available on 65 Wikitionaries == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that it is now possible to access Wikidata items from embedded function calls, we also inform that Wikifunctions is now available on 60 more Wiktionaries, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:57, 29 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 21 September: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User Group Meeting]] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/07/when-butterflies-took-over-a-classroom/ When Butterflies Took Over a Classroom] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/13/a-walk-with-butterflies-that-healed-the-heart/ A Walk with Butterflies That Healed the Heart] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/21/wikimania-2025-information-integrity-on-climate-change-on-wikimedia-projects/ Wikimania 2025: Information Integrity on Climate Change on Wikimedia projects] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/botanical-perspective-of-wikitutuwuhan-project/ Botanical Perspective of WikiTutuwuhan Project] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/past-present-and-future-a-wikimedian-in-residence-at-the-biodiversity-heritage-library/ Past, present and future: a Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Biodiversity Heritage Library] (SDG 15) * [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|All SDG related sessions at Wikimania]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 20:24, 1 Septemba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29165157 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers’ Corner is tomorrow! == We remind you that our next '''Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers’ Corner''' will be '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1757352600 tomorrow, September 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Unless you have many questions, we will follow our usual agenda, giving updates on the upcoming plans and recent activities, having plenty of time and space for your questions, and building a Function together. See you at the Corner! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:39, 7 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #216 is out: Copying function calls from one Wikipedia to another == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that it is now possible to use natural languages as a default value in embedded function calls, we discuss the latest news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:04, 8 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #217 is out: More than 3,000 functions on Wikifunctions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we celebrate reaching the milestone of 3,000 functions on Wikifunctions, we discuss our upcoming commitments in outreach, we share with you our latest blogpost, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:21, 12 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #218 is out: Wikifunctions available on 123 Wiktionary languages == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-19|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on the recent Wikifunctions deployment on Wiktionaries, we introduce our new page for requesting cleanups, we update you on what's new on Types, we remind you of the upcoming meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758643200 September 23, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:26, 20 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29289969 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #219 is out: Accessing qualifiers in Wikidata statements == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-26|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce the possibility of calling also qualifiers from Wikidata, we update you on the recent deployments of Wikifunctions and on the Wikifunctions presentations at Wikimedia events, we give you the recent updates on Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:46, 26 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29319712 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 7 and 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250921|minutes]]) ; Other news * The OpenStreetMap community has an initiative called "[https://mapyourgrid.org/ MapYourGrid]" focused on energy infrastructure on Wikidata and Open Streetmap. (SDG 7) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/18/bridging-climate-science-and-the-public-how-the-austrian-climate-report-found-a-home-on-wikipedia/ Bridging Climate Science and the Public: How the Austrian Climate Report Found a Home on Wikipedia] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/27/microworld-a-wikimedia-fueled-microbial-exhibition-in-northern-argentina/ Microworld: a Wikimedia-fueled microbial exhibition in northern Argentina] (SDG 4) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/30/wiki-green-conference-2025/ Wiki-Green Conference 2025] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 20:46, 1 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29165157 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #220 is out: Rich text now available in embedded function calls on 148 Wiktionaries and Incubator == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on the latest functions and types you can create, we announce that functions are now available to call on 152 projects, we talk about our presentations at Wikimedia meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1759771800 October 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:55, 4 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29367070 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #221 is out: Decision on location for abstract content and Quarterly Planning for October–December == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss our plans and work for the upcoming quarter (October-December 2025), we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:47, 9 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29367070 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #222 is out: Kicking Off the Naming Contest for Abstract Wikipedia; Visualizing functions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we kickstart our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we present a beautiful representation of functions by a community member, we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:04, 15 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29444338 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #223 is out: Welcome Zaree and Laura! Naming contest round 1 kicked off == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome two new additions to the team, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 21:10, 23 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29491948 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #224 is out: Round 1 of “abstract content wiki” naming vote ending Monday; An example of short descriptions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we announce our first experimentation with short descriptions on Wikidata, we talk about our presentations at the upcoming WikidataCon 2025, and we take a look at the latest Type and software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1762194600 November 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:48, 30 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10 and 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/01/ewe-language-activists-trained-to-translate-the-sustainable-development-goals-online/ Ewe Language Activists Trained to Translate the Sustainable Development Goals Online] * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/11/how-wikimedia-commons-is-making-microbiology-open-lessons-from-wikimedistas-de-jujuy-argentina/ How Wikimedia Commons is making microbiology open: lessons from Wikimedistas de Jujuy, Argentina] (SDG 4) * The [https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Faktamall_f%C3%B6retag&diff=58499099&oldid=57412306 Swedish Wikipedia company infobox now shows carbon emissions data] retreived from Wikidata for over 200 companies. (SDG 13) ; Events * 6 November–3 December: [[m:Event:Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025|Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025]] (SDG 5) * 11 November: [[m:Event:First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community|First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community]] (SDG 10) * 1–30 November: [[w:id:Wikipedia:Bulan_Asia_Wikipedia_2025|Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2025]] (SDG 10) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 16:47, 3 Novemba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29554723 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #225 is out: First round of voting for naming the wiki for abstract content closed; Calling for Wiktionary functions; Embedded Wikifunctions on Bengali Wikipedia and seven more Wiktionaries == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on the closing of the first phase of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we introduce a possible implementation of Wikifunctions for Wiktionaries, we talk about our latest outreach events, and we take a look at the latest Type and software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:06, 6 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #226 is out: Getting ready for second round of voting for naming the wiki with abstract content; Rewriting the backend: Why Rust? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we summarise current discussion regarding the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss how we are rewriting the backend, we ask for help in substituting a function, we suggest you the recordings of Wikifunctions-related sessions at the WikidataCon 2025, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1763481600 November 18, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:42, 13 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #227 is out: Second round of voting for naming the wiki with language-independent content; Sharing function calls == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce the start of the second phase of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we share the results of the MacArthur Foundation's 100&Change contest, we share the recording of the last NLG SIG meeting, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:11, 21 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #228 is out: Vote on the new wiki name! Finishing each other’s sentences == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss our progress on sentence creation with functions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1762194600 December 1, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:38, 27 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 11 December: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20251211|User group call]] * As are ending the year and will be wrapping up on the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|current annual plan]] we are doing a few sprints. If every member of the user group makes just one contribution, we will finish these easily and have a great resource for the entire community. Please check out these and see if you can help out: ** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Video translation|Videos with translatable subtitles]] *** Help by identifying which videos need translation ** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Charts coordination|Charts]] *** Help by identifying charts that should be used in SDG topics <br/> ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/09/wikimedia-project-from-south-america-selected-by-the-unesco-global-initiative-for-information-integrity-on-climate-change-fund/ Wikimedia Project from South America Selected by the UNESCO Global Initiative for Information Integrity on Climate Change Fund] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/10/northern-argentine-wikimedians-recognized-in-regional-openstreetmap-contest/ Northern Argentine Wikimedians recognized in regional OpenStreetMap Contest] (SDG 15) * [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/LMyQBP/ny-ai-modell-svenska-foretags-utslapp-av-koldioxid Garbo gräver fram siffror på utsläpp av koldioxid] news in Swedish about carbon emissions data being added to the company infoboxes (SDG 13) * [https://wikimedia.at/der-klimabericht-und-die-wikipedia-teil-3-wissenschaftskommunikation/ Der Klimabericht und die Wikipedia Teil 3: Wissenschaftskommunikation] (SDG 13) ; Events * [[m:SheSaid|SheSaid campaign on Wikiquote]]. From 1 September until 31 December 2025. (SDG 5) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 14:39, 1 Disemba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29620767 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #229 is out: And the name is Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share the final results of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we share two demos about new Wikifunctions features, we talk about Wikidata components in Wikifunctions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:02, 4 Disemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29735279 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #230 is out: How to write better error messages == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share an essay on how to write better error messages, on improving which we focused in the last months. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 12 Disemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29735279 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #231 is out: We wish you a happy new Gregorian year! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-18|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we showcase some templates using Wikifunctions functions on several projects, and we wrap up work for this Gregorian year, wishing you happy holidays. The updates will resume in the week of January 14, so if you feel like you want more, you can always read the previous updates in [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:01, 18 Disemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29814552 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fiftieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * User group call, 11 December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20251211|minutes]]) ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/08/wikiforhumanrights-2025-documenting-ghanas-just-energy-transition-through-the-lens/ WikiForHumanRights 2025: Documenting Ghana’s Just Energy Transition Through the Lens] (SDG 7) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2025/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Update_on_the_Bioeconomy_Science_Institute_Wikimedian_in_Residence|Update on the Bioeconomy Science Institute Wikimedian in Residence]] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/14/wikiforhumanrights-2025-campaign-in-ghana/ WikiForHumanRights 2025 campaign in Ghana] (SDG 7&13) * [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/12/topics-for-impact/ Topics for impact] by Wikimedia UK * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/22/project-gayatri-a-year-of-building-knowledge-closing-with-heart/ Project Gayatri: A Year of Building Knowledge, Closing with Heart] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 21:24, 4 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29844481 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #232 is out: 25 years of Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In the first issue of 2026, we celebrate our incredible milestone of 25 years of Wikipedia and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:04, 16 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29902635 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #233 is out: Quarterly plan for January–March 2026 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share our work plans for the quarter that goes from January to March 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 22 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #234 is out: Integrating Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share our ideas about the integration of Abstract Wikipedia with the existing Wikimedia projects, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:51, 30 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2025|annual report for 2025]] was published. * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Next user group meeting]] is 22 February. * The drafting of the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2026|2026 annual plan]] is under way, please help. ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/09/winning-images-of-the-special-category-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2025%F0%9F%A4%9D/ Winning images of the special category “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2025🤝] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 14:22, 4 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on February 9 == Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next '''Volunteers' Corner''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1770661800 February 9, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 06:23, 6 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #235 is out: Finishing each other sentences: Starting things; Offsite in Istanbul == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share the results of our recent team offsite (meeting in person) in Istanbul, Türkiye, especially on creating sentence fragments in several languages. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:31, 13 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #236 is out: A sneak preview of Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share a sneak preview of how Abstract Wikipedia will look like and work, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:15, 20 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #237 is out: Graceful overrides and fallbacks == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss different patterns in articles about years on different Wikipedias, we present the video of the Wikifunctions presentation by Nicolas Vigneron at the last Celtic Knot, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1772476200 March 2, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:18, 27 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30119120 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10, 13, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * A proposal for a climate and sustainability meetup at Wikimania has been submitted. Keep your fingers crossed it gets accepted! ; Other news * [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud Metabase], a project to create a [[m:Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Knowledge Base|movement-wide knowledgebase for activities and initiatives]], now has the property [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud/wiki/Property:P109 relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator] and all the Sustainable Development Goals, Targets and Indicators. This makes it possible to make sure that your projects and initiative that supports these are marked as doing so and also find previous efforts related to them. * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/11/wiki-for-botanists-why-thematic-engagement-matters/ Wiki for Botanists: Why thematic engagement matters] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/influence-of-seasonal-and-eco-climatic-factors-on-butterfly-diversity-insights-from-wiki-loves-butterfly/ Influence of Seasonal and Eco-climatic Factors on Butterfly Diversity: Insights from Wiki Loves Butterfly] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/african-women-in-climate-action-a-continued-editing-journey-through-the-edither-africa-contest-2026/ African Women in Climate Action: A Continued Editing Journey through the EditHer Africa Contest 2026] (SDG 5 & 13) ; Events * March is Women's History Month and also has the Internaltional Women's day, so there are plenty of related events. Check out [[m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]] to find some near you. (SDG 5) * [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_India/Events/International_Mother_Language_Day_2026_Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2026 Datathon]] (SDG 4, 10 &17) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:13, 2 Maachị 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #238 is out: Citations and Copy and Paste == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce the possibility of creating a function that deals with references and a Wikifunctions internal clipboard, where you can temporarily store any piece of code in order to paste it somewhere else, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:28, 6 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30119120 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #239 is out: A new composition language == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we talk about the revamp of the composition language on Wikifunctions, with its potential for further improvements. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:19, 12 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30229736 --> == Question from [[User:SamKel123|SamKel123]] (00:44, 19 Maachị 2026) == Hi, Olugold. I stopped Wiking a long time now. I want to get back, as a rewarding hubby. I need your help and push. --[[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SamKel123|ṅkátá]]) 00:44, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]], :How can I help you? Have you joined the Igbo Wikimedia community Whatsapp group? There are several Wiki activities organized by the [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]] that will help you. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:17, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) ::Okay. I will join immediately. Thank you so much. [[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SamKel123|ṅkátá]]) 08:37, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #240 is out: Abstract Wikipedia is now in Beta == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we celebrate the launch of the [https://abstract.wikipedia.org/ preliminary Beta version of Abstract Wikipedia], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:23, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30229736 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #241 is out: First few days of Abstract Wikipedia Beta; Status of Composition Language v2 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the first early edits on [https://abstract.wikipedia.org/ Abstract Wikipedia], we share the status of Composition Language v2, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:48, 26 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30289284 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * There is now a [[c:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|user box template on Wikimedia Commons]] that you can use to show that you are participant of the user group. There were already user boxes on [[m:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Meta]], [[d:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Wikidata]], [[w:en:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|English]] and [[w:sv:Mall:Användare Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Swedish]] Wikipedia. If your home wiki uses user boxes but lacks one, feel free to copy any of these to it. ; Other news * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2026/03/02/the-winners-of-wiki-loves-earth-2025/ “Cinematic intensity”: The winners of Wiki Loves Earth 2025] (SDG 15) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00940-y Scientists should join collaborative online editing communities for biodiversity] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 11:26, 1 Eprel 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30155800 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #242 is out: Request for Discussion: Syntactic tables == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a proposal for Natural Language Generation, we introduce a page for function suggestions from Abstract Wikipedia, we inform you that there will be a presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776101400 April 13, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:37, 3 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #243 is out: Community proposals for capturing meaning == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we report on three community proposals on syntactic approaches, we introduce a new Type (Complex numbers), we report on current hiccups on Abstract Wikipedia, we share more information about a presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776101400 April 13, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:35, 10 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #244 is out: Milestones; Some major issues hopefully resolved == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we celebrate 4000 functions on Wikifunctions and 1000 abstract articles on Abstract Wikipedia, we announce that we should have fixed some major issues with the websites, we inform you on our latest outreach activities, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:22, 17 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #245 is out: The Foundation's search for the perfect language == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present an academic paper about Abstract Wikipedia, we discuss our latest Type created, and we take a look at the newest created functions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:54, 25 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 Eprel 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> :Thanks and duly noted. @[[Ojiarụ:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:45, 29 Eprel 2026 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #246 is out: Request for input: what should we count for Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we ask you what would be the relevant metrics for Abstract Wikipedia, we discuss our latest news on Composition Language v2, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:21, 2 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 5, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/04/15/from-lens-to-knowledge-citizen-science-through-wiki-loves-butterfly/|From Lens to Knowledge: Citizen Science through Wiki Loves Butterfly]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Wikidata type specimen data model]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|Edit-a-thon "Women Botanists" and “Plants Around Us: Veles” workshop]] (SDG 5 & 15) ; Events * Ongoing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:100 Days 100 Edits|100 Days 100 Edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026|Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026]] (SDG 2, 6 & 7) * May 9-10: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Projekt naturgeografi/Fotosafari: Fåglar i Skåne 2026|Bird photography trip]] in south Sweden (SDG 15) * May 30: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Biologisk mångfald|Editathon about biodiversity]] in Stockholm (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:47, 6 Mee 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30472224 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #247 is out: References from Wikidata now available == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that is now possible to pass references in Wikidata statements, we introduce the [https://abstract-data.toolforge.org/ Abstract Data dashboard], we report you on the presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1778520600 May 11, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:16, 8 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #248 is out: A higher meaning == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss functions creating language fragments, we present our latest news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:36, 15 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30536976 --> == Question from [[User:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]] (14:26, 20 Mee 2026) == Hello, Please how does the editing role work? How are roles assigned to people on Wikimedia? Do I have to wait to follow a project or I can find one and start myself on the site? Is there a criteria to get started as well. --[[Ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|ṅkátá]]) 14:26, 20 Mee 2026 (UTC) :hello @[[Ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]]. You can choose to start editing Wiki projects such as Wikipedia, Wikiquote, Wiki commons, etc you can edit by adding more details, translating, or creating new articles. You can join communities to learn more during campaigns, events, etc. There are lot of communities like, language, regional, women, etc. You can participate in any of these communities. See [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]], it's a language community. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 15:30, 20 Mee 2026 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (23:17, 22 Mee 2026) == Hi Olugold, My name is Goodmaraj, and I'm a Wikipedia user. I really enjoy editing and creating pages. I started over two years ago and have made more than 3,000 edits. I always run into the problem of seeing pages that don’t meet Wikipedia’s standards—pages promoting certain topics or featuring unknown people—and I can’t delete them. At first, I would ask administrators to delete them, but they usually take a long time to respond. That’s why I need this permission to delete articles directly—it will help me a lot and make my work much faster. Thank you --[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 23:17, 22 Mee 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]]! Thank you for all you do. I see that you have 2 accounts Goodymaraj and [[user:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]], kindly choose a preferred account and continue contributing with the preferred account to avoid blocks. :Your account Goodymeraj has being added to the auto patroller group. What this means is that, while logged in to the account on Igbo Wikipedia, you can: :*Go through newly created pages and mark them patrolled :*Tag pages for deletion :*Suggest deletion :*Report problematic pages. :You can ping user:King ChristLike as one of the active admins on the Igbo Wikipedia, to go through and delete the tagged pages. Thank you. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:00, 23 Mee 2026 (UTC) ::Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]], this user is totally different from [[User:Goodymeraj]] whom you just granted the autopatroller rights. ::Secondly, while @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] has made some meaningful edits here, they're still not a native Igbo speaker or have a good understanding of the Igbo language, so their edits or page creations would still need to be patrolled to ensure accuracy and quality. Granting the autopatroller rights may not be advisable for now. I've had an off-wiki conversation with them about this. They can always tag or request for admins to delete non-notable articles. Every other request should follow through the normal process. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 13:48, 23 Mee 2026 (UTC) ::Good morning ma @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]]. Please, @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] is an entirely different user from me @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]]. Thank you also for the rights granted me. I appreciate. It will go a very long way for me. [[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|ṅkátá]]) 04:21, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] and @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] thanks for the clarification. :::Goodymeraj showed interest in carrying out administrative task in the past, so when I saw this message, I honestly thought it was Goodymeraj. With the patrol right, he needs to tag admins to delete unwanted articles. In addition, he has a good understanding of the written and spoken Igbo language. :::Moving forward, nke a bụ Wikipedia Igbo, anyị kwesịrị iji asụsụ Igbo na-ekwurịta okwu ebe a. [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:51, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #249 is out: Annual plan 2026-2027 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you the current draft of objectives for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia in the WMF Annual Plan 2026-2027, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:48, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30536976 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #250 is out: Looking back and forward == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you a recollection of our work so far, now that we celebrate our 250th newsletter, we share with you a summary of our latest outreach activities, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:04, 1 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30606821 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/05/19/wikimedia-projects-and-the-climate-crisis-how-wiki-for-sustainable-futures-2026-is-being-built/|Wikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being BuiltWikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being Built]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7 & 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2026/05/21/earth-day-every-day-preserving-biodiversity-on-wikipedia/ Earth Day, Every Day: Preserving Biodiversity on Wikipedia] (SDG 15) *[[diffblog:ar/2026/05/29/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-2026-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9/|Launch of the Arabic Environmental Contest 2026: an ambitious initiative to enrich environmental content]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/From_the_field_to_the_free_web From the field to the free web] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 17:47, 1 Jụn 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30606764 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #251 is out: The illustrated encyclopaedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our first function to import images on Abstract Wikipedia, we present our Functions of the Week, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780939800 June 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:14, 5 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30606821 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #252 is out: Improved loading and display of Test results == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you an improvement in loading and display of Test results, we talk about our next events, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that Denny will lead a discussion on the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-15#News in Types: way forward for natural language generation types|new NLG types]] in the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1781625600 June 16, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:29, 12 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30606821 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #253 is out: The or not the, this is (the?) question == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you a delicate question regarding grammatical framework, we talk about our next events and about the results of our latest online meetings, we discuss news about Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:34, 19 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30701693 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #254: Working on Functions, together == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we report on new collaborative patterns emerging in our community, we discuss news in Types, we share some events that relate to Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1783359000 July 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:58, 27 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30724999 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #255: Integration on test wiki and annual plan == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss integration of Abstract Wikipedia in Test Wiki and our objectives for the new Wikimedia Foundation Fiscal Year, we remind you of the Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia events at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1783359000 July 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:22, 2 Julaị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30755600 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5 and 10.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; In the news * [[diffblog:2026/06/08/reading-wikipedia-in-the-classroom-in-wa-ghana-empowering-educators-with-media-and-information-literacy-skills/|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom in Wa, Ghana: Empowering Educators with Media and Information Literacy Skills]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/12/amplifying-womens-stories-and-indigenous-knowledge-feminism-and-folklore-2026-in-the-igbo-community/|Amplifying Women’s Stories and Indigenous Knowledge: Feminism and Folklore 2026 in the Igbo Community]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/13/artfeminism-network-organizers-at-eseap-conference-2026/|Art+Feminism Network Organizers at ESEAP Conference 2026]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/14/a-reflection-on-what-i-learned-at-my-first-international-womens-day-celebration/|A Reflection on What I Learned at My First International Women’s Day Celebration]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/16/from-mentee-to-builder-my-six-months-in-the-eduwiki-hub-mentorship-program/|From Mentee to Builder: My Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/16/building-skills-and-confidence-during-my-three-month-journey-through-the-on-wiki-skill-program-organized-by-africa-wiki-women/|Building Skills and Confidence During My Three-Month Journey Through the On Wiki Skill Program Organized by Africa Wiki Women]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/17/why-the-eduwiki-starter-kit-matters-for-the-future-of-education/|Why the EduWiki Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/17/empowering-new-editors-to-bridge-the-gender-gap-my-experience-as-a-mentor-in-the-edither-africa-april-2026-contest/|Empowering New Editors to Bridge the Gender Gap: My Experience as a Mentor in the EditHer Africa April 2026 Contest]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/18/visible-women-edit-a-thon-piloting-a-collaborative-approach-to-free-knowledge-in-hong-kong/|Visible Women Edit-a-thon: Piloting a Collaborative Approach to Free Knowledge in Hong Kong]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/23/guiding-new-voices-training-women-in-wikidata-during-the-april-edither-africa-contest/|Guiding New Voices: Training Women in Wikidata during the April EditHer Africa Contest]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/23/wikimedia-community-usergroup-botswana-in-collaboration-with-art-and-feminism-on-wikidata-mobile-training-2026/|Wikimedia Community Usergroup Botswana in collaboration with Art and Feminism on Wikidata Mobile Training 2026]] (SDG 5) ; Events * 10-18 July: [[m:Event:Wikiwomen Camp 2026|Wikiwomen Camp 2026]] (SDG 5) * 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers & Frauen 14.07.2026|Queers & Frauen]] (SDG 5 & 10) * 21-25 July: Wikimania is coming up and there are plenty of sessions related to sustainable development. There is now a dedicated page for those sessions at [[wikimania:2026:Program/SDG related sessions]]. * 23 July: [[m:Event:From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements|From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements]] (SDG 10) * 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers & Frauen 28.07.2026|Queers & Frauen]] (SDG 5 & 10) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 19:20, 3 Julaị 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30633243 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #256: Moving toward our first Abstract Wikipedia integration milestone == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss further our objectives for the new Wikimedia Foundation Fiscal Year, we show the latest community tool, we remind you of the Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia events at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:43, 9 Julaị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30755600 --> 75mvdjsrp9p4s43zcdojo48yg8z727i 0 11510 674442 91058 2026-07-09T09:33:22Z Goodymeraj 16207 Fixed reference error 674442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Murphy Ijemba bụ onye ọrụ redio Naijiria na-akwado ihe ngosi RUSH HOUR na 97.7 METRO FM. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationng.com/2017/10/one-month-leaving-brila-fm-murphy-ijemba-sean-amadi-land-new-job-max-fm.html|title=One month after leaving MAX FM, Murphy Ijemba and Sean Amadi land new job with METRO FM – INFORMATION NIGERIA|author=|date=21 October 2017|work=www.informationng.com|accessdate=23 October 2017}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ụdị ịgbachite anya redio ya enwetala ya ọtụtụ nhọpụta na nkwanye ugwu na mmemme inye onyinye na Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/nigerian-broadcasters-nite-returns-to-lagos/|title=Nigerian Broadcasters' NITE returns to Lagos|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=10 May 2015|accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Ọ bụ onye [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] . Amụrụ ya na Mushin, dịpụrụ adịpụ na [[Ȯra Lagos|Legọs steeti]], bụ ebe ọ gawara agụsị akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị. O nwetara nzere B.Sc na Accounting ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Bayero, Kano . <ref name="citypeople">{{Cite news|url=http://www.citypeopleng.com/i-was-born-bred-mushin-olosha/|title="I Was Born & Bred @ Mushin Olosha" — Popular Brila FM Sportscaster, Murphy Ijemba|work=City People Magazine|date=23 November 2015|accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ Emmanuel Tobi nke ''[[New Telegraph]]'', o kpughere na ọ ga-ere ọkụkọ iji kwado ego mmụta ya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newtelegraphonline.com/2017/03/id-tout-mushin-murphy-ijemba/|title=I'd have been a tout in Mushin -Murphy Ijemba|work=[[New Telegraph]]|first=Emmanuel|author=Tobi|date=26 March 2017|accessdate=30 May 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ malitere ọrụ redio ya dịka onye na-eme ihe ngosi na Raypower FM dị na Kano n'okpuru Daar Communication ebe ọrụ afọ ise.<ref name="citypeople" /> Ọ sonyeere Brila FM na 2011 ebe ọ tolitere n'ọrụ ya tupu ọ kwụsị n'ụlọ ọrụ redio na 2017 mgbe ọ dechara akwụkwọ ịgba arụkwaghịm ya na-ekwupụta mkpa ọ dị ịkwalite "agụmakwụkwọ ikike" ya.".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenet.ng/2017/09/brilla-fm-days-after-claims-that-they-were-sacked-former-oaps-tender-resignation-letters/|title=Brilla FM: Days After Claims That They Were Sacked, Former OAPs Tender Resignation Letters|work=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]|author=Iwunze|first=Promise|date=13 September 2017|accessdate=18 September 2017}}</ref> He Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya ika maka 360Bet na Zutasia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.citypeopleng.com/popular-brila-fm-presenter-murphy-ijemba-joins-zutasia-family/|title=Popular Brila fm presenter Murphy Ijemba Joins Zutasia Family|work=City People Magazine|author=Fabunmi|first=Femi|date=23 December 2015|accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.citypeopleng.com/murphy-ijemba-signs-dotted-lines-with-a-new-bet-company/|title=Murphy Ijemba Joins 360 Bet Family|work=City People Magazine|date=11 November 2015|accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta pụrụ iche == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Ihe omume ! Ihe nrite ! Nsonaazụ ! Ref |- | 2012 | rowspan="2" | Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards | rowspan="3" | Ndị mgbasa ozi redio kacha ewu ewu |{{Won}} | |- | 2013 |{{Won}} | |- | 2015 | Ndị mgbasa ozi Naịjirịa Nite|{{Won}} | |- | 2016 | 3rd Nigeria Pitch Awards | Onye nta akụkọ bọọlụ nke afọ|{{Nom}} | |} == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hfb1jfi19pg2ti5cl8kbo171js3k51x 0 11536 674214 186179 2026-07-08T18:43:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ebele Okoye'''{{Audio|Ig-Ebele Okoy.ogg|audio}} (amụrụ 6 Ọktoba 1969, [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]], [[Ọ̀hà Ọmambala|Anambra State]] ) bụ onye Naijiria-America <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/niyi-akinmolayan-stanlee-ohikhuare-gear-up-for-animation-film-day/tw1netd|title=Niyi Akinmolayan, Stanlee Ohikhuare gear up for 'Animation film day'|date=13 November 2018|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=29 January 2020|archivedate=29 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129211347/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/niyi-akinmolayan-stanlee-ohikhuare-gear-up-for-animation-film-day/tw1netd}}</ref> na -ese ihe na ihe nkiri dabere na Cologne, Germany kemgbe 2000. == Agụmakwụkwọ == Okoye gụrụ nka na ụzụ (ndozi grafiki na ihe osise) na Institute of Management and Technology dị [[Enụgwụ|n'Enugwu]] site na 1985 ruo 1989. Mgbe ọ bịarutere Germany na 2000, o mere mmemme ọbịa na Mahadum Cologne, nke ọ hapụrụ ngwa ngwa ka ọ gaa debanye aha na Nkwukọrịta Nkwukọrịta na Mahadum Applied Sciences na Düsseldorf . Site na 2003 ruo 2004, ọ zụrụ azụ na ihe nkiri 2D ọdịnala ọdịnala na Internationale Filmschule Köln . Ọ na-asụ [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Igbo]] nke ọma, Bekee na German. == Ọrụ == Ebele Okoye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nka na mgbasa ozi ma na-egosikwa ọrụ ya mgbe niile na ihe ngosi nke otu nwoke na otu (lee n'okpuru). Ọ bụ onye nchoputa Shrinkfish Media Lab, <ref>Adebimpe Adebambo, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210410114404/http://www.omenkaonline.com/ebele-okoye-charting-new-territory/ "Ebele Okoye: Charting New Territory"] ''Omenka Online'' (28 March 2016).</ref> ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe dabere na [[Abuja]] . <ref>[http://greatwomenanimators.com/ebele-okoye/ "Ebele Okoye"] ''Great Women Animators'' database (2016).</ref> Ihe nkiri Okoye nke 2015 ''The Legacy of Rubies'' bụ otu n'ime ihe nkiri mmechi abụọ na 2015 Silicon Valley African Film Fest. <ref>[http://sfbayview.com/2015/11/the-6th-annual-successful-silicon-valley-african-film-fest-does-it-again/ "The 6th Annual Successful Silicon Valley African Film Fest Does It Again"] ''Bay View'' (15 November 2015).</ref> N'afọ ahụ, ihe nkiri ahụ meriri Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Animation . Okoye kwuru na "Emeghị m ihe nkiri a ka m wee chụwa onyinye," n'okwu nnabata ya na South Africa. "Emere m ihe nkiri a, iji kpalie onye ọ bụla na-eme ihe nkiri Afrịka chọrọ ịme ihe nkiri animation." <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180321195750/http://www.mokoloprojects.org/leading-african-animation-entrepreneur-multi-award-winner-2-time-africa-movie-academy-awards-winner-ebele-okoye-reveals-plans-for-a-feature/ "Leading African Animation Entrepreneur, Multi Award Winner & 2 Time Africa Movie Academy Awards Winner Ebele Okoye Reveals Plans For A Feature"] ''Mokolo Projects'' (23 January 2016).</ref> ''The Legacy of Rubies'' nwere ihe ngosi Canada ya na Toronto Black Film Festival na 2016. <ref>Alexe Louisa, [http://torontoblackfilm.com/toronto-black-film-festival-tbff-announces-line-up-2/#.WBUeIdxZJXk "Toronto Black Film Festival (TBFF) Announces Line-up"] ''Toronto Black Film Festival'' (20 January 2016).</ref> N'afọ 2016, o kwuputara atụmatụ maka ihe nkiri dị ogologo, na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ịdị "dị ka ''ihe ndekọ nke Narnia'' na ''Pocahontas'' jikọtara ọnụ." <ref>[http://thenationonlineng.net/animation-filmmaker-ebele-okoye-goes-feature/ "Animation Filmmaker Ebele Okoye Goes Feature"] ''The Nation'' (2016).</ref> == Ihe nrite == Ọrụ 2007 ya bụ ''Anna Blume'', dabere na abụ 1919 nke Kurt Schwitters, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181004165520/http://filmfoerderpreis.bosch-stiftung.de/content/language2/html/8878.asp "Animated Film: Anna Blume"] Robert Bosch Stiftung, 2007 Winners.</ref> meriri Robert Bosch Foundation Promotional Prize for Animation. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220223011254/https://www.africafilmtt.com/ebele-okoye "Biography: Ebele Okoye"], Directors, Africa Film Trinidad Tobago.</ref> Okoye emeriela onyinye ihe nkiri Africa abụọ, maka ''The Lunatic'' (2008) na maka ''The Legacy of Rubies'' (2015). {| class="wikitable" |+Ndepụta ihe nrite na nhọpụta nke Okoye nwetara ! Afọ ! Ọrụ ! Ihe nrite ! Njikọ ! Nsonaazụ |- | 2015 | ''Ihe nketa nke Rubies'' | Ihe nrite ihe nkiri Afrịka maka ihe nkiri kacha mma | Africa Movie Academy Awards |{{Won}} |- | 2008 | ''Onye ara'' | Ihe nrite ihe nkiri Afrịka maka ihe nkiri kacha mma | Africa Movie Academy Awards |{{Won}} |- | 2007 | ''Anna Blume'' | Robert Bosch Foundation Nkwalite ihe nrite maka animation | Robert Bosch Foundation |{{Won}} |} == Ihe ngosi otu ahọpụtara == * 1995 Mirrors of Society - National Museum, Lagos (Nigeria) * 1996 Nigeria/China Co-operative ngosi, Lagos (Nigeria) * 1996 Ndị nka Naijiria ahọpụtara dịka National Gallery of Modern Art, Nigeria (South Korea) họpụtara. * 1997 Ihe Obere-Obere - National Museum, Lagos (Nigeria) * 1998 The Rape of Nature - Brazilian Embassy, Lagos (Nigeria) * 2000 Threshold of Peace - African First-ladies' Peace-Summit ngosi, Abuja (Nigeria) * 2001 Women About Women - Goethe Institut, Lagos (Nigeria) * 2003 Ipade Begegnung - Afroasian Institute Gallery Vienna (Austria) * 2004 Globalia - Frauenmuseum (Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke ụmụ nwanyị), Bonn (Germany) == Ihe ngosi solo ahọpụtara == * 2003 N'etiti Territories - Galerie Haus 23 Cottbus, Germany * 2002 Nomadic Diaries (Akụkọ eserese na-eme njem) - Munich, Cologne, Halle; Germany & Neulengbach, Austria * 2001 Nwanyị gbasara ụmụ nwanyị - Cologne Germany * 1999 Omenala Ọhụrụ - Didi Museum, Lagos Nigeria * 1998 Ihe osise na eserese ahọpụtara na mmanụ - Lagos. Naijiria * 1996 Eziokwu - Didi Museum Lagos. Naijiria * 1995 Oké Ifufe nke Obi - National Museum, Lagos Nigeria == Ihe nkiri == * 2015 Ihe nketa nke Rubies (Germany/Nigeria/USA) 28Sp min. 2D Animation (Onye isi / onye na-emepụta ihe) * 2014 Die Liebe in den Zeiten der EU (Germany) 2D Animation (onye nduzi / onye na-emepụta ihe) * 2013 Closer N' Closer (Commissioned) (Nigeria/Germany) 06:00 min. 2D Animation (onye nduzi / onye na-emepụta ihe) * 2012 Meine Heimat "Ala nna m" (Nigeria/Germany) 05:00 min. 2D/3D Animation (onye nduzi / onye na-emepụta ihe) * 2011 Footy My Love (Nigeria/Germany/Denmark) 07:00 Min, 2D Animation/Video Art (onye nduzi / onye na-emepụta ihe) * 2010 The Essence (Nigeria /Germany) 05:30 min., 2D Animation (onye nduzi / onye na-emepụta ihe) * 2009 Anna Blume (Germany/Bulgaria) 09 nkeji. 2D Animation (onye mmepụta / onye na-ede akwụkwọ / onye na-eme ihe nkiri) * Ụdị 2009 (Nigeria /Germany) nkeji iri. 2D Animation (onye nduzi / onye na-emepụta ihe) * 2008 Papermouse (Germany) 2,5 min. 2D Animation (onye nduzi / onye na-emepụta ihe) * 2007 Die Verrückte 'Onye ara ara' (Germany) 5 min. 2D Animation (onye nduzi / onye na-emepụta ihe) * 2006 Onye ara - 04.03 nkeji. 2D animation (onye nduzi / ihe nkiri) * 2004 Mwakpo Tag - 05.00 nkeji. 2D animation. Ifs Cologne (onye ntụzi aka / animator) * 2002 Otu oge na ịgba egwu - 04.00 mins. dijitalụ collage (onye isi / ihe nkiri) == Ndemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 779knelj7aeu1f6c8ddiwbkqxlb3pqc 0 11889 674385 228714 2026-07-09T07:04:25Z SafariScribe 18560 SafariScribe moved page [[University of Nigeria]] to [[Mahadum nke Nigeria]] 228714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mahadum Naijiria''', nke a na-akpọkarị '''UNN''', bụ mahadum gọọmenti etiti dị na [[Nsukka]], Enugu State, Naijiria. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe|O bu Nnamdi Azikiwe []][[:en:Nnamdi_Azikiwe|<nowiki>[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe</nowiki>]]]] tọrọ ntọala Mahadum a n'afo 1955 ma meghee ya na Abali Asaa n'ime onwa Octoba n'afo 1960, Mahadum Nigeria nwere ogige atọ na Enugu State- Nsukka, Enugu, na Ituku-Ozalla - na ogige Aba na [[Ȯra Abia|Abia State]] . Mahadum nke Naijiria bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum izizi zuru oke na nke izizi na Naijiria, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://educeleb.com/university-of-ibadan-is-not-the-first-university-in-nigeria/|title="University of Ibadan is NOT the first university in Nigeria" by Abdussalam Amoo|publisher=EduCeleb.com|date=22 May 2019|accessdate=26 May 2019|archivedate=4 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904235240/https://educeleb.com/university-of-ibadan-is-not-the-first-university-in-nigeria/}}</ref> egosipụtara na usoro agụmakwụkwọ America. Ọ bụ mahadum mbụ na-enye ala na Africa na otu n'ime mahadum ise kacha ewu ewu na Nigeria. The mahadum nwere 15 ikike na 102 agụmakwụkwọ ngalaba. Mahadum a na-enye 108 mmemme undergraduate na 211 mmemme postgraduate. <ref>[http://unn.edu.ng/academics/faculties University of Nigeria]. </ref> Mahadum a mere emume ncheta 50th ya na Ọktoba 2010, ma gaara eme emume ncheta afọ 60 ya ichekwa maka ọrịa COVID-19. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Enyere iwu iji guzobe mahadum na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Nigeria na 18 Mee 1955. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=1955-nnamdi-azikiwe-university-nigeria-speech|title="The University of Nigeria Speech" by Nnamdi Azikiwe|publisher=Blackpast.org|date=18 May 1955|accessdate=24 January 2014}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ụbọchị ahụ bụ mmalite mmalite nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mahadum Nigeria, n'itinye iwu a site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị ndu Naijiria, ma kpalie ya karịsịa site n'aka onye isi ala ọwụwa anyanwụ n'oge ahụ, Dr. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] . Otu n'ime nzọụkwụ mbụ gọọmentị Eastern Nijiria mere maka mmejuputa nkwa ya bụ òkù a na-akpọ ma United States of America na United Kingdom ka ha ziga ndị ndụmọdụ ka ha nyere aka na nhazi akụkụ anụ ahụ na mmụta nke mahadum a chọrọ. N'okpuru nkwado nke Inter-University Council for Higher Education and Overseas na International Co-operation Administration (ugbu a United States Agency for International Development ), JW Cook, osote onye isi oche nke Mahadum Exeter, Dr John A. Hannah, President nke Michigan State University na Dr Glen L. Taggart, Dean of International Programs na otu mahadum, bịara Nijiria na n'afo 1958. Ndị otu ahụ nyochara saịtị ahụ na Nsukka, wee nyocha nke ọma ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche metụtara nguzobe mahadum ọhụrụ. Nsonaazụ nke mbọ ha dị n'akwụkwọ ọcha nke Gọọmenti Eastern Nijiria wepụtara na 30 n'onwa Nọvemba n'afo 1958. Ha akwadoro "na mmepe nke Mahadum Naijiria dabere n'echiche nke ọrụ maka nsogbu na mkpa Nijiria, O bụ ọrụ a na-achọsi ike na nke kwesịrị ịnata nkwado site n'ebe ọ bụla nwere ike inye aka mee ka ọ bụrụ ezigbo mgbalị". Ha gara n'ihu tụọ aro ka e guzobe kansụl nwa oge ka "ịdepụta n'usoro nka na ndụmọdụ dị n'ụwa niile maka enyemaka n'ịhazi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ". Kansụl oge ahụ, nke ndị omebe iwu Eastern Nijiria nyere ikike, bụ onye Gọvanọ na Kansụl họpụtara n'onwa April n'afo 1959, ma nyekwa ya ikike ego na nhazi dị mkpa iji wuo mahadum dị mma. Ọ gosipụtara mmụọ nke imekọ ihe ọnụ nke mba ụwa nke mụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ọ juputara na Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, onyeisi oche, Dr. T. Olawale Elias na Dr. Okechukwu Ikejiani sitere na Federation of Nigeria, J.S. Fulton bu onye si na United Kingdom, Dr. Marguerite Cartwright na Dr. Eldon Lee Johnson bu ndi si na United States of America. . Emeghere mahadum ahụ n'ihu ọha na onwa Oktoba 7, n'afo 1960, dị ka njedebe na mmemme nnwere onwe Naijiria na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ. onye Royal Highness, Princess Alexandra nke Kent, nọchitere anya Eze Nwanyị Queen Elizabeth II na mmemme nnwere onwe Naijiria, mere mmemme mmeghe wee tọọ ntọala otu n'ime ụlọ mbụ mahadum ahụ. Omumu ihe nke Mahadum a malitere na Oktoba 17 n'afo 1960 site na ndebanye aha ụmụ akwụkwọ 220 na ndị otu nke ndị ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ di iri na-ato. Okwu mmeghe ahụ bụ onye isi oche nke Council Provisional, Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe, onye isi oche mbụ nke Federation of Nijiria, na Dr John A. Hannah, Onye isi oche nke Mahadum Michigan State University, USA. Mahadum a bụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu kwụụrụ onwe, na ike inye degrees na onwe ya. N'ikwu okwu na teknụzụ, ọ ghọrọ mahadum izizi zuru oke na Nijiria, ebe Ibadan ka bụ kọleji mahadum n'oge ahụ na-enye nzere London. Ọ ghọkwara mahadum izizi nke gọọmentị mpaghara Naijiria hibere. The University College Ibadan, ụlọ akwụkwọ na-enye akara ugo mmụta kacha ochie, wepụrụ eriri afọ ya na London na onwa Jenụwarị n'afo 1963 wee bụrụ Mahadum nke Ibadan . N'ọnwa Julaị n'afo 1967, ọ tụgharịrị na ndị mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-ejide ogo Ibadan (kama London), <ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive|url=http://www.ui.edu.ng/deptmedicine.htm|work=UI Archive|publisher=University of Ibadan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009145219/http://www.ui.edu.ng/deptmedicine.htm|accessdate=26 May 2019|archivedate=9 October 2006}}</ref> n'oge Nsukka arụpụtala ihe ọkụkụ abụọ nke ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma were mgbasa ozi niile maka ịwepụta ndị mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum Naijiria kwụụrụ onwe ya. <ref>University Development in Africa – The Nigerian Experience by Chukwuemeka Ike, Oxford University Press, 1976, pp 9</ref> == Ụlọ akwụkwọ == Mahadum a nwere ogige anọ - Nsukka (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, UNN), Enugu (University of Nigeria Enugu campus, UNEC), Ituku-Ozalla (University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, UNTH) na [[Abá|Aba]] (University of Nigeria Aba campus, UNAC). ). Isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ahụ dị na hectare 871 nke ugwu savannah dị n'obodo Nsukka, ihe dị ka kilomita iri asatọ n'ebe ugwu Enugwu, ma nwee ọmarịcha ihu igwe dị mma. Na mgbakwunye, hectare 209 nke ala ubi dị maka ugbo ugbo nnwale na hectare 207 maka mmepe ụlọ ndị ọrụ. Enwere njem njem n'okporo ụzọ n'etiti Nsukka na Enugwu, na Nsukka dịkwa mfe ịnweta n'akụkụ niile nke Nigeria. Enwere ụlọ ịzụ ahịa ọgbara ọhụrụ na nnukwu ahịa na obodo Nsukka. Ụlọ akwụkwọ Nsukka nwere ngalaba ikike nke Agriculture, Arts, Biological Sciences, Education, Engineering, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physical Sciences, Social Sciences, na Veterinary Medicine. E webatara ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ahụ bụbu Nijirian College of Arts, Sayensị na Nkà na Ụzụ n'Enugwu n'afọ 1961, ma ụlọ ya bụzi Enugu Campus (hectare 200) nke mahadum ahụ dị n'etiti Enugu, isi obodo nchịkwa nke steeti Enugu. Naijiria. Enugwu bụ obodo ọgbara ọhụrụ, nke ụgbọ elu, ụgbọ oloko na okporo ụzọ na-esi enweta ya. Faculties of Business Administration, Environmental Studies, Law and Medical Sciences dị na Enugwu Campus. Ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi [https://web.archive.org/web/20220224173634/http://www.unthenugu.com.ng/ (UNTH] ) nke dị na mahadum dị ugbu a na Ituku-Ozalla (kilomita 25 na ndịda Enugu) n'ebe dị hectare 500. Ọ na-akwado ngalaba nke Dentistry na Health Sciences and Technology. [[Usòrò:Faculty_of_Art_Building,_University_of_Nigeria,_Nsukka.jpg|thumb|430x430px| Faculty of Arts Building, University of Nigeria, Nsukka]] Ụlọ akwụkwọ Aba (UNAC) na-akwado National Institute for Nigerian Languages . E mepere ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ n'onwa Oktoba n'afo 1973 na [[Calabar]], [[Ȯra Cross River|Cross River State]] . Ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Calabar ghọrọ Mahadum Calabar zuru oke n'onwa Ọktoba 1977. Aha gọọmenti nke mahadum bụ University of Nigeria <ref>University of Nigeria Act</ref> na aha mkpọkpọ aha UNN. "UN" na-anọchi anya University of Nigeria ebe "N" ikpeazụ na-anọchi anya Nsukka. Ọ bụkwa nnukwu ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum, Nsukka (University of Nigeria, Nsukka) na-ekekwa mkpọokwu a. Yabụ na teknụzụ, aha Mahadum Nigeria, Nsukka na-ezo aka na ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Nsukka naanị ebe aha Mahadum Nigeria na-ezo aka na ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum niile. Enwere ike idetu aka na ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ dị site n'ịkpọ aha obodo ebe ha dị karịa nkọwa blanket nke nwere aha Nsukka. Ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na Enugwu Campus na-ahọrọ ide aha ụlọ akwụkwọ ha dị ka University of Nigeria Enugu Campus (UNEC) <ref>See UNEC POST- an annual magazine of the Students Union Government of the University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus</ref> ma ọ bụrụ na ha ga-agbakwunye ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ ha dị. Ụmụ akwụkwọ si n'ogige ndị ọzọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-ahọrọkwa otu ihe ahụ. Akwụkwọ gọọmentị nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-akọwa ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka nanị Mahadum Nigeria. Ha na-emekwa dichotomy mgbe ha na-ekwu maka ogige dị iche iche nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. == Ọganihu agụmakwụkwọ == Onye odeakụkọ bụ [[Chinụa Achebe|Chinua Achebe]] mere nhọpụta nyocha na nkuzi na mahadum, malite na mbido 1970s. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba nka ya na onye nkatọ na ọkà mmụta akwụkwọ Africa Donatus Nwoga . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Matzke|first=Christine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_RQNoVnMPoC&q=donatus+nwoga&pg=PA356|title=Of Minstrelsy and Masks: The Legacy of Ezenwa-Ohaeto in Nigerian Writing|date=2006|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2168-6|language=en}}</ref> Astrophysicist Sam Okoye tọrọ ntọala Space Research Center na 1972. Center for Basic Space Research ka bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ole na ole dị n'Afrịka na-eme nyocha ma na-enye ọmụmụ ihe na mbara igwe na ọkwa mahadum na postgraduate. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike, na Enugu, nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ ya na Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkụzi Mahadum nke Nigeria (UNTH), bụ ebe a zụrụ ndị dọkịta na ndị ọrụ ahụike ndị ọzọ na ụkpụrụ dị elu ma gosi na ọtụtụ afọ na ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe dị mma n'Africa. na usoro nlekọta ahụike ụwa niile. Ndị dọkịta na ndị nọọsụ a zụrụ azụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enyela aka n'ịkwalite ọgwụ. A rụrụ ịwa ahụ obi nke mbụ mepere emepe na Naijiria na ndịda Sahara Africa n'afọ 1974 n'ụlọ ọgwụ University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu. Ndị otu a bụ ndị ọbịa Magdi Yacoub si UK na ndị ọzọ so na otu ahụ gụnyere Prọfesọ FA Udekwu na Anyanwu. College of Medicine abanyela na ebe etiti maka ịwa ahụ obi na obi ụtọ okpomọkụ maka mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka yana oche nke National Cardiothoracic Centre na UNTH Enugu. A na-emekwa ọtụtụ nyocha ahụike na kọleji. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a na-eru nso, mana ọ dị mkpa ịmara na ụfọdụ kwa adaghị mmecha ya n'ihi enweghị ego yana gọọmentị achọghị inye ego nyocha nkeonwe. Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọmarịcha na nka bụ nke a ma ama maka otu Nsukka – ndị nka asaa jikọtara ya na usoro omenala na ụdị [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] a na-akpọ ''[[Uli (design)|uli]]'' . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090122112626/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/uli.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> <ref>[http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/artists.htm The Poetics of Line]. </ref> Ndị nka asaa ahụ bụ Uche Okeke, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060901192019/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/uche.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> [[Chike Aniakor]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709171818/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/chike.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> [[Obiora Udechukwu]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709171811/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/obiora.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> El Anatsui, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927230556/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/anatsui.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> Tayo Adenaike, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709171759/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/tayo.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> [[Ada Udechukwu]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709171754/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/ada.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> na Olu Oguibe . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150223042601/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/olu.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> Ngalaba iwu nke mahadum bụ nke kacha ochie na Naijiria; e hiwere ya na 1960. O nyela aka na nkuzi gbasara iwu na Naijiria ma zụọkwa ndị ọka iwu dịka onye bụbu osote onye isi ala; [[Alex Ifeanyichụkwụ Ekwụeme|Alex Ekwueme]], in law practice. Ngalaba nke injinịa eletrọnịkị ka gọọmentị etiti Naijiria kpọrọ aha Center of Excellence in Electronics na 1982. Ọ bụ otu n'ime mmemme a na-achọkarị iji mụọ na mahadum. Ngalaba ahụ ewepụtala ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ kacha mma na mahadum yana nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ kacha mma na ngalaba injinia. Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ izizi na naanị na Nigeria nwere Injinia Eletrọnịkị dị ka ngalaba nweere onwe ya. N'ime nso nso a, ọtụtụ ọrụ sitere na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọgwụ na Ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ ebe a na-enweta ihe ọhụrụ megide nje HIV site na isi ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ógbè ahụ. Akpọrọ aha "irab" onye ọrụ ọhụrụ a na-eche na ọ bụ onye na-egbochi fusion na ọmụmụ na nnwale ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ egosila nsonaazụ dị ịtụnanya. Ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama bụ ịchọta ngwa ọhụrụ maka ọgwụ ochie ochie. Piperazine citrate nke bụ ọnụ ala anthelmintic dị ọnụ ala na nke dị nchebe nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-adaba na-egosi na ọ nwere ihe mgbochi arryhthmic site na ọmụmụ ihe na ngalaba. Ndị nchọpụta ahụ achọpụtala na piperazine nwere ike ichebe obi pụọ na ọnwụ obi mberede site na fibrillation ventricular. nA na-arụ ọrụ nyocha n'ofe ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji dị na mahadum dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ọmụmụ ihe Africa, agụmakwụkwọ, ọmụmụ mmepe, ọmụmụ akwụkwọ postgraduate na ọgwụ herbal na nchọpụta ọgwụ na mmepe. Enwekwara ụlọ ọrụ hiwere iji lelee mgbanwe ihu igwe, sayensị mbara igwe na nyocha ike na mahadum. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About University of Nigeria, Nsukka|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-nigeria-nsukka}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref> [[Usòrò:A_basketball_session_at_the_university_of_Nigeria_Nsukka.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ egwuregwu basketball na mahadum]] [[Usòrò:Nnamdi_Azikiwe_Library_University_of_Nigeria_Nsukka.jpg|thumb|451x451px]] Ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum nke Nigeria, Nsukka Libraries nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ Nnamdi Azikiwe, Enugu Campus Main Library na Medical Library dị na College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla. Ihe karịrị [https://www.unn.edu.ng/research-groups/ otu nyocha] 139 dị na mahadum. Nsonaazụ nke otu ndị a gbasaa na ngalaba ngalaba, ebe etiti, ụlọ akwụkwọ na ọbá akwụkwọ emeela ka mahadum pụta ìhè na obodo nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ. == Ngalaba ikike == * Ọrụ ugbo * Nkà * Basic Medical Sciences * Sayensị ihe ndị dị ndụ * Nchịkwa azụmahịa * Dọkịta eze * Agụmakwụkwọ * Injinia * Ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Sayensị ahụike * Iwu * Ọgwụ * Sayensị ọgwụ * Sayensị mmekọrịta ọha * Sayensị anụ ahụ * Ọgwụ ọgwụgwọ ọrịa anụmanụ * Ụmụ mmadụ * Sayensị Clinical == Ụlọ akwụkwọ == * Institute of African Studies * Institute for Development Studies * Institute of Mental & Child Health * Ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ọgwụ-ọgwụ herbal-Nchọpụta na mmepe mara mma (ID-HED-ERD) * Ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ * Institute of Marine Studies * Institute of Molecular Medicine & Ọrịa na-efe efe * Ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha * Ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa UNN * Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Post Graduate Studies * Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Ọmụmụ Izugbe == Ụlọ ọrụ == * African Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Power & Energy Development * Advancement Centre * B.I.C Ijeomah Centre for Policy Studies & Research * Biotechnology Centre * Centre for Rural Development & Co-operation * Centre for Basic Space Science * Centre for Igbo Studies * Centre for Entrepreneurship & Development Research * Centre for American Studies * Centre for Distance & e-learning * Centre for Environmental Management & Control * Curriculum Development & Instructional Materials Centre (CUDIMAC) * Centre for Technical Vocational Education Training and Research (CETVETAR) * Centre for Climate Change * Energy Research Centre * Equipment Research & Maintenance Centre * Gender & Policy Research Centre * Lion Gadgets & Technologies Centre * Organization of Women in Science for Developing World * Resource & Environment Policy Research Centre * Strategic Contacts, Ethics & Publications (STRACEP) * UNESCO International Centre for Biotechnology * Computer Communications Centre == UNN na Roar Nigeria Hub == Roar Nigeria Hub bụ otu n'ime mahadum zuru oke agbakwunyere ICT Hubs na West Africa. Dị na Mahadum Nigeria, ụlọ ọrụ nwere ụmụ akwụkwọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40,000 na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ 12 n'ime otu elekere site n'obodo Enugu . Osote onye isi ala ozugbo, Prọfesọ Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba gbara iji mepụta mahadum mara mma mere ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụrụ ngalaba nkeonwe nke ụmụ akwụkwọ abụọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.biznespreneur.com/university-nigeria-houses-one-first-technology-hubs-west-africa/|title=University of Nigeria houses one of the First technology Hubs in West Africa. - Biznespreneur|author=Lanre|first=Ogungbe|date=2017-03-28|work=Biznespreneur|accessdate=2017-03-28|language=en-US}}</ref> Roar Nigeria Hub dị n'ime isi saịtị ya bụ Nsukka. Hub bụ atụmatụ nkeonwe sitere n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ injinia abụọ nke mahadum. Ebumnuche nke ebe a bụ ịgba ume ọrụ ọchụnta ego n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba, itinye ego na echiche <ref name=":0" /> nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eduzi, yana inye aka jikọta agụmakwụkwọ, ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ n'otu ahụ. == Alumni na ngalaba == University of Nigeria Nsukka alumni are made up of numerous politicians, like the state governors as well as senators and ministers in the Nigerian and other African governments, academics, actors, artists and business people.<ref name=":0" />{{see|List of faculty and alumni from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka}} == Osote-Chancellor == [[Usòrò:From_the_left_Oni_of_Ife,_Emeka_Okwosa,_Benjamin_Ozumba.jpg|thumb|343x343px| from the left Ooni of Ife and Chancellor of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka Oba Adeyeye Eniitan Ogunwusi, CEO of Oil Serv Nigeria Emeka Okwosa and the Vice Chancellor of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka Benjamin Ozumba]] Onye osote onye isi oche na-akwado ndị osote onye isi oche abụọ. Ndị bụbu na ugbu a bụ ndị mezuru ọkwa a bụ: * Professor Charles Arizechukwu Igwe : June 2019 – Present * Professor Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba : June 2014–June 2019 * Prọfesọ Bartho Okolo : 2009 - June 2014 * Ọkammụta Osita Chinedu Nebo : June 2004 – Jun 2009 * Ọkammụta Ginigeme Francis Mbanefoh : 1999 – 2004 * Ọkammụta Umaru Gomwalk : Mee 1994 - (a họpụtara dị ka onye nchịkwa naanị) * Ọkammụta Oleka K. Udeala :1992 – 1995 * Ọkammụta Chimere Ikoku : 1985 – 1992 * Professor Frank Nwachukwu Ndili : 1980 – Oct. 1985 * Ọkammụta Umaru Shehu : 1978 – 1979 * Ọkammụta James OC Ezeilo : 1975 – 1978 * Prọfesọ Herbert C. Kodilinye : 1971 – 1975 * Ọkammụta Eni Njoku : Julaị 1966 – 1967; 1967-1970 * Ọkammụta Glen L. Taggart : 1964 – 1966 * Dr. George Marion Johnson : 1960 – 1964 == Affiliate institutions == N'okpuru bụ ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mmekọ kwadoro nke Mahadum Nigeria, Nsukka nke National Universities Commission (NUC). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nuc.edu.ng/approved-affiliations/|title=Approved Affiliations|publisher=National Universities Commission|language=en-CA|accessdate=2018-10-02}}</ref> * Assemblies of God Divinity School, Old Umuahia * College of Education, Ikere-Ekiti (Regular) * College of Education, Nsugbe * Ụlọ ọrụ Digital Bridge, Abuja * Spiritan International School of Theology, Attakwu, Enugu * Ụlọ akwụkwọ mmụọ nke Philosophy, Issienu, Nsukka * Ụlọ akwụkwọ St. Paul, Awka * Trinity Theological College, Umuahia * West Africa Theological Seminary, Ipaja, Lagos * Yaba College of Technology Lagos == Ndensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website [[Òtù:Ȯra Enugu]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lcypnw0dnb9jg6tqoaa5h5moi2ggijg 674390 674385 2026-07-09T07:08:35Z SafariScribe 18560 ndezi 674390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mahadum nke Nigeria''' ('''UNN''') bụ mahadum gọọmenti etiti dị na [[Nsukka]], [[Enugu]] na mba Nigeria. Ọ bụ [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] tọrọ ntọala Mahadum a n'afo 1955 ma meghere ya na October 1960. Ọ bụ mahadum mbu ma bụrụkwa nke zuru oke na mba Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://educeleb.com/university-of-ibadan-is-not-the-first-university-in-nigeria/|title="University of Ibadan is NOT the first university in Nigeria" by Abdussalam Amoo|publisher=EduCeleb|date=22 May 2019|accessdate=26 May 2019|archivedate=4 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904235240/https://educeleb.com/university-of-ibadan-is-not-the-first-university-in-nigeria/}}</ref> Mahadum nke Nigeria nwere ogige atọ na Enugu: Nsukka, obodo [[Enugu]], na Ituku-Ozalla. == Mbido == Enyere iwu iji guzobe mahadum na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Nigeria na 18 Mee 1955. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=1955-nnamdi-azikiwe-university-nigeria-speech|title="The University of Nigeria Speech" by Nnamdi Azikiwe|publisher=Blackpast.org|date=18 May 1955|accessdate=24 January 2014}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ụbọchị ahụ bụ mmalite mmalite nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mahadum Nigeria, n'itinye iwu a site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị ndu Naijiria, ma kpalie ya karịsịa site n'aka onye isi ala ọwụwa anyanwụ n'oge ahụ, Dr. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] . Otu n'ime nzọụkwụ mbụ gọọmentị Eastern Nijiria mere maka mmejuputa nkwa ya bụ òkù a na-akpọ ma United States of America na United Kingdom ka ha ziga ndị ndụmọdụ ka ha nyere aka na nhazi akụkụ anụ ahụ na mmụta nke mahadum a chọrọ. N'okpuru nkwado nke Inter-University Council for Higher Education and Overseas na International Co-operation Administration (ugbu a United States Agency for International Development ), JW Cook, osote onye isi oche nke Mahadum Exeter, Dr John A. Hannah, President nke Michigan State University na Dr Glen L. Taggart, Dean of International Programs na otu mahadum, bịara Nijiria na n'afo 1958. Ndị otu ahụ nyochara saịtị ahụ na Nsukka, wee nyocha nke ọma ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche metụtara nguzobe mahadum ọhụrụ. Nsonaazụ nke mbọ ha dị n'akwụkwọ ọcha nke Gọọmenti Eastern Nijiria wepụtara na 30 n'onwa Nọvemba n'afo 1958. Ha akwadoro "na mmepe nke Mahadum Naijiria dabere n'echiche nke ọrụ maka nsogbu na mkpa Nijiria, O bụ ọrụ a na-achọsi ike na nke kwesịrị ịnata nkwado site n'ebe ọ bụla nwere ike inye aka mee ka ọ bụrụ ezigbo mgbalị". Ha gara n'ihu tụọ aro ka e guzobe kansụl nwa oge ka "ịdepụta n'usoro nka na ndụmọdụ dị n'ụwa niile maka enyemaka n'ịhazi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ". Kansụl oge ahụ, nke ndị omebe iwu Eastern Nijiria nyere ikike, bụ onye Gọvanọ na Kansụl họpụtara n'onwa April n'afo 1959, ma nyekwa ya ikike ego na nhazi dị mkpa iji wuo mahadum dị mma. Ọ gosipụtara mmụọ nke imekọ ihe ọnụ nke mba ụwa nke mụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ọ juputara na Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, onyeisi oche, Dr. T. Olawale Elias na Dr. Okechukwu Ikejiani sitere na Federation of Nigeria, J.S. Fulton bu onye si na United Kingdom, Dr. Marguerite Cartwright na Dr. Eldon Lee Johnson bu ndi si na United States of America. . Emeghere mahadum ahụ n'ihu ọha na onwa Oktoba 7, n'afo 1960, dị ka njedebe na mmemme nnwere onwe Naijiria na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ. onye Royal Highness, Princess Alexandra nke Kent, nọchitere anya Eze Nwanyị Queen Elizabeth II na mmemme nnwere onwe Naijiria, mere mmemme mmeghe wee tọọ ntọala otu n'ime ụlọ mbụ mahadum ahụ. Omumu ihe nke Mahadum a malitere na Oktoba 17 n'afo 1960 site na ndebanye aha ụmụ akwụkwọ 220 na ndị otu nke ndị ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ di iri na-ato. Okwu mmeghe ahụ bụ onye isi oche nke Council Provisional, Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe, onye isi oche mbụ nke Federation of Nijiria, na Dr John A. Hannah, Onye isi oche nke Mahadum Michigan State University, USA. Mahadum a bụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu kwụụrụ onwe, na ike inye degrees na onwe ya. N'ikwu okwu na teknụzụ, ọ ghọrọ mahadum izizi zuru oke na Nijiria, ebe Ibadan ka bụ kọleji mahadum n'oge ahụ na-enye nzere London. Ọ ghọkwara mahadum izizi nke gọọmentị mpaghara Naijiria hibere. The University College Ibadan, ụlọ akwụkwọ na-enye akara ugo mmụta kacha ochie, wepụrụ eriri afọ ya na London na onwa Jenụwarị n'afo 1963 wee bụrụ Mahadum nke Ibadan . N'ọnwa Julaị n'afo 1967, ọ tụgharịrị na ndị mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-ejide ogo Ibadan (kama London), <ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive|url=http://www.ui.edu.ng/deptmedicine.htm|work=UI Archive|publisher=University of Ibadan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009145219/http://www.ui.edu.ng/deptmedicine.htm|accessdate=26 May 2019|archivedate=9 October 2006}}</ref> n'oge Nsukka arụpụtala ihe ọkụkụ abụọ nke ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma were mgbasa ozi niile maka ịwepụta ndị mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum Naijiria kwụụrụ onwe ya. <ref>University Development in Africa – The Nigerian Experience by Chukwuemeka Ike, Oxford University Press, 1976, pp 9</ref> == Ụlọ akwụkwọ == Mahadum a nwere ogige anọ - Nsukka (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, UNN), Enugu (University of Nigeria Enugu campus, UNEC), Ituku-Ozalla (University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, UNTH) na [[Abá|Aba]] (University of Nigeria Aba campus, UNAC). ). Isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ahụ dị na hectare 871 nke ugwu savannah dị n'obodo Nsukka, ihe dị ka kilomita iri asatọ n'ebe ugwu Enugwu, ma nwee ọmarịcha ihu igwe dị mma. Na mgbakwunye, hectare 209 nke ala ubi dị maka ugbo ugbo nnwale na hectare 207 maka mmepe ụlọ ndị ọrụ. Enwere njem njem n'okporo ụzọ n'etiti Nsukka na Enugwu, na Nsukka dịkwa mfe ịnweta n'akụkụ niile nke Nigeria. Enwere ụlọ ịzụ ahịa ọgbara ọhụrụ na nnukwu ahịa na obodo Nsukka. Ụlọ akwụkwọ Nsukka nwere ngalaba ikike nke Agriculture, Arts, Biological Sciences, Education, Engineering, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physical Sciences, Social Sciences, na Veterinary Medicine. E webatara ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ahụ bụbu Nijirian College of Arts, Sayensị na Nkà na Ụzụ n'Enugwu n'afọ 1961, ma ụlọ ya bụzi Enugu Campus (hectare 200) nke mahadum ahụ dị n'etiti Enugu, isi obodo nchịkwa nke steeti Enugu. Naijiria. Enugwu bụ obodo ọgbara ọhụrụ, nke ụgbọ elu, ụgbọ oloko na okporo ụzọ na-esi enweta ya. Faculties of Business Administration, Environmental Studies, Law and Medical Sciences dị na Enugwu Campus. Ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi [https://web.archive.org/web/20220224173634/http://www.unthenugu.com.ng/ (UNTH] ) nke dị na mahadum dị ugbu a na Ituku-Ozalla (kilomita 25 na ndịda Enugu) n'ebe dị hectare 500. Ọ na-akwado ngalaba nke Dentistry na Health Sciences and Technology. [[Usòrò:Faculty_of_Art_Building,_University_of_Nigeria,_Nsukka.jpg|thumb|430x430px| Faculty of Arts Building, University of Nigeria, Nsukka]] Ụlọ akwụkwọ Aba (UNAC) na-akwado National Institute for Nigerian Languages . E mepere ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ n'onwa Oktoba n'afo 1973 na [[Calabar]], [[Ȯra Cross River|Cross River State]] . Ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Calabar ghọrọ Mahadum Calabar zuru oke n'onwa Ọktoba 1977. Aha gọọmenti nke mahadum bụ University of Nigeria <ref>University of Nigeria Act</ref> na aha mkpọkpọ aha UNN. "UN" na-anọchi anya University of Nigeria ebe "N" ikpeazụ na-anọchi anya Nsukka. Ọ bụkwa nnukwu ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum, Nsukka (University of Nigeria, Nsukka) na-ekekwa mkpọokwu a. Yabụ na teknụzụ, aha Mahadum Nigeria, Nsukka na-ezo aka na ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Nsukka naanị ebe aha Mahadum Nigeria na-ezo aka na ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum niile. Enwere ike idetu aka na ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ dị site n'ịkpọ aha obodo ebe ha dị karịa nkọwa blanket nke nwere aha Nsukka. Ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na Enugwu Campus na-ahọrọ ide aha ụlọ akwụkwọ ha dị ka University of Nigeria Enugu Campus (UNEC) <ref>See UNEC POST- an annual magazine of the Students Union Government of the University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus</ref> ma ọ bụrụ na ha ga-agbakwunye ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ ha dị. Ụmụ akwụkwọ si n'ogige ndị ọzọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-ahọrọkwa otu ihe ahụ. Akwụkwọ gọọmentị nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-akọwa ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka nanị Mahadum Nigeria. Ha na-emekwa dichotomy mgbe ha na-ekwu maka ogige dị iche iche nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. == Ọganihu agụmakwụkwọ == Onye odeakụkọ bụ [[Chinụa Achebe|Chinua Achebe]] mere nhọpụta nyocha na nkuzi na mahadum, malite na mbido 1970s. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba nka ya na onye nkatọ na ọkà mmụta akwụkwọ Africa Donatus Nwoga . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Matzke|first=Christine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_RQNoVnMPoC&q=donatus+nwoga&pg=PA356|title=Of Minstrelsy and Masks: The Legacy of Ezenwa-Ohaeto in Nigerian Writing|date=2006|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2168-6|language=en}}</ref> Astrophysicist Sam Okoye tọrọ ntọala Space Research Center na 1972. Center for Basic Space Research ka bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ole na ole dị n'Afrịka na-eme nyocha ma na-enye ọmụmụ ihe na mbara igwe na ọkwa mahadum na postgraduate. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike, na Enugu, nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ ya na Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkụzi Mahadum nke Nigeria (UNTH), bụ ebe a zụrụ ndị dọkịta na ndị ọrụ ahụike ndị ọzọ na ụkpụrụ dị elu ma gosi na ọtụtụ afọ na ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe dị mma n'Africa. na usoro nlekọta ahụike ụwa niile. Ndị dọkịta na ndị nọọsụ a zụrụ azụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enyela aka n'ịkwalite ọgwụ. A rụrụ ịwa ahụ obi nke mbụ mepere emepe na Naijiria na ndịda Sahara Africa n'afọ 1974 n'ụlọ ọgwụ University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu. Ndị otu a bụ ndị ọbịa Magdi Yacoub si UK na ndị ọzọ so na otu ahụ gụnyere Prọfesọ FA Udekwu na Anyanwu. College of Medicine abanyela na ebe etiti maka ịwa ahụ obi na obi ụtọ okpomọkụ maka mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka yana oche nke National Cardiothoracic Centre na UNTH Enugu. A na-emekwa ọtụtụ nyocha ahụike na kọleji. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a na-eru nso, mana ọ dị mkpa ịmara na ụfọdụ kwa adaghị mmecha ya n'ihi enweghị ego yana gọọmentị achọghị inye ego nyocha nkeonwe. Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọmarịcha na nka bụ nke a ma ama maka otu Nsukka – ndị nka asaa jikọtara ya na usoro omenala na ụdị [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] a na-akpọ ''[[Uli (design)|uli]]'' . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090122112626/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/uli.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> <ref>[http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/artists.htm The Poetics of Line]. </ref> Ndị nka asaa ahụ bụ Uche Okeke, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060901192019/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/uche.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> [[Chike Aniakor]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709171818/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/chike.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> [[Obiora Udechukwu]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709171811/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/obiora.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> El Anatsui, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927230556/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/anatsui.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> Tayo Adenaike, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709171759/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/tayo.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> [[Ada Udechukwu]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709171754/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/ada.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> na Olu Oguibe . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150223042601/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/olu.htm The Poetics of Line].</ref> Ngalaba iwu nke mahadum bụ nke kacha ochie na Naijiria; e hiwere ya na 1960. O nyela aka na nkuzi gbasara iwu na Naijiria ma zụọkwa ndị ọka iwu dịka onye bụbu osote onye isi ala; [[Alex Ifeanyichụkwụ Ekwụeme|Alex Ekwueme]], in law practice. Ngalaba nke injinịa eletrọnịkị ka gọọmentị etiti Naijiria kpọrọ aha Center of Excellence in Electronics na 1982. Ọ bụ otu n'ime mmemme a na-achọkarị iji mụọ na mahadum. Ngalaba ahụ ewepụtala ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ kacha mma na mahadum yana nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ kacha mma na ngalaba injinia. Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ izizi na naanị na Nigeria nwere Injinia Eletrọnịkị dị ka ngalaba nweere onwe ya. N'ime nso nso a, ọtụtụ ọrụ sitere na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọgwụ na Ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ ebe a na-enweta ihe ọhụrụ megide nje HIV site na isi ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ógbè ahụ. Akpọrọ aha "irab" onye ọrụ ọhụrụ a na-eche na ọ bụ onye na-egbochi fusion na ọmụmụ na nnwale ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ egosila nsonaazụ dị ịtụnanya. Ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama bụ ịchọta ngwa ọhụrụ maka ọgwụ ochie ochie. Piperazine citrate nke bụ ọnụ ala anthelmintic dị ọnụ ala na nke dị nchebe nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-adaba na-egosi na ọ nwere ihe mgbochi arryhthmic site na ọmụmụ ihe na ngalaba. Ndị nchọpụta ahụ achọpụtala na piperazine nwere ike ichebe obi pụọ na ọnwụ obi mberede site na fibrillation ventricular. nA na-arụ ọrụ nyocha n'ofe ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji dị na mahadum dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ọmụmụ ihe Africa, agụmakwụkwọ, ọmụmụ mmepe, ọmụmụ akwụkwọ postgraduate na ọgwụ herbal na nchọpụta ọgwụ na mmepe. Enwekwara ụlọ ọrụ hiwere iji lelee mgbanwe ihu igwe, sayensị mbara igwe na nyocha ike na mahadum. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About University of Nigeria, Nsukka|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-nigeria-nsukka}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref> [[Usòrò:A_basketball_session_at_the_university_of_Nigeria_Nsukka.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ egwuregwu basketball na mahadum]] [[Usòrò:Nnamdi_Azikiwe_Library_University_of_Nigeria_Nsukka.jpg|thumb|451x451px]] Ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum nke Nigeria, Nsukka Libraries nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ Nnamdi Azikiwe, Enugu Campus Main Library na Medical Library dị na College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla. Ihe karịrị [https://www.unn.edu.ng/research-groups/ otu nyocha] 139 dị na mahadum. Nsonaazụ nke otu ndị a gbasaa na ngalaba ngalaba, ebe etiti, ụlọ akwụkwọ na ọbá akwụkwọ emeela ka mahadum pụta ìhè na obodo nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ. == Ngalaba ikike == * Ọrụ ugbo * Nkà * Basic Medical Sciences * Sayensị ihe ndị dị ndụ * Nchịkwa azụmahịa * Dọkịta eze * Agụmakwụkwọ * Injinia * Ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Sayensị ahụike * Iwu * Ọgwụ * Sayensị ọgwụ * Sayensị mmekọrịta ọha * Sayensị anụ ahụ * Ọgwụ ọgwụgwọ ọrịa anụmanụ * Ụmụ mmadụ * Sayensị Clinical == Ụlọ akwụkwọ == * Institute of African Studies * Institute for Development Studies * Institute of Mental & Child Health * Ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ọgwụ-ọgwụ herbal-Nchọpụta na mmepe mara mma (ID-HED-ERD) * Ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ * Institute of Marine Studies * Institute of Molecular Medicine & Ọrịa na-efe efe * Ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha * Ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa UNN * Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Post Graduate Studies * Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Ọmụmụ Izugbe == Ụlọ ọrụ == * African Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Power & Energy Development * Advancement Centre * B.I.C Ijeomah Centre for Policy Studies & Research * Biotechnology Centre * Centre for Rural Development & Co-operation * Centre for Basic Space Science * Centre for Igbo Studies * Centre for Entrepreneurship & Development Research * Centre for American Studies * Centre for Distance & e-learning * Centre for Environmental Management & Control * Curriculum Development & Instructional Materials Centre (CUDIMAC) * Centre for Technical Vocational Education Training and Research (CETVETAR) * Centre for Climate Change * Energy Research Centre * Equipment Research & Maintenance Centre * Gender & Policy Research Centre * Lion Gadgets & Technologies Centre * Organization of Women in Science for Developing World * Resource & Environment Policy Research Centre * Strategic Contacts, Ethics & Publications (STRACEP) * UNESCO International Centre for Biotechnology * Computer Communications Centre == UNN na Roar Nigeria Hub == Roar Nigeria Hub bụ otu n'ime mahadum zuru oke agbakwunyere ICT Hubs na West Africa. Dị na Mahadum Nigeria, ụlọ ọrụ nwere ụmụ akwụkwọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40,000 na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ 12 n'ime otu elekere site n'obodo Enugu . Osote onye isi ala ozugbo, Prọfesọ Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba gbara iji mepụta mahadum mara mma mere ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụrụ ngalaba nkeonwe nke ụmụ akwụkwọ abụọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.biznespreneur.com/university-nigeria-houses-one-first-technology-hubs-west-africa/|title=University of Nigeria houses one of the First technology Hubs in West Africa. - Biznespreneur|author=Lanre|first=Ogungbe|date=2017-03-28|work=Biznespreneur|accessdate=2017-03-28|language=en-US}}</ref> Roar Nigeria Hub dị n'ime isi saịtị ya bụ Nsukka. Hub bụ atụmatụ nkeonwe sitere n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ injinia abụọ nke mahadum. Ebumnuche nke ebe a bụ ịgba ume ọrụ ọchụnta ego n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba, itinye ego na echiche <ref name=":0" /> nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eduzi, yana inye aka jikọta agụmakwụkwọ, ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ n'otu ahụ. == Alumni na ngalaba == University of Nigeria Nsukka alumni are made up of numerous politicians, like the state governors as well as senators and ministers in the Nigerian and other African governments, academics, actors, artists and business people.<ref name=":0" />{{see|List of faculty and alumni from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka}} == Osote-Chancellor == [[Usòrò:From_the_left_Oni_of_Ife,_Emeka_Okwosa,_Benjamin_Ozumba.jpg|thumb|343x343px| from the left Ooni of Ife and Chancellor of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka Oba Adeyeye Eniitan Ogunwusi, CEO of Oil Serv Nigeria Emeka Okwosa and the Vice Chancellor of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka Benjamin Ozumba]] Onye osote onye isi oche na-akwado ndị osote onye isi oche abụọ. Ndị bụbu na ugbu a bụ ndị mezuru ọkwa a bụ: * Professor Charles Arizechukwu Igwe : June 2019 – Present * Professor Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba : June 2014–June 2019 * Prọfesọ Bartho Okolo : 2009 - June 2014 * Ọkammụta Osita Chinedu Nebo : June 2004 – Jun 2009 * Ọkammụta Ginigeme Francis Mbanefoh : 1999 – 2004 * Ọkammụta Umaru Gomwalk : Mee 1994 - (a họpụtara dị ka onye nchịkwa naanị) * Ọkammụta Oleka K. Udeala :1992 – 1995 * Ọkammụta Chimere Ikoku : 1985 – 1992 * Professor Frank Nwachukwu Ndili : 1980 – Oct. 1985 * Ọkammụta Umaru Shehu : 1978 – 1979 * Ọkammụta James OC Ezeilo : 1975 – 1978 * Prọfesọ Herbert C. Kodilinye : 1971 – 1975 * Ọkammụta Eni Njoku : Julaị 1966 – 1967; 1967-1970 * Ọkammụta Glen L. Taggart : 1964 – 1966 * Dr. George Marion Johnson : 1960 – 1964 == Affiliate institutions == N'okpuru bụ ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mmekọ kwadoro nke Mahadum Nigeria, Nsukka nke National Universities Commission (NUC). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nuc.edu.ng/approved-affiliations/|title=Approved Affiliations|publisher=National Universities Commission|language=en-CA|accessdate=2018-10-02}}</ref> * Assemblies of God Divinity School, Old Umuahia * College of Education, Ikere-Ekiti (Regular) * College of Education, Nsugbe * Ụlọ ọrụ Digital Bridge, Abuja * Spiritan International School of Theology, Attakwu, Enugu * Ụlọ akwụkwọ mmụọ nke Philosophy, Issienu, Nsukka * Ụlọ akwụkwọ St. Paul, Awka * Trinity Theological College, Umuahia * West Africa Theological Seminary, Ipaja, Lagos * Yaba College of Technology Lagos == Ndensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website [[Òtù:Ȯra Enugu]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5k170yzbu873watp46ft2difi5mz0ei 1 12029 674367 119904 2026-07-09T06:46:26Z SafariScribe 18560 SafariScribe moved page [[Ńkàtá:Anambra Steeti]] to [[Ńkàtá:Anambra]] 73527 wikitext text/x-wiki == HTTPS URL-https://igbariam.net == How can we communicate with the global postage programme terms? [[Ọbanife:Chinedu v.nweke|Chinedu v.nweke]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Chinedu v.nweke|kwuo]]) 01:38, 9 Ọnwa atọ 2022 (UTC) s4p2x4qxt0p3nhklqau6ba48t3w25js 0 12405 674362 197147 2026-07-09T06:34:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox person with deprecated net worth parameter]] '''Folorunsho Alakija''' (amụrụ 15 Julaị 1951) bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego Naijiria nwere ego ruru ijeri kwuru ijeri na onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Iyengar|first=Rishi|title=Here's She is the World's Richest Black woman in the world|url=http://time.com/3649223/richest-black-woman-folorunso-alakija-oprah-winfrey-nigeria/|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=30 December 2014|date=30 December 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Folorunso Alakija|url=https://africa.harvard.edu/people/folorunso-alakija|accessdate=20 May 2021|work=africa.harvard.edu|language=en|archivedate=1 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701070503/https://africa.harvard.edu/people/folorunso-alakija}}</ref> Ọ na-etinye aka na ejiji, <ref name="Wilson">{{Cite news|author=Wilson|first=Julee|title=Richest Black Woman in the World, Folorunso Alakija, Was A Major Fashion Designer in Africa|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/05/folorunso-alakija-richest-black-woman-fashion-designer_n_2245703.html|work=The Huffington Post|date=5 December 2012}}</ref> mmanụ, ezigbo ala na ụlọ ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onye isi nke otu The Rose of Sharon Group nke ụlọọrụ ndị mejupụtara ya gụnyere The Rose of Sharon Prints & Promotions Limited, Digital Reality Prints Limited na osote onye isi oche nke [https://www.famfa.com/ Famfa Oil Limited] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Folorunso Alakija|url=https://folorunsoalakija.com/about-me/|publisher=Folorunsho Alakija|accessdate=27 April 2021|archivedate=27 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427025749/https://folorunsoalakija.com/about-me/}}</ref> Alakija nwekwara nnukwu oke na DaySpring Property Development Company. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/folorunso-alakija-explores-real-estate/|title=Folorunso Alakija explores Real Estate|author=Adetutu Audu|work=The Nation|date=31 January 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/10/09/from-energy-to-real-estate-folorunsho-alakija-spreads-wings-to-property-sector/|title=From Energy to Real Estate…Folorunsho Alakija Spreads Wings to Property Sector|publisher=ThisDay|date=9 October 2016|accessdate=27 June 2019}}</ref> Folorunsho Alakija bụ onye ''Forbes'' họpụtara dị ka nwanyị kacha baa ọgaranya na Nigeria nke nwere ihe onwunwe ruru otu ijeri dollar n'afọ 2020. <ref name="Africa's 40 Richest">{{Cite news|title=Africa's 40 Richest|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/folorunsho-alakija//|work=Forbes|date=November 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Folorunsho Alakija|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/folorunsho-alakija/|accessdate=20 May 2021|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka n'afọ 2015, e depụtara Alakija dị ka nwanyị nke abụọ kachasị ike na Africa ebe [[Ngozi Okonjo Iweala|Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]] bu nwanyị nke mbụ kasị ike, e deputakwara ya dika nwanyị nke iri asatọ na asaa kasị ike n'ụwa site na-akụkọ ''Forbes'' . <ref name="Forbes14">{{Cite news|title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women|url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/2/#tab:overall|work=Forbes|accessdate=26 June 2014}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Alakija na 15 Julaị 1951 na ezinụlọ elu-n'etiti; nna ya bụ Chief L. A. Ogbara nke Ikorodu, [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos State]] . Alakija gara akwụkwọ ọta akara ya na Our Ladies of Apostles, Lagos site na 1955 ruo 1958. Mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, Alakija gara United Kingdom ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Dinorben School for Girls na Hafodunos Hall na Llangernyw, Wales site na 1959 rue 1963. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị ya, Alakija gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ndị okpukpe alakuba na Sagamu, [[Ȯra Ogun|Ogun State]], Nigeria. Ọ mèchàrà laghachi na England maka akwụkwọ odeakwụkwọ ya na Pitman's Central College, [[London]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Folorunso Alakija|url=https://africa.harvard.edu/people/folorunso-alakija|accessdate=8 June 2020|work=africa.harvard.edu|language=en|archivedate=1 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701070503/https://africa.harvard.edu/people/folorunso-alakija}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Alakija malitere ọrụ ya na 1974 dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu na Sijuade Enterprises, Lagos, Nigeria obere oge ka ọ gụchara akwụkwọ odeakwụkwọ na Pitman's Central College London. Ọ kwagara na National Bank of Chicago, nke mechara bụrụ FinBank nke ndi nwe ya ugbu a bu FCMB (First City Monument Bank) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcmb.com/|title=FCMB|work=www.fcmb.com}}</ref> dị ka Secretary Executive na onye isi nchịkwa. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi ọhụrụ nke ngalaba na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ nke International Merchant Bank of Nigeria (nke bụbu First National Bank of Chicago), ma mechaa bụrụ onye enyemaka nke ụlọọrụ na ngalaba nchekwa ego. N'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ rụchara ọrụ na ụlọ akụ nke were afọ iri na abụọ, Alakija welitere ihe ịma aka ọhụrụ nke oke mmasị ya nwere maka Ejiji kpaliri ịmụ imepụta ejiji na The American College na London nakwa Central School of Fashion. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Folorunsho|first=Alakija|title=Success in the Fashion World|url=https://folorunsoalakija.com/business/|work=folorunshoalakija|publisher=Folorunsho Alakija|accessdate=27 April 2021|archivedate=27 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427032731/https://folorunsoalakija.com/business/}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri na [[Naijiria|Nigeria]], ọ malitere ụlọọrụ ejiji mbụ ya nke a na-akpọ Supreme Stitches, bụ nke e mechara kpọgharịa Rose Of Sharon House of Fashion na 1996. N'ime afọ ole na ole, dị ka Rose of Sharon House of Fashion, ọ ghọrọ aha ezinụlọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/folorunsho-alakija|title=Folorunsho Alakija|date=November 2012|accessdate=19 December 2012|work=Forbes}}</ref> Dị ka onye isi ala na onye nlekọta ogologo ndụ nke Fashion Designers Association of Nigeria (FADAN), ọ hapụrụ akara a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha, na-akwalite omenala Naijiria site na ejiji na ụdị. <ref name="Wilson" /> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Gabriel|first=Gift|title=I moved out of the crowd to get it right – Mrs Alakija|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/i-moved-out-of-the-crowd-to-get-it-right-mrs-alakija/|work=Sunday Tribune|date=24 June 2012}}</ref> Na May 1993, Alakija tinyere akwụkwọ ka e wee kenye ikikere nke ịchọ mmanụ (OPL). <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Richest Black Woman in the World, Folorunsho Alakija|url=http://www.ventures-africa.com/2012/11/the-richest-black-woman-in-the-world-folorunsho-alakija|work=Ventures Africa|date=29 November 2012|accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref> Enyere ụlọ ọrụ Alakija a kpọrọ Famfa Limited akwụkwọ ikike ịchọ mmanụ n'oke ala ruru 617,000 acres nke a na-akpọ OPL 216 ugbu a. Ihe mgbochi a dị ihe dịka kilomita narị atọ na ịrị ise (mailu narị abụọ na ịrị abụọ) na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Lagos na kilomita otu narị na iri (mailu iri asaa) n'ụsọ osimiri Nigeria na Ubi Agbami nke etiti [[Mba Mmiri|Niger Delta]] . Na Septemba 1996, Alakija banyere nkwekọrịta ya na Star Deep Water Petroleum Limited (onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ Texaco ) ma họpụta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ teknụzụ maka nyocha nke ikike, na-ebufe pasent iri anọ nke ihe oke ya na Star Deep. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Folorunso Alakija richest black woman on earth|url=http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/12/05/folorunso-alakija-richest-black-woman-on-earth/|work=PM News|date=25 December 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Agbami Oilfield, Nigeria|url=http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/agbami|work=offshore technology.com}}</ref> Ka ha gwuputachara mmanụ, gọọmentị Naijiria kwuru na ha nwere pasent iri anọ wee tinyere pasent iri ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/west-africa/2016/09/17/africas-second-richest-woman/|title=How Africa's second richest woman gained her fortune - CNBC Africa|date=17 September 2016|work=CNBC Africa|accessdate=3 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Arụmụka gọọmentị kwuru bụ na ọ bụrụ na ahapụ Alakija na ezinụlọ ha ka ha nọrọ n'òtù ahu ha ga na-akpata nde dollar iri kwa ụbọchị. Alakija rụrụ ụka nke a wee merie. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tithehacker.org/christian-entrepreneur/|title=5 Lessons Folorunsho Alakija Could Teach Christian Entrepreneurs - Tithehacker.org|date=29 July 2018|work=Tithehacker.org|accessdate=3 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nkwanye == Dị ka n'afọ 2014, e depụtara Alakija dị ka nwanyị nke irí itoolu na isii kachasị ike n'ụwa dika F''orbes'' si kwuo.<ref name="Forbes14" /> Na May 2015, ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria abụọ, edeputa Minista na-ahụ maka ego, Ngozi okonjo-Iweala na Alakija n'ime ụmụ nwanyị otu narị kachasị ike n'ụwa dịka ''Forbes'' si kwuo. Ọ bụ onye nke irí asatọ na isii na ndepụta ahụ. <ref name="Forbes-Nigerians make Forbes' most powerful women list">{{Cite web|author=Sotubo|first=Jola|title=Nigerians make Forbes' most powerful women list|url=http://pulse.ng/local/okonjo-iweala-alakija-nigerians-make-forbes-most-powerful-women-list-full-list-id3799337.html|work=Forbes|accessdate=28 May 2015|date=27 May 2015|archivedate=28 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528135938/http://pulse.ng/local/okonjo-iweala-alakija-nigerians-make-forbes-most-powerful-women-list-full-list-id3799337.html}}</ref> Alakija bụ onye nke irí abụọ na 2020 ndepụta ndi nwere ego ha ruru nde na Africa n'afọ 2020 nke ewepụtara na 2021, ma bụrụkwa onye nke otú puku na na narị itoolu na iri anọ na otu ndi ego ha rụrụ nde n'afọ 2019 nke ebiputara nakwa onye nke irí asatọ na ụmụ nwanyị kasị ike n'afọ 2016 nke ebiputara na 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Folorunsho Alakija|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/folorunsho-alakija/?sh=203d95fe2ad9|work=Forbes}}</ref> Na 17 Julaị 2021, Mahadum Benson Idahosa, Benin City nyere ya nzere Doctorate Degree na nchịkwa azụmahịa. Nke a bụ n'ihi ntinye aka ya na ụwa azụmahịa. == Ọrụ ebere == Alakija guzobere Rose of Sharon Foundation nke na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị di ha nwụrụ na ụmụ mgbei aka site na ịnye ohere ịgụ akwụkwọ n'efu nakwa site n'onyinye azụmahịa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Folorunsho|first=Alakija|title=Folorunsho Alakija Foundation|url=https://folorunsoalakija.com/foundation/|work=folorunshoalakija|publisher=Folorunsho Alakija|accessdate=27 April 2021|archivedate=27 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427034939/https://folorunsoalakija.com/foundation/}}</ref> Alakija enyela ụlọ ọrụ mmụta nkà na ụzụ na Yaba College of Technology (Yabatech), ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu dị na Lagos. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ellis|first=Jessica|title=Nigerian billionaire takes on cause of 'mistreated widows'|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/02/16/world/africa/folorunso-alakija-philanthropist-nigeria|work=CNN|date=16 February 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Amos|first=Adaeze|title=My passion for widows and orphans –Folorunso Alakija|work=National Mirror|date=26 May 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nsehe|first=Mfonobong|title=Nigeria's Richest Woman Folorunsho Alakija Donates Skills Acquisition Center To School|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2018/10/04/nigerias-richest-woman-folorunsho-alakija-donates-skills-acquisition-center-to-school/|accessdate=27 July 2020|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe ya == Alakija lụrụ onye ọka iwu, Modupe Alakija nke ezinụlọ Adeyemo Alakija, na Nọvemba 1976. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moneyinc.com/folorunso-alakija-richest-woman-africa/|title=Meet Folorunso Alakija: The Richest Woman in Africa|work=Money Inc.|author=Allen Lee|date=9 October 2019|accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymediang.com/folorunsho-alakija/|title=Folorunsho Alakija Biography: Age, Career, Net Worth, Family, Husband, Facts|work=DailyMedia|date=20 December 2019|accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref> Ha bi na [[Lagos]], Nigeria, ha na ụmụ ha nwoke anọ <ref name="vanguard">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/09/my-life-is-full-of-blissful-moments-folorunso-alakija/|title=My life is full of blissful moments – Folorunso Alakija|author=Sessou|first=Ebun|date=9 September 2011|work=The Vanguard}}</ref> na ụmụ ụmụ ha. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/08/29/africas-richest-woman-folorunsho-alakija-it-has-not-been-a-rag-to-riches-fairytale/|title=Africa's Richest Woman Folorunsho Alakija: "It Has Not Been a Rag to Riches Fairytale"|publisher=Bella Naija|date=29 August 2014}}</ref> Nwa nwanne ya bụ DJ Xclusive . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://silverbirdtv.com/entertainment/im-not-folorunsho-alakijas-son-dj-xclusive|title="I'm Not Folorunsho Alakija's Son" – DJ Xclusive|publisher=Silverbird Television|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref> Na June 2017, nwa Folorunso Folarin Alakija, lụrụ onye Iran na-eme ihe nlereanya aha ya bu Nazanin Jafarian Ghaissarifar na agbamakwụkwọ weere ọnọdụ na Blenheim Palace na England. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philipwhiteweddings.co.uk/blenheim-palace-wedding-video/|title=Blenheim Palace Wedding Video // Oxfordshire|date=11 June 2017}}</ref> Akụkọ mgbasa ozi kwuru na mmemme ahụ bụ otu n'ime agbamakwụkwọ kacha ọnụ n'ụwa. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 13cltcqfmy07lrans5zbtevx7s3i2jl 0 12741 674448 90134 2026-07-09T09:38:17Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674448 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Nancy Asiko Onyango''', nke a na-akpọkarị '''Nancy Onyango''', bụ onye ndekọ ego [[Kenya]], nwanyị ọchụnta ego na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ, onye bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na nyocha nke ime ụlọ na International Monetary Fund . A họpụtara ya na 4 Disemba 2017, ebe ọrụ ya malitere na 1 February 2018. <ref name="One" /> Tupu nhọpụta ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Reliance Risk Advisory Solutions, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ndụmọdụ nke di na Nairobi. <ref name="One" /> <ref name="Three" /> == Nzụlite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na Kenya, ọ gàrà ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na mpaghara maka agụmakwụkwọ ya tupu mahadum. Na 1984, a nabatara ya na Mahadum Nairobi (UoN), ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1987, ma nweta nzere bachelọ nke Commerce (BCom) na Akaụntụ na ihe gbasara ego. Ọ gara n'ihu na akwụkwọ ya na UoN, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1989, nweta nzere Master of Business Administration (MBA). Mgbe e mesịrị n'afọ 2013, ọ debanyere aha na United States International University Africa, ebe ọ gụrụ wee gụsịe akwụkwọ na 2016 wee nweta nzere Dọkịta nke Business Administration (DrBA). Dị ka akụkụ nke ọmụmụ doctoral ya, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Columbia Business School, na New York City. <ref name="Two">{{Cite web|url=https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango|title=Dr. Nancy Onyango|first=Nancy|author=Onyango|publisher=[[LinkedIn]]|accessdate=4 December 2017|date=4 December 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'ime ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ anọ, site na Julaị 1995 ruo Disemba 1998, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye njikwa na PricewaterhouseCoopers, n'ebe ha nọ na Uxbridge, London, United Kingdom. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi njikwa n'otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, bụ ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ atọ na ọkara ọzọ ruo Ọgọọst 2002. Na July 2005, a họpụtara ya Onye Mmekọ na PwC, na-eduzi ngalaba na-ahụ maka ndụmọdụ na PwC East Africa, nke dabeere na Nairobi, Kenya ka ọ bụrụ ọkachamara na nkà na ụzụ, ihe ize ndụ ọchịchị na nnabata, na-eje ozi na ikike ahụ ruo na Jụn 2012. Na Julaị afọ 2012, a kpọrọ ya onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ nke Risk Assurance Service Unit na PwC East Africa, na-eje ozi ebe ahụ ruo October 2014.<ref name="Two">{{Cite web|url=https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango|title=Dr. Nancy Onyango|first=Nancy|author=Onyango|publisher=[[LinkedIn]]|accessdate=4 December 2017|date=4 December 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOnyango2017">Onyango, Nancy (4 December 2017). [https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango "Dr. Nancy Onyango"]. [[LinkedIn]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Na Jenụwarị 2015, maka oge ọnwa iri abụọ, a họpụtara ya onye mmekọ na Ernst &amp;amp; Young, na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi ọchịchị, ihe ize ndụ & nrubeisi maka mpaghara Africa, ruo August 2016. <ref name="Two">{{Cite web|url=https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango|title=Dr. Nancy Onyango|first=Nancy|author=Onyango|publisher=[[LinkedIn]]|accessdate=4 December 2017|date=4 December 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOnyango2017">Onyango, Nancy (4 December 2017). [https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango "Dr. Nancy Onyango"]. [[LinkedIn]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Na Disemba 2017, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ngalaba nyocha Internal Audit na IMF, dnke dịrị irè malite na February 2018. <ref name="One">{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/IMF-appoints-Nancy-Onyango-to-head-audit-unit/539546-4214392-do9t14/index.html|title=IMF names Nancy Onyango as head of key audit unit|accessdate=4 December 2017|date=4 December 2017|first=Gerald|author=Andae}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAndae2017">Andae, Gerald (4 December 2017). [http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/IMF-appoints-Nancy-Onyango-to-head-audit-unit/539546-4214392-do9t14/index.html "IMF names Nancy Onyango as head of key audit unit"]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Three">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/12/04/pr17461-imf-managing-director-christine-lagarde-names-nancy-asiko-onyango-as-director-of-oia|date=4 December 2017|title=IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Names Nancy Asiko Onyango as Director of the IMF's Office of Independent Audit|work=[[International Monetary Fund]]|author=IMF|accessdate=4 December 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIMF2017">IMF (4 December 2017). [http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/12/04/pr17461-imf-managing-director-christine-lagarde-names-nancy-asiko-onyango-as-director-of-oia "IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Names Nancy Asiko Onyango as Director of the IMF's Office of Independent Audit"]. ''[[International Monetary Fund]]''. Washington, DC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Ezinụlọ == Nancy Onyango bụ nne lụrụ dị ma mụta ụ nwoke atọ. <ref name="Four">{{Cite web|title=Chat With Top Kenyan at IMF|date=17 January 2019|accessdate=22 January 2019|first=Jackson|author=Biko|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/profiles/Chat-With-Top-Kenyan-at-IMF/4258438-4939674-u5ybe0z/index.html}}</ref> == Ntule ndị ọzọ == Ọ na-ejide ọtụtụ nhọpụta bọọdụ, nke gụnyere dị ka onye na-abụghị onye isi nchịkwa nke Kenya Commercial Bank Group, onye na-abụghị onye isi nchịkwa nke Cytonn Investments, nakwa ụlọọrụ Fairtrade Africa, ebe ọ na-elekọta kọmitii nyocha na ego nke bọọdụ. <ref name="Two">{{Cite web|url=https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango|title=Dr. Nancy Onyango|first=Nancy|author=Onyango|publisher=[[LinkedIn]]|accessdate=4 December 2017|date=4 December 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOnyango2017">Onyango, Nancy (4 December 2017). [https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango "Dr. Nancy Onyango"]. [[LinkedIn]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Kellen Kariuki * Stella Kilonzo * Christine Lagarde * [[Nokwanda Mngeni]] == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm Weebụsaịtị nke International Monetary Fund] * [http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Philanthropic-Kenyan-Auditor-keep-IMF-books/539444-4219038-axorh4/index.html Onye na-enyocha ndị Kenya Philanthropic idowe akwụkwọ IMF] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f0itg19w6bglop44mny0j48e1cu3ptb 674449 674448 2026-07-09T09:39:19Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674449 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Nancy Asiko Onyango''', nke a na-akpọkarị '''Nancy Onyango''', bụ onye ndekọ ego [[Kenya]], nwanyị ọchụnta ego na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ, onye bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na nyocha nke ime ụlọ na International Monetary Fund . A họpụtara ya na 4 Disemba 2017, ebe ọrụ ya malitere na 1 February 2018. <ref name="One" /> Tupu nhọpụta ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Reliance Risk Advisory Solutions, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ndụmọdụ nke di na Nairobi. <ref name="One" /> <ref name="Three" /> == Nzụlite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na Kenya, ọ gàrà ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na mpaghara maka agụmakwụkwọ ya tupu mahadum. Na 1984, a nabatara ya na Mahadum Nairobi (UoN), ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1987, ma nweta nzere bachelọ nke Commerce (BCom) na Akaụntụ na ihe gbasara ego. Ọ gara n'ihu na akwụkwọ ya na UoN, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1989, nweta nzere Master of Business Administration (MBA). Mgbe e mesịrị n'afọ 2013, ọ debanyere aha na United States International University Africa, ebe ọ gụrụ wee gụsịe akwụkwọ na 2016 wee nweta nzere Dọkịta nke Business Administration (DrBA). Dị ka akụkụ nke ọmụmụ doctoral ya, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Columbia Business School, na New York City. <ref name="Two" /> == Ọrụ == N'ime ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ anọ, site na Julaị 1995 ruo Disemba 1998, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye njikwa na PricewaterhouseCoopers, n'ebe ha nọ na Uxbridge, London, United Kingdom. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi njikwa n'otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, bụ ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ atọ na ọkara ọzọ ruo Ọgọọst 2002. Na July 2005, a họpụtara ya Onye Mmekọ na PwC, na-eduzi ngalaba na-ahụ maka ndụmọdụ na PwC East Africa, nke dabeere na Nairobi, Kenya ka ọ bụrụ ọkachamara na nkà na ụzụ, ihe ize ndụ ọchịchị na nnabata, na-eje ozi na ikike ahụ ruo na Jụn 2012. Na Julaị afọ 2012, a kpọrọ ya onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ nke Risk Assurance Service Unit na PwC East Africa, na-eje ozi ebe ahụ ruo October 2014.<ref name="Two">{{Cite web|url=https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango|title=Dr. Nancy Onyango|first=Nancy|author=Onyango|publisher=[[LinkedIn]]|accessdate=4 December 2017|date=4 December 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOnyango2017">Onyango, Nancy (4 December 2017). [https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango "Dr. Nancy Onyango"]. [[LinkedIn]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Na Jenụwarị 2015, maka oge ọnwa iri abụọ, a họpụtara ya onye mmekọ na Ernst &amp;amp; Young, na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi ọchịchị, ihe ize ndụ & nrubeisi maka mpaghara Africa, ruo August 2016. <ref name="Two">{{Cite web|url=https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango|title=Dr. Nancy Onyango|first=Nancy|author=Onyango|publisher=[[LinkedIn]]|accessdate=4 December 2017|date=4 December 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOnyango2017">Onyango, Nancy (4 December 2017). [https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango "Dr. Nancy Onyango"]. [[LinkedIn]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Na Disemba 2017, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ngalaba nyocha Internal Audit na IMF, dnke dịrị irè malite na February 2018. <ref name="One">{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/IMF-appoints-Nancy-Onyango-to-head-audit-unit/539546-4214392-do9t14/index.html|title=IMF names Nancy Onyango as head of key audit unit|accessdate=4 December 2017|date=4 December 2017|first=Gerald|author=Andae}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAndae2017">Andae, Gerald (4 December 2017). [http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/IMF-appoints-Nancy-Onyango-to-head-audit-unit/539546-4214392-do9t14/index.html "IMF names Nancy Onyango as head of key audit unit"]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Three">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/12/04/pr17461-imf-managing-director-christine-lagarde-names-nancy-asiko-onyango-as-director-of-oia|date=4 December 2017|title=IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Names Nancy Asiko Onyango as Director of the IMF's Office of Independent Audit|work=[[International Monetary Fund]]|author=IMF|accessdate=4 December 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIMF2017">IMF (4 December 2017). [http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/12/04/pr17461-imf-managing-director-christine-lagarde-names-nancy-asiko-onyango-as-director-of-oia "IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Names Nancy Asiko Onyango as Director of the IMF's Office of Independent Audit"]. ''[[International Monetary Fund]]''. Washington, DC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Ezinụlọ == Nancy Onyango bụ nne lụrụ dị ma mụta ụ nwoke atọ. <ref name="Four">{{Cite web|title=Chat With Top Kenyan at IMF|date=17 January 2019|accessdate=22 January 2019|first=Jackson|author=Biko|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/profiles/Chat-With-Top-Kenyan-at-IMF/4258438-4939674-u5ybe0z/index.html}}</ref> == Ntule ndị ọzọ == Ọ na-ejide ọtụtụ nhọpụta bọọdụ, nke gụnyere dị ka onye na-abụghị onye isi nchịkwa nke Kenya Commercial Bank Group, onye na-abụghị onye isi nchịkwa nke Cytonn Investments, nakwa ụlọọrụ Fairtrade Africa, ebe ọ na-elekọta kọmitii nyocha na ego nke bọọdụ. <ref name="Two">{{Cite web|url=https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango|title=Dr. Nancy Onyango|first=Nancy|author=Onyango|publisher=[[LinkedIn]]|accessdate=4 December 2017|date=4 December 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOnyango2017">Onyango, Nancy (4 December 2017). [https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango "Dr. Nancy Onyango"]. [[LinkedIn]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Kellen Kariuki * Stella Kilonzo * Christine Lagarde * [[Nokwanda Mngeni]] == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm Weebụsaịtị nke International Monetary Fund] * [http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Philanthropic-Kenyan-Auditor-keep-IMF-books/539444-4219038-axorh4/index.html Onye na-enyocha ndị Kenya Philanthropic idowe akwụkwọ IMF] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s53s9fz6zhc7sov3tlwk48g4iv6og94 0 13376 674340 96562 2026-07-09T01:26:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Esi' Museum bụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị na Esi', [[Ȯra Kwara|Kwara]] State, Nigeria . [[Usòrò:Esie_unique_stones.jpg|thumb|N'obodo Igbomina na-ehi ụra nke Esie, Irepodun LGA Kwara Steeti na-etinye ihe ngosi nka mbụ na Naịjirịa. E guzobere ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ n'afọ 1945 iji nwee otu n'ime akụ kachasị ukwuu e nyefere ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ, Esie Stone Images (Ere Esie).]] Ihe ngosi nka a bụ nke mbụ e guzobere na Naịjirịa mgbe o mepere n'afọ 1945.<ref>{{Cite web|title=(PDF) NIGERIA SCULPTURAL TRADITION AS VIABLE OPTION FOR TOURISM PROMOTION: AN ASSESSMENT OF ESIE MYSTERIOUS STONE SCULPTURES|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283301337_NIGERIA_SCULPTURAL_TRADITION_AS_VIABLE_OPTION_FOR_TOURISM_PROMOTION_AN_ASSESSMENT_OF_ESIE_MYSTERIOUS_STONE_SCULPTURES|accessdate=2021-01-21|work=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> Ihe ngosi nka ahụ nwere ihe karịrị otu puku ihe oyiyi ili ma ọ bụ ihe oyiyi na-anọchite anya ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Esie: Nigeria’s first museum, generates N10,000 monthly|url=https://dailytrust.com/esie-nigerias-first-museum-generates-n10000-monthly|accessdate=2021-01-21|work=Daily Trust|language=en}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Array_of_Esie_stones.jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi nka Esie nke e guzobere na 1945 dị na Irepodun LGA nke Kwara Steeti. A maara ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ maka inwe ihe oyiyi nkume dị ka mmadụ.]] A maara ya na ọ nwere nchịkọta kachasị ukwuu nke ihe oyiyi soapstone n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200905041139.html|title=Esie Museum|publisher=All Africa|accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref> N'oge a, ihe ngosi nka Esie bụ ebe a na-eme ihe omume okpukpe ma na-eme ememme n'ọnwa Eprel kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nigerianembassy.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=50|title=Tourism|publisher=Nigerian Embassy, Budapest, Hungary|accessdate=February 1, 2013|archivedate=March 3, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303091843/http://nigerianembassy.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=50}}</ref> [[Usòrò:National_Museum_Esie_Kwara_state.jpg|thumb]] [[Usòrò:Museum_of_unique_stones.jpg|thumb|Akụkọ ifo a ma ama kwuru na n'afọ ndị bi n'obodo ahụ mere mpụ dị egwu ma jiri égbè eluigwe na-eme ka ndị mmadụ ghọọ nkume.]] == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ȯra Kwara]] [[Òtù:Ụlọ Ihe Ngosi Nke Naijiria]] kophrqpkhx9jbf38iupp2x0kk35oa64 0 13525 674350 514730 2026-07-09T03:49:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fanele Ntuli''' (amụrụ na 7 Machị 1991), bụ onye South Africa na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-egosi ihe oyoyo na YouTuber .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-10|title=Fanele Ntuli Biography|url=https://savannanews.com/fanele-ntuli-biography-age-career-tv-roles-youtube-insta-pics-net-worth-durban-gen/|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=Savanna News|language=en-US}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ na ihe oyoyo ''Uzalo'' na ''Durban Gen'' .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elysian Management - Artist|url=https://www.elysian-management.com/portfolio/fanele-ntuli/|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=Elysian Management|language=en|archivedate=2025-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112163431/https://www.elysian-management.com/portfolio/fanele-ntuli/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=styleyou|date=2021-07-28|title=Dr. Zondo from Durban Gen currently left fans in a frenzy with her latest look.|url=https://styleyou7.com/dr-zondo-from-durban-gen-currently-left-fans-in-a-frenzy-with-her-latest-look/|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=style you 7|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113183546/https://styleyou7.com/dr-zondo-from-durban-gen-currently-left-fans-in-a-frenzy-with-her-latest-look/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zondo from Durban Gen left dumbstruck with her latest pictures on Instagram. - Opera News|url=https://za.opera.news/za/en/entertainment/25e0e6bbcab1358f6e1e47390d6dbcf3|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=za.opera.news|archivedate=2021-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113183544/https://za.opera.news/za/en/entertainment/25e0e6bbcab1358f6e1e47390d6dbcf3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fanele (Dr Zondo Durban Gen): real name, age, career. Read more - Opera News|url=https://za.opera.news/za/en/entertainment/cb0fb56c98f24083c285a97004cc8c6c|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=za.opera.news|archivedate=2021-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113183544/https://za.opera.news/za/en/entertainment/cb0fb56c98f24083c285a97004cc8c6c}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Ntuli na abalị asaa nke ọnwa Maachị 1991 na Durban na Kwazulu Natal, South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fanele Ntuli also Known as Dr Zondo on Durban Gen Drama Series Get to know her up close and personal - Opera News|url=https://za.opera.news/za/en/entertainment/52de8af9c308a0dff34a9d6f59fd7c49|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=za.opera.news|archivedate=2021-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113183543/https://za.opera.news/za/en/entertainment/52de8af9c308a0dff34a9d6f59fd7c49}}</ref> Ọ banyere Durban Girls High School n'afọ 2003 wee gụọ akwụkwọ n'afọ 2008. Mgbe ahụ n'afọ 2013, ọ nwetara asambodo dị elu na ọmụmụ ihe nkiri na Oaksfields College.<ref name="career">{{Cite web|title=Fanele Ntuli career|url=https://talent-etc.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/FANELE-NTULI-CV.pdf|archivedate=2021-11-13|accessdate=2021-11-12|work=talent-etc.co.za|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113183546/https://talent-etc.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/FANELE-NTULI-CV.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụ nne nke otu nwa nwoke. E wezụga ime ihe nkiri, ọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'ime ime obodo ya na mpaghara Chibili nke KwaZulu Natal yana onye na-azụ ehi nwere ìgwè ehi karịrị otu narị na iri ise. N'oge ndụ ya na Oaksfields College, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri dị ka; In Love With Shakespeare na ọrụ "Lady Mac Beth", na The Story of Jane Doe dị ka "Nurse Coco" na Imagine dị ka "Michelle, onye anwansi". N'afọ 2015, o mere ihe nkiri mbụ na ihe oyoyo na obere ọrụ nke "School girl" na ihe nkiri ''Isibaya'' . Mgbe ahụ n'afọ 2016, ọ sonyeere ''Uzalo'' iji rụọ ọrụ "Mandisa".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Durban Gen - Opera News|url=https://za.opera.news/za/en/entertainment/ab199db7dc1925240f30bd3706cffef8|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=za.opera.news|archivedate=2021-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113183545/https://za.opera.news/za/en/entertainment/ab199db7dc1925240f30bd3706cffef8}}</ref><ref name="career" /> Mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ahụike nke e.tv. telenovela ''Durban Gen'', ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ "Dr Thandekile Zondo".<ref>{{Cite web|author=actors|first=Durban Gen|date=2021-07-08|title=Get to know Dr Zondo from Durban Gen in real life|url=https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/biographies/fanele-ntuli-biography/|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=Southern African celebrities|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113183547/https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/biographies/fanele-ntuli-biography/}}</ref> Ọ bụ nne nke otu nwa nwoke == Ebensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] j460vhynt4oj39k69vhs3mz40fhvgy4 0 13925 674477 175592 2026-07-09T10:53:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|website=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Gerald Chukwuma''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1973) bụ onye Naijiria na-ese ihe, onye na-akpụ ihe na onye na-ese ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ogidan|first=Ladun|date=5 June 2017|title=ART AND CREATIVE POSSIBILITIES ACCORDING TO GERALD CHUKWUMA|url=https://www.omenkaonline.com/art-and-creative-possibilities-according-to-gerald-chukwuma/|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=omenkaonline.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816002732/https://www.omenkaonline.com/art-and-creative-possibilities-according-to-gerald-chukwuma/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-03|title=“Art is in the brain, not the hand”- Gerald Chukwuma|url=https://businessday.ng/arts-bdlife-arts/article/art-brain-not-hand-gerald-chukwuma/|accessdate=2021-08-16|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Chukwuma n'afọ 1973 na [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] Steeti Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Gerald Chukwuma|url=https://lowegallery.com/about-gerald-chukwuma|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=Bill Lowe Gallery|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816002731/https://lowegallery.com/about-gerald-chukwuma}}</ref> Ọ gara Mahadum nke Naijiria, Nsukka ebe ọ gụrụ Bachelor of Arts na mma na tinyere nka, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lawal|first=Nurudeen|date=2019-09-30|title=Nigerian Gerald Chukwuma rose from street hawker to become world-famous artist|url=https://www.legit.ng/1262084-gerald-chukwuma-nigerian-man-rose-street-hawker-world-famous-artist.html|accessdate=2021-08-16|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|archivedate=2021-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816002730/https://www.legit.ng/1262084-gerald-chukwuma-nigerian-man-rose-street-hawker-world-famous-artist.html}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == === Ihe ngosi naanị ndị a họọrọ === * 2017: Standing Ovation, Gallery 1957, Accra * 2019: Wrinkles, Kristin Hjellegjerde Gallery, London * 2020: Ikwokirikwo: The Dance of Spirits, Kristin Hjellegjerde Gallery, Berlin<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-07|title=After lockdown, Chukwuma takes Dance of Spirit to Berlin|url=https://guardian.ng/art/revue/after-lockdown-chukwuma-takes-dance-of-spirit-to-berlin/|accessdate=2021-08-16|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816002730/https://guardian.ng/art/revue/after-lockdown-chukwuma-takes-dance-of-spirit-to-berlin/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-01|title=Exhibition Gerald Chukwuma – Kristin Hjellegjerde Berlin {{!}} ART at Berlin|url=https://www.artatberlin.com/en/exhibition-gerald-chukwuma-kristin-hjellegjerde-berlin-zeitgenoessische-kunst-in-berlin-contemporary-art-exhibitions-berlin-galleries-art-at-berlin/|accessdate=2021-08-16|work=ART at Berlin {{!}} Contemporary Art {{!}} Ausstellungen {{!}} Galerien {{!}} Museen {{!}} Galerieführer {{!}} Kunst {{!}} Map|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2021: ''Eclipse'' of the Scrolls, Kristin Hjellegjerde Gallery (London Bridge), London<ref>{{Cite web|title=1-54 Contemporary African Art Fair|url=https://www.1-54.com/london/artists/chukwuma-gerald/|accessdate=2021-08-16|archivedate=2021-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816002732/https://www.1-54.com/london/artists/chukwuma-gerald/}}</ref> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dv4pvlmkypc3zcwyry4b0w9smdkhyy3 0 14031 674404 91040 2026-07-09T07:33:45Z Goodymeraj 16207 Fixed reference error 674404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Chief '''Muraina Oyelami''' (a mụrụ 21 Febụwarị n'afọ 1940) bụ onye Naijiria na-ese ihe na onye na-agba egwu nke agbụrụ Yoruba. O so na ọgbọ mbụ nke ndị na-ese ihe si na Osogbo School of Art pụta n'afọ 1960. Ọ bụ onye na-agba egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri nke Duro Ladipo . Ọ kụziri egwu ọdịnala na ịgba egwu na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]] site na 1976 ruo 1987. Dị ka onye na-eti egwu, ọ zụrụ na dùndún (bọm na-ekwu okwu) na Batá drum. Ọ bụ onye isi obodo ya bụ Iragbiji. == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Muraina Oyelami na 21 Febụwarị 1940 na Iragbiji, [[Ȯra Osun|Osun Steeti]] .<ref name="Oxford">{{Cite journal|author=Campbell|first=Bolaji V.|title=Oyelami, Muraina|journal=Oxford Art Online|date=21 March 2000|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T096629|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000096629#oao-9781884446054-e-7000096629|accessdate=11 March 2021}}</ref> == Ịgba egwu, ihe nkiri na nka == Site na 1963 ruo 1965, Oyelami nwetara ọzụzụ na dùndún (bọm na-ekwu okwu) site n'aka Oba Laoye, onye bụ Timi nke Ede. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ gụrụ Batá drum na Ayantunji Amoo nke Okinni na Abeyefo nke Iseyin.<ref name="Obatala">{{Cite web|title=Chief Muraina Oyelami, the Eesa of Iragbiji, Justice of the Peace (JP), Fellow of Theatre Arts (FTA), Member Society of Nigerian Artist (SNA)|url=http://www.africancraft.com/oyelami/bio.htm|publisher=Obatala Centre for Creative Arts|accessdate=10 March 2021|archivedate=11 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311022035/http://www.africancraft.com/oyelami/bio.htm}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-agba egwu nakwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Duro Ladipo National Theatre, ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri nke onye [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] na-eme ihe nkiri [[Duro Ladipo]] .<ref name="Oxford" /> Ọ gara Europe dị ka onye otu ìgwè ahụ, buru ụzọ gaa Germany maka Berlin Festival of Art na 1964 wee gaa United Kingdom maka Commonwealth Arts Festival na 1965.<ref name="CBC">{{Cite web|title=Chief Muraina Oyelami: Member, Board of Trustees|url=http://www.centreforblackculture.org/board-of-trustees/chief-muraina-oyelami.php|publisher=Centre for Black Culture and International Understanding|accessdate=5 March 2021|archivedate=31 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131135421/http://centreforblackculture.org/board-of-trustees/chief-muraina-oyelami.php}}</ref>   N'afọ 1964, Oyelami gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nka oge okpomọkụ nke Mbari Mbayo Artists and Writers Club na Osogbo ebe ọ gara ọmụmụ ihe eserese nke Georgina Beier nyere.<ref name="Oxford" /><ref name="Bonhams">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/18274/lot/8/|publisher=Bonhams|title=Muraina Oyelami (Nigerian, born 1940): My girl|accessdate=4 March 2021|archivedate=11 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311021931/https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/18274/lot/8/}}</ref> Ọ malitere ịgụ akwụkwọ na Osogbo Art School, nke Georgina na Ulli Beier hiwere, ma soro n'ọgbọ mbụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ Osogbo Art; n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ gara ụlọ ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ na eserese na mgbakwunye na ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye isi egwu Yoruba.<ref name="Tyler">{{Cite web|url=https://tylercollection.omeka.net/items/show/2276|title=Muraina Oyelami|publisher=Tyler Collection of Romanian and Modern Art: University of Tasmania|accessdate=4 March 2021|archivedate=15 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115202432/https://tylercollection.omeka.net/items/show/2276}}</ref> N'ihe osise ya, Oyelami nwetara mkpali site na ọrụ onye na-ebi akwụkwọ Kenya bụ Hezbon Owiti.<ref name="Oxford" />N'ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Edinburgh na 1967 e jiri ọrụ ya tụnyere nke Paul Klee na Amedeo Modigliani, ọ bụ ezie na ọ maghị nka Europe.<ref name="Oxford" /><ref name="Bonhams" /> E mechara jiri ya tụnyere Georges Rouault<ref name="Tyler" /> ma gaa ụlọ ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ nke Ru Van Rossem na 1966 na 1972.<ref name="SI">{{Cite web|url=https://africa.si.edu/collections/people/1793/muraina-oyelami/objects|title=Muraina Oyelami, born 1940, Nigeria|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of African Art|accessdate=5 March 2021|archivedate=11 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311022007/https://africa.si.edu/collections/people/1793/muraina-oyelami/objects}}</ref> Oyelami gara Mahadum nke Ife (nke bụzi [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]]) na Ile-Ife, na-amụ ihe nkiri nkà na ụzụ na ọkachamara na imewe ihe nkiri ma nata asambodo na nka ihe nkiri.<ref name="Tyler" /><ref name="SI" /> N'afọ 1973, ọ gara New York ebe o nwere mkpakọrịta na ebe obibi na National Black Theatre na Harlem.<ref name="CBC" /> Oyelami kụziri egwu ọdịnala na ịgba egwu na Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo site na 1976 ruo 1987.<ref name="Tyler" /><ref name="SI" /> Ọ bụkwa prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Bayreuth, Germany.<ref name="Obatala" /> E nyekwara Oyelami ọrụ ịmepụta mosaics maka Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo . E dechara mosaics abụọ mbụ ya, na ngalaba nke Health Science na Ile-Ife, n'afọ 1975. Ọ rụchara ihe osise mosaic na campus Iragbiji na Wema Bank Plc. n'afọ 1983.<ref name="CBC" /> Oyelami na-egwu egwu ọdịnala na egwu fusion ma bụrụ onye na-ese ihe na abọm ''Embryo'' nke afọ 1985 nke Embryo & Yoruba Dun Orchester.<ref name="CBC" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Klein|first=Debra Lynn|title=Yoruba Bàtá: Politics of Pop Tradition in Erin-Osun and Overseas|date=2000|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nduzi egwu maka ma depụta akara na 1998 Royal Exchange Theatre mmepụta nke [[Wole Soyinka]] play Death and the King's Horseman .<ref name="CBC" /> Oyelami bụ onye isi obodo ya, ebe emere ya Eesa nke Iragbiji na 14 Febụwarị 1993.<ref name="Tyler" /><ref name="50 years">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/art/50-years-of-osogbo-art-exhibition-loud-in-america/|title=50 years of Osogbo Art exhibition loud in America|author=Garba|first=Kabir Alabi|date=17 April 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=11 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="CBC" /> N'afọ 2018, Oyelami hiwere Abeni Visual and Performing Art Institute na Iragbiji. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye nduzi nka nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref name="AVPAI">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/art/artists-royal-fathers-storm-iragbiji-for-avpais-opening/|date=14 November 2018|title=Artists, royal fathers storm Iragbiji for AVPAI's opening|author=Utor|first=Florence|work=Guardian|accessdate=11 March 2021}}</ref> Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-azụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na nka ọhụụ na ime ihe nkiri, gụnyere ịme drum, imewe ákwà na ibipụta akwụkwọ.<ref name="Sowole">{{Cite news|author=Sowole|first=Tajudeen|title=Half A Century Of Brushing With Osogbo Master, Oyelami|url=https://guardian.ng/art/half-a-century-of-brushing-with-osogbo-master-oyelami/|work=The Guardian|date=20 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/03/25/empowering-osun-youths-in-arts-culture/|title=Empowering Osun Youths in Arts, Culture|date=25 March 2020|work=This Day|author=Kolawole|first=Yinka|accessdate=11 March 2021}}</ref> == Ihe osise == Dị ka onye ọgbọ mbụ nke Osogbo Art School, a na-ewere Oyelami dị ka akụkụ nke Osogbo Art movement.<ref name="Sowole" /> A na-ewere ụdị ya dị ka Modernist, ya na eserese mmanụ ya na-egosipụta echiche nke imewe, kpọmkwem, na nke agba dị nro na akara siri ike.<ref name="AVPAI" /><ref name="Oxford" /><ref name="SI" /> Omenala ndị Yoruba na-emetụta isiokwu Oyelami, isiokwu nke ala ya na ihe osise ya na-esitekarị na ndụ kwa ụbọchị na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu.<ref name="Tyler" /><ref name="SI" /> Ihe osise mmanụ mbụ nke Oyelami gụnyere ihe ngosi nke ndụ n'obodo ahụ, ebe ọ na-erule afọ 1980, ọrụ ya aghọwo ihe atụ, na-aga n'ihu n'isiokwu ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Oxford" /><ref name="Oxford" /> Oyelami esonyewo na ọtụtụ ihe ngosi nke o mere naanị ya na nke o sonyere otu. A gụnyere ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta. Ihe osise ya nke 1971 Birds in the Garden bụ akụkụ nke nchịkọta nke Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African Art na Washington, DC. Ihe eserese nke Oyelami n'afọ 1971 a kpọrọ Village on the Hillside is in the Tyler Collection of Romanian and Modern Art na Mahadum Tasmania .<ref name="Tyler" /><ref name="SI" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tylercollection.omeka.net/items/show/1351|title=Village on the Hillside|publisher=Tyler Collection of Romanian and Modern Art: University of Tasmania|accessdate=4 March 2021|archivedate=29 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929111346/https://tylercollection.omeka.net/items/show/1351}}</ref> Ọrụ ya dịkwa na nchịkọta nke National Gallery of Modern Art na Lagos, Studio Museum na Harlem, na Lagos State House of Assembly, nchịkọta onwe nke Bola Ige, Institute of Contemporary Arts na London, na Staatlichen Kunsthalle na Berlin.<ref name="Tyler" /> Ọrụ Oyelami so ndị sitere na nchịkọta nke [[Susanne Wenger]] na ihe ngosi nke 2016 nke jere ozi dị ka ụtụ maka ndụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Eaton|first=Maynard|url=https://saportareport.com/54134-2/columnists/maynard/|title=Osogbo: Art and Heritage and Controversy|work=Saporta Report|date=22 February 2016|accessdate=11 March 2021}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, e gosipụtara ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi nke Osogbo art na United States na Art Dubai .<ref name="50 years" /><ref name="Art Dubai">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/art/at-art-dubai-2017-african-artists-boost-sales/|title=At Art Dubai 2017, African artists boost sales|author=Sowole|first=Tajudee|date=27 March 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=11 March 2021}}</ref> == Mbipụta == Oyelami edeela akwụkwọ banyere ịgba egwu na omenala ndị Yoruba. The 1993 monograph Abefe: An Autobiography of Muraina Oyelami dabeere na ajụjụ ọnụ nke Oyelami, nke Ulli Beier deziri. N'ihe odide ahụ, Oyelami na-akọwa oge ntorobịa ya, ihe nkiri na Ile-Ife, ụlọ ọrụ Mbari-Mbayo, na ebe obibi ya na Iwalewa-Haus.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Oyelami|first=Muraina|title=Abefe: An Autobiography of Muraina Oyelami|editor=Ulli Beier|publisher=Bayreuth: Iwalewa-Haus, University of Bayreuth|date=1993|oclc=5827185}}</ref> * {{Cite book|author=Oyelami|first=Muraina|title=My Life in the Duro Lapido Theatre|publisher=[Bayreuth]: Iwalewa-Haus|date=1982|oclc=16528068}} * {{Cite book|author=Oyelami|first=Muraina|title=Yoruba Dundun Music: A New Notation with Basic Exercises & Five Yoruba Drum Repertoires|date=1989|publisher=Iwalewa|oclc=24257917}} * {{Cite book|author=Oyelami|first=Muraina|title=Abefe: An Autobiography of Muraina Oyelami|editor=Ulli Beier|publisher=Bayreuth: Iwalewa-Haus, University of Bayreuth|date=1993|oclc=5827185}} == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o9bu9v1wduoiubyz5zcux920uhpj01b 0 14399 674401 202800 2026-07-09T07:19:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Frank Edwards Frank Edwards.jpg|thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ]] '''Frank Ugochukwu Edwards''' (a mụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa [[Julaị]] n'afọ 1989) bụ onye Naijiria na-agụ egwu na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu si [[Ȯra Enugu|Enugu Steeti]] .<ref name="frankie6">{{Cite web|url=http://music.naij.com/artist-576-frank-edwards|title=Frank Edwards biography|publisher=music.naij.com|accessdate=5 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162715/http://music.naij.com/artist-576-frank-edwards|archivedate=14 July 2014}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye nwe labelụ Rocktown Records, nke bụ ebe obibi nke ndị na-edekọ egwu dịka Edwards n'onwe ya, Gil, Divine, King BAS, Nkay, David, Dudu na Micah Heavens, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ọ bi na [[Lagos]], [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Frank Edwards n'ime ezinụlọ mmadụ asaa. Aha ọmụmụ ya bụ Frank Ugochukwu Edwards. A mụrụ ya na Enugu steeti nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. O nwere ụmụnne ise. Ọ malitere ịbụ abụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri. Ọ mụtara ịkpọ piano site n'aka nna ya mgbe ọ dị obere. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, ọ ghọrọ Onye Kraịst a mụrụ ọzọ. O nwere abọm isii na ọtụtụ egwu egwu n'aha ya. O meela onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị egwu ozioma kachasị mma na Naịjirịa. === Ọrụ egwu === Maazị Edwards bụ onye na-emepụta ihe ma na-akpọ ọtụtụ ngwá egwu. Ọ bụ onye ama ama na keyboardist na onye otu Presidential band nke Pastor Chris Oyakhilome nke Christ Embassy Church. E wepụtara abọm izizi ya bụ The Definition n'afọ 2008. Ọ bụ abọm nwere egwu iri na anọ ma Honesty Music kesara ya.<ref name="LOV">{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200908310250.html|title=Nigeria: The Emergence of Love World Records|publisher=www.allafrica.com|accessdate=2 August 2011}}</ref> E wepụtara abọm nke abụọ ya bụ Angels on the Runway n'afọ 2010, ewepụtakwara abọm nke atọ ya bụ ''Unlimited'' n'afọ 2011. A tọhapụrụ ''Tagjam'' na [[Novemba|Nọvemba]] 2011.N'afọ 2013, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri nke Sinach "''Amaara m onye m bụ''" vidiyo. A maara ya maka olu ya dị elu. E wezụga ịbụ onye na-ese ihe na ọtụtụ egwu na-ekpuchi ụdị egwu dị iche iche, ọ bụkwa onye na-emepụta egwu na onye na-agwakọta egwu. N'ihi ya, ''Rocktown Records'', nke o nwere, nwere ọgbọ nke talent na-abịanụ gụnyere Gil Joe, King BAS, [[Divine Ndhlukula|Divine]], Nkay, Soltune, David na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="vanguardngr.com">{{Cite web|author=Olujobi|first=Debbie|title=The soul speaks|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/10/the-soul-speaks/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|date=14 October 2012|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="frankie2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.konnectafrica.net/frank-edwards-the-young-gifted-gospel-artiste-taking-africa-for-god/|title=Frank Edwards; the Young, Gifted Gospel Artiste Taking Africa for God|work=Konnectafrica.net|publisher=Konnect Media|first=Jennifer|author=Nkem-Eneanya|date=24 June 2013|accessdate=5 June 2014|archivedate=3 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603150734/http://www.konnectafrica.net/frank-edwards-the-young-gifted-gospel-artiste-taking-africa-for-god/}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, ya na onye ama ama n'Amerịka, Don Moen rụkọrọ ọrụ na abọm "''Grace''" His Album e mepụtara na 2016Frankincense .<ref name="frankie6"/> N'afọ 2018, o wepụtara abọm maka Body of Christ nke akpọrọ "Spiritual Music Season" nke gụnyere egwu dịka "Miyeruwe" (I Praise your Name), "You are Good", "Who dey run things" & "''Praise Your Name''". Ka ọ dị na 2018, ya na Nathaniel Bassey (Thy Will Be Done) na Jeanine Zoe (I'm in Love with You) arụkọla ọrụ. === Ndụ ụka === Frank Edwards (nke a na-akpọ Frankrichboy) bụ onye otu Christ Embassy Church na Nigeria na LoveWorld Music Ministry ya na ndị egwu ozioma ndị ọzọ gụnyere Moses Bliss, Ada Ehi (onye egwu ozioma), [[Sinach]], Eben, Joe Praize .<ref name="LOV"/> == Discography == * Nkọwa (2008) * Ntọhapụ Singles (2015) * Frankincense (2016) * Ụbọchị ọmụmụ EP (2016) * A mụrụ ya na July (2017) * - Unlimited Verse 1 (2017) * I'm Supernatural (2018) * In Love With You (2018) * Unlimited Verse 2 (2018) * A mụrụ ya na Julaị (2019) * Ndị kwere ekwe Anthem (2020) * Ọ dịghị onye dị ka gị (2020) == Videography == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Onye isi !Ref |- |2010 |Mara Mma | | |- |2010 |You Too Dey Bless Me feat. TB1 |Gbenga Salu | |- |2011 |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7FvVnXk19A Oya] |Moshman | |- |2011 |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tC31hqiPIA Oghene Doh] |Moshman | |- |2011 |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLt1-E7CoQ4 Ịhụnanya a] |Patrick Elis | |- |2014 |Okaka |Lawrence Omo-Iyare |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2014/02/gospel-artiste-frank-edwards-release-new-video-okaka/|title=Gospel Artiste, Frank Edwards Release New Video, Okaka • Connect Nigeria|date=4 February 2014|language=en-GB|accessdate=5 August 2016|archivedate=8 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808163439/http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2014/02/gospel-artiste-frank-edwards-release-new-video-okaka/}}</ref> |- |2014 |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=id9DTt5DfEA Hallelujah] |Frank Edwards | |- |2015 |''Onye'' |St. Immaculate |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.com.gh/music-videos/frank-edwards-singer-shares-his-life-story-in-onye-video-id4006448.html|title=Frank Edwards Singer shares his life story in 'Onye' [Video]|work=Pulse.com.gh|publisher=Joey Akan|accessdate=22 February 2016|archivedate=12 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312094931/http://pulse.com.gh/music-videos/frank-edwards-singer-shares-his-life-story-in-onye-video-id4006448.html}}</ref> |- |2016 |''Grace'' |Don Moen & Frank Edwards | |- |2017 |Here to Sing feat. Chee |Frank Edwards | |- |2019 |Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị maka gị<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Edwards - IF NOT FOR YOU #frankedwards #rocktown #gospelmusic #ifnotforyou - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dX3e7-n1BcU|accessdate=6 January 2021|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> |Ihe nkiri H2O | |- |2020 |Abụ Ndị kwere ekwe<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Edwards - BELIEVERS ANTHEM #frankedwards #rocktown #gospelmusic #anthem - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnjNxKJsBq4|accessdate=6 January 2021|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> |Ihe nkiri H2O | |- |2020 |Na mberede<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Edwards - Suddenly - #frankedwards #rocktown #gospelmusic Rocktown Music 2020 - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26ITUq-nAKg|accessdate=6 January 2021|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> |Ihe nkiri H2O | |- |2020 |Enweghị Aha Ọzọ |Frank Edwards | |- |2020 |Logo<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Edwards - LOGO OFFICIAL VIDEO #frankedwards #rocktown #gospelmusic - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPVLhI7_H5A|accessdate=6 January 2021|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> |Frand Edwards | |- |2020 |Opomulero<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Edwards - OPOMULERO #frankedwards #rocktown #gospelmusic - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZQDp8Z8lec|accessdate=6 January 2021|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> |Ihe nkiri H2O | |- |2020 |Mụ<ref>{{Cite web|title=ME - FRANK EDWARDS #frankedwards #rocktown #gospelmusic - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bY8hH7xkh4&feature=youtu.be|accessdate=6 January 2021|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> |Ihe nkiri H2O | |- |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2011, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-ese egwu Gospel nke afọ na nke isii kwa afọ Nigeria Entertainment Awards (NEA). O ritere ihe nrite nke onye egwu Gospel Rock kacha mma na onyinye mbụ kwa afọ.<ref name="award">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Entertainment Awards nominees 2011.|url=http://www.museke.com/node/8376|publisher=www.museke.com|accessdate=2 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="NEW">{{Cite web|title=NEA Awards 2011 Nomination Party, Themed: Casino Celebrity Night|url=http://www.connectnigeria.com/articles/nea-awards-2011-nomination-party-themed-casino-celebrity-night/388|publisher=www.connectnigeria.com|accessdate=2 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618023204/http://www.connectnigeria.com/articles/nea-awards-2011-nomination-party-themed-casino-celebrity-night/388|archivedate=18 June 2011}}</ref> O ritekwara ọdịda anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] kacha mma nwoke na 2012 / egwu kachasị mma na love world awards 2012 / na onyinye atọ na Nigeria gospel music awards (nwoke na-eti egwu nke afọ, abụ nke afọ na nwoke kacha mma).<ref name="frankie">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/frank-edwards-emerges-best-male-gospel-artiste/|title=Frank Edwards emerges Best Male Gospel Artiste|publisher=Mydailynewswatchng.com|date=13 July 2013|accessdate=5 June 2014|archivedate=7 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607001911/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/frank-edwards-emerges-best-male-gospel-artiste/}}</ref><ref name="frankie1">{{Cite web|url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2013/07/08/frank-edwards-bags-best-male-gospel-artiste-award/|title=Frank Edwards Bags Best Male Gospel Artiste Award|publisher=Connectnigeria.com|first=Ada|author=Arinze|date=8 July 2013|accessdate=5 June 2014|archivedate=6 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223148/http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2013/07/08/frank-edwards-bags-best-male-gospel-artiste-award/}}</ref> Abọm ya kachasị ọhụrụ, Frankincense nke mere Micah Stampley na Nathaniel Bassey mere ka onye ọ bụla nwee obi ụtọ mgbe ọ nọ n'elu abọm Beyonce na Adele n'ime awa ole na ole a tọhapụrụ ya na chaatị abọm iTunes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Edwards Songs, Videos, Lyrics and Bio|url=https://zionlyrics.com/artist/frankedwards|work=zionlyrics.com|language=en|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị egwu ozioma Naịjirịa * Ndepụta nke ndị Igbo {{Clear}} == Ndetu == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ds1yojuzk8s1y6tzoitaqcs8dkv4834 0 14736 674066 621537 2026-07-08T12:45:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Deborah Willis''' (amụrụ n'ọnwa Febụwarị 5, n'afọ 1948) bụ onye Afrịka-Amerịka na-ese ihe ugbua, onye na-ese foto, onye nlekọta foto, ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, onye edemede, na [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye]] nkuzi.<ref name="HistoryMakers">The HistoryMakers. [http://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/deborah-willis-41 Deborah Willis biography], ArtMakers, June 27, 2007. Accessed August 1, 2009.</ref> N'ime ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ ya, ọ bụ MacArthur Fellow 2000. Ugbu a, ọ bụ Prọfesọ na Onye isi oche nke Ngalaba Foto na ọsise na Tisch School of the Arts nke Mahadum New York .<ref>New York University. [http://photo.tisch.nyu.edu/page/program.html Maurice Kanbar Institute. Photography & Imaging]. Accessed August 1, 2009.</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Deborah Willis na Philadelphia, [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] nye Ruth na Thomas Willis n'ọnwa Febụwarị 5, afọ 1948. Willis bụ nne onye na-ese ihe Hank Willis Thomas. Nna ya bụkwa onye na-ese foto, mmekọrịta ezinụlọ ya pụtara ìhè na ọrụ dịka Daddy's Ties: The Tie Quilt II (1992), na Progeny: Deborah Willis na Hank Willis Thomas (2009).<ref name="HistoryMakers"/> Asambodo Wilis gụnyere B.F.A. na foto site na Philadelphia College of Art n'afọ 1975; M.F.A. na foto site na Pratt Institute n'afọ 1979; M.A. na akụkọ ihe mere eme site na City College nke New York na 1986; na Ph.D. site na Cultural Studies Program nke Mahadum George Mason na 2001.<ref>[http://debwillisphoto.com/resume Deborah Willis Curriculum Vitae – March, 2013.]</ref><ref name="HistoryMakers"/> === Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ === Willis enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye na nsọpụrụ, gụnyere: * 2020 Award for Outstanding Service to Photography and Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society. * 2013–2014: Richard D. Cohen Fellow in African and African American Art, Hutchins Center for African and African American Research, Harvard University<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni Fellows|url=https://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/alumni-fellows|accessdate=2020-11-12|work=hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu|language=en|archivedate=2023-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914234409/https://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/alumni-fellows}}</ref> * 2005: Guggenheim Fellow, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation * 2005: Fletcher Fellow, Fletcher Foundation<ref>Associated Press, "12 get grants for efforts on race - Anita Hill among honorees given $50,000 each". ''Washington Post'', April 16, 2005.</ref> * 2003: Honorary doctorate, Maryland Institute College of Art<ref name="BCP">Royster-Hemby, Christina. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075635/http://www2.citypaper.com/arts/story.asp?id=9785 "Reflected in the lens. After years of chronicling the African-American experience, photographer and former MICA professor Deborah Willis turns the camera on herself".] ''Baltimore City Paper'', March 30, 2005. Accessed August 2, 2009.</ref> * 2000: MacArthur Fellow * 1995: Infinity Award for Writing, International Center of Photography.<ref>"[http://www.icp.org/support-icp/infinity-awards-1985–1995 Infinity Awards 1985–1995]", [[International Center of Photography]]. August 1, 2014.</ref> === Ọrụ nka na foto === Dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese foto, Bernice Steinbaum Gallery nọchitere anya Willis na Miami na Charles Guice Contemporary na Berkeley, California. Ihe ngosi ya gụnyere: * "Progeny," Bernice Steinbaum Gallery, Miami, 2008. Ihe ngosi ahụ mere njem dị ka "Progeny: Deborah Willis na Hank Willis Thomas" na 2009 na New York na Sacramento, California.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/wallach/exhibitions/Progeny.html "Progeny: Deborah Willis and Hank Willis Thomas"]. Miriam & Ira D. Wallach Art Gallery, Columbia University. Accessed August 2, 2009.</ref> * "Banyere Mma," Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison, 2003, nke nwere "foto na quilts autobiographical."<ref>Martell, Chris. "Beautiful dreamers - photographer focuses on the threads of beauty that run through the African-American community". ''Wisconsin State Journal'', February 15, 2003.</ref> * "Deborah Willis: Tied to Memory," Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, Kansas City, 2000.<ref>Schmitz-Rizzo, Margaret. "Kemper Museum displays artist's keepsakes". ''Kansas City Star'', July 5, 2000.</ref> * "Deborah Willis," Hughley Gallery & Objects, Atlanta, 1992, nke gụnyere "obere akụkọ akụkọ ndị e wuru gburugburu foto akụkọ ihe mere eme, akwụkwọ na foto ezinụlọ."<ref>Fox, Catherine. Art review. ''Atlanta Journal and Constitution'', August 28, 1992.</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Willis, Deborah}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7x5osjg15t9vb197lmhab4zlw991a4v 0 14992 674237 589057 2026-07-08T19:55:28Z IfyClassique 20717 /* A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na Naịjirịa */ 674237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Super Sireyna Worldwide.jpg|thumb|Super Sireyna Worldwide]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Miss Sahhara (nke a na-akpọ '''Miss saHHara''', nke a na-akpọ dị ka Sahara) bụ eze nwanyị mara mma nke Britain na Naijiria<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/yemmynisting/2014/08/03/nigerian-trans-woman-ms-saharra-wins-ms-super-sireyna-worldwide-eat-your-heart-out-transphobic-nigeria/|title=Nigerian Trans woman, Ms Sahhara, wins Ms Super Sireyna Worldwide: Eat your heart out Transphobic Nigeria!|date=3 August 2014|work=YEMMYnisting|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>, onye na-eme ihe ngosi ejiji, onye na-agụ egwu / onye na-ede egwu, na onye na-akwado nweta ikike mmadụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/|title=DISCLAIMER {{!}} Miss saHHara putting the record straight|work=www.misssahhara.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-11-03|archivedate=2017-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014747/http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-36168661/trans-woman-i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/miss-sahhara/here-is-an-objective-view-of-my-life-story-so-far/478139739052647/|title=Here is an objective view of my life story so far|work=www.facebook.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name="BBC IDENTITY">{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html|title=Meet Nigerian Model Who Was Once Male|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=18 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818054310/http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html}}</ref><ref name="naija">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5439415/|title=IMDB Miss Sahhara|work=imdb.com|accessdate=Mar 31, 2019}}</ref> A maara ya maka ịnọchite anya Naịjirịa na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa iji dọta uche na nsogbu nke ndị LGBTQI + na Afrịka.<ref name="pulse">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=15 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115225018/http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ịbụ nwanyí mbụ si Naijiria pụtara n'ihu ọha na mgbasa ozi mba ụwa n'oge asọmpi ịgosi mma Miss International Queen na Pattaya, Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/scars-of-prejudice-underlie-glamour-of-transgender-pageant-20111107-1n3s0.html|title=Scars of prejudice underlie glamour of transgender pageant|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=7 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/|title=#7 - The Story of Nigeria's First Transgender Woman|publisher=Africa.com|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611060244/http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gistus.com/10471/nigerias-transgender-beauty-queen-2nd-international-queen-pageant|title=Nigeria's first transgender beauty queen comes 2nd in Miss International Queen pageant|date=22 May 2012|work=Gist Us|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transgriot.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/miss-international-queen-2011-ends-in.html|title=TransGriot: Miss International Queen 2011 Ends In Controversy|work=transgriot.blogspot.co.uk|date=4 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014, e chiri ya onye mbụ Super Sireyna Worldwide na Manila, Philippines. Nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị nwanyí isi ojii mbụ gbanwere ọdịdị ya e chiri onye mmeri na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/372964/publicaffairs/tunaynabuhay/sahhara-s-journey|title=Sahhara's journey|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/07/22/1348848/other-winners-other-competitions|title=Other winners, other competitions|work=The Philippine Star|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371926/publicaffairs/kapusomojessicasoho/super-sireyna-more-heart-than-beauty|title=Super Sireyna: More heart than beauty|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/07/nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-wins-super-sireyna-pageantry-in-philippines/|title=Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson Wins Super Sireyna Pageant in Philippines|work=BellaNaija|date=19 July 2014|accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe o meriri Super Sireyna Worldwide, o hiwere otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke a na-akpọ TransValid Ọ bụkwa onye nkatọ iwu mkpọrọ afọ iri na anọ nke ndị LGBTQI + na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-39271690|title=Why transgender Africans turned against a famous feminist|author=Mohan|first=Megha|date=2017-03-16|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and a human rights advocate|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611040159/http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.linkedin.com/in/sahhara|title=Miss saHHara {{!}} LinkedIn|work=uk.linkedin.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-transgender-recognition-campaign-video/|title="I AM VALID"- Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins Transgender Recognition Campaign (video)|date=26 June 2015|publisher=360Nobs.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/01/nigerians-are-so-stupid-nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-reacts-to-same-sex-bill/|title="Nigerians are so Stupid" – Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson reacts to Same Sex Bill|work=BellaNaija|date=14 January 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-anti-gay-laws-us-puts-pressure-president-buhari-allow-same-sex-unions-1511028|title=Nigeria anti-gay laws: US puts pressure on President Buhari to allow same-sex unions|date=15 July 2015|work=International Business Times UK|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html|title=Anti-Gay Law: Nigerian Transgender Miss SaHHara Blasts Nigeria|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=15 January 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023450/http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/|title=Nigeria's Transgender Iris Sahhara Reacts To Nigeria's Gay Marriage Prohibition - MJ Celebrity Magazine|date=14 January 2014|work=MJ Celebrity Magazine|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=24 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724053100/http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/}}</ref> Onye kọwara onwe ya dị ka"onye ọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi maka ejiji na ngosi mma", nzere ya na mbipụta ya sitere na izu ejiji ruo na mkpuchi nke magazin na mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nashvibes.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-poses-nude-for-mask-magazine/|title=Nigerian TransGender Miss Sahhara poses nude for Mask Magazine - The NashVibes|date=20 October 2014|work=The NashVibes|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/auramagazine6/docs/aura_issue_3_june_2015|title=AURA Magazine Issue #3- PAGE 41|work=Issuu|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/|title=Nigerian transgender Ms Sahhara covers new issue of Transliving|date=20 December 2014|work=#ANOTHERGIST|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808235222/http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.retoxmagazine.com/lfw-ziad-ghanem-aw11-show.html|title=London Fashion Week AW11 Fashion Designer Ziad Ghanem|publisher=retoxmagazine.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Mgbe ọ na-etolite, o kwuru n'ụzọ a ma ama na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ dabara n'echiche okpukpe na nke nchekwa nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jappah|first=Jlateh V.|date=1 March 2013|title=The convergence of American and Nigerian religious conservatism in a biopolitical shaping of Nigeria's HIV/AIDS prevention programmes|journal=Global Public Health|volume=8|issue=3|pages=312–325|doi=10.1080/17441692.2013.765023|issn=1744-1692|pmid=23391163}}</ref> Ibi n'ime ime obodo [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ ghara ịma banyere ọnọdụ ahụike ya nke a maara dị ka gender dysphoria. O kwuru na mmetụta ọ na-enwe mgbe niile nke ịchọrọ igosipụta onwe ya dị ka nwanyị mere ka ọ dị ya ka ọ furu efu, dị ka a ga-asị na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma na ya. Ọ chọrọ Okpukpere chi ga-enye ya olileanya ọgwụgwọ, na-ekpegara Chineke ekpere ka o mee ya nwanyị mgbe ọ tolitere.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY222">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=In Her Shoes|author=BBC|work=BBC News}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwere nsogbu njirimara ya, o kpebiri ịwere ndụ ya, ebe ọ bụ na ndị pastọ nọ na chọọchị ya na ndị gbara ya gburugburu nọgidere na-agwa ya na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma banyere njirimara nwanyị ya. O kwuru na ọ nwaala igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ ma lanarị.<ref name=":0222">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbalị igbu onwe ya mere ka o kpebisie ike ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] gaa n'obodo na-anabata ma ọ bụ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'igbu onwe ya na mgbalị igbu onwe ya nke atọ.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY"/> Ọ malitere ịchọ azịza maka ọnọdụ ya na otu o nwere ike isi jisie okwukwe ya na onye ọ na-atụ anya ịbụ n'ọdịnihu. Ọ chọtara udo na nchọpụta na ọ dịghị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ onye okpukpe iji bie ndụ dị mma.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":0222"/> === A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na Naịjirịa === Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, a kpọchiri ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Naijiria n'ihi omume nwanyị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ynaija.com/i-was-jailed-in-nigeria-for-being-transgender-meet-the-nigerian-lady-who-claimed-she-was-imprisoned-for-being-gay-read-photos/|title="I was jailed in Nigeria for being transgender": Meet the Nigerian 'lady' who claimed she was imprisoned for being 'gay' (READ, PHOTOS) - YNaija|date=21 November 2013|work=YNaija|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ gbara ya ume ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], n'ihi na ihe ọzọ gaara eme ka ọ kwụsị ndụ ya nke ọma. O chetara ahụmahụ ya na edemede a na-emetụ n'ahụ o dere maka Gay Star News na Transgender Day of Remembrance n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2013, nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi n'ịntanetị bipụtara ọzọ:<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2013/11/22/nigerias-first-male-transgender-woman-iris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-was-jailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay! {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html|title=AlabamUncut|author=Culled|first=GaysterNews|date=7 May 2016|work=|accessdate=13 June 2022|archivedate=16 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416052344/http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html}}</ref><blockquote>Ọ dị m ka m nwee ike ịgwa onwe na-eto eto onye nwara igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ na ndụ na-akawanye mma na nrọ na-abịakea na mmezu. Echeghị m na ndụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ijuanya ọtụtụ afọ gara aga mgbe a tọhapụrụ m n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị egwu nke Naijiria maka ịdị iche. Mgbe ahụ, naanị ihe m nwere ike iche bụ na m nwere ike ịnwụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ a ma ọ dịghị onye ga-ama ma ọ bụ lekọta ya. Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ chere na ọ bụ ihe ziri ezi, na-atụle na a na-ata m ahụhụ maka ịbụ 'onye na-edina ụdị onwe ya' dịka ha chere n'ihi ọdịdị nwanyị m na omume m. Abụghị m nwoke n'edina nwoke, abụ m nwanyị a mụrụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'ihi nkwarụ okike. Ihe m chere adabaghị n'ọdịdị m. Ịbụ nwoke mgbe a mụrụ m anaghị eme ka m bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ọ dịghị onye amụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, a mụrụ gị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, mgbe ahụ ị na-etolite n'ime nwoke ị họọrọ ka ị na-etolite wee mee ka ị bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị. Nye m, nwoke na nwanyị ahụ bụ nwanyị. A mụrụ m nwoke mana ụbụrụ m, mmegharị aka m, atụmatụ m na mbuli ahum m na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nke nwanyị. Ịzụlite na amaghị ihe na-eme n'ahụ m mere ka m nwee mgbagwoju anya ma tọọ n'echiche. Enweghị m ike iso ndị ezinụlọ m kwurịta ya n'ihi na a na-akatọ ọdịdị nwanyị m anya n'ihi okpukpe ha ma enweghị m ike ịgwa ndị enyi m okwu n'ihi na ha agaghị aghọta ihe m na-agabiga. Enwetara m nkasi obi na egwu na nrọ. Enwere m olileanya nke ịbụ onye nweere onwe m , enweghị mkparị, enweghị ikpe na enweghị nsogbu.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coolnaijagist.wordpress.com/2014/06/19/nigerias-first-male-transgender-womaniris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-wasjailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay!|author=coolnaijagist|date=19 June 2014|work=Coolnaijagist Entertainment|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html|title=Nigerian Model And Singer Has Been Jailed And Attempted Suicide Because She Was Transgende8203;r.Read her story|author=Akosa/Nigeriafilms.com|first=Joy|publisher=nigeriafilms.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=2 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602145711/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay|title=Tragic life of Super Sireyna winner Miss Sahhara depicted on Tunay na Buhay|date=28 July 2014|work=pep.ph|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172507/http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay}}</ref></blockquote> Ngabiga ya na [[Nigeria Police Force|ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ chọọ [[wiktionary:refuge|ebe mgbaba]] na [[London]], United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/|title=Sahhara|work=Sketch Films|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617144317/http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/}}</ref> === Ndụ ọhụrụ na United Kingdom === Ọ hapụrụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] n'afọ 2004 iji biri na United Kingdom. Mgbe ahụ, ọ nwetara echiche sara mbara banyere gender dysphoria ya. Ọ malitere ịhụ ndị dọkịta nyeere ya aka site na njem ya ibụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gists|first=Naija|title=Nigerian Man Who Became A Woman, Transgendered Oche Clifford Jailed In Nigeria|url=https://naijagists.com/nigerian-man-who-became-a-woman-transgendered-oche-clifford-jailed-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2020-11-12|language=en-US}}</ref> O kwuru na ndụ ọhụrụ ya na UK dị ka eluigwe nọ n'ụwa n'ihi na ọ na-ebi ugbu a dị ka ezi onwe ya. O nwetara ebe obibi nke abụ abụ na Madam Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret na Soho, West End nke London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.designmynight.com/london/whats-on/something-a-little-different-events/kitsch-cabaret|title=Madame Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret The Drury Club London {{!}} DesignMyNight|publisher=designmynight.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allinlondon.co.uk/whats-on.php?event=53516|title=Kitsch Cabaret, Madame Jojo's, 8-10 Brewer Street, London, W1F 0SE. Tel 020 7734 3040. - Theatre Event in London|author=London|first=The Kolberg Partnership|work=AllinLondon|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> O mere ngosipụta oru ebe ahụ afọ iri ruo n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014 mgbe emechiri ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/nov/24/madame-jojos-legendary-soho-nightclub-forced-close|title=Madame Jojo's, legendary Soho nightclub, forced to close|author=Ellis-Petersen|first=Hannah|date=24 November 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Ya na Scott Houzet dere ma mepụta ụfọdụ egwu na ọrụ egwu nke mbụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/%25EF%25BF%25BD++%253C%25EF%25BF%25BDMiss+saHHara/+wiki|title=Last.fm|work=last.fm|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theheroines.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/interview-with-miss-sahhara.html|title=The Heroines of My Life: Interview with Miss saHHara|work=theheroines.blogspot.co.uk|date=31 March 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> === Ihe nlereanya ejiji === Ọ pụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi catwalk na London na ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2011/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2011-12 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107114018/https://www.vogue.co.uk/shows/autumn-winter-2011-ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref> O mere ihe ngosi nlereanya ejiji nye Ziad Ghanem na London Fashion Week maka oge engosi jiji nke anọ.<ref name=":13"/><ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2010-11 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610221225/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Spring/Summer 2012 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610225633/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref> O sonyekwara na njiharị ejiji ruo ihe karịrị afọ ise ma gosipụta otu oge atụmatụ ejiji ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sahhara-london-alternative-fashion-week-24-april-2009-26742335.html|title=Stock Photo - Sahhara, London Alternative Fashion Week, 24 April 2009|author=Limited|first=Alamy|work=Alamy|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> === Agụmakwụkwọ === Miss sahhara gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere masta na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na Mahadum London Metropolitan. O kwuru na ibe mgbasa ozi ya na ọ chọrọ ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na ọmụmụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://misssahhara.com/biography/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and founder of TransValid.org.|work=Official Website{{!}}Miss saHHara|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120153403/http://www.misssahhara.com/biography/}}</ref> Ikekwe, nke ga enye ya olu a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi mgbe ọ na-akụziri ndị mmadụ banyere Mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ. === Aha iwu kwadoro === Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ akụkọ Naịjirịa na ndị na-ede blọgụ na-arụtụ aka ugboro ugboro na tweet [[Ebuka Obi-Uchendu]], nke o kwuru na ọ maara Miss saHHara dị ka 'Clifford Oche'.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Ebuka/status/204697212817653760|title=Then I open the page and it turns out to be Oché! Some dude who was popular in Abuja many years ago for being unapologetically effeminate...|author=Obi-Uchendu|first=Ebuka|date=21 May 2012|work=@Ebuka|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news|url=http://that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman... - that1960chick.com|date=2012-05-22|work=that1960chick.com|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman… {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":14" /> Miss saHHara jụrụ nkwupụta ahụ ma jụ ibipụta aha ọmụmụ ya n'ozuzu, ọ siri ọnwụ na ibipụta aha ochie ya na foto ya enweghị mkpa maka onye ọ ghọrọ ibu. Ọ kowara na ọjọọ aha echefu ru echefu na onye ndi gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha nnọchịanya n'ekwesighi ha nwere ogho ọma eweta nke bu akpọmasi na ikpa oke site n' enweghị ezi nhọpụta banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha na gburugburu ụwa. O kwukwara na Ọrịa Sahhara Henson abụghị aha aguru ya,na <nowiki>''Henson''bụ njirimara nnọchịanya o kepụtara iji kwụsị ndị n'éfè blogg I gbasa aha ya.ya mere ọ kpebiri na ọ gaghị egosiputa ezi aha ya ma ka egwu n'atu ya n'ihi ụdị mmaja transphobia na mmaja ọnwụ ọ n'</nowiki>enweta na websaiti === Esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ === A maara ya maka esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ Naịjirịa. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime arụmụka ya na ha sitere na akụkọ ha bipụtara banyere ya, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ ''<nowiki/>'ụgha''', na edemede transphobic doro anya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịkpọ ya "nwoke gbanwere ọdịdị ya" na ịjụ iji nnọchiaha nwanyị kọwaa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rawgistafrica.com/2016/02/photos-nigerian-transgender-man-ms.html|title=Photos: Nigerian Transgender Man, Ms Sahhara Flaunts Cleàvage {{!}} RawGist|work=www.rawgistafrica.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/she-is-fake-ex-school-mate-tears-miss-sahhara-apart-id2990962.html|title=She Is Fake: Ex-School Mate Tears Miss SaHHara Apart|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 July 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ na-aga na Facebook ya mgbe niile iji bipụta nzaghachi banyere isiokwu ndị ọ na-ewere dị ka transphobic na imebi ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ekere ha.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Pulse">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/setting-the-record-straight-i-have-always-been-a-woman-miss-sahhara-id4187904.html|title=Setting The Record Straight: 'I have always been a woman' - Miss Sahhara|author=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=21 September 2015|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.helloafrica.ga/i-make-a-better-looking-woman-than-you-ms-sahhara-claps-back-at-a-hater-on-facebook/|title=I make a better looking woman than you- Ms Sahhara claps back at a hater on Facebook - Hello Africa|date=10 May 2016|work=Hello Africa|accessdate=12 May 2016}}</ref> O siri ọnwụ na nzaghachi ya abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nye ndị na-ede ma na-ekwu okwu banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ngalaba ọha. Usoro "mmụta" ya dị ka ọ dịrị kwuo nwere ike mgbe ụfọdụ jedebe na arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ma ọ bụ agha okwu nye ya na ndị na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/twisted-miss-sahhara-and-fan-in-war-of-words-id3278164.html|title=Twisted: Miss Sahhara And Fan In War Of Words|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 November 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> Okwu ya megide okpukpe emebeghị nke ọma na nti ndị Naijiria. Mgbe ọ bụla ọ na-ede isiokwu ọ bụla metụtara okpukpe, ihe odide ya na-adọta nzaghachi iwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-was-a-common-buddhist-monk-id2934382.html|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=23 June 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/2014/06/23/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-common-buddhist-monk/|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Reserved|first=Naijaloaded 2016 All Rights|date=23 June 2014|work=Naijaloaded {{!}} Nigeria No. 1 Online Portal|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> O kwuru na okpukpe niile bụ mmegbu ma bụrụ ihe ochie. Ọ nwetara nkatọ site n'aka ndị nkwado ya ha na-ekwu na ọ aka mmá ya ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ nkwado ya kama ikwupụta echiche ya banyere isiokwu ndị na-akpata nkewa dịka okpukpe. N'enweghị nsogbu site na nkatọ ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-ekwupụta obi nkoropụ ya banyere ihe mere ndị Afrịka ji jụ ịjụ okwukwe ha nke ọ kpọrọ "Colonial relic".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,342651.0.html|title=Untold Story Of Miss Sahara, The Nigerian Man From Idoma Transformed To A Woman (Photos+Video) - Gistmania|date=2017-04-09|work=www.gistmania.com|accessdate=2020-02-06}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2016, o dere ogologo akwụkwọ na nzaghachi maka akụkọ ndị na-ede blọgụ n'Afrịka bipụtara banyere mpụta ya na BBC Africa's in Her Shoes, ndị na-ede blọgụ kwuru na ọ na-aghọ onwe ya aghọ na Naịjirịa dị ka "nwoke na-edina nwoke", ya mere o kpebiri ịgbanwe gaa na nwanyị.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY">{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Miss saHHara gara na peeji mgbasa ozi ya iji kụziere ndị na-ede blọgụ, ebe ọ boro ha ebubo na ha na-akwalite transphobia site n'ịkọ akụkọ na-ezighi ezi; "Nke a abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/|title=DISCLAIMER {{!}} Miss saHHara putting the record straight|work=www.misssahhara.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> O mere ka o doo anya na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ nwoke, na ndowe onwe ya dị ka nwanyị esiteghị n'aka onye ọ bụla ma e wezụga onwe ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/sahhara/posts/446427888890499|title=Miss saHHara - #LindaIkeji TO LINDA IKEJI ET AL., this is... {{!}} Facebook|work=www.facebook.com|accessdate=2016-05-06}}</ref> Ihe odide ahụ nwetara ihe karịrị otu narị okwu iji kwado ma megide nkwupụta ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theheraldng.com/linda-ikeji-others-dragged-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara/|title=Linda Ikeji, Others Dragged By Nigerian Transgender Miss Sahhara - The Herald News Nigeria|date=4 May 2016|work=The Herald News Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freshbaze.com/stop-addressing-me-as-a-man-transgender-miss-sahhara-to-linda-ikeji-others/|title="Stop Addressing Me As A Man" – Transgender Miss Sahhara To Linda Ikeji, Others {{!}} FreshBaze.com|date=4 May 2016|publisher=FreshBaze.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ịgosi mma == Ọrụ asọmpi ya malitere mgbe ọ kwagara London, England n'afọ 2004. O kwuru na ịhụnanya ya gbasara ịgosi mma na ije nsere ọkpa ya nọgidere na-abawanye kemgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ọ na-eji "tmkpisi ọnụ ọkpa", n'ihi na a naghị ekwe ka ọ na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu na Naịjirịa. Ọ kụziri nsere ọkpa na ịgosi mma n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma tupu ọ kwaga United Kingdom. Ọ bụ onye soro sọọ asọmpi na Andrew Logan 's Alternative Miss World mgbe mbụ ọ kwagara London, <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe|title=Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish|author=Bramley|first=Ellie Violet|date=20 October 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> na-anọchite anya Nigeria. Ọ gbara onye nke abụọ. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/#/history/amw2004/who|title=Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World|publisher=alternativemissworld.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ bụ onye soro sọọ mpi na asọmpi Miss International Queen beauty pageant, na-anọchite anya [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. N'oge asọmpi ahụ, ọ pụtara na mgbasa ozi ụwa dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ya nke Naijiria luru ọgụ maka nnabata na ịha nhata nke LGBTQI + ndị ọzọ na Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gistus.com/10471/nigerias-transgender-beauty-queen-2nd-international-queen-pageant|title=Nigeria's first transgender beauty queen comes 2nd in Miss International Queen pageant|date=22 May 2012|work=Gist Us|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.gistus.com/10471/nigerias-transgender-beauty-queen-2nd-international-queen-pageant "Nigeria's first transgender beauty queen comes 2nd in Miss International Queen pageant"]. ''Gist Us''. 22 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/video/163723-miss-saharra-nigeria-s-trans-gender-beauty-queen-participates-in-miss-international-queen-pageant.html|title=Miss Saharra, Nigeria's Trans-Gender Beauty Queen Participates in Miss International Queen Pageant|work=Online Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/stars-replace-scars-in-pageant-fit-for-queens-20111107-1n3qv.html|title=Stars replace scars in pageant fit for queens|author=Pattaya|first=Lindsay Murdoch|date=8 November 2011|work=The Age|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.therealgeordiearmani.com/miss-international-queen/|title=Miss International Queen - Geordie Armani|date=23 May 2012|work=Geordie Armani|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, o meriri aha mbụ ya na mba ụwa, Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 na Manila, Philippines .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371076/showbiz/chikaminute/ms-nigeria-wagi-bilang-unang-super-sireyna-worldwide-ng-eat-bulaga|title=Ms. Nigeria, wagi bilang unang Super Sireyna Worldwide ng 'Eat Bulaga!'|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a bụ asọmpi ịma mma transgender, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na ihe ngosi telivishọn kachasị ogologo n'ehihie n'ụwa, Eat Bulaga!<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/|title=Nigeria's First Openly Transgender Woman – Miss Sahhara Wins World Pageant in {{sic|Phillipines|hide=y}} {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617055934/http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/}}</ref> N'asọmpi ahụ, ọ nọchitere anya mba a mụrụ ya bụ Naịjirịa iji dọta uche gaa n'àgwà ọjọọ nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na iwu gbasara obodo LGBTQI + na Afrịka.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/372964/publicaffairs/tunaynabuhay/sahhara-s-journey|title=Sahhara's journey|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=7 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/372964/publicaffairs/tunaynabuhay/sahhara-s-journey "Sahhara's journey"]. ''GMA News Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/world/2014/11/17/state-lgbt-equality-africa|title=The State of LGBT Equality in Africa|date=17 November 2014|publisher=advocate.com|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/nigerian-representative-at-transgender-pageant-in|title=Nigerian Representative at Transgender Pageant in the Philippines|date=9 July 2014|publisher=kenyabuzz.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe a jụrụ Miss saHHara maka oge ọkacha iji nyaa isi nke ndụ ya na ngalaba ajụjụ na azịza nke Mazị Colin Kerr, ọ zara:<blockquote>Oge kachasị iji nyaa isi nke ndụ m bụ ịnọ n'ọgbọ a ugbu a. Mgbe m na-etolite, enwere m nrọ a nke ịghọ eze nwanyị n'elu nkwago ma na-eme ihe nkiri. Ma enweghị m ike n'ihi na amụrụ m nwoke. Ana m eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu nke nne m ma na-eme ka à ga-asị n'ihu enyo na abụ m onye asọmpi. Ya mere ịnọ ebe a taa na inwe ohere ndị a dị ka nwanyị mara mma bụ nrọ bịara na mmezu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/ "Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide"]. TDSTV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref></blockquote>Miss Universe n'afọ1973, Margarita Moran-Floirendo kpuwere ya okpueze n'ihu ọtụtụ nde ndị na-ekiri ya n'ụwa niile.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/ "Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide"]. TDSTV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> O kwenyeghí na nke a mgbe e kpunyere ya okpueze, o dere ihe ndị a na Facebook: <nowiki>''</nowiki>O CHỊM o! E meririm! Amaghị m na ọ bụ eziokwu! Ikekwe m ga-eteta site na nrọ a dị ịtụnanya n'otu nkeji! Aka m na-acha uhie uhie site n'aka m na-apịa onwe m mgbe niile ka m teta site na nrọ a mara mma! Ịhụnanya juru m anya! Philippines bụ n'ezie ebe obibi pụrụ iche iche n'ebe obibi. "<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/69964.html|title=Ms Sahhara Brings Miss World Transgender Competition Trophy Home ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Ndimele|first=Manuel|date=19 July 2014|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=22 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere Miss Trans Global, asọmpi transgender dijitalụ, a malitere n'afọ 2020 iji mee ka a mara maka nsogbu nke ndị LGBTIQ n'ụwa niile. Mbipụta mbụ nke asọmpi ahụ ka emere n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na 12th nke Septemba, afọ 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/|title=First Miss Trans Global is Pinay|accessdate=2022-06-13|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005071456/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.starobserver.com.au/news/the-first-pride-afrique-will-celebrate-queer-african-stories/196828|title=The First Pride Afrique Will Celebrate Queer African Stories|date=21 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-14|title=She is beauty, she is grace—Mela Habijan is the new Miss Trans Global|url=https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn|accessdate=2021-10-05|work=Preen.ph|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005073601/https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere na ọrụ nkwado == Miss saHHara malitere ọrụ mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha a na-akpọ TransValid n'afọ 2014. Òtù ahụ malitere na mkpasa ozi #IamValid na #YouAreValid, ebe ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ndị nsonye ha mere vidiyo nke onwe ha na-ekwupụta nkwado ha maka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign (video) {{!}} Nigerian: Breaking News In Nigeria {{!}} Laila's Blog|work=www.lailasblog.com|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=3 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703130710/http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign [video] - Jade African|date=27 June 2015|work=Jade African|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003606/http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/}}</ref> Dị ka nkwupụta ozi nke nzukọ ahụ si kwuo, ha nwere olileanya 'ịkwado echiche na-ezighị ezi, egwu, na ịkpọasị nke ndị transgender n'ụwa niile. Site na TransValid, ọ na-atụ anya ịkụziri ndị mmadụ ihe gbasara nsogbu mgbanwe ọdịdị okike site na iji mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na nnọkọ ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/mission/|title=Mission|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=25 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425150849/http://transvalid.org/mission/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/472344-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-releases-new-photos.html|title=Nigerian Man Who Turned into A Woman Sizzles in New Photos ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Odunayo|first=Adams|date=26 June 2015|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=18 May 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2015, Miss saHHara mepụtara obere ihe nkiri maka TransValid nke akpọrọ The Deadly Price of Transphobia na Brazil, Vidio ahụ gosipụtara ihe isi ike na ihe ize ndụ nke ibi na [[Brazil]] dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/|title=Deadly Price of Transphobia in Brazil|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=23 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623213825/http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emneon.com.br/2015/08/ong-londrina-faz-documentario-sobre.html|title=Ong londrina faz documentário sobre transfobia no Brasil|publisher=emneon.com.br|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yagg.com/?post_type=post&p=93925|title=Montrer la violence, c'est le seul moyen d'attirer l'attention sur le nombre effrayant de morts et de violences contre les personnes trans' en Amérique du Sud|accessdate=7 May 2016|date=16 August 2015}}</ref> N'abalị́ iri atọ na otu nke ọnwa Machị afọ 2016,bụ International Transgender Day of Visibility, ya na Aleika Barros, Miss Trans Universe 2015 na ndị ọzọ gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara mma iji mee ka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara maka obodo gburugburu ụwa site na mgbasa ozi akpọrọ ''<nowiki/>'Abụ m Trans na enwere m ikike ibi ndụ''' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/|title=CAMPAIGN: 'I AM TRANS AND I HAVE THE RIGHT TO LIFE'|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=29 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429173325/http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/|title=Nigerian transgender, Ms Sahhara releases photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|date=31 March 2016|work=CityPeople Magazine Nigeria {{!}} Nigerian Celerbrities {{!}} Entertainment {{!}} Stars|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=1 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042759/http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara, Shares New Sexy Photos To Celebrate Transgender Day of Visibility - INFORMATION NIGERIA|work=INFORMATION NIGERIA|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=14 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914234128/http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html|title=DIPLOMATIC PORCH: Miss SahHara releases 'reflective' photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|publisher=diplomaticporch.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=5 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605094049/http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html}}</ref> == Ngosipụta telivishọn == * Ihe omume abụọ nke 'Lady Boys: Oge 2 na Sky Living, na-enyocha ndụ ụmụ nwanyị transgender na Thailand na karịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/index.php?title=Ladyboys:_Series_2|title=Ladyboys: Series 2|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-guide/friday-january-11-20130109-2cfbl.html|title=LADYBOYS|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=8 May 2016|date=9 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/?title=Ladyboys|title=Ladyboys|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> * Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide na GMA Network<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/video/211509/24oras/miss-sahhara-ng-nigeria-wagi-sa-super-sireyna-worldwide|title=Miss Sahhara ng Nigeria, wagi sa Super Sireyna Worldwide|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> * Unang Hirit Morning show<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> * Tunay Na Buhay gbara ajụjụ ọnụ site na Rhea Santos<ref name=":7"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|work=YouTube|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref> * Mars * BBC's in Her Shoes: #BBCIdentity<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Aha ndị a na-eme ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Aha !Afọ !Ntinye !Mba |- |Super Sireyna n'ụwa niile<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/|title=Nigerian bet wins Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014|date=19 July 2014|publisher=normannorman.com|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008165609/https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/}}</ref> |2014 |Onye mmeri |Philippines |- |Miss International Queen<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html|title=MIQ Official Website|author=Miss International Queen|first=Pattaya, Thailand|date=4 November 2011|work=Miss International Queen|publisher=Miss International Queen|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=18 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618010000/http://missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%E2%80%9Csammy%E2%80%9D-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/|title=Stunning Miss "Sammy" Thai Ladyboy Wins Pattaya Miss International Queen 2011|author=PATTAYA DAILY NEWS|first=Thailand|publisher=PDN|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=16 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116020144/http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%e2%80%9csammy%e2%80%9d-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/}}</ref> |2011 |Onye nke mbụ na-esote |Thailand |- |Vogue: International Diva throwing a strop<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up|title=It's A Balls Up|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610202826/http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up}}</ref> |2009 |Onye mmeri |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |- |Miss Exilio<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heyevent.uk/event/v7ho2bdqkdltma/mr-miss-exilio-pageant-a-world-aids-event|title=Mr & Miss Exilio Pageant - A World Aids Event – Heyevent.uk|work=heyevent.uk|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> |2005 |Onye mmeri |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |- |Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe|title=Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish|author=Bramley|first=Ellie Violet|date=20 October 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBramley2014">Bramley, Ellie Violet (20 October 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe "Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/|title=Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World|publisher=alternativemissworld.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2016|archivedate=6 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006122101/http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/#/history/amw2004/who}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. alternativemissworld.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> | |Onye nke mbụ na-esote |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |} == Edensibia/ ndetu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160508163121/http://misssahhara.com/ Miss saHHara's Official Website] * [http://transvalid.org/ Òtù Tranvalid] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lx82o16xjrxq2mabb7a3s5fgmgiwi1s 674238 674237 2026-07-08T19:58:34Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ihe ngosi ịgosi mma */ 674238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Super Sireyna Worldwide.jpg|thumb|Super Sireyna Worldwide]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Miss Sahhara (nke a na-akpọ '''Miss saHHara''', nke a na-akpọ dị ka Sahara) bụ eze nwanyị mara mma nke Britain na Naijiria<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/yemmynisting/2014/08/03/nigerian-trans-woman-ms-saharra-wins-ms-super-sireyna-worldwide-eat-your-heart-out-transphobic-nigeria/|title=Nigerian Trans woman, Ms Sahhara, wins Ms Super Sireyna Worldwide: Eat your heart out Transphobic Nigeria!|date=3 August 2014|work=YEMMYnisting|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>, onye na-eme ihe ngosi ejiji, onye na-agụ egwu / onye na-ede egwu, na onye na-akwado nweta ikike mmadụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/|title=DISCLAIMER {{!}} Miss saHHara putting the record straight|work=www.misssahhara.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-11-03|archivedate=2017-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014747/http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-36168661/trans-woman-i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/miss-sahhara/here-is-an-objective-view-of-my-life-story-so-far/478139739052647/|title=Here is an objective view of my life story so far|work=www.facebook.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name="BBC IDENTITY">{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html|title=Meet Nigerian Model Who Was Once Male|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=18 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818054310/http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html}}</ref><ref name="naija">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5439415/|title=IMDB Miss Sahhara|work=imdb.com|accessdate=Mar 31, 2019}}</ref> A maara ya maka ịnọchite anya Naịjirịa na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa iji dọta uche na nsogbu nke ndị LGBTQI + na Afrịka.<ref name="pulse">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=15 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115225018/http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ịbụ nwanyí mbụ si Naijiria pụtara n'ihu ọha na mgbasa ozi mba ụwa n'oge asọmpi ịgosi mma Miss International Queen na Pattaya, Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/scars-of-prejudice-underlie-glamour-of-transgender-pageant-20111107-1n3s0.html|title=Scars of prejudice underlie glamour of transgender pageant|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=7 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/|title=#7 - The Story of Nigeria's First Transgender Woman|publisher=Africa.com|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611060244/http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gistus.com/10471/nigerias-transgender-beauty-queen-2nd-international-queen-pageant|title=Nigeria's first transgender beauty queen comes 2nd in Miss International Queen pageant|date=22 May 2012|work=Gist Us|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transgriot.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/miss-international-queen-2011-ends-in.html|title=TransGriot: Miss International Queen 2011 Ends In Controversy|work=transgriot.blogspot.co.uk|date=4 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014, e chiri ya onye mbụ Super Sireyna Worldwide na Manila, Philippines. Nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị nwanyí isi ojii mbụ gbanwere ọdịdị ya e chiri onye mmeri na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/372964/publicaffairs/tunaynabuhay/sahhara-s-journey|title=Sahhara's journey|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/07/22/1348848/other-winners-other-competitions|title=Other winners, other competitions|work=The Philippine Star|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371926/publicaffairs/kapusomojessicasoho/super-sireyna-more-heart-than-beauty|title=Super Sireyna: More heart than beauty|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/07/nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-wins-super-sireyna-pageantry-in-philippines/|title=Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson Wins Super Sireyna Pageant in Philippines|work=BellaNaija|date=19 July 2014|accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe o meriri Super Sireyna Worldwide, o hiwere otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke a na-akpọ TransValid Ọ bụkwa onye nkatọ iwu mkpọrọ afọ iri na anọ nke ndị LGBTQI + na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-39271690|title=Why transgender Africans turned against a famous feminist|author=Mohan|first=Megha|date=2017-03-16|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and a human rights advocate|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611040159/http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.linkedin.com/in/sahhara|title=Miss saHHara {{!}} LinkedIn|work=uk.linkedin.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-transgender-recognition-campaign-video/|title="I AM VALID"- Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins Transgender Recognition Campaign (video)|date=26 June 2015|publisher=360Nobs.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/01/nigerians-are-so-stupid-nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-reacts-to-same-sex-bill/|title="Nigerians are so Stupid" – Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson reacts to Same Sex Bill|work=BellaNaija|date=14 January 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-anti-gay-laws-us-puts-pressure-president-buhari-allow-same-sex-unions-1511028|title=Nigeria anti-gay laws: US puts pressure on President Buhari to allow same-sex unions|date=15 July 2015|work=International Business Times UK|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html|title=Anti-Gay Law: Nigerian Transgender Miss SaHHara Blasts Nigeria|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=15 January 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023450/http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/|title=Nigeria's Transgender Iris Sahhara Reacts To Nigeria's Gay Marriage Prohibition - MJ Celebrity Magazine|date=14 January 2014|work=MJ Celebrity Magazine|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=24 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724053100/http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/}}</ref> Onye kọwara onwe ya dị ka"onye ọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi maka ejiji na ngosi mma", nzere ya na mbipụta ya sitere na izu ejiji ruo na mkpuchi nke magazin na mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nashvibes.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-poses-nude-for-mask-magazine/|title=Nigerian TransGender Miss Sahhara poses nude for Mask Magazine - The NashVibes|date=20 October 2014|work=The NashVibes|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/auramagazine6/docs/aura_issue_3_june_2015|title=AURA Magazine Issue #3- PAGE 41|work=Issuu|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/|title=Nigerian transgender Ms Sahhara covers new issue of Transliving|date=20 December 2014|work=#ANOTHERGIST|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808235222/http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.retoxmagazine.com/lfw-ziad-ghanem-aw11-show.html|title=London Fashion Week AW11 Fashion Designer Ziad Ghanem|publisher=retoxmagazine.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Mgbe ọ na-etolite, o kwuru n'ụzọ a ma ama na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ dabara n'echiche okpukpe na nke nchekwa nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jappah|first=Jlateh V.|date=1 March 2013|title=The convergence of American and Nigerian religious conservatism in a biopolitical shaping of Nigeria's HIV/AIDS prevention programmes|journal=Global Public Health|volume=8|issue=3|pages=312–325|doi=10.1080/17441692.2013.765023|issn=1744-1692|pmid=23391163}}</ref> Ibi n'ime ime obodo [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ ghara ịma banyere ọnọdụ ahụike ya nke a maara dị ka gender dysphoria. O kwuru na mmetụta ọ na-enwe mgbe niile nke ịchọrọ igosipụta onwe ya dị ka nwanyị mere ka ọ dị ya ka ọ furu efu, dị ka a ga-asị na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma na ya. Ọ chọrọ Okpukpere chi ga-enye ya olileanya ọgwụgwọ, na-ekpegara Chineke ekpere ka o mee ya nwanyị mgbe ọ tolitere.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY222">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=In Her Shoes|author=BBC|work=BBC News}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwere nsogbu njirimara ya, o kpebiri ịwere ndụ ya, ebe ọ bụ na ndị pastọ nọ na chọọchị ya na ndị gbara ya gburugburu nọgidere na-agwa ya na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma banyere njirimara nwanyị ya. O kwuru na ọ nwaala igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ ma lanarị.<ref name=":0222">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbalị igbu onwe ya mere ka o kpebisie ike ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] gaa n'obodo na-anabata ma ọ bụ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'igbu onwe ya na mgbalị igbu onwe ya nke atọ.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY"/> Ọ malitere ịchọ azịza maka ọnọdụ ya na otu o nwere ike isi jisie okwukwe ya na onye ọ na-atụ anya ịbụ n'ọdịnihu. Ọ chọtara udo na nchọpụta na ọ dịghị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ onye okpukpe iji bie ndụ dị mma.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":0222"/> === A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na Naịjirịa === Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, a kpọchiri ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Naijiria n'ihi omume nwanyị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ynaija.com/i-was-jailed-in-nigeria-for-being-transgender-meet-the-nigerian-lady-who-claimed-she-was-imprisoned-for-being-gay-read-photos/|title="I was jailed in Nigeria for being transgender": Meet the Nigerian 'lady' who claimed she was imprisoned for being 'gay' (READ, PHOTOS) - YNaija|date=21 November 2013|work=YNaija|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ gbara ya ume ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], n'ihi na ihe ọzọ gaara eme ka ọ kwụsị ndụ ya nke ọma. O chetara ahụmahụ ya na edemede a na-emetụ n'ahụ o dere maka Gay Star News na Transgender Day of Remembrance n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2013, nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi n'ịntanetị bipụtara ọzọ:<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2013/11/22/nigerias-first-male-transgender-woman-iris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-was-jailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay! {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html|title=AlabamUncut|author=Culled|first=GaysterNews|date=7 May 2016|work=|accessdate=13 June 2022|archivedate=16 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416052344/http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html}}</ref><blockquote>Ọ dị m ka m nwee ike ịgwa onwe na-eto eto onye nwara igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ na ndụ na-akawanye mma na nrọ na-abịakea na mmezu. Echeghị m na ndụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ijuanya ọtụtụ afọ gara aga mgbe a tọhapụrụ m n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị egwu nke Naijiria maka ịdị iche. Mgbe ahụ, naanị ihe m nwere ike iche bụ na m nwere ike ịnwụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ a ma ọ dịghị onye ga-ama ma ọ bụ lekọta ya. Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ chere na ọ bụ ihe ziri ezi, na-atụle na a na-ata m ahụhụ maka ịbụ 'onye na-edina ụdị onwe ya' dịka ha chere n'ihi ọdịdị nwanyị m na omume m. Abụghị m nwoke n'edina nwoke, abụ m nwanyị a mụrụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'ihi nkwarụ okike. Ihe m chere adabaghị n'ọdịdị m. Ịbụ nwoke mgbe a mụrụ m anaghị eme ka m bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ọ dịghị onye amụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, a mụrụ gị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, mgbe ahụ ị na-etolite n'ime nwoke ị họọrọ ka ị na-etolite wee mee ka ị bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị. Nye m, nwoke na nwanyị ahụ bụ nwanyị. A mụrụ m nwoke mana ụbụrụ m, mmegharị aka m, atụmatụ m na mbuli ahum m na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nke nwanyị. Ịzụlite na amaghị ihe na-eme n'ahụ m mere ka m nwee mgbagwoju anya ma tọọ n'echiche. Enweghị m ike iso ndị ezinụlọ m kwurịta ya n'ihi na a na-akatọ ọdịdị nwanyị m anya n'ihi okpukpe ha ma enweghị m ike ịgwa ndị enyi m okwu n'ihi na ha agaghị aghọta ihe m na-agabiga. Enwetara m nkasi obi na egwu na nrọ. Enwere m olileanya nke ịbụ onye nweere onwe m , enweghị mkparị, enweghị ikpe na enweghị nsogbu.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coolnaijagist.wordpress.com/2014/06/19/nigerias-first-male-transgender-womaniris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-wasjailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay!|author=coolnaijagist|date=19 June 2014|work=Coolnaijagist Entertainment|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html|title=Nigerian Model And Singer Has Been Jailed And Attempted Suicide Because She Was Transgende8203;r.Read her story|author=Akosa/Nigeriafilms.com|first=Joy|publisher=nigeriafilms.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=2 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602145711/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay|title=Tragic life of Super Sireyna winner Miss Sahhara depicted on Tunay na Buhay|date=28 July 2014|work=pep.ph|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172507/http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay}}</ref></blockquote> Ngabiga ya na [[Nigeria Police Force|ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ chọọ [[wiktionary:refuge|ebe mgbaba]] na [[London]], United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/|title=Sahhara|work=Sketch Films|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617144317/http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/}}</ref> === Ndụ ọhụrụ na United Kingdom === Ọ hapụrụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] n'afọ 2004 iji biri na United Kingdom. Mgbe ahụ, ọ nwetara echiche sara mbara banyere gender dysphoria ya. Ọ malitere ịhụ ndị dọkịta nyeere ya aka site na njem ya ibụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gists|first=Naija|title=Nigerian Man Who Became A Woman, Transgendered Oche Clifford Jailed In Nigeria|url=https://naijagists.com/nigerian-man-who-became-a-woman-transgendered-oche-clifford-jailed-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2020-11-12|language=en-US}}</ref> O kwuru na ndụ ọhụrụ ya na UK dị ka eluigwe nọ n'ụwa n'ihi na ọ na-ebi ugbu a dị ka ezi onwe ya. O nwetara ebe obibi nke abụ abụ na Madam Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret na Soho, West End nke London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.designmynight.com/london/whats-on/something-a-little-different-events/kitsch-cabaret|title=Madame Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret The Drury Club London {{!}} DesignMyNight|publisher=designmynight.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allinlondon.co.uk/whats-on.php?event=53516|title=Kitsch Cabaret, Madame Jojo's, 8-10 Brewer Street, London, W1F 0SE. Tel 020 7734 3040. - Theatre Event in London|author=London|first=The Kolberg Partnership|work=AllinLondon|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> O mere ngosipụta oru ebe ahụ afọ iri ruo n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014 mgbe emechiri ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/nov/24/madame-jojos-legendary-soho-nightclub-forced-close|title=Madame Jojo's, legendary Soho nightclub, forced to close|author=Ellis-Petersen|first=Hannah|date=24 November 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Ya na Scott Houzet dere ma mepụta ụfọdụ egwu na ọrụ egwu nke mbụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/%25EF%25BF%25BD++%253C%25EF%25BF%25BDMiss+saHHara/+wiki|title=Last.fm|work=last.fm|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theheroines.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/interview-with-miss-sahhara.html|title=The Heroines of My Life: Interview with Miss saHHara|work=theheroines.blogspot.co.uk|date=31 March 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> === Ihe nlereanya ejiji === Ọ pụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi catwalk na London na ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2011/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2011-12 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107114018/https://www.vogue.co.uk/shows/autumn-winter-2011-ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref> O mere ihe ngosi nlereanya ejiji nye Ziad Ghanem na London Fashion Week maka oge engosi jiji nke anọ.<ref name=":13"/><ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2010-11 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610221225/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Spring/Summer 2012 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610225633/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref> O sonyekwara na njiharị ejiji ruo ihe karịrị afọ ise ma gosipụta otu oge atụmatụ ejiji ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sahhara-london-alternative-fashion-week-24-april-2009-26742335.html|title=Stock Photo - Sahhara, London Alternative Fashion Week, 24 April 2009|author=Limited|first=Alamy|work=Alamy|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> === Agụmakwụkwọ === Miss sahhara gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere masta na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na Mahadum London Metropolitan. O kwuru na ibe mgbasa ozi ya na ọ chọrọ ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na ọmụmụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://misssahhara.com/biography/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and founder of TransValid.org.|work=Official Website{{!}}Miss saHHara|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120153403/http://www.misssahhara.com/biography/}}</ref> Ikekwe, nke ga enye ya olu a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi mgbe ọ na-akụziri ndị mmadụ banyere Mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ. === Aha iwu kwadoro === Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ akụkọ Naịjirịa na ndị na-ede blọgụ na-arụtụ aka ugboro ugboro na tweet [[Ebuka Obi-Uchendu]], nke o kwuru na ọ maara Miss saHHara dị ka 'Clifford Oche'.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Ebuka/status/204697212817653760|title=Then I open the page and it turns out to be Oché! Some dude who was popular in Abuja many years ago for being unapologetically effeminate...|author=Obi-Uchendu|first=Ebuka|date=21 May 2012|work=@Ebuka|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news|url=http://that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman... - that1960chick.com|date=2012-05-22|work=that1960chick.com|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman… {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":14" /> Miss saHHara jụrụ nkwupụta ahụ ma jụ ibipụta aha ọmụmụ ya n'ozuzu, ọ siri ọnwụ na ibipụta aha ochie ya na foto ya enweghị mkpa maka onye ọ ghọrọ ibu. Ọ kowara na ọjọọ aha echefu ru echefu na onye ndi gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha nnọchịanya n'ekwesighi ha nwere ogho ọma eweta nke bu akpọmasi na ikpa oke site n' enweghị ezi nhọpụta banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha na gburugburu ụwa. O kwukwara na Ọrịa Sahhara Henson abụghị aha aguru ya,na <nowiki>''Henson''bụ njirimara nnọchịanya o kepụtara iji kwụsị ndị n'éfè blogg I gbasa aha ya.ya mere ọ kpebiri na ọ gaghị egosiputa ezi aha ya ma ka egwu n'atu ya n'ihi ụdị mmaja transphobia na mmaja ọnwụ ọ n'</nowiki>enweta na websaiti === Esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ === A maara ya maka esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ Naịjirịa. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime arụmụka ya na ha sitere na akụkọ ha bipụtara banyere ya, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ ''<nowiki/>'ụgha''', na edemede transphobic doro anya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịkpọ ya "nwoke gbanwere ọdịdị ya" na ịjụ iji nnọchiaha nwanyị kọwaa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rawgistafrica.com/2016/02/photos-nigerian-transgender-man-ms.html|title=Photos: Nigerian Transgender Man, Ms Sahhara Flaunts Cleàvage {{!}} RawGist|work=www.rawgistafrica.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/she-is-fake-ex-school-mate-tears-miss-sahhara-apart-id2990962.html|title=She Is Fake: Ex-School Mate Tears Miss SaHHara Apart|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 July 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ na-aga na Facebook ya mgbe niile iji bipụta nzaghachi banyere isiokwu ndị ọ na-ewere dị ka transphobic na imebi ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ekere ha.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Pulse">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/setting-the-record-straight-i-have-always-been-a-woman-miss-sahhara-id4187904.html|title=Setting The Record Straight: 'I have always been a woman' - Miss Sahhara|author=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=21 September 2015|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.helloafrica.ga/i-make-a-better-looking-woman-than-you-ms-sahhara-claps-back-at-a-hater-on-facebook/|title=I make a better looking woman than you- Ms Sahhara claps back at a hater on Facebook - Hello Africa|date=10 May 2016|work=Hello Africa|accessdate=12 May 2016}}</ref> O siri ọnwụ na nzaghachi ya abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nye ndị na-ede ma na-ekwu okwu banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ngalaba ọha. Usoro "mmụta" ya dị ka ọ dịrị kwuo nwere ike mgbe ụfọdụ jedebe na arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ma ọ bụ agha okwu nye ya na ndị na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/twisted-miss-sahhara-and-fan-in-war-of-words-id3278164.html|title=Twisted: Miss Sahhara And Fan In War Of Words|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 November 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> Okwu ya megide okpukpe emebeghị nke ọma na nti ndị Naijiria. Mgbe ọ bụla ọ na-ede isiokwu ọ bụla metụtara okpukpe, ihe odide ya na-adọta nzaghachi iwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-was-a-common-buddhist-monk-id2934382.html|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=23 June 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/2014/06/23/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-common-buddhist-monk/|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Reserved|first=Naijaloaded 2016 All Rights|date=23 June 2014|work=Naijaloaded {{!}} Nigeria No. 1 Online Portal|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> O kwuru na okpukpe niile bụ mmegbu ma bụrụ ihe ochie. Ọ nwetara nkatọ site n'aka ndị nkwado ya ha na-ekwu na ọ aka mmá ya ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ nkwado ya kama ikwupụta echiche ya banyere isiokwu ndị na-akpata nkewa dịka okpukpe. N'enweghị nsogbu site na nkatọ ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-ekwupụta obi nkoropụ ya banyere ihe mere ndị Afrịka ji jụ ịjụ okwukwe ha nke ọ kpọrọ "Colonial relic".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,342651.0.html|title=Untold Story Of Miss Sahara, The Nigerian Man From Idoma Transformed To A Woman (Photos+Video) - Gistmania|date=2017-04-09|work=www.gistmania.com|accessdate=2020-02-06}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2016, o dere ogologo akwụkwọ na nzaghachi maka akụkọ ndị na-ede blọgụ n'Afrịka bipụtara banyere mpụta ya na BBC Africa's in Her Shoes, ndị na-ede blọgụ kwuru na ọ na-aghọ onwe ya aghọ na Naịjirịa dị ka "nwoke na-edina nwoke", ya mere o kpebiri ịgbanwe gaa na nwanyị.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY">{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Miss saHHara gara na peeji mgbasa ozi ya iji kụziere ndị na-ede blọgụ, ebe ọ boro ha ebubo na ha na-akwalite transphobia site n'ịkọ akụkọ na-ezighi ezi; "Nke a abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/|title=DISCLAIMER {{!}} Miss saHHara putting the record straight|work=www.misssahhara.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> O mere ka o doo anya na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ nwoke, na ndowe onwe ya dị ka nwanyị esiteghị n'aka onye ọ bụla ma e wezụga onwe ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/sahhara/posts/446427888890499|title=Miss saHHara - #LindaIkeji TO LINDA IKEJI ET AL., this is... {{!}} Facebook|work=www.facebook.com|accessdate=2016-05-06}}</ref> Ihe odide ahụ nwetara ihe karịrị otu narị okwu iji kwado ma megide nkwupụta ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theheraldng.com/linda-ikeji-others-dragged-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara/|title=Linda Ikeji, Others Dragged By Nigerian Transgender Miss Sahhara - The Herald News Nigeria|date=4 May 2016|work=The Herald News Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freshbaze.com/stop-addressing-me-as-a-man-transgender-miss-sahhara-to-linda-ikeji-others/|title="Stop Addressing Me As A Man" – Transgender Miss Sahhara To Linda Ikeji, Others {{!}} FreshBaze.com|date=4 May 2016|publisher=FreshBaze.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ịgosi mma == Ọrụ asọmpi ya malitere mgbe ọ kwagara London, England n'afọ 2004. O kwuru na ịhụnanya ya gbasara ịgosi mma na ije nsere ọkpa ya nọgidere na-abawanye kemgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ọ na-eji "tmkpisi ọnụ ọkpa", n'ihi na a naghị ekwe ka ọ na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu na Naịjirịa. Ọ kụziri nsere ọkpa na ịgosi mma n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma tupu ọ kwaga United Kingdom. Ọ bụ onye soro sọọ asọmpi na Andrew Logan 's Alternative Miss World mgbe mbụ ọ kwagara London, <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe|title=Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish|author=Bramley|first=Ellie Violet|date=20 October 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> na-anọchite anya Nigeria. Ọ gbara onye nke abụọ. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/#/history/amw2004/who|title=Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World|publisher=alternativemissworld.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ bụ onye soro sọọ mpi na asọmpi Miss International Queen beauty pageant, na-anọchite anya [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. N'oge asọmpi ahụ, ọ pụtara na mgbasa ozi ụwa dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ya nke Naijiria luru ọgụ maka nnabata na ịha nhata nke LGBTQI + ndị ọzọ na Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gistus.com/10471/nigerias-transgender-beauty-queen-2nd-international-queen-pageant|title=Nigeria's first transgender beauty queen comes 2nd in Miss International Queen pageant|date=22 May 2012|work=Gist Us|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.gistus.com/10471/nigerias-transgender-beauty-queen-2nd-international-queen-pageant "Nigeria's first transgender beauty queen comes 2nd in Miss International Queen pageant"]. ''Gist Us''. 22 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/video/163723-miss-saharra-nigeria-s-trans-gender-beauty-queen-participates-in-miss-international-queen-pageant.html|title=Miss Saharra, Nigeria's Trans-Gender Beauty Queen Participates in Miss International Queen Pageant|work=Online Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/stars-replace-scars-in-pageant-fit-for-queens-20111107-1n3qv.html|title=Stars replace scars in pageant fit for queens|author=Pattaya|first=Lindsay Murdoch|date=8 November 2011|work=The Age|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.therealgeordiearmani.com/miss-international-queen/|title=Miss International Queen - Geordie Armani|date=23 May 2012|work=Geordie Armani|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, o meriri aha mbụ ya na mba ụwa, Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 na Manila, Philippines .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371076/showbiz/chikaminute/ms-nigeria-wagi-bilang-unang-super-sireyna-worldwide-ng-eat-bulaga|title=Ms. Nigeria, wagi bilang unang Super Sireyna Worldwide ng 'Eat Bulaga!'|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a bụ asọmpi ịma mma transgender, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na ihe ngosi telivishọn kachasị ogologo n'ehihie n'ụwa, Eat Bulaga!<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/|title=Nigeria's First Openly Transgender Woman – Miss Sahhara Wins World Pageant in {{sic|Phillipines|hide=y}} {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617055934/http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/}}</ref> N'asọmpi ahụ, ọ nọchitere anya mba a mụrụ ya bụ Naịjirịa iji dọta uche gaa n'àgwà ọjọọ nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na iwu gbasara obodo LGBTQI + na Afrịka.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/world/2014/11/17/state-lgbt-equality-africa|title=The State of LGBT Equality in Africa|date=17 November 2014|publisher=advocate.com|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/nigerian-representative-at-transgender-pageant-in|title=Nigerian Representative at Transgender Pageant in the Philippines|date=9 July 2014|publisher=kenyabuzz.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe a jụrụ Miss saHHara maka oge ọkacha iji nyaa isi nke ndụ ya na ngalaba ajụjụ na azịza nke Mazị Colin Kerr, ọ zara:<blockquote>Oge kachasị iji nyaa isi nke ndụ m bụ ịnọ n'ọgbọ a ugbu a. Mgbe m na-etolite, enwere m nrọ a nke ịghọ eze nwanyị n'elu nkwago ma na-eme ihe nkiri. Ma enweghị m ike n'ihi na amụrụ m nwoke. Ana m eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu nke nne m ma na-eme ka à ga-asị n'ihu enyo na abụ m onye asọmpi. Ya mere ịnọ ebe a taa na inwe ohere ndị a dị ka nwanyị mara mma bụ nrọ bịara na mmezu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/ "Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide"]. TDSTV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref></blockquote>Miss Universe n'afọ1973, Margarita Moran-Floirendo kpuwere ya okpueze n'ihu ọtụtụ nde ndị na-ekiri ya n'ụwa niile.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/ "Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide"]. TDSTV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> O kwenyeghí na nke a mgbe e kpunyere ya okpueze, o dere ihe ndị a na Facebook: <nowiki>''</nowiki>O CHỊM o! E meririm! Amaghị m na ọ bụ eziokwu! Ikekwe m ga-eteta site na nrọ a dị ịtụnanya n'otu nkeji! Aka m na-acha uhie uhie site n'aka m na-apịa onwe m mgbe niile ka m teta site na nrọ a mara mma! Ịhụnanya juru m anya! Philippines bụ n'ezie ebe obibi pụrụ iche iche n'ebe obibi. "<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/69964.html|title=Ms Sahhara Brings Miss World Transgender Competition Trophy Home ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Ndimele|first=Manuel|date=19 July 2014|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=22 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere Miss Trans Global, asọmpi transgender dijitalụ, a malitere n'afọ 2020 iji mee ka a mara maka nsogbu nke ndị LGBTIQ n'ụwa niile. Mbipụta mbụ nke asọmpi ahụ ka emere n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na 12th nke Septemba, afọ 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/|title=First Miss Trans Global is Pinay|accessdate=2022-06-13|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005071456/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.starobserver.com.au/news/the-first-pride-afrique-will-celebrate-queer-african-stories/196828|title=The First Pride Afrique Will Celebrate Queer African Stories|date=21 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-14|title=She is beauty, she is grace—Mela Habijan is the new Miss Trans Global|url=https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn|accessdate=2021-10-05|work=Preen.ph|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005073601/https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere na ọrụ nkwado == Miss saHHara malitere ọrụ mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha a na-akpọ TransValid n'afọ 2014. Òtù ahụ malitere na mkpasa ozi #IamValid na #YouAreValid, ebe ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ndị nsonye ha mere vidiyo nke onwe ha na-ekwupụta nkwado ha maka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign (video) {{!}} Nigerian: Breaking News In Nigeria {{!}} Laila's Blog|work=www.lailasblog.com|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=3 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703130710/http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign [video] - Jade African|date=27 June 2015|work=Jade African|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003606/http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/}}</ref> Dị ka nkwupụta ozi nke nzukọ ahụ si kwuo, ha nwere olileanya 'ịkwado echiche na-ezighị ezi, egwu, na ịkpọasị nke ndị transgender n'ụwa niile. Site na TransValid, ọ na-atụ anya ịkụziri ndị mmadụ ihe gbasara nsogbu mgbanwe ọdịdị okike site na iji mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na nnọkọ ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/mission/|title=Mission|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=25 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425150849/http://transvalid.org/mission/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/472344-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-releases-new-photos.html|title=Nigerian Man Who Turned into A Woman Sizzles in New Photos ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Odunayo|first=Adams|date=26 June 2015|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=18 May 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2015, Miss saHHara mepụtara obere ihe nkiri maka TransValid nke akpọrọ The Deadly Price of Transphobia na Brazil, Vidio ahụ gosipụtara ihe isi ike na ihe ize ndụ nke ibi na [[Brazil]] dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/|title=Deadly Price of Transphobia in Brazil|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=23 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623213825/http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emneon.com.br/2015/08/ong-londrina-faz-documentario-sobre.html|title=Ong londrina faz documentário sobre transfobia no Brasil|publisher=emneon.com.br|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yagg.com/?post_type=post&p=93925|title=Montrer la violence, c'est le seul moyen d'attirer l'attention sur le nombre effrayant de morts et de violences contre les personnes trans' en Amérique du Sud|accessdate=7 May 2016|date=16 August 2015}}</ref> N'abalị́ iri atọ na otu nke ọnwa Machị afọ 2016,bụ International Transgender Day of Visibility, ya na Aleika Barros, Miss Trans Universe 2015 na ndị ọzọ gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara mma iji mee ka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara maka obodo gburugburu ụwa site na mgbasa ozi akpọrọ ''<nowiki/>'Abụ m Trans na enwere m ikike ibi ndụ''' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/|title=CAMPAIGN: 'I AM TRANS AND I HAVE THE RIGHT TO LIFE'|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=29 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429173325/http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/|title=Nigerian transgender, Ms Sahhara releases photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|date=31 March 2016|work=CityPeople Magazine Nigeria {{!}} Nigerian Celerbrities {{!}} Entertainment {{!}} Stars|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=1 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042759/http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara, Shares New Sexy Photos To Celebrate Transgender Day of Visibility - INFORMATION NIGERIA|work=INFORMATION NIGERIA|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=14 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914234128/http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html|title=DIPLOMATIC PORCH: Miss SahHara releases 'reflective' photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|publisher=diplomaticporch.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=5 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605094049/http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html}}</ref> == Ngosipụta telivishọn == * Ihe omume abụọ nke 'Lady Boys: Oge 2 na Sky Living, na-enyocha ndụ ụmụ nwanyị transgender na Thailand na karịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/index.php?title=Ladyboys:_Series_2|title=Ladyboys: Series 2|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-guide/friday-january-11-20130109-2cfbl.html|title=LADYBOYS|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=8 May 2016|date=9 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/?title=Ladyboys|title=Ladyboys|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> * Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide na GMA Network<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/video/211509/24oras/miss-sahhara-ng-nigeria-wagi-sa-super-sireyna-worldwide|title=Miss Sahhara ng Nigeria, wagi sa Super Sireyna Worldwide|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> * Unang Hirit Morning show<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> * Tunay Na Buhay gbara ajụjụ ọnụ site na Rhea Santos<ref name=":7"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|work=YouTube|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref> * Mars * BBC's in Her Shoes: #BBCIdentity<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Aha ndị a na-eme ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Aha !Afọ !Ntinye !Mba |- |Super Sireyna n'ụwa niile<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/|title=Nigerian bet wins Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014|date=19 July 2014|publisher=normannorman.com|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008165609/https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/}}</ref> |2014 |Onye mmeri |Philippines |- |Miss International Queen<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html|title=MIQ Official Website|author=Miss International Queen|first=Pattaya, Thailand|date=4 November 2011|work=Miss International Queen|publisher=Miss International Queen|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=18 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618010000/http://missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%E2%80%9Csammy%E2%80%9D-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/|title=Stunning Miss "Sammy" Thai Ladyboy Wins Pattaya Miss International Queen 2011|author=PATTAYA DAILY NEWS|first=Thailand|publisher=PDN|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=16 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116020144/http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%e2%80%9csammy%e2%80%9d-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/}}</ref> |2011 |Onye nke mbụ na-esote |Thailand |- |Vogue: International Diva throwing a strop<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up|title=It's A Balls Up|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610202826/http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up}}</ref> |2009 |Onye mmeri |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |- |Miss Exilio<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heyevent.uk/event/v7ho2bdqkdltma/mr-miss-exilio-pageant-a-world-aids-event|title=Mr & Miss Exilio Pageant - A World Aids Event – Heyevent.uk|work=heyevent.uk|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> |2005 |Onye mmeri |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |- |Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe|title=Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish|author=Bramley|first=Ellie Violet|date=20 October 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBramley2014">Bramley, Ellie Violet (20 October 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe "Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/|title=Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World|publisher=alternativemissworld.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2016|archivedate=6 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006122101/http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/#/history/amw2004/who}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. alternativemissworld.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> | |Onye nke mbụ na-esote |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |} == Edensibia/ ndetu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160508163121/http://misssahhara.com/ Miss saHHara's Official Website] * [http://transvalid.org/ Òtù Tranvalid] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7seflnrdlcz49ns40aws9uona8hngjd 674240 674238 2026-07-08T20:07:51Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ */ 674240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Super Sireyna Worldwide.jpg|thumb|Super Sireyna Worldwide]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Miss Sahhara (nke a na-akpọ '''Miss saHHara''', nke a na-akpọ dị ka Sahara) bụ eze nwanyị mara mma nke Britain na Naijiria<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/yemmynisting/2014/08/03/nigerian-trans-woman-ms-saharra-wins-ms-super-sireyna-worldwide-eat-your-heart-out-transphobic-nigeria/|title=Nigerian Trans woman, Ms Sahhara, wins Ms Super Sireyna Worldwide: Eat your heart out Transphobic Nigeria!|date=3 August 2014|work=YEMMYnisting|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>, onye na-eme ihe ngosi ejiji, onye na-agụ egwu / onye na-ede egwu, na onye na-akwado nweta ikike mmadụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/|title=DISCLAIMER {{!}} Miss saHHara putting the record straight|work=www.misssahhara.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-11-03|archivedate=2017-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014747/http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-36168661/trans-woman-i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/miss-sahhara/here-is-an-objective-view-of-my-life-story-so-far/478139739052647/|title=Here is an objective view of my life story so far|work=www.facebook.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name="BBC IDENTITY">{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html|title=Meet Nigerian Model Who Was Once Male|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=18 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818054310/http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html}}</ref><ref name="naija">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5439415/|title=IMDB Miss Sahhara|work=imdb.com|accessdate=Mar 31, 2019}}</ref> A maara ya maka ịnọchite anya Naịjirịa na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa iji dọta uche na nsogbu nke ndị LGBTQI + na Afrịka.<ref name="pulse">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=15 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115225018/http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ịbụ nwanyí mbụ si Naijiria pụtara n'ihu ọha na mgbasa ozi mba ụwa n'oge asọmpi ịgosi mma Miss International Queen na Pattaya, Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/scars-of-prejudice-underlie-glamour-of-transgender-pageant-20111107-1n3s0.html|title=Scars of prejudice underlie glamour of transgender pageant|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=7 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/|title=#7 - The Story of Nigeria's First Transgender Woman|publisher=Africa.com|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611060244/http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gistus.com/10471/nigerias-transgender-beauty-queen-2nd-international-queen-pageant|title=Nigeria's first transgender beauty queen comes 2nd in Miss International Queen pageant|date=22 May 2012|work=Gist Us|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transgriot.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/miss-international-queen-2011-ends-in.html|title=TransGriot: Miss International Queen 2011 Ends In Controversy|work=transgriot.blogspot.co.uk|date=4 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014, e chiri ya onye mbụ Super Sireyna Worldwide na Manila, Philippines. Nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị nwanyí isi ojii mbụ gbanwere ọdịdị ya e chiri onye mmeri na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/372964/publicaffairs/tunaynabuhay/sahhara-s-journey|title=Sahhara's journey|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/07/22/1348848/other-winners-other-competitions|title=Other winners, other competitions|work=The Philippine Star|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371926/publicaffairs/kapusomojessicasoho/super-sireyna-more-heart-than-beauty|title=Super Sireyna: More heart than beauty|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/07/nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-wins-super-sireyna-pageantry-in-philippines/|title=Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson Wins Super Sireyna Pageant in Philippines|work=BellaNaija|date=19 July 2014|accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe o meriri Super Sireyna Worldwide, o hiwere otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke a na-akpọ TransValid Ọ bụkwa onye nkatọ iwu mkpọrọ afọ iri na anọ nke ndị LGBTQI + na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-39271690|title=Why transgender Africans turned against a famous feminist|author=Mohan|first=Megha|date=2017-03-16|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and a human rights advocate|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611040159/http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.linkedin.com/in/sahhara|title=Miss saHHara {{!}} LinkedIn|work=uk.linkedin.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-transgender-recognition-campaign-video/|title="I AM VALID"- Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins Transgender Recognition Campaign (video)|date=26 June 2015|publisher=360Nobs.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/01/nigerians-are-so-stupid-nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-reacts-to-same-sex-bill/|title="Nigerians are so Stupid" – Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson reacts to Same Sex Bill|work=BellaNaija|date=14 January 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-anti-gay-laws-us-puts-pressure-president-buhari-allow-same-sex-unions-1511028|title=Nigeria anti-gay laws: US puts pressure on President Buhari to allow same-sex unions|date=15 July 2015|work=International Business Times UK|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html|title=Anti-Gay Law: Nigerian Transgender Miss SaHHara Blasts Nigeria|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=15 January 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023450/http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/|title=Nigeria's Transgender Iris Sahhara Reacts To Nigeria's Gay Marriage Prohibition - MJ Celebrity Magazine|date=14 January 2014|work=MJ Celebrity Magazine|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=24 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724053100/http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/}}</ref> Onye kọwara onwe ya dị ka"onye ọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi maka ejiji na ngosi mma", nzere ya na mbipụta ya sitere na izu ejiji ruo na mkpuchi nke magazin na mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nashvibes.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-poses-nude-for-mask-magazine/|title=Nigerian TransGender Miss Sahhara poses nude for Mask Magazine - The NashVibes|date=20 October 2014|work=The NashVibes|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/auramagazine6/docs/aura_issue_3_june_2015|title=AURA Magazine Issue #3- PAGE 41|work=Issuu|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/|title=Nigerian transgender Ms Sahhara covers new issue of Transliving|date=20 December 2014|work=#ANOTHERGIST|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808235222/http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.retoxmagazine.com/lfw-ziad-ghanem-aw11-show.html|title=London Fashion Week AW11 Fashion Designer Ziad Ghanem|publisher=retoxmagazine.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Mgbe ọ na-etolite, o kwuru n'ụzọ a ma ama na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ dabara n'echiche okpukpe na nke nchekwa nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jappah|first=Jlateh V.|date=1 March 2013|title=The convergence of American and Nigerian religious conservatism in a biopolitical shaping of Nigeria's HIV/AIDS prevention programmes|journal=Global Public Health|volume=8|issue=3|pages=312–325|doi=10.1080/17441692.2013.765023|issn=1744-1692|pmid=23391163}}</ref> Ibi n'ime ime obodo [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ ghara ịma banyere ọnọdụ ahụike ya nke a maara dị ka gender dysphoria. O kwuru na mmetụta ọ na-enwe mgbe niile nke ịchọrọ igosipụta onwe ya dị ka nwanyị mere ka ọ dị ya ka ọ furu efu, dị ka a ga-asị na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma na ya. Ọ chọrọ Okpukpere chi ga-enye ya olileanya ọgwụgwọ, na-ekpegara Chineke ekpere ka o mee ya nwanyị mgbe ọ tolitere.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY222">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=In Her Shoes|author=BBC|work=BBC News}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwere nsogbu njirimara ya, o kpebiri ịwere ndụ ya, ebe ọ bụ na ndị pastọ nọ na chọọchị ya na ndị gbara ya gburugburu nọgidere na-agwa ya na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma banyere njirimara nwanyị ya. O kwuru na ọ nwaala igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ ma lanarị.<ref name=":0222">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbalị igbu onwe ya mere ka o kpebisie ike ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] gaa n'obodo na-anabata ma ọ bụ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'igbu onwe ya na mgbalị igbu onwe ya nke atọ.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY"/> Ọ malitere ịchọ azịza maka ọnọdụ ya na otu o nwere ike isi jisie okwukwe ya na onye ọ na-atụ anya ịbụ n'ọdịnihu. Ọ chọtara udo na nchọpụta na ọ dịghị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ onye okpukpe iji bie ndụ dị mma.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":0222"/> === A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na Naịjirịa === Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, a kpọchiri ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Naijiria n'ihi omume nwanyị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ynaija.com/i-was-jailed-in-nigeria-for-being-transgender-meet-the-nigerian-lady-who-claimed-she-was-imprisoned-for-being-gay-read-photos/|title="I was jailed in Nigeria for being transgender": Meet the Nigerian 'lady' who claimed she was imprisoned for being 'gay' (READ, PHOTOS) - YNaija|date=21 November 2013|work=YNaija|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ gbara ya ume ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], n'ihi na ihe ọzọ gaara eme ka ọ kwụsị ndụ ya nke ọma. O chetara ahụmahụ ya na edemede a na-emetụ n'ahụ o dere maka Gay Star News na Transgender Day of Remembrance n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2013, nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi n'ịntanetị bipụtara ọzọ:<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2013/11/22/nigerias-first-male-transgender-woman-iris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-was-jailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay! {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html|title=AlabamUncut|author=Culled|first=GaysterNews|date=7 May 2016|work=|accessdate=13 June 2022|archivedate=16 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416052344/http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html}}</ref><blockquote>Ọ dị m ka m nwee ike ịgwa onwe na-eto eto onye nwara igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ na ndụ na-akawanye mma na nrọ na-abịakea na mmezu. Echeghị m na ndụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ijuanya ọtụtụ afọ gara aga mgbe a tọhapụrụ m n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị egwu nke Naijiria maka ịdị iche. Mgbe ahụ, naanị ihe m nwere ike iche bụ na m nwere ike ịnwụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ a ma ọ dịghị onye ga-ama ma ọ bụ lekọta ya. Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ chere na ọ bụ ihe ziri ezi, na-atụle na a na-ata m ahụhụ maka ịbụ 'onye na-edina ụdị onwe ya' dịka ha chere n'ihi ọdịdị nwanyị m na omume m. Abụghị m nwoke n'edina nwoke, abụ m nwanyị a mụrụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'ihi nkwarụ okike. Ihe m chere adabaghị n'ọdịdị m. Ịbụ nwoke mgbe a mụrụ m anaghị eme ka m bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ọ dịghị onye amụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, a mụrụ gị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, mgbe ahụ ị na-etolite n'ime nwoke ị họọrọ ka ị na-etolite wee mee ka ị bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị. Nye m, nwoke na nwanyị ahụ bụ nwanyị. A mụrụ m nwoke mana ụbụrụ m, mmegharị aka m, atụmatụ m na mbuli ahum m na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nke nwanyị. Ịzụlite na amaghị ihe na-eme n'ahụ m mere ka m nwee mgbagwoju anya ma tọọ n'echiche. Enweghị m ike iso ndị ezinụlọ m kwurịta ya n'ihi na a na-akatọ ọdịdị nwanyị m anya n'ihi okpukpe ha ma enweghị m ike ịgwa ndị enyi m okwu n'ihi na ha agaghị aghọta ihe m na-agabiga. Enwetara m nkasi obi na egwu na nrọ. Enwere m olileanya nke ịbụ onye nweere onwe m , enweghị mkparị, enweghị ikpe na enweghị nsogbu.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coolnaijagist.wordpress.com/2014/06/19/nigerias-first-male-transgender-womaniris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-wasjailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay!|author=coolnaijagist|date=19 June 2014|work=Coolnaijagist Entertainment|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html|title=Nigerian Model And Singer Has Been Jailed And Attempted Suicide Because She Was Transgende8203;r.Read her story|author=Akosa/Nigeriafilms.com|first=Joy|publisher=nigeriafilms.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=2 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602145711/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay|title=Tragic life of Super Sireyna winner Miss Sahhara depicted on Tunay na Buhay|date=28 July 2014|work=pep.ph|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172507/http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay}}</ref></blockquote> Ngabiga ya na [[Nigeria Police Force|ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ chọọ [[wiktionary:refuge|ebe mgbaba]] na [[London]], United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/|title=Sahhara|work=Sketch Films|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617144317/http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/}}</ref> === Ndụ ọhụrụ na United Kingdom === Ọ hapụrụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] n'afọ 2004 iji biri na United Kingdom. Mgbe ahụ, ọ nwetara echiche sara mbara banyere gender dysphoria ya. Ọ malitere ịhụ ndị dọkịta nyeere ya aka site na njem ya ibụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gists|first=Naija|title=Nigerian Man Who Became A Woman, Transgendered Oche Clifford Jailed In Nigeria|url=https://naijagists.com/nigerian-man-who-became-a-woman-transgendered-oche-clifford-jailed-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2020-11-12|language=en-US}}</ref> O kwuru na ndụ ọhụrụ ya na UK dị ka eluigwe nọ n'ụwa n'ihi na ọ na-ebi ugbu a dị ka ezi onwe ya. O nwetara ebe obibi nke abụ abụ na Madam Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret na Soho, West End nke London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.designmynight.com/london/whats-on/something-a-little-different-events/kitsch-cabaret|title=Madame Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret The Drury Club London {{!}} DesignMyNight|publisher=designmynight.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allinlondon.co.uk/whats-on.php?event=53516|title=Kitsch Cabaret, Madame Jojo's, 8-10 Brewer Street, London, W1F 0SE. Tel 020 7734 3040. - Theatre Event in London|author=London|first=The Kolberg Partnership|work=AllinLondon|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> O mere ngosipụta oru ebe ahụ afọ iri ruo n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014 mgbe emechiri ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/nov/24/madame-jojos-legendary-soho-nightclub-forced-close|title=Madame Jojo's, legendary Soho nightclub, forced to close|author=Ellis-Petersen|first=Hannah|date=24 November 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Ya na Scott Houzet dere ma mepụta ụfọdụ egwu na ọrụ egwu nke mbụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/%25EF%25BF%25BD++%253C%25EF%25BF%25BDMiss+saHHara/+wiki|title=Last.fm|work=last.fm|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theheroines.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/interview-with-miss-sahhara.html|title=The Heroines of My Life: Interview with Miss saHHara|work=theheroines.blogspot.co.uk|date=31 March 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> === Ihe nlereanya ejiji === Ọ pụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi catwalk na London na ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2011/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2011-12 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107114018/https://www.vogue.co.uk/shows/autumn-winter-2011-ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref> O mere ihe ngosi nlereanya ejiji nye Ziad Ghanem na London Fashion Week maka oge engosi jiji nke anọ.<ref name=":13"/><ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2010-11 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610221225/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Spring/Summer 2012 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610225633/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref> O sonyekwara na njiharị ejiji ruo ihe karịrị afọ ise ma gosipụta otu oge atụmatụ ejiji ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sahhara-london-alternative-fashion-week-24-april-2009-26742335.html|title=Stock Photo - Sahhara, London Alternative Fashion Week, 24 April 2009|author=Limited|first=Alamy|work=Alamy|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> === Agụmakwụkwọ === Miss sahhara gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere masta na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na Mahadum London Metropolitan. O kwuru na ibe mgbasa ozi ya na ọ chọrọ ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na ọmụmụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://misssahhara.com/biography/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and founder of TransValid.org.|work=Official Website{{!}}Miss saHHara|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120153403/http://www.misssahhara.com/biography/}}</ref> Ikekwe, nke ga enye ya olu a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi mgbe ọ na-akụziri ndị mmadụ banyere Mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ. === Aha iwu kwadoro === Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ akụkọ Naịjirịa na ndị na-ede blọgụ na-arụtụ aka ugboro ugboro na tweet [[Ebuka Obi-Uchendu]], nke o kwuru na ọ maara Miss saHHara dị ka 'Clifford Oche'.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Ebuka/status/204697212817653760|title=Then I open the page and it turns out to be Oché! Some dude who was popular in Abuja many years ago for being unapologetically effeminate...|author=Obi-Uchendu|first=Ebuka|date=21 May 2012|work=@Ebuka|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news|url=http://that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman... - that1960chick.com|date=2012-05-22|work=that1960chick.com|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman… {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":14" /> Miss saHHara jụrụ nkwupụta ahụ ma jụ ibipụta aha ọmụmụ ya n'ozuzu, ọ siri ọnwụ na ibipụta aha ochie ya na foto ya enweghị mkpa maka onye ọ ghọrọ ibu. Ọ kowara na ọjọọ aha echefu ru echefu na onye ndi gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha nnọchịanya n'ekwesighi ha nwere ogho ọma eweta nke bu akpọmasi na ikpa oke site n' enweghị ezi nhọpụta banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha na gburugburu ụwa. O kwukwara na Ọrịa Sahhara Henson abụghị aha aguru ya,na <nowiki>''Henson''bụ njirimara nnọchịanya o kepụtara iji kwụsị ndị n'éfè blogg I gbasa aha ya.ya mere ọ kpebiri na ọ gaghị egosiputa ezi aha ya ma ka egwu n'atu ya n'ihi ụdị mmaja transphobia na mmaja ọnwụ ọ n'</nowiki>enweta na websaiti === Esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ === A maara ya maka esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ Naịjirịa. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime arụmụka ya na ha sitere na akụkọ ha bipụtara banyere ya, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ ''<nowiki/>'ụgha''', na edemede transphobic doro anya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịkpọ ya "nwoke gbanwere ọdịdị ya" na ịjụ iji nnọchiaha nwanyị kọwaa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rawgistafrica.com/2016/02/photos-nigerian-transgender-man-ms.html|title=Photos: Nigerian Transgender Man, Ms Sahhara Flaunts Cleàvage {{!}} RawGist|work=www.rawgistafrica.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/she-is-fake-ex-school-mate-tears-miss-sahhara-apart-id2990962.html|title=She Is Fake: Ex-School Mate Tears Miss SaHHara Apart|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 July 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ na-aga na Facebook ya mgbe niile iji bipụta nzaghachi banyere isiokwu ndị ọ na-ewere dị ka transphobic na imebi ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ekere ha.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Pulse">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/setting-the-record-straight-i-have-always-been-a-woman-miss-sahhara-id4187904.html|title=Setting The Record Straight: 'I have always been a woman' - Miss Sahhara|author=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=21 September 2015|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.helloafrica.ga/i-make-a-better-looking-woman-than-you-ms-sahhara-claps-back-at-a-hater-on-facebook/|title=I make a better looking woman than you- Ms Sahhara claps back at a hater on Facebook - Hello Africa|date=10 May 2016|work=Hello Africa|accessdate=12 May 2016}}</ref> O siri ọnwụ na nzaghachi ya abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nye ndị na-ede ma na-ekwu okwu banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ngalaba ọha. Usoro "mmụta" ya dị ka ọ dịrị kwuo nwere ike mgbe ụfọdụ jedebe na arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ma ọ bụ agha okwu nye ya na ndị na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/twisted-miss-sahhara-and-fan-in-war-of-words-id3278164.html|title=Twisted: Miss Sahhara And Fan In War Of Words|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 November 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> Okwu ya megide okpukpe emebeghị nke ọma na nti ndị Naijiria. Mgbe ọ bụla ọ na-ede isiokwu ọ bụla metụtara okpukpe, ihe odide ya na-adọta nzaghachi iwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-was-a-common-buddhist-monk-id2934382.html|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=23 June 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/2014/06/23/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-common-buddhist-monk/|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Reserved|first=Naijaloaded 2016 All Rights|date=23 June 2014|work=Naijaloaded {{!}} Nigeria No. 1 Online Portal|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> O kwuru na okpukpe niile bụ mmegbu ma bụrụ ihe ochie. Ọ nwetara nkatọ site n'aka ndị nkwado ya ha na-ekwu na ọ aka mmá ya ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ nkwado ya kama ikwupụta echiche ya banyere isiokwu ndị na-akpata nkewa dịka okpukpe. N'enweghị nsogbu site na nkatọ ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-ekwupụta obi nkoropụ ya banyere ihe mere ndị Afrịka ji jụ ịjụ okwukwe ha nke ọ kpọrọ "Colonial relic".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,342651.0.html|title=Untold Story Of Miss Sahara, The Nigerian Man From Idoma Transformed To A Woman (Photos+Video) - Gistmania|date=2017-04-09|work=www.gistmania.com|accessdate=2020-02-06}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2016, o dere ogologo akwụkwọ na nzaghachi maka akụkọ ndị na-ede blọgụ n'Afrịka bipụtara banyere mpụta ya na BBC Africa's in Her Shoes, ndị na-ede blọgụ kwuru na ọ na-aghọ onwe ya aghọ na Naịjirịa dị ka "nwoke na-edina nwoke", ya mere o kpebiri ịgbanwe gaa na nwanyị.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY">{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Miss saHHara gara na peeji mgbasa ozi ya iji kụziere ndị na-ede blọgụ, ebe ọ boro ha ebubo na ha na-akwalite transphobia site n'ịkọ akụkọ na-ezighi ezi; "Nke a abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi."<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> O mere ka o doo anya na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ nwoke, na ndowe onwe ya dị ka nwanyị esiteghị n'aka onye ọ bụla ma e wezụga onwe ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/sahhara/posts/446427888890499|title=Miss saHHara - #LindaIkeji TO LINDA IKEJI ET AL., this is... {{!}} Facebook|work=www.facebook.com|accessdate=2016-05-06}}</ref> Ihe odide ahụ nwetara ihe karịrị otu narị okwu iji kwado ma megide nkwupụta ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theheraldng.com/linda-ikeji-others-dragged-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara/|title=Linda Ikeji, Others Dragged By Nigerian Transgender Miss Sahhara - The Herald News Nigeria|date=4 May 2016|work=The Herald News Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freshbaze.com/stop-addressing-me-as-a-man-transgender-miss-sahhara-to-linda-ikeji-others/|title="Stop Addressing Me As A Man" – Transgender Miss Sahhara To Linda Ikeji, Others {{!}} FreshBaze.com|date=4 May 2016|publisher=FreshBaze.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ịgosi mma == Ọrụ asọmpi ya malitere mgbe ọ kwagara London, England n'afọ 2004. O kwuru na ịhụnanya ya gbasara ịgosi mma na ije nsere ọkpa ya nọgidere na-abawanye kemgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ọ na-eji "tmkpisi ọnụ ọkpa", n'ihi na a naghị ekwe ka ọ na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu na Naịjirịa. Ọ kụziri nsere ọkpa na ịgosi mma n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma tupu ọ kwaga United Kingdom. Ọ bụ onye soro sọọ asọmpi na Andrew Logan 's Alternative Miss World mgbe mbụ ọ kwagara London, <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe|title=Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish|author=Bramley|first=Ellie Violet|date=20 October 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> na-anọchite anya Nigeria. Ọ gbara onye nke abụọ. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/#/history/amw2004/who|title=Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World|publisher=alternativemissworld.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ bụ onye soro sọọ mpi na asọmpi Miss International Queen beauty pageant, na-anọchite anya [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. N'oge asọmpi ahụ, ọ pụtara na mgbasa ozi ụwa dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ya nke Naijiria luru ọgụ maka nnabata na ịha nhata nke LGBTQI + ndị ọzọ na Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gistus.com/10471/nigerias-transgender-beauty-queen-2nd-international-queen-pageant|title=Nigeria's first transgender beauty queen comes 2nd in Miss International Queen pageant|date=22 May 2012|work=Gist Us|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.gistus.com/10471/nigerias-transgender-beauty-queen-2nd-international-queen-pageant "Nigeria's first transgender beauty queen comes 2nd in Miss International Queen pageant"]. ''Gist Us''. 22 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/video/163723-miss-saharra-nigeria-s-trans-gender-beauty-queen-participates-in-miss-international-queen-pageant.html|title=Miss Saharra, Nigeria's Trans-Gender Beauty Queen Participates in Miss International Queen Pageant|work=Online Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/stars-replace-scars-in-pageant-fit-for-queens-20111107-1n3qv.html|title=Stars replace scars in pageant fit for queens|author=Pattaya|first=Lindsay Murdoch|date=8 November 2011|work=The Age|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.therealgeordiearmani.com/miss-international-queen/|title=Miss International Queen - Geordie Armani|date=23 May 2012|work=Geordie Armani|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, o meriri aha mbụ ya na mba ụwa, Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 na Manila, Philippines .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371076/showbiz/chikaminute/ms-nigeria-wagi-bilang-unang-super-sireyna-worldwide-ng-eat-bulaga|title=Ms. Nigeria, wagi bilang unang Super Sireyna Worldwide ng 'Eat Bulaga!'|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a bụ asọmpi ịma mma transgender, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na ihe ngosi telivishọn kachasị ogologo n'ehihie n'ụwa, Eat Bulaga!<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/|title=Nigeria's First Openly Transgender Woman – Miss Sahhara Wins World Pageant in {{sic|Phillipines|hide=y}} {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617055934/http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/}}</ref> N'asọmpi ahụ, ọ nọchitere anya mba a mụrụ ya bụ Naịjirịa iji dọta uche gaa n'àgwà ọjọọ nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na iwu gbasara obodo LGBTQI + na Afrịka.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/world/2014/11/17/state-lgbt-equality-africa|title=The State of LGBT Equality in Africa|date=17 November 2014|publisher=advocate.com|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/nigerian-representative-at-transgender-pageant-in|title=Nigerian Representative at Transgender Pageant in the Philippines|date=9 July 2014|publisher=kenyabuzz.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe a jụrụ Miss saHHara maka oge ọkacha iji nyaa isi nke ndụ ya na ngalaba ajụjụ na azịza nke Mazị Colin Kerr, ọ zara:<blockquote>Oge kachasị iji nyaa isi nke ndụ m bụ ịnọ n'ọgbọ a ugbu a. Mgbe m na-etolite, enwere m nrọ a nke ịghọ eze nwanyị n'elu nkwago ma na-eme ihe nkiri. Ma enweghị m ike n'ihi na amụrụ m nwoke. Ana m eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu nke nne m ma na-eme ka à ga-asị n'ihu enyo na abụ m onye asọmpi. Ya mere ịnọ ebe a taa na inwe ohere ndị a dị ka nwanyị mara mma bụ nrọ bịara na mmezu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/ "Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide"]. TDSTV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref></blockquote>Miss Universe n'afọ1973, Margarita Moran-Floirendo kpuwere ya okpueze n'ihu ọtụtụ nde ndị na-ekiri ya n'ụwa niile.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/ "Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide"]. TDSTV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> O kwenyeghí na nke a mgbe e kpunyere ya okpueze, o dere ihe ndị a na Facebook: <nowiki>''</nowiki>O CHỊM o! E meririm! Amaghị m na ọ bụ eziokwu! Ikekwe m ga-eteta site na nrọ a dị ịtụnanya n'otu nkeji! Aka m na-acha uhie uhie site n'aka m na-apịa onwe m mgbe niile ka m teta site na nrọ a mara mma! Ịhụnanya juru m anya! Philippines bụ n'ezie ebe obibi pụrụ iche iche n'ebe obibi. "<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/69964.html|title=Ms Sahhara Brings Miss World Transgender Competition Trophy Home ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Ndimele|first=Manuel|date=19 July 2014|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=22 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere Miss Trans Global, asọmpi transgender dijitalụ, a malitere n'afọ 2020 iji mee ka a mara maka nsogbu nke ndị LGBTIQ n'ụwa niile. Mbipụta mbụ nke asọmpi ahụ ka emere n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na 12th nke Septemba, afọ 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/|title=First Miss Trans Global is Pinay|accessdate=2022-06-13|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005071456/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.starobserver.com.au/news/the-first-pride-afrique-will-celebrate-queer-african-stories/196828|title=The First Pride Afrique Will Celebrate Queer African Stories|date=21 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-14|title=She is beauty, she is grace—Mela Habijan is the new Miss Trans Global|url=https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn|accessdate=2021-10-05|work=Preen.ph|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005073601/https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere na ọrụ nkwado == Miss saHHara malitere ọrụ mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha a na-akpọ TransValid n'afọ 2014. Òtù ahụ malitere na mkpasa ozi #IamValid na #YouAreValid, ebe ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ndị nsonye ha mere vidiyo nke onwe ha na-ekwupụta nkwado ha maka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign (video) {{!}} Nigerian: Breaking News In Nigeria {{!}} Laila's Blog|work=www.lailasblog.com|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=3 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703130710/http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign [video] - Jade African|date=27 June 2015|work=Jade African|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003606/http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/}}</ref> Dị ka nkwupụta ozi nke nzukọ ahụ si kwuo, ha nwere olileanya 'ịkwado echiche na-ezighị ezi, egwu, na ịkpọasị nke ndị transgender n'ụwa niile. Site na TransValid, ọ na-atụ anya ịkụziri ndị mmadụ ihe gbasara nsogbu mgbanwe ọdịdị okike site na iji mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na nnọkọ ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/mission/|title=Mission|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=25 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425150849/http://transvalid.org/mission/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/472344-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-releases-new-photos.html|title=Nigerian Man Who Turned into A Woman Sizzles in New Photos ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Odunayo|first=Adams|date=26 June 2015|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=18 May 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2015, Miss saHHara mepụtara obere ihe nkiri maka TransValid nke akpọrọ The Deadly Price of Transphobia na Brazil, Vidio ahụ gosipụtara ihe isi ike na ihe ize ndụ nke ibi na [[Brazil]] dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/|title=Deadly Price of Transphobia in Brazil|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=23 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623213825/http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emneon.com.br/2015/08/ong-londrina-faz-documentario-sobre.html|title=Ong londrina faz documentário sobre transfobia no Brasil|publisher=emneon.com.br|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yagg.com/?post_type=post&p=93925|title=Montrer la violence, c'est le seul moyen d'attirer l'attention sur le nombre effrayant de morts et de violences contre les personnes trans' en Amérique du Sud|accessdate=7 May 2016|date=16 August 2015}}</ref> N'abalị́ iri atọ na otu nke ọnwa Machị afọ 2016,bụ International Transgender Day of Visibility, ya na Aleika Barros, Miss Trans Universe 2015 na ndị ọzọ gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara mma iji mee ka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara maka obodo gburugburu ụwa site na mgbasa ozi akpọrọ ''<nowiki/>'Abụ m Trans na enwere m ikike ibi ndụ''' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/|title=CAMPAIGN: 'I AM TRANS AND I HAVE THE RIGHT TO LIFE'|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=29 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429173325/http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/|title=Nigerian transgender, Ms Sahhara releases photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|date=31 March 2016|work=CityPeople Magazine Nigeria {{!}} Nigerian Celerbrities {{!}} Entertainment {{!}} Stars|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=1 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042759/http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara, Shares New Sexy Photos To Celebrate Transgender Day of Visibility - INFORMATION NIGERIA|work=INFORMATION NIGERIA|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=14 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914234128/http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html|title=DIPLOMATIC PORCH: Miss SahHara releases 'reflective' photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|publisher=diplomaticporch.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=5 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605094049/http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html}}</ref> == Ngosipụta telivishọn == * Ihe omume abụọ nke 'Lady Boys: Oge 2 na Sky Living, na-enyocha ndụ ụmụ nwanyị transgender na Thailand na karịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/index.php?title=Ladyboys:_Series_2|title=Ladyboys: Series 2|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-guide/friday-january-11-20130109-2cfbl.html|title=LADYBOYS|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=8 May 2016|date=9 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/?title=Ladyboys|title=Ladyboys|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> * Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide na GMA Network<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/video/211509/24oras/miss-sahhara-ng-nigeria-wagi-sa-super-sireyna-worldwide|title=Miss Sahhara ng Nigeria, wagi sa Super Sireyna Worldwide|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> * Unang Hirit Morning show<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> * Tunay Na Buhay gbara ajụjụ ọnụ site na Rhea Santos<ref name=":7"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|work=YouTube|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref> * Mars * BBC's in Her Shoes: #BBCIdentity<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Aha ndị a na-eme ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Aha !Afọ !Ntinye !Mba |- |Super Sireyna n'ụwa niile<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/|title=Nigerian bet wins Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014|date=19 July 2014|publisher=normannorman.com|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008165609/https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/}}</ref> |2014 |Onye mmeri |Philippines |- |Miss International Queen<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html|title=MIQ Official Website|author=Miss International Queen|first=Pattaya, Thailand|date=4 November 2011|work=Miss International Queen|publisher=Miss International Queen|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=18 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618010000/http://missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%E2%80%9Csammy%E2%80%9D-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/|title=Stunning Miss "Sammy" Thai Ladyboy Wins Pattaya Miss International Queen 2011|author=PATTAYA DAILY NEWS|first=Thailand|publisher=PDN|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=16 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116020144/http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%e2%80%9csammy%e2%80%9d-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/}}</ref> |2011 |Onye nke mbụ na-esote |Thailand |- |Vogue: International Diva throwing a strop<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up|title=It's A Balls Up|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610202826/http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up}}</ref> |2009 |Onye mmeri |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |- |Miss Exilio<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heyevent.uk/event/v7ho2bdqkdltma/mr-miss-exilio-pageant-a-world-aids-event|title=Mr & Miss Exilio Pageant - A World Aids Event – Heyevent.uk|work=heyevent.uk|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> |2005 |Onye mmeri |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |- |Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe|title=Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish|author=Bramley|first=Ellie Violet|date=20 October 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBramley2014">Bramley, Ellie Violet (20 October 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe "Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/|title=Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World|publisher=alternativemissworld.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2016|archivedate=6 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006122101/http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/#/history/amw2004/who}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. alternativemissworld.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> | |Onye nke mbụ na-esote |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |} == Edensibia/ ndetu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160508163121/http://misssahhara.com/ Miss saHHara's Official Website] * [http://transvalid.org/ Òtù Tranvalid] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fprn49tqmswvk44tnbr96mr4olfxcu5 674241 674240 2026-07-08T20:09:51Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ihe ngosi ịgosi mma */ 674241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Super Sireyna Worldwide.jpg|thumb|Super Sireyna Worldwide]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Miss Sahhara (nke a na-akpọ '''Miss saHHara''', nke a na-akpọ dị ka Sahara) bụ eze nwanyị mara mma nke Britain na Naijiria<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/yemmynisting/2014/08/03/nigerian-trans-woman-ms-saharra-wins-ms-super-sireyna-worldwide-eat-your-heart-out-transphobic-nigeria/|title=Nigerian Trans woman, Ms Sahhara, wins Ms Super Sireyna Worldwide: Eat your heart out Transphobic Nigeria!|date=3 August 2014|work=YEMMYnisting|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>, onye na-eme ihe ngosi ejiji, onye na-agụ egwu / onye na-ede egwu, na onye na-akwado nweta ikike mmadụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/|title=DISCLAIMER {{!}} Miss saHHara putting the record straight|work=www.misssahhara.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-11-03|archivedate=2017-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014747/http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-36168661/trans-woman-i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/miss-sahhara/here-is-an-objective-view-of-my-life-story-so-far/478139739052647/|title=Here is an objective view of my life story so far|work=www.facebook.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name="BBC IDENTITY">{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html|title=Meet Nigerian Model Who Was Once Male|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=18 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818054310/http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html}}</ref><ref name="naija">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5439415/|title=IMDB Miss Sahhara|work=imdb.com|accessdate=Mar 31, 2019}}</ref> A maara ya maka ịnọchite anya Naịjirịa na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa iji dọta uche na nsogbu nke ndị LGBTQI + na Afrịka.<ref name="pulse">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=15 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115225018/http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ịbụ nwanyí mbụ si Naijiria pụtara n'ihu ọha na mgbasa ozi mba ụwa n'oge asọmpi ịgosi mma Miss International Queen na Pattaya, Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/scars-of-prejudice-underlie-glamour-of-transgender-pageant-20111107-1n3s0.html|title=Scars of prejudice underlie glamour of transgender pageant|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=7 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/|title=#7 - The Story of Nigeria's First Transgender Woman|publisher=Africa.com|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611060244/http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gistus.com/10471/nigerias-transgender-beauty-queen-2nd-international-queen-pageant|title=Nigeria's first transgender beauty queen comes 2nd in Miss International Queen pageant|date=22 May 2012|work=Gist Us|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transgriot.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/miss-international-queen-2011-ends-in.html|title=TransGriot: Miss International Queen 2011 Ends In Controversy|work=transgriot.blogspot.co.uk|date=4 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014, e chiri ya onye mbụ Super Sireyna Worldwide na Manila, Philippines. Nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị nwanyí isi ojii mbụ gbanwere ọdịdị ya e chiri onye mmeri na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/372964/publicaffairs/tunaynabuhay/sahhara-s-journey|title=Sahhara's journey|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/07/22/1348848/other-winners-other-competitions|title=Other winners, other competitions|work=The Philippine Star|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371926/publicaffairs/kapusomojessicasoho/super-sireyna-more-heart-than-beauty|title=Super Sireyna: More heart than beauty|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/07/nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-wins-super-sireyna-pageantry-in-philippines/|title=Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson Wins Super Sireyna Pageant in Philippines|work=BellaNaija|date=19 July 2014|accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe o meriri Super Sireyna Worldwide, o hiwere otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke a na-akpọ TransValid Ọ bụkwa onye nkatọ iwu mkpọrọ afọ iri na anọ nke ndị LGBTQI + na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-39271690|title=Why transgender Africans turned against a famous feminist|author=Mohan|first=Megha|date=2017-03-16|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and a human rights advocate|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611040159/http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.linkedin.com/in/sahhara|title=Miss saHHara {{!}} LinkedIn|work=uk.linkedin.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-transgender-recognition-campaign-video/|title="I AM VALID"- Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins Transgender Recognition Campaign (video)|date=26 June 2015|publisher=360Nobs.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/01/nigerians-are-so-stupid-nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-reacts-to-same-sex-bill/|title="Nigerians are so Stupid" – Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson reacts to Same Sex Bill|work=BellaNaija|date=14 January 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-anti-gay-laws-us-puts-pressure-president-buhari-allow-same-sex-unions-1511028|title=Nigeria anti-gay laws: US puts pressure on President Buhari to allow same-sex unions|date=15 July 2015|work=International Business Times UK|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html|title=Anti-Gay Law: Nigerian Transgender Miss SaHHara Blasts Nigeria|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=15 January 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023450/http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/|title=Nigeria's Transgender Iris Sahhara Reacts To Nigeria's Gay Marriage Prohibition - MJ Celebrity Magazine|date=14 January 2014|work=MJ Celebrity Magazine|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=24 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724053100/http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/}}</ref> Onye kọwara onwe ya dị ka"onye ọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi maka ejiji na ngosi mma", nzere ya na mbipụta ya sitere na izu ejiji ruo na mkpuchi nke magazin na mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nashvibes.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-poses-nude-for-mask-magazine/|title=Nigerian TransGender Miss Sahhara poses nude for Mask Magazine - The NashVibes|date=20 October 2014|work=The NashVibes|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/auramagazine6/docs/aura_issue_3_june_2015|title=AURA Magazine Issue #3- PAGE 41|work=Issuu|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/|title=Nigerian transgender Ms Sahhara covers new issue of Transliving|date=20 December 2014|work=#ANOTHERGIST|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808235222/http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.retoxmagazine.com/lfw-ziad-ghanem-aw11-show.html|title=London Fashion Week AW11 Fashion Designer Ziad Ghanem|publisher=retoxmagazine.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Mgbe ọ na-etolite, o kwuru n'ụzọ a ma ama na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ dabara n'echiche okpukpe na nke nchekwa nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jappah|first=Jlateh V.|date=1 March 2013|title=The convergence of American and Nigerian religious conservatism in a biopolitical shaping of Nigeria's HIV/AIDS prevention programmes|journal=Global Public Health|volume=8|issue=3|pages=312–325|doi=10.1080/17441692.2013.765023|issn=1744-1692|pmid=23391163}}</ref> Ibi n'ime ime obodo [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ ghara ịma banyere ọnọdụ ahụike ya nke a maara dị ka gender dysphoria. O kwuru na mmetụta ọ na-enwe mgbe niile nke ịchọrọ igosipụta onwe ya dị ka nwanyị mere ka ọ dị ya ka ọ furu efu, dị ka a ga-asị na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma na ya. Ọ chọrọ Okpukpere chi ga-enye ya olileanya ọgwụgwọ, na-ekpegara Chineke ekpere ka o mee ya nwanyị mgbe ọ tolitere.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY222">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=In Her Shoes|author=BBC|work=BBC News}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwere nsogbu njirimara ya, o kpebiri ịwere ndụ ya, ebe ọ bụ na ndị pastọ nọ na chọọchị ya na ndị gbara ya gburugburu nọgidere na-agwa ya na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma banyere njirimara nwanyị ya. O kwuru na ọ nwaala igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ ma lanarị.<ref name=":0222">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbalị igbu onwe ya mere ka o kpebisie ike ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] gaa n'obodo na-anabata ma ọ bụ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'igbu onwe ya na mgbalị igbu onwe ya nke atọ.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY"/> Ọ malitere ịchọ azịza maka ọnọdụ ya na otu o nwere ike isi jisie okwukwe ya na onye ọ na-atụ anya ịbụ n'ọdịnihu. Ọ chọtara udo na nchọpụta na ọ dịghị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ onye okpukpe iji bie ndụ dị mma.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":0222"/> === A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na Naịjirịa === Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, a kpọchiri ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Naijiria n'ihi omume nwanyị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ynaija.com/i-was-jailed-in-nigeria-for-being-transgender-meet-the-nigerian-lady-who-claimed-she-was-imprisoned-for-being-gay-read-photos/|title="I was jailed in Nigeria for being transgender": Meet the Nigerian 'lady' who claimed she was imprisoned for being 'gay' (READ, PHOTOS) - YNaija|date=21 November 2013|work=YNaija|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ gbara ya ume ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], n'ihi na ihe ọzọ gaara eme ka ọ kwụsị ndụ ya nke ọma. O chetara ahụmahụ ya na edemede a na-emetụ n'ahụ o dere maka Gay Star News na Transgender Day of Remembrance n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2013, nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi n'ịntanetị bipụtara ọzọ:<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2013/11/22/nigerias-first-male-transgender-woman-iris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-was-jailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay! {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html|title=AlabamUncut|author=Culled|first=GaysterNews|date=7 May 2016|work=|accessdate=13 June 2022|archivedate=16 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416052344/http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html}}</ref><blockquote>Ọ dị m ka m nwee ike ịgwa onwe na-eto eto onye nwara igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ na ndụ na-akawanye mma na nrọ na-abịakea na mmezu. Echeghị m na ndụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ijuanya ọtụtụ afọ gara aga mgbe a tọhapụrụ m n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị egwu nke Naijiria maka ịdị iche. Mgbe ahụ, naanị ihe m nwere ike iche bụ na m nwere ike ịnwụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ a ma ọ dịghị onye ga-ama ma ọ bụ lekọta ya. Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ chere na ọ bụ ihe ziri ezi, na-atụle na a na-ata m ahụhụ maka ịbụ 'onye na-edina ụdị onwe ya' dịka ha chere n'ihi ọdịdị nwanyị m na omume m. Abụghị m nwoke n'edina nwoke, abụ m nwanyị a mụrụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'ihi nkwarụ okike. Ihe m chere adabaghị n'ọdịdị m. Ịbụ nwoke mgbe a mụrụ m anaghị eme ka m bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ọ dịghị onye amụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, a mụrụ gị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, mgbe ahụ ị na-etolite n'ime nwoke ị họọrọ ka ị na-etolite wee mee ka ị bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị. Nye m, nwoke na nwanyị ahụ bụ nwanyị. A mụrụ m nwoke mana ụbụrụ m, mmegharị aka m, atụmatụ m na mbuli ahum m na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nke nwanyị. Ịzụlite na amaghị ihe na-eme n'ahụ m mere ka m nwee mgbagwoju anya ma tọọ n'echiche. Enweghị m ike iso ndị ezinụlọ m kwurịta ya n'ihi na a na-akatọ ọdịdị nwanyị m anya n'ihi okpukpe ha ma enweghị m ike ịgwa ndị enyi m okwu n'ihi na ha agaghị aghọta ihe m na-agabiga. Enwetara m nkasi obi na egwu na nrọ. Enwere m olileanya nke ịbụ onye nweere onwe m , enweghị mkparị, enweghị ikpe na enweghị nsogbu.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coolnaijagist.wordpress.com/2014/06/19/nigerias-first-male-transgender-womaniris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-wasjailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay!|author=coolnaijagist|date=19 June 2014|work=Coolnaijagist Entertainment|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html|title=Nigerian Model And Singer Has Been Jailed And Attempted Suicide Because She Was Transgende8203;r.Read her story|author=Akosa/Nigeriafilms.com|first=Joy|publisher=nigeriafilms.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=2 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602145711/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay|title=Tragic life of Super Sireyna winner Miss Sahhara depicted on Tunay na Buhay|date=28 July 2014|work=pep.ph|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172507/http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay}}</ref></blockquote> Ngabiga ya na [[Nigeria Police Force|ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ chọọ [[wiktionary:refuge|ebe mgbaba]] na [[London]], United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/|title=Sahhara|work=Sketch Films|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617144317/http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/}}</ref> === Ndụ ọhụrụ na United Kingdom === Ọ hapụrụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] n'afọ 2004 iji biri na United Kingdom. Mgbe ahụ, ọ nwetara echiche sara mbara banyere gender dysphoria ya. Ọ malitere ịhụ ndị dọkịta nyeere ya aka site na njem ya ibụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gists|first=Naija|title=Nigerian Man Who Became A Woman, Transgendered Oche Clifford Jailed In Nigeria|url=https://naijagists.com/nigerian-man-who-became-a-woman-transgendered-oche-clifford-jailed-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2020-11-12|language=en-US}}</ref> O kwuru na ndụ ọhụrụ ya na UK dị ka eluigwe nọ n'ụwa n'ihi na ọ na-ebi ugbu a dị ka ezi onwe ya. O nwetara ebe obibi nke abụ abụ na Madam Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret na Soho, West End nke London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.designmynight.com/london/whats-on/something-a-little-different-events/kitsch-cabaret|title=Madame Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret The Drury Club London {{!}} DesignMyNight|publisher=designmynight.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allinlondon.co.uk/whats-on.php?event=53516|title=Kitsch Cabaret, Madame Jojo's, 8-10 Brewer Street, London, W1F 0SE. Tel 020 7734 3040. - Theatre Event in London|author=London|first=The Kolberg Partnership|work=AllinLondon|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> O mere ngosipụta oru ebe ahụ afọ iri ruo n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014 mgbe emechiri ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/nov/24/madame-jojos-legendary-soho-nightclub-forced-close|title=Madame Jojo's, legendary Soho nightclub, forced to close|author=Ellis-Petersen|first=Hannah|date=24 November 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Ya na Scott Houzet dere ma mepụta ụfọdụ egwu na ọrụ egwu nke mbụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/%25EF%25BF%25BD++%253C%25EF%25BF%25BDMiss+saHHara/+wiki|title=Last.fm|work=last.fm|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theheroines.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/interview-with-miss-sahhara.html|title=The Heroines of My Life: Interview with Miss saHHara|work=theheroines.blogspot.co.uk|date=31 March 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> === Ihe nlereanya ejiji === Ọ pụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi catwalk na London na ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2011/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2011-12 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107114018/https://www.vogue.co.uk/shows/autumn-winter-2011-ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref> O mere ihe ngosi nlereanya ejiji nye Ziad Ghanem na London Fashion Week maka oge engosi jiji nke anọ.<ref name=":13"/><ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2010-11 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610221225/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Spring/Summer 2012 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610225633/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref> O sonyekwara na njiharị ejiji ruo ihe karịrị afọ ise ma gosipụta otu oge atụmatụ ejiji ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sahhara-london-alternative-fashion-week-24-april-2009-26742335.html|title=Stock Photo - Sahhara, London Alternative Fashion Week, 24 April 2009|author=Limited|first=Alamy|work=Alamy|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> === Agụmakwụkwọ === Miss sahhara gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere masta na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na Mahadum London Metropolitan. O kwuru na ibe mgbasa ozi ya na ọ chọrọ ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na ọmụmụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://misssahhara.com/biography/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and founder of TransValid.org.|work=Official Website{{!}}Miss saHHara|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120153403/http://www.misssahhara.com/biography/}}</ref> Ikekwe, nke ga enye ya olu a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi mgbe ọ na-akụziri ndị mmadụ banyere Mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ. === Aha iwu kwadoro === Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ akụkọ Naịjirịa na ndị na-ede blọgụ na-arụtụ aka ugboro ugboro na tweet [[Ebuka Obi-Uchendu]], nke o kwuru na ọ maara Miss saHHara dị ka 'Clifford Oche'.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Ebuka/status/204697212817653760|title=Then I open the page and it turns out to be Oché! Some dude who was popular in Abuja many years ago for being unapologetically effeminate...|author=Obi-Uchendu|first=Ebuka|date=21 May 2012|work=@Ebuka|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news|url=http://that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman... - that1960chick.com|date=2012-05-22|work=that1960chick.com|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman… {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":14" /> Miss saHHara jụrụ nkwupụta ahụ ma jụ ibipụta aha ọmụmụ ya n'ozuzu, ọ siri ọnwụ na ibipụta aha ochie ya na foto ya enweghị mkpa maka onye ọ ghọrọ ibu. Ọ kowara na ọjọọ aha echefu ru echefu na onye ndi gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha nnọchịanya n'ekwesighi ha nwere ogho ọma eweta nke bu akpọmasi na ikpa oke site n' enweghị ezi nhọpụta banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha na gburugburu ụwa. O kwukwara na Ọrịa Sahhara Henson abụghị aha aguru ya,na <nowiki>''Henson''bụ njirimara nnọchịanya o kepụtara iji kwụsị ndị n'éfè blogg I gbasa aha ya.ya mere ọ kpebiri na ọ gaghị egosiputa ezi aha ya ma ka egwu n'atu ya n'ihi ụdị mmaja transphobia na mmaja ọnwụ ọ n'</nowiki>enweta na websaiti === Esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ === A maara ya maka esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ Naịjirịa. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime arụmụka ya na ha sitere na akụkọ ha bipụtara banyere ya, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ ''<nowiki/>'ụgha''', na edemede transphobic doro anya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịkpọ ya "nwoke gbanwere ọdịdị ya" na ịjụ iji nnọchiaha nwanyị kọwaa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rawgistafrica.com/2016/02/photos-nigerian-transgender-man-ms.html|title=Photos: Nigerian Transgender Man, Ms Sahhara Flaunts Cleàvage {{!}} RawGist|work=www.rawgistafrica.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/she-is-fake-ex-school-mate-tears-miss-sahhara-apart-id2990962.html|title=She Is Fake: Ex-School Mate Tears Miss SaHHara Apart|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 July 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ na-aga na Facebook ya mgbe niile iji bipụta nzaghachi banyere isiokwu ndị ọ na-ewere dị ka transphobic na imebi ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ekere ha.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Pulse">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/setting-the-record-straight-i-have-always-been-a-woman-miss-sahhara-id4187904.html|title=Setting The Record Straight: 'I have always been a woman' - Miss Sahhara|author=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=21 September 2015|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.helloafrica.ga/i-make-a-better-looking-woman-than-you-ms-sahhara-claps-back-at-a-hater-on-facebook/|title=I make a better looking woman than you- Ms Sahhara claps back at a hater on Facebook - Hello Africa|date=10 May 2016|work=Hello Africa|accessdate=12 May 2016}}</ref> O siri ọnwụ na nzaghachi ya abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nye ndị na-ede ma na-ekwu okwu banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ngalaba ọha. Usoro "mmụta" ya dị ka ọ dịrị kwuo nwere ike mgbe ụfọdụ jedebe na arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ma ọ bụ agha okwu nye ya na ndị na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/twisted-miss-sahhara-and-fan-in-war-of-words-id3278164.html|title=Twisted: Miss Sahhara And Fan In War Of Words|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 November 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> Okwu ya megide okpukpe emebeghị nke ọma na nti ndị Naijiria. Mgbe ọ bụla ọ na-ede isiokwu ọ bụla metụtara okpukpe, ihe odide ya na-adọta nzaghachi iwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-was-a-common-buddhist-monk-id2934382.html|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=23 June 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/2014/06/23/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-common-buddhist-monk/|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Reserved|first=Naijaloaded 2016 All Rights|date=23 June 2014|work=Naijaloaded {{!}} Nigeria No. 1 Online Portal|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> O kwuru na okpukpe niile bụ mmegbu ma bụrụ ihe ochie. Ọ nwetara nkatọ site n'aka ndị nkwado ya ha na-ekwu na ọ aka mmá ya ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ nkwado ya kama ikwupụta echiche ya banyere isiokwu ndị na-akpata nkewa dịka okpukpe. N'enweghị nsogbu site na nkatọ ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-ekwupụta obi nkoropụ ya banyere ihe mere ndị Afrịka ji jụ ịjụ okwukwe ha nke ọ kpọrọ "Colonial relic".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,342651.0.html|title=Untold Story Of Miss Sahara, The Nigerian Man From Idoma Transformed To A Woman (Photos+Video) - Gistmania|date=2017-04-09|work=www.gistmania.com|accessdate=2020-02-06}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2016, o dere ogologo akwụkwọ na nzaghachi maka akụkọ ndị na-ede blọgụ n'Afrịka bipụtara banyere mpụta ya na BBC Africa's in Her Shoes, ndị na-ede blọgụ kwuru na ọ na-aghọ onwe ya aghọ na Naịjirịa dị ka "nwoke na-edina nwoke", ya mere o kpebiri ịgbanwe gaa na nwanyị.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY">{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Miss saHHara gara na peeji mgbasa ozi ya iji kụziere ndị na-ede blọgụ, ebe ọ boro ha ebubo na ha na-akwalite transphobia site n'ịkọ akụkọ na-ezighi ezi; "Nke a abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi."<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> O mere ka o doo anya na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ nwoke, na ndowe onwe ya dị ka nwanyị esiteghị n'aka onye ọ bụla ma e wezụga onwe ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/sahhara/posts/446427888890499|title=Miss saHHara - #LindaIkeji TO LINDA IKEJI ET AL., this is... {{!}} Facebook|work=www.facebook.com|accessdate=2016-05-06}}</ref> Ihe odide ahụ nwetara ihe karịrị otu narị okwu iji kwado ma megide nkwupụta ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theheraldng.com/linda-ikeji-others-dragged-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara/|title=Linda Ikeji, Others Dragged By Nigerian Transgender Miss Sahhara - The Herald News Nigeria|date=4 May 2016|work=The Herald News Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freshbaze.com/stop-addressing-me-as-a-man-transgender-miss-sahhara-to-linda-ikeji-others/|title="Stop Addressing Me As A Man" – Transgender Miss Sahhara To Linda Ikeji, Others {{!}} FreshBaze.com|date=4 May 2016|publisher=FreshBaze.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ịgosi mma == Ọrụ asọmpi ya malitere mgbe ọ kwagara London, England n'afọ 2004. O kwuru na ịhụnanya ya gbasara ịgosi mma na ije nsere ọkpa ya nọgidere na-abawanye kemgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ọ na-eji "tmkpisi ọnụ ọkpa", n'ihi na a naghị ekwe ka ọ na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu na Naịjirịa. Ọ kụziri nsere ọkpa na ịgosi mma n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma tupu ọ kwaga United Kingdom. Ọ bụ onye soro sọọ asọmpi na Andrew Logan 's Alternative Miss World mgbe mbụ ọ kwagara London, <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe|title=Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish|author=Bramley|first=Ellie Violet|date=20 October 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> na-anọchite anya Nigeria. Ọ gbara onye nke abụọ. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/#/history/amw2004/who|title=Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World|publisher=alternativemissworld.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ bụ onye soro sọọ mpi na asọmpi Miss International Queen beauty pageant, na-anọchite anya [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. N'oge asọmpi ahụ, ọ pụtara na mgbasa ozi ụwa dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ya nke Naijiria luru ọgụ maka nnabata na ịha nhata nke LGBTQI + ndị ọzọ na Africa.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/video/163723-miss-saharra-nigeria-s-trans-gender-beauty-queen-participates-in-miss-international-queen-pageant.html|title=Miss Saharra, Nigeria's Trans-Gender Beauty Queen Participates in Miss International Queen Pageant|work=Online Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/stars-replace-scars-in-pageant-fit-for-queens-20111107-1n3qv.html|title=Stars replace scars in pageant fit for queens|author=Pattaya|first=Lindsay Murdoch|date=8 November 2011|work=The Age|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.therealgeordiearmani.com/miss-international-queen/|title=Miss International Queen - Geordie Armani|date=23 May 2012|work=Geordie Armani|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, o meriri aha mbụ ya na mba ụwa, Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 na Manila, Philippines .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371076/showbiz/chikaminute/ms-nigeria-wagi-bilang-unang-super-sireyna-worldwide-ng-eat-bulaga|title=Ms. Nigeria, wagi bilang unang Super Sireyna Worldwide ng 'Eat Bulaga!'|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a bụ asọmpi ịma mma transgender, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na ihe ngosi telivishọn kachasị ogologo n'ehihie n'ụwa, Eat Bulaga!<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/|title=Nigeria's First Openly Transgender Woman – Miss Sahhara Wins World Pageant in {{sic|Phillipines|hide=y}} {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617055934/http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/}}</ref> N'asọmpi ahụ, ọ nọchitere anya mba a mụrụ ya bụ Naịjirịa iji dọta uche gaa n'àgwà ọjọọ nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na iwu gbasara obodo LGBTQI + na Afrịka.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/world/2014/11/17/state-lgbt-equality-africa|title=The State of LGBT Equality in Africa|date=17 November 2014|publisher=advocate.com|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/nigerian-representative-at-transgender-pageant-in|title=Nigerian Representative at Transgender Pageant in the Philippines|date=9 July 2014|publisher=kenyabuzz.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe a jụrụ Miss saHHara maka oge ọkacha iji nyaa isi nke ndụ ya na ngalaba ajụjụ na azịza nke Mazị Colin Kerr, ọ zara:<blockquote>Oge kachasị iji nyaa isi nke ndụ m bụ ịnọ n'ọgbọ a ugbu a. Mgbe m na-etolite, enwere m nrọ a nke ịghọ eze nwanyị n'elu nkwago ma na-eme ihe nkiri. Ma enweghị m ike n'ihi na amụrụ m nwoke. Ana m eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu nke nne m ma na-eme ka à ga-asị n'ihu enyo na abụ m onye asọmpi. Ya mere ịnọ ebe a taa na inwe ohere ndị a dị ka nwanyị mara mma bụ nrọ bịara na mmezu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/ "Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide"]. TDSTV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref></blockquote>Miss Universe n'afọ1973, Margarita Moran-Floirendo kpuwere ya okpueze n'ihu ọtụtụ nde ndị na-ekiri ya n'ụwa niile.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/ "Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide"]. TDSTV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> O kwenyeghí na nke a mgbe e kpunyere ya okpueze, o dere ihe ndị a na Facebook: <nowiki>''</nowiki>O CHỊM o! E meririm! Amaghị m na ọ bụ eziokwu! Ikekwe m ga-eteta site na nrọ a dị ịtụnanya n'otu nkeji! Aka m na-acha uhie uhie site n'aka m na-apịa onwe m mgbe niile ka m teta site na nrọ a mara mma! Ịhụnanya juru m anya! Philippines bụ n'ezie ebe obibi pụrụ iche iche n'ebe obibi. "<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/69964.html|title=Ms Sahhara Brings Miss World Transgender Competition Trophy Home ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Ndimele|first=Manuel|date=19 July 2014|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=22 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere Miss Trans Global, asọmpi transgender dijitalụ, a malitere n'afọ 2020 iji mee ka a mara maka nsogbu nke ndị LGBTIQ n'ụwa niile. Mbipụta mbụ nke asọmpi ahụ ka emere n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na 12th nke Septemba, afọ 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/|title=First Miss Trans Global is Pinay|accessdate=2022-06-13|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005071456/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.starobserver.com.au/news/the-first-pride-afrique-will-celebrate-queer-african-stories/196828|title=The First Pride Afrique Will Celebrate Queer African Stories|date=21 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-14|title=She is beauty, she is grace—Mela Habijan is the new Miss Trans Global|url=https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn|accessdate=2021-10-05|work=Preen.ph|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005073601/https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere na ọrụ nkwado == Miss saHHara malitere ọrụ mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha a na-akpọ TransValid n'afọ 2014. Òtù ahụ malitere na mkpasa ozi #IamValid na #YouAreValid, ebe ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ndị nsonye ha mere vidiyo nke onwe ha na-ekwupụta nkwado ha maka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign (video) {{!}} Nigerian: Breaking News In Nigeria {{!}} Laila's Blog|work=www.lailasblog.com|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=3 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703130710/http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign [video] - Jade African|date=27 June 2015|work=Jade African|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003606/http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/}}</ref> Dị ka nkwupụta ozi nke nzukọ ahụ si kwuo, ha nwere olileanya 'ịkwado echiche na-ezighị ezi, egwu, na ịkpọasị nke ndị transgender n'ụwa niile. Site na TransValid, ọ na-atụ anya ịkụziri ndị mmadụ ihe gbasara nsogbu mgbanwe ọdịdị okike site na iji mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na nnọkọ ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/mission/|title=Mission|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=25 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425150849/http://transvalid.org/mission/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/472344-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-releases-new-photos.html|title=Nigerian Man Who Turned into A Woman Sizzles in New Photos ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Odunayo|first=Adams|date=26 June 2015|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=18 May 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2015, Miss saHHara mepụtara obere ihe nkiri maka TransValid nke akpọrọ The Deadly Price of Transphobia na Brazil, Vidio ahụ gosipụtara ihe isi ike na ihe ize ndụ nke ibi na [[Brazil]] dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/|title=Deadly Price of Transphobia in Brazil|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=23 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623213825/http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emneon.com.br/2015/08/ong-londrina-faz-documentario-sobre.html|title=Ong londrina faz documentário sobre transfobia no Brasil|publisher=emneon.com.br|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yagg.com/?post_type=post&p=93925|title=Montrer la violence, c'est le seul moyen d'attirer l'attention sur le nombre effrayant de morts et de violences contre les personnes trans' en Amérique du Sud|accessdate=7 May 2016|date=16 August 2015}}</ref> N'abalị́ iri atọ na otu nke ọnwa Machị afọ 2016,bụ International Transgender Day of Visibility, ya na Aleika Barros, Miss Trans Universe 2015 na ndị ọzọ gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara mma iji mee ka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara maka obodo gburugburu ụwa site na mgbasa ozi akpọrọ ''<nowiki/>'Abụ m Trans na enwere m ikike ibi ndụ''' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/|title=CAMPAIGN: 'I AM TRANS AND I HAVE THE RIGHT TO LIFE'|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=29 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429173325/http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/|title=Nigerian transgender, Ms Sahhara releases photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|date=31 March 2016|work=CityPeople Magazine Nigeria {{!}} Nigerian Celerbrities {{!}} Entertainment {{!}} Stars|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=1 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042759/http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara, Shares New Sexy Photos To Celebrate Transgender Day of Visibility - INFORMATION NIGERIA|work=INFORMATION NIGERIA|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=14 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914234128/http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html|title=DIPLOMATIC PORCH: Miss SahHara releases 'reflective' photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|publisher=diplomaticporch.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=5 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605094049/http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html}}</ref> == Ngosipụta telivishọn == * Ihe omume abụọ nke 'Lady Boys: Oge 2 na Sky Living, na-enyocha ndụ ụmụ nwanyị transgender na Thailand na karịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/index.php?title=Ladyboys:_Series_2|title=Ladyboys: Series 2|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-guide/friday-january-11-20130109-2cfbl.html|title=LADYBOYS|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=8 May 2016|date=9 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/?title=Ladyboys|title=Ladyboys|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> * Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide na GMA Network<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/video/211509/24oras/miss-sahhara-ng-nigeria-wagi-sa-super-sireyna-worldwide|title=Miss Sahhara ng Nigeria, wagi sa Super Sireyna Worldwide|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> * Unang Hirit Morning show<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> * Tunay Na Buhay gbara ajụjụ ọnụ site na Rhea Santos<ref name=":7"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|work=YouTube|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref> * Mars * BBC's in Her Shoes: #BBCIdentity<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Aha ndị a na-eme ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Aha !Afọ !Ntinye !Mba |- |Super Sireyna n'ụwa niile<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/|title=Nigerian bet wins Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014|date=19 July 2014|publisher=normannorman.com|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008165609/https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/}}</ref> |2014 |Onye mmeri |Philippines |- |Miss International Queen<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html|title=MIQ Official Website|author=Miss International Queen|first=Pattaya, Thailand|date=4 November 2011|work=Miss International Queen|publisher=Miss International Queen|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=18 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618010000/http://missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%E2%80%9Csammy%E2%80%9D-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/|title=Stunning Miss "Sammy" Thai Ladyboy Wins Pattaya Miss International Queen 2011|author=PATTAYA DAILY NEWS|first=Thailand|publisher=PDN|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=16 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116020144/http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%e2%80%9csammy%e2%80%9d-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/}}</ref> |2011 |Onye nke mbụ na-esote |Thailand |- |Vogue: International Diva throwing a strop<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up|title=It's A Balls Up|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610202826/http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up}}</ref> |2009 |Onye mmeri |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |- |Miss Exilio<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heyevent.uk/event/v7ho2bdqkdltma/mr-miss-exilio-pageant-a-world-aids-event|title=Mr & Miss Exilio Pageant - A World Aids Event – Heyevent.uk|work=heyevent.uk|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> |2005 |Onye mmeri |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |- |Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe|title=Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish|author=Bramley|first=Ellie Violet|date=20 October 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBramley2014">Bramley, Ellie Violet (20 October 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe "Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/|title=Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World|publisher=alternativemissworld.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2016|archivedate=6 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006122101/http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/#/history/amw2004/who}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. alternativemissworld.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> | |Onye nke mbụ na-esote |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |} == Edensibia/ ndetu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160508163121/http://misssahhara.com/ Miss saHHara's Official Website] * [http://transvalid.org/ Òtù Tranvalid] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2d2xhhyc592i81r5czzdeqb0r65ivj4 674244 674241 2026-07-08T20:13:14Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ihe ngosi ịgosi mma */ 674244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Super Sireyna Worldwide.jpg|thumb|Super Sireyna Worldwide]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Miss Sahhara (nke a na-akpọ '''Miss saHHara''', nke a na-akpọ dị ka Sahara) bụ eze nwanyị mara mma nke Britain na Naijiria<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/yemmynisting/2014/08/03/nigerian-trans-woman-ms-saharra-wins-ms-super-sireyna-worldwide-eat-your-heart-out-transphobic-nigeria/|title=Nigerian Trans woman, Ms Sahhara, wins Ms Super Sireyna Worldwide: Eat your heart out Transphobic Nigeria!|date=3 August 2014|work=YEMMYnisting|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>, onye na-eme ihe ngosi ejiji, onye na-agụ egwu / onye na-ede egwu, na onye na-akwado nweta ikike mmadụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/|title=DISCLAIMER {{!}} Miss saHHara putting the record straight|work=www.misssahhara.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-11-03|archivedate=2017-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014747/http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-36168661/trans-woman-i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/miss-sahhara/here-is-an-objective-view-of-my-life-story-so-far/478139739052647/|title=Here is an objective view of my life story so far|work=www.facebook.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name="BBC IDENTITY">{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html|title=Meet Nigerian Model Who Was Once Male|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=18 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818054310/http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html}}</ref><ref name="naija">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5439415/|title=IMDB Miss Sahhara|work=imdb.com|accessdate=Mar 31, 2019}}</ref> A maara ya maka ịnọchite anya Naịjirịa na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa iji dọta uche na nsogbu nke ndị LGBTQI + na Afrịka.<ref name="pulse">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=15 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115225018/http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ịbụ nwanyí mbụ si Naijiria pụtara n'ihu ọha na mgbasa ozi mba ụwa n'oge asọmpi ịgosi mma Miss International Queen na Pattaya, Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/scars-of-prejudice-underlie-glamour-of-transgender-pageant-20111107-1n3s0.html|title=Scars of prejudice underlie glamour of transgender pageant|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=7 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/|title=#7 - The Story of Nigeria's First Transgender Woman|publisher=Africa.com|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611060244/http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gistus.com/10471/nigerias-transgender-beauty-queen-2nd-international-queen-pageant|title=Nigeria's first transgender beauty queen comes 2nd in Miss International Queen pageant|date=22 May 2012|work=Gist Us|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transgriot.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/miss-international-queen-2011-ends-in.html|title=TransGriot: Miss International Queen 2011 Ends In Controversy|work=transgriot.blogspot.co.uk|date=4 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014, e chiri ya onye mbụ Super Sireyna Worldwide na Manila, Philippines. Nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị nwanyí isi ojii mbụ gbanwere ọdịdị ya e chiri onye mmeri na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/372964/publicaffairs/tunaynabuhay/sahhara-s-journey|title=Sahhara's journey|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/07/22/1348848/other-winners-other-competitions|title=Other winners, other competitions|work=The Philippine Star|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371926/publicaffairs/kapusomojessicasoho/super-sireyna-more-heart-than-beauty|title=Super Sireyna: More heart than beauty|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/07/nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-wins-super-sireyna-pageantry-in-philippines/|title=Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson Wins Super Sireyna Pageant in Philippines|work=BellaNaija|date=19 July 2014|accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe o meriri Super Sireyna Worldwide, o hiwere otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke a na-akpọ TransValid Ọ bụkwa onye nkatọ iwu mkpọrọ afọ iri na anọ nke ndị LGBTQI + na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-39271690|title=Why transgender Africans turned against a famous feminist|author=Mohan|first=Megha|date=2017-03-16|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and a human rights advocate|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611040159/http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.linkedin.com/in/sahhara|title=Miss saHHara {{!}} LinkedIn|work=uk.linkedin.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-transgender-recognition-campaign-video/|title="I AM VALID"- Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins Transgender Recognition Campaign (video)|date=26 June 2015|publisher=360Nobs.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/01/nigerians-are-so-stupid-nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-reacts-to-same-sex-bill/|title="Nigerians are so Stupid" – Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson reacts to Same Sex Bill|work=BellaNaija|date=14 January 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-anti-gay-laws-us-puts-pressure-president-buhari-allow-same-sex-unions-1511028|title=Nigeria anti-gay laws: US puts pressure on President Buhari to allow same-sex unions|date=15 July 2015|work=International Business Times UK|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html|title=Anti-Gay Law: Nigerian Transgender Miss SaHHara Blasts Nigeria|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=15 January 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023450/http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/|title=Nigeria's Transgender Iris Sahhara Reacts To Nigeria's Gay Marriage Prohibition - MJ Celebrity Magazine|date=14 January 2014|work=MJ Celebrity Magazine|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=24 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724053100/http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/}}</ref> Onye kọwara onwe ya dị ka"onye ọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi maka ejiji na ngosi mma", nzere ya na mbipụta ya sitere na izu ejiji ruo na mkpuchi nke magazin na mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nashvibes.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-poses-nude-for-mask-magazine/|title=Nigerian TransGender Miss Sahhara poses nude for Mask Magazine - The NashVibes|date=20 October 2014|work=The NashVibes|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/auramagazine6/docs/aura_issue_3_june_2015|title=AURA Magazine Issue #3- PAGE 41|work=Issuu|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/|title=Nigerian transgender Ms Sahhara covers new issue of Transliving|date=20 December 2014|work=#ANOTHERGIST|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808235222/http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.retoxmagazine.com/lfw-ziad-ghanem-aw11-show.html|title=London Fashion Week AW11 Fashion Designer Ziad Ghanem|publisher=retoxmagazine.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Mgbe ọ na-etolite, o kwuru n'ụzọ a ma ama na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ dabara n'echiche okpukpe na nke nchekwa nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jappah|first=Jlateh V.|date=1 March 2013|title=The convergence of American and Nigerian religious conservatism in a biopolitical shaping of Nigeria's HIV/AIDS prevention programmes|journal=Global Public Health|volume=8|issue=3|pages=312–325|doi=10.1080/17441692.2013.765023|issn=1744-1692|pmid=23391163}}</ref> Ibi n'ime ime obodo [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ ghara ịma banyere ọnọdụ ahụike ya nke a maara dị ka gender dysphoria. O kwuru na mmetụta ọ na-enwe mgbe niile nke ịchọrọ igosipụta onwe ya dị ka nwanyị mere ka ọ dị ya ka ọ furu efu, dị ka a ga-asị na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma na ya. Ọ chọrọ Okpukpere chi ga-enye ya olileanya ọgwụgwọ, na-ekpegara Chineke ekpere ka o mee ya nwanyị mgbe ọ tolitere.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY222">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=In Her Shoes|author=BBC|work=BBC News}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwere nsogbu njirimara ya, o kpebiri ịwere ndụ ya, ebe ọ bụ na ndị pastọ nọ na chọọchị ya na ndị gbara ya gburugburu nọgidere na-agwa ya na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma banyere njirimara nwanyị ya. O kwuru na ọ nwaala igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ ma lanarị.<ref name=":0222">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbalị igbu onwe ya mere ka o kpebisie ike ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] gaa n'obodo na-anabata ma ọ bụ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'igbu onwe ya na mgbalị igbu onwe ya nke atọ.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY"/> Ọ malitere ịchọ azịza maka ọnọdụ ya na otu o nwere ike isi jisie okwukwe ya na onye ọ na-atụ anya ịbụ n'ọdịnihu. Ọ chọtara udo na nchọpụta na ọ dịghị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ onye okpukpe iji bie ndụ dị mma.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":0222"/> === A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na Naịjirịa === Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, a kpọchiri ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Naijiria n'ihi omume nwanyị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ynaija.com/i-was-jailed-in-nigeria-for-being-transgender-meet-the-nigerian-lady-who-claimed-she-was-imprisoned-for-being-gay-read-photos/|title="I was jailed in Nigeria for being transgender": Meet the Nigerian 'lady' who claimed she was imprisoned for being 'gay' (READ, PHOTOS) - YNaija|date=21 November 2013|work=YNaija|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ gbara ya ume ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], n'ihi na ihe ọzọ gaara eme ka ọ kwụsị ndụ ya nke ọma. O chetara ahụmahụ ya na edemede a na-emetụ n'ahụ o dere maka Gay Star News na Transgender Day of Remembrance n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2013, nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi n'ịntanetị bipụtara ọzọ:<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2013/11/22/nigerias-first-male-transgender-woman-iris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-was-jailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay! {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html|title=AlabamUncut|author=Culled|first=GaysterNews|date=7 May 2016|work=|accessdate=13 June 2022|archivedate=16 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416052344/http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html}}</ref><blockquote>Ọ dị m ka m nwee ike ịgwa onwe na-eto eto onye nwara igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ na ndụ na-akawanye mma na nrọ na-abịakea na mmezu. Echeghị m na ndụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ijuanya ọtụtụ afọ gara aga mgbe a tọhapụrụ m n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị egwu nke Naijiria maka ịdị iche. Mgbe ahụ, naanị ihe m nwere ike iche bụ na m nwere ike ịnwụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ a ma ọ dịghị onye ga-ama ma ọ bụ lekọta ya. Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ chere na ọ bụ ihe ziri ezi, na-atụle na a na-ata m ahụhụ maka ịbụ 'onye na-edina ụdị onwe ya' dịka ha chere n'ihi ọdịdị nwanyị m na omume m. Abụghị m nwoke n'edina nwoke, abụ m nwanyị a mụrụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'ihi nkwarụ okike. Ihe m chere adabaghị n'ọdịdị m. Ịbụ nwoke mgbe a mụrụ m anaghị eme ka m bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ọ dịghị onye amụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, a mụrụ gị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, mgbe ahụ ị na-etolite n'ime nwoke ị họọrọ ka ị na-etolite wee mee ka ị bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị. Nye m, nwoke na nwanyị ahụ bụ nwanyị. A mụrụ m nwoke mana ụbụrụ m, mmegharị aka m, atụmatụ m na mbuli ahum m na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nke nwanyị. Ịzụlite na amaghị ihe na-eme n'ahụ m mere ka m nwee mgbagwoju anya ma tọọ n'echiche. Enweghị m ike iso ndị ezinụlọ m kwurịta ya n'ihi na a na-akatọ ọdịdị nwanyị m anya n'ihi okpukpe ha ma enweghị m ike ịgwa ndị enyi m okwu n'ihi na ha agaghị aghọta ihe m na-agabiga. Enwetara m nkasi obi na egwu na nrọ. Enwere m olileanya nke ịbụ onye nweere onwe m , enweghị mkparị, enweghị ikpe na enweghị nsogbu.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coolnaijagist.wordpress.com/2014/06/19/nigerias-first-male-transgender-womaniris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-wasjailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay!|author=coolnaijagist|date=19 June 2014|work=Coolnaijagist Entertainment|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html|title=Nigerian Model And Singer Has Been Jailed And Attempted Suicide Because She Was Transgende8203;r.Read her story|author=Akosa/Nigeriafilms.com|first=Joy|publisher=nigeriafilms.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=2 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602145711/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay|title=Tragic life of Super Sireyna winner Miss Sahhara depicted on Tunay na Buhay|date=28 July 2014|work=pep.ph|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172507/http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay}}</ref></blockquote> Ngabiga ya na [[Nigeria Police Force|ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ chọọ [[wiktionary:refuge|ebe mgbaba]] na [[London]], United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/|title=Sahhara|work=Sketch Films|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617144317/http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/}}</ref> === Ndụ ọhụrụ na United Kingdom === Ọ hapụrụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] n'afọ 2004 iji biri na United Kingdom. Mgbe ahụ, ọ nwetara echiche sara mbara banyere gender dysphoria ya. Ọ malitere ịhụ ndị dọkịta nyeere ya aka site na njem ya ibụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gists|first=Naija|title=Nigerian Man Who Became A Woman, Transgendered Oche Clifford Jailed In Nigeria|url=https://naijagists.com/nigerian-man-who-became-a-woman-transgendered-oche-clifford-jailed-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2020-11-12|language=en-US}}</ref> O kwuru na ndụ ọhụrụ ya na UK dị ka eluigwe nọ n'ụwa n'ihi na ọ na-ebi ugbu a dị ka ezi onwe ya. O nwetara ebe obibi nke abụ abụ na Madam Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret na Soho, West End nke London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.designmynight.com/london/whats-on/something-a-little-different-events/kitsch-cabaret|title=Madame Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret The Drury Club London {{!}} DesignMyNight|publisher=designmynight.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allinlondon.co.uk/whats-on.php?event=53516|title=Kitsch Cabaret, Madame Jojo's, 8-10 Brewer Street, London, W1F 0SE. Tel 020 7734 3040. - Theatre Event in London|author=London|first=The Kolberg Partnership|work=AllinLondon|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> O mere ngosipụta oru ebe ahụ afọ iri ruo n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014 mgbe emechiri ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/nov/24/madame-jojos-legendary-soho-nightclub-forced-close|title=Madame Jojo's, legendary Soho nightclub, forced to close|author=Ellis-Petersen|first=Hannah|date=24 November 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Ya na Scott Houzet dere ma mepụta ụfọdụ egwu na ọrụ egwu nke mbụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/%25EF%25BF%25BD++%253C%25EF%25BF%25BDMiss+saHHara/+wiki|title=Last.fm|work=last.fm|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theheroines.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/interview-with-miss-sahhara.html|title=The Heroines of My Life: Interview with Miss saHHara|work=theheroines.blogspot.co.uk|date=31 March 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> === Ihe nlereanya ejiji === Ọ pụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi catwalk na London na ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2011/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2011-12 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107114018/https://www.vogue.co.uk/shows/autumn-winter-2011-ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref> O mere ihe ngosi nlereanya ejiji nye Ziad Ghanem na London Fashion Week maka oge engosi jiji nke anọ.<ref name=":13"/><ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2010-11 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610221225/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Spring/Summer 2012 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610225633/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref> O sonyekwara na njiharị ejiji ruo ihe karịrị afọ ise ma gosipụta otu oge atụmatụ ejiji ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sahhara-london-alternative-fashion-week-24-april-2009-26742335.html|title=Stock Photo - Sahhara, London Alternative Fashion Week, 24 April 2009|author=Limited|first=Alamy|work=Alamy|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> === Agụmakwụkwọ === Miss sahhara gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere masta na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na Mahadum London Metropolitan. O kwuru na ibe mgbasa ozi ya na ọ chọrọ ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na ọmụmụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://misssahhara.com/biography/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and founder of TransValid.org.|work=Official Website{{!}}Miss saHHara|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120153403/http://www.misssahhara.com/biography/}}</ref> Ikekwe, nke ga enye ya olu a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi mgbe ọ na-akụziri ndị mmadụ banyere Mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ. === Aha iwu kwadoro === Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ akụkọ Naịjirịa na ndị na-ede blọgụ na-arụtụ aka ugboro ugboro na tweet [[Ebuka Obi-Uchendu]], nke o kwuru na ọ maara Miss saHHara dị ka 'Clifford Oche'.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Ebuka/status/204697212817653760|title=Then I open the page and it turns out to be Oché! Some dude who was popular in Abuja many years ago for being unapologetically effeminate...|author=Obi-Uchendu|first=Ebuka|date=21 May 2012|work=@Ebuka|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news|url=http://that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman... - that1960chick.com|date=2012-05-22|work=that1960chick.com|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman… {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":14" /> Miss saHHara jụrụ nkwupụta ahụ ma jụ ibipụta aha ọmụmụ ya n'ozuzu, ọ siri ọnwụ na ibipụta aha ochie ya na foto ya enweghị mkpa maka onye ọ ghọrọ ibu. Ọ kowara na ọjọọ aha echefu ru echefu na onye ndi gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha nnọchịanya n'ekwesighi ha nwere ogho ọma eweta nke bu akpọmasi na ikpa oke site n' enweghị ezi nhọpụta banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha na gburugburu ụwa. O kwukwara na Ọrịa Sahhara Henson abụghị aha aguru ya,na <nowiki>''Henson''bụ njirimara nnọchịanya o kepụtara iji kwụsị ndị n'éfè blogg I gbasa aha ya.ya mere ọ kpebiri na ọ gaghị egosiputa ezi aha ya ma ka egwu n'atu ya n'ihi ụdị mmaja transphobia na mmaja ọnwụ ọ n'</nowiki>enweta na websaiti === Esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ === A maara ya maka esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ Naịjirịa. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime arụmụka ya na ha sitere na akụkọ ha bipụtara banyere ya, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ ''<nowiki/>'ụgha''', na edemede transphobic doro anya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịkpọ ya "nwoke gbanwere ọdịdị ya" na ịjụ iji nnọchiaha nwanyị kọwaa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rawgistafrica.com/2016/02/photos-nigerian-transgender-man-ms.html|title=Photos: Nigerian Transgender Man, Ms Sahhara Flaunts Cleàvage {{!}} RawGist|work=www.rawgistafrica.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/she-is-fake-ex-school-mate-tears-miss-sahhara-apart-id2990962.html|title=She Is Fake: Ex-School Mate Tears Miss SaHHara Apart|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 July 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ na-aga na Facebook ya mgbe niile iji bipụta nzaghachi banyere isiokwu ndị ọ na-ewere dị ka transphobic na imebi ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ekere ha.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Pulse">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/setting-the-record-straight-i-have-always-been-a-woman-miss-sahhara-id4187904.html|title=Setting The Record Straight: 'I have always been a woman' - Miss Sahhara|author=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=21 September 2015|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.helloafrica.ga/i-make-a-better-looking-woman-than-you-ms-sahhara-claps-back-at-a-hater-on-facebook/|title=I make a better looking woman than you- Ms Sahhara claps back at a hater on Facebook - Hello Africa|date=10 May 2016|work=Hello Africa|accessdate=12 May 2016}}</ref> O siri ọnwụ na nzaghachi ya abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nye ndị na-ede ma na-ekwu okwu banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ngalaba ọha. Usoro "mmụta" ya dị ka ọ dịrị kwuo nwere ike mgbe ụfọdụ jedebe na arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ma ọ bụ agha okwu nye ya na ndị na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/twisted-miss-sahhara-and-fan-in-war-of-words-id3278164.html|title=Twisted: Miss Sahhara And Fan In War Of Words|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 November 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> Okwu ya megide okpukpe emebeghị nke ọma na nti ndị Naijiria. Mgbe ọ bụla ọ na-ede isiokwu ọ bụla metụtara okpukpe, ihe odide ya na-adọta nzaghachi iwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-was-a-common-buddhist-monk-id2934382.html|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=23 June 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/2014/06/23/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-common-buddhist-monk/|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Reserved|first=Naijaloaded 2016 All Rights|date=23 June 2014|work=Naijaloaded {{!}} Nigeria No. 1 Online Portal|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> O kwuru na okpukpe niile bụ mmegbu ma bụrụ ihe ochie. Ọ nwetara nkatọ site n'aka ndị nkwado ya ha na-ekwu na ọ aka mmá ya ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ nkwado ya kama ikwupụta echiche ya banyere isiokwu ndị na-akpata nkewa dịka okpukpe. N'enweghị nsogbu site na nkatọ ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-ekwupụta obi nkoropụ ya banyere ihe mere ndị Afrịka ji jụ ịjụ okwukwe ha nke ọ kpọrọ "Colonial relic".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,342651.0.html|title=Untold Story Of Miss Sahara, The Nigerian Man From Idoma Transformed To A Woman (Photos+Video) - Gistmania|date=2017-04-09|work=www.gistmania.com|accessdate=2020-02-06}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2016, o dere ogologo akwụkwọ na nzaghachi maka akụkọ ndị na-ede blọgụ n'Afrịka bipụtara banyere mpụta ya na BBC Africa's in Her Shoes, ndị na-ede blọgụ kwuru na ọ na-aghọ onwe ya aghọ na Naịjirịa dị ka "nwoke na-edina nwoke", ya mere o kpebiri ịgbanwe gaa na nwanyị.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY">{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Miss saHHara gara na peeji mgbasa ozi ya iji kụziere ndị na-ede blọgụ, ebe ọ boro ha ebubo na ha na-akwalite transphobia site n'ịkọ akụkọ na-ezighi ezi; "Nke a abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi."<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> O mere ka o doo anya na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ nwoke, na ndowe onwe ya dị ka nwanyị esiteghị n'aka onye ọ bụla ma e wezụga onwe ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/sahhara/posts/446427888890499|title=Miss saHHara - #LindaIkeji TO LINDA IKEJI ET AL., this is... {{!}} Facebook|work=www.facebook.com|accessdate=2016-05-06}}</ref> Ihe odide ahụ nwetara ihe karịrị otu narị okwu iji kwado ma megide nkwupụta ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theheraldng.com/linda-ikeji-others-dragged-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara/|title=Linda Ikeji, Others Dragged By Nigerian Transgender Miss Sahhara - The Herald News Nigeria|date=4 May 2016|work=The Herald News Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freshbaze.com/stop-addressing-me-as-a-man-transgender-miss-sahhara-to-linda-ikeji-others/|title="Stop Addressing Me As A Man" – Transgender Miss Sahhara To Linda Ikeji, Others {{!}} FreshBaze.com|date=4 May 2016|publisher=FreshBaze.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ịgosi mma == Ọrụ asọmpi ya malitere mgbe ọ kwagara London, England n'afọ 2004. O kwuru na ịhụnanya ya gbasara ịgosi mma na ije nsere ọkpa ya nọgidere na-abawanye kemgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ọ na-eji "tmkpisi ọnụ ọkpa", n'ihi na a naghị ekwe ka ọ na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu na Naịjirịa. Ọ kụziri nsere ọkpa na ịgosi mma n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma tupu ọ kwaga United Kingdom. Ọ bụ onye soro sọọ asọmpi na Andrew Logan 's Alternative Miss World mgbe mbụ ọ kwagara London, <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe|title=Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish|author=Bramley|first=Ellie Violet|date=20 October 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> na-anọchite anya Nigeria. Ọ gbara onye nke abụọ. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/#/history/amw2004/who|title=Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World|publisher=alternativemissworld.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ bụ onye soro sọọ mpi na asọmpi Miss International Queen beauty pageant, na-anọchite anya [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. N'oge asọmpi ahụ, ọ pụtara na mgbasa ozi ụwa dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ya nke Naijiria luru ọgụ maka nnabata na ịha nhata nke LGBTQI + ndị ọzọ na Africa.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/video/163723-miss-saharra-nigeria-s-trans-gender-beauty-queen-participates-in-miss-international-queen-pageant.html|title=Miss Saharra, Nigeria's Trans-Gender Beauty Queen Participates in Miss International Queen Pageant|work=Online Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/stars-replace-scars-in-pageant-fit-for-queens-20111107-1n3qv.html|title=Stars replace scars in pageant fit for queens|author=Pattaya|first=Lindsay Murdoch|date=8 November 2011|work=The Age|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.therealgeordiearmani.com/miss-international-queen/|title=Miss International Queen - Geordie Armani|date=23 May 2012|work=Geordie Armani|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, o meriri aha mbụ ya na mba ụwa, Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 na Manila, Philippines .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371076/showbiz/chikaminute/ms-nigeria-wagi-bilang-unang-super-sireyna-worldwide-ng-eat-bulaga|title=Ms. Nigeria, wagi bilang unang Super Sireyna Worldwide ng 'Eat Bulaga!'|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a bụ asọmpi ịma mma transgender, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na ihe ngosi telivishọn kachasị ogologo n'ehihie n'ụwa, Eat Bulaga!<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/|title=Nigeria's First Openly Transgender Woman – Miss Sahhara Wins World Pageant in {{sic|Phillipines|hide=y}} {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617055934/http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/}}</ref> N'asọmpi ahụ, ọ nọchitere anya mba a mụrụ ya bụ Naịjirịa iji dọta uche gaa n'àgwà ọjọọ nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na iwu gbasara obodo LGBTQI + na Afrịka.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/world/2014/11/17/state-lgbt-equality-africa|title=The State of LGBT Equality in Africa|date=17 November 2014|publisher=advocate.com|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/nigerian-representative-at-transgender-pageant-in|title=Nigerian Representative at Transgender Pageant in the Philippines|date=9 July 2014|publisher=kenyabuzz.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe a jụrụ Miss saHHara maka oge ọkacha iji nyaa isi nke ndụ ya na ngalaba ajụjụ na azịza nke Mazị Colin Kerr, ọ zara:<blockquote>Oge kachasị iji nyaa isi nke ndụ m bụ ịnọ n'ọgbọ a ugbu a. Mgbe m na-etolite, enwere m nrọ a nke ịghọ eze nwanyị n'elu nkwago ma na-eme ihe nkiri. Ma enweghị m ike n'ihi na amụrụ m nwoke. Ana m eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu nke nne m ma na-eme ka à ga-asị n'ihu enyo na abụ m onye asọmpi. Ya mere ịnọ ebe a taa na inwe ohere ndị a dị ka nwanyị mara mma bụ nrọ bịara na mmezu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/ "Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide"]. TDSTV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref></blockquote>Miss Universe n'afọ1973, Margarita Moran-Floirendo kpuwere ya okpueze n'ihu ọtụtụ nde ndị na-ekiri ya n'ụwa niile.<ref name=":0" /> O kwenyeghí na nke a mgbe e kpunyere ya okpueze, o dere ihe ndị a na Facebook: <nowiki>''</nowiki>O CHỊM o! E meririm! Amaghị m na ọ bụ eziokwu! Ikekwe m ga-eteta site na nrọ a dị ịtụnanya n'otu nkeji! Aka m na-acha uhie uhie site n'aka m na-apịa onwe m mgbe niile ka m teta site na nrọ a mara mma! Ịhụnanya juru m anya! Philippines bụ n'ezie ebe obibi pụrụ iche iche n'ebe obibi. "<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/69964.html|title=Ms Sahhara Brings Miss World Transgender Competition Trophy Home ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Ndimele|first=Manuel|date=19 July 2014|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=22 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere Miss Trans Global, asọmpi transgender dijitalụ, a malitere n'afọ 2020 iji mee ka a mara maka nsogbu nke ndị LGBTIQ n'ụwa niile. Mbipụta mbụ nke asọmpi ahụ ka emere n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na 12th nke Septemba, afọ 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/|title=First Miss Trans Global is Pinay|accessdate=2022-06-13|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005071456/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.starobserver.com.au/news/the-first-pride-afrique-will-celebrate-queer-african-stories/196828|title=The First Pride Afrique Will Celebrate Queer African Stories|date=21 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-14|title=She is beauty, she is grace—Mela Habijan is the new Miss Trans Global|url=https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn|accessdate=2021-10-05|work=Preen.ph|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005073601/https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere na ọrụ nkwado == Miss saHHara malitere ọrụ mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha a na-akpọ TransValid n'afọ 2014. Òtù ahụ malitere na mkpasa ozi #IamValid na #YouAreValid, ebe ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ndị nsonye ha mere vidiyo nke onwe ha na-ekwupụta nkwado ha maka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign (video) {{!}} Nigerian: Breaking News In Nigeria {{!}} Laila's Blog|work=www.lailasblog.com|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=3 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703130710/http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign [video] - Jade African|date=27 June 2015|work=Jade African|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003606/http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/}}</ref> Dị ka nkwupụta ozi nke nzukọ ahụ si kwuo, ha nwere olileanya 'ịkwado echiche na-ezighị ezi, egwu, na ịkpọasị nke ndị transgender n'ụwa niile. Site na TransValid, ọ na-atụ anya ịkụziri ndị mmadụ ihe gbasara nsogbu mgbanwe ọdịdị okike site na iji mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na nnọkọ ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/mission/|title=Mission|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=25 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425150849/http://transvalid.org/mission/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/472344-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-releases-new-photos.html|title=Nigerian Man Who Turned into A Woman Sizzles in New Photos ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Odunayo|first=Adams|date=26 June 2015|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=18 May 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2015, Miss saHHara mepụtara obere ihe nkiri maka TransValid nke akpọrọ The Deadly Price of Transphobia na Brazil, Vidio ahụ gosipụtara ihe isi ike na ihe ize ndụ nke ibi na [[Brazil]] dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/|title=Deadly Price of Transphobia in Brazil|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=23 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623213825/http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emneon.com.br/2015/08/ong-londrina-faz-documentario-sobre.html|title=Ong londrina faz documentário sobre transfobia no Brasil|publisher=emneon.com.br|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yagg.com/?post_type=post&p=93925|title=Montrer la violence, c'est le seul moyen d'attirer l'attention sur le nombre effrayant de morts et de violences contre les personnes trans' en Amérique du Sud|accessdate=7 May 2016|date=16 August 2015}}</ref> N'abalị́ iri atọ na otu nke ọnwa Machị afọ 2016,bụ International Transgender Day of Visibility, ya na Aleika Barros, Miss Trans Universe 2015 na ndị ọzọ gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara mma iji mee ka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara maka obodo gburugburu ụwa site na mgbasa ozi akpọrọ ''<nowiki/>'Abụ m Trans na enwere m ikike ibi ndụ''' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/|title=CAMPAIGN: 'I AM TRANS AND I HAVE THE RIGHT TO LIFE'|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=29 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429173325/http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/|title=Nigerian transgender, Ms Sahhara releases photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|date=31 March 2016|work=CityPeople Magazine Nigeria {{!}} Nigerian Celerbrities {{!}} Entertainment {{!}} Stars|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=1 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042759/http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara, Shares New Sexy Photos To Celebrate Transgender Day of Visibility - INFORMATION NIGERIA|work=INFORMATION NIGERIA|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=14 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914234128/http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html|title=DIPLOMATIC PORCH: Miss SahHara releases 'reflective' photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|publisher=diplomaticporch.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=5 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605094049/http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html}}</ref> == Ngosipụta telivishọn == * Ihe omume abụọ nke 'Lady Boys: Oge 2 na Sky Living, na-enyocha ndụ ụmụ nwanyị transgender na Thailand na karịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/index.php?title=Ladyboys:_Series_2|title=Ladyboys: Series 2|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-guide/friday-january-11-20130109-2cfbl.html|title=LADYBOYS|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=8 May 2016|date=9 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/?title=Ladyboys|title=Ladyboys|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> * Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide na GMA Network<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/video/211509/24oras/miss-sahhara-ng-nigeria-wagi-sa-super-sireyna-worldwide|title=Miss Sahhara ng Nigeria, wagi sa Super Sireyna Worldwide|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> * Unang Hirit Morning show<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> * Tunay Na Buhay gbara ajụjụ ọnụ site na Rhea Santos<ref name=":7"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|work=YouTube|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref> * Mars * BBC's in Her Shoes: #BBCIdentity<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Aha ndị a na-eme ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Aha !Afọ !Ntinye !Mba |- |Super Sireyna n'ụwa niile<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/|title=Nigerian bet wins Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014|date=19 July 2014|publisher=normannorman.com|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008165609/https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/}}</ref> |2014 |Onye mmeri |Philippines |- |Miss International Queen<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html|title=MIQ Official Website|author=Miss International Queen|first=Pattaya, Thailand|date=4 November 2011|work=Miss International Queen|publisher=Miss International Queen|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=18 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618010000/http://missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%E2%80%9Csammy%E2%80%9D-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/|title=Stunning Miss "Sammy" Thai Ladyboy Wins Pattaya Miss International Queen 2011|author=PATTAYA DAILY NEWS|first=Thailand|publisher=PDN|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=16 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116020144/http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%e2%80%9csammy%e2%80%9d-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/}}</ref> |2011 |Onye nke mbụ na-esote |Thailand |- |Vogue: International Diva throwing a strop<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up|title=It's A Balls Up|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610202826/http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up}}</ref> |2009 |Onye mmeri |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |- |Miss Exilio<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heyevent.uk/event/v7ho2bdqkdltma/mr-miss-exilio-pageant-a-world-aids-event|title=Mr & Miss Exilio Pageant - A World Aids Event – Heyevent.uk|work=heyevent.uk|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> |2005 |Onye mmeri |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |- |Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe|title=Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish|author=Bramley|first=Ellie Violet|date=20 October 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBramley2014">Bramley, Ellie Violet (20 October 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe "Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/|title=Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World|publisher=alternativemissworld.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2016|archivedate=6 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006122101/http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/#/history/amw2004/who}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. alternativemissworld.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> | |Onye nke mbụ na-esote |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |} == Edensibia/ ndetu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160508163121/http://misssahhara.com/ Miss saHHara's Official Website] * [http://transvalid.org/ Òtù Tranvalid] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5jmzqup2tcmxpqcbjam9rke81vxgxak 674247 674244 2026-07-08T20:15:09Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ihe ngosi ịgosi mma */ 674247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Super Sireyna Worldwide.jpg|thumb|Super Sireyna Worldwide]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Miss Sahhara (nke a na-akpọ '''Miss saHHara''', nke a na-akpọ dị ka Sahara) bụ eze nwanyị mara mma nke Britain na Naijiria<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/yemmynisting/2014/08/03/nigerian-trans-woman-ms-saharra-wins-ms-super-sireyna-worldwide-eat-your-heart-out-transphobic-nigeria/|title=Nigerian Trans woman, Ms Sahhara, wins Ms Super Sireyna Worldwide: Eat your heart out Transphobic Nigeria!|date=3 August 2014|work=YEMMYnisting|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>, onye na-eme ihe ngosi ejiji, onye na-agụ egwu / onye na-ede egwu, na onye na-akwado nweta ikike mmadụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/|title=DISCLAIMER {{!}} Miss saHHara putting the record straight|work=www.misssahhara.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-11-03|archivedate=2017-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014747/http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-36168661/trans-woman-i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/miss-sahhara/here-is-an-objective-view-of-my-life-story-so-far/478139739052647/|title=Here is an objective view of my life story so far|work=www.facebook.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name="BBC IDENTITY">{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html|title=Meet Nigerian Model Who Was Once Male|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=18 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818054310/http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html}}</ref><ref name="naija">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5439415/|title=IMDB Miss Sahhara|work=imdb.com|accessdate=Mar 31, 2019}}</ref> A maara ya maka ịnọchite anya Naịjirịa na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa iji dọta uche na nsogbu nke ndị LGBTQI + na Afrịka.<ref name="pulse">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=15 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115225018/http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ịbụ nwanyí mbụ si Naijiria pụtara n'ihu ọha na mgbasa ozi mba ụwa n'oge asọmpi ịgosi mma Miss International Queen na Pattaya, Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/scars-of-prejudice-underlie-glamour-of-transgender-pageant-20111107-1n3s0.html|title=Scars of prejudice underlie glamour of transgender pageant|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=7 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/|title=#7 - The Story of Nigeria's First Transgender Woman|publisher=Africa.com|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611060244/http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gistus.com/10471/nigerias-transgender-beauty-queen-2nd-international-queen-pageant|title=Nigeria's first transgender beauty queen comes 2nd in Miss International Queen pageant|date=22 May 2012|work=Gist Us|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transgriot.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/miss-international-queen-2011-ends-in.html|title=TransGriot: Miss International Queen 2011 Ends In Controversy|work=transgriot.blogspot.co.uk|date=4 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014, e chiri ya onye mbụ Super Sireyna Worldwide na Manila, Philippines. Nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị nwanyí isi ojii mbụ gbanwere ọdịdị ya e chiri onye mmeri na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/372964/publicaffairs/tunaynabuhay/sahhara-s-journey|title=Sahhara's journey|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/07/22/1348848/other-winners-other-competitions|title=Other winners, other competitions|work=The Philippine Star|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371926/publicaffairs/kapusomojessicasoho/super-sireyna-more-heart-than-beauty|title=Super Sireyna: More heart than beauty|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/07/nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-wins-super-sireyna-pageantry-in-philippines/|title=Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson Wins Super Sireyna Pageant in Philippines|work=BellaNaija|date=19 July 2014|accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe o meriri Super Sireyna Worldwide, o hiwere otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke a na-akpọ TransValid Ọ bụkwa onye nkatọ iwu mkpọrọ afọ iri na anọ nke ndị LGBTQI + na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-39271690|title=Why transgender Africans turned against a famous feminist|author=Mohan|first=Megha|date=2017-03-16|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and a human rights advocate|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611040159/http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.linkedin.com/in/sahhara|title=Miss saHHara {{!}} LinkedIn|work=uk.linkedin.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-transgender-recognition-campaign-video/|title="I AM VALID"- Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins Transgender Recognition Campaign (video)|date=26 June 2015|publisher=360Nobs.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/01/nigerians-are-so-stupid-nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-reacts-to-same-sex-bill/|title="Nigerians are so Stupid" – Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson reacts to Same Sex Bill|work=BellaNaija|date=14 January 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-anti-gay-laws-us-puts-pressure-president-buhari-allow-same-sex-unions-1511028|title=Nigeria anti-gay laws: US puts pressure on President Buhari to allow same-sex unions|date=15 July 2015|work=International Business Times UK|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html|title=Anti-Gay Law: Nigerian Transgender Miss SaHHara Blasts Nigeria|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=15 January 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023450/http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/|title=Nigeria's Transgender Iris Sahhara Reacts To Nigeria's Gay Marriage Prohibition - MJ Celebrity Magazine|date=14 January 2014|work=MJ Celebrity Magazine|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=24 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724053100/http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/}}</ref> Onye kọwara onwe ya dị ka"onye ọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi maka ejiji na ngosi mma", nzere ya na mbipụta ya sitere na izu ejiji ruo na mkpuchi nke magazin na mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nashvibes.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-poses-nude-for-mask-magazine/|title=Nigerian TransGender Miss Sahhara poses nude for Mask Magazine - The NashVibes|date=20 October 2014|work=The NashVibes|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/auramagazine6/docs/aura_issue_3_june_2015|title=AURA Magazine Issue #3- PAGE 41|work=Issuu|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/|title=Nigerian transgender Ms Sahhara covers new issue of Transliving|date=20 December 2014|work=#ANOTHERGIST|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808235222/http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.retoxmagazine.com/lfw-ziad-ghanem-aw11-show.html|title=London Fashion Week AW11 Fashion Designer Ziad Ghanem|publisher=retoxmagazine.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Mgbe ọ na-etolite, o kwuru n'ụzọ a ma ama na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ dabara n'echiche okpukpe na nke nchekwa nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jappah|first=Jlateh V.|date=1 March 2013|title=The convergence of American and Nigerian religious conservatism in a biopolitical shaping of Nigeria's HIV/AIDS prevention programmes|journal=Global Public Health|volume=8|issue=3|pages=312–325|doi=10.1080/17441692.2013.765023|issn=1744-1692|pmid=23391163}}</ref> Ibi n'ime ime obodo [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ ghara ịma banyere ọnọdụ ahụike ya nke a maara dị ka gender dysphoria. O kwuru na mmetụta ọ na-enwe mgbe niile nke ịchọrọ igosipụta onwe ya dị ka nwanyị mere ka ọ dị ya ka ọ furu efu, dị ka a ga-asị na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma na ya. Ọ chọrọ Okpukpere chi ga-enye ya olileanya ọgwụgwọ, na-ekpegara Chineke ekpere ka o mee ya nwanyị mgbe ọ tolitere.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY222">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=In Her Shoes|author=BBC|work=BBC News}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwere nsogbu njirimara ya, o kpebiri ịwere ndụ ya, ebe ọ bụ na ndị pastọ nọ na chọọchị ya na ndị gbara ya gburugburu nọgidere na-agwa ya na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma banyere njirimara nwanyị ya. O kwuru na ọ nwaala igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ ma lanarị.<ref name=":0222">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbalị igbu onwe ya mere ka o kpebisie ike ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] gaa n'obodo na-anabata ma ọ bụ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'igbu onwe ya na mgbalị igbu onwe ya nke atọ.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY"/> Ọ malitere ịchọ azịza maka ọnọdụ ya na otu o nwere ike isi jisie okwukwe ya na onye ọ na-atụ anya ịbụ n'ọdịnihu. Ọ chọtara udo na nchọpụta na ọ dịghị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ onye okpukpe iji bie ndụ dị mma.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":0222"/> === A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na Naịjirịa === Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, a kpọchiri ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Naijiria n'ihi omume nwanyị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ynaija.com/i-was-jailed-in-nigeria-for-being-transgender-meet-the-nigerian-lady-who-claimed-she-was-imprisoned-for-being-gay-read-photos/|title="I was jailed in Nigeria for being transgender": Meet the Nigerian 'lady' who claimed she was imprisoned for being 'gay' (READ, PHOTOS) - YNaija|date=21 November 2013|work=YNaija|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ gbara ya ume ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], n'ihi na ihe ọzọ gaara eme ka ọ kwụsị ndụ ya nke ọma. O chetara ahụmahụ ya na edemede a na-emetụ n'ahụ o dere maka Gay Star News na Transgender Day of Remembrance n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2013, nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi n'ịntanetị bipụtara ọzọ:<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2013/11/22/nigerias-first-male-transgender-woman-iris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-was-jailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay! {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html|title=AlabamUncut|author=Culled|first=GaysterNews|date=7 May 2016|work=|accessdate=13 June 2022|archivedate=16 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416052344/http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html}}</ref><blockquote>Ọ dị m ka m nwee ike ịgwa onwe na-eto eto onye nwara igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ na ndụ na-akawanye mma na nrọ na-abịakea na mmezu. Echeghị m na ndụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ijuanya ọtụtụ afọ gara aga mgbe a tọhapụrụ m n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị egwu nke Naijiria maka ịdị iche. Mgbe ahụ, naanị ihe m nwere ike iche bụ na m nwere ike ịnwụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ a ma ọ dịghị onye ga-ama ma ọ bụ lekọta ya. Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ chere na ọ bụ ihe ziri ezi, na-atụle na a na-ata m ahụhụ maka ịbụ 'onye na-edina ụdị onwe ya' dịka ha chere n'ihi ọdịdị nwanyị m na omume m. Abụghị m nwoke n'edina nwoke, abụ m nwanyị a mụrụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'ihi nkwarụ okike. Ihe m chere adabaghị n'ọdịdị m. Ịbụ nwoke mgbe a mụrụ m anaghị eme ka m bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ọ dịghị onye amụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, a mụrụ gị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, mgbe ahụ ị na-etolite n'ime nwoke ị họọrọ ka ị na-etolite wee mee ka ị bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị. Nye m, nwoke na nwanyị ahụ bụ nwanyị. A mụrụ m nwoke mana ụbụrụ m, mmegharị aka m, atụmatụ m na mbuli ahum m na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nke nwanyị. Ịzụlite na amaghị ihe na-eme n'ahụ m mere ka m nwee mgbagwoju anya ma tọọ n'echiche. Enweghị m ike iso ndị ezinụlọ m kwurịta ya n'ihi na a na-akatọ ọdịdị nwanyị m anya n'ihi okpukpe ha ma enweghị m ike ịgwa ndị enyi m okwu n'ihi na ha agaghị aghọta ihe m na-agabiga. Enwetara m nkasi obi na egwu na nrọ. Enwere m olileanya nke ịbụ onye nweere onwe m , enweghị mkparị, enweghị ikpe na enweghị nsogbu.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coolnaijagist.wordpress.com/2014/06/19/nigerias-first-male-transgender-womaniris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-wasjailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay!|author=coolnaijagist|date=19 June 2014|work=Coolnaijagist Entertainment|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html|title=Nigerian Model And Singer Has Been Jailed And Attempted Suicide Because She Was Transgende8203;r.Read her story|author=Akosa/Nigeriafilms.com|first=Joy|publisher=nigeriafilms.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=2 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602145711/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay|title=Tragic life of Super Sireyna winner Miss Sahhara depicted on Tunay na Buhay|date=28 July 2014|work=pep.ph|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172507/http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay}}</ref></blockquote> Ngabiga ya na [[Nigeria Police Force|ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ chọọ [[wiktionary:refuge|ebe mgbaba]] na [[London]], United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/|title=Sahhara|work=Sketch Films|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617144317/http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/}}</ref> === Ndụ ọhụrụ na United Kingdom === Ọ hapụrụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] n'afọ 2004 iji biri na United Kingdom. Mgbe ahụ, ọ nwetara echiche sara mbara banyere gender dysphoria ya. Ọ malitere ịhụ ndị dọkịta nyeere ya aka site na njem ya ibụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gists|first=Naija|title=Nigerian Man Who Became A Woman, Transgendered Oche Clifford Jailed In Nigeria|url=https://naijagists.com/nigerian-man-who-became-a-woman-transgendered-oche-clifford-jailed-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2020-11-12|language=en-US}}</ref> O kwuru na ndụ ọhụrụ ya na UK dị ka eluigwe nọ n'ụwa n'ihi na ọ na-ebi ugbu a dị ka ezi onwe ya. O nwetara ebe obibi nke abụ abụ na Madam Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret na Soho, West End nke London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.designmynight.com/london/whats-on/something-a-little-different-events/kitsch-cabaret|title=Madame Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret The Drury Club London {{!}} DesignMyNight|publisher=designmynight.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allinlondon.co.uk/whats-on.php?event=53516|title=Kitsch Cabaret, Madame Jojo's, 8-10 Brewer Street, London, W1F 0SE. Tel 020 7734 3040. - Theatre Event in London|author=London|first=The Kolberg Partnership|work=AllinLondon|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> O mere ngosipụta oru ebe ahụ afọ iri ruo n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014 mgbe emechiri ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/nov/24/madame-jojos-legendary-soho-nightclub-forced-close|title=Madame Jojo's, legendary Soho nightclub, forced to close|author=Ellis-Petersen|first=Hannah|date=24 November 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Ya na Scott Houzet dere ma mepụta ụfọdụ egwu na ọrụ egwu nke mbụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/%25EF%25BF%25BD++%253C%25EF%25BF%25BDMiss+saHHara/+wiki|title=Last.fm|work=last.fm|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theheroines.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/interview-with-miss-sahhara.html|title=The Heroines of My Life: Interview with Miss saHHara|work=theheroines.blogspot.co.uk|date=31 March 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> === Ihe nlereanya ejiji === Ọ pụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi catwalk na London na ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2011/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2011-12 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107114018/https://www.vogue.co.uk/shows/autumn-winter-2011-ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref> O mere ihe ngosi nlereanya ejiji nye Ziad Ghanem na London Fashion Week maka oge engosi jiji nke anọ.<ref name=":13"/><ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2010-11 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610221225/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Spring/Summer 2012 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610225633/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref> O sonyekwara na njiharị ejiji ruo ihe karịrị afọ ise ma gosipụta otu oge atụmatụ ejiji ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sahhara-london-alternative-fashion-week-24-april-2009-26742335.html|title=Stock Photo - Sahhara, London Alternative Fashion Week, 24 April 2009|author=Limited|first=Alamy|work=Alamy|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> === Agụmakwụkwọ === Miss sahhara gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere masta na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na Mahadum London Metropolitan. O kwuru na ibe mgbasa ozi ya na ọ chọrọ ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na ọmụmụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://misssahhara.com/biography/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and founder of TransValid.org.|work=Official Website{{!}}Miss saHHara|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120153403/http://www.misssahhara.com/biography/}}</ref> Ikekwe, nke ga enye ya olu a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi mgbe ọ na-akụziri ndị mmadụ banyere Mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ. === Aha iwu kwadoro === Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ akụkọ Naịjirịa na ndị na-ede blọgụ na-arụtụ aka ugboro ugboro na tweet [[Ebuka Obi-Uchendu]], nke o kwuru na ọ maara Miss saHHara dị ka 'Clifford Oche'.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Ebuka/status/204697212817653760|title=Then I open the page and it turns out to be Oché! Some dude who was popular in Abuja many years ago for being unapologetically effeminate...|author=Obi-Uchendu|first=Ebuka|date=21 May 2012|work=@Ebuka|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news|url=http://that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman... - that1960chick.com|date=2012-05-22|work=that1960chick.com|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman… {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":14" /> Miss saHHara jụrụ nkwupụta ahụ ma jụ ibipụta aha ọmụmụ ya n'ozuzu, ọ siri ọnwụ na ibipụta aha ochie ya na foto ya enweghị mkpa maka onye ọ ghọrọ ibu. Ọ kowara na ọjọọ aha echefu ru echefu na onye ndi gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha nnọchịanya n'ekwesighi ha nwere ogho ọma eweta nke bu akpọmasi na ikpa oke site n' enweghị ezi nhọpụta banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha na gburugburu ụwa. O kwukwara na Ọrịa Sahhara Henson abụghị aha aguru ya,na <nowiki>''Henson''bụ njirimara nnọchịanya o kepụtara iji kwụsị ndị n'éfè blogg I gbasa aha ya.ya mere ọ kpebiri na ọ gaghị egosiputa ezi aha ya ma ka egwu n'atu ya n'ihi ụdị mmaja transphobia na mmaja ọnwụ ọ n'</nowiki>enweta na websaiti === Esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ === A maara ya maka esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ Naịjirịa. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime arụmụka ya na ha sitere na akụkọ ha bipụtara banyere ya, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ ''<nowiki/>'ụgha''', na edemede transphobic doro anya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịkpọ ya "nwoke gbanwere ọdịdị ya" na ịjụ iji nnọchiaha nwanyị kọwaa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rawgistafrica.com/2016/02/photos-nigerian-transgender-man-ms.html|title=Photos: Nigerian Transgender Man, Ms Sahhara Flaunts Cleàvage {{!}} RawGist|work=www.rawgistafrica.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/she-is-fake-ex-school-mate-tears-miss-sahhara-apart-id2990962.html|title=She Is Fake: Ex-School Mate Tears Miss SaHHara Apart|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 July 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ na-aga na Facebook ya mgbe niile iji bipụta nzaghachi banyere isiokwu ndị ọ na-ewere dị ka transphobic na imebi ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ekere ha.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Pulse">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/setting-the-record-straight-i-have-always-been-a-woman-miss-sahhara-id4187904.html|title=Setting The Record Straight: 'I have always been a woman' - Miss Sahhara|author=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=21 September 2015|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.helloafrica.ga/i-make-a-better-looking-woman-than-you-ms-sahhara-claps-back-at-a-hater-on-facebook/|title=I make a better looking woman than you- Ms Sahhara claps back at a hater on Facebook - Hello Africa|date=10 May 2016|work=Hello Africa|accessdate=12 May 2016}}</ref> O siri ọnwụ na nzaghachi ya abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nye ndị na-ede ma na-ekwu okwu banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ngalaba ọha. Usoro "mmụta" ya dị ka ọ dịrị kwuo nwere ike mgbe ụfọdụ jedebe na arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ma ọ bụ agha okwu nye ya na ndị na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/twisted-miss-sahhara-and-fan-in-war-of-words-id3278164.html|title=Twisted: Miss Sahhara And Fan In War Of Words|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 November 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> Okwu ya megide okpukpe emebeghị nke ọma na nti ndị Naijiria. Mgbe ọ bụla ọ na-ede isiokwu ọ bụla metụtara okpukpe, ihe odide ya na-adọta nzaghachi iwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-was-a-common-buddhist-monk-id2934382.html|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=23 June 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/2014/06/23/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-common-buddhist-monk/|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Reserved|first=Naijaloaded 2016 All Rights|date=23 June 2014|work=Naijaloaded {{!}} Nigeria No. 1 Online Portal|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> O kwuru na okpukpe niile bụ mmegbu ma bụrụ ihe ochie. Ọ nwetara nkatọ site n'aka ndị nkwado ya ha na-ekwu na ọ aka mmá ya ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ nkwado ya kama ikwupụta echiche ya banyere isiokwu ndị na-akpata nkewa dịka okpukpe. N'enweghị nsogbu site na nkatọ ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-ekwupụta obi nkoropụ ya banyere ihe mere ndị Afrịka ji jụ ịjụ okwukwe ha nke ọ kpọrọ "Colonial relic".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,342651.0.html|title=Untold Story Of Miss Sahara, The Nigerian Man From Idoma Transformed To A Woman (Photos+Video) - Gistmania|date=2017-04-09|work=www.gistmania.com|accessdate=2020-02-06}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2016, o dere ogologo akwụkwọ na nzaghachi maka akụkọ ndị na-ede blọgụ n'Afrịka bipụtara banyere mpụta ya na BBC Africa's in Her Shoes, ndị na-ede blọgụ kwuru na ọ na-aghọ onwe ya aghọ na Naịjirịa dị ka "nwoke na-edina nwoke", ya mere o kpebiri ịgbanwe gaa na nwanyị.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY">{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Miss saHHara gara na peeji mgbasa ozi ya iji kụziere ndị na-ede blọgụ, ebe ọ boro ha ebubo na ha na-akwalite transphobia site n'ịkọ akụkọ na-ezighi ezi; "Nke a abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi."<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> O mere ka o doo anya na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ nwoke, na ndowe onwe ya dị ka nwanyị esiteghị n'aka onye ọ bụla ma e wezụga onwe ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/sahhara/posts/446427888890499|title=Miss saHHara - #LindaIkeji TO LINDA IKEJI ET AL., this is... {{!}} Facebook|work=www.facebook.com|accessdate=2016-05-06}}</ref> Ihe odide ahụ nwetara ihe karịrị otu narị okwu iji kwado ma megide nkwupụta ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theheraldng.com/linda-ikeji-others-dragged-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara/|title=Linda Ikeji, Others Dragged By Nigerian Transgender Miss Sahhara - The Herald News Nigeria|date=4 May 2016|work=The Herald News Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freshbaze.com/stop-addressing-me-as-a-man-transgender-miss-sahhara-to-linda-ikeji-others/|title="Stop Addressing Me As A Man" – Transgender Miss Sahhara To Linda Ikeji, Others {{!}} FreshBaze.com|date=4 May 2016|publisher=FreshBaze.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ịgosi mma == Ọrụ asọmpi ya malitere mgbe ọ kwagara London, England n'afọ 2004. O kwuru na ịhụnanya ya gbasara ịgosi mma na ije nsere ọkpa ya nọgidere na-abawanye kemgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ọ na-eji "tmkpisi ọnụ ọkpa", n'ihi na a naghị ekwe ka ọ na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu na Naịjirịa. Ọ kụziri nsere ọkpa na ịgosi mma n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma tupu ọ kwaga United Kingdom. Ọ bụ onye soro sọọ asọmpi na Andrew Logan 's Alternative Miss World mgbe mbụ ọ kwagara London, <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe|title=Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish|author=Bramley|first=Ellie Violet|date=20 October 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> na-anọchite anya Nigeria. Ọ gbara onye nke abụọ. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/#/history/amw2004/who|title=Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World|publisher=alternativemissworld.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ bụ onye soro sọọ mpi na asọmpi Miss International Queen beauty pageant, na-anọchite anya [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. N'oge asọmpi ahụ, ọ pụtara na mgbasa ozi ụwa dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ya nke Naijiria luru ọgụ maka nnabata na ịha nhata nke LGBTQI + ndị ọzọ na Africa.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/video/163723-miss-saharra-nigeria-s-trans-gender-beauty-queen-participates-in-miss-international-queen-pageant.html|title=Miss Saharra, Nigeria's Trans-Gender Beauty Queen Participates in Miss International Queen Pageant|work=Online Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/stars-replace-scars-in-pageant-fit-for-queens-20111107-1n3qv.html|title=Stars replace scars in pageant fit for queens|author=Pattaya|first=Lindsay Murdoch|date=8 November 2011|work=The Age|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.therealgeordiearmani.com/miss-international-queen/|title=Miss International Queen - Geordie Armani|date=23 May 2012|work=Geordie Armani|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, o meriri aha mbụ ya na mba ụwa, Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 na Manila, Philippines .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371076/showbiz/chikaminute/ms-nigeria-wagi-bilang-unang-super-sireyna-worldwide-ng-eat-bulaga|title=Ms. Nigeria, wagi bilang unang Super Sireyna Worldwide ng 'Eat Bulaga!'|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a bụ asọmpi ịma mma transgender, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na ihe ngosi telivishọn kachasị ogologo n'ehihie n'ụwa, Eat Bulaga!<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/|title=Nigeria's First Openly Transgender Woman – Miss Sahhara Wins World Pageant in {{sic|Phillipines|hide=y}} {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617055934/http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/}}</ref> N'asọmpi ahụ, ọ nọchitere anya mba a mụrụ ya bụ Naịjirịa iji dọta uche gaa n'àgwà ọjọọ nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na iwu gbasara obodo LGBTQI + na Afrịka.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/world/2014/11/17/state-lgbt-equality-africa|title=The State of LGBT Equality in Africa|date=17 November 2014|publisher=advocate.com|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/nigerian-representative-at-transgender-pageant-in|title=Nigerian Representative at Transgender Pageant in the Philippines|date=9 July 2014|publisher=kenyabuzz.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe a jụrụ Miss saHHara maka oge ọkacha iji nyaa isi nke ndụ ya na ngalaba ajụjụ na azịza nke Mazị Colin Kerr, ọ zara:<blockquote>Oge kachasị iji nyaa isi nke ndụ m bụ ịnọ n'ọgbọ a ugbu a. Mgbe m na-etolite, enwere m nrọ a nke ịghọ eze nwanyị n'elu nkwago ma na-eme ihe nkiri. Ma enweghị m ike n'ihi na amụrụ m nwoke. Ana m eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu nke nne m ma na-eme ka à ga-asị n'ihu enyo na abụ m onye asọmpi. Ya mere ịnọ ebe a taa na inwe ohere ndị a dị ka nwanyị mara mma bụ nrọ bịara na mmezu.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Miss Universe n'afọ1973, Margarita Moran-Floirendo kpuwere ya okpueze n'ihu ọtụtụ nde ndị na-ekiri ya n'ụwa niile.<ref name=":0" /> O kwenyeghí na nke a mgbe e kpunyere ya okpueze, o dere ihe ndị a na Facebook: <nowiki>''</nowiki>O CHỊM o! E meririm! Amaghị m na ọ bụ eziokwu! Ikekwe m ga-eteta site na nrọ a dị ịtụnanya n'otu nkeji! Aka m na-acha uhie uhie site n'aka m na-apịa onwe m mgbe niile ka m teta site na nrọ a mara mma! Ịhụnanya juru m anya! Philippines bụ n'ezie ebe obibi pụrụ iche iche n'ebe obibi. "<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/69964.html|title=Ms Sahhara Brings Miss World Transgender Competition Trophy Home ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Ndimele|first=Manuel|date=19 July 2014|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=22 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere Miss Trans Global, asọmpi transgender dijitalụ, a malitere n'afọ 2020 iji mee ka a mara maka nsogbu nke ndị LGBTIQ n'ụwa niile. Mbipụta mbụ nke asọmpi ahụ ka emere n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na 12th nke Septemba, afọ 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/|title=First Miss Trans Global is Pinay|accessdate=2022-06-13|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005071456/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.starobserver.com.au/news/the-first-pride-afrique-will-celebrate-queer-african-stories/196828|title=The First Pride Afrique Will Celebrate Queer African Stories|date=21 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-14|title=She is beauty, she is grace—Mela Habijan is the new Miss Trans Global|url=https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn|accessdate=2021-10-05|work=Preen.ph|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005073601/https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere na ọrụ nkwado == Miss saHHara malitere ọrụ mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha a na-akpọ TransValid n'afọ 2014. Òtù ahụ malitere na mkpasa ozi #IamValid na #YouAreValid, ebe ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ndị nsonye ha mere vidiyo nke onwe ha na-ekwupụta nkwado ha maka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign (video) {{!}} Nigerian: Breaking News In Nigeria {{!}} Laila's Blog|work=www.lailasblog.com|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=3 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703130710/http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign [video] - Jade African|date=27 June 2015|work=Jade African|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003606/http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/}}</ref> Dị ka nkwupụta ozi nke nzukọ ahụ si kwuo, ha nwere olileanya 'ịkwado echiche na-ezighị ezi, egwu, na ịkpọasị nke ndị transgender n'ụwa niile. Site na TransValid, ọ na-atụ anya ịkụziri ndị mmadụ ihe gbasara nsogbu mgbanwe ọdịdị okike site na iji mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na nnọkọ ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/mission/|title=Mission|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=25 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425150849/http://transvalid.org/mission/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/472344-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-releases-new-photos.html|title=Nigerian Man Who Turned into A Woman Sizzles in New Photos ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Odunayo|first=Adams|date=26 June 2015|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=18 May 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2015, Miss saHHara mepụtara obere ihe nkiri maka TransValid nke akpọrọ The Deadly Price of Transphobia na Brazil, Vidio ahụ gosipụtara ihe isi ike na ihe ize ndụ nke ibi na [[Brazil]] dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/|title=Deadly Price of Transphobia in Brazil|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=23 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623213825/http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emneon.com.br/2015/08/ong-londrina-faz-documentario-sobre.html|title=Ong londrina faz documentário sobre transfobia no Brasil|publisher=emneon.com.br|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yagg.com/?post_type=post&p=93925|title=Montrer la violence, c'est le seul moyen d'attirer l'attention sur le nombre effrayant de morts et de violences contre les personnes trans' en Amérique du Sud|accessdate=7 May 2016|date=16 August 2015}}</ref> N'abalị́ iri atọ na otu nke ọnwa Machị afọ 2016,bụ International Transgender Day of Visibility, ya na Aleika Barros, Miss Trans Universe 2015 na ndị ọzọ gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara mma iji mee ka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara maka obodo gburugburu ụwa site na mgbasa ozi akpọrọ ''<nowiki/>'Abụ m Trans na enwere m ikike ibi ndụ''' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/|title=CAMPAIGN: 'I AM TRANS AND I HAVE THE RIGHT TO LIFE'|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=29 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429173325/http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/|title=Nigerian transgender, Ms Sahhara releases photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|date=31 March 2016|work=CityPeople Magazine Nigeria {{!}} Nigerian Celerbrities {{!}} Entertainment {{!}} Stars|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=1 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042759/http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara, Shares New Sexy Photos To Celebrate Transgender Day of Visibility - INFORMATION NIGERIA|work=INFORMATION NIGERIA|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=14 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914234128/http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html|title=DIPLOMATIC PORCH: Miss SahHara releases 'reflective' photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|publisher=diplomaticporch.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=5 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605094049/http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html}}</ref> == Ngosipụta telivishọn == * Ihe omume abụọ nke 'Lady Boys: Oge 2 na Sky Living, na-enyocha ndụ ụmụ nwanyị transgender na Thailand na karịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/index.php?title=Ladyboys:_Series_2|title=Ladyboys: Series 2|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-guide/friday-january-11-20130109-2cfbl.html|title=LADYBOYS|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=8 May 2016|date=9 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/?title=Ladyboys|title=Ladyboys|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> * Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide na GMA Network<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/video/211509/24oras/miss-sahhara-ng-nigeria-wagi-sa-super-sireyna-worldwide|title=Miss Sahhara ng Nigeria, wagi sa Super Sireyna Worldwide|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> * Unang Hirit Morning show<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> * Tunay Na Buhay gbara ajụjụ ọnụ site na Rhea Santos<ref name=":7"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|work=YouTube|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref> * Mars * BBC's in Her Shoes: #BBCIdentity<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Aha ndị a na-eme ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Aha !Afọ !Ntinye !Mba |- |Super Sireyna n'ụwa niile<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/|title=Nigerian bet wins Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014|date=19 July 2014|publisher=normannorman.com|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008165609/https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/}}</ref> |2014 |Onye mmeri |Philippines |- |Miss International Queen<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html|title=MIQ Official Website|author=Miss International Queen|first=Pattaya, Thailand|date=4 November 2011|work=Miss International Queen|publisher=Miss International Queen|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=18 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618010000/http://missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%E2%80%9Csammy%E2%80%9D-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/|title=Stunning Miss "Sammy" Thai Ladyboy Wins Pattaya Miss International Queen 2011|author=PATTAYA DAILY NEWS|first=Thailand|publisher=PDN|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=16 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116020144/http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%e2%80%9csammy%e2%80%9d-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/}}</ref> |2011 |Onye nke mbụ na-esote |Thailand |- |Vogue: International Diva throwing a strop<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up|title=It's A Balls Up|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610202826/http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up}}</ref> |2009 |Onye mmeri |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |- |Miss Exilio<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heyevent.uk/event/v7ho2bdqkdltma/mr-miss-exilio-pageant-a-world-aids-event|title=Mr & Miss Exilio Pageant - A World Aids Event – Heyevent.uk|work=heyevent.uk|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> |2005 |Onye mmeri |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |- |Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe|title=Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish|author=Bramley|first=Ellie Violet|date=20 October 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBramley2014">Bramley, Ellie Violet (20 October 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe "Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/|title=Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World|publisher=alternativemissworld.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2016|archivedate=6 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006122101/http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/#/history/amw2004/who}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. alternativemissworld.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> | |Onye nke mbụ na-esote |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |} == Edensibia/ ndetu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160508163121/http://misssahhara.com/ Miss saHHara's Official Website] * [http://transvalid.org/ Òtù Tranvalid] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oinkizb1s3wq8s8khi104xdllptzkcq 674252 674247 2026-07-08T20:18:48Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Aha ndị a na-eme ihe nkiri */ 674252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Super Sireyna Worldwide.jpg|thumb|Super Sireyna Worldwide]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Miss Sahhara (nke a na-akpọ '''Miss saHHara''', nke a na-akpọ dị ka Sahara) bụ eze nwanyị mara mma nke Britain na Naijiria<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/yemmynisting/2014/08/03/nigerian-trans-woman-ms-saharra-wins-ms-super-sireyna-worldwide-eat-your-heart-out-transphobic-nigeria/|title=Nigerian Trans woman, Ms Sahhara, wins Ms Super Sireyna Worldwide: Eat your heart out Transphobic Nigeria!|date=3 August 2014|work=YEMMYnisting|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>, onye na-eme ihe ngosi ejiji, onye na-agụ egwu / onye na-ede egwu, na onye na-akwado nweta ikike mmadụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/|title=DISCLAIMER {{!}} Miss saHHara putting the record straight|work=www.misssahhara.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-11-03|archivedate=2017-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014747/http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-36168661/trans-woman-i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/miss-sahhara/here-is-an-objective-view-of-my-life-story-so-far/478139739052647/|title=Here is an objective view of my life story so far|work=www.facebook.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name="BBC IDENTITY">{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html|title=Meet Nigerian Model Who Was Once Male|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=18 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818054310/http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html}}</ref><ref name="naija">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5439415/|title=IMDB Miss Sahhara|work=imdb.com|accessdate=Mar 31, 2019}}</ref> A maara ya maka ịnọchite anya Naịjirịa na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa iji dọta uche na nsogbu nke ndị LGBTQI + na Afrịka.<ref name="pulse">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=15 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115225018/http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ịbụ nwanyí mbụ si Naijiria pụtara n'ihu ọha na mgbasa ozi mba ụwa n'oge asọmpi ịgosi mma Miss International Queen na Pattaya, Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/scars-of-prejudice-underlie-glamour-of-transgender-pageant-20111107-1n3s0.html|title=Scars of prejudice underlie glamour of transgender pageant|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=7 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/|title=#7 - The Story of Nigeria's First Transgender Woman|publisher=Africa.com|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611060244/http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gistus.com/10471/nigerias-transgender-beauty-queen-2nd-international-queen-pageant|title=Nigeria's first transgender beauty queen comes 2nd in Miss International Queen pageant|date=22 May 2012|work=Gist Us|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transgriot.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/miss-international-queen-2011-ends-in.html|title=TransGriot: Miss International Queen 2011 Ends In Controversy|work=transgriot.blogspot.co.uk|date=4 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014, e chiri ya onye mbụ Super Sireyna Worldwide na Manila, Philippines. Nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị nwanyí isi ojii mbụ gbanwere ọdịdị ya e chiri onye mmeri na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/372964/publicaffairs/tunaynabuhay/sahhara-s-journey|title=Sahhara's journey|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/07/22/1348848/other-winners-other-competitions|title=Other winners, other competitions|work=The Philippine Star|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371926/publicaffairs/kapusomojessicasoho/super-sireyna-more-heart-than-beauty|title=Super Sireyna: More heart than beauty|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/07/nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-wins-super-sireyna-pageantry-in-philippines/|title=Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson Wins Super Sireyna Pageant in Philippines|work=BellaNaija|date=19 July 2014|accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe o meriri Super Sireyna Worldwide, o hiwere otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke a na-akpọ TransValid Ọ bụkwa onye nkatọ iwu mkpọrọ afọ iri na anọ nke ndị LGBTQI + na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-39271690|title=Why transgender Africans turned against a famous feminist|author=Mohan|first=Megha|date=2017-03-16|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and a human rights advocate|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611040159/http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.linkedin.com/in/sahhara|title=Miss saHHara {{!}} LinkedIn|work=uk.linkedin.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-transgender-recognition-campaign-video/|title="I AM VALID"- Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins Transgender Recognition Campaign (video)|date=26 June 2015|publisher=360Nobs.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/01/nigerians-are-so-stupid-nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-reacts-to-same-sex-bill/|title="Nigerians are so Stupid" – Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson reacts to Same Sex Bill|work=BellaNaija|date=14 January 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-anti-gay-laws-us-puts-pressure-president-buhari-allow-same-sex-unions-1511028|title=Nigeria anti-gay laws: US puts pressure on President Buhari to allow same-sex unions|date=15 July 2015|work=International Business Times UK|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html|title=Anti-Gay Law: Nigerian Transgender Miss SaHHara Blasts Nigeria|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=15 January 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023450/http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/|title=Nigeria's Transgender Iris Sahhara Reacts To Nigeria's Gay Marriage Prohibition - MJ Celebrity Magazine|date=14 January 2014|work=MJ Celebrity Magazine|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=24 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724053100/http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/}}</ref> Onye kọwara onwe ya dị ka"onye ọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi maka ejiji na ngosi mma", nzere ya na mbipụta ya sitere na izu ejiji ruo na mkpuchi nke magazin na mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nashvibes.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-poses-nude-for-mask-magazine/|title=Nigerian TransGender Miss Sahhara poses nude for Mask Magazine - The NashVibes|date=20 October 2014|work=The NashVibes|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/auramagazine6/docs/aura_issue_3_june_2015|title=AURA Magazine Issue #3- PAGE 41|work=Issuu|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/|title=Nigerian transgender Ms Sahhara covers new issue of Transliving|date=20 December 2014|work=#ANOTHERGIST|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808235222/http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.retoxmagazine.com/lfw-ziad-ghanem-aw11-show.html|title=London Fashion Week AW11 Fashion Designer Ziad Ghanem|publisher=retoxmagazine.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Mgbe ọ na-etolite, o kwuru n'ụzọ a ma ama na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ dabara n'echiche okpukpe na nke nchekwa nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jappah|first=Jlateh V.|date=1 March 2013|title=The convergence of American and Nigerian religious conservatism in a biopolitical shaping of Nigeria's HIV/AIDS prevention programmes|journal=Global Public Health|volume=8|issue=3|pages=312–325|doi=10.1080/17441692.2013.765023|issn=1744-1692|pmid=23391163}}</ref> Ibi n'ime ime obodo [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ ghara ịma banyere ọnọdụ ahụike ya nke a maara dị ka gender dysphoria. O kwuru na mmetụta ọ na-enwe mgbe niile nke ịchọrọ igosipụta onwe ya dị ka nwanyị mere ka ọ dị ya ka ọ furu efu, dị ka a ga-asị na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma na ya. Ọ chọrọ Okpukpere chi ga-enye ya olileanya ọgwụgwọ, na-ekpegara Chineke ekpere ka o mee ya nwanyị mgbe ọ tolitere.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY222">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=In Her Shoes|author=BBC|work=BBC News}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwere nsogbu njirimara ya, o kpebiri ịwere ndụ ya, ebe ọ bụ na ndị pastọ nọ na chọọchị ya na ndị gbara ya gburugburu nọgidere na-agwa ya na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma banyere njirimara nwanyị ya. O kwuru na ọ nwaala igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ ma lanarị.<ref name=":0222">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbalị igbu onwe ya mere ka o kpebisie ike ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] gaa n'obodo na-anabata ma ọ bụ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'igbu onwe ya na mgbalị igbu onwe ya nke atọ.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY"/> Ọ malitere ịchọ azịza maka ọnọdụ ya na otu o nwere ike isi jisie okwukwe ya na onye ọ na-atụ anya ịbụ n'ọdịnihu. Ọ chọtara udo na nchọpụta na ọ dịghị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ onye okpukpe iji bie ndụ dị mma.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":0222"/> === A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na Naịjirịa === Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, a kpọchiri ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Naijiria n'ihi omume nwanyị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ynaija.com/i-was-jailed-in-nigeria-for-being-transgender-meet-the-nigerian-lady-who-claimed-she-was-imprisoned-for-being-gay-read-photos/|title="I was jailed in Nigeria for being transgender": Meet the Nigerian 'lady' who claimed she was imprisoned for being 'gay' (READ, PHOTOS) - YNaija|date=21 November 2013|work=YNaija|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ gbara ya ume ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], n'ihi na ihe ọzọ gaara eme ka ọ kwụsị ndụ ya nke ọma. O chetara ahụmahụ ya na edemede a na-emetụ n'ahụ o dere maka Gay Star News na Transgender Day of Remembrance n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2013, nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi n'ịntanetị bipụtara ọzọ:<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2013/11/22/nigerias-first-male-transgender-woman-iris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-was-jailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay! {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html|title=AlabamUncut|author=Culled|first=GaysterNews|date=7 May 2016|work=|accessdate=13 June 2022|archivedate=16 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416052344/http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html}}</ref><blockquote>Ọ dị m ka m nwee ike ịgwa onwe na-eto eto onye nwara igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ na ndụ na-akawanye mma na nrọ na-abịakea na mmezu. Echeghị m na ndụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ijuanya ọtụtụ afọ gara aga mgbe a tọhapụrụ m n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị egwu nke Naijiria maka ịdị iche. Mgbe ahụ, naanị ihe m nwere ike iche bụ na m nwere ike ịnwụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ a ma ọ dịghị onye ga-ama ma ọ bụ lekọta ya. Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ chere na ọ bụ ihe ziri ezi, na-atụle na a na-ata m ahụhụ maka ịbụ 'onye na-edina ụdị onwe ya' dịka ha chere n'ihi ọdịdị nwanyị m na omume m. Abụghị m nwoke n'edina nwoke, abụ m nwanyị a mụrụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'ihi nkwarụ okike. Ihe m chere adabaghị n'ọdịdị m. Ịbụ nwoke mgbe a mụrụ m anaghị eme ka m bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ọ dịghị onye amụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, a mụrụ gị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, mgbe ahụ ị na-etolite n'ime nwoke ị họọrọ ka ị na-etolite wee mee ka ị bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị. Nye m, nwoke na nwanyị ahụ bụ nwanyị. A mụrụ m nwoke mana ụbụrụ m, mmegharị aka m, atụmatụ m na mbuli ahum m na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nke nwanyị. Ịzụlite na amaghị ihe na-eme n'ahụ m mere ka m nwee mgbagwoju anya ma tọọ n'echiche. Enweghị m ike iso ndị ezinụlọ m kwurịta ya n'ihi na a na-akatọ ọdịdị nwanyị m anya n'ihi okpukpe ha ma enweghị m ike ịgwa ndị enyi m okwu n'ihi na ha agaghị aghọta ihe m na-agabiga. Enwetara m nkasi obi na egwu na nrọ. Enwere m olileanya nke ịbụ onye nweere onwe m , enweghị mkparị, enweghị ikpe na enweghị nsogbu.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coolnaijagist.wordpress.com/2014/06/19/nigerias-first-male-transgender-womaniris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-wasjailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay!|author=coolnaijagist|date=19 June 2014|work=Coolnaijagist Entertainment|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html|title=Nigerian Model And Singer Has Been Jailed And Attempted Suicide Because She Was Transgende8203;r.Read her story|author=Akosa/Nigeriafilms.com|first=Joy|publisher=nigeriafilms.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=2 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602145711/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay|title=Tragic life of Super Sireyna winner Miss Sahhara depicted on Tunay na Buhay|date=28 July 2014|work=pep.ph|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172507/http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay}}</ref></blockquote> Ngabiga ya na [[Nigeria Police Force|ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ chọọ [[wiktionary:refuge|ebe mgbaba]] na [[London]], United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/|title=Sahhara|work=Sketch Films|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617144317/http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/}}</ref> === Ndụ ọhụrụ na United Kingdom === Ọ hapụrụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] n'afọ 2004 iji biri na United Kingdom. Mgbe ahụ, ọ nwetara echiche sara mbara banyere gender dysphoria ya. Ọ malitere ịhụ ndị dọkịta nyeere ya aka site na njem ya ibụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gists|first=Naija|title=Nigerian Man Who Became A Woman, Transgendered Oche Clifford Jailed In Nigeria|url=https://naijagists.com/nigerian-man-who-became-a-woman-transgendered-oche-clifford-jailed-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2020-11-12|language=en-US}}</ref> O kwuru na ndụ ọhụrụ ya na UK dị ka eluigwe nọ n'ụwa n'ihi na ọ na-ebi ugbu a dị ka ezi onwe ya. O nwetara ebe obibi nke abụ abụ na Madam Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret na Soho, West End nke London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.designmynight.com/london/whats-on/something-a-little-different-events/kitsch-cabaret|title=Madame Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret The Drury Club London {{!}} DesignMyNight|publisher=designmynight.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allinlondon.co.uk/whats-on.php?event=53516|title=Kitsch Cabaret, Madame Jojo's, 8-10 Brewer Street, London, W1F 0SE. Tel 020 7734 3040. - Theatre Event in London|author=London|first=The Kolberg Partnership|work=AllinLondon|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> O mere ngosipụta oru ebe ahụ afọ iri ruo n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014 mgbe emechiri ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/nov/24/madame-jojos-legendary-soho-nightclub-forced-close|title=Madame Jojo's, legendary Soho nightclub, forced to close|author=Ellis-Petersen|first=Hannah|date=24 November 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Ya na Scott Houzet dere ma mepụta ụfọdụ egwu na ọrụ egwu nke mbụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/%25EF%25BF%25BD++%253C%25EF%25BF%25BDMiss+saHHara/+wiki|title=Last.fm|work=last.fm|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theheroines.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/interview-with-miss-sahhara.html|title=The Heroines of My Life: Interview with Miss saHHara|work=theheroines.blogspot.co.uk|date=31 March 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> === Ihe nlereanya ejiji === Ọ pụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi catwalk na London na ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2011/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2011-12 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107114018/https://www.vogue.co.uk/shows/autumn-winter-2011-ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref> O mere ihe ngosi nlereanya ejiji nye Ziad Ghanem na London Fashion Week maka oge engosi jiji nke anọ.<ref name=":13"/><ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2010-11 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610221225/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Spring/Summer 2012 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610225633/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}</ref> O sonyekwara na njiharị ejiji ruo ihe karịrị afọ ise ma gosipụta otu oge atụmatụ ejiji ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sahhara-london-alternative-fashion-week-24-april-2009-26742335.html|title=Stock Photo - Sahhara, London Alternative Fashion Week, 24 April 2009|author=Limited|first=Alamy|work=Alamy|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> === Agụmakwụkwọ === Miss sahhara gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere masta na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na Mahadum London Metropolitan. O kwuru na ibe mgbasa ozi ya na ọ chọrọ ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na ọmụmụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://misssahhara.com/biography/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and founder of TransValid.org.|work=Official Website{{!}}Miss saHHara|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120153403/http://www.misssahhara.com/biography/}}</ref> Ikekwe, nke ga enye ya olu a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi mgbe ọ na-akụziri ndị mmadụ banyere Mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ. === Aha iwu kwadoro === Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ akụkọ Naịjirịa na ndị na-ede blọgụ na-arụtụ aka ugboro ugboro na tweet [[Ebuka Obi-Uchendu]], nke o kwuru na ọ maara Miss saHHara dị ka 'Clifford Oche'.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Ebuka/status/204697212817653760|title=Then I open the page and it turns out to be Oché! Some dude who was popular in Abuja many years ago for being unapologetically effeminate...|author=Obi-Uchendu|first=Ebuka|date=21 May 2012|work=@Ebuka|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news|url=http://that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman... - that1960chick.com|date=2012-05-22|work=that1960chick.com|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman… {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":14" /> Miss saHHara jụrụ nkwupụta ahụ ma jụ ibipụta aha ọmụmụ ya n'ozuzu, ọ siri ọnwụ na ibipụta aha ochie ya na foto ya enweghị mkpa maka onye ọ ghọrọ ibu. Ọ kowara na ọjọọ aha echefu ru echefu na onye ndi gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha nnọchịanya n'ekwesighi ha nwere ogho ọma eweta nke bu akpọmasi na ikpa oke site n' enweghị ezi nhọpụta banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha na gburugburu ụwa. O kwukwara na Ọrịa Sahhara Henson abụghị aha aguru ya,na <nowiki>''Henson''bụ njirimara nnọchịanya o kepụtara iji kwụsị ndị n'éfè blogg I gbasa aha ya.ya mere ọ kpebiri na ọ gaghị egosiputa ezi aha ya ma ka egwu n'atu ya n'ihi ụdị mmaja transphobia na mmaja ọnwụ ọ n'</nowiki>enweta na websaiti === Esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ === A maara ya maka esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ Naịjirịa. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime arụmụka ya na ha sitere na akụkọ ha bipụtara banyere ya, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ ''<nowiki/>'ụgha''', na edemede transphobic doro anya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịkpọ ya "nwoke gbanwere ọdịdị ya" na ịjụ iji nnọchiaha nwanyị kọwaa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rawgistafrica.com/2016/02/photos-nigerian-transgender-man-ms.html|title=Photos: Nigerian Transgender Man, Ms Sahhara Flaunts Cleàvage {{!}} RawGist|work=www.rawgistafrica.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/she-is-fake-ex-school-mate-tears-miss-sahhara-apart-id2990962.html|title=She Is Fake: Ex-School Mate Tears Miss SaHHara Apart|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 July 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ na-aga na Facebook ya mgbe niile iji bipụta nzaghachi banyere isiokwu ndị ọ na-ewere dị ka transphobic na imebi ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ekere ha.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Pulse">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/setting-the-record-straight-i-have-always-been-a-woman-miss-sahhara-id4187904.html|title=Setting The Record Straight: 'I have always been a woman' - Miss Sahhara|author=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=21 September 2015|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.helloafrica.ga/i-make-a-better-looking-woman-than-you-ms-sahhara-claps-back-at-a-hater-on-facebook/|title=I make a better looking woman than you- Ms Sahhara claps back at a hater on Facebook - Hello Africa|date=10 May 2016|work=Hello Africa|accessdate=12 May 2016}}</ref> O siri ọnwụ na nzaghachi ya abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nye ndị na-ede ma na-ekwu okwu banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ngalaba ọha. Usoro "mmụta" ya dị ka ọ dịrị kwuo nwere ike mgbe ụfọdụ jedebe na arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ma ọ bụ agha okwu nye ya na ndị na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/twisted-miss-sahhara-and-fan-in-war-of-words-id3278164.html|title=Twisted: Miss Sahhara And Fan In War Of Words|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 November 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> Okwu ya megide okpukpe emebeghị nke ọma na nti ndị Naijiria. Mgbe ọ bụla ọ na-ede isiokwu ọ bụla metụtara okpukpe, ihe odide ya na-adọta nzaghachi iwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-was-a-common-buddhist-monk-id2934382.html|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=23 June 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/2014/06/23/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-common-buddhist-monk/|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Reserved|first=Naijaloaded 2016 All Rights|date=23 June 2014|work=Naijaloaded {{!}} Nigeria No. 1 Online Portal|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> O kwuru na okpukpe niile bụ mmegbu ma bụrụ ihe ochie. Ọ nwetara nkatọ site n'aka ndị nkwado ya ha na-ekwu na ọ aka mmá ya ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ nkwado ya kama ikwupụta echiche ya banyere isiokwu ndị na-akpata nkewa dịka okpukpe. N'enweghị nsogbu site na nkatọ ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-ekwupụta obi nkoropụ ya banyere ihe mere ndị Afrịka ji jụ ịjụ okwukwe ha nke ọ kpọrọ "Colonial relic".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,342651.0.html|title=Untold Story Of Miss Sahara, The Nigerian Man From Idoma Transformed To A Woman (Photos+Video) - Gistmania|date=2017-04-09|work=www.gistmania.com|accessdate=2020-02-06}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2016, o dere ogologo akwụkwọ na nzaghachi maka akụkọ ndị na-ede blọgụ n'Afrịka bipụtara banyere mpụta ya na BBC Africa's in Her Shoes, ndị na-ede blọgụ kwuru na ọ na-aghọ onwe ya aghọ na Naịjirịa dị ka "nwoke na-edina nwoke", ya mere o kpebiri ịgbanwe gaa na nwanyị.<ref name="BBC IDENTITY">{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Miss saHHara gara na peeji mgbasa ozi ya iji kụziere ndị na-ede blọgụ, ebe ọ boro ha ebubo na ha na-akwalite transphobia site n'ịkọ akụkọ na-ezighi ezi; "Nke a abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi."<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> O mere ka o doo anya na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ nwoke, na ndowe onwe ya dị ka nwanyị esiteghị n'aka onye ọ bụla ma e wezụga onwe ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/sahhara/posts/446427888890499|title=Miss saHHara - #LindaIkeji TO LINDA IKEJI ET AL., this is... {{!}} Facebook|work=www.facebook.com|accessdate=2016-05-06}}</ref> Ihe odide ahụ nwetara ihe karịrị otu narị okwu iji kwado ma megide nkwupụta ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theheraldng.com/linda-ikeji-others-dragged-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara/|title=Linda Ikeji, Others Dragged By Nigerian Transgender Miss Sahhara - The Herald News Nigeria|date=4 May 2016|work=The Herald News Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freshbaze.com/stop-addressing-me-as-a-man-transgender-miss-sahhara-to-linda-ikeji-others/|title="Stop Addressing Me As A Man" – Transgender Miss Sahhara To Linda Ikeji, Others {{!}} FreshBaze.com|date=4 May 2016|publisher=FreshBaze.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ịgosi mma == Ọrụ asọmpi ya malitere mgbe ọ kwagara London, England n'afọ 2004. O kwuru na ịhụnanya ya gbasara ịgosi mma na ije nsere ọkpa ya nọgidere na-abawanye kemgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ọ na-eji "tmkpisi ọnụ ọkpa", n'ihi na a naghị ekwe ka ọ na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu na Naịjirịa. Ọ kụziri nsere ọkpa na ịgosi mma n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma tupu ọ kwaga United Kingdom. Ọ bụ onye soro sọọ asọmpi na Andrew Logan 's Alternative Miss World mgbe mbụ ọ kwagara London, <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe|title=Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish|author=Bramley|first=Ellie Violet|date=20 October 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> na-anọchite anya Nigeria. Ọ gbara onye nke abụọ. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/#/history/amw2004/who|title=Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World|publisher=alternativemissworld.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ bụ onye soro sọọ mpi na asọmpi Miss International Queen beauty pageant, na-anọchite anya [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. N'oge asọmpi ahụ, ọ pụtara na mgbasa ozi ụwa dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ya nke Naijiria luru ọgụ maka nnabata na ịha nhata nke LGBTQI + ndị ọzọ na Africa.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/video/163723-miss-saharra-nigeria-s-trans-gender-beauty-queen-participates-in-miss-international-queen-pageant.html|title=Miss Saharra, Nigeria's Trans-Gender Beauty Queen Participates in Miss International Queen Pageant|work=Online Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/stars-replace-scars-in-pageant-fit-for-queens-20111107-1n3qv.html|title=Stars replace scars in pageant fit for queens|author=Pattaya|first=Lindsay Murdoch|date=8 November 2011|work=The Age|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.therealgeordiearmani.com/miss-international-queen/|title=Miss International Queen - Geordie Armani|date=23 May 2012|work=Geordie Armani|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, o meriri aha mbụ ya na mba ụwa, Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 na Manila, Philippines .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371076/showbiz/chikaminute/ms-nigeria-wagi-bilang-unang-super-sireyna-worldwide-ng-eat-bulaga|title=Ms. Nigeria, wagi bilang unang Super Sireyna Worldwide ng 'Eat Bulaga!'|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a bụ asọmpi ịma mma transgender, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na ihe ngosi telivishọn kachasị ogologo n'ehihie n'ụwa, Eat Bulaga!<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/|title=Nigeria's First Openly Transgender Woman – Miss Sahhara Wins World Pageant in {{sic|Phillipines|hide=y}} {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617055934/http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/}}</ref> N'asọmpi ahụ, ọ nọchitere anya mba a mụrụ ya bụ Naịjirịa iji dọta uche gaa n'àgwà ọjọọ nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na iwu gbasara obodo LGBTQI + na Afrịka.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/world/2014/11/17/state-lgbt-equality-africa|title=The State of LGBT Equality in Africa|date=17 November 2014|publisher=advocate.com|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/nigerian-representative-at-transgender-pageant-in|title=Nigerian Representative at Transgender Pageant in the Philippines|date=9 July 2014|publisher=kenyabuzz.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Mgbe a jụrụ Miss saHHara maka oge ọkacha iji nyaa isi nke ndụ ya na ngalaba ajụjụ na azịza nke Mazị Colin Kerr, ọ zara:<blockquote>Oge kachasị iji nyaa isi nke ndụ m bụ ịnọ n'ọgbọ a ugbu a. Mgbe m na-etolite, enwere m nrọ a nke ịghọ eze nwanyị n'elu nkwago ma na-eme ihe nkiri. Ma enweghị m ike n'ihi na amụrụ m nwoke. Ana m eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu nke nne m ma na-eme ka à ga-asị n'ihu enyo na abụ m onye asọmpi. Ya mere ịnọ ebe a taa na inwe ohere ndị a dị ka nwanyị mara mma bụ nrọ bịara na mmezu.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Miss Universe n'afọ1973, Margarita Moran-Floirendo kpuwere ya okpueze n'ihu ọtụtụ nde ndị na-ekiri ya n'ụwa niile.<ref name=":0" /> O kwenyeghí na nke a mgbe e kpunyere ya okpueze, o dere ihe ndị a na Facebook: <nowiki>''</nowiki>O CHỊM o! E meririm! Amaghị m na ọ bụ eziokwu! Ikekwe m ga-eteta site na nrọ a dị ịtụnanya n'otu nkeji! Aka m na-acha uhie uhie site n'aka m na-apịa onwe m mgbe niile ka m teta site na nrọ a mara mma! Ịhụnanya juru m anya! Philippines bụ n'ezie ebe obibi pụrụ iche iche n'ebe obibi. "<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/69964.html|title=Ms Sahhara Brings Miss World Transgender Competition Trophy Home ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Ndimele|first=Manuel|date=19 July 2014|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=22 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere Miss Trans Global, asọmpi transgender dijitalụ, a malitere n'afọ 2020 iji mee ka a mara maka nsogbu nke ndị LGBTIQ n'ụwa niile. Mbipụta mbụ nke asọmpi ahụ ka emere n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na 12th nke Septemba, afọ 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/|title=First Miss Trans Global is Pinay|accessdate=2022-06-13|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005071456/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.starobserver.com.au/news/the-first-pride-afrique-will-celebrate-queer-african-stories/196828|title=The First Pride Afrique Will Celebrate Queer African Stories|date=21 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-14|title=She is beauty, she is grace—Mela Habijan is the new Miss Trans Global|url=https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn|accessdate=2021-10-05|work=Preen.ph|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005073601/https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere na ọrụ nkwado == Miss saHHara malitere ọrụ mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha a na-akpọ TransValid n'afọ 2014. Òtù ahụ malitere na mkpasa ozi #IamValid na #YouAreValid, ebe ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ndị nsonye ha mere vidiyo nke onwe ha na-ekwupụta nkwado ha maka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign (video) {{!}} Nigerian: Breaking News In Nigeria {{!}} Laila's Blog|work=www.lailasblog.com|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=3 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703130710/http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign [video] - Jade African|date=27 June 2015|work=Jade African|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003606/http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/}}</ref> Dị ka nkwupụta ozi nke nzukọ ahụ si kwuo, ha nwere olileanya 'ịkwado echiche na-ezighị ezi, egwu, na ịkpọasị nke ndị transgender n'ụwa niile. Site na TransValid, ọ na-atụ anya ịkụziri ndị mmadụ ihe gbasara nsogbu mgbanwe ọdịdị okike site na iji mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na nnọkọ ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/mission/|title=Mission|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=25 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425150849/http://transvalid.org/mission/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/472344-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-releases-new-photos.html|title=Nigerian Man Who Turned into A Woman Sizzles in New Photos ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Odunayo|first=Adams|date=26 June 2015|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=18 May 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2015, Miss saHHara mepụtara obere ihe nkiri maka TransValid nke akpọrọ The Deadly Price of Transphobia na Brazil, Vidio ahụ gosipụtara ihe isi ike na ihe ize ndụ nke ibi na [[Brazil]] dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/|title=Deadly Price of Transphobia in Brazil|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=23 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623213825/http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emneon.com.br/2015/08/ong-londrina-faz-documentario-sobre.html|title=Ong londrina faz documentário sobre transfobia no Brasil|publisher=emneon.com.br|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yagg.com/?post_type=post&p=93925|title=Montrer la violence, c'est le seul moyen d'attirer l'attention sur le nombre effrayant de morts et de violences contre les personnes trans' en Amérique du Sud|accessdate=7 May 2016|date=16 August 2015}}</ref> N'abalị́ iri atọ na otu nke ọnwa Machị afọ 2016,bụ International Transgender Day of Visibility, ya na Aleika Barros, Miss Trans Universe 2015 na ndị ọzọ gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara mma iji mee ka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara maka obodo gburugburu ụwa site na mgbasa ozi akpọrọ ''<nowiki/>'Abụ m Trans na enwere m ikike ibi ndụ''' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/|title=CAMPAIGN: 'I AM TRANS AND I HAVE THE RIGHT TO LIFE'|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=29 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429173325/http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/|title=Nigerian transgender, Ms Sahhara releases photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|date=31 March 2016|work=CityPeople Magazine Nigeria {{!}} Nigerian Celerbrities {{!}} Entertainment {{!}} Stars|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=1 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042759/http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara, Shares New Sexy Photos To Celebrate Transgender Day of Visibility - INFORMATION NIGERIA|work=INFORMATION NIGERIA|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=14 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914234128/http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html|title=DIPLOMATIC PORCH: Miss SahHara releases 'reflective' photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|publisher=diplomaticporch.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=5 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605094049/http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html}}</ref> == Ngosipụta telivishọn == * Ihe omume abụọ nke 'Lady Boys: Oge 2 na Sky Living, na-enyocha ndụ ụmụ nwanyị transgender na Thailand na karịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/index.php?title=Ladyboys:_Series_2|title=Ladyboys: Series 2|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-guide/friday-january-11-20130109-2cfbl.html|title=LADYBOYS|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=8 May 2016|date=9 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/?title=Ladyboys|title=Ladyboys|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> * Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide na GMA Network<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/video/211509/24oras/miss-sahhara-ng-nigeria-wagi-sa-super-sireyna-worldwide|title=Miss Sahhara ng Nigeria, wagi sa Super Sireyna Worldwide|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> * Unang Hirit Morning show<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> * Tunay Na Buhay gbara ajụjụ ọnụ site na Rhea Santos<ref name=":7"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|work=YouTube|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref> * Mars * BBC's in Her Shoes: #BBCIdentity<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Aha ndị a na-eme ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Aha !Afọ !Ntinye !Mba |- |Super Sireyna n'ụwa niile<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/|title=Nigerian bet wins Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014|date=19 July 2014|publisher=normannorman.com|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008165609/https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/}}</ref> |2014 |Onye mmeri |Philippines |- |Miss International Queen<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html|title=MIQ Official Website|author=Miss International Queen|first=Pattaya, Thailand|date=4 November 2011|work=Miss International Queen|publisher=Miss International Queen|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=18 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618010000/http://missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%E2%80%9Csammy%E2%80%9D-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/|title=Stunning Miss "Sammy" Thai Ladyboy Wins Pattaya Miss International Queen 2011|author=PATTAYA DAILY NEWS|first=Thailand|publisher=PDN|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=16 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116020144/http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%e2%80%9csammy%e2%80%9d-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/}}</ref> |2011 |Onye nke mbụ na-esote |Thailand |- |Vogue: International Diva throwing a strop<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up|title=It's A Balls Up|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610202826/http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up}}</ref> |2009 |Onye mmeri |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |- |Miss Exilio<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heyevent.uk/event/v7ho2bdqkdltma/mr-miss-exilio-pageant-a-world-aids-event|title=Mr & Miss Exilio Pageant - A World Aids Event – Heyevent.uk|work=heyevent.uk|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> |2005 |Onye mmeri |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |- |Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> | |Onye nke mbụ na-esote |[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] |} == Edensibia/ ndetu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160508163121/http://misssahhara.com/ Miss saHHara's Official Website] * [http://transvalid.org/ Òtù Tranvalid] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3hfkekumc15wtwwcr7pb147russj9fi 0 15087 674391 632089 2026-07-09T07:10:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Franck Abd-Bakar Fanny''' (1970– July 3, 2021) bụ onye Ivory Coast na-ese foto.<ref name="SMITHSONIAN">{{Cite web|title=Heaven|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/divine-comedy-2/heaven/|work=africa.si.edu|accessdate=2022-06-14|archivedate=2022-07-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704031551/https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/divine-comedy-2/heaven/}}</ref><ref name="7Info">{{Cite web|title=Décès de Franck Fanny, disparition brutale d'un photographe autodidacte {{!}} 7info|url=https://www.7info.ci/deces-de-franck-fanny-disparition-brutale-dun-photographe-autodidacte/|work={{!}} 7info|language=fr-FR|date=3 July 2021|accessdate=14 June 2022|archivedate=4 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204202008/https://www.7info.ci/deces-de-franck-fanny-disparition-brutale-dun-photographe-autodidacte/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2013 Fanny bụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà anọ ahọpụtara ịnọchite anya [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]] na 55th Venice Biennale .<ref name="FriezeVenice">{{Cite web|title=Africa in Venice {{!}} Frieze|url=https://www.frieze.com/article/africa-venice|work=Frieze|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, a gụnyere ya na ihe ngosi The Divine Comedy: Heaven, Purgatory, and Hell Revisited by Contemporary African Artists, nke gara na SCAD Museum of Art na Savannah, Georgia, na Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art, Washington, D.C..<ref name="DAILYSERVING">{{Cite web|title=The Divine Comedy: Heaven, Purgatory, and Hell Revisited by Contemporary African Artists at the SCAD Museum of Art|url=https://www.dailyserving.com/2014/11/the-divine-comedy-heaven-purgatory-and-hell-revisited-by-contemporary-african-artists-at-the-scad-museum-of-art/|work=DAILY SERVING|accessdate=2022-06-14|archivedate=2021-08-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817051252/https://www.dailyserving.com/2014/11/the-divine-comedy-heaven-purgatory-and-hell-revisited-by-contemporary-african-artists-at-the-scad-museum-of-art/}}</ref><ref name="Blade">{{Cite web|author=Loria|first=Keith|title=Visions of afterlife at National Museum of African Art|url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2015/07/29/visions-of-afterlife-at-national-museum-of-african-art/|work=Washington Blade: LGBTQ News, Politics, LGBTQ Rights, Gay News|date=29 July 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2018 ọ natara ihe nrite Prix de l'Uemoa na mmemme Dak'Art nke iri na atọ.<ref name="AbidjanNET">{{Cite web|title=Le monde de l’art en deuil : Le photographe Franck Fanny n’est plus - Abidjan.net News|url=https://news.abidjan.net/articles/694478/le-monde-de-lart-en-deuil-le-photographe-franck-fanny-nest-plus|work=news.abidjan.net|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na Julaị 2, 2021 na Abidjan.<ref name="7Info" /> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} arjqxzbk9lo4x9qn20g11y6ukiicspe 0 15281 674111 90542 2026-07-08T14:41:53Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ndụ onwe */ 674111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Moira Lister Gachassin-Lafite, Viscountess of '''Orthez''' (6 August 1923 意 27 October 2007) bụ onye South African-British na-eme ihe nkiri, na telivishọn na onye edemede. == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Cape Town na Major James Lister na Margaret (née Hogan), Lister gụrụ akwụkwọ na Parktown Convent of the Holy Family, Johannesburg.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1567777/Moira-Lister.html|title=Moira Lister|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=30 October 2007|accessdate=3 March 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ ihe nkiri nke Anna Romain Hoffman, onye ya na di ya Arthur Hoffman guzobere The Johannesburg Repertory Theatre. == Ọrụ == Ọ malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya n'elu ikpo okwu na South Africa wee gaa n'ihu na-eme ihe nkiri na London mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ.<ref name="fv">{{Cite book|year=1980s|author=Jani Allan|authorlink=Jani Allan|title=[[Face Value (book)|Face Value]]|publisher=Longstreet}}</ref> Lister malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri n'afọ 1943, ma pụta n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri n'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ. Ndị a ma ama n'ime ndị a bụ maka Ealing Studios, dịka Another Shore (1948), A Run for Your Money (1949), Pool of London (1951) na The Cruel Sea (1953). Ọ pụtara na Peter Ustinov's long-running 1951 play The Love of Four Colonels in the West End . Ọ na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile na usoro mbụ nke ihe nkiri redio BBC Hancock's Half Hour n'afọ 1954-55, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị enyi nwanyị na A Life of Bliss nke George Cole na-eme dịka David Bliss, onye na-alụbeghị di.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/oct/30/guardianobituaries.obituaries1|title=Moira Lister|author=Shorter|first=Eric|date=30 October 2007|work=The Guardian|accessdate=3 March 2017}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na usoro ''ihe'' nkiri telivishọn BBC The Whitehall Worrier na The Very Merry Widow site n'afọ1967 ruo 1968. (N'ikpeazụ, usoro ihe omume a kpọrọ The Very Merry Widow na How!) Lister pụtakwara na usoro ihe nkiri British TV ''ndị'' ọzọ dịka Danger Man na The Avengers ("The See-Through Man", 1967). N'afọ 1980, ọ pụtara dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na sitcom Only When I Laugh . Ọ bụ isiokwu ''nke'' This Is Your Life n'afọ 1971 mgbe Eamonn Andrews juru ya anya. Lister ka na-eme ihe ruo afọ atọ tupu ọnwụ ya, na-agagharị na otu nwanyị ya na-egosi banyere Noël Coward. Ọ bụ onye British Catholic Stage Guild. == Ndụ onwe == [[Usòrò:Blason_famille_Gachassin-Lafite_d'Orthez.svg|thumb|146x146px|Akara agha nke ezinụlọ Gachassin-Lafite d'Orthez]] N'afọ 1946, Lister so Neville Heath, onye bụbu onyeisi ndị agha ụgbọelu South Africa, gaa London, onye gburu ụmụ nwanyị abụọ na London naanị ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9lzQgAACAAJ&q=the+very+merry+moira|title=The Very Merry Widow Moira|author=Lister|first=Moira|date=1 December 1969|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|isbn=978-0-340-10632-7}}</ref> A mara Heath ikpe mgbe e kpesịrị ya ikpe dị egwu, a kwụgbukwara ya n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1946.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZxVOZ7CN7YC&q=neville+heath|title=Handsome Brute: The True Story of a Ladykiller|author=O'Connor|first=Sean|date=27 February 2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4711-0135-9|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1951, Moira Lister lụrụ onye Belgo-French aristocrat Jacques Gachassin-Lafite, Viscount of Orthez, nwa André Gachassin -Lafite (Viscount of Ortchez) na Louise van Dievoet. Jacques bụ onye ọrụ French nke Spahis, onye nwe ubi vaịn champagne na dike nke agha Rif; ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, Chantal na Christobel. Lister nwekwara ụmụ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, Christina d'Orthez na Marina d'Otthez. Moira Lister nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 84 n'afọ 2007. E liri ya na di ya na chọọchị St Edward's Catholic Church na Sutton Green, Surrey.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/moira-lister-398214.html|title=Moira Lister|date=29 October 2007|work=The Independent|accessdate=3 March 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == * Naledi Theatre Award, ihe nrite ndụ maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri na South Africa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/moira-lister-398214.html|title=Moira Lister|date=29 October 2007|work=The Independent|accessdate=3 March 2017|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/moira-lister-398214.html "Moira Lister"]. ''The Independent''. 29 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'afọ (1971) * Nnwere Onwe nke Obodo London (2000) == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |1943 |''Ndị Na-arụ Ụgbọ Mmiri'' |Rita | |- |1944 |''Nwanyị Na-enyefe Onwe Ya'' |Carol | |- |1945 |''Ndị m Ain'' |Joan Mackenzie | |- |1945 |''Don Chicago'' |Onye na-ahụ maka ekwentị | |- |1945 |''Onye Na-eme Ihe Na-akpali Akpali'' |Joan Shackleton | |- |1946 |''A Chọrọ Maka Ogbugbu'' |Nwaanyị Willis |AKA, ''Olu n'abalị'' |- |1948 |''Ọ dị nnọọ njọ Ịhụnanya M'' |Nnụnụ Kitty | |- |1948 |''Okwu Ndị Na-adịghị Ahụ Iche'' |Corinne Alardyse | |- |1948 |''Ụsọ Oké Osimiri Ọzọ'' |Jennifer | |- |1949 |''Ndị Na-arịa Njem Na-enweghị Ụzọ'' |Liz Dotty | |- |1949 |''Ịgba ọsọ maka Ego Gị'' |Jo | |- |1951 |''Files si Scotland Yard'' |Joanna Goring | |- |1951 |''Ọdọ Mmiri nke London'' |Ụlọ Ndị Dị n'Ụlọ | |- |1951 |''Mkpịsị Aka Na Ha'' |Diana | |- |1951 |''Okporo Ụzọ Ndị Na-acha Ọcha'' |Dolly Clark | |- |1952 |''Ihe Ego Na-apụghị Ịzụta'' |Diana Haverstock | |- |1953 |''Oké Osimiri Obi Ọjọọ'' |Elaine Morell | |- |1953 |''Nnukwu abalị Mba'' |Uwe ụmụ ọhụrụ | |- |1953 |''Nwoke Na-ehicha Uche'' |Pauline French | |- |1953 |''Nsogbu n'Ụlọ Ahịa'' |Peggy Drew | |- |1955 |''John na Julie'' |Dora | |- |1955 |''Oké Osimiri Na-acha Ọcha'' |Dawn Maxwell | |- |1957 |''Ifufe asaa'' |Edith Middleton |AKA, ''Ịhapụ Ụgbọ Mmiri'' |- |1964 |''Rolls-Royce Yellow'' |Lady Angela St. Simeon | |- |1965 |''Nwa nwoke Joey'' |Lady Thameridge | |- |1967 |''Nwoke Abụọ'' |Oriakụ Carrington | |- |1967 |''Ịchụpụ Ndị Mmadụ'' |Oriakụ Okooko osisi | |- |1973 |''Ọ bụghị Ugbu a, Ịhụnanya'' |Maude Bodley | |- |1989 |''Obere Ndị India Iri'' |Ethel Mae Rodgers | |- |2007 |''Idei Mmiri'' |Nne nne | |} === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |1948 |''Frieda'' |Frieda |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1949 |''Ya mere, Àkwà'' |Oriakụ Pepys |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1950 |''Ụlọ Egwuregwu Sunday Night'' |Senora Maria |"Àkwà mmiri nke Estaban" |- |1951 |''Ego Joseph Proctor'' |Poppy Marsh |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1954 |''Egwuregwu ahụ'' |Anne |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1954 |''Anụ bear'' |Yelena Ivanovna Popova |TV dị mkpirikpi |- |1954 |''Nzọụkwụ site na Nzọụkwụ'' |Berinthia |"Nlaghachi ma ọ bụ, Omume Ọma nọ n'ihe ize ndụ" |- |1956 |''Douglas Fairbanks Na-enye'' |Iv |"Onye Nleghara Anya" |- |1956 |''Egwuregwu ITV nke Izu'' |Obere Obere |"Cuckoo ọla edo" |- |1957 |''Egwuregwu ITV nke Izu'' |Maggie Palmer |"Ya na Ndị Ya" |- |1957 |''Ụlọ Egwuregwu Armchair'' |Mathilde Loisel |"Mkpịsị Mkpịsị" |- |1957 |''Ụlọ Egwuregwu Sunday Night'' |Amelia Laurenson |"Ụlọ Ndị Isi Obodo" |- |1957 |''Ụlọ Egwuregwu Sunday Night'' |Orinthia |"Ụgbọ Apple" |- |1960 |''Oge Somerset Maugham'' |Vesta Grange |"Flotsam na Jetsam" |- |1960 |''N'abalị Ihe nkiri'' |Nell Nash |"Gazebo" |- |1961 |''Nwoke Dị Iche Iche'' |Vanessa Stewart |"Chọta na Nlaghachi" |- |1961 |''Egwuregwu ITV nke Izu'' |Louise Yeyder |"Gilt na Gingerbread" |- |1963 |''Zero One'' |Oriakụ Isi awọ |"Ọgbaghara Ọlaedo" |- |1964 |''Ụlọ Egwuregwu Thursday'' |Laura Foster |"Simon na Laura" |- |1966 |''Nwoke Dị Iche Iche'' |Claudia Jordan |"Ndị na-achụ nta" |- |1966 |''Ụlọ Egwuregwu 625'' |Laura Foster |"Simon na Laura" |- |1966 |''Ụlọ Egwuregwu Comedy'' |Janet Pugh |"Ihe Ebumnuche nke Mallard" |- |1966 |''Onye isi Barbara'' |Lady Britomart |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1967 |''Ndị Avengers'' |Elena |"N'aka Nwoke Na-ahụ" |- |1967 |''Ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ na Whitehall'' |Janet Pugh |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1967 1968 |''Nwunye di ya nwụrụ nke Obi Ụtọ'' |Jacqui Villiers |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1968 |''Mmetụta nke Venus'' |Emma Grant |"Desmond" |- |1968 |''Egwuregwu Mmekọahụ'' |Mimsy |"Ndị na-ahụ n'anya" |- |1969 |''Akụkọ Ịhụnanya'' |Ariade |"The Dolly Spike" |- |1969 |''Nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke Obi Ụtọ na Olee Otú'' |Jacqui Villiers |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1973 |''Ihe nkiri Late Night'' |Vicky Labone |"Ọ ga-aga" |- |1980 |''Ndụ malitere mgbe ọ dị afọ iri anọ'' |Gertie |"Nkwado Kraịst" |- |1980 |''Naanị Mgbe M Na-achị ọchị'' |Gloria |"Gịnị mere Gloria Robins?" |- |1984 |''Hayfever'' |Judith Bliss |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1987 |''Ịchọta Ihe Ndị A Na-achọta Ihe'' |Nnukwu |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2000 |''Alaeze nke Iri'' |Nne nne |Obere ihe nkiri TV |- |2005 |''Sterne über Madeira'' |Mutter Oberin |Ihe nkiri TV |} == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * ''Moira'' nwere obi ụtọ (1971) == Akwụkwọ == * A na-akpọ ya ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005 2008'', Oxford University Press, 2013, peeji nke 696 697 [https://books.google.be/books?id=nbGcAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false]. == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0514263}} a3vpbkmsnw0xc38uqo00580rars7vhu 674112 674111 2026-07-08T14:42:27Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Nsọpụrụ */ 674112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Moira Lister Gachassin-Lafite, Viscountess of '''Orthez''' (6 August 1923 意 27 October 2007) bụ onye South African-British na-eme ihe nkiri, na telivishọn na onye edemede. == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Cape Town na Major James Lister na Margaret (née Hogan), Lister gụrụ akwụkwọ na Parktown Convent of the Holy Family, Johannesburg.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1567777/Moira-Lister.html|title=Moira Lister|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=30 October 2007|accessdate=3 March 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ ihe nkiri nke Anna Romain Hoffman, onye ya na di ya Arthur Hoffman guzobere The Johannesburg Repertory Theatre. == Ọrụ == Ọ malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya n'elu ikpo okwu na South Africa wee gaa n'ihu na-eme ihe nkiri na London mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ.<ref name="fv">{{Cite book|year=1980s|author=Jani Allan|authorlink=Jani Allan|title=[[Face Value (book)|Face Value]]|publisher=Longstreet}}</ref> Lister malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri n'afọ 1943, ma pụta n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri n'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ. Ndị a ma ama n'ime ndị a bụ maka Ealing Studios, dịka Another Shore (1948), A Run for Your Money (1949), Pool of London (1951) na The Cruel Sea (1953). Ọ pụtara na Peter Ustinov's long-running 1951 play The Love of Four Colonels in the West End . Ọ na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile na usoro mbụ nke ihe nkiri redio BBC Hancock's Half Hour n'afọ 1954-55, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị enyi nwanyị na A Life of Bliss nke George Cole na-eme dịka David Bliss, onye na-alụbeghị di.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/oct/30/guardianobituaries.obituaries1|title=Moira Lister|author=Shorter|first=Eric|date=30 October 2007|work=The Guardian|accessdate=3 March 2017}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na usoro ''ihe'' nkiri telivishọn BBC The Whitehall Worrier na The Very Merry Widow site n'afọ1967 ruo 1968. (N'ikpeazụ, usoro ihe omume a kpọrọ The Very Merry Widow na How!) Lister pụtakwara na usoro ihe nkiri British TV ''ndị'' ọzọ dịka Danger Man na The Avengers ("The See-Through Man", 1967). N'afọ 1980, ọ pụtara dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na sitcom Only When I Laugh . Ọ bụ isiokwu ''nke'' This Is Your Life n'afọ 1971 mgbe Eamonn Andrews juru ya anya. Lister ka na-eme ihe ruo afọ atọ tupu ọnwụ ya, na-agagharị na otu nwanyị ya na-egosi banyere Noël Coward. Ọ bụ onye British Catholic Stage Guild. == Ndụ onwe == [[Usòrò:Blason_famille_Gachassin-Lafite_d'Orthez.svg|thumb|146x146px|Akara agha nke ezinụlọ Gachassin-Lafite d'Orthez]] N'afọ 1946, Lister so Neville Heath, onye bụbu onyeisi ndị agha ụgbọelu South Africa, gaa London, onye gburu ụmụ nwanyị abụọ na London naanị ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9lzQgAACAAJ&q=the+very+merry+moira|title=The Very Merry Widow Moira|author=Lister|first=Moira|date=1 December 1969|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|isbn=978-0-340-10632-7}}</ref> A mara Heath ikpe mgbe e kpesịrị ya ikpe dị egwu, a kwụgbukwara ya n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1946.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZxVOZ7CN7YC&q=neville+heath|title=Handsome Brute: The True Story of a Ladykiller|author=O'Connor|first=Sean|date=27 February 2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4711-0135-9|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1951, Moira Lister lụrụ onye Belgo-French aristocrat Jacques Gachassin-Lafite, Viscount of Orthez, nwa André Gachassin -Lafite (Viscount of Ortchez) na Louise van Dievoet. Jacques bụ onye ọrụ French nke Spahis, onye nwe ubi vaịn champagne na dike nke agha Rif; ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, Chantal na Christobel. Lister nwekwara ụmụ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, Christina d'Orthez na Marina d'Otthez. Moira Lister nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 84 n'afọ 2007. E liri ya na di ya na chọọchị St Edward's Catholic Church na Sutton Green, Surrey.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/moira-lister-398214.html|title=Moira Lister|date=29 October 2007|work=The Independent|accessdate=3 March 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == * Naledi Theatre Award, ihe nrite ndụ maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri na South Africa.<ref name=":1" /> * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'afọ (1971) * Nnwere Onwe nke Obodo London (2000) == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |1943 |''Ndị Na-arụ Ụgbọ Mmiri'' |Rita | |- |1944 |''Nwanyị Na-enyefe Onwe Ya'' |Carol | |- |1945 |''Ndị m Ain'' |Joan Mackenzie | |- |1945 |''Don Chicago'' |Onye na-ahụ maka ekwentị | |- |1945 |''Onye Na-eme Ihe Na-akpali Akpali'' |Joan Shackleton | |- |1946 |''A Chọrọ Maka Ogbugbu'' |Nwaanyị Willis |AKA, ''Olu n'abalị'' |- |1948 |''Ọ dị nnọọ njọ Ịhụnanya M'' |Nnụnụ Kitty | |- |1948 |''Okwu Ndị Na-adịghị Ahụ Iche'' |Corinne Alardyse | |- |1948 |''Ụsọ Oké Osimiri Ọzọ'' |Jennifer | |- |1949 |''Ndị Na-arịa Njem Na-enweghị Ụzọ'' |Liz Dotty | |- |1949 |''Ịgba ọsọ maka Ego Gị'' |Jo | |- |1951 |''Files si Scotland Yard'' |Joanna Goring | |- |1951 |''Ọdọ Mmiri nke London'' |Ụlọ Ndị Dị n'Ụlọ | |- |1951 |''Mkpịsị Aka Na Ha'' |Diana | |- |1951 |''Okporo Ụzọ Ndị Na-acha Ọcha'' |Dolly Clark | |- |1952 |''Ihe Ego Na-apụghị Ịzụta'' |Diana Haverstock | |- |1953 |''Oké Osimiri Obi Ọjọọ'' |Elaine Morell | |- |1953 |''Nnukwu abalị Mba'' |Uwe ụmụ ọhụrụ | |- |1953 |''Nwoke Na-ehicha Uche'' |Pauline French | |- |1953 |''Nsogbu n'Ụlọ Ahịa'' |Peggy Drew | |- |1955 |''John na Julie'' |Dora | |- |1955 |''Oké Osimiri Na-acha Ọcha'' |Dawn Maxwell | |- |1957 |''Ifufe asaa'' |Edith Middleton |AKA, ''Ịhapụ Ụgbọ Mmiri'' |- |1964 |''Rolls-Royce Yellow'' |Lady Angela St. Simeon | |- |1965 |''Nwa nwoke Joey'' |Lady Thameridge | |- |1967 |''Nwoke Abụọ'' |Oriakụ Carrington | |- |1967 |''Ịchụpụ Ndị Mmadụ'' |Oriakụ Okooko osisi | |- |1973 |''Ọ bụghị Ugbu a, Ịhụnanya'' |Maude Bodley | |- |1989 |''Obere Ndị India Iri'' |Ethel Mae Rodgers | |- |2007 |''Idei Mmiri'' |Nne nne | |} === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |1948 |''Frieda'' |Frieda |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1949 |''Ya mere, Àkwà'' |Oriakụ Pepys |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1950 |''Ụlọ Egwuregwu Sunday Night'' |Senora Maria |"Àkwà mmiri nke Estaban" |- |1951 |''Ego Joseph Proctor'' |Poppy Marsh |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1954 |''Egwuregwu ahụ'' |Anne |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1954 |''Anụ bear'' |Yelena Ivanovna Popova |TV dị mkpirikpi |- |1954 |''Nzọụkwụ site na Nzọụkwụ'' |Berinthia |"Nlaghachi ma ọ bụ, Omume Ọma nọ n'ihe ize ndụ" |- |1956 |''Douglas Fairbanks Na-enye'' |Iv |"Onye Nleghara Anya" |- |1956 |''Egwuregwu ITV nke Izu'' |Obere Obere |"Cuckoo ọla edo" |- |1957 |''Egwuregwu ITV nke Izu'' |Maggie Palmer |"Ya na Ndị Ya" |- |1957 |''Ụlọ Egwuregwu Armchair'' |Mathilde Loisel |"Mkpịsị Mkpịsị" |- |1957 |''Ụlọ Egwuregwu Sunday Night'' |Amelia Laurenson |"Ụlọ Ndị Isi Obodo" |- |1957 |''Ụlọ Egwuregwu Sunday Night'' |Orinthia |"Ụgbọ Apple" |- |1960 |''Oge Somerset Maugham'' |Vesta Grange |"Flotsam na Jetsam" |- |1960 |''N'abalị Ihe nkiri'' |Nell Nash |"Gazebo" |- |1961 |''Nwoke Dị Iche Iche'' |Vanessa Stewart |"Chọta na Nlaghachi" |- |1961 |''Egwuregwu ITV nke Izu'' |Louise Yeyder |"Gilt na Gingerbread" |- |1963 |''Zero One'' |Oriakụ Isi awọ |"Ọgbaghara Ọlaedo" |- |1964 |''Ụlọ Egwuregwu Thursday'' |Laura Foster |"Simon na Laura" |- |1966 |''Nwoke Dị Iche Iche'' |Claudia Jordan |"Ndị na-achụ nta" |- |1966 |''Ụlọ Egwuregwu 625'' |Laura Foster |"Simon na Laura" |- |1966 |''Ụlọ Egwuregwu Comedy'' |Janet Pugh |"Ihe Ebumnuche nke Mallard" |- |1966 |''Onye isi Barbara'' |Lady Britomart |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1967 |''Ndị Avengers'' |Elena |"N'aka Nwoke Na-ahụ" |- |1967 |''Ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ na Whitehall'' |Janet Pugh |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1967 1968 |''Nwunye di ya nwụrụ nke Obi Ụtọ'' |Jacqui Villiers |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1968 |''Mmetụta nke Venus'' |Emma Grant |"Desmond" |- |1968 |''Egwuregwu Mmekọahụ'' |Mimsy |"Ndị na-ahụ n'anya" |- |1969 |''Akụkọ Ịhụnanya'' |Ariade |"The Dolly Spike" |- |1969 |''Nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke Obi Ụtọ na Olee Otú'' |Jacqui Villiers |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1973 |''Ihe nkiri Late Night'' |Vicky Labone |"Ọ ga-aga" |- |1980 |''Ndụ malitere mgbe ọ dị afọ iri anọ'' |Gertie |"Nkwado Kraịst" |- |1980 |''Naanị Mgbe M Na-achị ọchị'' |Gloria |"Gịnị mere Gloria Robins?" |- |1984 |''Hayfever'' |Judith Bliss |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1987 |''Ịchọta Ihe Ndị A Na-achọta Ihe'' |Nnukwu |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2000 |''Alaeze nke Iri'' |Nne nne |Obere ihe nkiri TV |- |2005 |''Sterne über Madeira'' |Mutter Oberin |Ihe nkiri TV |} == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * ''Moira'' nwere obi ụtọ (1971) == Akwụkwọ == * A na-akpọ ya ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005 2008'', Oxford University Press, 2013, peeji nke 696 697 [https://books.google.be/books?id=nbGcAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false]. == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0514263}} kuh5gv6y7s3s01p1wmh3o1xdt0a99kh 0 15405 674492 194076 2026-07-09T11:34:23Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 674492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nadia Benbouta''' (amụrụ na ọnwa 21 Jenụwarị n'afọ 1970) bụ onye obodo Algeria n'ese ihe nke bi ma n'arụ ọrụ na obodo Paris . <ref name="pallade">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pallade.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Dossier-de-presse-Nadia-Benbouta.pdf|title=Nadia Benbouta|publisher=anne-marie et roland pallade art contemporain|language=fr}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Algiers, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na École supérieure des beaux-arts d'Alger na École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Art of the Middle East|author=Eigner|first=Saeb|year=2010|isbn=978-1-8589-4500-2}}</ref> Ihe osise ya jikọtara ihe ndị yiri ihe ndị n'enweghị njikọ: ihe oyiyi sitere na mgbasa ozi, ihe nkiri ụmụaka na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ, ihe osise n'atọ ọchị, ọkọlọtọ, ngwá agha na ihe ịchọ mma.<ref name="pallade" /> E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi onwe ya na ọbọdọ [[France]], Germany na [[Yukrain|Ukraine]]. O sonyere n'ihe ngosi otu na Paris, Lyon, Marseilles, Toulouse, Germany, Norway, [[Greece]], Algeria na obodo New York .<ref name="pallade" /> Benbouta natara Prix Albéric Rocheron n'afọ 1998 na Prix Fenêtre des Arts Européens nke Sprengel Museum nyere na Hanover n'afọ 1999. <ref name="pallade" /> A n'edebe ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke Bibliothèque nationale de France, École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Musée de Serignan na obodo Bobigny.<ref name="pallade" />{{Cite web|url=http://www.pallade.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Dossier-de-presse-Nadia-Benbouta.pdf|title=Nadia Benbouta|publisher=anne-marie et roland pallade art contemporain|language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.pallade.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Dossier-de-presse-Nadia-Benbouta.pdf "Nadia Benbouta"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). anne-marie et roland pallade art contemporain.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref>{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mnugo9s9ga2hbio1svd9zcaumfecoxg 0 15478 674055 79350 2026-07-08T12:17:35Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 674055 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Moses-Tladis-Parents.jpg|thumb|Moses Tladi Nne na Nna]] '''Moses Tladi''' (1903-1959) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe n'onwe ya bụ ónyé na'ese ihe ojii mbụ nwere ihe ngosi na South Africa na ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri ojii mbụ gosipụtara na South African National Gallery.=<ref name="Lloyd2014">{{cite journal|last1=Lloyd|first1=A. R.|title=Moses Tladi, Landscape Painter: South Africa's First Black Artist Working in the Western Tradition|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2013|issue=33|year=2014|pages=20–37|issn=1075-7163|doi=10.1215/10757163-2352884|s2cid=194086491}}</ref><ref name="TimesLIVE2015">{{Cite web | title = On Show: There's an artist in my garden | last = O'Toole | first = Sean | work = Times LIVE | date = 6 October 2015 | accessdate = 2016-07-02 | url = http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2015/10/06/On-Show-Theres-an-artist-in-my-garden }}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Moses Tladi ma zụlite ya na 1903 Lobethal, GaPhahla, n'akụkụ ugwu nke South Africa. Ọ bụ nwa nke ónyé na-agwọ ọrịa ọdịnala nke na-enweta ihe ọ na-eri site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ okike na ígwè, na nne bụ ónyé ọkpụite nwèrè onyinye. Tladi nọrọ n'afọ ndị mbụ ya na-azụ ehi. Nné na nnà ya ghọrọ Ndị Kraịst n'okpuru mmetụta nke Berlin Missionary Society, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Lobethal Mission na mpaghara Limpopo ugbu a. Tladi, dị ka ọtụtụ ụmụ okorobịa n'oge ahụ, gara Johannesburg ịchọ ọrụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1920, ọ chọtara ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ubi na Lokshoek, ụlọ ónyé ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe n'ala, Herbert Read na mpaghara Parktown. == Ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe == Tladi bịdọrọ ise ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na osisi. Ónyé wéré ya n'ọrụ, Read, hụrụ nkà ya màkà ise ihe, ónyé malitere inye ya ihe ndị na-ese ihe. Read kọwakwara Tladi ónyé nchịkọta na ónyé ọrụ ebere Howard Pim, onye bụbu onye isi obodo Johannesburg, ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpà n'ịmepụta ụlọ ngosi nka Johannesburg. Ma Read na Pim kwalitere Tladi na ngosi ọha na eze site na 1929 gaa n'ihu. N'afọ 1931, Tladi ghọrọ onye isi ojii mbụ na-ese ihe na South African National Gallery. N'afọ 1939, ọ bụ ónyé Black African Artist mbụ gosipụtara ọrụ ya na National Gallery na Johannesburg, ebe ihe osise ya nwetara otuto. Tladi jere ozi na mbà ya n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ma gaa n'ihu na-ese ihe rụọ 1956, mgbè a manyere ya ịpụ n'ụlọ nke ya na mpaghara Johannesburg nke Kensington B gaa Soweto n'ihi iwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke National Party, ọkachasị Iwu Group Areas . Ọ nwụrụ na 1959, mgbè ọ dị afọ irí isé na isii. == Moses Tladi E gwupụtara == [[Usòrò:Moses_Tladi_Paintings_Landscape.jpg|thumb|Moses Tladi Paintings- Ụlọ dị na Kensington B]] [[Usòrò:Lokshoek-Joahnnesburg.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Moses Tladi - Lokshoek Johannesburg]] [[Usòrò:Morning-at-Magaliesberg-Mountains.jpg|thumb|Moses Tladi Paintings - Ụtụtụ na Ugwu Magaliesberg]] [[Usòrò:MTW47.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Moses Tladi - Manako Sekhukuniland]] Nnukwu ihe ngosi mbụ nke South Africa nke ọrụ ónyé na-ese ihe, Moses Tladi, meghere na Iziko South African National Gallery na Cape Town na Heritage Day, 24 Septemba 2015. Ihe ngosi akpọrọ Moses Tladi Unearthed, nyere ónyé nleta ohere pụrụ iche ile ọrụ ya anya. N'ịbụ ónyé a kpọtụrụ aha dị ka ónyé na-ese ihe ojii mbụ gosipụtara na South Africa, Moses Tladi (1903-1959) mepụtara aha dị ka ezigbo ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri. N'oge ndụ ya, ọ bụ ónyé ísì ojii mbụ na-ese ihe na Iziko South African National Gallery, n'oge na-adịghị ányá mgbè emeghechara ụlọ dị ugbu a, nke mbụ na 1931 na 1933. Ihe karịrị ọkara narị afọ mgbè ọ nwụsịrị na 1959, ihe ngosi a na-eme ka ọha na eze hụ ihe dị mkpà ọrụ ya pụtara. E bugara ihe ngosi ahụ na Grahamstown na June 2016 ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke National Arts Festival. Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara ihe dị ka ihe osise Tladi irí àtó, nke sitere na ụlọ ọrụ na nchịkọta onwé ónyé na South Africa na mba ofesi. A na-agụnye usoro na-egosi ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ, ma ọ bụ n'otu oge ahụ. == Ihe edeturu na Edensibia == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="Lloyd2014">{{cite journal|last1=Lloyd|first1=A. R.|title=Moses Tladi, Landscape Painter: South Africa's First Black Artist Working in the Western Tradition|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2013|issue=33|year=2014|pages=20–37|issn=1075-7163|doi=10.1215/10757163-2352884|s2cid=194086491}}</ref> <ref name="TimesLIVE2015">{{Cite web | title = On Show: There's an artist in my garden | last = O'Toole | first = Sean | work = Times LIVE | date = 6 October 2015 | accessdate = 2016-07-02 | url = http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2015/10/06/On-Show-Theres-an-artist-in-my-garden }}</ref> <ref name="Iziko2016">{{Cite press release | title = Moses Tladi Unearthed at the NAF | last = Falken | first = Merle | work = Iziko Museums of South Africa | date = 30 June 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-02 | url = http://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=40314 }}</ref> <ref name="CapeTimes2016">{{Cite web | title = Unearthing Moses Tladi | last = Jolly | first = Lucinda | work = Cape Times | date = 30 June 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-02 | url = http://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/unearthing-moses-tladi-1930073 }}</ref>}}  60aifd7yx1u9pji4jzsey8sg61fwapj 674056 674055 2026-07-08T12:19:59Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 674056 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Moses-Tladis-Parents.jpg|thumb|Moses Tladi Nne na Nna]] '''Moses Tladi''' (1903-1959) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe n'onwe ya bụ ónyé na'ese ihe ojii mbụ nwere ihe ngosi na South Africa na ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri ojii mbụ gosipụtara na South African National Gallery.=<ref name="Lloyd2014">{{cite journal|last1=Lloyd|first1=A. R.|title=Moses Tladi, Landscape Painter: South Africa's First Black Artist Working in the Western Tradition|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2013|issue=33|year=2014|pages=20–37|issn=1075-7163|doi=10.1215/10757163-2352884|s2cid=194086491}}</ref><ref name="TimesLIVE2015">{{Cite web | title = On Show: There's an artist in my garden | last = O'Toole | first = Sean | work = Times LIVE | date = 6 October 2015 | accessdate = 2016-07-02 | url = http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2015/10/06/On-Show-Theres-an-artist-in-my-garden }}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Moses Tladi ma zụlite ya na 1903 Lobethal, GaPhahla, n'akụkụ ugwu nke South Africa. Ọ bụ nwa nke ónyé na-agwọ ọrịa ọdịnala nke na-enweta ihe ọ na-eri site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ okike na ígwè, na nne bụ ónyé ọkpụite nwèrè onyinye. Tladi nọrọ n'afọ ndị mbụ ya na-azụ ehi. Nné na nnà ya ghọrọ Ndị Kraịst n'okpuru mmetụta nke Berlin Missionary Society, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Lobethal Mission na mpaghara Limpopo ugbu a. Tladi, dị ka ọtụtụ ụmụ okorobịa n'oge ahụ, gara Johannesburg ịchọ ọrụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1920, ọ chọtara ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ubi na Lokshoek, ụlọ ónyé ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe n'ala, Herbert Read na mpaghara Parktown. == Ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe == Tladi bịdọrọ ise ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na osisi. Ónyé wéré ya n'ọrụ, Read, hụrụ nkà ya màkà ise ihe, ónyé malitere inye ya ihe ndị na-ese ihe. Read kọwakwara Tladi ónyé nchịkọta na ónyé ọrụ ebere Howard Pim, onye bụbu onye isi obodo Johannesburg, ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpà n'ịmepụta ụlọ ngosi nka Johannesburg. Ma Read na Pim kwalitere Tladi na ngosi ọha na eze site na 1929 gaa n'ihu. N'afọ 1931, Tladi ghọrọ onye isi ojii mbụ na-ese ihe na South African National Gallery. N'afọ 1939, ọ bụ ónyé Black African Artist mbụ gosipụtara ọrụ ya na National Gallery na Johannesburg, ebe ihe osise ya nwetara otuto. Tladi jere ozi na mbà ya n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ma gaa n'ihu na-ese ihe rụọ 1956, mgbè a manyere ya ịpụ n'ụlọ nke ya na mpaghara Johannesburg nke Kensington B gaa Soweto n'ihi iwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke National Party, ọkachasị Iwu Group Areas . Ọ nwụrụ na 1959, mgbè ọ dị afọ irí isé na isii. == Moses Tladi E gwupụtara == [[Usòrò:Moses_Tladi_Paintings_Landscape.jpg|thumb|Moses Tladi Paintings- Ụlọ dị na Kensington B]] [[Usòrò:Lokshoek-Joahnnesburg.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Moses Tladi - Lokshoek Johannesburg]] [[Usòrò:Morning-at-Magaliesberg-Mountains.jpg|thumb|Moses Tladi Paintings - Ụtụtụ na Ugwu Magaliesberg]] [[Usòrò:MTW47.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Moses Tladi - Manako Sekhukuniland]] Nnukwu ihe ngosi mbụ nke South Africa nke ọrụ ónyé na-ese ihe, Moses Tladi, meghere na Iziko South African National Gallery na Cape Town na Heritage Day, 24 Septemba 2015.<ref name="Iziko2016">{{Cite press release | title = Moses Tladi Unearthed at the NAF | last = Falken | first = Merle | work = Iziko Museums of South Africa | date = 30 June 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-02 | url = http://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=40314 }}</ref> Ihe ngosi akpọrọ Moses Tladi Unearthed, nyere ónyé nleta ohere pụrụ iche ile ọrụ ya anya. N'ịbụ ónyé a kpọtụrụ aha dị ka ónyé na-ese ihe ojii mbụ gosipụtara na South Africa, Moses Tladi (1903-1959) mepụtara aha dị ka ezigbo ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri. N'oge ndụ ya, ọ bụ ónyé ísì ojii mbụ na-ese ihe na Iziko South African National Gallery, n'oge na-adịghị ányá mgbè emeghechara ụlọ dị ugbu a, nke mbụ na 1931 na 1933. Ihe karịrị ọkara narị afọ mgbè ọ nwụsịrị na 1959, ihe ngosi a na-eme ka ọha na eze hụ ihe dị mkpà ọrụ ya pụtara. E bugara ihe ngosi ahụ na Grahamstown na June 2016 ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke National Arts Festival. Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara ihe dị ka ihe osise Tladi irí àtó, nke sitere na ụlọ ọrụ na nchịkọta onwé ónyé na South Africa na mba ofesi. A na-agụnye usoro na-egosi ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ, ma ọ bụ n'otu oge ahụ. == Ihe edeturu na Edensibia == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="Lloyd2014">{{cite journal|last1=Lloyd|first1=A. R.|title=Moses Tladi, Landscape Painter: South Africa's First Black Artist Working in the Western Tradition|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2013|issue=33|year=2014|pages=20–37|issn=1075-7163|doi=10.1215/10757163-2352884|s2cid=194086491}}</ref> <ref name="TimesLIVE2015">{{Cite web | title = On Show: There's an artist in my garden | last = O'Toole | first = Sean | work = Times LIVE | date = 6 October 2015 | accessdate = 2016-07-02 | url = http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2015/10/06/On-Show-Theres-an-artist-in-my-garden }}</ref> <ref name="CapeTimes2016">{{Cite web | title = Unearthing Moses Tladi | last = Jolly | first = Lucinda | work = Cape Times | date = 30 June 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-02 | url = http://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/unearthing-moses-tladi-1930073 }}</ref>}}  niqmoakz0xsmexlisxvwrni8zs54rnt 674058 674056 2026-07-08T12:22:34Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 674058 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Moses-Tladis-Parents.jpg|thumb|Moses Tladi Nne na Nna]] '''Moses Tladi''' (1903-1959) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe n'onwe ya bụ ónyé na'ese ihe ojii mbụ nwere ihe ngosi na South Africa na ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri ojii mbụ gosipụtara na South African National Gallery.=<ref name="Lloyd2014">{{cite journal|last1=Lloyd|first1=A. R.|title=Moses Tladi, Landscape Painter: South Africa's First Black Artist Working in the Western Tradition|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2013|issue=33|year=2014|pages=20–37|issn=1075-7163|doi=10.1215/10757163-2352884|s2cid=194086491}}</ref><ref name="TimesLIVE2015">{{Cite web | title = On Show: There's an artist in my garden | last = O'Toole | first = Sean | work = Times LIVE | date = 6 October 2015 | accessdate = 2016-07-02 | url = http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2015/10/06/On-Show-Theres-an-artist-in-my-garden }}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Moses Tladi ma zụlite ya na 1903 Lobethal, GaPhahla, n'akụkụ ugwu nke South Africa. Ọ bụ nwa nke ónyé na-agwọ ọrịa ọdịnala nke na-enweta ihe ọ na-eri site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ okike na ígwè, na nne bụ ónyé ọkpụite nwèrè onyinye. Tladi nọrọ n'afọ ndị mbụ ya na-azụ ehi. Nné na nnà ya ghọrọ Ndị Kraịst n'okpuru mmetụta nke Berlin Missionary Society, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Lobethal Mission na mpaghara Limpopo ugbu a. Tladi, dị ka ọtụtụ ụmụ okorobịa n'oge ahụ, gara Johannesburg ịchọ ọrụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1920, ọ chọtara ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ubi na Lokshoek, ụlọ ónyé ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe n'ala, Herbert Read na mpaghara Parktown. == Ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe == Tladi bịdọrọ ise ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na osisi. Ónyé wéré ya n'ọrụ, Read, hụrụ nkà ya màkà ise ihe, ónyé malitere inye ya ihe ndị na-ese ihe. Read kọwakwara Tladi ónyé nchịkọta na ónyé ọrụ ebere Howard Pim, onye bụbu onye isi obodo Johannesburg, ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpà n'ịmepụta ụlọ ngosi nka Johannesburg. Ma Read na Pim kwalitere Tladi na ngosi ọha na eze site na 1929 gaa n'ihu. N'afọ 1931, Tladi ghọrọ onye isi ojii mbụ na-ese ihe na South African National Gallery. N'afọ 1939, ọ bụ ónyé Black African Artist mbụ gosipụtara ọrụ ya na National Gallery na Johannesburg, ebe ihe osise ya nwetara otuto. Tladi jere ozi na mbà ya n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ma gaa n'ihu na-ese ihe rụọ 1956, mgbè a manyere ya ịpụ n'ụlọ nke ya na mpaghara Johannesburg nke Kensington B gaa Soweto n'ihi iwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke National Party, ọkachasị Iwu Group Areas . Ọ nwụrụ na 1959, mgbè ọ dị afọ irí isé na isii. == Moses Tladi E gwupụtara == [[Usòrò:Moses_Tladi_Paintings_Landscape.jpg|thumb|Moses Tladi Paintings- Ụlọ dị na Kensington B]] [[Usòrò:Lokshoek-Joahnnesburg.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Moses Tladi - Lokshoek Johannesburg]] [[Usòrò:Morning-at-Magaliesberg-Mountains.jpg|thumb|Moses Tladi Paintings - Ụtụtụ na Ugwu Magaliesberg]] [[Usòrò:MTW47.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Moses Tladi - Manako Sekhukuniland]] Nnukwu ihe ngosi mbụ nke South Africa nke ọrụ ónyé na-ese ihe, Moses Tladi, meghere na Iziko South African National Gallery na Cape Town na Heritage Day, 24 Septemba 2015.<ref name="Iziko2016">{{Cite press release | title = Moses Tladi Unearthed at the NAF | last = Falken | first = Merle | work = Iziko Museums of South Africa | date = 30 June 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-02 | url = http://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=40314 }}</ref> Ihe ngosi akpọrọ Moses Tladi Unearthed, nyere ónyé nleta ohere pụrụ iche ile ọrụ ya anya. N'ịbụ ónyé a kpọtụrụ aha dị ka ónyé na-ese ihe ojii mbụ gosipụtara na South Africa, Moses Tladi (1903-1959) mepụtara aha dị ka ezigbo ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri. N'oge ndụ ya, ọ bụ ónyé ísì ojii mbụ na-ese ihe na Iziko South African National Gallery, n'oge na-adịghị ányá mgbè emeghechara ụlọ dị ugbu a, nke mbụ na 1931 na 1933. Ihe karịrị ọkara narị afọ mgbè ọ nwụsịrị na 1959, ihe ngosi a na-eme ka ọha na eze hụ ihe dị mkpà ọrụ ya pụtara. E bugara ihe ngosi ahụ na Grahamstown na June 2016 ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke National Arts Festival.<ref name="CapeTimes2016">{{Cite web | title = Unearthing Moses Tladi | last = Jolly | first = Lucinda | work = Cape Times | date = 30 June 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-02 | url = http://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/unearthing-moses-tladi-1930073 }}</ref> Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara ihe dị ka ihe osise Tladi irí àtó, nke sitere na ụlọ ọrụ na nchịkọta onwé ónyé na South Africa na mba ofesi. A na-agụnye usoro na-egosi ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ, ma ọ bụ n'otu oge ahụ. == Ihe edeturu na Edensibia == {{Reflist}} mw2xri12f6pkm2kwnzg7fjst7m8n3ts 0 15497 674410 94769 2026-07-09T07:54:13Z Ebube Clara 43871 674410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Alexander''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1959) bụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà a ma àmá na South Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/interviews/jane-alexander-cam-houston/|title=Global Context: Q+A with Jane Alexander|author=Dent|first=Lisa|date=2012-08-03|work=Art in America|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref name=":A">{{Cite web|url=https://briefly.co.za/54963-top-15-south-african-artists.html|title=Top 15 South African Artists|author=Ceves|first=James|date=2020|publisher=South African News-website "Briefly.co.za"|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị na-ese ihe nkè a maara nke ọma màkà ihe ọkpụkpụ ya, The Butcher Boys . Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ọkpụkpụ, photomontages, foto na vidiyo. Alexander nwere mmasị n'omume mmadụ, esemokwu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ncheta ọdịbendị nke mmegbu na enweghị ntinye aka zuru ụwa ọnụ n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artthrob.co.za/99july/artbio.htm|title=A feature on an artist in the public eye Jane Alexander|date=1999|work=Artthrob Contemporary Art in South Africa}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Bick|first=Tenley|date=Winter 2010|title=Horror Histories: Apartheid and the Abject Body in the Work of Jane Alexander|journal=African Arts|volume=43|issue=4|pages=30–41|doi=10.1162/afar.2010.43.4.30}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Subiros|first=Pep|date=Fall 2013|title=Jane Alexander: Surveys (from the Cape of Good Hope)|journal=Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=33|pages=92–99}}</ref> Ọrụ Alexander dị mkpà ma na ọnọdụ ọha na eze nke ugbu a na South Africa na mbá ofesi.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Jane Alexander Surveys (from the Cape of Good Hope)|author=Subiros|first=Pep|publisher=Museum for African Art and Actar|year=2011|isbn=978-0-945802-57-0|location=New York|pages=11–181}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/jane-alexander-18870/who-is-jane-alexander|title=Who is Jane Alexander?|author=Tate|work=Tate|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jane-alexander|title=Jane Alexander|author=Anonymous|work=www.sahistory.org.za|accessdate=2016-03-05}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Alexander na Johannesburg, South Africa, n'afọ 1959. Ọ tolitere n'oge oke agbụrụ South Africa na mbido afọ 1980.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/jane-alexander-18870/who-is-jane-alexander|title=Who is Jane Alexander?|author=Tate|work=Tate|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-11-06}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTate">Tate. </cite></ref> N'ịbụ ónyé tolitere n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa, a chebere Alexander pụọ na ndị uwe ojii na ímè ihe ike n'okporo ámá n'oge ahụ rụọ mgbè ọ kwagara Braamfotein, South Africa iji nọrọ nso na mahadum ya. A na-akpọ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'asụsụ Afrikaans nke pụtara ịkpa ókè - bụ usoro nke ịkpa ókè ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na South Africa nke dịruru site na 1948-1994. Iwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mepụtara ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche dabere na ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ. A gụnyere ntụziaka nka na usoro mmụta màkà ndị ọcha, mana ọ bụghị màkà ndị isi ojii ma ọ bụ ndị India. N'afọ 1959, iwu nyere iwu na ọ bụ naanị ndị ọcha nwere ike ịnata ọzụzụ nka dị mma na mahadum ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ teknụzụ. Na ngwụcha afọ 1970, nka ga-ahọrọ ilekwasị anya n'ụdị karịa ọdịnaya ma ọ bụ lụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ site na nka. Site na 1985-1989 n'oge Ọchịchị Mberede, ndị na-ese ihe na-acha ọcha dị ka Alexander nwéré nnwere onwé ka ukwuu iji maa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ aka ma mee ka ụwa ndị ọzọ màrà site na nka ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hill|first=Shannen|date=March 15, 2021|title=Art and apartheid|journal=Grove Art Online}}</ref> === Usoro onye na-ese ihe === N'ịbụ ndị ime ihe ike nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mebiri, ihe ndị Alexander na-enwekarị isiokwu ndị na-emegide onwé ha nke mmasị na iwe, mmadụ na anụmanụ na Grotesque ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịghị ike.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Mercer|first=Kobena|date=Fall 2013|title=Postcolonial Grotesque: Jane Alexander's Poetic Monsters|journal=Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=33|pages=80–90}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/jane-alexander-18870/who-is-jane-alexander|title=Who is Jane Alexander?|author=Tate|work=Tate|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-11-06}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTate">Tate. </cite></ref> Enwere ike ịhụ ụmụ mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ n'ọrụ ya dị ka ọdịdị obi ọjọọ nke ọha mmadụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Peffer|first=John|date=2003|title=Animal Bodies/Absent Bodies: Disfigurement in Art After Soweto|journal=Third Text|volume=17|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/09528820309659}}</ref> Ọdịiche dị n'ọrụ Alexander n'etiti onye a na-emegbu na ndị na-emeso ya, ónyé mmegbu na ndị a na-emegide emegbu dọrọ anya.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Jane Alexander Surveys (from the Cape of Good Hope)|author=Subiros|first=Pep|publisher=Museum for African Art and Actar|year=2011|isbn=978-0-945802-57-0|location=New York|pages=11–181}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSubirosKobenaLizeSimon2011">Subiros, Pep; Kobena, van Robbroek; Lize, Njami; Simon, Jamal; Jane, Alexander (2011). </cite></ref> Ụdị ngwakọta ya na-atụ aro ka a na-eme ka ihe ike dị égwù dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ikike nke ndị nkịtị ịghọ ndị na-eme ihe ike obi ọjọọ mgbè ha na-eme akụkụ nke otu nwere atụmatụ mmegbu na ime ihe ike.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" /> Ihe omuma ndi a abughi ihe na-emenye anyị egwu n'ihi na ha abughi mmadu, kama, n'ihi ne ha bu mmadu.<ref name=":4" /> Ọrụ Alexander na-egosikwa ikike màkà ịnagide mmadụ, ike na ùgwù n'ihu ime ihe ike, ihe isi ike, na mmegbu, yana enweghị nchebe, na egwu nke ndị nọ n'ọkwá ike.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":7" /> Ụmụ mmadụ-anụmanụ ya na-eziga ịdọ aka ná ntị banyere ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme ga-esi pụta ma gosipụta ọdịnihu nwere ike ime.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Ọrụ ya na-egosi ndị na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'emeghị ka ozi ya doo anya, ọ naghịkwa eji ihe ngosi dị ka ọkọlọtọ, mkpọsa ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi mgbasa ozi.<ref name=":7" /> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama == === Ụmụ nwoke Ndị Na-egbu Egbu === N'oge ọ na-enweta nzere masta n'afọ 1985 na 1986, Alexander mepụtara otu n'ime ihe osise ya a ma ama; The Butcher Boys .<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/jane-alexander-18870/who-is-jane-alexander|title=Who is Jane Alexander?|author=Tate|work=Tate|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-11-06}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTate">Tate. </cite></ref> The Butcher Boys bụ ihe a kpụrụ akpụ nke ''ụmụ nwoke'' atọ nwere ọdịdị dị egwu nke e ji plaster mee, ha niile nọ ọdụ n'elu bench. Akụkụ ahụ na-ekwu maka mmekọahụ anụmanụ na mmetụta na-emebi mmadụ nke ime ihe ike n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ South Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jane-alexander|title=Jane Alexander|author=Anonymous|work=www.sahistory.org.za|accessdate=2016-03-05}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAnonymous">Anonymous. </cite></ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Jane Alexander Surveys (from the Cape of Good Hope)|author=Subiros|first=Pep|publisher=Museum for African Art and Actar|year=2011|isbn=978-0-945802-57-0|location=New York|pages=11–181}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSubirosKobenaLizeSimon2011">Subiros, Pep; Kobena, van Robbroek; Lize, Njami; Simon, Jamal; Jane, Alexander (2011). </cite></ref> N'otu edemede dị na New York Times, Holland Cotter kọwara na "ahụ ha, nke na-acha ọcha ma nwee uru ahụ, màrà mmá, mana ha nwèrè eriri na-aga site na nkwonkwo rụọ n'olu, na-enye nsogbụ". Ahịrị a nke Cotter na-akọwa bụ akara gbárá ọchịchịrị nke na-egosi na ewepụla akpịrị nke ga-eme ka ónyé ọ bụla ghara ikwu okwu.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Mercer|first=Kobena|date=Fall 2013|title=Postcolonial Grotesque: Jane Alexander's Poetic Monsters|journal=Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=33|pages=80–90}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMercer2013">Mercer, Kobena (Fall 2013). </cite></ref> Akụkụ ahụ gụnyere ọkpụkpụ azụ a kpughere yana mpi dị iche iche na onyinyo ọ bụla, nke niile sitere na anụmanụ.<ref name=":4" /> Akụkụ ahụ nwèrè otu n'ime nkwanye ùgwù kachasị na South African National Gallery.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> === Ụmụ nwoke Bom === N'ịbụ nkè e kere na 1998, Bom Boys nwèrè ọtụtụ obere, guzo ọtọ, ndị nwéré akpụkpọ anụ na-acha ntụ ntụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Mercer|first=Kobena|date=Fall 2013|title=Postcolonial Grotesque: Jane Alexander's Poetic Monsters|journal=Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=33|pages=80–90}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMercer2013">Mercer, Kobena (Fall 2013). </cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|author=Mertens|first=Tristan|date=Autumn 2013|title=Jane Alexander, Security (Surveys- From the Cape of Good Hope)|journal=African Arts|volume=46|issue=3|pages=85–87|doi=10.1162/AFAR_r_00091}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ na-eyi uwe ụfọdụ na ndị ọzọ gba ọtọ, ónyé ọ bụla na-eyi ihe nkpuchi ma ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi anya.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/jane-alexander-18870/who-is-jane-alexander|title=Who is Jane Alexander?|author=Tate|work=Tate|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-11-06}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTate">Tate. </cite></ref> Ha niile na-ele anya n'akụkụ dị iche iche na-atụ aro ikewapụ onwé ha na ịgbahapụ.<ref name=":10" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị na mpempe akwụkwọ a na-ezo aka na adịghị ike nke ụmụaka ndị a chụpụrụ na Cape Town, nke ónyé na-ese ihe n'onwe ya hụrụ mgbè ọ bi n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Jane Alexander Surveys (from the Cape of Good Hope)|author=Subiros|first=Pep|publisher=Museum for African Art and Actar|year=2011|isbn=978-0-945802-57-0|location=New York|pages=11–181}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSubirosKobenaLizeSimon2011">Subiros, Pep; Kobena, van Robbroek; Lize, Njami; Simon, Jamal; Jane, Alexander (2011). </cite></ref><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":6" /> Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ahụ bụ ndị na-eri anụ, ma ọ bụ ndị a na-eri.<ref name=":8" /> === Njem Africa === [[Usòrò:African_Adventure,_Tate_Modern,_November_2016_(01).JPG|thumb|African Adventure nke Jane Alexander, 1999-2002, Tate Modern, Bankside, London, England, November 2016]] === Nchebe na okporo ụzọ (nchịkwa mmụba) === [[Usòrò:Seguretat_amb_trànsit_(control_d'arribades)_de_Jane_Alexander_al_CCCB.jpg|thumb|Nchebe na okporo ụzọ (nchịkwa influx), ntinye site na Jane Alexander na CCCB, Barcelona 2007.]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] a9kssraay3nhgmufvpng6dp6htl7iho 0 15622 674052 515438 2026-07-08T12:11:53Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ */ fixed reference errors 674052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Moses_Kottler_sculpture_"Irene".jpg|thumb|Moses Kottler "Irene"]] [[Usòrò:Moses_Kottler_"FrankWunder".jpg|thumb|Moses Kottler "Frank Wunder"]] '''Moses Kottler''' (1896-1977) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe na ónyé na-akpụ ihe na South Africa. A na-ewere ya n'ọtụtụ ebe, tinyere [[Anton van Wouw]] na Lippy Lipshitz, dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na South Africa. Triumvirate nkeá nwèrè ọdịiche nke ịbụ onye na-eme nke ọma n'iji mgbasa ozi eserese; Lipshitz na monotypes na Van Wouw na eserese na eserese. Ọrụ Kottler na mmanụ mere ka a nwekwuo echiche dị ka onye na-ese ihe. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Moses Kottler, ónyé a na-akpọ Moshe, bụ nwa nke asatọ nke Joseph Kottler na Zirla Solin. Nnà ya bụ ónyé na-ere ahịa ihe ugbo na ụlọ ha n'ihu ụlọ nzukọ o yiri ka ọ bàrà ọgaranya site na ụkpụrụ [[Jew|ndị Juu]] na Czarist [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]]. Asụsụ ha bụ Yiddish, mana Moses nwetakwara ikike nke German na Russian n'oge ọ bụ nwata. O gosipụtara nkà aka na ikike ise ihe dị elu site na nwata. N'oge na-adịghị anya, nwanne nna ya, Haim [[Israel]] Sacks, onye bụ onye isi Zionist, dọtara uche ya n'ọrụ Moses. O sere foto nke onye snow Moses mepụtara, ma gosi ya onye na-ese ihe, Ilya Jakovlevich Günzburg, mgbè ọ nọ na nnọkọ ndị Zionist na Vilnius. Günzburg dụrụ nwata nwoke ahụ ọdụ ka a zụọ ya dị ka ónyé na-ese ihe.<ref name="Scholtz" /> == Cape Town Disemba 1916 Mee 1929 == Moses Kottler rutere Cape Town na Disemba 1916 iji bírí na ya. Ọnọdụ dị n'ụwa nka dị njọ, na-enweghị ndị na-ere ihe osise, ụlọ ngosi, ndị na-anakọta ihe nwere ebumnuche siri ike na, màkà ónyé na-ese ihe, foundries màkà ịkpụ ọla nchara. Ndị kachasị emetụta na eserese bụ J. S. Morland, Crosland Robinson, Constance Penstone, Gwelo Goodman na [[Edward Roworth]]. Ha bụ ndị na-agbaso ọdịnala, na-emegide ndị na-eme ihe nkiri avant garde na-apụta na [[France]] na Germany. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1940, Edward Roworth toro Adolf Hitler n'ihu ọha mgbochi nke Modern Art na Germany.<ref name="Arnott">{{Cite book|author=Arnott|first=Bruce|title=Lippy Lipshitz: a biographical commentary, & documentation of the years 1903 – 1968 with catalogue raisonné of sculptures by Bruce Arnott|year=1969|publisher=A. A. Balkema|location=Cape Town}}</ref> South African Society of Artists bụ nzukọ kachasị emetụta n'oge ahụ. E hiwere ya n'ubochí irí abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Septemba 1902 ma mee ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Drill Hall, Cape Town na ngwụcha afọ ahụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu na 1917 bụ otu narị na iri abụọ na otu, gụnyere [[Jacobus Hendrik Pierneef|Hendrik Pierneef]], [[Anton van Wouw]], Nita Spilhaus, Ruth Prowse, Florence Zerffi na Moses Kottler, bụ ndị sonyeere n'afọ ahụ.: 380 Xi 381  === Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa === N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1921, Kottler rụchara bust nke General Christiaan de Wet, nke ọ gara ''Klipfontein'', ugbo General na Orange Free State. Ọrụ ahụ, na General na-arịa ọrịa, ejirila ụbọchị iri na abụọ mànà hapụrụ mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide na Kottler banyéré àgwà nke ónyé ndú ndị agha.<ref name="Scholtz">{{Cite book|author=Scholtz|first=J. du P.|title=Moses Kottler: His Cape Years|year=1976|publisher=Tafelberg|location=Cape Town|isbn=0624009564}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScholtz1976">Scholtz, J. du P. (1976). </cite></ref> N'ọnwa Juun 1921, o dechara bust nke Lord de Villiers, nke e debere ọla nchara na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Cape Town na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị, Bloemfontein. N'ọnwa Nọvemba, ọ rụchara ọla nchara nke Max Michaelis, ugbu a n'ogige nke Old Town House, Cape Town.<ref name="Scholtz">{{Cite book|author=Scholtz|first=J. du P.|title=Moses Kottler: His Cape Years|year=1976|publisher=Tafelberg|location=Cape Town|isbn=0624009564}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScholtz1976">Scholtz, J. du P. (1976). </cite></ref> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpà ga-eso: na 1928, bust nke Earl of Athlone, V. S. Srinivasa Sastri, General Louis Botha na Sir George Edward Cory; na 1929, ónyé ísì ọbọdọ Cape Town, Hyman Liberman. Na June 1928, ọ lụrụ Eva Goldberg.<ref name="Scholtz">{{Cite book|author=Scholtz|first=J. du P.|title=Moses Kottler: His Cape Years|year=1976|publisher=Tafelberg|location=Cape Town|isbn=0624009564}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScholtz1976">Scholtz, J. du P. (1976). </cite></ref> == Ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị == Na Jenụwarị 1929, Kottler kwupụtara ebumnuche ya ịhapụ Union of South Africa, na-akpata iwe na Cape Times, ''Die Burger'' na The ''Cape'', akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara niile. N'ubochí irí n'ọnwa Mee 1929, ha ji ụgbọ mmiri gaa Europe, naanị iji laghachi na 1932.<ref name="Scholtz">{{Cite book|author=Scholtz|first=J. du P.|title=Moses Kottler: His Cape Years|year=1976|publisher=Tafelberg|location=Cape Town|isbn=0624009564}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScholtz1976">Scholtz, J. du P. (1976). </cite></ref><ref name="Fransen">{{Cite book|author=Fransen|first=Hans|title=Three Centuries of South African Art|year=1982|publisher=AD. Donker|location=Cape Town|isbn=0868520128|pages=329}}</ref> Mgbè ọ laghachiri South Africa na 1932, Kottler biri na Johannesburg. Ọ sonyeere New Group, jere ozi na kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke Johannesburg Art Gallery n'etiti 1956 na 1965, e nyere ya Medal for Sculpture (1962) site na Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns na, na 1974/5 e nyèrè ya nsọpụrụ na Prestige Retrospective Exhibition site na Pretoria Art Museum, South African National Gallery na Johannesburg Art Gallery.<ref name="Werth">{{Cite book|title=Moses Kottler Moses Kottler: Retrospective Exhibition|year=1974|author=A. J. Werth}}</ref> == Nchịkọta ọha na eze == * South African National Gallery, Cape Town * National Portrait Gallery, London * Johannesburg Art Gallery, Johannesburg * MuseuMAfricA, Johannesburg == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} e7g2fxy8qkxdsld0kh8qqyp43zk5rvg 0 15650 674061 90731 2026-07-08T12:25:56Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ihe ngosi onwe ahọpụtara */ fixed reference errors 674061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Moshekwa Langa''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1975) bụ onye na-ese ihe na South Africa nke ọrụ ya gụnyere eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, arụmọrụ, vidiyo, na foto.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Haye|first=Christian|title=On Moshekwa Langa|url=http://www.revistaatlantica.com/en/contribution/acerca-moshekwa-langa/|publisher=Revista Atlantica|accessdate=2020-08-21}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Moshekwa Langa na South Africa n'afọ 1975. Ọ malitere ịmụ gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, nke mere ka ọ chọọ ịghọ onye na-ese ihe. Oge ụfọdụ mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ bịara lee ime nka anya dị ka ohere ịghọ akụkụ nke "akụkọ na-aga n'ihu".<ref name="YouTube">{{Cite web|title=Moshekwa Langa at Fondation Louis Vuitton|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnPBuM9q2w0|work=YouTube|accessdate=2020-08-31}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten (State Academy of Fine Arts) na Amsterdam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MOSHEKWA LANGA|url=https://www.stevenson.info/artist/moshekwa-langa/biography|work=Stevenson|accessdate=2020-08-31}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Langa kwuru banyere ọrụ ya, "Ọ bụrụ na m ga-akọwara ihe m na-eme onye ọ bụla, m ga-asị na m na-emepụta ụdị nrọ... Ana m agbalị idekọ akụkụ nke oge ịmụrụ anya na oge ihi ụra. "<ref name="WSI">{{Cite news|title=Relatives|url=https://wsimag.com/art/41058-relatives|accessdate=2020-08-31|publisher=Wall Street International Magazine|date=2018-07-27}}</ref> Otu onye nkatọ kwuru na ọrụ ya "ajụọla ala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọha na eze ajụjụ na nke onwe ya site na eserese nke ókèala na gburugburu ọdịbendị".<ref name="C&">{{Cite news|title=Moshekwa Langa: Fugitive|url=https://www.contemporaryand.com/exhibition/moshekwa-langa-fugitive/|accessdate=2020-08-31|publisher=Contemporary And}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi onwe ahọpụtara === * 2013. ''Ihe ndị na-emegide ya''. Krannert Art Museum, Mahadum Illinois, Champaign, Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COUNTERPOINTS / MOSHEKWA LANGA: MOGALAKWENA|url=https://kam.illinois.edu/exhibition/counterpoints-moshekwa-langa-mogalakwena|work=University of Illinois|accessdate=2020-08-31}}</ref> * 2017. ''Onye'' na-agba ọsọ. Stevenson Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa.<ref name="C&" /> * 2018. ''Ndị ikwu''. Blain Southern Gallery, [[London]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]].<ref name="WSI">{{Cite news|title=Relatives|url=https://wsimag.com/art/41058-relatives|accessdate=2020-08-31|publisher=Wall Street International Magazine|date=2018-07-27}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://wsimag.com/art/41058-relatives "Relatives"]. Wall Street International Magazine. 27 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> * 2019. ''Ebe okpomọkụ nke Capricorn''. Stevenson Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Moloi|first=Nkgopoleng|title=Dust, beauty and geography combine in Moshekwa Langa’s Tropic of Capricorn|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2019-12-13-00-dust-beauty-and-geography/|accessdate=2020-08-31|publisher=Mail & Guardian|date=2019-12-13}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi ndị a họọrọ === * 1999. ''Ọgbọ Z''. Museum of Modern Art, New York City, [[Nú Yọk|New York]].<ref name="MOMA">{{Cite web|title=Moshekwa Langa|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/26684|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=2020-08-21}}</ref> * 2002. The Short Century: Independence and Liberation Movements in Africa, 1945-1904.Museum of Modern Art, New York City, [[Nú Yọk|New York]].<ref name="MOMA" /> * 2003. ''Otu Latitudes si'' bụrụ ụdị: Art in a Global Age. Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Artist Interview: Moshekwa Langa|url=https://walkerart.org/magazine/artist-interview-moshekwa-langa|publisher=Walker Art Center|accessdate=2020-08-21}}</ref> * 2011. Mmetụta sitere na South Africa, 1965 ruo Ugbu a. Museum of Modern Art, New York City, [[Nú Yọk|New York]].<ref name="MOMA" /> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0esmi1dsbh93d4z2cevaqzounashql2 674062 674061 2026-07-08T12:27:09Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ihe ngosi onwe ahọpụtara */ fixed reference errors 674062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Moshekwa Langa''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1975) bụ onye na-ese ihe na South Africa nke ọrụ ya gụnyere eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, arụmọrụ, vidiyo, na foto.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Haye|first=Christian|title=On Moshekwa Langa|url=http://www.revistaatlantica.com/en/contribution/acerca-moshekwa-langa/|publisher=Revista Atlantica|accessdate=2020-08-21}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Moshekwa Langa na South Africa n'afọ 1975. Ọ malitere ịmụ gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, nke mere ka ọ chọọ ịghọ onye na-ese ihe. Oge ụfọdụ mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ bịara lee ime nka anya dị ka ohere ịghọ akụkụ nke "akụkọ na-aga n'ihu".<ref name="YouTube">{{Cite web|title=Moshekwa Langa at Fondation Louis Vuitton|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnPBuM9q2w0|work=YouTube|accessdate=2020-08-31}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten (State Academy of Fine Arts) na Amsterdam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MOSHEKWA LANGA|url=https://www.stevenson.info/artist/moshekwa-langa/biography|work=Stevenson|accessdate=2020-08-31}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Langa kwuru banyere ọrụ ya, "Ọ bụrụ na m ga-akọwara ihe m na-eme onye ọ bụla, m ga-asị na m na-emepụta ụdị nrọ... Ana m agbalị idekọ akụkụ nke oge ịmụrụ anya na oge ihi ụra. "<ref name="WSI">{{Cite news|title=Relatives|url=https://wsimag.com/art/41058-relatives|accessdate=2020-08-31|publisher=Wall Street International Magazine|date=2018-07-27}}</ref> Otu onye nkatọ kwuru na ọrụ ya "ajụọla ala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọha na eze ajụjụ na nke onwe ya site na eserese nke ókèala na gburugburu ọdịbendị".<ref name="C&">{{Cite news|title=Moshekwa Langa: Fugitive|url=https://www.contemporaryand.com/exhibition/moshekwa-langa-fugitive/|accessdate=2020-08-31|publisher=Contemporary And}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi onwe ahọpụtara === * 2013. ''Ihe ndị na-emegide ya''. Krannert Art Museum, Mahadum Illinois, Champaign, Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COUNTERPOINTS / MOSHEKWA LANGA: MOGALAKWENA|url=https://kam.illinois.edu/exhibition/counterpoints-moshekwa-langa-mogalakwena|work=University of Illinois|accessdate=2020-08-31}}</ref> * 2017. ''Onye'' na-agba ọsọ. Stevenson Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa.<ref name="C&" /> * 2018. ''Ndị ikwu''. Blain Southern Gallery, [[London]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]].<ref name="WSI" /> * 2019. ''Ebe okpomọkụ nke Capricorn''. Stevenson Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Moloi|first=Nkgopoleng|title=Dust, beauty and geography combine in Moshekwa Langa’s Tropic of Capricorn|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2019-12-13-00-dust-beauty-and-geography/|accessdate=2020-08-31|publisher=Mail & Guardian|date=2019-12-13}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi ndị a họọrọ === * 1999. ''Ọgbọ Z''. Museum of Modern Art, New York City, [[Nú Yọk|New York]].<ref name="MOMA">{{Cite web|title=Moshekwa Langa|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/26684|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=2020-08-21}}</ref> * 2002. The Short Century: Independence and Liberation Movements in Africa, 1945-1904.Museum of Modern Art, New York City, [[Nú Yọk|New York]].<ref name="MOMA" /> * 2003. ''Otu Latitudes si'' bụrụ ụdị: Art in a Global Age. Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Artist Interview: Moshekwa Langa|url=https://walkerart.org/magazine/artist-interview-moshekwa-langa|publisher=Walker Art Center|accessdate=2020-08-21}}</ref> * 2011. Mmetụta sitere na South Africa, 1965 ruo Ugbu a. Museum of Modern Art, New York City, [[Nú Yọk|New York]].<ref name="MOMA" /> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7rvnizjrbk3oqo9hb1srkh2b51foqru 0 16018 674485 89857 2026-07-09T11:27:49Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 674485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Nabyl Lahlou''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1945 na Fes, Morocco) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri Moroccan, onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe nkiri, nke a maara maka ịbụ onye nduzi ụlọ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri ọhụrụ, a na-ewerekwa ya dịka otu n'ime ndị nduzi ihe ngosi [[Morocco|Moroccan]] kachasị emetụta n'afọ ndi 1980.<ref name="WECT">{{Cite book|author=Don Rubin|title=The world encyclopedia of contemporary theatre|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=1999|edition=illustrated, reprint|pages=175|isbn=9780415059329|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W63OCzel54IC&q=%22Nabil+Lahlou%22,+%22Director%22&pg=PA175|accessdate=2009-06-10}}</ref><ref name="COMP">{{Cite book|author=Leaman|first=Oliver|title=Companion encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African film|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2001|edition=illustrated|pages=487|isbn=9780415187039|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2y0GaBgycQC&q=%22Al+Kanfoudi%22,+film&pg=PA487|accessdate=June 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=:: CENTRE CINEMATOGRAPHIQUE MAROCAIN ::|url=https://www.ccm.ma/cineaste-13|accessdate=2021-11-17|work=www.ccm.ma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Africiné - Nabyl Lahlou|url=http://www.africine.org/personne/nabyl-lahlou/4775|accessdate=2021-11-17|work=Africiné|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Lahlou Nabyl|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=4775|accessdate=2021-11-17|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ebe o si. == Ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri na Paris na Académie du Théâtre de la Rue Blanche na L'Ecole Charles Dullin, ma mesịa kụzie na Kordj-el-Kifane (Algeria).<ref name="COMP" />O dere ihe nkiri na French na Arabic; n'etiti ihe nkiri French ya bụ Ophélie n'est pas morte (''Ophelia abụghị'' onye nwụrụ anwụ) (1969) na ''Schrischamtury'' (1975), na n'etiti Arabic ya Les Milliandaires (The Millionaires) (1968), Les tortues (The Turtles) (1970), na Asseyez-vous sur les cadavres (Sit on Corpses) (1974).<ref name="COMP" /> Ihe nkiri mbụ ya bụ Les mortes (The Dead) (1975), ebe ihe nkiri mbụ ya dị ogologo bụ ''Al Kanfoudi'' (1978).<ref name="COMP" /> == Ihe nkiri == Lahlou duziri egwuregwu mbụ ya al-Sa"aa na obodo Morocco n'afọ 1965, wee hapụ ya ka ọ gaa gụọ akwụkwọ na mba France, laghachi n'afọ 1970.<ref name="WECT" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya na-agbanwe [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] iji gosipụta Morocco na-achị mgbe ọ na-achị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.postcolonialweb.org/morocco/literature/amine2.html|title=Moroccan Shakespeare: From Moors to Moroccans|author=Amine|first=Khalid|work=postcolonialweb.org|publisher=[[List of universities in Morocco|Abdelmalek Essaadi University]]|accessdate=2009-06-10}}</ref> Edere ya n'afọ 1968, egwuregwu ya Ophélie n'est pas morte sitere na Shakespearean, aha ya bụ ihe na-ezo aka na Shakespeare's ''Ophelia''. N'ịbụ nke Ministry of Culture nke Morocco kwadoro n'ụzọ ego, ọ bụ 'University Theater Companies' nke Lahlou mere ya n'afọ 1969. N'ime egwuregwu ahụ, a na-egosi ihe odide Shaksphere abụọ dị iche iche nke Hamlet na Macbeth na obere ihe nkiri na ihe odide ahụ ji aka ha kpọnwụọ na ihe ngosi ha na-ejide site na iji mkpara ma ọ bụ oche nkwagharị.<ref>Berrchid, Abdelkrim. imruu ?al-qays f'ba'ri'z (Imruu Al-Qais in Paris), Rabat, Editions Stouki, 1982.</ref><ref>Berrchid, Abdelkrim. [OTayl wal-Xayl wal-ba'ru'd] (Otheil, Horses and Gunpowder) , Casablanca: at-taqafa Al-Jadida, 1975. (play was first performed in 1975-6 by theatrical company at-ta'si's al-masrahiya' of Casablanca and directed by Ibrahim Ouarda.)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Calderwood|first=James L.|title=To be and Not to be: Negation and Metadrama in Hamlet|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=1983|isbn=9780231056281|url=https://archive.org/details/tobenottobe00jame|quote=To be or not to be: Negation and Metadrama in Hamlet.|accessdate=June 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Hélène Cixous|title=The Newly Born Woman|publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]]|year=1987|edition=illustrated|isbn=9781860641374|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzJHtq6jGHEC|accessdate=June 10, 2009}}</ref> A na-ewere mmepụta ya nke ''al-Salahef'' (The Turtles) dịka ọganihu.<ref name="WECT" /><ref name="COMP" /> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Ndị nwụrụ anwụ'' (ihe ngosi,1975)<ref>{{Cite book|author=Leaman|first=Oliver|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmSFAgAAQBAJ&dq=Les+mortes+%281975%29+Nabyl+Lahlou&pg=PA487|title=Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film|date=2003-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-66252-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ilboudo|first=Patrick G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8X9ZAAAAMAAJ&q=Les+mortes+(1975)+Nabyl+Lahlou|title=Le FESPACO, 1969-1989: les cinéastes africains et leurs œuvres|date=1988|publisher=Editions La Mante|language=fr}}</ref> * ''Al Kanfoudi'' (1978) * ''Gọvanọ'' General nke Chakerbakerben Island (1980) * ''Brahim Ònye?'' (1982) * ''Mkpụrụ Obi Na-eweta'' (1984) * ''Komany'' (1989) * ''N'abalị nke Mpụ'' (1992) * Afọ Ndị A Chụgara Ya (2002) * ''Tabite ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị Tabite'' (2005) * ''Lee Eze nọ n'ọnwa'' (2011) == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4dlgzqwaip6uuxklgq6hriv6an42f61 0 16035 674351 93080 2026-07-09T03:55:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Farah El fassi.jpg|thumb|Farah El Fassi]] '''Farah El Fassi''' bụ onye mba Morocco na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : El Fassi Farah|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=16896|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Africiné - Farah El Fassi|url=http://www.africine.org/personne/farah-el-fassi/16896|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=Africiné|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri ndị a ma ama === * 2008: ''Oge ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe''<ref>{{Cite web|title=filmnat9|url=https://www.ccm.ma/fnf10/letemps.html|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=www.ccm.ma|archivedate=2021-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118232850/https://www.ccm.ma/fnf10/letemps.html}}</ref> * 2011: Nwatakịrị Sheikh<ref>{{Cite web|title=:: CENTRE CINEMATOGRAPHIQUE MAROCAIN ::|url=https://www.ccm.ma/fiche_film-310|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=www.ccm.ma}}</ref> * 2015: Obere obi ụtọ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Festival National du Film|url=https://www.ccm.ma/fnf17/petitsbonheurs.html|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=www.ccm.ma|archivedate=2021-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118232850/https://www.ccm.ma/fnf17/petitsbonheurs.html}}</ref> == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|3745346}} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hsgp02bdmb7eq0y43d1vxhbdc3l0c2d 0 16036 674405 207784 2026-07-09T07:36:58Z Bigcee007 24507 674405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person||name=Gregoire Boonzaier||honorific_suffix={{post-nominals|country=ZAR|OMSS|size=100%}}|alt=1993 self-portrait|birth_date={{birth date|1909|7|31|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Cape Town]], South Africa|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|2005|4|22|1909|7|31}}|death_place=[[Onrusrivier|Onrus]], near [[Hermanus]]|father=[[Daniël Cornelis Boonzaier]]|known_for=[[Cape Province|Cape]] [[Impressionism]]|occupation=artist|alma_mater={{ubl | [[Heatherley School of Fine Art]] | [[Central School of Art and Design]] }}}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Gregoire Johannes Boonzaier OMSS (31 Julaị 1909 - 22 Eprel 2005) bụ onye na-ese ihe na South Africa nke a maara nke ọma maka ihe osise ya, ihe osise na ihe osise ndụ. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama na-ekwupụta Cape Impressionism, onye guzobere New Group, na onye na-enye aka, site na ọrụ nka ya, na ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Usòrò:Gregoire_Boonzaier14.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|{{center|The artist in his studio in [[Wynberg, Cape Town|Wynberg]], 1968}}]] Gregoire Boonzaier bụ nwa nke ise nke onye na-ese ihe osise ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Daniël Cornelis Boonzaiers na nwa nwanne ya Maria Elizabeth Boonzaien. Na mbido, Gregoire matara ndị na-ese ihe nke gụnyere Pieter Wenning, [[Nita Spilhaus]], [[Moses Kottler]] na [[Anton van Wouw]], ha niile bụ ezigbo ndị enyi ezinụlọ. Ọ bụ Moses Kottler bụ onye mbụ nyere Gregoire igbe ihe osise n'afọ 1922 na Nita Spilhaus easel na 1926, na-eme ka ọkụ na-ere ere nke ga-ere ihe karịrị afọ iri asatọ. Nna Gregoire chere na ọ nwere ihe ndị ọzọ ọ ga-amụta site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe gbara ya gburugburu. N'afọ 1923, e gosipụtara ihe osise mmanụ abụọ mbụ ya na Ashbey's Gallery na Cape Town, nke a bịanyere aka na "GREGOIRE". Ihe ngosi mbụ ya nke otu onye sochiri afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị na ọ ga-eme ihe karịrị otu narị ihe ngosi otu onye n'oge ọrụ ise ihe ya. Mgbe ya na nna ya nwesịrị esemokwu siri ike n'afọ 1932, Gregoire kwagara n'ụlọ ọrụ nke ya na Cape Town ma mgbe ihe ngosi gara nke ọma gachara England na 1934 ebe ya na Terence McCaw na Frieda Lock bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Heatherley School of Fine Art n'okpuru Bernard Adams, na ọzụzụ na usoro nka na Central School of Art and Design na London. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe osise mbụ ya nwere mmetụta siri ike site n'aka Pieter Wenning, ọ na-amịkọrọ ọrụ [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]], Cézanne, Utrillo na Braque, ma mee njem ruo ebe dị anya dị ka Russia, ebe a na-eme ka ọchịchọ ya siri ike. Ọ laghachiri afọ atọ ka e mesịrị iji nyere aka chọta New Group, ya na Terence McCaw, Frieda Lock, Lippy Lipshitz na ndị ọzọ, ma jee ozi dị ka onyeisi oche mbụ ya ruo afọ iri. New Group jere ozi dị ka nnọkọ na ọnụ nke nka South Africa na-eto eto ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri na ise, na-eme ihe ngosi na mba ahụ dum, ma na-enye mpaghara ime obodo ọhụụ nke ihe ọhụrụ na nka. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ isii na Board nke South African National Gallery, Cape Town. Boonzaier mere Cape Town isi ọnọdụ ya. Ọrụ ya sochirinụ gosipụtara echiche nke District Six na Malay Quarter, na-edekọ ndụ ya mara mma. Ọ biri na Onrusrivier, obere ebe na-abụghị Hermanus. Uys Krige, onye ezinụlọ ya ezumike n'ebe ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, mere ka Onrus mara ya obere oge mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. O sonyere na ndị omenkà ịrị anọ na atọ nke SA, na "Exhibition of South African Art" na Tate Gallery na London na 1948. == Nsọpụrụ na onyinye == Boonzaier natara nzere doctorate atọ. Ọtụtụ ihe nrite na onyinye ya gụnyere ọlaọcha Order for Meritorious Service nke [[Nelson Mandela]] nyere na 1999. A ga-ahụ ọrụ ya na nchịkọta onwe na nke ụlọ ọrụ n'ụwa niile. == Ọnwụ == N'afọ 2003, ụmụ Gregoire, Anton na Emile, nakwa onye na-ahụ maka ego ezinụlọ Sybrand Smit, weghaara akụkụ ego nke ụlọ ọrụ nka ya. N'otu afọ ahụ, Marie, onye mmekọ Boonzaier nke ihe dị ka afọ 60, nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa strok. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2004, Boonzaier rụchara ọrụ ụfọdụ, ma dozie ụlọ ọrụ ya maka oge ikpeazụ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2005, ọ dinara n'ụra, na-echere ọnwụ, nke bịara mgbe o ji nkeji ịrị na ise we gafee elekere nke ịrị nke abalị na 22 Eprel. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name=>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/gregoire-boonzaier-96-one-south-africas-foremost-artists-dies-his-home-onrus-river-near- SABC death notice].</ref><ref name=>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/national-orders-recipients-1999 National Order Recipients, 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129170718/http://www.sahistory.org.za/national-orders-recipients-1999 |date=29 January 2012 }}.</ref><ref name=>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/gregoire-johannes-boonzaier South African History Online].</ref><ref name=>Johans Borman Fine Art, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220223180951/http://www.johansborman.co.za/artist-biographies/boonzaier-gregoire/ "Gregoire Boonzaier"].</ref><ref name=>{{cite book|last=Scott|first=F.P.|title=Gregoire Boonzaier|date=1964|publisher=Tafelberg|place=Cape Town}}</ref><ref name=>Loots, Andries (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013002/http://www.vgallery.co.za/2005article4/vzine.htm "Gregoire Boonzaier (1909–2005)"].</ref><ref name=>Millard Art Gallery, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121208193638/http://www.millardart.co.za/site-terms/gregoire-boonzaier/ "Gregoire Boonzaier (1909–2005)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208193638/http://www.millardart.co.za/site-terms/gregoire-boonzaier/ |date=8 December 2012 }}.</ref><ref name=>{{cite book|last=Bekker|first=Martin|title=Gregoire Boonzaier|date=1990|publisher=Human & Rousseau|place=Cape Town}}</ref><ref name=>{{cite book|last=Berman|first=Esmé|title=Art and Artists of South Africa|year=1983|publisher=A. A. Balkema|location=Cape Town|isbn=0869611445|ol=25167933M|pages=66–67}}</ref>}} s0ssgtlln39sp56hgcmyz3xque3uy2a 674408 674405 2026-07-09T07:43:01Z Bigcee007 24507 Wepu mgbanwe [[Special:Diff/674405|674405]] nke [[Special:Contributions/Bigcee007|Bigcee007]] ([[User talk:Bigcee007|talk]]) 674408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person||name=Gregoire Boonzaier||honorific_suffix={{post-nominals|country=ZAR|OMSS|size=100%}}|alt=1993 self-portrait|birth_date={{birth date|1909|7|31|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Cape Town]], South Africa|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|2005|4|22|1909|7|31}}|death_place=[[Onrusrivier|Onrus]], near [[Hermanus]]|father=[[Daniël Cornelis Boonzaier]]|known_for=[[Cape Province|Cape]] [[Impressionism]]|occupation=artist|alma_mater={{ubl | [[Heatherley School of Fine Art]] | [[Central School of Art and Design]] }}}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Gregoire Johannes Boonzaier OMSS (31 Julaị 1909 - 22 Eprel 2005) bụ onye na-ese ihe na South Africa nke a maara nke ọma maka ihe osise ya, ihe osise na ihe osise ndụ. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama na-ekwupụta Cape Impressionism, onye guzobere New Group, na onye na-enye aka, site na ọrụ nka ya, na ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Usòrò:Gregoire_Boonzaier14.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|{{center|The artist in his studio in [[Wynberg, Cape Town|Wynberg]], 1968}}]] Gregoire Boonzaier bụ nwa nke ise nke onye na-ese ihe osise ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Daniël Cornelis Boonzaiers na nwa nwanne ya Maria Elizabeth Boonzaien. Na mbido, Gregoire matara ndị na-ese ihe nke gụnyere Pieter Wenning, [[Nita Spilhaus]], [[Moses Kottler]] na [[Anton van Wouw]], ha niile bụ ezigbo ndị enyi ezinụlọ. Ọ bụ Moses Kottler bụ onye mbụ nyere Gregoire igbe ihe osise n'afọ 1922 na Nita Spilhaus easel na 1926, na-eme ka ọkụ na-ere ere nke ga-ere ihe karịrị afọ iri asatọ. Nna Gregoire chere na ọ nwere ihe ndị ọzọ ọ ga-amụta site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe gbara ya gburugburu. N'afọ 1923, e gosipụtara ihe osise mmanụ abụọ mbụ ya na Ashbey's Gallery na Cape Town, nke a bịanyere aka na "GREGOIRE". Ihe ngosi mbụ ya nke otu onye sochiri afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị na ọ ga-eme ihe karịrị otu narị ihe ngosi otu onye n'oge ọrụ ise ihe ya. Mgbe ya na nna ya nwesịrị esemokwu siri ike n'afọ 1932, Gregoire kwagara n'ụlọ ọrụ nke ya na Cape Town ma mgbe ihe ngosi gara nke ọma gachara England na 1934 ebe ya na Terence McCaw na Frieda Lock bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Heatherley School of Fine Art n'okpuru Bernard Adams, na ọzụzụ na usoro nka na Central School of Art and Design na London. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe osise mbụ ya nwere mmetụta siri ike site n'aka Pieter Wenning, ọ na-amịkọrọ ọrụ [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]], Cézanne, Utrillo na Braque, ma mee njem ruo ebe dị anya dị ka Russia, ebe a na-eme ka ọchịchọ ya siri ike. Ọ laghachiri afọ atọ ka e mesịrị iji nyere aka chọta New Group, ya na Terence McCaw, Frieda Lock, Lippy Lipshitz na ndị ọzọ, ma jee ozi dị ka onyeisi oche mbụ ya ruo afọ iri. New Group jere ozi dị ka nnọkọ na ọnụ nke nka South Africa na-eto eto ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri na ise, na-eme ihe ngosi na mba ahụ dum, ma na-enye mpaghara ime obodo ọhụụ nke ihe ọhụrụ na nka. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ isii na Board nke South African National Gallery, Cape Town. Boonzaier mere Cape Town isi ọnọdụ ya. Ọrụ ya sochirinụ gosipụtara echiche nke District Six na Malay Quarter, na-edekọ ndụ ya mara mma. Ọ biri na Onrusrivier, obere ebe na-abụghị Hermanus. Uys Krige, onye ezinụlọ ya ezumike n'ebe ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, mere ka Onrus mara ya obere oge mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. O sonyere na ndị omenkà ịrị anọ na atọ nke SA, na "Exhibition of South African Art" na Tate Gallery na London na 1948. == Nsọpụrụ na onyinye == Boonzaier natara nzere doctorate atọ. Ọtụtụ ihe nrite na onyinye ya gụnyere ọlaọcha Order for Meritorious Service nke [[Nelson Mandela]] nyere na 1999. A ga-ahụ ọrụ ya na nchịkọta onwe na nke ụlọ ọrụ n'ụwa niile. == Ọnwụ == N'afọ 2003, ụmụ Gregoire, Anton na Emile, nakwa onye na-ahụ maka ego ezinụlọ Sybrand Smit, weghaara akụkụ ego nke ụlọ ọrụ nka ya. N'otu afọ ahụ, Marie, onye mmekọ Boonzaier nke ihe dị ka afọ 60, nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa strok. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2004, Boonzaier rụchara ọrụ ụfọdụ, ma dozie ụlọ ọrụ ya maka oge ikpeazụ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2005, ọ dinara n'ụra, na-echere ọnwụ, nke bịara mgbe o ji nkeji ịrị na ise we gafee elekere nke ịrị nke abalị na 22 Eprel. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name=obit>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/gregoire-boonzaier-96-one-south-africas-foremost-artists-dies-his-home-onrus-river-near- SABC death notice].</ref><ref name=NatOrders>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/national-orders-recipients-1999 National Order Recipients, 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129170718/http://www.sahistory.org.za/national-orders-recipients-1999 |date=29 January 2012 }}.</ref><ref name=SAHO>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/gregoire-johannes-boonzaier South African History Online].</ref><ref name=Borman>Johans Borman Fine Art, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220223180951/http://www.johansborman.co.za/artist-biographies/boonzaier-gregoire/ "Gregoire Boonzaier"].</ref><ref name=Scott>{{cite book|last=Scott|first=F.P.|title=Gregoire Boonzaier|date=1964|publisher=Tafelberg|place=Cape Town}}</ref><ref name=Loots>Loots, Andries (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013002/http://www.vgallery.co.za/2005article4/vzine.htm "Gregoire Boonzaier (1909–2005)"].</ref><ref name=Millard>Millard Art Gallery, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121208193638/http://www.millardart.co.za/site-terms/gregoire-boonzaier/ "Gregoire Boonzaier (1909–2005)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208193638/http://www.millardart.co.za/site-terms/gregoire-boonzaier/ |date=8 December 2012 }}.</ref><ref name=Bekker>{{cite book|last=Bekker|first=Martin|title=Gregoire Boonzaier|date=1990|publisher=Human & Rousseau|place=Cape Town}}</ref><ref name=Berman>{{cite book|last=Berman|first=Esmé|title=Art and Artists of South Africa|year=1983|publisher=A. A. Balkema|location=Cape Town|isbn=0869611445|ol=25167933M|pages=66–67}}</ref>}} 52fm2wwij952iqqmc66tzf41ae9fcle 0 16160 674494 89893 2026-07-09T11:36:38Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 674494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Nadia Fares Anliker</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1962-09-18</span>) </span>September 18, 1962<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;59)</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Bern]], Switzerland</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nationality | class="infobox-data category" |Egyptian-Swiss |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma&nbsp;mater | class="infobox-data" |[[Cairo University]]<br /><br /><br /><br />[[New York University]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Occupation | class="infobox-data role" |Film director, screenwriter |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Years&nbsp;active | class="infobox-data" |1986-present |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Nadia Fares Anliker''' (a mụrụ na 18 Septemba 1962) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri na onye edemede ihe nkiri nke Egypt-Switzerland. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Fares na Bern, Switzerland, nwa nwanyị nke nna Ijipt na nne Switzerland.<ref name="hillauer" /> Ọ mụtara Arabic mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Cairo ruo otu afọ, ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cairo n'afọ 1986.<ref name="hillauer" /><ref name="honey">{{Cite web|title=Honey and Ashes|url=https://africanfilmny.org/films/miel-et-cendres/|work=African Film Festival New York|accessdate=October 8, 2020}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Fares duziri ihe nkiri mkpirikpi mbụ ya, Magic Binoculars, nke mbụ n'ime ọtụtụ mepụtara maka telivishọn Switzerland. Fares malitere ịga Mahadum New York n'afọ 1987 iji mụọ ihe nkiri. N'afọ 1991, o ritere ihe nrite site na Stanley Thomas Johnson Foundation maka obere ihe nkiri ya ''Sugarblues'' . Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum New York, Krzysztof Kieślowski duziri Fares ma jee ozi dịka osote onye nduzi maka ọtụtụ ọrụ ya.<ref name="hillauer">{{Cite book|author=Hillauer|first=Rebecca|title=Encyclopedia of Arab Women Filmmakers|date=2005|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=978-9-774-24943-3}}</ref> O nwetara nzere masta ya na ọmụmụ ihe nkiri n'afọ 1995.<ref name="honey" /> N'afọ 1996, Fares duziri ihe nkiri mbụ ya, Miel et Cendres . Ọ na-agbaso njikọ nke ụmụ nwanyị atọ: dọkịta Naima, onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ Amina, na nwa akwụkwọ Leila. Miel et Cendres na-achọpụta njem ha ka ha na-agagharị n'etiti ọdịnala na ọgbara ọhụrụ.<ref name="honey" /> Ọ natara onyinye iri na asatọ n'ọtụtụ mmemme ihe nkiri, gụnyere Oumarou Ganda Prize na Panafrican Film and Television Festival nke Ouagadougou.<ref name="honey" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Barlet|first=Olivier|title=Fespaco 1997 : le développement sera culturel ou ne sera pas|url=http://africultures.com/fespaco-1997-le-developpement-sera-culturel-ou-ne-sera-pas-2565/|work=Africultures|accessdate=8 October 2020|date=24 September 2002}}</ref> Fares duziri ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi na isiokwu nke nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka RTS / TV5 Monde.<ref name="honey" /> == Ihe nkiri == * 1986 : Magic Binoculars (ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi) * 1986 : ''Akwụkwọ ozi'' si New York (ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi) * 1987 : Projections on Sundays (''ihe'' nkiri dị mkpirikpi) * 1987 : Semi-Sweet (ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi) * 1988 : Charlotte's Empire (ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi) * 1988 : ''1001'' American Nights (ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi) * 1990 : ''Sugarblues'' (ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi) * 1992 : D'amour et d'eau fraîche (ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi) * 1993 : Made in Love (ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi) * 1995 : Portrait of a HIV-positive woman (short film) * 1995 : Quand mon heure viendra (ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi) * 1996 : ''Mmanụ aṅụ na'' ntụ * 2003 : Anomalies passagères (ihe nkiri TV) * ; 2011 ''Atụmanya'' == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[imdbname:0268627|Nadia Fares]] na Internet Movie Database [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ibutv0t18ok2pczad0qezcebrtsrpmm 0 16748 674497 89922 2026-07-09T11:40:58Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 674497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Nadia Gamal''' bụ onye Egypt na-agba egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. A maara ya maka ịgwakọta egwu baldy nke Ijipt na Western Waltz, Cowboy, Cha Cha na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="guide">{{Cite book|title=Bellydance: A Guide to Middle Eastern Dance, Its Music, Its Culture and Costume|author=Sharif|first=Keti|year=2005|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=1-74114-376-4|pages=97–98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YlyM6eRIJ4C&q=nadia+gamal|accessdate=26 March 2010}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ ya dị ka '''Maria Carydias''' na Alexandria, Egypt. Gamal malitere ịgba egwú dị ka akụkụ nke ihe nne ya na-eme na cabaret. N'ịbụ onye a zụrụ na piano yana ụdị ịgba egwu dị iche iche dị ka ballet na tap, Gamal malitere ịgba [[Ballet|egwu]] ọdịnala Europe dịka ihe nne ya mere. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, otu onye na-agba egwú na-arịa ọrịa n'òtù nne ya nyere ya ohere ịgba egwú raqs sharqi na Lebanọn, nke nna ya machibidoro ya ime n'ihi ntorobịa ya. Mgbe nke mbụ a gasịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye na-agba egwú a ma ama ma gaa n'ihu na-eme ihe nkiri n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Ijipt.<ref name="great">{{Cite book|title=Great spirits: portraits of life-changing world music artists|author=Grass|first=Randall|year=2009|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-60473-240-5|pages=201–223|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeU3AkXs7fQC&dq=nadia+gamal&pg=PA201|accessdate=26 March 2010|chapter=Nadia Gamal: The Oriental Dance Diva}}</ref> N'afọ 1953, ọ lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri India bụ Shammi Kapoor mgbe ha zutere na Sri Lanka, mana ọ laghachiri Cairo. O mekwara ọtụtụ ihe nkiri India. N'afọ 1968, Gamal ghọrọ onye mbụ na-agba egwu raqs sharqi gbara egwú na Baalbeck International Festival. Ọ pụtakwara na Cairo Opera House ma gbaa egwú maka Eze Hussein na Shah nke Iran. Gamal gara [[Asia|Eshia]], Middle East, [[Obodo Békè|Europe]], Latin America na North America n'oge ọrụ ya. N'afọ 1978 na 1981 ọ kụziri obere oge na-agba egwu na New York City. Ka oge na-aga n'ọrụ ya, Gamal malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ ịgba egwú.<ref name="great" /> A chọpụtara na Gamal nwere ọrịa kansa ara n'afọ 1990, mgbe ọ na-agwọ ọrịa na Beirut, oyi bara ya n'ahụ. O wee nwụọ.<ref name="great" /> == Ụdị na mmetụta == A maara Gamal maka iji ala rụọ ọrụ nke ọma. Ọ na-agụnyekarị raqs baladi (agba egwú ọdịnala), ịgba egwú Bedouin na ịgba egwú Zār na raqs sharqi na arụmọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dynamic Belly Dance: The Joyful Journey of Dancemaking and Performing|author=Ramona|year=2007|publisher=ABI|isbn=978-0-615-13326-3}}</ref><ref name="great" /> O nwere mmetụta n'ọtụtụ ndị na-agba egwú dịka Ibrahim Farrah, Suhaila Salimpour, na Claire Naffa.<ref name="guide" /> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Prem Pujari'' (1970) * ''Bazi-e eshgh'' (1968) * ''Bazy-e-shance'' (1968) * ''Mawal al akdam al zahabiya'' (1966) * ''Awa iri abụọ na anọ iji gbuo'' (1965) * ''Garo'' (1965) * ''Layali'' al chark (1965) * ''Zenubba'' (1956) * ''Mawwal'' == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0303905}} be3p3yzhh9hr8pw7hklon9dpxtjc72c 0 16805 674484 90851 2026-07-09T11:27:03Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Mohamed Amin''' MBE (29 Ọgọst 1943 - 23 Nọvemba 1996) bụ onye Kenya na-ese foto. Ihe nkiri Amin nke akụkọ Michael Buerk banyere ụkọ nri na ụkwụ nke Etiopia nke afọ 1984 dọtara uche mba ụwa na nsogbu ahụ ma mesịa nyere aka ịmalite ọrụ ebere nke dugara na kọntaktị Live Aid.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Mohamed Amin: The Kenyan who moved the world|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/mohamed-amin-kenyan-moved-world-180511092019528.html|author=Mitchell|first=Charlotte|work=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=2020-05-25}}</ref> Amin nwụrụ na Nọvemba 1996 mgbe e weghaara ụgbọ elu Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 ma daa n'óké Osimiri India na nso Grande Comore. == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Amin na 29 August 1943 na Eastleigh, Nairobi. Ọ zụlitere mmasị ya na foto mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="Episode One, Mo & Me">Episode One, ''[[Mo & Me]]''</ref> O guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ''Camerapix'' na 1963 na Dar es Salaam wee kwaga ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Nairobi afọ atọ ka e mesịrị. N'ime afọ ndị 1970, ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị na-ese foto n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Afrịka a na-adabere na ya, na-akọ akụkọ banyere agha na nnupụisi na kọntinent ahụ dum, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ọdịda anyanwụ na-ejikarị foto ya eme ihe.<ref name="Episode One, Mo & Me">Episode One, ''[[Mo & Me]]''</ref> Oge kachasị emetụta nke Amin bịara mgbe ihe nkiri ya, tinyere akụkọ Michael Buerk banyere ụnwụ nri nke Etiopia nke afọ 1984 mere ka mba ụwa mara nsogbu ahụ ma mesịa nyere aka ịmalite ọrụ ebere nke dugara na kọntaktị Live Aid.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Musingzi|first=Bamuturaki|title=Mo Amin’s life collection of photography shared online|work=Magazine|publisher=[[The East African]]|date=30 October 2020|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/mo-amin-s-life-collection-of-photograhy-shared-online-3601610|accessdate=22 March 2022}}</ref> Ewezuga ụnwụ na ụkọ nri nke Etiopia, o nyere foto pụrụ iche nke ọdịda [[Idi Amin]] na nke Mengistu Haile Mariam, ma bụrụkwa onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, nke gụnyere Journey Through Pakistan, Pilgrimage to Mecca, ma kpuchie isiokwu dị iche iche dị ka East African Wildlife na Uganda Railway. Amin bipụtakwara mbipụta nke ''Selamta'', magazin ụgbọelu nke Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web|author=NGULI|first=By PETER NGANGI|title=How Mohamed Amin’s lens healed the world|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/counties/article/2000092683/how-mohamed-amins-lens-healed-the-world|accessdate=2022-03-22|work=The Standard|language=en}}</ref> Amin na-arụsi ọrụ ike ọ bụghị naanị n'Africa, kamakwa na Middle East. Ọ kpuchiri nnupụisi Black September nke Palestine iji weghara Jọdan na Septemba 1970. O nwere ike ịgagharị n'etiti ndị agha Palestine ebe ndị nta akụkọ ọdịda anyanwụ enweghị ike.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1991, Amin tụfuru aka ekpe ya n'oge mgbawa nke mgbọ na [[Ethiopia]] n'oge Agha Obodo Etiopia.<ref name="NYTObit">"[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906E7DC103DF935A15752C1A960958260 Mohamed Amin, 53, Camera Eye During the Famine in Ethiopia]." ''[[The New York Times]]''. November 26, 1996.</ref> == Ọnwụ == Amin banyere ụgbọ elu Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 na Nọvemba 23, 1996, ya na Brian Tetley dị afọ iri isii na otu, onye ọrụ ibe ya nke dere ederede maka akwụkwọ foto Amin, iji gaa Nairobi mgbe njem azụmahịa na Ethiopia gasịrị. Ndị na-apụnara mmadụ ihe wakporo oche ụgbọelu ET-AIZ, ụgbọelu Ethiopian Airlines Boeing B767-260ER jiri maka ụgbọ elu ahụ, ma manye onye na-anya ụgbọelu, Leul Abate, ka ọ felie n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'elu [[Òrìmìlì India|Oké Osimiri India]] gaa Australia. Amin gbalịrị ịhazi ndị njem ka ha wakpo ndị ohi ma chee ndị ohi ihu, na-anwa ịkwụsị ihe omume ahụ. Mmanụ ala gwụrụ n'ụgbọelu ET-AIZ ahụ ma Abate tụfuru ụgbọelu ahụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Comoros Islands. ET-AIZ gbawara, ka Amin guzo ọtọ, ozu ya kụrụ mgbidi ụgbọelu na-akpata ọnwụ ya. Ọ dị afọ 53.<ref name="NYTObit">"[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906E7DC103DF935A15752C1A960958260 Mohamed Amin, 53, Camera Eye During the Famine in Ethiopia]." ''[[The New York Times]]''. November 26, 1996.</ref><ref name="African Hijack">"Ocean Landing" or "African Hijack," ''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]]''</ref> Tetley anwụghịkwa n'ihe mberede ahụ.<ref name="NYTObit" /><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20071225182452/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985682,00.html Milestones]." ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. Monday 9 December 1996. Retrieved on 15 February 2010.</ref> == Ihe Ncheta == Na June 2006, Mo and Me, ihe nkiri Al Jazeera banyere Amin gosipụtara. Ọ meriri Best International Documentary na Los Angeles International Film Festival. Al Jazeera na Camerapix kwadoro ihe nkiri ahụ. Nwa Amin, Salim Amin, na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ Camerapix site na 2008. Mo Amin bụ ihe na-akpali akpali maka ọwa akụkọ A24, a na-atụ aro onwe onye pan-African 24-hour 'African voice for Africa' nke malitere mgbasa ozi site na Nairobi na 19 Septemba 2008. Mohamed Amin so ọtụtụ ndị nta akụkọ na ndị edemede rụọ ọrụ, nke gụnyere Tahir Shah na Colin Blane, yana Michael Buerk.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lacey|first=Marc|date=2006-05-11|title=Honoring a Father, Through a Lens and a Love of Africa|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/11/world/africa/11kenya.html|accessdate=2020-05-25}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060411015240/http://www.moforce.com/ Ntọala Mohamed Amin] * "Milestones on December 9, 1996 of Time - Nkwupụta ọnwụ nke Mohamed Amin na Brian Tetley * INSIDE AFRICA: Na ihe nkiri. " (Ebe Ndebe [https://archive.today/20140102001957/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0702/24/i_if.01.html Ihe] Ochie) ''CNN''. Febụwarị 24, 2007. -- ajụjụ ọnụ, na-atụle Mohamed Amin na Mo & Me * Mo & Me - Al Jazeera * {{IMDb name|2350919}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kkfu9dc0gb3r5s5ubwiy86c8wt9jzps 0 17064 674051 196533 2026-07-08T12:10:39Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Oge ọ malitere */ fixed reference errors 674051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Moses Khabane Khongoana''' bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri Mosotho na onye na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.limkokwing.net/uganda/news/article/moses_khabane_khongoana_masterly_filmmaker|title=Moses Khabane Khongoana: Masterly Filmmaker|work=Limkokwing University|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://filminute.com/films/2018/lone-wolf/|title=LONE WOLF|author=647576617A|work=filminute.com|accessdate=2019-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BpBl6tpBYpc/|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BpBl6tpBYpc|archivedate=2021-12-26|title=Filminute su Instagram: "LONE WOLF (Lesotho) 🇱🇸 Director: Khabane Moses Khongoana "Only the tortoise knows what’s hidden in its shell," says Lone Wolf, the stylish…"|work=Instagram|language=it|accessdate=2019-10-27}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Khabane Moses Khongoana bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke nwere nkà dị ịrịba ama nke na-etinye onwe ya n'ọrụ ya, meriri Ihe nrite asatọ na International Entrepreneurial and Filmmaking Awards na asambodo nke ekele ịrị na ato. Khongoana gụrụ Media, Communication na Broadcasting n'okpuru Degree na Television na Film Production na Limkokwing University of Creative Technology na ihe nkiri onwe ya mbụ ya nke nwetara ihe nrite a kpọrọ "Bullet" sonyere n'ọtụtụ mmemme ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke gụnyere Luxor African Film Festival dị ka mmemme ihe nkiri nke mba ụwa iji gosipụta ya. O nwekwara asambodo na Business Studies nke City na Guilds nke [[London]] Institute. Khongoana bụ onye otu Motion Picture Association nke [[Lesotho]], ebe ọ na-anọdụ n'ọtụtụ otu na kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ iji guzobe ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn na ihe nkiri na Lesotho. Khongoana na-arụ ọrụ ma na-arụkọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta nka, NGO, Gọọmentị na Ụlọ Ọrụ Onwe n'ọtụtụ ọrụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://afrikafilmfestival.be/view/movies/lone-wolf|title=Lone Wolf|author=Filmfestival|first=Afrika|work=Afrika Filmfestival|accessdate=2019-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@Filminute/carlo-perassi-returns-with-his-choice-of-5-films-to-develop-filminute-2018-6c30d8e82da2|title=Carlo Perassi returns with his annual top 5 films to develop article|author=Filminute|date=2018-10-31|work=Medium|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-27}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == MMEPỤTA YA NDỊ RITERE IHE NRITE Bullet (Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi) Onye na-emepụta ihe, Onye nduzi na onye na-ese ihe nkiri • Ihe nrite kacha mma nke ihe nkiri dị mkpụmkpụ na Lesotho Film Festival 2015 Lenaka-la-Balimo (Ihe nkiri) - Onye nchịkọta edemede, onye nduzi, onye nchịkọta akụkọ & onye na-ese ihe nkiri • Ihe nrite ihe nkiri kachasị mma na mmemme ihe nkiri Lesotho 2016. True Hearts (Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi) Onye edemede, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye nduzi na onye nchịkọta akụkọ • Ihe nrite pụrụ iche na mmemme ihe nkiri Lesotho 2017 The Legacy (Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi) Onye na-ese ihe nkiri na onye nchịkọta akụkọ • Onyinye ndị ọka ikpe na Lesotho Film Festival 2017 Phokojoe Ea Matsatsa (Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi) Onye nduzi, onye na-ese ihe nkiri na onye nchịkọta akụkọ • Ihe nrite pụrụ iche na mmemme ihe nkiri Lesotho 2018 Appreciate Me (Short Documentary Film) Onye na-emepụta, onye nduzi, onye na-ese ihe nkiri na onye nchịkọta akụkọ • United Nations Lesotho Media Competition Best Media Feature/Short Doc Film == Onyinye == Onyinye Tan Sri Paduka Limkokwing maka Okike na Innovation 2016. Maluti Mountain Brewery Kickstart Grand Award 3rd Round United Nations Lesotho Media Competition Film Filminute International Film Festival 2018 Top 5 World Best One Minute Films A họpụtara ya maka YAFMA AWARDS 2019 - ([[Belgium]]). Lesotho Film Festival 2015, Best Student Film Award. Lesotho Film Festival 2016, Best Feature Film Award. Emume ihe nkiri Lesotho 2017, Onyinye Mention pụrụ iche Emume ihe nkiri Lesotho 2017, Onyinye ndị ọka ikpe Emume ihe nkiri Lesotho nke 2018, Onyinye Mention pụrụ iche Lesotho Film Festival 2015, asambodo ekele. Lesotho Film Festival 2016, asambodo nke itinye aka. Lesotho Film Festival 2016, asambodo nke itinye aka. Lesotho Film Festival 2017, asambodo nke itinye aka. Lesotho Film Festival 2017, asambodo nke itinye aka. Lesotho Film Festival 2017, asambodo nke itinye aka. Lesotho Film Festival 2018, asambodo nke itinye aka. Lesotho Film Festival 2018, asambodo nke itinye aka. Golden Frames International Short Film Festival 2016, Certificate of Screening (Mumbai, India) International Short & Independent Film Festival Dhaka 2016, Certification of Participation (Bangladesh, India) Luxor African Film Festival 2016, Onye a họpụtara (Ijipt) Ginora Film Festival 2016, Onye a họpụtara (Spain) Companion Industry BOOST Competition 2016, Finalist (Miami, Florida) Emume ihe nkiri Afro 2016, Nhọrọ gọọmentị (Colombia, U.S.A) Emume mebere emepe nke afọ 2017, Nhọrọ gọọmentị (Florida, Miami) Wiper Film Festival 2016, Nhọrọ gọọmentị (U.S.A, New York) Josiah Media Festival 2016, Nhọrọ gọọmentị (U.S.A, New York) == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oueh15dlln29v29wdc5wm60yd0sv4r0 0 17181 674295 641219 2026-07-08T21:06:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ellis (Eli) Reed (amụrụ n'afọ 1946) bụ onye Amerịka na-ese foto na onye nta akụkọ foto.<ref name="dj" /><ref name="uta know">{{Cite journal|author=Rail|first=Dutch|title=Photographer Eli Reed discusses being black in America|journal=KNOW|date=February 11, 2010|url=http://www.utexas.edu/know/2010/02/11/eli_reed-discussion/|accessdate=July 9, 2010}}</ref> Reed bụ onye na-ese foto ''ojii'' mbụ na-arụ ọrụ oge niile nke Magnum Agency were n'ọrụ na onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere Black In America.<ref name="rvw" /><ref name="bim">{{Cite book|author=Reed|first=Eli|title=Black In America|date=March 17, 1997|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company; 1st edition|isbn=0-393-03995-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackinamerica00reed/page/160 160]|url=https://archive.org/details/blackinamerica00reed/page/160}}</ref> A matala ọtụtụ n'ime foto sitere na ọrụ ahụ na ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=O'NEILL|first=CLAIRE|title=Photographer Eli Reed On Being Black In America|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/pictureshow/2010/01/photographer_eli_reed_on_being.html|work=The Picture Show|publisher=NPR: National Public Radio|accessdate=July 9, 2010}}</ref><ref name="utbio" /> Reed bụbu Nieman Fellow na Mahadum Harvard (1982[[83) ma bụrụkwa prọfesọ ùgbúà na-ahụ maka foto na Mahadim Texas na Austin. Ọ bụ onye nke abụọ maka Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography n'afọ 1982.<ref name="ppc">{{Cite web|author=Pulitzer Prize Committee|title=Feature Photography|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Feature-Photography|work=1982 Ellis C. Reed of San Francisco Examiner For photos of life in a public housing project.|accessdate=July 9, 2010|archivedate=December 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224121259/http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Feature-Photography}}</ref> Reed bụ onye nnọchi anya Sony Global Imaging yana onye natara World Press Award na Overseas Press Club Award.<ref name="interview" /> E nyere Reed ihe nrite Lucie Foundation Award na Documentary Photography n'afọ 2011. N'afọ 2015, e gosipụtara ọrụ Reed na prestigious Visa pour l'image Festival Du Photoreportage na Perpignan, France. N'ọnwa Ọktoba, afọ 2015, a kpọrọ Reed ka ọ kwuo okwu na Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture dị ka akụkụ nke usoro "Visually Speaking". N'ọnwa Jenụwarị, afọ 2016, Reed bụ onye isi okwu na National Geographic Magazine's Photography Seminar na Washington, D.C. == Oge ọ malitere == A zụlitere Reed na Perth Amboy, [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]].<ref name="dj">{{Cite journal|author=Halstead|first=Dirck|title=Living in the Now - Photographs by Eli Reed|journal=The Digital Journalist|year=2000|url=http://www.digitaljournalist.org/issue0007/erintro.htm|accessdate=July 9, 2010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHalstead2000">Halstead, Dirck (2000). [http://www.digitaljournalist.org/issue0007/erintro.htm "Living in the Now - Photographs by Eli Reed"]. ''The Digital Journalist''. "Eli Reed - The Gentle Giant"<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> O sere foto mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri, na-edekọ nne ya n'akụkụ osisi Krismas.<ref name="rvw">{{Cite web|author=staff|title=Review: "Eli Reed, Black in America"|url=http://www.fototv.com/eli_reed|work='"Black in America"', a succession of photographs documenting the broader picture of black life in America|publisher=Foto TV|accessdate=July 9, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621013817/http://www.fototv.com/eli_reed|archivedate=June 21, 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFstaff">staff. . ''<nowiki/>'"Black in America"', a succession of photographs documenting the broader picture of black life in America''. Foto TV. Archived from [http://www.fototv.com/eli_reed the original] on June 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> N'ịbụ onye na-akụziri onwe ya na foto, ọ na-ekwu na nduzi ya bụ Donald Greenhaus kama ọmụmụ ihe ọ bụla.<ref name="interview">{{Cite web|author=Bourne|first=Scott|title=Interview With Eli Reed|url=http://photofocus.com/2009/10/04/interview-with-eli-reed/|work=PhotoFocus Magazine|accessdate=July 9, 2010|date=October 4, 2009|quote=I am self taught but I had a wonderful mentor, Donald Greenhaus, who pointed me in the right direction I should go in. I believe that the more formal education you can receive, the better it will be for you if you have good teachers.|archivedate=August 13, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813015856/http://photofocus.com/2009/10/04/interview-with-eli-reed/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBourne2009">Bourne, Scott (October 4, 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160822090417/https://photofocus.com/2009/10/04/interview-with-eli-reed/ "Interview With Eli Reed"]. ''PhotoFocus Magazine''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2010</span>. <q>I am self taught but I had a wonderful mentor, Donald Greenhaus, who pointed me in the right direction I should go in. I believe that the more formal education you can receive, the better it will be for you if you have good teachers.</q></cite></ref> Ọ gụrụ ihe osise na Newark School of Fine and Industrial Arts, gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 1969. == Ọrụ == Reed ghọrọ onye na-ese foto n'onwe ya n'afọ 1970. Magnum Photos sonyeere ya mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọrụ ya na esemokwu ndị dị ka agha na Central America, agha na Lebanọn (nke ọ kpuchiri n'etiti afọ 1983 na 1987), nnupụisi Haiti nke afọ 1986 megide "Baby Doc" Duvalier, na ọrụ agha US nke afọ 1989 na Panama.<ref name="utbio">{{Cite news|author=University of Texas, Austin|first=School of Journalism|title=Ellis Reed, Clinical Professor|url=http://journalism.utexas.edu/faculty/elireed.html|accessdate=July 9, 2010|work=College of Communication}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Texas,_Austin2005">University of Texas, Austin, School of Journalism (2005). . ''College of Communication''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20100624005420/http://journalism.utexas.edu/faculty/elireed.html the original] on June 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Reed ghọrọ onye otu zuru oke nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'afọ 1988. O dere ihe ndekọ nke Million Man March, [[Lebanon]] n'oge agha obodo, ndụ nke ndị Afrịka Amerịka, ọgba aghara na Zaire, ọrụ agha US na Panama na ihe ndị ọzọ. Reed malitere ise foto nke ihe nkiri na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'afọ 1992 ma bụrụkwa onye otu Society of Motion Picture Still Photographers (SMPSP).<ref name="utbio" /> Reed na-ejikarị Olympus E-3, E-30, na EP-1 maka ọrụ ya.<ref name="interview"/> Reed akụziwo n'ọtụtụ ebe gụnyere na Maine Photographic Workshop; Wilson Hicks Symposium, Mahadum Miami, Florida; Southeastern Museum of Photography, Daytona, Florida; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; Mahadum San Francisco State; Mahadim Harvard; Boston Institute of Art; Academy of fine Art, San Francisco; Mahaduma Texas na Austin; Mahadam Columbia; Empire State College, New York; Mahadom New York, na International Center of Photography.<ref name="utbio"/> === Onyinye === * 1992 W. Eugene Smith Grant na Documentary Photography * 1992 Kodak World Image Award maka Fine Art Photography * 1988 World Press Photo award * 1988 Leica Medal of Excellence * 1983 Onyinye Overseas Press Club * 1982 Nieman Fellowship na Harvard * 1981 Mark Twain Associated Press Award * 1981 Pulitzer Prize, onye nke abụọ * 2011 Lucie Foundation Award maka Foto Documentary === Ihe ngosi === * 1973, The Black Photographer, Mahadum Syracuse * 1973, Foto New Jersey * 1975, Ụlọ Mkpọrọ New Jersey, Newark Museum of Art * 1975, The Whole Sick Crew, Mahadum Newark-Rutgers * 1993, Visa maka onyinyo, Perpignan, France * 1996, Bruce Museum, Greenwich, CT, USA * 1997, Leica Gallery, New York, USA * 1997, Magnum World ngosi na katalọgụ * 1999, Black New York Ndị na-ese foto nke 20th Century Exhibition, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture * 2000, nke a na-apụghị ikewapụ iche * 2000, Reflections in Black, na A History of Black Photographers 1840 to the Present, Smithsonian Museum, Washington, D. C. * 2014, Eli Reed Retrospective, A Long Walk Home, Leica Gallery, NYC * 2014, Visa maka ihe oyiyi Festival Du Photoreportage, Perpignan, France === Akwụkwọ === * A Long Walk Home, Austin: Mahadum nke Texas Press, 2015. * ''Beirut'': City of Regrets, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1988.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30507-4|978-0-393-30507-4]] * Black in America New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1997.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03995-5|978-0-393-03995-5]] * ''Enweghị ebe obibi na America'', 1987. * Tom Rankin, Local Heroes Changing America, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2000.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05028-8|978-0-393-05028-8]] * John Singleton, Poetic Justice: Film Making South Central Style. United States: Delta, 1993.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-385-30914-1|978-0-385-30914-1]] === Ihe nkiri (Nmepụta) === * 1992 Getting Out, onye nduzi, mepụtara maka Tokyo TV, gosipụtara na New York Film Festival * 1988 America's Children: Poorest in the Land of Plenty, edemede foto maka NBC. === Ihe nkiri (Specials/Stills) === * 2017 ''Natasha'', ka na-ese foto, nke David Bezmozgis duziri * 2014 One Hundred Years of Freedom, onye na-ese foto na vidiyo, nke Daniel Ostroff duziri * 2005 ''Nọgide'', ka na-ese foto, nke Marc Forster duziri * 2003 ''2'' Fast 2 Furious, onye na-ese foto, nke John Singleton duziri * 2002 Two Weeks Notice, onye na-ese foto, nke Marc Lawrence duziri * 2002 ''8'' Mile, ka na-ese foto, nke Curtis Hanson duziri * 2001 A Beautiful Mind, onye na-ese foto, nke Ron Howard duziri * 2001 Baby Boy, ka na-ese foto, nke John Singleton duziri * 2000 Shaft, ka na-ese foto, nke John Singleton duziri * 1998 One True Thing, onye na-ese foto, nke Carl Franklin duziri * 1996 Day of the Jackal, stills na pụrụ iche, nke Michael Caton-Jones duziri * 1996 Ghost of Mississippi, ihe pụrụ iche, nke Rob Reiner duziri * 1996 ''Rosewood'', stills, nke John Singleton duziri * 1995 Kansas City, stills na pụrụ iche, nke Robert Altman duziri * 1994 Higher Learning, stills, nke John Singleton duziri * 1992 Poetic Justice, stills, nke John Singleton duziri * 1991 The Five Heartbeats, stills, nke Robert Townsend duziri {{DEFAULTSORT:Reed, Eli}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0xny16v4eft4sv1whw51gqxkjvy7xqt 0 18034 674317 128469 2026-07-08T23:26:56Z Bigcee007 24507 674317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gordon Keith''' (aka '''William Henry Adams Jr.''') (August 12, 1939 – November 17, 2020)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.legacy.com/amp/obituaries/post-tribune/197144508|title=William Adams Obituary (1939 - 2020) - Post Tribune|work=Legacy.com|accessdate=January 24, 2021}}</ref> was an American record producer who was the first person to sign a recording contract with the Jackson 5 and release their records. In 1966, he and four friends founded Steeltown Records in Gary, Indiana, with each able to manage, record, and sign local talent themselves in and around Gary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.midwest45s.org/IndianaSoulPage.html|title=Indiana Soul|publisher=Midwest45s.org|accessdate=November 22, 2015|archivedate=December 21, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221070306/http://www.midwest45s.org/IndianaSoulPage.html}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Keith put the company together.|group=}} The quality of the music and dance scene was high in and near Gary. Vivian Carter, founder of VeeJay Records, and the Spaniels, a prominent doo-wop group, are examples of Gary's musical culture. Keith states that each Steeltown partner individually discovered, signed, and took the responsibility and any profit for each signed individual or group, using Steeltown Records (Steeltown label) as an umbrella to promote name recognition.{{#tag:ref|Keith was the first president, and the secretary of Steeltown Records.|group=}} Keith also points out that he had himself went solo as a vocalist in the 1960s because he wearied of the lack of discipline and commitment of so many of the young singers he sang doo-wop songs with. Therefore, he was looking not only for talent, but talent with a disciplined professional attitude and commitment. == Nchịkọta == Keith dekọrọ ma mepụta egwu anọ nke Jackson 5 na akara Steeltown na 1967.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.45rpmrecords.com/IN/Steeltown.php|title=Steeltown Records - Indiana Local Labels|work=45rpmrecords.com|accessdate=January 24, 2021}}</ref> Ihe a ma ama, bụ egwu mbụ nke Jackson 5 bụ "Big Boy", nke [[Michael Jackson]] bụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jackson5abc.com/steeltown/|title=Archived copy|work=www.jackson5abc.com|accessdate=January 14, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214191404/http://www.jackson5abc.com/steeltown/|archivedate=December 14, 2007}}</ref> Keith bịanyere aka na Jackson Five na nkwekọrịta njikwa na ndekọ ọnwa isii na ya na Nọvemba 21 n'afọ ahụ, n'oge, n'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, ọ dịghị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ákàrà na mpaghara ahụ ga-eburu ha. Mgbè ọ wepụtara "Big Boy" na Jenụwarị 31, 1968, ọ na-egwuri egwu na redio ma ree ya na mpaghara Chicago-Gary. Jackson 5 dekọrọ "Big Boy" na ụlọ ndekọ Sunny Sawyer na West 69th Street, na South Side nke Chicago, nke bụ ébé óbíbí nke ụda Chicago Soul nke oge áhụ, ma nwee ọtụtụ ndị egwu, ndị na-ede egwu, na ụlọ mmepụta. Àgwà na ikike a nụrụ na ndekọ "Big Boy" dị otú ahụ na Jerry Wexler nke Atlantic Records chọtara Keith wee soro ya mee nkwekọrịta na Machị 5, iji mee ka ATCO, nkewa nke Atlantic Records, kesaa "Big Boy " na mba. Atlantic Records / Atco na New York City na-agbanye ma kesaa ọtụtụ puku "Big Boy" na ákàrà Steeltown na aka ndekọ Atco. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a ka dị, dị ka nsụgharị ndị bu ụzọ kesara na Gary. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum nwèrè otu n'ime ihe ndekọ "Big Boy" / "You Changed" (Steeltown # 681), nke a gosipụtara n'ebe ahụ na 2010. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 1l8n5z6gdo42bttj0v0x9xdfrt3ooxn 0 19448 674242 117109 2026-07-08T20:11:27Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Nkọwa nke ihe owuwu */ 674242 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Statue of Chief M.K.O Abiola , Ojota, Lagos.jpg|thumb|Chief M.K.O Abiola Statue]] Ọ bụ Olurotimi Ajayi chepụtara ma guzobe '''''ihe ọkpụkpọ nke MKO Abiola''''' iji cheta Chief Moshood Abiola, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a na-ewere n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka onye mmeri nke ntuli aka Naijiria na-enweghị nkwubi okwu n'afọ 1993. N'ịbụ nke guzo n'ihe dị ka mita 46 n'ogologo, a kpughere ihe oyiyi ahụ na iri na abụọ nke ọnwa June 2018 n'oge ọchịchị Gọvanọ Akinwunmi Ambode. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == '''Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola''', onye a na-akpọkarị '''MKO Abiola''' (24 August 1937 na nke asaa July 1998) bụ onye ọchụnta ego, onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wale Adebanwi|title=Yorùbá Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Ọbáfemi Awólowo and Corporate Agency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8EdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|date=31 March 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-91711-7|pages=99–}}</ref> O sonyere na ntuli aka nke 1993 na Naịjirịa ma bụrụ onye a na-ewere dịka onye mmeri ọ bụ ezie na ewepụtaghị nsonaazụ ikpeazụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Frank H. Columbus|title=Politics and Economics of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEJem_l69NUC&pg=PA123|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-60021-173-7|pages=123–}}</ref> N'afọ 1994, e jidere ya ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ maka ebubo ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru mgbe o kwupụtara onwe ya dị ka onye isi ala [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa Research Bulletin: Political, social, and cultural series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RNgsAQAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Blackwell}}</ref> MKO Abiola nwụrụ na asaa Julaị 1998, ụbọchị a ga-ahapụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa Film & Tv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzQbAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Z Promotions}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ndị a na-enyo enyo na-esochi ọnwụ ya, ebe nyocha nke ozu kwuru na Abiola nwụrụ site na nkụchi obi, Onye isi nchekwa nke General [[Sani Abacha]] kwuru na a kụrụ Abiola ihe ruo ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Economist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cddIAAAAYAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Charles Reynell}}</ref> == Ebumnuche == N'icheta ndụ, ike na ihe nketa nke Abiola setịpụrụ, gọọmentị steeti Lagos site n'aka gọvanọ Akinwunmi Ambode kpughere ''ihe oyiyi MKO Abiola'' na nke iri na abụọ June 2018 kpọmkwem afọ iri abụọ na ise mgbe ọ meriri ntuli aka onye isi ala na nke iri na abụọ June 1993 na Ojota, mpaghara Lagos.<ref name="mko">{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/photos-june-12-ambode-unveils-46-feet-statue-of-mko-abiola/|title=&#91;PHOTOS&#93; June 12: Ambode unveils 46-feet statue of MKO Abiola|date=12 June 2018}}</ref> Gọvanọ ahụ kwuru na ihe oyiyi ahụ ga-anọgide na-abụ ihe ncheta nke ihe nketa Abiola na ịdị ukwuu ọ nọchitere anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. Gụọ ihe ndị ọzọ na: <nowiki>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/06/ambode-pays-tribute-abiola-unveils-statue/z</nowiki>.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/06/ambode-pays-tribute-abiola-unveils-statue/|title=Ambode pays tribute to Abiola, unveils statue|work=Vanguard News|date=12 June 2018}}</ref> == Nkọwa nke ihe owuwu == N'ịbụ nke dị n'etiti "[[MKO Abiola Park|MKO Gardens]]" ma guzo nke iri atọ na asaa feet ogologo (conversion???), a na-etinye ''ihe oyiyi MKO Abiola'' na pedestal 9 feet na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe ncheta na nke iri anọ na abụọ feet elu. Ihe a tụrụ atụ nke e ji eriri ugegbe mee na-egosi Abiola na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị na-eyi ''agbada'' na-asọ asọ na aka nri ya weliri elu na-egosi ihe ịrịba ama nke udo. E bu ụzọ chepụta ''ihe oyiyi MKO Abiola'' n'afọ 2003 tupu e degharịa ya ka ọ dị ugbu a.<ref name="mko" /> == Ebe a na-ese foto == <gallery> A wide view of the Statue of Chief M.K.O Abiola in Abiola Gardens, Ojota, Lagos-Nigeria.jpg|A wide view of the Statue of Chief M.K.O Abiola in Abiola Gardens, Ojota, Lagos-Nigeria MKO Abiola Gaden Ojota.jpg|MKO Abiola Gaden M. K. O. Garden, Ojota, Lagos.jpg|MKO Garden, Ojota, Lagos A garage in Ojota.jpg|A garage in Ojota A garden beside ojota road.jpg|A garden at Ojota Hut inside MKO Abiola graden.jpg| MKO Abiola Garden, Ojota, Lagos.jpg| MKO Abiola graden showing the hut inside it.jpg| Walk way inside MKO Abiola graden.jpg| </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} n21bg9bir4z6iansugtfs81moxxpymt 0 22115 674344 595402 2026-07-09T02:35:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Evelyn Anite Kajik''', onye a maara dị ka '''Evelyn Anite''', bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Uganda]]. Ọ bụ Minista na-ahụ maka ego maka itinye ego na nkeonwe na Kọmitii Ugandan kemgbe 6 June na afo 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 2016|author=Uganda State House|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%2527s+cabinet.pdf|title=Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016|accessdate=20 June 2016|archivedate=7 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf}}</ref> N'oge gara aga, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista Steeti maka Ndị Ntorobịa. A họpụtara ya n'ọkwa ahụ na 1 Machị na afọ 2015, na-anọchi Ronald Kibuule, onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị na mmiri.<ref name="Shuffle">{{Cite web|title=Full Cabinet List As At 1 March 2015|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf|author=Uganda State House|accessdate=2 March 2015|date=1 March 2015|archivedate=9 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709092825/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye omeiwu a họpụtara maka Koboko Municipality, na mpaghara West Nile, na mpaghara Northern Region nke Uganda, ọkwá ọ nọrọ site na afo 2011 ruo na afọ 2021.<ref name="Palm">{{Cite web|work=[[Parliament of Uganda]]|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=203|title=Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Evelyn Anite, Member of Parliament for Koboko Municipality|accessdate=19 April 2020|author=Parliament of Uganda|date=2016|archivedate=27 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427110147/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=203}}</ref> Na ntuli aka nke National Resistance Movement (NRM) nke afọ 2020, Dr Charles Ayume, nwa onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Ugandan, onye nwụrụ anwụ Francis Ayume meriri Anite.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayume's Son Challenges Anite for Koboko Municipality NRM Party Ticket|work=Uganda Radio Network|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/ayumes-son-challenges-anite-for-koboko-municipality-nrm-party-ticket|accessdate=2021-04-02|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Jjingo|first=Ernest|title=Anite: President's order sank me|url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/66490-anite-president-s-order-sank-me|accessdate=2021-04-02|work=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mafias Stole my Victory, Minister Anite Cries Foul {{!}} The Kampala Post|url=https://kampalapost.com/content/mafias-stole-my-victory-minister-anite-cries-foul|accessdate=2021-04-02|work=kampalapost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Minister Evelyn Anite loses in Koboko|url=https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/national/minister-evelyn-anite-loses-in-koboko-2450118|accessdate=2021-04-02|work=NTV Uganda|language=en|archivedate=2025-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220194500/https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/national/minister-evelyn-anite-loses-in-koboko-2450118}}</ref> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Anite na 11 Nọvemba na afọ 1984, na Adakado Village, Koboko District, nke Steven Dravu, onye ọrụ gọọmentị, na Sarah Wokoru Dravu, nwanyị ọchụnta ego. Ọ bụ onye Ugandan na-asụ Lugbara nke obodo ya na-agbanye na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] dị nso. Ọ na-asụ asụsụ Lugbara na Kakwa nke ọma. Ọ gara Arua Hill Primary School maka agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị ya. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Saint Mary's Ediofe Secondary School maka ọmụmụ O-Level ya. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ụmụ nwanyị nke Muni, maka agụmakwụkwọ A-Level ya. O nwere nzere Bachelor of Arts na Mass Communication, nke Mahadum Ndị Kraịst nke Uganda nyere ya na 2008.<ref name="Palm"/><ref name="Making">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/The-making-of-Northern-Youth-MP-Evelyn-Anite/-/689842/2075006/-/item/1/-/c1sl95z/-/index.html|title=The Making of Northern Youth MP Evelyn Anite|first=Abdulaziizi|author=Tumusiime|accessdate=2 March 2015|date=16 November 2013|archivedate=6 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306184818/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/The-making-of-Northern-Youth-MP-Evelyn-Anite/-/689842/2075006/-/item/1/-/c1sl95z/-/index.html}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị na afọ 2018, a nabatara Evelyn Anite na Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy nke Mahadum Tufts, na Medford, [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]], na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], iji chụsoo Master na International Relations and Diplomacy Programme.<ref name="Stu">{{Cite web|date=13 July 2018|url=https://www.softpower.ug/minister-anite-takes-leave-to-u-s-amid-shs-28bn-bribe-saga/|title=Minister Anite Takes Leave To United States Amid USh28 Billion Bribe Saga|accessdate=6 August 2018|publisher=Softpower Uganda|author=Asiimwe|first=Brian}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị na afọ 2019, Anite gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Tufts, ebe ọ mezuru ihe niile achọrọ maka mmemme Master of Arts.<ref name="GradR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Minister-Anite-graduates-Parliament-US-university-Kajik/688334-5204372-gasb86/index.html|title=Minister Anite graduates from US university|date=21 July 2019|accessdate=21 July 2019|author=Monitor Reporter}}</ref> == Ọrụ aka ya == Ozugbo ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'afọ 2005, Anite malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe ngosi redio na ụlọ ọrụ redio dị na Arua, na-aga n'ihu na ikike ahụ ruo n'afọ 2007. Malite na afọ 2006 ma gaa n'ihu ruo Na afọ 2010, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-egosi redio na Uganda Broadcasting Corporation na Kampala, isi obodo Uganda na obodo kachasị ukwuu. Site na afọ 2008 ruo na afọ 2010, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Uganda Media Centre dị ka onye enyemaka na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze. N'afọ 2011, ọ gbara ọsọ maka oche ndị omeiwu nke onye nnọchi anya ndị ntorobịa maka Northern Uganda . Ọ meriri mmadụ itoolu ndị ọzọ iji merie oche ahụ. Ọ bụ onye nọ n'ọkwa ugbu a.<ref name="Palm"/><ref name="Making"/> N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2016, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka itinye ego na nkeonwe.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Scribd.com|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/314964607/New-Cabinet|title=Uganda's New Cabinet As At 6 June 2016|accessdate=20 June 2016|date=6 June 2016|author=Uganda State House}}</ref> == Arụmụka ya == N'afọ nke 2014, Evelyn Anite sonyere na esemokwu ya na [[Margaret Baba Diri]] na onye nke ikpeazụ na-azọrọ na Evelyn Anite na-azọ oche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na Koboko maka ntuli aka elu nke afọ 2016.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web|date=2 May 2014|url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=31542:anite-is-a-foreigner-fellow-mp-charges|title=Anite Is A Foreigner, Fellow MP Charges|author=Deo Walusimbi|accessdate=19 April 2020|archivedate=15 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015150715/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=31542:anite-is-a-foreigner-fellow-mp-charges}}</ref> Na esemokwu a, Margaret Baba Diri kwuru na Evelyn Anite bụ "onye mba ọzọ na-akpata mgbagwoju anya na Koboko na NRM". Na nzaghachi, Evelyn Anite kwuru na ọ bụ naanị na-eme mkpọsa na Koboko iji "wepụ" "nne" ya Baba Diri n'ibu nke "ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike".<ref name="8R" /> N'ọnwa Febụwarị na afọ 2014, n'oge NRM Parliamentary Caucus, tupu ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2016, Evelyn Anite mere mkpebi ikwupụta na Onye isi ala Yoweri Kaguta Museveni bụ onye na-ebu ọkọlọtọ nke pati. Mkpebi a bịara mara dị ka [https://www.scribd.com/document/206403678/NRM-Caucus-2016-resolutions Mkpebi Kyankwanzi], zutere nguzogide.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web|title=Kanungu Opposes NRM Caucus Resolution|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kanungu-opposes-NRM-Caucus-resolution/688334-2290552-i25tmd/index.html|date=24 April 2014|author=Alfred Tumusabe and Arans Tabaruka|accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="10R">{{Cite web|publisher=[[Uganda Radio Network]]|url=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/nrm-caucus-electoral-commission-clash-over-sole-candidate-project|title=NRM Electoral Commission Disowns Museveni Sole Candidate Project|author=Olive Eyotaru|date=14 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref> N'ịzaghachi nkwado ya maka iwepụ iwu afọ, Evelyn Anite kwuru na ọ natara ọtụtụ egwu ọnwụ.<ref name="11R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.softpower.ug/minister-anite-pulls-idi-amin-like-stunt-to-promote-anti-age-limit-campaign/|title=Minister Anite Pulls Idi Amin Like Stunt To Promote Anti-Age Limit Campaign|publisher=SoftPower Uganda|date=10 October 2017|author=SoftPower|accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="12R">{{Cite web|url=https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/09/21/people-threatening-to-kill-me-like-kaweesi-anite/|title=People Threatening To Kill Me Like Kaweesi – Anite|date=21 September 2017|publisher=The Insider Uganda|accessdate=19 April 2020|author=The Insider|archivedate=17 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617194554/https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/09/21/people-threatening-to-kill-me-like-kaweesi-anite/}}</ref><ref name="13R">{{Cite web|url=https://thetowerpost.com/tag/anite-receives-death-threats-over-age-limit-amendment/|title=Anite Receives Death Threats Over Age Limit Amendment|publisher=The Tower Post|date=19 July 2017|author=Marion Ayebazibwe|accessdate=19 April 2020|archivedate=28 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928041151/https://thetowerpost.com/tag/anite-receives-death-threats-over-age-limit-amendment/}}</ref><ref name="14R">{{Cite web|url=https://edge.ug/2017/09/30/anite-im-taking-screenshots-of-those-who-want-to-kill-me/|title=Anite: I'm taking screenshots of those who want to kill me|publisher=Edge Uganda|date=30 September 2017|accessdate=19 April 2020|author=Edge Uganda|archivedate=19 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219094303/http://edge.ug/2017/09/30/anite-im-taking-screenshots-of-those-who-want-to-kill-me/}}</ref> Nke a kpaliri gọọmentị inye ya nkọwa nchebe.<ref name="15R">{{Cite web|date=29 June 2018|url=http://www.sunrise.ug/news/201806/army-patrols-to-guard-age-limit-top-backers.html|title=Army patrols to guard Age limit top backers|publisher=The Sunrise Uganda|author=The Sunrise Uganda|accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="16R">{{Cite web|url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/58158-why-policemen-hate-guarding-mps.html|title=Why Policemen Hate Guarding MPs|date=12 July 2018|author=Josephine Namuloki|accessdate=19 April 2020|archivedate=15 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015150705/https://observer.ug/news/headlines/58158-why-policemen-hate-guarding-mps.html}}</ref> Ọ kọwakwara ndị omeiwu ibe ya na-emegide iwu ahụ dị ka "ndị na-achọ naanị ọdịmma onwe ha".<ref name="17R">{{Cite web|date=27 September 2017|url=https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/09/27/anite-describes-mps-against-age-limit-removal-as-selfish-hooligans/|title=Anite describes MPs against Age limit removal as 'Selfish Hooligans'|publisher=The Insider Uganda|accessdate=19 April 2020|author=The Insider Uganda|archivedate=16 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416075822/https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/09/27/anite-describes-mps-against-age-limit-removal-as-selfish-hooligans/}}</ref> N'ikwu okwu iji kwado iwepụ iwu afọ, Evelyn Anite na pati na-achị achị nwere "ọnụ ọgụgụ na ndị agha mba n'akụkụ ha".<ref name="18R">{{Cite web|date=14 September 2017|url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/54938-age-limit-army-is-on-our-side-says-minister-anite|title=Age limit: Army is on our side, says minister Evelyn Anite|author=Uganda Radio Network|accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref> Ndị agha Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF) ewepụla onwe ha n'okwu a.<ref name="19R">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2018|url=https://www.softpower.ug/dont-talk-for-us-updf-distances-self-from-anite-age-limit-bluff/|title="Don't Talk For Us," UPDF Distances Self From Anite "Majje" Bluff|publisher=SoftPower Uganda|author=Mivule Gyagenda|accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Onye isi ala Yoweri Kaguta Museveni na Julaị 2018, ''Hamilton Telecom'' boro Evelyn Anite ebubo na ọ na-emebi ụlọ ọrụ nkwukọrịta site na itinye ego maka ịzụta Uganda Telecom (UTL).<ref name="20R">{{Cite web|url=https://chimpreports.com/anite-accused-of-failing-bidder-as-utl-storm-rages-on/|title=Anite Accused of Failing Bidder as UTL Storm Rages On|publisher=ChimpReports|date=9 July 2018|author=Kim Aine|accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="21R">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pmldaily.com/news/2018/07/hamilton-lawyers-take-on-minister-anite-after-cabinet-fallout-in-utl-saga.html|title=Hamilton lawyers take on minister Anite after Cabinet fallout in UTL saga|publisher=PML Daily|date=9 July 2018|author=George Okello|accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Koboko district officials shocked at MP's decision|url=https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/national/koboko-district-officials-shocked-at-mp-s-decision-3278434|accessdate=2021-04-02|work=NTV Uganda|language=en|archivedate=2025-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223041009/https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/national/koboko-district-officials-shocked-at-mp-s-decision-3278434}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị na afọ 2018, e boro ebubo na Evelyn Anite agbapụla mba ahụ, n'ihi na ọ nọ n'okpuru nyocha na-esote akụkọ ndị a na-ekwu na ha rịọrọ $ 8 nde (Shs 28.8billion) iri ngo n'aka otu ndị Arab na-etinye ego.<ref name="22R">{{Cite web|publisher=The Insider Uganda|url=https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2018/07/18/bribery-saga-minister-anite-flees-country-with-entire-family/|title=Bribery Saga: Minister Anite Flees Country With Entire Family|date=18 July 2020|author=The Insider Uganda|accessdate=19 April 2020|archivedate=11 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511005254/https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2018/07/18/bribery-saga-minister-anite-flees-country-with-entire-family/}}</ref><ref name="23R">{{Cite web|url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/57601-anite-runs-to-museveni-over-shs-29bn-bribe.html|title=Anite runs to Museveni over Shs 29bn bribe|date=4 May 2018|author=Sadab Kitatta Kaaya|accessdate=19 April 2020|archivedate=23 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123082826/https://observer.ug/news/headlines/57601-anite-runs-to-museveni-over-shs-29bn-bribe.html}}</ref> N'aka nke ya, ọ gbara akwụkwọ akụkọ obodo maka ibipụta akụkọ banyere ya.<ref name="24R">{{Cite web|date=4 August 2018|title=Anite sues local newspaper for Sh500 million|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1482774/anite-sues-local-newspaper-sh500m|author=Vicky Wandawa|accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nabatara na Mahadum Tufts, otu akụkụ nke ndị Uganda bi na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] malitere mkpesa ma mee ngagharị iwe na-achọ ka a kagbuo nnabata ya na mahadum ahụ.<ref name="25R">{{Cite web|title=Inside Minister Evelyn Anite's UGX 342 Million Scholarship in America|url=https://campusbee.ug/news/inside-minister-evelyn-anites-ugx-342-million-scholarship-in-america/|publisher=Campus Bee Uganda|date=24 July 2018|author=David Mujuni|accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref> Ha kwuru na United States ekwesịghị inye ndị ọrụ rụrụ arụ ebe mgbaba n'okpuru ihe ngosi nke ọmụmụ ọzọ.<ref name="26R">{{Cite web|url=https://edge.ug/2018/07/20/activists-pressure-american-university-to-dismiss-anite/|title=Activists pressure American university to dismiss Anite|date=20 July 2018|publisher=Edge Uganda|author=Edge Uganda|accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref> Mahadum Tufts jụrụ arịrịọ ahụ na-ekwu na ọ dịghị ihe ọjọọ o mere iji mee ka a chụpụ ya. Ha gbakwunyere na dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu, e chebere nzuzo ya.<ref name="27R">{{Cite web|publisher=[[Uganda Radio Network]]|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/tufts-university-declines-to-dismiss-minister-evelyn-anite|title=Tufts University Declines to Expel Anite|date=11 August 2018|author=Alex Otto|accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 2021 mgbe Anite meriri Dr Charles Ayume na ntuli aka elu nke National resistance movement flag bearer, ọ wepụrụ ambulance o nyere na mbụ na Koboko Health Center IV.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minister Evelyn Anite withdraws her ambulance as Koboko rejects her leadership bid|work=weareuganda.com|url=https://weareuganda.com/uganda-news/anite-ambulance-withdraw.html|accessdate=2021-04-02|archivedate=2021-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202111745/https://weareuganda.com/uganda-news/anite-ambulance-withdraw.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Angry losing MPs withdraw ambulances|url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/68601-angry-losing-mps-withdraw-ambulances|accessdate=2021-04-02|work=The Observer - Uganda|author=Sadab Kitatta Kaaya}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=Minister Anite withdraws ambulance she donated to Koboko|url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/2021/02/03/minister-anite-withdraws-ambulance-she-donated-to-koboko/|accessdate=2021-04-02|work=Matooke Republic|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303174736/https://www.matookerepublic.com/2021/02/03/minister-anite-withdraws-ambulance-she-donated-to-koboko/}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye ya == Evelyn Anite lụrụ Allan Kajik, onye bụbu osote onye isi obodo nke Kampala. Ha lụrụ n'afọ 2011 ma nwee ụmụ abụọ ka ọ na-erule na afọ 2018.<ref name="22R"/> == Hụkwa nka == * Ógbè Koboko * Osimiri Lugbara * [[Asụsụ Lugbara]] * Kọmitii Ugandan == Ebesidee == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2vq48vjayv47eyp0x6466f9e64lrwli 0 22160 674428 101058 2026-07-09T09:19:48Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674428 wikitext text/x-wiki Namaganda Susan (nwụrụ n'afọ 2015) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Uganda a họpụtara na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke itoolu nke Uganda na-anọchite anya mpaghara Bukomansimbi . Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ Bukomansimbi bụ onye omeiwu n'afọ 2011 mgbe e guzobere distrikti ahụ na Julaị afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri.<ref name=":0" /> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị St. Mary nke Lourdese, na Mengo Senior School.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}</ref> Susan nwetara UCE ya na Christ the King Bulinda na 2002 tupu ọ sonye na St. Andrew Kagwa na Daniel maka ọkwa A ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Monitor|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ICT na Degree na Cisco Certified Network Associate nwetara na nzere bachelọ na Information Technology na 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Observer - Uganda|archivedate=2016-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident "Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident Archived] from the original on 2016-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2008, ọ nwetara diplọma na Cisco Certified Network ọkachamara na Mahadum Makerere.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ndụ onye == A mụrụ Namaganda na Eprel 10, 1984, nye Simon Peter Kamala na Elizabeth Sserunkuma Bbosa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Observer - Uganda|archivedate=2016-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident "Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident Archived] from the original on 2016-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Nassaka|first=Flavia|date=2016-04-25|title=Time to tame family politics|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Independent Uganda|archivedate=2019-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724065140/https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624 "MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise Susan nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ Nakasero mgbe ihe mberede ụgbọ ala mere na Mpanga, Mpigi District n'okporo ụzọ Masaka mgbe ọ na-aga Kampala ịga nnọkọ ndị omeiwu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chano8|title=Woman Member Of Parliament Namaganda Dead – Chano8|url=https://chano8.com/woman-member-of-parliament-dead/|accessdate=2022-03-26|archivedate=2021-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021155535/https://chano8.com/woman-member-of-parliament-dead/}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Monitor|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 "MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 Archived] from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=BigEyeUg3|date=2015-12-11|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda Susan dead|url=https://bigeye.ug/bukomansimbi-woman-mp-namaganda-susan-dead/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=BigEye.UG|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://bigeye.ug/bukomansimbi-woman-mp-namaganda-susan-dead/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-11|title=MP Susan Namaganda Dies After Road Accident|url=https://chimpreports.com/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-road-accident/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=ChimpReports|archivedate=2020-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129165217/https://chimpreports.com/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-road-accident/}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ihe mberede ahụ mere na 11th December, 2015 n'etiti 1:00-2:00am na Mpanga Forest dị nso na kansụl obodo Mpigi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nhazi nke Democratic Party, Innocent Katerega si kwuo.<ref name=":0" /> Susan hapụrụ ụmụ atọ gụnyere nwa nwanyị dị ọnwa asaa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Namaganda bụ nwunye onye omeiwu East African Legislative Assembly Member of Parliament, Mukasa Mbidde<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> onye lụrụ ya na Disemba 2012 na agbamakwụkwọ ọdịnala a maara dị ka (Kwanjula) nke emere n'ụlọ nne na nna ya na Kisojjo Village, Kibange Sub County, Bukomansimbi District.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Our|date=2015-12-11|title=MP Namaganda dead|url=https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Eagle Online|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Mukasa Mbidde, ka enyi ya nwanyị, Fiona, mechara mee ka ọ pụta ìhè n'ememe ọdịnala Kinyarwanda.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-16|title=PICTURES: Mbidde swept by stunning Rwandan fiancee|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/features/celebrity/2019/12/pictures-mbidde-swept-by-stunning-rwandan-fiancee.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=PML Daily|archivedate=2021-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117133057/https://www.pmldaily.com/features/celebrity/2019/12/pictures-mbidde-swept-by-stunning-rwandan-fiancee.html}}</ref> == Ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke itoolu, Susan jere ozi dị ka nwanyị Member of Parliament n'okpuru Democratic Party(DP).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Observer - Uganda|archivedate=2016-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident "Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident Archived] from the original on 2016-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Susan sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 2010 mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkwa na Egy Trading and Engineering Ring na Bugolobi.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 2011, Susan jere ozi dị ka osote Onye isi oche DP National Women site na Julaị 2015, Onye otu nke Parliamentary Scripture Union na odeakwụkwọ nhazi DP Bukomansimbi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624 "MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu na Kọmitii nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ na nke Ọrụ Ugbo, Ụlọ Ọrụ Ụmụ Anụmanụ na Azụmaahịa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Monitor|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 "MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 Archived] from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Our|date=2015-12-11|title=MP Namaganda dead|url=https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Eagle Online|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFReporter2015">Reporter, Our (2015-12-11). [https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html "MP Namaganda dead"]. ''Eagle Online''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html Archived] from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gh''ọ''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624 "MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref>rọ aha a ma ama mgbe ọ lụrụ ọgụ siri ike maka ọnụahịa ngwaahịa ugbo ma kpọọ ya beyi y'abilime. Ụbọchị anọ ka Susan nwụsịrị, e tere Veronica Nanyondo mmanụ dị ka onye nọchiri ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime ezinụlọ ahụ n'ili Namaganda.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Nassaka|first=Flavia|date=2016-04-25|title=Time to tame family politics|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Independent Uganda|archivedate=2019-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724065140/https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNassaka2016">Nassaka, Flavia (2016-04-25). [https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/ "Time to tame family politics"]. ''The Independent Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190724065140/https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/ Archived] from the original on 2019-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref>  Nanyondo na-asọ mpi n'ọnọdụ nwanne ya nwanyị na ndị mmegide Democratic Party (DP) na Febụwarị 18, 2016, a họpụtara ya n'ọfịs wee merie ndị ọzọ ise.<ref name=":3" /> N'oge ọha na eze na-ekiri ozu Susan Namaganda nwụrụ anwụ nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịga nke ọma na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu, Rwampara MP, Vincent Kyamadidi kwuru na mba ahụ efunahụla onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike nke ka nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọ ga-enye ndị na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Eyotaru|first=Olive|title=Public Viewing of MP Namagandas Body Delayed|url=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/public-viewing-of-mp-namagandas-body-delayed|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Uganda Radio Network|archivedate=2018-07-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705054704/https://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/public-viewing-of-mp-namagandas-body-delayed}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke itoolu nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke iri na otu nke Uganda * Mukasa Mbidde == Ebenside == {{Reflist|30em}} dikpwinqx2b1zh08kgx1mwefmt7oz1h 674429 674428 2026-07-09T09:20:43Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674429 wikitext text/x-wiki Namaganda Susan (nwụrụ n'afọ 2015) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Uganda a họpụtara na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke itoolu nke Uganda na-anọchite anya mpaghara Bukomansimbi . Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ Bukomansimbi bụ onye omeiwu n'afọ 2011 mgbe e guzobere distrikti ahụ na Julaị afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri.<ref name=":0" /> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị St. Mary nke Lourdese, na Mengo Senior School.<ref name=":1" /> Susan nwetara UCE ya na Christ the King Bulinda na 2002 tupu ọ sonye na St. Andrew Kagwa na Daniel maka ọkwa A ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Monitor|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ICT na Degree na Cisco Certified Network Associate nwetara na nzere bachelọ na Information Technology na 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Observer - Uganda|archivedate=2016-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident "Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident Archived] from the original on 2016-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2008, ọ nwetara diplọma na Cisco Certified Network ọkachamara na Mahadum Makerere.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ndụ onye == A mụrụ Namaganda na Eprel 10, 1984, nye Simon Peter Kamala na Elizabeth Sserunkuma Bbosa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Observer - Uganda|archivedate=2016-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident "Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident Archived] from the original on 2016-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Nassaka|first=Flavia|date=2016-04-25|title=Time to tame family politics|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Independent Uganda|archivedate=2019-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724065140/https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624 "MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise Susan nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ Nakasero mgbe ihe mberede ụgbọ ala mere na Mpanga, Mpigi District n'okporo ụzọ Masaka mgbe ọ na-aga Kampala ịga nnọkọ ndị omeiwu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chano8|title=Woman Member Of Parliament Namaganda Dead – Chano8|url=https://chano8.com/woman-member-of-parliament-dead/|accessdate=2022-03-26|archivedate=2021-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021155535/https://chano8.com/woman-member-of-parliament-dead/}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Monitor|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 "MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 Archived] from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=BigEyeUg3|date=2015-12-11|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda Susan dead|url=https://bigeye.ug/bukomansimbi-woman-mp-namaganda-susan-dead/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=BigEye.UG|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://bigeye.ug/bukomansimbi-woman-mp-namaganda-susan-dead/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-11|title=MP Susan Namaganda Dies After Road Accident|url=https://chimpreports.com/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-road-accident/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=ChimpReports|archivedate=2020-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129165217/https://chimpreports.com/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-road-accident/}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ihe mberede ahụ mere na 11th December, 2015 n'etiti 1:00-2:00am na Mpanga Forest dị nso na kansụl obodo Mpigi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nhazi nke Democratic Party, Innocent Katerega si kwuo.<ref name=":0" /> Susan hapụrụ ụmụ atọ gụnyere nwa nwanyị dị ọnwa asaa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Namaganda bụ nwunye onye omeiwu East African Legislative Assembly Member of Parliament, Mukasa Mbidde<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> onye lụrụ ya na Disemba 2012 na agbamakwụkwọ ọdịnala a maara dị ka (Kwanjula) nke emere n'ụlọ nne na nna ya na Kisojjo Village, Kibange Sub County, Bukomansimbi District.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Our|date=2015-12-11|title=MP Namaganda dead|url=https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Eagle Online|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Mukasa Mbidde, ka enyi ya nwanyị, Fiona, mechara mee ka ọ pụta ìhè n'ememe ọdịnala Kinyarwanda.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-16|title=PICTURES: Mbidde swept by stunning Rwandan fiancee|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/features/celebrity/2019/12/pictures-mbidde-swept-by-stunning-rwandan-fiancee.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=PML Daily|archivedate=2021-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117133057/https://www.pmldaily.com/features/celebrity/2019/12/pictures-mbidde-swept-by-stunning-rwandan-fiancee.html}}</ref> == Ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke itoolu, Susan jere ozi dị ka nwanyị Member of Parliament n'okpuru Democratic Party(DP).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Observer - Uganda|archivedate=2016-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident "Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident Archived] from the original on 2016-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Susan sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 2010 mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkwa na Egy Trading and Engineering Ring na Bugolobi.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 2011, Susan jere ozi dị ka osote Onye isi oche DP National Women site na Julaị 2015, Onye otu nke Parliamentary Scripture Union na odeakwụkwọ nhazi DP Bukomansimbi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624 "MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu na Kọmitii nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ na nke Ọrụ Ugbo, Ụlọ Ọrụ Ụmụ Anụmanụ na Azụmaahịa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Monitor|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 "MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 Archived] from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Our|date=2015-12-11|title=MP Namaganda dead|url=https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Eagle Online|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFReporter2015">Reporter, Our (2015-12-11). [https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html "MP Namaganda dead"]. ''Eagle Online''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html Archived] from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gh''ọ''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624 "MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref>rọ aha a ma ama mgbe ọ lụrụ ọgụ siri ike maka ọnụahịa ngwaahịa ugbo ma kpọọ ya beyi y'abilime. Ụbọchị anọ ka Susan nwụsịrị, e tere Veronica Nanyondo mmanụ dị ka onye nọchiri ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime ezinụlọ ahụ n'ili Namaganda.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Nassaka|first=Flavia|date=2016-04-25|title=Time to tame family politics|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Independent Uganda|archivedate=2019-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724065140/https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNassaka2016">Nassaka, Flavia (2016-04-25). [https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/ "Time to tame family politics"]. ''The Independent Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190724065140/https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/ Archived] from the original on 2019-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref>  Nanyondo na-asọ mpi n'ọnọdụ nwanne ya nwanyị na ndị mmegide Democratic Party (DP) na Febụwarị 18, 2016, a họpụtara ya n'ọfịs wee merie ndị ọzọ ise.<ref name=":3" /> N'oge ọha na eze na-ekiri ozu Susan Namaganda nwụrụ anwụ nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịga nke ọma na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu, Rwampara MP, Vincent Kyamadidi kwuru na mba ahụ efunahụla onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike nke ka nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọ ga-enye ndị na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Eyotaru|first=Olive|title=Public Viewing of MP Namagandas Body Delayed|url=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/public-viewing-of-mp-namagandas-body-delayed|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Uganda Radio Network|archivedate=2018-07-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705054704/https://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/public-viewing-of-mp-namagandas-body-delayed}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke itoolu nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke iri na otu nke Uganda * Mukasa Mbidde == Ebenside == {{Reflist|30em}} rof3uryearhxdw596vi9teiu1athnxd 674430 674429 2026-07-09T09:21:31Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674430 wikitext text/x-wiki Namaganda Susan (nwụrụ n'afọ 2015) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Uganda a họpụtara na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke itoolu nke Uganda na-anọchite anya mpaghara Bukomansimbi . Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ Bukomansimbi bụ onye omeiwu n'afọ 2011 mgbe e guzobere distrikti ahụ na Julaị afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri.<ref name=":0" /> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị St. Mary nke Lourdese, na Mengo Senior School.<ref name=":1" /> Susan nwetara UCE ya na Christ the King Bulinda na 2002 tupu ọ sonye na St. Andrew Kagwa na Daniel maka ọkwa A ya.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ICT na Degree na Cisco Certified Network Associate nwetara na nzere bachelọ na Information Technology na 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Observer - Uganda|archivedate=2016-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident "Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident Archived] from the original on 2016-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2008, ọ nwetara diplọma na Cisco Certified Network ọkachamara na Mahadum Makerere.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ndụ onye == A mụrụ Namaganda na Eprel 10, 1984, nye Simon Peter Kamala na Elizabeth Sserunkuma Bbosa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Observer - Uganda|archivedate=2016-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident "Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident Archived] from the original on 2016-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Nassaka|first=Flavia|date=2016-04-25|title=Time to tame family politics|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Independent Uganda|archivedate=2019-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724065140/https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624 "MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise Susan nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ Nakasero mgbe ihe mberede ụgbọ ala mere na Mpanga, Mpigi District n'okporo ụzọ Masaka mgbe ọ na-aga Kampala ịga nnọkọ ndị omeiwu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chano8|title=Woman Member Of Parliament Namaganda Dead – Chano8|url=https://chano8.com/woman-member-of-parliament-dead/|accessdate=2022-03-26|archivedate=2021-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021155535/https://chano8.com/woman-member-of-parliament-dead/}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Monitor|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 "MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 Archived] from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=BigEyeUg3|date=2015-12-11|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda Susan dead|url=https://bigeye.ug/bukomansimbi-woman-mp-namaganda-susan-dead/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=BigEye.UG|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://bigeye.ug/bukomansimbi-woman-mp-namaganda-susan-dead/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-11|title=MP Susan Namaganda Dies After Road Accident|url=https://chimpreports.com/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-road-accident/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=ChimpReports|archivedate=2020-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129165217/https://chimpreports.com/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-road-accident/}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ihe mberede ahụ mere na 11th December, 2015 n'etiti 1:00-2:00am na Mpanga Forest dị nso na kansụl obodo Mpigi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nhazi nke Democratic Party, Innocent Katerega si kwuo.<ref name=":0" /> Susan hapụrụ ụmụ atọ gụnyere nwa nwanyị dị ọnwa asaa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Namaganda bụ nwunye onye omeiwu East African Legislative Assembly Member of Parliament, Mukasa Mbidde<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> onye lụrụ ya na Disemba 2012 na agbamakwụkwọ ọdịnala a maara dị ka (Kwanjula) nke emere n'ụlọ nne na nna ya na Kisojjo Village, Kibange Sub County, Bukomansimbi District.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Our|date=2015-12-11|title=MP Namaganda dead|url=https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Eagle Online|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Mukasa Mbidde, ka enyi ya nwanyị, Fiona, mechara mee ka ọ pụta ìhè n'ememe ọdịnala Kinyarwanda.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-16|title=PICTURES: Mbidde swept by stunning Rwandan fiancee|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/features/celebrity/2019/12/pictures-mbidde-swept-by-stunning-rwandan-fiancee.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=PML Daily|archivedate=2021-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117133057/https://www.pmldaily.com/features/celebrity/2019/12/pictures-mbidde-swept-by-stunning-rwandan-fiancee.html}}</ref> == Ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke itoolu, Susan jere ozi dị ka nwanyị Member of Parliament n'okpuru Democratic Party(DP).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Observer - Uganda|archivedate=2016-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident "Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident Archived] from the original on 2016-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Susan sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 2010 mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkwa na Egy Trading and Engineering Ring na Bugolobi.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 2011, Susan jere ozi dị ka osote Onye isi oche DP National Women site na Julaị 2015, Onye otu nke Parliamentary Scripture Union na odeakwụkwọ nhazi DP Bukomansimbi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624 "MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu na Kọmitii nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ na nke Ọrụ Ugbo, Ụlọ Ọrụ Ụmụ Anụmanụ na Azụmaahịa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Monitor|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 "MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 Archived] from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Our|date=2015-12-11|title=MP Namaganda dead|url=https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Eagle Online|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFReporter2015">Reporter, Our (2015-12-11). [https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html "MP Namaganda dead"]. ''Eagle Online''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html Archived] from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gh''ọ''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624 "MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref>rọ aha a ma ama mgbe ọ lụrụ ọgụ siri ike maka ọnụahịa ngwaahịa ugbo ma kpọọ ya beyi y'abilime. Ụbọchị anọ ka Susan nwụsịrị, e tere Veronica Nanyondo mmanụ dị ka onye nọchiri ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime ezinụlọ ahụ n'ili Namaganda.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Nassaka|first=Flavia|date=2016-04-25|title=Time to tame family politics|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Independent Uganda|archivedate=2019-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724065140/https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNassaka2016">Nassaka, Flavia (2016-04-25). [https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/ "Time to tame family politics"]. ''The Independent Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190724065140/https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/ Archived] from the original on 2019-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref>  Nanyondo na-asọ mpi n'ọnọdụ nwanne ya nwanyị na ndị mmegide Democratic Party (DP) na Febụwarị 18, 2016, a họpụtara ya n'ọfịs wee merie ndị ọzọ ise.<ref name=":3" /> N'oge ọha na eze na-ekiri ozu Susan Namaganda nwụrụ anwụ nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịga nke ọma na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu, Rwampara MP, Vincent Kyamadidi kwuru na mba ahụ efunahụla onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike nke ka nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọ ga-enye ndị na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Eyotaru|first=Olive|title=Public Viewing of MP Namagandas Body Delayed|url=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/public-viewing-of-mp-namagandas-body-delayed|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Uganda Radio Network|archivedate=2018-07-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705054704/https://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/public-viewing-of-mp-namagandas-body-delayed}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke itoolu nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke iri na otu nke Uganda * Mukasa Mbidde == Ebenside == {{Reflist|30em}} pwsat6gbxfdkhx9e0pl5gbhnotik02h 674431 674430 2026-07-09T09:22:45Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674431 wikitext text/x-wiki Namaganda Susan (nwụrụ n'afọ 2015) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Uganda a họpụtara na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke itoolu nke Uganda na-anọchite anya mpaghara Bukomansimbi . Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ Bukomansimbi bụ onye omeiwu n'afọ 2011 mgbe e guzobere distrikti ahụ na Julaị afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri.<ref name=":0" /> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị St. Mary nke Lourdese, na Mengo Senior School.<ref name=":1" /> Susan nwetara UCE ya na Christ the King Bulinda na 2002 tupu ọ sonye na St. Andrew Kagwa na Daniel maka ọkwa A ya.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ICT na Degree na Cisco Certified Network Associate nwetara na nzere bachelọ na Information Technology na 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Observer - Uganda|archivedate=2016-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident "Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident Archived] from the original on 2016-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2008, ọ nwetara diplọma na Cisco Certified Network ọkachamara na Mahadum Makerere.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ndụ onye == A mụrụ Namaganda na Eprel 10, 1984, nye Simon Peter Kamala na Elizabeth Sserunkuma Bbosa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Observer - Uganda|archivedate=2016-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident "Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident Archived] from the original on 2016-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624 "MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise Susan nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ Nakasero mgbe ihe mberede ụgbọ ala mere na Mpanga, Mpigi District n'okporo ụzọ Masaka mgbe ọ na-aga Kampala ịga nnọkọ ndị omeiwu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chano8|title=Woman Member Of Parliament Namaganda Dead – Chano8|url=https://chano8.com/woman-member-of-parliament-dead/|accessdate=2022-03-26|archivedate=2021-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021155535/https://chano8.com/woman-member-of-parliament-dead/}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Monitor|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 "MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 Archived] from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=BigEyeUg3|date=2015-12-11|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda Susan dead|url=https://bigeye.ug/bukomansimbi-woman-mp-namaganda-susan-dead/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=BigEye.UG|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://bigeye.ug/bukomansimbi-woman-mp-namaganda-susan-dead/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-11|title=MP Susan Namaganda Dies After Road Accident|url=https://chimpreports.com/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-road-accident/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=ChimpReports|archivedate=2020-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129165217/https://chimpreports.com/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-road-accident/}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ihe mberede ahụ mere na 11th December, 2015 n'etiti 1:00-2:00am na Mpanga Forest dị nso na kansụl obodo Mpigi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nhazi nke Democratic Party, Innocent Katerega si kwuo.<ref name=":0" /> Susan hapụrụ ụmụ atọ gụnyere nwa nwanyị dị ọnwa asaa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Namaganda bụ nwunye onye omeiwu East African Legislative Assembly Member of Parliament, Mukasa Mbidde<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> onye lụrụ ya na Disemba 2012 na agbamakwụkwọ ọdịnala a maara dị ka (Kwanjula) nke emere n'ụlọ nne na nna ya na Kisojjo Village, Kibange Sub County, Bukomansimbi District.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Our|date=2015-12-11|title=MP Namaganda dead|url=https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Eagle Online|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Mukasa Mbidde, ka enyi ya nwanyị, Fiona, mechara mee ka ọ pụta ìhè n'ememe ọdịnala Kinyarwanda.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-16|title=PICTURES: Mbidde swept by stunning Rwandan fiancee|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/features/celebrity/2019/12/pictures-mbidde-swept-by-stunning-rwandan-fiancee.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=PML Daily|archivedate=2021-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117133057/https://www.pmldaily.com/features/celebrity/2019/12/pictures-mbidde-swept-by-stunning-rwandan-fiancee.html}}</ref> == Ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke itoolu, Susan jere ozi dị ka nwanyị Member of Parliament n'okpuru Democratic Party(DP).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Observer - Uganda|archivedate=2016-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident "Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident Archived] from the original on 2016-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Susan sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 2010 mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkwa na Egy Trading and Engineering Ring na Bugolobi.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 2011, Susan jere ozi dị ka osote Onye isi oche DP National Women site na Julaị 2015, Onye otu nke Parliamentary Scripture Union na odeakwụkwọ nhazi DP Bukomansimbi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624 "MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu na Kọmitii nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ na nke Ọrụ Ugbo, Ụlọ Ọrụ Ụmụ Anụmanụ na Azụmaahịa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Monitor|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 "MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 Archived] from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Our|date=2015-12-11|title=MP Namaganda dead|url=https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Eagle Online|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFReporter2015">Reporter, Our (2015-12-11). [https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html "MP Namaganda dead"]. ''Eagle Online''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html Archived] from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gh''ọ''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624 "MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref>rọ aha a ma ama mgbe ọ lụrụ ọgụ siri ike maka ọnụahịa ngwaahịa ugbo ma kpọọ ya beyi y'abilime. Ụbọchị anọ ka Susan nwụsịrị, e tere Veronica Nanyondo mmanụ dị ka onye nọchiri ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime ezinụlọ ahụ n'ili Namaganda.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Nassaka|first=Flavia|date=2016-04-25|title=Time to tame family politics|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Independent Uganda|archivedate=2019-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724065140/https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNassaka2016">Nassaka, Flavia (2016-04-25). [https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/ "Time to tame family politics"]. ''The Independent Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190724065140/https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/ Archived] from the original on 2019-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref>  Nanyondo na-asọ mpi n'ọnọdụ nwanne ya nwanyị na ndị mmegide Democratic Party (DP) na Febụwarị 18, 2016, a họpụtara ya n'ọfịs wee merie ndị ọzọ ise.<ref name=":3" /> N'oge ọha na eze na-ekiri ozu Susan Namaganda nwụrụ anwụ nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịga nke ọma na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu, Rwampara MP, Vincent Kyamadidi kwuru na mba ahụ efunahụla onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike nke ka nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọ ga-enye ndị na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Eyotaru|first=Olive|title=Public Viewing of MP Namagandas Body Delayed|url=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/public-viewing-of-mp-namagandas-body-delayed|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Uganda Radio Network|archivedate=2018-07-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705054704/https://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/public-viewing-of-mp-namagandas-body-delayed}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke itoolu nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke iri na otu nke Uganda * Mukasa Mbidde == Ebenside == {{Reflist|30em}} cgtmh1sb3kpzjuvdtza9ejjr173h0n5 674432 674431 2026-07-09T09:23:36Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674432 wikitext text/x-wiki Namaganda Susan (nwụrụ n'afọ 2015) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Uganda a họpụtara na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke itoolu nke Uganda na-anọchite anya mpaghara Bukomansimbi . Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ Bukomansimbi bụ onye omeiwu n'afọ 2011 mgbe e guzobere distrikti ahụ na Julaị afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri.<ref name=":0" /> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị St. Mary nke Lourdese, na Mengo Senior School.<ref name=":1" /> Susan nwetara UCE ya na Christ the King Bulinda na 2002 tupu ọ sonye na St. Andrew Kagwa na Daniel maka ọkwa A ya.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ICT na Degree na Cisco Certified Network Associate nwetara na nzere bachelọ na Information Technology na 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Observer - Uganda|archivedate=2016-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident "Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident Archived] from the original on 2016-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2008, ọ nwetara diplọma na Cisco Certified Network ọkachamara na Mahadum Makerere.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ndụ onye == A mụrụ Namaganda na Eprel 10, 1984, nye Simon Peter Kamala na Elizabeth Sserunkuma Bbosa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Observer - Uganda|archivedate=2016-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident "Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident Archived] from the original on 2016-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624 "MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise Susan nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ Nakasero mgbe ihe mberede ụgbọ ala mere na Mpanga, Mpigi District n'okporo ụzọ Masaka mgbe ọ na-aga Kampala ịga nnọkọ ndị omeiwu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chano8|title=Woman Member Of Parliament Namaganda Dead – Chano8|url=https://chano8.com/woman-member-of-parliament-dead/|accessdate=2022-03-26|archivedate=2021-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021155535/https://chano8.com/woman-member-of-parliament-dead/}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Monitor|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 "MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 Archived] from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=BigEyeUg3|date=2015-12-11|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda Susan dead|url=https://bigeye.ug/bukomansimbi-woman-mp-namaganda-susan-dead/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=BigEye.UG|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://bigeye.ug/bukomansimbi-woman-mp-namaganda-susan-dead/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-11|title=MP Susan Namaganda Dies After Road Accident|url=https://chimpreports.com/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-road-accident/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=ChimpReports|archivedate=2020-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129165217/https://chimpreports.com/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-road-accident/}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ihe mberede ahụ mere na 11th December, 2015 n'etiti 1:00-2:00am na Mpanga Forest dị nso na kansụl obodo Mpigi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nhazi nke Democratic Party, Innocent Katerega si kwuo.<ref name=":0" /> Susan hapụrụ ụmụ atọ gụnyere nwa nwanyị dị ọnwa asaa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Namaganda bụ nwunye onye omeiwu East African Legislative Assembly Member of Parliament, Mukasa Mbidde<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> onye lụrụ ya na Disemba 2012 na agbamakwụkwọ ọdịnala a maara dị ka (Kwanjula) nke emere n'ụlọ nne na nna ya na Kisojjo Village, Kibange Sub County, Bukomansimbi District.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> Otú ọ dị, Mukasa Mbidde, ka enyi ya nwanyị, Fiona, mechara mee ka ọ pụta ìhè n'ememe ọdịnala Kinyarwanda.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-16|title=PICTURES: Mbidde swept by stunning Rwandan fiancee|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/features/celebrity/2019/12/pictures-mbidde-swept-by-stunning-rwandan-fiancee.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=PML Daily|archivedate=2021-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117133057/https://www.pmldaily.com/features/celebrity/2019/12/pictures-mbidde-swept-by-stunning-rwandan-fiancee.html}}</ref> == Ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke itoolu, Susan jere ozi dị ka nwanyị Member of Parliament n'okpuru Democratic Party(DP).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Observer - Uganda|archivedate=2016-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident "Bukomansimbi Woman MP Namaganda dies in road accident"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023418/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/41583-bukomansimbi-mp-namaganda-dies-in-road-accident Archived] from the original on 2016-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Susan sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 2010 mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkwa na Egy Trading and Engineering Ring na Bugolobi.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 2011, Susan jere ozi dị ka osote Onye isi oche DP National Women site na Julaị 2015, Onye otu nke Parliamentary Scripture Union na odeakwụkwọ nhazi DP Bukomansimbi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624 "MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu na Kọmitii nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ na nke Ọrụ Ugbo, Ụlọ Ọrụ Ụmụ Anụmanụ na Azụmaahịa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Monitor|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 "MP Susan Namaganda dies after accident"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mp-susan-namaganda-dies-after-accident-1633638 Archived] from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Our|date=2015-12-11|title=MP Namaganda dead|url=https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Eagle Online|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFReporter2015">Reporter, Our (2015-12-11). [https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html "MP Namaganda dead"]. ''Eagle Online''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215032/https://eagle.co.ug/2015/12/11/mp-namaganda-dead.html Archived] from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gh''ọ''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1413624 "MP Namaganda hailed as peace builder"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref>rọ aha a ma ama mgbe ọ lụrụ ọgụ siri ike maka ọnụahịa ngwaahịa ugbo ma kpọọ ya beyi y'abilime. Ụbọchị anọ ka Susan nwụsịrị, e tere Veronica Nanyondo mmanụ dị ka onye nọchiri ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime ezinụlọ ahụ n'ili Namaganda.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Nassaka|first=Flavia|date=2016-04-25|title=Time to tame family politics|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=The Independent Uganda|archivedate=2019-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724065140/https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNassaka2016">Nassaka, Flavia (2016-04-25). [https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/ "Time to tame family politics"]. ''The Independent Uganda''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190724065140/https://www.independent.co.ug/time-to-tame-family-politics/ Archived] from the original on 2019-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref>  Nanyondo na-asọ mpi n'ọnọdụ nwanne ya nwanyị na ndị mmegide Democratic Party (DP) na Febụwarị 18, 2016, a họpụtara ya n'ọfịs wee merie ndị ọzọ ise.<ref name=":3" /> N'oge ọha na eze na-ekiri ozu Susan Namaganda nwụrụ anwụ nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịga nke ọma na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu, Rwampara MP, Vincent Kyamadidi kwuru na mba ahụ efunahụla onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike nke ka nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọ ga-enye ndị na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Eyotaru|first=Olive|title=Public Viewing of MP Namagandas Body Delayed|url=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/public-viewing-of-mp-namagandas-body-delayed|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Uganda Radio Network|archivedate=2018-07-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705054704/https://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/public-viewing-of-mp-namagandas-body-delayed}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke itoolu nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke iri na otu nke Uganda * Mukasa Mbidde == Ebenside == {{Reflist|30em}} k8pr3oxv5xnugrrl6advguexks3ayb3 0 22300 674231 641159 2026-07-08T19:38:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|website=}}{{Databox}} '''Edvin Kanka Ćudić''' (bụ onye [[Bosnia na Herzegovina|amụrụ]] na Disemba 31, 1988 dị ka '''Edvin Ćudić'''), bụ onye Bosnia na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye nta akụkọ, na onye nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke a maara nke ọma dị ka onye ndú nke UDIK, otu na-eme mkpọsa maka ihe ndị Ruuru mmadụ na ime udo na Yugoslavia mbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biografija.org/novinarstvo/edvin-kanka-cudic/|title=Edvin Kanka Ćudić - Biografija|publisher=biografija.org|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na isiokwu ndị gụnyere ikike mmadụ, ncheta ọdịbendị, ikpe ziri ezi na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Brčko, SR Bosnia na Herzegovina (n'oge ahụ akụkụ nke Yugoslavia), Ćudić tolitere na Gračanica na Brčko. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Sarajevo na Mahadim Ankara . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ n'afọ 2012 na Mahadum Sarajevo na nzere na journalism n'afọ 2018 nwetara nzere masta ya na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fpn.unsa.ba/b/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DRUGI-CIKLUS-STUDIJA-FAKULTET-POLITI%C4%8CKIH-NAUKA-SARAJEVO-2018-1.pdf|title=Drugi ciklus studija - Fakultet političkih nauka Sarajevo, No. 40, 2018|publisher=fpn.unsa.ba|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, Ćudić sonyeere Academy of Martial Arts nke Bosnia na Herzegovina, (onye otu International Martial Arts Federation - IMAF Europe), nke Boško Vidović duziri na Brčko.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.judoforall.org/judo-directory/europe/bosnia-and-herzegovina/academy-of-martial-arts-bosnia-and-herzegovina|title=Martial Arts Academy of Bosnia and Herzegovina - judoforall|publisher=judoforall.org|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07|archivedate=2015-07-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722012512/http://www.judoforall.org/judo-directory/europe/bosnia-and-herzegovina/academy-of-martial-arts-bosnia-and-herzegovina}}</ref> N'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, Ćudić zụrụ afọ 8 wee nweta belt ojii na jūjutsu. N'afọ 2017 n'otu Academy ahụ, o nwetara belt ojii na jūdō.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biografija.org/novinarstvo/edvin-kanka-cudic/|title=Edvin Kanka Ćudić - Biografija|publisher=biografija.org|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> Na 2022 ọ ghọrọ nna ukwu nke aikido.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aiki.rs/dan_ispiti.html|title=Dan ispiti - 2022|publisher=aiki.rs|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> Site na 2006 ruo 2008 ọ bụ onye nkuzi jūjutsu na ụlọ akwụkwọ martial arts nke Academy of Martial Arts nke Bosnia na Herzegovina, na Donji Žabar na Gornji Zovik nso Brčko.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.udik.org/sarajevo/osnivac/|title=Founder|publisher=udik.org|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Edvin_kanka_cudic_florence_hartmann.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Edvin_kanka_cudic_florence_hartmann.jpg/220px-Edvin_kanka_cudic_florence_hartmann.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Edvin Kanka Ćudić na onye nta akụkọ French Florence Hartmann, 2012]] [[Usòrò:Edvin_kanka_cudic_nora_cortinas.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Edvin_kanka_cudic_nora_cortinas.jpg/220px-Edvin_kanka_cudic_nora_cortinas.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Edvin Kanka Ćudić na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ n'Argentina Nora Morales de Cortiñas, 2015]] Dị ka onye nta akụkọ, ya na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi mpaghara rụkọtara ọrụ, gụnyere Monitor, Oslobođenje na Danas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oslobodjenje.ba/autor/edvin-kanka-cudic-500089|title=Articles by Edvin Kanka Ćudić - Oslobođenje|publisher=oslobodjenje.ba|date=19 October 2022 |accessdate=2022-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.me/?s=Edvin+kanka+%C4%87udi%C4%87|title=Articles by Edvin Kanka Ćudić - Monitor|publisher=monitor.co.me|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na mgbasa ozi ndị a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na redio na telivishọn dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnywJP5TAgc&t=11s|title=Zločin bez kazne: Živa spaljena - TV Alfa Sarajevo|publisher=youtube.com|date=27 June 2012|accessdate=2019-08-12}}</ref> Iji kwalite udo na usoro ime udo na nke ime udo na Yugoslavia mbụ, Ćudić esorowo ndị ọkachamara obodo na ndị mba ọzọ, ndị na-ese ihe, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị nta akụkọ, yana ndị prọfesọ gburugburu ụwa rụkọọ ọrụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ: Roy Gutman, Ron Haviv, Stjepan Mesić, Florence Hartmann, Robert King, Rémy Ourdan wdg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infobiro.ba/author/23290|title=Edvin Kanka Ćudić - Infobiro|publisher=infobiro.ba|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07|archivedate=2019-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804165631/http://www.infobiro.ba/author/23290}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ọ bịanyere [[Nkwuputa N'asụsụ Dị N'Otu|aka na nkwupụta na Asụsụ Ndị Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia na Montenegro]].<ref>[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XVGV5Z306SeDFzpdpUHhfeK-voAFdaakS48LqXfGozA/pubhtml Signatories of the Declaration on the Common Language], official website, retrieved on 2018-08-16.</ref> N'afọ 2013, Edvin Kanka Ćudić guzobere ma ghọọ onye nhazi nke UDIK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.udik.org/sarajevo/founder/?lang=en|title=Founder – UDIK|publisher=|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.znamo.ba/edvin-kanka-cudic-o-udik-u-kako-smo-nastali-kome-smetamo-i-kako-nam-prijete/|title=Edvin Kanka Ćudić o UDIK-u: Kako smo nastali, kome smetano i kako nam prijete|publisher=znamo.ba|accessdate=18 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117110834/http://www.znamo.ba/edvin-kanka-cudic-o-udik-u-kako-smo-nastali-kome-smetamo-i-kako-nam-prijete/|archivedate=17 January 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya na Kansụl Ógbè nke RECOM Reconciliation Network. Na UDIK, ọ malitere ime ihe ike, site na ncheta ọha na eze a raara nye ndị agha gara aga merụrụ ahụ na Yugoslavia (1991-2001). N'oge ahụ, e mere ụfọdụ mpụ agha na nke mbụ na Sarajevo, yana n'obodo ndị ọzọ dị na Bosnia na Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro na Serbia. Ememe ncheta ndị a chọtara Ćudić na otu n'ime ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ a ma ama na Bosnia na Herzegovina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/udik-obiljezio-23-godisnjicu-stradanja-civila-u-selu-trusina-kod-konjica/160415083|title=UDIK obilježio 23. godišnjicu stradanja civila u selu Trusina|publisher=klix.ba|date=15 April 2016|accessdate=2019-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/u-sarajevu-odata-pocast-zrtvama-vukovara/131117036|title=U Sarajevu odata počast žrtvama Vukovara|publisher=klix.ba|date=17 November 2013|accessdate=2019-08-12}}</ref> Site n'omume na mgbalị ya, o nyere aka iburu mpụ ndị ahụ na Kazani n'isi. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị malitere iwu ihe ncheta na saịtị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oslobodjenje.ba/dosjei/intervjui/edvin-kanka-cudic-sarajlije-vise-ne-poricu-zlocine-na-kazanima-669926|title=Edvin Kanka Ćudić: Sarajlije više ne poriču zločine na Kazanima|publisher=oslobodjenje.ba|date=2017-08-05|accessdate=2020-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/udik-danas-se-navrsava-28-godina-od-monstruoznih-zlocina-na-kazanima/|title=UDIK: Danas se navršava 28 godina od monstruoznih zločina na Kazanima|publisher=danas.rs|date=2017-08-05|accessdate=2020-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Priča koja ne govori samo o zločinu: Moji roditelji nemaju grob, zaklali su ih na Kazanima|url=https://www.oslobodjenje.ba/dosjei/teme/prica-koja-ne-govori-samo-o-zlocinu-moji-roditelji-nemaju-grob-zaklali-su-ih-na-kazanima-598656?fbclid=IwAR05WmB_bcEA4refjNZYg5pjk3EAcHJQ2G8LDCfAg7z6knxXIvx0EcHI6lg|publisher=Oslobođenje|author=Edina Kamenica|year=2020|accessdate=2020-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/bs/kazani-zona-odgovornosti-cacine-brigade/a-18022201--|title=Edvin Kanka Ćudić poručuje: Za spomenik ubijenim na Kazanima ne postoji politička podrška|publisher=source.ba|date=2016-10-25|accessdate=2018-08-31}}</ref> == Arụmụka == Ọ na-abụkarị onye iyi egwu site n'aka ndị homophobic na ndị na-ahụ mba n'anya nke agbụrụ niile na Bosnia na Herzegovina. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2014, ọ bịara n'ihu ọha n'oge ọgba aghara na Bosnia na Herzegovina. Dị ka onye nhazi nke ngagharị iwe na Brčko District, ọ natara ihe karịrị otu narị egwu ọnwụ. N'ọnwa Julaị, Dino Šimunjak, onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na esemokwu Israel na Palestine, yiri ya egwu, onye gwara ya n'ihu ọha: "Ị gaghị esi na nke a pụta, Ćudić".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bljesak.info/rubrika/vijesti/clanak/preko-interneta-pozivaju-na-linc-mirovnog-aktiviste-iz-brckog/76443|title=Preko interneta pozivaju na linč mirovnog aktiviste iz Brčkog - Bljesak.info|publisher=bljesak.info|date=10 February 2014|accessdate=2016-11-26|archivedate=2017-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806020359/http://www.bljesak.info/rubrika/vijesti/clanak/preko-interneta-pozivaju-na-linc-mirovnog-aktiviste-iz-brckog/76443}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zenskamreza.ba/en/public-reaction-regarding-the-threats-to-activist-of-udik-edvin-cudic/|title=Public reaction regarding the threats to activist of UDIK – Edvin Kanka Ćudić – Ženska mreža BiH|publisher=zenskamreza.ba|date=12 February 2014|accessdate=2016-11-26|archivedate=2018-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161724/http://zenskamreza.ba/en/public-reaction-regarding-the-threats-to-activist-of-udik-edvin-cudic/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/brcak-iz-izraela-prijeti-clanovima-udik-a-neces-se-izvuci-iz-ovoga-cudicu/140724130|title=Brčak iz Izraela prijet članovima UDIK-a: Nećeš se izvući iz ovoga Ćudiću – Klix|publisher=klix.ba|date=24 July 2014|accessdate=2016-11-26}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2015, n'ihu Katidral Obi Dị Nsọ na Sarajevo, mgbe UDIK na-echeta ncheta ncheta nke ogbugbu Štrpci, otu ìgwè ndị hooligans wakporo Edvin Kanka Ćudić. N'oge ahụ, ha kwuru na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ga-aga icheta mpụ na Banja Luka, na-ezo aka na akara mpụ UDIK na Kravica na Jenụwarị 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mreza-mira.net/vijesti/aktivnosti-mreze/saopstenje-mreze-za-izgradnju-mira-povodom-nada-na-aktiviste-udik/|title=Saopštenje Mreže za izgradnju mira povodom napada na aktiviste/kinje UDIK-a|publisher=mreza-mira.net|date=24 July 2014|accessdate=5 August 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee, n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ UDIK na Sarajevo, a wakporo ya na onye ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe UDIK. Naanị ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị, mwakpo yiri nke ahụ mere n'otu ebe ahụ. Onye nnọchi anya US na Bosnia na Herzegovina, Maureen Cormack, meghachiri omume ma kwuo na ọ bụ ihe a na-ekwe sịghị ekwesị ịwakpo onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Bosnia na herzegovina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vijesti.ba/clanak/272304/americka-ambasada-osvijetljena-duginim-bojama|title=Američka ambasada u duginim bojama|publisher=Vijesti.ba|date=24 July 2014|accessdate=5 August 2017|archivedate=5 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805221510/http://vijesti.ba/clanak/272304/americka-ambasada-osvijetljena-duginim-bojama}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba, n'ihu Katidral Obi Dị Nsọ na Sarajevo na Sarajevo, mgbe UDIK na-echeta ncheta nke mpụ ndị ahụ na Kazani, otu onye omekome na-anwa ịwakpo Edvin Kanka Ćudić. Ndị uwe ojii jidere onye mwakpo ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya, mana ha tọhapụrụ ya ozugbo ma ghara ikpe ya ikpe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-No3nlRpAAw|title=Sjećanje na žrtve stradanja na Kazanima|publisher=youtube.com|date=25 October 2015|accessdate=2019-04-10}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2017 Ćudić, wakporo ọzọ na Sarajevo, ya na ndị UDIK abụọ ndị ọzọ. Mwakpo ahụ mere n'akụkụ ụlọ omebe iwu nke Bosnia na Herzegovina. N'oge ahụ, ụmụ okorobịa ji nkume wakpo ya ma kpọọ ya ''Chetnik'' (onye Serb na-akwado mba n'aka nri).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.faktor.ba/vijest/u-sarajevu-napadnuti-aktivisti-udik-a-236114|title=U Sarajevu napadnuti aktivisti UDIK-a|publisher=faktor.ba|date=11 February 2017|accessdate=5 August 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị, ndị a na-amaghị ama mebiri ụgbọala ya kwụsịrị n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ UDIK na Sarajevo. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2019, Ćudić kwadoro ngagharị LGBT mbụ nke Bosnia na Herzegovina na ajụjụ ọnụ maka ọnụ ụzọ ịntanetị Source.ba. N'ihi nkọwa na-ezighi ezi nke ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, ọkachasị n'akụkụ metụtara ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ụwa ndị Arab, ọ natara ọtụtụ egwu (gụnyere ọgwụgwọ ọnwụ) site n'aka ndị Alakụba si Bosnia na Herzegovina na Sandžak. Ndị Fundamentalists kwukwara na ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ahazi Parade ahụ. Ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị, UDIK gọnahụrụ na ọ haziri ngagharị ahụ, mana UDIK kwadoro ya ma gosipụta ịdị n'otu nye ndị niile a na-eyi egwu ma ọ bụ napụ ha ikike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://source.ba/clanak/BiH/492432/dt|title=Iz UDIK-a poručili: Edvin Kanka Ćudić dobio veliki broj prijetnji i pozivanja na linč, nismo organizatori "povorke ponosa"|publisher=source.ba|date=7 April 2019|accessdate=2019-04-07}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị, a wakporo Ćudić na ndị ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe UDIK n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ UDIK dị na Sarajevo. N'oge a, ndị mwakpo ahụ kpọrọ ya ''onye ndú'' ''Fags''. Ćudić sere foto nke ndị mwakpo ma kọọrọ Ngalaba Ndị Uwe Ojii Novo Sarajevo ikpe ahụ. Ndị uwe ojii echebaraghị foto ndị ahụ echiche n'oge nyocha ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://depo.ba/clanak/191242/u-sarajevu-napali-edvina-kanku-cudica-i-vikali-vodo-pedera-zasto-policija-nije-zatrazila-fotografiju-napadaca|title=U Sarajevu napali Edvina Kanku Ćudića i vikali 'vođo pedera': Zašto policija nije zatražila fotografiju napadača?!|publisher=depo.ba|date=16 July 2019|accessdate=2019-07-16}}</ref> Federal Ministry of Interior nke Bosnia na Herzegovina enwetụbeghị ikpe ndị mwakpo ahụ. == Ọrụ == * ''Taj maj '92''. (Brčko, 2012) * N'ihi ya, ọ bụ otu ihe pụrụ iche n'ime obodo ahụ (Sarajevo, 2019) == Nsọpụrụ == N'af''ọ'' 2012, onye Bosnian na-ede uri Adem Deniz Garić raara ya nye nke akpọrọ uril ne treba da šutiš (Na ọ dịghị mkpa ka ị gbachie nkịtị).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/adem-deniz-gari%C4%87/i-ne-treba-da-%C5%A1uti%C5%A1/474896692539086/?hc_ref=ARRnCIYcTIDPfNEg-7maBJ4nGViJbmHRCcVeQYPh5SpG9f8uoSvxGEgKztDIv6HsJGE|title=I ne treba da šutiš - Adem Garić|publisher=Adem Garić|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> E dere uri ahụ dị ka nzaghachi nye isiokwu Ćudić nke dị n'okpuru (''Agaghị m agbachi nkịtị''), nke e bipụtara na 2012 n'oge ncheta nke mgbukpọ agbụrụ na Srebrenica. N'afọ 2014 na 2018, na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu akụkọ ndụ ''Ko je ko u BiH'' (Ònye bụ Ònye na B&H), edepụtara Edvin Kanka Ćudić n'etiti ndị kachasị mkpa na Bosnia na Herzegovina taa, nke site na ọrụ ha na omume ha na-enye aka na Bosnia na herzegovina ka mma ma na-eme ka mba a bụrụ ebe obi ụtọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://novovrijeme.ba/ko-je-ko-u-bih-knjiga-o-najznacajnijim-licnostima-bih/|title=Ko je ko u BiH - knjiga o najznačajnijim ličnostima u BiH - Novo Vrijeme|publisher=novovrijeme.ba|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030115344/http://novovrijeme.ba/ko-je-ko-u-bih-knjiga-o-najznacajnijim-licnostima-bih/|archivedate=30 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kojekoubih.ba/sadrzaj-biografskog-leksikona-ko-je-ko-u-bih-izdanje-2014-2018/|title=Sadržaj biografskog leksikona Ko je ko u BiH – izdanje 2014–2018 – Ko je ko u BiH|publisher=kojekoubih.ba|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317020523/http://www.kojekoubih.ba/sadrzaj-biografskog-leksikona-ko-je-ko-u-bih-izdanje-2014-2018/|archivedate=17 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kojekoubih.ba/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/sadrzaj-PRVI-TOM.pdf|title=Sadržaj biografskog leksikona Ko je ko u BiH – izdanje 2018–2022 – Ko je ko u BiH|publisher=kojekoubih.ba|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=2016-05-07|archivedate=2018-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510190119/https://kojekoubih.ba/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/sadrzaj-PRVI-TOM.pdf}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, onye France a mụrụ na Bosnia bụ Mirza Morić mepụtara ihe ncheta a raara nye ndị nkịtị nwụrụ na Brčko (1992-1995). Morić dere akụkọ ahụ dum a na-akpọ "Tụlee m ga-akpọ ha asị", nke Edvin Kanka Ćudić dere n'afọ 2011. E debere ihe ncheta ahụ na Paris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/magazin/kultura/kipar-mirza-moric-napravio-skulpturu-u-cast-ubijenim-brcacima/190422030|title=Kipar Mirza Morić napravio skulpturu u čast ubijenim Brčacima - Klix|publisher=klix.ba|date=30 March 2019|accessdate=2019-03-30}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, Edvin Kanka Ćudić meriri n'ọkwa nke abụọ maka Emerging Europe Award na ngalaba: Young Influencer of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://emerging-europe.com/news/emerging-europe-recognises-its-champions/|title=Emerging Europe recognises its champions - Emerging Europe|publisher=emerging-europe.com|date=30 March 2019|accessdate=2019-03-30}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, onye Bosnia na-ede uri Erbein Osmanović, raara ya nye uri ''Geronimo''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scontent.fsjj1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/294192783_10228517164456796_8708348467390629947_n.jpg?_nc_cat=110&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=8bfeb9&_nc_ohc=seFKca23-zsAX9j0nVf&_nc_ht=scontent.fsjj1-1.fna&oh=00_AT8QSU36KLRJPSc2m4PG-22rNg1bDrl-ZUYz-O4HIpfOhg&oe=633715B7|title=Geronimo - Edvin Kanka Ćudić|publisher=Edvin Kanka Ćudić|date=30 March 2019|accessdate=2022-09-25|archivedate=2022-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926185630/https://scontent.fsjj1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/294192783_10228517164456796_8708348467390629947_n.jpg?_nc_cat=110&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=8bfeb9&_nc_ohc=seFKca23-zsAX9j0nVf&_nc_ht=scontent.fsjj1-1.fna&oh=00_AT8QSU36KLRJPSc2m4PG-22rNg1bDrl-ZUYz-O4HIpfOhg&oe=633715B7}}</ref> == Ndemsibia == <div style="height: 500px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px;text-align: left; border: 1px solid #000000;"> <references group="" responsive="0"></references> </div> * (in Spanish) [https://www.elpais.com/internacional/2018/11/07/actualidad/1541612115_961961.html%3foutputType=amp La memoria, última trinchera de la guerra de Bosnia]— an interview with Edvin Kanka Ćudić in ''[[El País]]'' {{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=Position created}} {{s-ttl|title=[[UDIK|Coordinator of UDIK]]|years=2013–}} {{s-inc}} {{s-bef|before=Dženana Karup Druško}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Initiative for RECOM|Member of the Regional Council of the RECOM Reconciliation Network for Bosnia nad Herzegovina]]|years=2019–}} {{s-inc}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cudic, Edvin Kanka}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị bịanyere aka na Nkwupụta N'asụsụ Dị N'Otu]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s254yyoh2ilfnjpofs12a3kcd0np00i 0 22316 674315 577980 2026-07-08T23:00:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674315 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Emilia_Broomé.jpg|thumb|Emilia Broomé]]   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Emilia Augusta Clementina Broomé''', née ''Lothigius'' (13 Jenụwarị 1866 - 2 Juun 1925), bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sweden (nke [[Liberalism|nnwere onwe]]), onye na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị na onye na-eme udo. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na nzukọ omeiwu Sweden (1914). == Ndụ == A mụrụ Emilia Broomé na 13 Ọktoba n'afọ 1866 na Jönköping. A zụlitere ya na Jön köping, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụnwanyị dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="Steinrud">{{Cite web|author=Steinrud|first=Marie|title=Emilia Augusta Clementina Broomé|url=https://www.skbl.se/en/article/EmiliaBroome|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref> E nyere ya akara ugo mmụta ọkachamara na Wallinska skolan n'afọ 1883 ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkà ihe ọmụma na ọgwụ na Uppsala n'afọ 1884. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na ụlọ akwụkwọ Anna Whitlock na [[Stockholm]].<ref name="Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek">{{Cite web|title=Emilia Broomé|url=http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/fred/biografier/broome.xml|work=Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek|accessdate=7 June 2019|archivedate=17 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617043038/http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/fred/biografier/broome.xml}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke ''Stockholmsföreningen för kvinnans'' négoci rösträtt (The Stockholm Branch of the National Association for Women's Suffrage) site na ntọala ya n'afọ 1902 ruo 1906.<ref name="Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek"/> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị nduzi nke Centralförbundet för Socialt Arbete [sv] (The Society for Social Welfare) na 1904-1925, na onye otu Stockholm Direction of Education.<ref name="Steinrud"/> Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Peace union of the women of Sweden, site n'afọ o guzobere ya n'afọ 1898 ruo mgbe ọ jikọtara ya na Swedish peace union n'afọ 1911, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya Sweden na nzukọ udo mba ụwa na Haag na 1899.<ref name="Women In Peace">{{Cite web|title=Emilia Broomé|url=https://www.womeninpeace.org/b-names/2017/4/24/emilia-broome|work=Women In Peace|accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="Rosengren">{{Cite web|author=Rosengren|first=H.|title=Emilia A C Broomé (f. Lothigius)|url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Mobil/Artikel/17035|work=Riksarkivet|accessdate=7 June 2019|archivedate=8 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008130023/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Mobil/Artikel/17035}}</ref> A họpụtara Emilia Broomé maka ntuli aka na Stockholm City Council n'afọ 1910 na afọ 1911. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye kansụl obodo n'oge ntuli aka ikpeazụ ma jee ozi n'afọ 1911 na afọ 1924. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke ụmụnwanyị nwere nnwere onwe 1917-1920.<ref name="Steinrud"/> Emilia Broomé bụ nwanyị Sweden mbụ so na kọmitii iwu steeti Sweden (''Lagberedningen''), nke kwadebere maka iwu ọhụrụ na nke o jere ozi dị ka onye otu na 1914-1918. O sonyere n'ide iwu alụmdi na nwunye a gbanwere agbanwe na 1920, nke e mere ka ndị ikom na ndị inyom hara nhata ma kwupụta na nwanyị lụrụ di nwere ọtụtụ n'ime iwu; na iwu nke ụgwọ ọrụ hà nhata maka ndị ikom na ụmụnwanyị na 1921; na iwu (Behörighetslagen) nke nyere ụmụnwanyị ikike ịrụ ọrụ niile na 1923.<ref name="Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek"/> == Hụkwa == * Hanna Lindberg * Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme udo == Ebensidee == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Ebe e si nweta ya == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210412221725/http://www2.ub.gu.se/fasta/laban/erez/kvinnohistoriska/tidskrifter/idun/1911/pdf/1911_11.pdf Ub.gu.se] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210412220145/http://www2.ub.gu.se/kvinndata/digtid/03/1911/dagny1911_11.pdf Ub.gu.se] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402115717/http://www.historisktidskrift.se/fulltext/2004-4/pdf/HT_2004-4_851-858_nilsson.pdf Historisktidskrift.se] * Barbro Hedvall (2011). Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist. red. Vår rättmätiga dị larịị. Om kvinnornas kamp för rösträtt.. Förlag Bonnier  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-91-7424-119-8|978-91-7424-119-8]] == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Emilia Broomé at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon {{Authority control}} 1xlcnobyixd6lmixf8ax50kx7dbc27s 0 22389 674453 138295 2026-07-09T09:41:58Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nandagire Christine Ndiwalana''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Uganda. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu na ntuli aka nke afọ 2021, dị ka onye omeiwu National Unity Platform na-anọchite anya Bukomansimbi North na Bukomansimb District .<ref name="Express" /> == Ndụ == Nandagire Christine Ndiwalana nwere nzere bachelọ na ọgwụ na ịwa ahụ na Mahadum Makerere.<ref name="Kiza">{{Cite web|author=Christopher Kiza|title=Sebamala Seeks to Unseat VP Sekandi as DP Unveils 2021 Contestants for Greater Masaka|work=Chimp Reports|date=20 August 2019|url=https://chimpreports.com/sebamala-seeks-to-unseat-vp-sekandi-as-dp-unveils-2021-contestants-for-greater-masaka/|accessdate=21 February 2021}}</ref> A maara ya na mbụ dị ka '''Christine Nandagire''', ọ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Nandagire Christine Ndiwalana site na ntuli aka na 2018.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Advertisements|journal=The Uganda Gazette|url=https://gazettes.africa/archive/ug/2019/ug-government-gazette-dated-2019-03-07-no-10.pdf|volume=112|issue=2|date=7 March 2019|pages=357–8}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2019, a mara ọkwa na ọ bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Democratic Party ga-asọ mpi Bukomansimbi North na Bukomansimb District.<ref name="Kiza">{{Cite web|author=Christopher Kiza|title=Sebamala Seeks to Unseat VP Sekandi as DP Unveils 2021 Contestants for Greater Masaka|work=Chimp Reports|date=20 August 2019|url=https://chimpreports.com/sebamala-seeks-to-unseat-vp-sekandi-as-dp-unveils-2021-contestants-for-greater-masaka/|accessdate=21 February 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChristopher_Kiza2019">Christopher Kiza (20 August 2019). [https://chimpreports.com/sebamala-seeks-to-unseat-vp-sekandi-as-dp-unveils-2021-contestants-for-greater-masaka/ "Sebamala Seeks to Unseat VP Sekandi as DP Unveils 2021 Contestants for Greater Masaka"]. ''Chimp Reports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> O mechara kwaga na National Unity Platform . Mgbe esemokwu dị n'ime ụlọ kewara National Resistance Movement n'ógbè ahụ, Ọ meriri onye omeiwu nọ n'ọkwa Ruth Katushabe ka a họpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka 2021-26.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ezekiel Ssekweyama|title=NRM Leaders in Bukomansimbi Divided as Campaigns Commence|work=Uganda Radio Network|date=10 November 2020|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/nrm-leaders-in-bukomansimbi-divided-as-campaigns-commence|accessdate=21 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Express">{{Cite news|title=LIST: 59 NUP Elected MPs for the 11th Parliament|date=18 January 2021|work=Daily Express|url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2021/01/18/list-59-nup-elected-mps-for-the-11th-parliament/|accessdate=21 February 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2021/01/18/list-59-nup-elected-mps-for-the-11th-parliament/ "LIST: 59 NUP Elected MPs for the 11th Parliament"]. ''Daily Express''. 18 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4dxt1weesq7q3qt2f0pugoxuwn2hg0u 674454 674453 2026-07-09T09:43:03Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nandagire Christine Ndiwalana''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Uganda. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu na ntuli aka nke afọ 2021, dị ka onye omeiwu National Unity Platform na-anọchite anya Bukomansimbi North na Bukomansimb District .<ref name="Express" /> == Ndụ == Nandagire Christine Ndiwalana nwere nzere bachelọ na ọgwụ na ịwa ahụ na Mahadum Makerere.<ref name="Kiza" /> A maara ya na mbụ dị ka '''Christine Nandagire''', ọ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Nandagire Christine Ndiwalana site na ntuli aka na 2018.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Advertisements|journal=The Uganda Gazette|url=https://gazettes.africa/archive/ug/2019/ug-government-gazette-dated-2019-03-07-no-10.pdf|volume=112|issue=2|date=7 March 2019|pages=357–8}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2019, a mara ọkwa na ọ bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Democratic Party ga-asọ mpi Bukomansimbi North na Bukomansimb District.<ref name="Kiza">{{Cite web|author=Christopher Kiza|title=Sebamala Seeks to Unseat VP Sekandi as DP Unveils 2021 Contestants for Greater Masaka|work=Chimp Reports|date=20 August 2019|url=https://chimpreports.com/sebamala-seeks-to-unseat-vp-sekandi-as-dp-unveils-2021-contestants-for-greater-masaka/|accessdate=21 February 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChristopher_Kiza2019">Christopher Kiza (20 August 2019). [https://chimpreports.com/sebamala-seeks-to-unseat-vp-sekandi-as-dp-unveils-2021-contestants-for-greater-masaka/ "Sebamala Seeks to Unseat VP Sekandi as DP Unveils 2021 Contestants for Greater Masaka"]. ''Chimp Reports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> O mechara kwaga na National Unity Platform . Mgbe esemokwu dị n'ime ụlọ kewara National Resistance Movement n'ógbè ahụ, Ọ meriri onye omeiwu nọ n'ọkwa Ruth Katushabe ka a họpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka 2021-26.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ezekiel Ssekweyama|title=NRM Leaders in Bukomansimbi Divided as Campaigns Commence|work=Uganda Radio Network|date=10 November 2020|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/nrm-leaders-in-bukomansimbi-divided-as-campaigns-commence|accessdate=21 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Express">{{Cite news|title=LIST: 59 NUP Elected MPs for the 11th Parliament|date=18 January 2021|work=Daily Express|url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2021/01/18/list-59-nup-elected-mps-for-the-11th-parliament/|accessdate=21 February 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2021/01/18/list-59-nup-elected-mps-for-the-11th-parliament/ "LIST: 59 NUP Elected MPs for the 11th Parliament"]. ''Daily Express''. 18 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7snfrmbqsfhny3qy3wffa9r7ug0e4uy 0 23183 674142 102254 2026-07-08T14:59:52Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mmamoloko Tryphosa Kubayi''' (amụrụ na 8 Mee, na afọ 1978) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[South Africa]] bụ Minista nke Ebe Obibi Mmadụ na onye otu National Assembly maka African National Congress (ANC). Ọ bụ Minista nke Energy na afọ 2017, Minista nke Communications site na afo 2017 ruo na afọ 2018, Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ site na afo 2018 ruo na afọ 2019, na Minista nke Njem site na afo 2019 ruo na afọ 2021. == Mbido ndụ, agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Mmamoloko Kubayi ma zụlite ya na Soweto. Ya na ezinụlọ ya biri n'otu ụlọ. Nne ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ na onye na-akwado African National Congress. Kubayi tụụrụ ime mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa wee mụọ nwa nwoke. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Thusa-Setjhaba Secondary School na afọ 1997 dị ka onye kachasị mma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ma mesịa tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Soweto nke Mahadum Vista wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA Degree na Psychology na Sociology n'afọ 2000. O nwetara diplọma Project Management na Damelin n'afọ 2002.<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse">{{Cite news|author=Blignaut|first=Charl|title=Kubayi-Ngubane: From pregnant teen to political powerhouse|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse-20171216|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 December 2018}}</ref> Kubayi bu ụzọ were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye mmepe obodo na ngalaba na-abụghị nke gọmentị. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na First National Bank dị ka ọkachamara na mmepe nka, ma, mgbe e mesịrị, chọta ọrụ na ngalaba ụlọ akụ azụmahịa na Nedbank. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ọha na eze dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmepe nka na National Health Laboratory Services.<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse" /> N'afọ 2015, o nwetara nzere masta na Public Administration na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand .<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ramaphosa names Nkhensani Kubayi-Ngubane as South Africa’s new Tourism Minister|url=https://voyagesafriq.com/2019/05/30/ramaphosa-names-nkhensani-kubayi-ngubane-as-south-africas-new-tourism-minister/|work=voyagesafriq|accessdate=31 August 2019|date=30 May 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ime ihe ike == Kubayi, mgbe ọ ka nọ na Mahadum Vista, sonyeere ANC Youth League ma họpụta ya na SRC nke mahadum ahụ. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na National Health Laboratory Services, ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi n'oge na-adịghị anya n'ọfịs nke osote onye isi ala nke obodo South Africa, [[Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka]].<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse">{{Cite news|author=Blignaut|first=Charl|title=Kubayi-Ngubane: From pregnant teen to political powerhouse|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse-20171216|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 December 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlignaut2018">Blignaut, Charl (17 December 2018). [https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse-20171216 "Kubayi-Ngubane: From pregnant teen to political powerhouse"]. ''News24''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="businesslive">{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2006, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ ANC PR nke obodo Johannesburg wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Portfolio nke obodo ahụ na Transport. N'oge ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye otu Provincial Executive Council (PEC) nke ANC Youth League na Gauteng ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ ghọrọ osote odeakwụkwọ mpaghara nke ANCYL.<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse">{{Cite news|author=Blignaut|first=Charl|title=Kubayi-Ngubane: From pregnant teen to political powerhouse|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse-20171216|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 December 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlignaut2018">Blignaut, Charl (17 December 2018). [https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse-20171216 "Kubayi-Ngubane: From pregnant teen to political powerhouse"]. ''News24''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="businesslive">{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/ "Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA"]. ''BusinessLIVE''. 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara Kubayi ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu n'afọ 2009. Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ndị omeiwu nye osote onye isi ala nke South Africa, Kgalema Motlanthe.<ref name="businesslive">{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/ "Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA"]. ''BusinessLIVE''. 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'ikike ya dị ka onye omeiwu, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka Kọmitii Ndị omeiwu na agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ dị elu, ndị otu iwu na arịrịọ. Ọ bụkwa onye na-anọchite anya Deputy Chief Whip nke ANC Caucus na onye otu Standing Committee on Appropriations, the Rules Committee na the Programming Committee. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Telecommunications na Postal Services Portfolio Committees.<ref name="businesslive">{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/ "Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA"]. ''BusinessLIVE''. 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Na Maachị, na afọ 2017, Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma họpụtara ya dị ka Minista ọhụrụ nke Ike. Ọ nọchiri Tina Joemat-Pettersson. A na-ahụ nhọpụta ya dị ka ọganihu maka mmejuputa nkwekọrịta nuklia na-ese okwu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Davis|first=Gaye|title=Rise and rise: New energy minister marks one of Zuma's biggest promotions|url=https://ewn.co.za/2017/03/31/new-energy-minister-marks-one-of-zuma-s-biggest-promotions|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=EWN|date=31 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Zuma names 10 new ministers, 10 new deputies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-names-10-new-ministers-10-new-deputies-8424900|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=IOL|date=31 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=#CabinetReshuffle: Meet your new cabinet ministers|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/cabinetreshuffle-meet-your-new-cabinet-ministers-8447591|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=IOL|date=1 April 2017}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge ruo n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2017 mgbe a kpọrọ ya Minista nke nkwukọrịta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BREAKING: Zuma reshuffles Cabinet|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/breaking-zuma-reshuffles-cabinet-20171017|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 October 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2018, onye isi ala ọhụrụ a họpụtara Cyril Ramaphosa mara ọkwa na ọ bụ Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ.<ref>[https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-26-ramaphosa-cabinet-reshuffle-february-2018 New deputy president, finance minister announced in major Cabinet reshuffle], ''Mail & Guardian'', 26 February 2018. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.</ref> Mgbe ntuli aka nke Mee 2019 gasịrị, a họpụtara Kubayi ka ọ bụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka njem nleta, na-anọchi Derek Hanekom.<ref>Nicolson, Greg. [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-29-ramaphosa-cuts-cabinet-from-36-to-28-ministers-half-of-whom-are-women/ Ramaphosa cuts Cabinet from 36 to 28 ministers, half of whom are women], ''The Daily Maverick'', 29 May 2019. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.</ref> N'ọnwa Juun na afọ 2021, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ minista na-ahụ maka ahụike mgbe e nyere Zweli Mkhize ezumike maka ebubo nrụrụ aka.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dludla|first=Nqobile|date=8 June 2021|title=South Africa's health minister put on special leave over graft allegations|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africas-health-minister-put-special-leave-over-graft-allegations-2021-06-08/|accessdate=5 August 2021}}</ref> N'oge mgbanwe nke kansụl na 5 Ọgọstụ, na afọ 2021, onye isi ala Ramaphosa họpụtara Kubayi dị ka Minista nke Ebe obibi mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 August 2021|title=Cabinet reshuffle: Meet your new ministers of health, defence and in the presidency|work=News24|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/analysis/cabinet-reshuffle-meet-your-new-ministers-of-health-defence-and-in-the-presidency-20210805|accessdate=5 August 2021}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ Joel Sihle Ngubane na 16 Septemba na afọ 2017 wee kewaa n'ọnwa Eprel, na afọ 2021. Ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm.<ref>[https://city-press.news24.com/News/ministers-husband-in-r11m-tender-conflict-20190311 Husband’s old R11m tender haunts minister], ''City Press'', 11 March 2019. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.</ref> == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.pa.org.za/person/mmamoloko-tryphosa-kubayi/ Ms Mmamoloko Tryphosa Kubayi-Ngubane na Nzukọ Ndị Mmadụ] * Mmamoloko Kubayi-Ngubane, Ms na Gọọmentị South Africa [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ọmụmụ afọ 1978]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] di9ix2m995n5xfdgxm6fswpihsdwooo 674144 674142 2026-07-08T15:00:30Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mmamoloko Tryphosa Kubayi''' (amụrụ na 8 Mee, na afọ 1978) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[South Africa]] bụ Minista nke Ebe Obibi Mmadụ na onye otu National Assembly maka African National Congress (ANC). Ọ bụ Minista nke Energy na afọ 2017, Minista nke Communications site na afo 2017 ruo na afọ 2018, Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ site na afo 2018 ruo na afọ 2019, na Minista nke Njem site na afo 2019 ruo na afọ 2021. == Mbido ndụ, agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Mmamoloko Kubayi ma zụlite ya na Soweto. Ya na ezinụlọ ya biri n'otu ụlọ. Nne ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ na onye na-akwado African National Congress. Kubayi tụụrụ ime mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa wee mụọ nwa nwoke. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Thusa-Setjhaba Secondary School na afọ 1997 dị ka onye kachasị mma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ma mesịa tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Soweto nke Mahadum Vista wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA Degree na Psychology na Sociology n'afọ 2000. O nwetara diplọma Project Management na Damelin n'afọ 2002.<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse">{{Cite news|author=Blignaut|first=Charl|title=Kubayi-Ngubane: From pregnant teen to political powerhouse|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse-20171216|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 December 2018}}</ref> Kubayi bu ụzọ were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye mmepe obodo na ngalaba na-abụghị nke gọmentị. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na First National Bank dị ka ọkachamara na mmepe nka, ma, mgbe e mesịrị, chọta ọrụ na ngalaba ụlọ akụ azụmahịa na Nedbank. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ọha na eze dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmepe nka na National Health Laboratory Services.<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse" /> N'afọ 2015, o nwetara nzere masta na Public Administration na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand .<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ramaphosa names Nkhensani Kubayi-Ngubane as South Africa’s new Tourism Minister|url=https://voyagesafriq.com/2019/05/30/ramaphosa-names-nkhensani-kubayi-ngubane-as-south-africas-new-tourism-minister/|work=voyagesafriq|accessdate=31 August 2019|date=30 May 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ime ihe ike == Kubayi, mgbe ọ ka nọ na Mahadum Vista, sonyeere ANC Youth League ma họpụta ya na SRC nke mahadum ahụ. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na National Health Laboratory Services, ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi n'oge na-adịghị anya n'ọfịs nke osote onye isi ala nke obodo South Africa, [[Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka]].<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse" /><ref name="businesslive">{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2006, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ ANC PR nke obodo Johannesburg wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Portfolio nke obodo ahụ na Transport. N'oge ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye otu Provincial Executive Council (PEC) nke ANC Youth League na Gauteng ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ ghọrọ osote odeakwụkwọ mpaghara nke ANCYL.<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse">{{Cite news|author=Blignaut|first=Charl|title=Kubayi-Ngubane: From pregnant teen to political powerhouse|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse-20171216|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 December 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlignaut2018">Blignaut, Charl (17 December 2018). [https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse-20171216 "Kubayi-Ngubane: From pregnant teen to political powerhouse"]. ''News24''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="businesslive">{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/ "Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA"]. ''BusinessLIVE''. 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara Kubayi ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu n'afọ 2009. Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ndị omeiwu nye osote onye isi ala nke South Africa, Kgalema Motlanthe.<ref name="businesslive">{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/ "Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA"]. ''BusinessLIVE''. 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'ikike ya dị ka onye omeiwu, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka Kọmitii Ndị omeiwu na agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ dị elu, ndị otu iwu na arịrịọ. Ọ bụkwa onye na-anọchite anya Deputy Chief Whip nke ANC Caucus na onye otu Standing Committee on Appropriations, the Rules Committee na the Programming Committee. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Telecommunications na Postal Services Portfolio Committees.<ref name="businesslive">{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/ "Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA"]. ''BusinessLIVE''. 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Na Maachị, na afọ 2017, Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma họpụtara ya dị ka Minista ọhụrụ nke Ike. Ọ nọchiri Tina Joemat-Pettersson. A na-ahụ nhọpụta ya dị ka ọganihu maka mmejuputa nkwekọrịta nuklia na-ese okwu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Davis|first=Gaye|title=Rise and rise: New energy minister marks one of Zuma's biggest promotions|url=https://ewn.co.za/2017/03/31/new-energy-minister-marks-one-of-zuma-s-biggest-promotions|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=EWN|date=31 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Zuma names 10 new ministers, 10 new deputies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-names-10-new-ministers-10-new-deputies-8424900|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=IOL|date=31 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=#CabinetReshuffle: Meet your new cabinet ministers|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/cabinetreshuffle-meet-your-new-cabinet-ministers-8447591|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=IOL|date=1 April 2017}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge ruo n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2017 mgbe a kpọrọ ya Minista nke nkwukọrịta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BREAKING: Zuma reshuffles Cabinet|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/breaking-zuma-reshuffles-cabinet-20171017|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 October 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2018, onye isi ala ọhụrụ a họpụtara Cyril Ramaphosa mara ọkwa na ọ bụ Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ.<ref>[https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-26-ramaphosa-cabinet-reshuffle-february-2018 New deputy president, finance minister announced in major Cabinet reshuffle], ''Mail & Guardian'', 26 February 2018. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.</ref> Mgbe ntuli aka nke Mee 2019 gasịrị, a họpụtara Kubayi ka ọ bụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka njem nleta, na-anọchi Derek Hanekom.<ref>Nicolson, Greg. [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-29-ramaphosa-cuts-cabinet-from-36-to-28-ministers-half-of-whom-are-women/ Ramaphosa cuts Cabinet from 36 to 28 ministers, half of whom are women], ''The Daily Maverick'', 29 May 2019. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.</ref> N'ọnwa Juun na afọ 2021, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ minista na-ahụ maka ahụike mgbe e nyere Zweli Mkhize ezumike maka ebubo nrụrụ aka.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dludla|first=Nqobile|date=8 June 2021|title=South Africa's health minister put on special leave over graft allegations|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africas-health-minister-put-special-leave-over-graft-allegations-2021-06-08/|accessdate=5 August 2021}}</ref> N'oge mgbanwe nke kansụl na 5 Ọgọstụ, na afọ 2021, onye isi ala Ramaphosa họpụtara Kubayi dị ka Minista nke Ebe obibi mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 August 2021|title=Cabinet reshuffle: Meet your new ministers of health, defence and in the presidency|work=News24|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/analysis/cabinet-reshuffle-meet-your-new-ministers-of-health-defence-and-in-the-presidency-20210805|accessdate=5 August 2021}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ Joel Sihle Ngubane na 16 Septemba na afọ 2017 wee kewaa n'ọnwa Eprel, na afọ 2021. Ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm.<ref>[https://city-press.news24.com/News/ministers-husband-in-r11m-tender-conflict-20190311 Husband’s old R11m tender haunts minister], ''City Press'', 11 March 2019. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.</ref> == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.pa.org.za/person/mmamoloko-tryphosa-kubayi/ Ms Mmamoloko Tryphosa Kubayi-Ngubane na Nzukọ Ndị Mmadụ] * Mmamoloko Kubayi-Ngubane, Ms na Gọọmentị South Africa [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ọmụmụ afọ 1978]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] to8mtkfjsrflxv7lpi0f23iypstbiwe 674145 674144 2026-07-08T15:01:11Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fixed 674145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mmamoloko Tryphosa Kubayi''' (amụrụ na 8 Mee, na afọ 1978) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[South Africa]] bụ Minista nke Ebe Obibi Mmadụ na onye otu National Assembly maka African National Congress (ANC). Ọ bụ Minista nke Energy na afọ 2017, Minista nke Communications site na afo 2017 ruo na afọ 2018, Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ site na afo 2018 ruo na afọ 2019, na Minista nke Njem site na afo 2019 ruo na afọ 2021. == Mbido ndụ, agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Mmamoloko Kubayi ma zụlite ya na Soweto. Ya na ezinụlọ ya biri n'otu ụlọ. Nne ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ na onye na-akwado African National Congress. Kubayi tụụrụ ime mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa wee mụọ nwa nwoke. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Thusa-Setjhaba Secondary School na afọ 1997 dị ka onye kachasị mma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ma mesịa tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Soweto nke Mahadum Vista wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA Degree na Psychology na Sociology n'afọ 2000. O nwetara diplọma Project Management na Damelin n'afọ 2002.<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse">{{Cite news|author=Blignaut|first=Charl|title=Kubayi-Ngubane: From pregnant teen to political powerhouse|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse-20171216|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 December 2018}}</ref> Kubayi bu ụzọ were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye mmepe obodo na ngalaba na-abụghị nke gọmentị. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na First National Bank dị ka ọkachamara na mmepe nka, ma, mgbe e mesịrị, chọta ọrụ na ngalaba ụlọ akụ azụmahịa na Nedbank. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ọha na eze dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmepe nka na National Health Laboratory Services.<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse" /> N'afọ 2015, o nwetara nzere masta na Public Administration na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand .<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ramaphosa names Nkhensani Kubayi-Ngubane as South Africa’s new Tourism Minister|url=https://voyagesafriq.com/2019/05/30/ramaphosa-names-nkhensani-kubayi-ngubane-as-south-africas-new-tourism-minister/|work=voyagesafriq|accessdate=31 August 2019|date=30 May 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ime ihe ike == Kubayi, mgbe ọ ka nọ na Mahadum Vista, sonyeere ANC Youth League ma họpụta ya na SRC nke mahadum ahụ. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na National Health Laboratory Services, ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi n'oge na-adịghị anya n'ọfịs nke osote onye isi ala nke obodo South Africa, [[Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka]].<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse" /><ref name="businesslive">{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2006, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ ANC PR nke obodo Johannesburg wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Portfolio nke obodo ahụ na Transport. N'oge ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye otu Provincial Executive Council (PEC) nke ANC Youth League na Gauteng ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ ghọrọ osote odeakwụkwọ mpaghara nke ANCYL.<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse" /><ref name="businesslive">{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/ "Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA"]. ''BusinessLIVE''. 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara Kubayi ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu n'afọ 2009. Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ndị omeiwu nye osote onye isi ala nke South Africa, Kgalema Motlanthe.<ref name="businesslive">{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/ "Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA"]. ''BusinessLIVE''. 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'ikike ya dị ka onye omeiwu, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka Kọmitii Ndị omeiwu na agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ dị elu, ndị otu iwu na arịrịọ. Ọ bụkwa onye na-anọchite anya Deputy Chief Whip nke ANC Caucus na onye otu Standing Committee on Appropriations, the Rules Committee na the Programming Committee. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Telecommunications na Postal Services Portfolio Committees.<ref name="businesslive">{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/ "Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA"]. ''BusinessLIVE''. 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Na Maachị, na afọ 2017, Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma họpụtara ya dị ka Minista ọhụrụ nke Ike. Ọ nọchiri Tina Joemat-Pettersson. A na-ahụ nhọpụta ya dị ka ọganihu maka mmejuputa nkwekọrịta nuklia na-ese okwu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Davis|first=Gaye|title=Rise and rise: New energy minister marks one of Zuma's biggest promotions|url=https://ewn.co.za/2017/03/31/new-energy-minister-marks-one-of-zuma-s-biggest-promotions|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=EWN|date=31 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Zuma names 10 new ministers, 10 new deputies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-names-10-new-ministers-10-new-deputies-8424900|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=IOL|date=31 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=#CabinetReshuffle: Meet your new cabinet ministers|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/cabinetreshuffle-meet-your-new-cabinet-ministers-8447591|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=IOL|date=1 April 2017}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge ruo n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2017 mgbe a kpọrọ ya Minista nke nkwukọrịta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BREAKING: Zuma reshuffles Cabinet|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/breaking-zuma-reshuffles-cabinet-20171017|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 October 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2018, onye isi ala ọhụrụ a họpụtara Cyril Ramaphosa mara ọkwa na ọ bụ Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ.<ref>[https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-26-ramaphosa-cabinet-reshuffle-february-2018 New deputy president, finance minister announced in major Cabinet reshuffle], ''Mail & Guardian'', 26 February 2018. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.</ref> Mgbe ntuli aka nke Mee 2019 gasịrị, a họpụtara Kubayi ka ọ bụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka njem nleta, na-anọchi Derek Hanekom.<ref>Nicolson, Greg. [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-29-ramaphosa-cuts-cabinet-from-36-to-28-ministers-half-of-whom-are-women/ Ramaphosa cuts Cabinet from 36 to 28 ministers, half of whom are women], ''The Daily Maverick'', 29 May 2019. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.</ref> N'ọnwa Juun na afọ 2021, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ minista na-ahụ maka ahụike mgbe e nyere Zweli Mkhize ezumike maka ebubo nrụrụ aka.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dludla|first=Nqobile|date=8 June 2021|title=South Africa's health minister put on special leave over graft allegations|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africas-health-minister-put-special-leave-over-graft-allegations-2021-06-08/|accessdate=5 August 2021}}</ref> N'oge mgbanwe nke kansụl na 5 Ọgọstụ, na afọ 2021, onye isi ala Ramaphosa họpụtara Kubayi dị ka Minista nke Ebe obibi mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 August 2021|title=Cabinet reshuffle: Meet your new ministers of health, defence and in the presidency|work=News24|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/analysis/cabinet-reshuffle-meet-your-new-ministers-of-health-defence-and-in-the-presidency-20210805|accessdate=5 August 2021}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ Joel Sihle Ngubane na 16 Septemba na afọ 2017 wee kewaa n'ọnwa Eprel, na afọ 2021. Ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm.<ref>[https://city-press.news24.com/News/ministers-husband-in-r11m-tender-conflict-20190311 Husband’s old R11m tender haunts minister], ''City Press'', 11 March 2019. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.</ref> == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.pa.org.za/person/mmamoloko-tryphosa-kubayi/ Ms Mmamoloko Tryphosa Kubayi-Ngubane na Nzukọ Ndị Mmadụ] * Mmamoloko Kubayi-Ngubane, Ms na Gọọmentị South Africa [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ọmụmụ afọ 1978]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6kexbxviqiidn0s867so3hj0at18xct 674146 674145 2026-07-08T15:01:56Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mmamoloko Tryphosa Kubayi''' (amụrụ na 8 Mee, na afọ 1978) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[South Africa]] bụ Minista nke Ebe Obibi Mmadụ na onye otu National Assembly maka African National Congress (ANC). Ọ bụ Minista nke Energy na afọ 2017, Minista nke Communications site na afo 2017 ruo na afọ 2018, Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ site na afo 2018 ruo na afọ 2019, na Minista nke Njem site na afo 2019 ruo na afọ 2021. == Mbido ndụ, agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Mmamoloko Kubayi ma zụlite ya na Soweto. Ya na ezinụlọ ya biri n'otu ụlọ. Nne ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ na onye na-akwado African National Congress. Kubayi tụụrụ ime mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa wee mụọ nwa nwoke. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Thusa-Setjhaba Secondary School na afọ 1997 dị ka onye kachasị mma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ma mesịa tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Soweto nke Mahadum Vista wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA Degree na Psychology na Sociology n'afọ 2000. O nwetara diplọma Project Management na Damelin n'afọ 2002.<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse">{{Cite news|author=Blignaut|first=Charl|title=Kubayi-Ngubane: From pregnant teen to political powerhouse|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse-20171216|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 December 2018}}</ref> Kubayi bu ụzọ were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye mmepe obodo na ngalaba na-abụghị nke gọmentị. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na First National Bank dị ka ọkachamara na mmepe nka, ma, mgbe e mesịrị, chọta ọrụ na ngalaba ụlọ akụ azụmahịa na Nedbank. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ọha na eze dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmepe nka na National Health Laboratory Services.<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse" /> N'afọ 2015, o nwetara nzere masta na Public Administration na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand .<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ramaphosa names Nkhensani Kubayi-Ngubane as South Africa’s new Tourism Minister|url=https://voyagesafriq.com/2019/05/30/ramaphosa-names-nkhensani-kubayi-ngubane-as-south-africas-new-tourism-minister/|work=voyagesafriq|accessdate=31 August 2019|date=30 May 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ime ihe ike == Kubayi, mgbe ọ ka nọ na Mahadum Vista, sonyeere ANC Youth League ma họpụta ya na SRC nke mahadum ahụ. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na National Health Laboratory Services, ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi n'oge na-adịghị anya n'ọfịs nke osote onye isi ala nke obodo South Africa, [[Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka]].<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse" /><ref name="businesslive">{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2006, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ ANC PR nke obodo Johannesburg wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Portfolio nke obodo ahụ na Transport. N'oge ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye otu Provincial Executive Council (PEC) nke ANC Youth League na Gauteng ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ ghọrọ osote odeakwụkwọ mpaghara nke ANCYL.<ref name="from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse" /><ref name="businesslive" /> A họpụtara Kubayi ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu n'afọ 2009. Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ndị omeiwu nye osote onye isi ala nke South Africa, Kgalema Motlanthe.<ref name="businesslive">{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/ "Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA"]. ''BusinessLIVE''. 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'ikike ya dị ka onye omeiwu, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka Kọmitii Ndị omeiwu na agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ dị elu, ndị otu iwu na arịrịọ. Ọ bụkwa onye na-anọchite anya Deputy Chief Whip nke ANC Caucus na onye otu Standing Committee on Appropriations, the Rules Committee na the Programming Committee. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Telecommunications na Postal Services Portfolio Committees.<ref name="businesslive">{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/ "Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA"]. ''BusinessLIVE''. 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Na Maachị, na afọ 2017, Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma họpụtara ya dị ka Minista ọhụrụ nke Ike. Ọ nọchiri Tina Joemat-Pettersson. A na-ahụ nhọpụta ya dị ka ọganihu maka mmejuputa nkwekọrịta nuklia na-ese okwu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Davis|first=Gaye|title=Rise and rise: New energy minister marks one of Zuma's biggest promotions|url=https://ewn.co.za/2017/03/31/new-energy-minister-marks-one-of-zuma-s-biggest-promotions|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=EWN|date=31 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Zuma names 10 new ministers, 10 new deputies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-names-10-new-ministers-10-new-deputies-8424900|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=IOL|date=31 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=#CabinetReshuffle: Meet your new cabinet ministers|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/cabinetreshuffle-meet-your-new-cabinet-ministers-8447591|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=IOL|date=1 April 2017}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge ruo n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2017 mgbe a kpọrọ ya Minista nke nkwukọrịta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BREAKING: Zuma reshuffles Cabinet|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/breaking-zuma-reshuffles-cabinet-20171017|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 October 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2018, onye isi ala ọhụrụ a họpụtara Cyril Ramaphosa mara ọkwa na ọ bụ Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ.<ref>[https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-26-ramaphosa-cabinet-reshuffle-february-2018 New deputy president, finance minister announced in major Cabinet reshuffle], ''Mail & Guardian'', 26 February 2018. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.</ref> Mgbe ntuli aka nke Mee 2019 gasịrị, a họpụtara Kubayi ka ọ bụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka njem nleta, na-anọchi Derek Hanekom.<ref>Nicolson, Greg. [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-29-ramaphosa-cuts-cabinet-from-36-to-28-ministers-half-of-whom-are-women/ Ramaphosa cuts Cabinet from 36 to 28 ministers, half of whom are women], ''The Daily Maverick'', 29 May 2019. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.</ref> N'ọnwa Juun na afọ 2021, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ minista na-ahụ maka ahụike mgbe e nyere Zweli Mkhize ezumike maka ebubo nrụrụ aka.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dludla|first=Nqobile|date=8 June 2021|title=South Africa's health minister put on special leave over graft allegations|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africas-health-minister-put-special-leave-over-graft-allegations-2021-06-08/|accessdate=5 August 2021}}</ref> N'oge mgbanwe nke kansụl na 5 Ọgọstụ, na afọ 2021, onye isi ala Ramaphosa họpụtara Kubayi dị ka Minista nke Ebe obibi mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 August 2021|title=Cabinet reshuffle: Meet your new ministers of health, defence and in the presidency|work=News24|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/analysis/cabinet-reshuffle-meet-your-new-ministers-of-health-defence-and-in-the-presidency-20210805|accessdate=5 August 2021}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ Joel Sihle Ngubane na 16 Septemba na afọ 2017 wee kewaa n'ọnwa Eprel, na afọ 2021. Ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm.<ref>[https://city-press.news24.com/News/ministers-husband-in-r11m-tender-conflict-20190311 Husband’s old R11m tender haunts minister], ''City Press'', 11 March 2019. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.</ref> == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.pa.org.za/person/mmamoloko-tryphosa-kubayi/ Ms Mmamoloko Tryphosa Kubayi-Ngubane na Nzukọ Ndị Mmadụ] * Mmamoloko Kubayi-Ngubane, Ms na Gọọmentị South Africa [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ọmụmụ afọ 1978]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1pc5fon3zaflbthd7gm5frxo1f7roao 0 23254 674424 139494 2026-07-09T09:16:30Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Naledi Pandor 2012.jpg|thumb|Naledi Pandor]] '''Grace Naledi Mandisa Pandor''' (née '''Matthews'''; Amụrụ n'ụbọchị 7 Disemba 1953) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[South Africa]], onye nkuzi na agụmakwụkwọ na-eje ozi dị ka Minista nke Mmekọrịta na Imekọ ihe ọnụ kemgbe afọ 2019. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye omeiwu (MP) maka African National Congress (ANC) kemgbe afọ 1994. A mụrụ ya na Durban, Pandor gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na [[Botswana]]. Ọ ruru eru dị ka onye nkuzi ma kụzie na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na mahadum, ebe ọ nwetara nzere dị iche iche site na mahadum dị iche iche.<ref name="Ministers" /> Pandor malitere ọrụ dị ka onye omeiwu n'afọ 1994.<ref name="Ministers" /> N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi nke ANC caucus n'afọ 1995.<ref name="Ministers" /> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke National Council of Provinces n'afọ 1998 wee bụrụ onye isi oche n'afọ 1999.<ref name="Ministers" /> O bu ụzọ bụrụ onye otu kansụl mba n'afọ 2004, na-esote mkpebi Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki ịhọpụta ya dị ka Minista nke Mmụta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet Mbeki's 'delivery' team|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/meet-mbekis-delivery-team-211708|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=IOL|date=29 April 2004}}</ref> Ọ nọgidere n'ọkwa ya na kọmitii nke Kgalema Motlanthe. Onye isi ala a họpụtara ọhụrụ bụ Jacob Zuma họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Minista sayensị na teknụzụ n'afọ 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jacob Zuma announces cabinet choices|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/jacob-zuma-announces-cabinet-choices|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=Politicsweb|date=10 May 2009}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọkwa ahụ ruo mgbe a họpụtara ya dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị n'ime obodo n'afọ 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cabinet reshuffle on cards|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/soweto/cabinet-reshuffle-on-cards-1396039|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=IOL|date=4 October 2012}}</ref> Ọ laghachiri n'ọkwa Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ n'afọ 2014 wee nwee ya ruo afọ 2018, mgbe ọ ghọrọ Minista nke agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ dị elu na kọmitii mbụ nke Onye isi ala Cyril Ramaphosa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nicolson|first=Greg|title=Who's Who of the Zuma's new Cabinet|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-05-26-whos-who-of-the-zumas-new-cabinet/|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=The Daily Maverick|date=26 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Hunter|first=Qaanitah|title=Ramaphosa swings the axe, cuts 13 from Zuma's Cabinet|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-02-26-ramaphosa-swings-the-axe-cuts-14-from-zumas-cabinet/|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=TimesLIVE|date=26 February 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ntuli aka nke afọ 2019 gasịrị, a kpọtụrụ Pandor aha dị ka onye nwere ike ịzọ ọkwa osote onye isi ala nke South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Calls mount for SA to appoint female deputy president|url=https://www.enca.com/news/sa-speculates-who-could-be-second|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=eNCA|date=23 May 2019}}</ref> Kama nke ahụ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba ụwa na imekọ ihe ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Du Plessis|first=Carien|title=Diplomats hail Naledi Pandor's new International Relations job|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-31-diplomats-hail-naledi-pandors-new-international-relations-job/|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=The Daily Maverick|date=31 May 2019}}</ref> A mụrụ Grace Naledi Mandisa Matthews n'ụbọchị 7 Disemba 1953 na Durban, Natal, na Regina Thelma (nwụrụ n'afọ 2002) na Joe Matthews (1929), onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nwa nke agụmakwụkwọ Z. K. Matthews (1901 1910-1968).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Former deputy minister Joe Matthews dies|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-08-19-former-deputy-minister-joe-matthews-dies|work=Mail & Guardian|date=19 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Minister Naledi Pandor's father, Joe Matthews, dies|url=https://www.gov.za/minister-naledi-pandor%E2%80%99s-father-joe-matthews-dies|work=South African Government|accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị na [[Botswana]]. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Gaborone Secondary School. N'agbata afọ 1973 ruo afọ 1977, ọ nwetara asambodo maka agụmakwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu na nzere bachelọ na Mahadum Swaziland na Mahadim Botswana, n'otu n'otu.<ref name="Ministers">{{Cite news|title=Ministers|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2005-12-01-ministers|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=Mail & Guardian|date=1 December 2005}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://mg.co.za/article/2005-12-01-ministers "Ministers"]. ''Mail & Guardian''. 1 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na-aga mba ofesi ma nweta diplọma na agụmakwụkwọ na nzere MA na Mahadum London n'etiti afọ 1978 ruo afọ 1979.<ref name="Ministers" /><ref name="timeslive1604">{{Cite news|title=Higher education's Naledi Pandor caps string of qualifications with doctorate|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-04-16-higher-educations-naledi-pandor-caps-string-of-qualifications-with-doctorate/|accessdate=23 September 2019|work=TimesLIVE|date=16 April 2019}}</ref> Pandor nwetara diplọma na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu, nchịkwa na idu ndú site na Bryn Mawr Summer Programme n'afọ 1992, n'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ debanyere aha na Harvard Kennedy School iji nweta diplọma na idu ndọkwa na mmepe n'afọ 1997. O nwetakwara nzere MA na asụsụ na Mahadum Stellenbosch n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref name="Ministers">{{Cite news|title=Ministers|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2005-12-01-ministers|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=Mail & Guardian|date=1 December 2005}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://mg.co.za/article/2005-12-01-ministers "Ministers"]. ''Mail & Guardian''. 1 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Pandor nwetara Ph.D. ya na agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Pretoria n'afọ 1019, na thesis akpọrọ "Ihe a na-asọ mpi nke mgbanwe na agụmakmakwụkwọ ka elu na South Africa mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị".<ref name="timeslive1604">{{Cite news|title=Higher education's Naledi Pandor caps string of qualifications with doctorate|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-04-16-higher-educations-naledi-pandor-caps-string-of-qualifications-with-doctorate/|accessdate=23 September 2019|work=TimesLIVE|date=16 April 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-04-16-higher-educations-naledi-pandor-caps-string-of-qualifications-with-doctorate/ "Higher education's Naledi Pandor caps string of qualifications with doctorate"]. ''TimesLIVE''. 16 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Petersen|first=Tammy|title=Minister Pandor walks the walk, graduating with PhD in Education|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/minister-pandor-walks-the-walk-graduating-with-phd-in-education-20190416|accessdate=23 September 2019|work=News24|date=16 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=LOOK: 'She continues to inspire us': Naledi Pandor awarded PhD|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/look-she-continues-to-inspire-us-naledi-pandor-awarded-phd-21444274|accessdate=23 September 2019|work=IOL|date=16 April 2019}}</ref> == Ebenside == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0gmax2v5wg7zn6np9h7gk9v26zietu9 674427 674424 2026-07-09T09:17:31Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Naledi Pandor 2012.jpg|thumb|Naledi Pandor]] '''Grace Naledi Mandisa Pandor''' (née '''Matthews'''; Amụrụ n'ụbọchị 7 Disemba 1953) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[South Africa]], onye nkuzi na agụmakwụkwọ na-eje ozi dị ka Minista nke Mmekọrịta na Imekọ ihe ọnụ kemgbe afọ 2019. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye omeiwu (MP) maka African National Congress (ANC) kemgbe afọ 1994. A mụrụ ya na Durban, Pandor gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na [[Botswana]]. Ọ ruru eru dị ka onye nkuzi ma kụzie na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na mahadum, ebe ọ nwetara nzere dị iche iche site na mahadum dị iche iche.<ref name="Ministers" /> Pandor malitere ọrụ dị ka onye omeiwu n'afọ 1994.<ref name="Ministers" /> N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi nke ANC caucus n'afọ 1995.<ref name="Ministers" /> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke National Council of Provinces n'afọ 1998 wee bụrụ onye isi oche n'afọ 1999.<ref name="Ministers" /> O bu ụzọ bụrụ onye otu kansụl mba n'afọ 2004, na-esote mkpebi Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki ịhọpụta ya dị ka Minista nke Mmụta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet Mbeki's 'delivery' team|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/meet-mbekis-delivery-team-211708|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=IOL|date=29 April 2004}}</ref> Ọ nọgidere n'ọkwa ya na kọmitii nke Kgalema Motlanthe. Onye isi ala a họpụtara ọhụrụ bụ Jacob Zuma họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Minista sayensị na teknụzụ n'afọ 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jacob Zuma announces cabinet choices|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/jacob-zuma-announces-cabinet-choices|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=Politicsweb|date=10 May 2009}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọkwa ahụ ruo mgbe a họpụtara ya dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị n'ime obodo n'afọ 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cabinet reshuffle on cards|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/soweto/cabinet-reshuffle-on-cards-1396039|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=IOL|date=4 October 2012}}</ref> Ọ laghachiri n'ọkwa Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ n'afọ 2014 wee nwee ya ruo afọ 2018, mgbe ọ ghọrọ Minista nke agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ dị elu na kọmitii mbụ nke Onye isi ala Cyril Ramaphosa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nicolson|first=Greg|title=Who's Who of the Zuma's new Cabinet|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-05-26-whos-who-of-the-zumas-new-cabinet/|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=The Daily Maverick|date=26 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Hunter|first=Qaanitah|title=Ramaphosa swings the axe, cuts 13 from Zuma's Cabinet|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-02-26-ramaphosa-swings-the-axe-cuts-14-from-zumas-cabinet/|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=TimesLIVE|date=26 February 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ntuli aka nke afọ 2019 gasịrị, a kpọtụrụ Pandor aha dị ka onye nwere ike ịzọ ọkwa osote onye isi ala nke South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Calls mount for SA to appoint female deputy president|url=https://www.enca.com/news/sa-speculates-who-could-be-second|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=eNCA|date=23 May 2019}}</ref> Kama nke ahụ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba ụwa na imekọ ihe ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Du Plessis|first=Carien|title=Diplomats hail Naledi Pandor's new International Relations job|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-31-diplomats-hail-naledi-pandors-new-international-relations-job/|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=The Daily Maverick|date=31 May 2019}}</ref> A mụrụ Grace Naledi Mandisa Matthews n'ụbọchị 7 Disemba 1953 na Durban, Natal, na Regina Thelma (nwụrụ n'afọ 2002) na Joe Matthews (1929), onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nwa nke agụmakwụkwọ Z. K. Matthews (1901 1910-1968).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Former deputy minister Joe Matthews dies|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-08-19-former-deputy-minister-joe-matthews-dies|work=Mail & Guardian|date=19 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Minister Naledi Pandor's father, Joe Matthews, dies|url=https://www.gov.za/minister-naledi-pandor%E2%80%99s-father-joe-matthews-dies|work=South African Government|accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị na [[Botswana]]. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Gaborone Secondary School. N'agbata afọ 1973 ruo afọ 1977, ọ nwetara asambodo maka agụmakwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu na nzere bachelọ na Mahadum Swaziland na Mahadim Botswana, n'otu n'otu.<ref name="Ministers">{{Cite news|title=Ministers|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2005-12-01-ministers|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=Mail & Guardian|date=1 December 2005}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://mg.co.za/article/2005-12-01-ministers "Ministers"]. ''Mail & Guardian''. 1 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na-aga mba ofesi ma nweta diplọma na agụmakwụkwọ na nzere MA na Mahadum London n'etiti afọ 1978 ruo afọ 1979.<ref name="Ministers" /><ref name="timeslive1604" /> Pandor nwetara diplọma na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu, nchịkwa na idu ndú site na Bryn Mawr Summer Programme n'afọ 1992, n'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ debanyere aha na Harvard Kennedy School iji nweta diplọma na idu ndọkwa na mmepe n'afọ 1997. O nwetakwara nzere MA na asụsụ na Mahadum Stellenbosch n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref name="Ministers">{{Cite news|title=Ministers|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2005-12-01-ministers|accessdate=10 November 2019|work=Mail & Guardian|date=1 December 2005}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://mg.co.za/article/2005-12-01-ministers "Ministers"]. ''Mail & Guardian''. 1 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Pandor nwetara Ph.D. ya na agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Pretoria n'afọ 1019, na thesis akpọrọ "Ihe a na-asọ mpi nke mgbanwe na agụmakmakwụkwọ ka elu na South Africa mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị".<ref name="timeslive1604">{{Cite news|title=Higher education's Naledi Pandor caps string of qualifications with doctorate|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-04-16-higher-educations-naledi-pandor-caps-string-of-qualifications-with-doctorate/|accessdate=23 September 2019|work=TimesLIVE|date=16 April 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-04-16-higher-educations-naledi-pandor-caps-string-of-qualifications-with-doctorate/ "Higher education's Naledi Pandor caps string of qualifications with doctorate"]. ''TimesLIVE''. 16 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Petersen|first=Tammy|title=Minister Pandor walks the walk, graduating with PhD in Education|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/minister-pandor-walks-the-walk-graduating-with-phd-in-education-20190416|accessdate=23 September 2019|work=News24|date=16 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=LOOK: 'She continues to inspire us': Naledi Pandor awarded PhD|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/look-she-continues-to-inspire-us-naledi-pandor-awarded-phd-21444274|accessdate=23 September 2019|work=IOL|date=16 April 2019}}</ref> == Ebenside == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pqdv613njyj080w1spivc2gw53mjloj 0 23320 674179 514585 2026-07-08T15:37:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Dorcus Acen nke a makwaara dị ka '''''Dorcas Acen''''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Uganda na onye nnọchi anya ụmụ nwanyị nke Alebtong District na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke iri na otu nke [[Uganda]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=30 women line up for 9 Lango Woman MP seats|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/30-women-line-up-for-9-lango-woman-mp-seats-1899912|accessdate=2021-03-20|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alebtong NRM Chairperson Faces Dismissal for Supporting Independent Candidates :|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/alebtong-nrm-chairperson-faces-dismissal-for-supporting-go-foward-independent-candidates|accessdate=2021-03-20|work=Uganda Radionetwork|language=en}}</ref> O guzoro dị ka onye nnọchi anya ụmụ nwanyị nke Alebtong District na Nzukọ nke iri nke Uganda dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere onwe ya mana Christine Acen nke jikọtara ya na National Resistance Movement meriri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NRM legislator who failed PLE recalled from parliament|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nrm-legislator-who-failed-ple-recalled-from-parliament-1659766|accessdate=2021-03-20|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> Christine Acen bụ nwanyị a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Alebtong na afo 2016. Christine gụsịrị Senior Six wee malite ịrụ ọrụ ya.<ref name=":0" /> Na ntuli aka nke afo 2021, Dorcus Acen nwere njikọ na National Resistance Movement dị ka otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-achị. N'oge mkpọsa ya, o nyere ndị ambulance abụọ na mpaghara obodo ya iji nyere aka n'ịchịkwa ikpe ndị a na-enye na mpaghara ahụ ma bulie mmeghachi omume ngwa ngwa maka ọrịa COVID-19.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Alebtong: RDC retracts commands that were to be misconstrued - TND News Uganda|url=https://tndnewsug.com/2020/05/15/alebtong-rdc-retracts-commands-that-were-to-be-misconstrued/|accessdate=2021-03-20|work=TND News|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302171529/https://tndnewsug.com/2020/05/15/alebtong-rdc-retracts-commands-that-were-to-be-misconstrued/}}</ref> O nyekwara posho na agwa nye ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na mpaghara ahụ bụ ndị ụzọ ha si ebi ndụ metụtara mkpọchi ahụ na usoro ndị ọzọ nke onye isi ala na-eme iji jikwaa COVID-19, na mba niile.<ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na GBV Prevention Network dị ka onye na-elekwasị anya maka ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na VAW na ọnọdụ mberede.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dorcas Acen {{!}} GBV Prevention Network|url=https://preventgbvafrica.org/member/dorcas-acen/|accessdate=2021-03-20|work=preventgbvafrica.org|archivedate=2021-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304152045/https://preventgbvafrica.org/member/dorcas-acen/}}</ref> Na afọ 2018, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na nchekwa na CARE International na [[South Sudan]], ebe ọ na-ahụ maka ntụziaka zuru oke nke mmemme gbasara nwoke na nwoke.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Acen|first=Dorcas|title=Dorcas Acen|url=https://insights.careinternational.org.uk/development-blog/author/915-dorcasacen|accessdate=2021-03-20|work=insights.careinternational.org.uk|language=en-gb|archivedate=2022-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020155851/https://insights.careinternational.org.uk/development-blog/author/915-dorcasacen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: Magnifying Gender Inequalities {{!}} COVID-19 Response Portal|url=https://covid19.alnap.org/help-library/covid-19-magnifying-gender-inequalities|accessdate=2021-03-20|work=covid19.alnap.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Foundation|first=Thomson Reuters|title=Parents trade girls for cows as war, climate change hit Africa|work=news.trust.org|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20180627143931-87el1|accessdate=2021-03-20}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke iri na otu nke Uganda * National Resistance Movement. * Nzukọ omebe iwu nke Uganda. * Ógbè Alebtong * Onye omeiwu * Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere onwe ya == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda.] * [https://ug.linkedin.com/in/dorcas-acen-3b465b53 Ihe nkiri Dorcus na Linkedin] * [https://www.facebook.com/dorcas.acen.9 Dorcus Acen na Facebook] * [https://twitter.com/tabithadoc?lang=en Acen Dorcus na Twitter] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250222113605/https://lirasqoop.com/lango-members-of-parliament-2021-2026/ Ndị omeiwu dị iche iche 2021-2026.] * [https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/gbv_sub_cluster_focal_persons_for_gbv_mainstreaming_updated_7th_dec_2017.pdf GBV Sub cluster Onye na-elekwasị anya maka GBV mainstreaming na ụyọkọ dị iche iche] == Ebemsidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fffh73y3uhb2if860dx15u0gltgy35p 0 23595 674284 142768 2026-07-08T20:59:31Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 674284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Monique Orphé|office=Departmental councillor of [[Réunion]]|term_start=1 July 2021|image=Monique-Orphé-1-2512.JPG|image_size=300px|term_end=|predecessor=[[Nadia Ramassamy]]|successor=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1964|10|15|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Saint-Denis, Réunion]]|nationality=[[France|French]]|party=[[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]|predecessor2=''Constituency created''|successor2=[[Nadia Ramassamy]]|termend2=20 June 2017|termstart2=20 June 2012|office2=Member of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]]<br>for [[Réunion's 6th constituency]]|alongside=Gérard Françoise|constituency=[[Cantons of Saint-Denis|Canton of Saint-Denis-1]]|caption=Monique Orphé in 2006.}}{{Databox}} '''Monique Orphé''' (Amụrụ n'ụbọchị 15 Ọktoba 1964 na Saint-Denis, Réunion) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[French language|French]]. Onye otu Socialist Party (PS), ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya na National Assembly site na Réunion n'etiti afọ 2012 ruo afọ 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mme Monique Orphé - Mandat clos - Réunion (6e circonscription) - Assemblée nationale|url=https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/deputes/fiche/OMC_PA610729|accessdate=2022-01-04|work=www2.assemblee-nationale.fr}}</ref> Onye nkuzi site na ọrụ, a họpụtara Monique Orphé na Kansụl Ógbè nke Réunion n'afọ 2004.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Bareigts|first=Ericka|date=18 June 2012|title=Deux femmes députées socialistes à la Réunion|url=https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/politique/deux-femmes-deputees-socialistes-a-la-reunion|accessdate=2022-01-04|work=Linfo.re}}</ref> A họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa na mpaghara 1st nke Réunion maka ntuli aka iwu nke afọ 2007, na Gilbert Annette dị ka onye nọchiri ya, ọ wepụrụ ọkwa ya maka Annette. Onye kansụl obodo nke Saint-Denis kemgbe afọ 1995, ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi obodo mbụ nke Gilbert Annette na-esote ntuli aka obodo nke afọ 2008.<ref name=":0" /> == Ebenside == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cm87vr5igmd932otbizkg53x9p1u10y 0 24454 674496 110060 2026-07-09T11:40:55Z EUwandu-WMF 23832 674496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:ATỤ DANCE.webm|thumb|'''EGWU MMỌNWỤ ATỤ''' ]] '''Egwu Mmọnwụ Atụ'''({{Audio|ATU DANCE.ogg|Listen}}) bụ egwu ndụ Ekama Amankwọ Ngwo. Atụ bụ anụ  ihe nọchitere enya anụmanụ shiriike, anụ na-akpa ike. Atụ anụ ekwu makụnya bụ ihe dịka ihe na-egbo ọgụ,  maọbụ achụsa ndị madụ, maka Atụ a na-ekwu makụya na-eji ụtalị ekanịbọ Ịwụ na ọgbọ nọọ nwayọ. Mgbe izizi, n’oge mbụ , Atụ bụ sọsọ akwa bụ ihe eji ya eje. Manụ kịtaa, nwụọhụnụ,agha jị Atụ eje eme kụ ndị madụ nwee obi aṅụrị. Makana ụsọrọ egwụ nkenye dụkwaga ighe na-enye obi aṅụrị n’ụdị nkenye. Tupu edozighelie ya, ọ bụ sọsọ ụtalị ka ọ na etivu.  Mana kịtaa ọ tichakwaa ụtalị, Ọ tee egwu, nwee ike mee ndị mmadụ obi ọcha. Nke na eme oge ndị Adamma chọrọ ije National Fesitival nụ Lagos na afo 1988. Na ihi na Atụ bụ anụ shiriikie ụmụnwaanya, maọbụ Ụmụaka anụghe enejere maka ọbụghị ihe ụmụ nwaanya maọbụ ụmụaka. Na oge ugbua, o bughi naani ekwa ka eji ya eme. Eji ya eme obi uto na ihe ndi di iche di ka iba nwa ewha site na usoro ya. Ngwa egwu eji akụọ ya bu ogene, abia dị iche iche , ma nke a na-akpa n’evụ, udu, na opu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=English: Atụ Masquerade dance is an igbo cultural dance of the Akama Ngwo people of Ama Nkwo, Udi Local Government Area in Enugu State, Nigeria. It is only performed by men for entertainment purposes. This audiovisual was recorded in Akama Ngwo people of Ama Nkwo, Udi Local Government Area in Enugu State on 2 September 2022. The video features a dance performance from the Adanta cultural troupe and a story from Ani Donald Aguabata in Udi, Enugu State. The video was directed and produced for the Audiovisuals of Igbo Dances Project (AID) by Tunde Oladimeji, a notable documentary film maker in Nigeria.|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AT%E1%BB%A4_DANCE.webm|date=2023-02-04|accessdate=2023-03-12|author=A. I. D. Project}}</ref> == Ngwa Egwu == <gallery> Usòrò:Ogbongelenge.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ogbongelenge Usòrò:Base_pot.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|udu File:Igba 1.jpg|thumb|Igba File:Wooden gong.jpg|thumb|Ekwe </gallery> ==Edensibia== [[Òtù:Egwu ndị Igbo]] [[Òtù:Egwu]] caba6g858psmevpven6w90br652xqwc 0 24860 674218 451611 2026-07-08T18:49:47Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Faịlụ:Bakweri_cocoyam_farmer_from_Cameroon.jpg|thumb|Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi]] Mkpịsị ụkwụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ usoro nke bu gburugburu Footprint Network na- atụ iji tụọ mkpa mmadụ na isi obodo, ya bụ, oke okike ọ na-ewe iji kwado ndị mmadụ na akụ na ụba ha.<ref name="our-work">{{Cite web|url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/ecological-footprint/|title=Ecological Footprint: Overview|author=<!--Not stated-->|work=footprintnetwork.org|publisher=Global Footprint Network|accessdate=16 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wackernagel|first=Mathis|date=2019|title=Defying the Footprint Oracle: Implications of Country Resource Trends|journal=Sustainability|language=en|volume=11|issue=7|pages=2164|doi=10.3390/su11072164}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yasin|first=Iftikhar|date=2019-07-22|title=Catechizing the Environmental-Impression of Urbanization, Financial Development, and Political Institutions: A Circumstance of Ecological Footprints in 110 Developed and Less-Developed Countries|journal=Social Indicators Research|volume=147|issue=2|pages=621–649|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11205-019-02163-3|issn=0303-8300}}</ref> ona afụ maka hé ana achọ na gburugburu ebe obibi na afu maka ife Mgbako ọnụọgụ akaụntụ na afụ maka ife mepụta ndị na mpaghara gburugburu obodo.na nkenke , ọ dị mkpa na mmadụ na-atụnye aka na gburugburu ebe obibi ya Ana afụ maka Onye n'otu n'otu na mba na ụwa Enwere ike iji akara ụkwụ na ikike ndụ tụnyere onye ọ bụla nille, mpaghara, mba ma ọ bụ ụwa. Ma akara ụkwụ na ihe achọrọ na ikike ndụ na-agbanwe kwa afọ na .ọnụọgụgụ, oriri onye ọ bụla, arụmọrụ nke mmepụta, na mmepụta nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Sistemụ Eco nke eji echeta onwu A na-eji nyocha akara gburugburu ebe obibi eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa niile iji kwado nyocha nkwado.<ref name="London Ecological Footprint 2003">{{Cite web|author=Lyndhurst|first=Brook|title=London's Ecological Footprint A review|url=https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/ecological_footprint.pdf|work=Mayor of London|publisher=Greater London Authority (commissioned by GLA Economics)|date=June 2003}}</ref> Ọ na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka ịlele ma jikwaa ojiji nke ihe onwunwe n'ime akụ na ụba niile ma nyochaa nkwado nke ụdị ndụ onwe onye, ngwaahịa na ọrụ, òtù, ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ, agbata obi, obodo, mpaghara, na mba.<ref name="our-work">{{Cite web|url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/ecological-footprint/|title=Ecological Footprint: Overview|author=<!--Not stated-->|work=footprintnetwork.org|publisher=Global Footprint Network|accessdate=16 April 2017}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ mbụ gbasara akara ụkwụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ nke William Rees dere na 1992.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rees|first=William E.|authorlink=William Rees (academic)|date=October 1992|title=Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: what urban economics leaves out|journal=Environment & Urbanization|volume=4|issue=2|pages=121–130|doi=10.1177/095624789200400212}}</ref> E mepụtara echiche na usoro ngụkọta nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka akwụkwọ PhD nke Mathis Wackernagel, n'okpuru nlekọta Rees na Mahadum British Columbia British Columbia na Vancouver, [[Kánada|Canada]], site na 1990 ruo 1994. Na mbụ, Wackernagel na Rees kpọrọ echiche ahụ "ikike ibu kwesịrị ekwesị".<ref>Wackernagel, Mathis, 1991. "Land Use: Measuring a Community's Appropriated Carrying Capacity as an Indicator for Sustainability"; and "Using Appropriated Carrying Capacity as an Indicator, Measuring the Sustainability of a Community." Report I & II to the UBC Task Force on Healthy and Sustainable Communities, Vancouver.</ref> Iji mee ka echiche ahụ dịkwuo mfe, Rees chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "mkpịsị ụkwụ gburugburu ebe obibi", nke onye na-ahụ maka kọmputa kpaliri nke toro "obere mkpịsị ụkwụ na tebụl" kọmputa ọhụrụ ya.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/magazine/17wwln-safire-t.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&adxnnlx=1229007727-rHeHNAWQ6qCKYwJ6WbOsVg William Safire, On Language]: Footprint, New York Times Magazine, February 17, 2008</ref> N'afọ 1996, Wackernagel na Rees bipụtara akwụkwọ Our .Ekiri ụkwụ ụkwụ: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth . Ụzọ kachasị mfe iji kọwaa akara gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị dị gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa iji mepụta ngwaahịa na ọrụ ndị na-akwado ụdị ndụ mmadụ, ọganihu mba, ma ọ bụ ọrụ akụ na ụba nke mmadụ n'ozuzu ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/teacher_resources/webfieldtrips/ecological_balance/eco_footprint/|title=Ecological Footprint|author=<!--Not stated-->|work=WWF|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|author=Wackernagel|first=Mathis|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1098180309|title=Ecological footprint : managing our biocapacity budget|date=2019|others=Bert Beyers, Katharina Rout|isbn=978-1-55092-704-7|location=Gabriola Island, BC, Canada|pages=5|oclc=1098180309}}</ref> Ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ụzọ iji tụnyere ụdị ndụ, oriri onye ọ bụla, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ, na ịlele ndị a megide ikike ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wiedmann|first=Thomas|date=2020-06-19|title=Scientists’ warning on affluence|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1-10|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y|issn=2041-1723}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rees|first=William E.|date=2020|title=Ecological economics for humanity’s plague phase|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106519|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=169|pages=106519|doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106519|issn=0921-8009}}</ref> Ngwá ọrụ ahụ nwere ike ịgwa iwu site n'inyocha ókè mba na-eji karịa (ma ọ bụ obere) karịa ka ọ dị n'ime ókèala ya, ma ọ bụ ruo n'ókè ndụ mba ahụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ga-emepụtaghachi n'ụwa niile. Ụzọ ụkwụ nwere ike ịbụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru iji kụziere ndị mmadụ banyere oke oriri na oke mmadụ, na ebumnuche nke ịgbanwe omume onwe onye ma ọ bụ iwu ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fatemi|first=Mahsa|date=2021-04-16|title=An integrated approach of Ecological Footprint (EF) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in human ecology: A base for planning toward sustainability|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250167|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=16|issue=4|pages=e0250167|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0250167|issn=1932-6203|pmid=33861764}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ripple|first=William J.|date=2017-11-13|title=World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix125|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=12|pages=1026–1028|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix125|issn=0006-3568}}</ref><ref>Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Barnard P, Moomaw WR. 2020. World scientists’ warning of a climate emergency. ''BioScience'' 70 (8): 8 –12.</ref> Enwere ike iji akara ụkwụ gburugburu ebe obibi mee ihe iji kwuo na ụdị ndụ dị ugbu a na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ anaghị adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rees|first=William|date=2010|title=What’s blocking sustainability? Human nature, cognition, and denial|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2010.11908046|journal=Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy|volume=6|issue=2|pages=13–25|doi=10.1080/15487733.2010.11908046|issn=1548-7733}}</ref><ref>Rees, W. E. (2014). ''Avoiding collapse: An agenda for sustainable degrowth and relocalizing the economy''. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, BC Office.</ref> Ntụnyere nke mba na mba na-egosi enweghị nhata nke iji ihe onwunwe eme ihe na mbara ala a. Ntinye ụkwụ gburugburu ebe obibi (TEF) bụ akara gburugburu ebe obibi nke ndị ọbịa na otu ebe, ma dabere na omume ndị njem nleta.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Anderson|first=David|title=Environmental Economics and Natural Resource Management|date=2019|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780815359036|edition=5|url=https://www.routledge.com/Environmental-Economics-and-Natural-Resource-Management-5th-Edition/Anderson/p/book/9780815359036|accessdate=2 March 2023}}</ref> Ntụnyere nke TEFs nwere ike igosi uru nke ebe ndị ọzọ, ụzọ njem, nhọrọ nri, ụdị ebe obibi, na ihe omume.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Johnson|first=Peter A.|title=Exploring the Ecological Footprint of Tourism in Ontario|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10012/997|work=UWSpace|publisher=University of Waterloo|accessdate=2 March 2023}}</ref> Akara carbon bụ akụkụ nke akara gburugburu ebe obibi zuru oke. Ọtụtụ mgbe, mgbe a na-akọ naanị akara carbon, a na-egosipụta ya na ịdị arọ nke CO2 (ma ọ bụ Carbon 2 oxide e na-anọchite anya ikike okpomọkụ GHG (GGWP)), mana enwere ike igosipụta ya na mpaghara ala dị ka akara gburugburu ebe obibi. Enwere ike itinye ha abụọ na ngwaahịa, ndị mmadụ, ma ọ bụ ọha mmadụ dum.<ref name="Guidance">{{Cite web|author=Benn|first=Hilary|title=Guidance on how to measure and report your greenhouse gas emissions|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69282/pb13309-ghg-guidance-0909011.pdf|work=GOV.UK|publisher=Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (UK)|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> == Usoro ụwa == Ihe a na-elekwasị anya na ndekọ akara gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ihe onwunwe ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe onwunwe ndị dị otú ahụ nke mbara ala na-emepụta na ikike ya ịmị ihe mkpofu mmadụ dịka ihe nlereanya a si dị ka a na-akpọ biocapacity. Enwere ike ịgbakọ akara ụkwụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ọkwa ọ bụla: maka ọrụ, mmadụ, obodo, obodo, toropo, mpaghara, mba, ma ọ bụ mmadụ n'ozuzu ya. A na-ekewa akara ụkwụ maka carbon, nri, ụlọ, na ngwongwo na ọrụ. Enwere ike itinye usoro a n'ọrụ dịka imepụta ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ ịkwọ ụgbọala. Nchịkọta ihe onwunwe a yiri nyocha nke ndụ ebe a na-agbanwe ihe eji eme ihe ike, biomass (nri, eriri), ihe owuwu, [[mmiri]] na ihe onwunwa ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ a na-akpọ ụwa hectares (gha). [citation needed] Kemgbe afọ 2003, Global Footprint Network agbakọla akara gburugburu ebe obibi site na isi mmalite data UN maka ụwa n'ozuzu ya na maka ihe karịrị mba 200 (nke a maara dị ka National Footprint akaụntụ).A na-agbakọkwa ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpịsị ụkwụ nke ụwa dị mkpa iji kwado ọnụ ọgụgụ ụwa na ọkwa oriri ahụ. Kwa afọ, a na-emelite ngụkọta ahụ ruo n'afọ kachasị ọhụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ezu nke UN. A na-agbakọkwa usoro oge na mmelite ọ bụla, ebe ọ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ UN na-edozi usoro data akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe ụfọdụ. Nsonaazụ dị na ikpo okwu data mepere emepe.<ref name="Data">{{Cite web|title=Home page|url=http://data.footprintnetwork.org/|accessdate=2018-10-10|work=footprintnetwork.org|publisher=Global Footprint Network}}</ref>The ecological footprint accounting method at the national level is described on the website of the Global Footprint Network or in greater detail in academic papers, including Borucke et al.A kọwapụtara usoro ngụkọ ihe ndekọ gburugburu ebe obibi na ọkwa mba na webụsaịtị Global Footprint Network ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu na akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere Borucke et al. Lin et al. (2018) chọpụtara na ọnọdụ maka mba ''na'' ụwa anọgidewo na-agbanwe agbanwe n'agbanyeghị mmelite data.<ref name="data.footprintnetwork.org">Lin, D; Hanscom, L; Murthy, A; Galli, A; Evans, M; Neill, E; Mancini, MS; Martindill, J; Medouar, F-Z; Huang, S; Wackernagel, M. (2018). "Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018". ''Resources''. '''7'''(3): 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7030058</ref> Ọzọkwa, nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya site na Ministri Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke [[Switzerland]] n'onwe ya tụgharịrị ihe ndị na-eme na Switzerland ma mepụta ha n'ime 1 04% maka oge ha mụrụ (1996 05).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Environmental Footprints of Switzerland|publisher=Federal Office for the Environment|year=2018|pages=87}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2006, usoro mbụ nke ụkpụrụ akara gburugburu ebe obibi dị nke na-akọwa ma nkwurịta okwu na usoro ngụkọta. Ụdị kachasị ọhụrụ bụ ụkpụrụ emelitere site na 2009.<ref name="Data2">{{Cite web|author=<!--Not stated-->|title=Data|url=https://www.footprintnetwork.org/resources/data/|work=footprintnetwork.org|publisher=Global Footprint Network|accessdate=16 July 2018}}</ref> The ecological footprint accounting method at the national level is described on the website of the Global Footprint Network<ref name="Data2" /> or in greater detail in academic papers, including Borucke ''et al.''<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|author=Borucke|first=M|title=Accounting for demand and supply of the biosphere's regenerative capacity: The National Footprint Accounts' underlying methodology and framework|journal=Ecological Indicators|date=2013|volume=24|pages=518–533|doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.08.005}}</ref> == Nlele nke akara ụkwụ == he nlereanya ahụ bụ ụzọ iji tụnyere ụdị ndụ, oriri onye ọ bụla, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ, na ịlele ndị a megide ikike ndụ. Ngwá ọrụ ahụ nwere ike ịgwa iwu site n'inyocha ókè mba na-eji karịa (ma ọ bụ obere) karịa ka ọ dị n'ime ókèala ya, ma ọ bụ ruo n'ókè ndụ mba ahụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ga-emepụtaghachi n'ụwa niile. Ụzọ ụkwụ nwere ike ịbụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru iji kụziere ndị mmadụ banyere oke oriri na oke mmadụ, na ebumnuche nke ịgbanwe omume onwe onye ma ọ bụ iwu ọha na eze. Enwere ike iji akara ụkwụ gburugburu ebe obibi mee ihe iji kwuo na ụdị ndụ dị ugbu a na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ anaghị adịgide adịgide. Ntụnyere nke mba na mba na-egosi enweghị nhata nke iji ihe onwunwe eme ihe na mbara ala a. gr3cgzvk4bubaatju1090c3mnncdi4x 0 25273 674297 111282 2026-07-08T21:07:53Z Johnnybam 24488 674297 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Marcellus_Shale_Gas_Drilling_Tower_1_crop.jpg|thumb|A na-egwu olulu gas shale site n'ebe a na-egwu egwu na Pennsylvania]] {{Databox}}'''Mmiri a na-emepụta''' bụ okwu a na-eji na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ geothermal iji kọwaa mmiri a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-enweta n'oge a na-ewepụta mmanụ na gas, ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ihe maka iwepụta okpomọkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Klemz|first=Ana Caroline|date=2021-04-01|title=Oilfield produced water treatment by liquid-liquid extraction: A review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092041052031336X|journal=Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering|language=en|volume=199|pages=108282|doi=10.1016/j.petrol.2020.108282|issn=0920-4105}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Su|first=Shujuan|date=2022-06-01|title=Geochemistry of geothermal fluids in the Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault Zone, North China: Implications for structural segmentation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367912022001419|journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences|language=en|volume=230|pages=105218|doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2022.105218|issn=1367-9120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Song|first=Guofeng|date=2022-03-01|title=Evolution of fracture aperture and thermal productivity influenced by chemical reaction in enhanced geothermal system|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148121018632|journal=Renewable Energy|language=en|volume=186|pages=126–142|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.133|issn=0960-1481}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tao|first=Jian|date=2022-06-05|title=A fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical model for cemented backfill application in geothermal conditions|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013795222001284|journal=Engineering Geology|language=en|volume=302|pages=106643|doi=10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106643|issn=0013-7952}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=S.|date=2022-03-01|title=Stimulation mechanism and design of enhanced geothermal systems: A comprehensive review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032121011795|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|language=en|volume=155|pages=111914|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.111914|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Mmiri a na-emepụta bụ ụdị mmiri nnu na nnu sitere na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ala nke a na-eweta n'elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=D. Atoufi|first=Hossein|date=2020|title=Impacts of Oil and Gas Production on Contaminant Levels in Sediments|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-020-00137-5|journal=Current Pollution Reports|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=43–53|doi=10.1007/s40726-020-00137-5|issn=2198-6592}}</ref> Ebe nchekwa mmanụ na gas na-enwekarị mmiri yana hydrocarbons, mgbe ụfọdụ na mpaghara nke dị n'okpuru hydrocarbons, na mgbe ụfọdụ n'otu mpaghara ahụ nwere mmanụ na gas. N'egwuregwu geothermal, mmiri a na-emepụta na-adịkarị ọkụ. Ọ nwere uzuoku nwere solutes na gas gbazere, na-enye ozi dị mkpa gbasara njirimara ala, kemịkalụ na hydrological nke sistemu geothermal.okpomọkụ. Olulu mmanụ na-emepụta mmiri buru ibu mgbe ụfọdụ na mmanụ, ebe olulu gas na-emepụta na obere. Iji nweta mmanụ kachasị, a na-emekarị ka mmiri jupụta, ebe a na-etinye mmiri n'ime ọdọ mmiri iji nyere aka mee ka mmanụ gaa n'olulu mmepụta. Mmiri a na-agbanye n'ọkụ na-emecha rute olulu mmiri ndị a na-emepụta, ya mere, n'oge ikpeazụ nke idei mmiri, oke mmiri na-emepụta ("ịkpụ") nke mkpokọta mmepụta na-abawanye. == Ịdị mma mmiri == Mmiri dị n'ọtụtụ ebe site na olulu mmiri ruo olulu mmiri na ọbụna n'elu ndụ nke otu olulu mmiri ahụ. Mmiri a na-emepụta nke ukwuu bụ saline, ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka ihe siri ike zuru oke dị elu maka iji ya mee ihe ọzọ. N'ọhịa mmanụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri niile a na-emepụta nwere mmanụ na ihe siri ike. [citation needed] Mmiri ụfọdụ a na-arụpụta nwere ọla dị arọ na akara nke na-emepụta radiation (NORM), nke na-etinye radiation scale na paịpụ na olulu mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aqwatec.mines.edu/produced_water/intro/pw/|title=About Produced Water|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|work=Advanced Water Technology Center|publisher=Colorado School of Mines|accessdate=2016-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Igunnu|first=Ebenezer T.|title=Produced water treatment technologies|journal=International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies|date=September 2014|volume=9|issue=3|pages=157–177|doi=10.1093/ijlct/cts049}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ndị a na-ahụ na mmiri a na-emepụta gụnyere zinc, ọkpụkpụ, manganese, ígwè, na barium. N'ọhịa geothermal, a na-ekewa mmiri a na-emepụta n'ụdị kemịkal atọ: HCO3-Ca⋅Mg, HCO3-Na na SO4⋅Cl-Na. Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke US (EPA) na 1987 na 1999 na-egosi na n'oge igwu egwu na ọrụ, enwere ike iji mgbakwunye mee ihe iji belata nkedo siri ike na ngwá ọrụ na mkpuchi.<ref name=":0" />Mmiri a na-emepụta site na nhazi ala maka ike ọkụ eletrik geothermal na-agafekarị ụkpụrụ mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ nke mbụ na nke abụọ maka mkpokọta gbazere siri ike, fluoride, chloride na sulfate. == Nchịkwa mmiri == [[Usòrò:Figure_2-_Injection_Wells_for_Produced_Water_(6847703607).jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke olulu mmiri maka iwepụ mmiri a na-emepụta]] A chọrọ mmiri maka sistemu geothermal ọdịnala yana EGS n'oge ndụ niile nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ. Maka ọrụ ọdịnala, a na-ejikarị mmiri dị na akụrụngwa eme ihe maka ike ike n'oge arụ ọrụ osisi<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=C. E.|date=2010-09-17|title=Water use in the development and operation of geothermal power plants.|url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1013997|language=ENGLISH|doi=10.2172/1013997}}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-awụfu mmiri a na-emepụta na nnukwu ọdọ mmiri evaporation. Otú ọ dị, nke a aghọwo usoro a na-anabataghị anabata site na gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. A na-ewere mmiri a na-emepụta dị ka ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ. Nhọrọ nchịkwa sara mbara maka iji ya mee ihe ọzọ bụ injection kpọmkwem, iji mmiri a na-agwọghị agwọ agwọ na gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ na ọkọlọtọ gọọmentị nyere tupu a tụfuo ma ọ bụ nye ndị ọrụ. Ihe ọgwụgwọ achọrọ dịgasị iche n'ụwa niile. Na United States, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) na-enye ụkpụrụ ndị a maka ntinye n'okpuru ala na mbupụ na mmiri dị n'elu.<ref name="EPA Regs">{{Cite web|title=Underground Injection Control Regulations and Safe Drinking Water Act Provisions|url=https://www.epa.gov/uic/underground-injection-control-regulations-and-safe-drinking-water-act-provisions|date=2016-10-17|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=General Information About Injection Wells|url=https://www.epa.gov/uic/general-information-about-injection-wells|date=2016-09-06|publisher=EPA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Oil and Gas Extraction Effluent Guidelines|url=https://www.epa.gov/eg/oil-and-gas-extraction-effluent-guidelines|date=2019-05-15|publisher=EPA}}</ref>Ọ bụ ezie na enyochala ihe bara uru maka mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ na ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ anabatabeghị usoro ndị a n'ihi ọnụ ahịa, nnweta mmiri, na nnabata ọha mmadu Ndị na-ekewa ike ndọda, hydrocyclones, plate coalescers, dissolved gas flotation, na nut shell filters bụ ụfọdụ n'ime teknụzụ eji agwọ ihe mkpofu sitere na mmiri a na-emepụta. A katọrọ iji mmiri a na-emepụta maka ime ka okporo ụzọ ghara inwe mmiri kpụkọọ dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bain|first=Daniel J|title=Oil and gas wastewater as road treatment: radioactive material exposure implications at the residential lot and block scale|journal=Environmental Research Communications|date=1 November 2021|volume=3|issue=11|pages=115008|doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac35be}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2020, akwụkwọ akụkọ Rolling Stone bipụtara nnukwu akụkọ gbasara ọdịnaya redioaktivu dị na mmiri emepụtara yana mmetụta ya na ndị ọrụ na obodo n'ofe United States. A kọrọ na a nwalere saline sitere na ụlọ ọrụ dị na Ohio na ụlọ nyocha nke Mahadum Pittsburgh ma debanye aha radium n'elu 3,500 pCi / L. Ụlọ ọrụ Nuclear Regulatory Commission chọrọ ka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nọrọ n'okpuru 60 pCi / l maka nke ọ bụla n'ime isotopes kachasị nke radium, radium-226 na radium-228. == Hụkwa Ihe ọzọ == * Nlekọta mmiri mkpofu nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe * Mmiri nkewa == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 6xvf5kbsauur6et0i2ywpk4i5ylljm0 0 25519 674248 142451 2026-07-08T20:15:09Z Johnnybam 24488 674248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mmiri oyi na-atụ bụ '''mmiri''' na-ajụ oyi nké na-ajụ mgbè ọ na-emetụ ala ma ọ bụ ihe na ma ọ bụ nso n'elu. Koodu METAR ya bụ '''FZDZ'''.<ref name="Spence2006">{{Cite book|author=Spence|first=Charles F.|title=Aim/Far|date=2006|publisher=[[McGraw Hill Professional]]|isbn=9780071479240|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0vp1WORkJEC&q=%22freezing+drizzle%22|accessdate=13 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> == Ọzụzụ == Ọ bụ ezie na mmiri ozuzo na mmiri ozu na-ajụ oyi yiri n'ihi na ha abụọ na-agụnye mmiri ozuzo n'elu ala na okpomọkụ na-ajụjụ na-ajụ n'elu, usoro ndị na-eduga na mmepe ha dị iche. Ébé mmiri ozuzo na-ajụ oyi na-eme mgbè mmiri ozuzo kpụkọrọ akpụkọ na-ada site na ihe na-agbaze ma na-agbanwe mmiri, mmiri ozuzo jụrụ oyi na-emepụta site na ''usoro mmiri ozuzo'' dị ọkụ, nke mmiri<ref name="severe" /> ozuzo igwe ojii na-agbakọta ruo mgbè ha dị arọ iji daa n'ígwé ojii, mànà n'ọnọdụ sub-freezing.<ref name="severe">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_8YLgEACAAJ&q=severe+%26+hazardous+weather|title=Severe & Hazardous Weather|isbn=9780757597725|author=Rauber|first=Robert M|year=2012}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị usoro a na-ewere ọnọdụ na gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi na-ajụ oyi, mmiri mmiri agaghị agbaze ma ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi karịrị Celsius iri na asatọ 18 ° F(−8 ), site na supercooling.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/lot/2015jan26|title=Freezing Drizzle on January 26th; A Look Into Why|work=National Weather Service|accessdate=10 December 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na kristal ice adịlarị na gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi a, mmiri mmiri ga-agbaze na kristal ndị a ma wepụ ya nke ọma tupu ha enwee ike itolite iji daa n'ígwé ojii. N'ihi ya, mmiri na-ajụ oyi na-etolite na igwe ojii dị ala nke dị ala ebe ikuku na-eme kpamkpam n'okpuru okpokoro nke kristal ice nwèrè ike itolite ma too. == Mmetụta == Mgbè mmiri ozuzo na-ajụ oyi na-agbakọta n'ala, ọ na-emepụta glaze ice. Mmiri oyi na-atụ naanị ya anaghị akpata nnukwu mkpokọta ice n'ihi ìhè ya, ọdịdị dị ala dị ka mmiri ozuzo ya. Otú ọ dị, ọbụna obere ice na-acha odo odo nke a na-etinye n'okporo ụzọ dị ka ice ojii nwèrè ike ịdị nnọọ amị ma kpatara ọnọdụ dị oke egwu nké na-akpata ihe mberede ụgbọala. Mmiri oyi na-atụ bụ ihe dị oke egwu nye ụgbọelu n'ọnọdụ ice, ébé ọ bụ na mmiri mmiri na-ajụ oyi ga-agbaze n'elu ụgbọelu ahụ, na-emebi arụmọrụ ụgbọelu nke ukwuu. Mfu na ihe mberede nke American Eagle Flight 4184 n'ubochi iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba, 1994, a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ice na-agbakọta n'ihi mmiri ozuzo na-ajụ n'elu. == Hụkwa == * Ice ojii * Mmiri na-ajụ oyi == Edensibia == <references /> ane9hr6pm32pjgtbic3tpmouhv6ctdt 0 25607 674394 193971 2026-07-09T07:12:51Z Goodymeraj 16207 Fixed reference error 674394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mums for Lungs bụ otu na-enweghị uru, otu na-eme mkpọsa gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi, nke dị na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], nke na-eme ka a márá [[Mmetọ ikuku|mmetụta ahụike nke mmetọ ikuku]], ọkachasị ụmụaka.<ref name="amyhall">{{Cite news|author=Hall|first=Amy|title=Air Pollution: To Protect Life|url=https://newint.org/features/2020/04/07/big-story-air-pollution-protect-life|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=New Internationalist|date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="wilson">{{Cite news|author=Wilson|first=Sarah|title=‘Imagine if all politicians were affected’: The battle to end air pollution|url=https://www.bigissue.com/news/environment/the-battle-to-end-air-pollution/|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=The Big Issue|date=8 October 2022}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere Mums for Lungs na [[London]] n'afọ 2017 site n'aka obere ìgwè ndị nne na nna, gụnyere onye ọka iwu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ Jemima Hartshorn.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Neil|first=Pippa|title=Interview: Jemima Hartshorn, founder of Mums for Lungs|url=https://airqualitynews.com/2020/07/31/interview-jemima-hartshorn-founder-of-mums-for-lungs/|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=Air Quality News|date=30 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Changing legislation: when women move mountains|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/16-03-2022-changing-legislation---when-women-move-mountains|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=23 December 2022}}</ref> A kpaliri ha ime ihe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site na ahụmịhe onwe ha nke ibi n'obodo na-emetọ okporo ụzọ na akụkụ ụfọdụ site na mgbalị mkpọsa nke Rosamund Kissi-Debrah, ónyé nkuzi ghọrọ ónyé na-eme ihe ike nke ọnwụ nwa ya nwanyị bụ mmetụta nke iku ume na-emetọrọ ikuku.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ella Adoo-Kissi-Debrah: Air pollution a factor in girl's death, inquest finds|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-55330945|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=BBC News|date=16 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="amyhall" /><ref name="wilson" /> Ìgwè ahụ gbasaa ngwa ngwa site na ndị enyi ole na ole nwéré otu echiche, nke mbụ na ọtụtụ mkpọsa gbụrụ-gbúrụ London wee gaa na ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị mmekọ gburugburu UK.<ref name="amyhall" /> Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ndị ọzọ na-eme mkpọsa gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi, dị ka Choked Up na Clean Cities Campaign, na London Assembly, yana Onye isi obodo London.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Millions of Londoners breathing cleaner air thanks to ULEZ expansion|url=https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/londoners-breathing-cleaner-air-thanks-to-ulez|work=Greater London Authority|accessdate=23 December 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Mums for Lungs meriri Sheila McKechnie Foundation Best Community Campaign Award màkà ọrụ ya.<ref name="smk">{{Cite web|title=Best Community Campaign: Mums for Lungs|work=Sheila McKechnie Foundation|accessdate=24 December 2022|date=13 April 2021|url=https://smk.org.uk/awards_nominations/mumsforlungs/}}</ref> == Mgbasa ozi == Mums for Lungs na-eme mkpọsa n'ọtụtụ ókwú ịdị mma ikuku, gụnyere mgbasawanye nke London [[Ultra Low Emission Zone]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Cleaner air is coming’ as London expands vehicle pollution fee to entire metro area|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/12/cleaner-air-london-pollution-area-metro-vehicle|work=World Economic Forum|accessdate=23 December 2022|date=5 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Neslen|first=Arthur|title=Old cars forced off road as Europe’s clean air zones nearly double|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/20/old-cars-forced-off-road-as-europes-clean-air-zones-nearly-double|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Edwards|first=Tom|title=ULEZ: Ultra Low Emission Zone expansion and the price of pollution|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-64733216|accessdate=25 February 2023|work=BBC News|date=23 February 2023}}</ref> mmetọ sitere n'ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ,<ref name="guardian14102021">{{Cite news|title=English councils issue only 19 fines for wood smoke despite 18,000 complaints|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/14/english-councils-issue-only-19-fines-for-wood-smoke-despite-18000-complaints|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=The Guardian|date=14 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Hailstone|first=Jamie|title=Are Wood-Burning Stoves The Environmental Equivalent Of A ‘Wolf In Sheep’s Clothing’?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiehailstone/2021/10/15/are-wood-burning-stoves-the-environmental-equivalent-of-a-wolf-in-sheeps-clothing/|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=Forbes|date=15 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Spyro|first=Steph|title=Ban dangerous wood-burning stoves, beg 'Mums for Lungs'|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/nature/1506586/ban-dangerous-wood-stoves-air-pollution-mums-for-lungs|work=Daily Express|date=15 October 2021}}</ref> mmanụ ọkụ,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Langford|first=Kate|title=Burning fossil fuels is causing a global health crisis|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/spotlight/healthcare/2022/10/burning-fossil-fuels-is-causing-a-global-health-crisis|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=New Statesman|date=25 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Gatten|first=Emma|title=Green rules relaxed on fuel for homes amid supply shortages related to Russia sanctions|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/10/29/green-rules-relaxed-fuel-homes-amid-supply-shortages-related/|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=Daily Telegraph|date=29 October 2022}}</ref> na mmanụ dizel;<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lydall|first=Ross|title=Mums call for London to become ‘diesel-free city’ to protect children as toxic air hotspots revealed|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/health/mums-london-diesel-children-toxic-air-hotspots-ulez-b947360.html|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=Evening Standard|date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Hopes Islington could soon become diesel free.|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A707343048/STND?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-STND&xid=5eecf156|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=Islington Gazette|date=16 June 2022}}</ref> ọrụ nke mmetọ na ụkwara ume nwa,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Guttridge-Hewitt|first=Martin|title=Childhood asthma inequality reinforces disproportionate air pollution impact|url=https://airqualitynews.com/2022/11/24/childhood-asthma-inequality-reinforces-disproportionate-air-pollution-impact/|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=Air Quality News|date=24 November 2022}}</ref> ntuziaka ikuku dị ọcha na ebumnuche,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hailstone|first=Jamie|title=Campaigners Vent Their Frustrations After New U.K. Clean Air Targets Revealed|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiehailstone/2022/12/21/campaigners-vent-their-frustrations-after-new-uk-clean-air-targets-revealed/|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=Forbes}}</ref> okporo ụzọ na-enweghị ụgbọ ala,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mum's for Lungs to host 'Steptember' car-free street party|url=https://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/news/17916776.mums-lungs-host-steptember-car-free-street-party/|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=Richmond & Twickenham Times|date=20 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Fifield|first=Jack|title=Car-free day: Action call as figures show more cars in Oldham|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A719571619/STND?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-STND&xid=268ab718|accessdate=23 December 2022|work=The Oldham Times|date=22 September 2022}}</ref> na njem dị ọcha karịa ịga na site na ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mums for Lungs: GAS grant|url=https://smk.org.uk/mums-for-lungs/|work=Sheila McKechnie Foundation|accessdate=23 December 2022|date=6 July 2022|quote=Mums for Lungs used their GAS grant to fund two poster campaigns, named Ditch Pollution, aimed at encouraging cleaner and more active travel to and from school.}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2018, o nyerela aka ịkwado mkpọsa ónyé isi obodo London akpọrọ School Streets, nke na-emechi okporo ụzọ màkà okporo ụzọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ebuli na oge nkwụsị iji belata mmetụta nke polisi..<ref name="smk">{{Cite web|title=Best Community Campaign: Mums for Lungs|work=Sheila McKechnie Foundation|accessdate=24 December 2022|date=13 April 2021|url=https://smk.org.uk/awards_nominations/mumsforlungs/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Hinz|first=Caroline|title=What can schools do to reduce air pollution?|url=https://schoolsweek.co.uk/what-can-schools-do-to-reduce-air-pollution/|work=Schools Week}}</ref> E nwèrè ugbu a ihe dị ka atụmatụ narị ise dị otú ahụ na London na narị abụọ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị isi obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mayor Hails Success of Schools Streets Programme|url=https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-hails-success-of-schools-streets-programme|work=Greater London Authority|publisher=Mayor of London|accessdate=23 December 2022|date=10 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=School Streets|url=https://www.mumsforlungs.org/about-school-streets|work=Mums for Lungs|accessdate=23 December 2022}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Mmetọ ikuku na United Kingdom * Nne Dị Ọcha Air Force == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} m1989p3mwimanzs0pm0r4am6jaeva54 0 25634 674167 193821 2026-07-08T15:22:15Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674167 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="tankers" />[[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna1.jpg|thumb|''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' na-ere ọkụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke A Coruña ([[Galisa|Galicia]], [[Spain]])]] Mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri Aegean Sea bụ mmanụ nké méré n'ubochi atọ n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1992 mgbè ụgbọ mmiri '''mmanụ''' ụgbọ mmiri nwèrè okpukpu abụọ nke nwéré ọkọlọtọ [[Greece|Gris]], '''''Oké Osimiri Aegean''''', na-aga Repsol refinery na A Coruña, Spain, nwèrè ihe mberede n'ụsọ ''oké osimiri'' [[Galisa|Galician]]. Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgafe ule na mmezigharị niile achọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cedre.fr/uk/spill/aegean_sea/aegean_sea.htm|title=Aegean Sea|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927031315/http://www.cedre.fr/uk/spill/aegean_sea/aegean_sea.htm|archivedate=27 September 2007|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref> Ihe mberede ahụ mèrè n'ogè ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike ma metụta ụsọ oké osimiri Galician na-akpata mmebi gburugburu ébé obibi, ya na mmebi nke azụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị njem nleta na A Coruña. A chọpụtara na ónyé isi ụgbọ mmiri na ónyé na-anya ụgbọ mmiri bụ ndị ikpe mara na ónyé nwe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ weere ọtụtụ n'ime ụgwọ ego.<ref name=":0">Aegean Sea. (n.d.). Cedre : Centre de documentation, de recherche et d'expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from http://www.cedre.fr/en/spill/aegean_sea/ae</ref> == Ihe mere == [[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna2.jpg|thumb|''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' na-ere ọkụ n'azụ Ụlọ Elu Hercules]] N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1992, ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ na Gris bụ Aegean Sea nọ na-aga A Coruña, Spain, site na Sullom Voe, Scotland. Ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-akwadebe ịbanye n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke A Coruña, ọsọ ifufe dị n'elu 50 kn (93 km / h; 58 ), na ányá dị n'okpuru otu narị mita (110 ), na-eme ka ọ tụfuo ụzọ e kenyere yà ma na-agba ọsọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Galicia, nso Tower of Hercules. E zigara ndị ọrụ nnapụta ozugbo, otu helikọpta nwekwara ike ịzọpụta ndị ọrụ iri atọ na abụọ niile.<ref name=":0">Aegean Sea. (n.d.). Cedre : Centre de documentation, de recherche et d'expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from http://www.cedre.fr/en/spill/aegean_sea/ae</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbawara n'etiti, na-enye ohere ịtọhapụ tọn puku iri isii na asaa nke tọn puku iri asaa na itoolu nke mmanụ ọkụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ bu. A na-etinye mmanụ a gwakọtara site na iji booms, skimmers, na pumps, ya na ọkara ụgbọ mmiri ka dị n'elu mmiri, ndị ọrụ nnapụta jiri pumps mee ka tankị ndị ka dị. Otú ọ dị, n'ogè na-adịghị anya, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbara ọkụ ma gaa n'ihu na-ere ọkụ ruo ụbọchị ise. A gbapụrụ n'obodo A Coruña nwa ógè iji chebe ụmụ amaala ya pụọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke anwụrụ ọkụ mmanụ. Mmanụ fọdụrụnụ na-agagharị na mmiri siri ike nke ifufe na-emepụta, na ihe ruru kilomita narị atọ nke ụsọ mmiri, ya na ndụ oké osimiri n'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri ahụ, metụtara nsị ahụ. A chọtara arịlịka abụọ nkè ''Oké Osimiri Aegean'', ma na-egosi ugbu a nà Aquarium Finisterrae na A Coruña, na Philippe Cousteau Museum na Salinas, Asturias.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/hemeroteca/2004/10/23/3139480.shtml|title=El "Mar Egeo" y otros buques desmantelados|language=Spanish|accessdate=28 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208022411/http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/hemeroteca/2004/10/23/3139480.shtml|archivedate=8 February 2012}}</ref> == Usoro nhicha == [[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna3.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ elu Hercules n'ìhè nke ire ọkụ nke ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ Aegean Sea]] E zigara ndị ọrụ nhicha ozugbo n'ébé ọdachi ahụ dị, ma n'ime ma n'ụsọ oké osimiri. A na-etinye mmanụ na-agbanye gburugburu ébé a na-awụfu iji gbochie mmanụ ahụ. Booms na-anakọta ihe dị ka cubic mita puku ise nke ngwakọta mmanụ / mmiri. N'ikpere mmiri, a na-edozi cubic mita otu puku na narị abụọ nke ájá na ihe mkpofu emetọ màkà mmanụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị ihu nke ''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' ka ọ na-ada, a na-etinye mgbapụta n'azụ nke na-agbapụta mmanụ fọdụrụnụ.<ref name="tankers">Aegean Sea "Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability." (n.d.). Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from {{Cite web|url=http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/|title=Aegean Sea|accessdate=2013-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210343/http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/|archivedate=12 August 2014}}</ref> == Ihe si na ya pụta na nyocha == [[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna4.jpg|thumb|Mmanụ a wụpụrụ mgbe ihe mberede ahụ gasịrị]] Mmanụ a na-awụfu n'Oké Osimiri Aegean metụtara ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ n'oké osimiri. Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ nke Coruña nwetara ihe siri ike, na mmachibido iwu nke ịkụ azụ niile site na Kansụl Azụmaahịa. E mèrè nkwupụta màkà enyemaka ndị ọkụ azụ nké ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde dollar 3.53 n'ogè na-adịghị ányá mgbè mmanụ ahụ wụchara. Ọ bụ ezie na Kansụl Azụmaahịa nyeere ndị ọkụ azụ aka site na ịkwụ ụgwọ ụfọdụ, ndị a adịghị nso ịkwụ ụgwọ zuru oke màkà ndị ọkụ azụ. Nnukwu nkwupụta sitere n'aka ndị ọkụ azụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị njem nleta bịara n'ụlọ ikpe Spanish, nke ruru ihe dị ka nde dollar narị abụọ na iri asatọ na asaa site na afọ 2001. E doziri ọtụtụ n'ime nkwupụta ndị a, mànà ụfọdụ nkwupụta ka na-ese okwu. International Oil Pollution Compensation (IOPC), Gọọmentị Spain, na ónyé nwe ụgbọ mmiri mechara nwee nkwekọrịta, na ịkwụ ụgwọ ikpeazụ e mèrè na Disemba 2003.<ref name="tankers">Aegean Sea "Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability." (n.d.). Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from {{Cite web|url=http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/|title=Aegean Sea|accessdate=2013-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210343/http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/|archivedate=12 August 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210343/http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/ "Aegean Sea"]. Archived from [http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/ the original] on 12 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Na mgbakwunye na nkwekọrịta ego, a chọpụtakwara na ónyé isi ụgbọ mmiri, Constantine Stavrides, na ónyé na-anya ụgbọelu ahụ nwèrè ikpe mpụ màkà ileghara anya na ịghara ịgbaso iwu. == Nnyocha hydrocarbon == Hydrocarbons, ébé ọ bụ isi iyi nke ike n'ihi njikọ kemịkal siri ike ha, bụ isi iyi màkà ọmụmụ sayensị na mmanụ Aegean Sea. A na-etinye akara kemịkal n'ime ihe nlele nke mmanụ a wụfuru, na data na-adọrọ mmasị kpughere. Alkanes na acyclic hydrocarbons, ha abụọ nwèrè otu njikọ, yiri ka ha emebiwo n'ime naanị ọnwa isii, ébé triterpane na steranane ka dị mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ihu igwe gasịrị. Ma triterpane na steranane nwèrè ọtụtụ njikọ, nke bụ ihe mere ha ji nọrọ mgbè ọtụtụ afọ gasịrị. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta kwubiri na akara kemịkal nwèrè ike [[Iba|ịba]] uru dị irè megide nsị mmanụ. Ihe ịrịba ama ndị a nwèrè ike ikwe ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụta ogologo ógè mmanụ ahụ emetọla mmiri oké osimiri, na otu mmiri ahụ si emetụta mmanụ ahụ e ji mmiri nweta. Nke a nwèrè ike inye aka na usoro ebe a na-anakọta mmanụ a wụfuru ma dozie ya màkà iji ya mee ihe ọzọ. Enwere ike itinye akara kemịkal ugbu a na mmanụ ahụ iji chọpụta ole a ga-ehichapụ mmanụ ahụ iji mee ka o zuo oke màkà iji ya.<ref name="Pastor 2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pastor|first=D.|year=2001|title=The Aegean Sea Oil Spill in the Galicia coast (NW Spain). I. Distribution and fate of the Crude Oil and Combustion Products in Subtidal Sediments|url=http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegean%20sea%20distribution.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=42|issue=10|pages=895–904|doi=10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00048-0}}</ref> == Nnyocha gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:AnclaMarEgeo.jpg|thumb|Anchor nke ''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' na Aquarium Finisterrae na A Coruña, [[Galisa|Galicia]], Spain ]] Ụsọ oké osimiri Galician bụ isi ihe dị oke mkpa màkà ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ nke Spain. Nchịkọta crabs na lobster, ọrụ ugbo salmon, na isi ụlọ ọrụ na-enweta uru nke ọrụ ugbo shellfish niile metụtara nsị ahụ. N'oge na-adịghị ányá mgbè mmanụ ahụ wụpụrụ, Spain nyere iwu ka e nyochaa usoro okike iji nyochaa mmebi e mèrè na anụmanụ dị n'ime ala na mpaghara ahụ, na ihe ndị dị n'apịtị.<ref name="Pastor 2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pastor|first=D.|year=2001|title=The Aegean Sea Oil Spill in the Galicia coast (NW Spain). I. Distribution and fate of the Crude Oil and Combustion Products in Subtidal Sediments|url=http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegean%20sea%20distribution.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=42|issue=10|pages=895–904|doi=10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00048-0}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPastorSanchezPorteAlbaiges2001">Pastor, D.; Sanchez, J.; Porte, C.; Albaiges, J. (2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620222818/http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegean%20sea%20distribution.pdf "The Aegean Sea Oil Spill in the Galicia coast (NW Spain). I. Distribution and fate of the Crude Oil and Combustion Products in Subtidal Sediments"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Marine Pollution Bulletin''. '''42''' (10): 895–904. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00048-0|10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00048-0]]. Archived from [http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegean%20sea%20distribution.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 June 2012.</cite></ref> A manyere nnyocha a n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmanụ mbụ wụpụrụ n'otu ébé ahụ: n'ubochi irí na abụọ n'ọnwa Mee 1976, nnukwu tankị ''Urquiola'' kpochapụrụ ala nke ọnụ ụzọ ọwa na A Coruña, na-eme ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ wụpụ ibu ya nke tọn mmanụ otu narị na puku asaa. Nke a metụtara ndụ oké osimiri ya na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri, mana ndụ oké osimiri na-adị ndụ mepụtara usoro nchebe nke nyere ha ohere ịlanarị nsogbu dị otú ahụ. Ndụ oké osimiri na A Coruña yiri ka ọ ga-anọgide na-akwụsi ike ruo mgbè ọdachi nke ''Oké Osimiri Aegean''. Iji chọpụta mmetụta nke nsị ahụ na ndụ oké osimiri, e mèrè nnyocha iji chọpụta ọgaranya nke ụdị, ọtụtụ, na biomass. Ónyé ọkà mmụta sayensị nyochara mgbanwe site n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1992 ruo ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1996, wee chọpụta na obodo macrobenthic bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ébé ndị ahụ metụtara gosipụtara omume yiri nke ahụ dị ka ihe ndị dị ndụ mbụ nke mmanụ ''Urquiola'' metụtara. Amphipods yiri ka ọ na-emetụta ihe kachasị njọ site na mpụga mmanụ, ma nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala, ruo n'ogè opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1995. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị, ụdị ahụ yiri ka ọ ga-agbake ruo na njedebe nke ọmụmụ n'afọ 1996. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, a chọpụtara ihe na-eme na ụdị ndị na-eguzogide ya na-achịkwa usoro okike. Mmanụ nke atọ wụpụrụ n'otu ebe ahụ na A Coruña n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2002, ébé otu tankị, Prestige, na-ebu tọn mmanụ puku iri asaa na asaa kewara n'ime abụọ ma wụsa ibu ya. Ihe dị ka tọn mmanụ puku iri wụfuru mana mkpokoro Prestige nke mikpuru mmiri ka na-agbapụta mmanụ site na tankị ya ruo taa [mgbe?[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomez Gesteira|first=J.L.|year=2004|title=Impact of the Aegean Sea oil spill on the subtidal fine sand macrobenthic community of the Ares-Betanzos Ria (Northwest Spain)|url=http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegeansea_gomezgesteira.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Marine Environmental Research|volume=60|pages=289–316|doi=10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.11.001}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke mmanụ na-awụfu * [[Urquiola (1973)|''Urquiola'']]: tankị mmanụ ọzọ nke mikpuru n'ụsọ oké osimiri Galician na 1976 * MV Prestige: tankị mmanụ ọzọ nke mikpuru n'ụsọ oké osimiri Galician na 2002 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rd56kc6vqlzuwjfac103zbxol3dw844 674168 674167 2026-07-08T15:23:00Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674168 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="tankers">Aegean Sea "Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability." (n.d.). Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from {{Cite web|url=http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/|title=Aegean Sea|accessdate=2013-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210343/http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/|archivedate=12 August 2014}}</ref>[[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna1.jpg|thumb|''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' na-ere ọkụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke A Coruña ([[Galisa|Galicia]], [[Spain]])]] Mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri Aegean Sea bụ mmanụ nké méré n'ubochi atọ n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1992 mgbè ụgbọ mmiri '''mmanụ''' ụgbọ mmiri nwèrè okpukpu abụọ nke nwéré ọkọlọtọ [[Greece|Gris]], '''''Oké Osimiri Aegean''''', na-aga Repsol refinery na A Coruña, Spain, nwèrè ihe mberede n'ụsọ ''oké osimiri'' [[Galisa|Galician]]. Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgafe ule na mmezigharị niile achọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cedre.fr/uk/spill/aegean_sea/aegean_sea.htm|title=Aegean Sea|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927031315/http://www.cedre.fr/uk/spill/aegean_sea/aegean_sea.htm|archivedate=27 September 2007|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref> Ihe mberede ahụ mèrè n'ogè ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike ma metụta ụsọ oké osimiri Galician na-akpata mmebi gburugburu ébé obibi, ya na mmebi nke azụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị njem nleta na A Coruña. A chọpụtara na ónyé isi ụgbọ mmiri na ónyé na-anya ụgbọ mmiri bụ ndị ikpe mara na ónyé nwe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ weere ọtụtụ n'ime ụgwọ ego.<ref name=":0">Aegean Sea. (n.d.). Cedre : Centre de documentation, de recherche et d'expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from http://www.cedre.fr/en/spill/aegean_sea/ae</ref> == Ihe mere == [[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna2.jpg|thumb|''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' na-ere ọkụ n'azụ Ụlọ Elu Hercules]] N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1992, ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ na Gris bụ Aegean Sea nọ na-aga A Coruña, Spain, site na Sullom Voe, Scotland. Ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-akwadebe ịbanye n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke A Coruña, ọsọ ifufe dị n'elu 50 kn (93 km / h; 58 ), na ányá dị n'okpuru otu narị mita (110 ), na-eme ka ọ tụfuo ụzọ e kenyere yà ma na-agba ọsọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Galicia, nso Tower of Hercules. E zigara ndị ọrụ nnapụta ozugbo, otu helikọpta nwekwara ike ịzọpụta ndị ọrụ iri atọ na abụọ niile.<ref name=":0">Aegean Sea. (n.d.). Cedre : Centre de documentation, de recherche et d'expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from http://www.cedre.fr/en/spill/aegean_sea/ae</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbawara n'etiti, na-enye ohere ịtọhapụ tọn puku iri isii na asaa nke tọn puku iri asaa na itoolu nke mmanụ ọkụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ bu. A na-etinye mmanụ a gwakọtara site na iji booms, skimmers, na pumps, ya na ọkara ụgbọ mmiri ka dị n'elu mmiri, ndị ọrụ nnapụta jiri pumps mee ka tankị ndị ka dị. Otú ọ dị, n'ogè na-adịghị anya, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbara ọkụ ma gaa n'ihu na-ere ọkụ ruo ụbọchị ise. A gbapụrụ n'obodo A Coruña nwa ógè iji chebe ụmụ amaala ya pụọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke anwụrụ ọkụ mmanụ. Mmanụ fọdụrụnụ na-agagharị na mmiri siri ike nke ifufe na-emepụta, na ihe ruru kilomita narị atọ nke ụsọ mmiri, ya na ndụ oké osimiri n'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri ahụ, metụtara nsị ahụ. A chọtara arịlịka abụọ nkè ''Oké Osimiri Aegean'', ma na-egosi ugbu a nà Aquarium Finisterrae na A Coruña, na Philippe Cousteau Museum na Salinas, Asturias.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/hemeroteca/2004/10/23/3139480.shtml|title=El "Mar Egeo" y otros buques desmantelados|language=Spanish|accessdate=28 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208022411/http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/hemeroteca/2004/10/23/3139480.shtml|archivedate=8 February 2012}}</ref> == Usoro nhicha == [[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna3.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ elu Hercules n'ìhè nke ire ọkụ nke ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ Aegean Sea]] E zigara ndị ọrụ nhicha ozugbo n'ébé ọdachi ahụ dị, ma n'ime ma n'ụsọ oké osimiri. A na-etinye mmanụ na-agbanye gburugburu ébé a na-awụfu iji gbochie mmanụ ahụ. Booms na-anakọta ihe dị ka cubic mita puku ise nke ngwakọta mmanụ / mmiri. N'ikpere mmiri, a na-edozi cubic mita otu puku na narị abụọ nke ájá na ihe mkpofu emetọ màkà mmanụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị ihu nke ''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' ka ọ na-ada, a na-etinye mgbapụta n'azụ nke na-agbapụta mmanụ fọdụrụnụ.<ref name="tankers" /> == Ihe si na ya pụta na nyocha == [[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna4.jpg|thumb|Mmanụ a wụpụrụ mgbe ihe mberede ahụ gasịrị]] Mmanụ a na-awụfu n'Oké Osimiri Aegean metụtara ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ n'oké osimiri. Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ nke Coruña nwetara ihe siri ike, na mmachibido iwu nke ịkụ azụ niile site na Kansụl Azụmaahịa. E mèrè nkwupụta màkà enyemaka ndị ọkụ azụ nké ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde dollar 3.53 n'ogè na-adịghị ányá mgbè mmanụ ahụ wụchara. Ọ bụ ezie na Kansụl Azụmaahịa nyeere ndị ọkụ azụ aka site na ịkwụ ụgwọ ụfọdụ, ndị a adịghị nso ịkwụ ụgwọ zuru oke màkà ndị ọkụ azụ. Nnukwu nkwupụta sitere n'aka ndị ọkụ azụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị njem nleta bịara n'ụlọ ikpe Spanish, nke ruru ihe dị ka nde dollar narị abụọ na iri asatọ na asaa site na afọ 2001. E doziri ọtụtụ n'ime nkwupụta ndị a, mànà ụfọdụ nkwupụta ka na-ese okwu. International Oil Pollution Compensation (IOPC), Gọọmentị Spain, na ónyé nwe ụgbọ mmiri mechara nwee nkwekọrịta, na ịkwụ ụgwọ ikpeazụ e mèrè na Disemba 2003.<ref name="tankers">Aegean Sea "Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability." (n.d.). Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from {{Cite web|url=http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/|title=Aegean Sea|accessdate=2013-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210343/http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/|archivedate=12 August 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210343/http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/ "Aegean Sea"]. Archived from [http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/ the original] on 12 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Na mgbakwunye na nkwekọrịta ego, a chọpụtakwara na ónyé isi ụgbọ mmiri, Constantine Stavrides, na ónyé na-anya ụgbọelu ahụ nwèrè ikpe mpụ màkà ileghara anya na ịghara ịgbaso iwu. == Nnyocha hydrocarbon == Hydrocarbons, ébé ọ bụ isi iyi nke ike n'ihi njikọ kemịkal siri ike ha, bụ isi iyi màkà ọmụmụ sayensị na mmanụ Aegean Sea. A na-etinye akara kemịkal n'ime ihe nlele nke mmanụ a wụfuru, na data na-adọrọ mmasị kpughere. Alkanes na acyclic hydrocarbons, ha abụọ nwèrè otu njikọ, yiri ka ha emebiwo n'ime naanị ọnwa isii, ébé triterpane na steranane ka dị mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ihu igwe gasịrị. Ma triterpane na steranane nwèrè ọtụtụ njikọ, nke bụ ihe mere ha ji nọrọ mgbè ọtụtụ afọ gasịrị. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta kwubiri na akara kemịkal nwèrè ike [[Iba|ịba]] uru dị irè megide nsị mmanụ. Ihe ịrịba ama ndị a nwèrè ike ikwe ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụta ogologo ógè mmanụ ahụ emetọla mmiri oké osimiri, na otu mmiri ahụ si emetụta mmanụ ahụ e ji mmiri nweta. Nke a nwèrè ike inye aka na usoro ebe a na-anakọta mmanụ a wụfuru ma dozie ya màkà iji ya mee ihe ọzọ. Enwere ike itinye akara kemịkal ugbu a na mmanụ ahụ iji chọpụta ole a ga-ehichapụ mmanụ ahụ iji mee ka o zuo oke màkà iji ya.<ref name="Pastor 2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pastor|first=D.|year=2001|title=The Aegean Sea Oil Spill in the Galicia coast (NW Spain). I. Distribution and fate of the Crude Oil and Combustion Products in Subtidal Sediments|url=http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegean%20sea%20distribution.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=42|issue=10|pages=895–904|doi=10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00048-0}}</ref> == Nnyocha gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:AnclaMarEgeo.jpg|thumb|Anchor nke ''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' na Aquarium Finisterrae na A Coruña, [[Galisa|Galicia]], Spain ]] Ụsọ oké osimiri Galician bụ isi ihe dị oke mkpa màkà ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ nke Spain. Nchịkọta crabs na lobster, ọrụ ugbo salmon, na isi ụlọ ọrụ na-enweta uru nke ọrụ ugbo shellfish niile metụtara nsị ahụ. N'oge na-adịghị ányá mgbè mmanụ ahụ wụpụrụ, Spain nyere iwu ka e nyochaa usoro okike iji nyochaa mmebi e mèrè na anụmanụ dị n'ime ala na mpaghara ahụ, na ihe ndị dị n'apịtị.<ref name="Pastor 2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pastor|first=D.|year=2001|title=The Aegean Sea Oil Spill in the Galicia coast (NW Spain). I. Distribution and fate of the Crude Oil and Combustion Products in Subtidal Sediments|url=http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegean%20sea%20distribution.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=42|issue=10|pages=895–904|doi=10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00048-0}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPastorSanchezPorteAlbaiges2001">Pastor, D.; Sanchez, J.; Porte, C.; Albaiges, J. (2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620222818/http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegean%20sea%20distribution.pdf "The Aegean Sea Oil Spill in the Galicia coast (NW Spain). I. Distribution and fate of the Crude Oil and Combustion Products in Subtidal Sediments"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Marine Pollution Bulletin''. '''42''' (10): 895–904. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00048-0|10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00048-0]]. Archived from [http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegean%20sea%20distribution.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 June 2012.</cite></ref> A manyere nnyocha a n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmanụ mbụ wụpụrụ n'otu ébé ahụ: n'ubochi irí na abụọ n'ọnwa Mee 1976, nnukwu tankị ''Urquiola'' kpochapụrụ ala nke ọnụ ụzọ ọwa na A Coruña, na-eme ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ wụpụ ibu ya nke tọn mmanụ otu narị na puku asaa. Nke a metụtara ndụ oké osimiri ya na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri, mana ndụ oké osimiri na-adị ndụ mepụtara usoro nchebe nke nyere ha ohere ịlanarị nsogbu dị otú ahụ. Ndụ oké osimiri na A Coruña yiri ka ọ ga-anọgide na-akwụsi ike ruo mgbè ọdachi nke ''Oké Osimiri Aegean''. Iji chọpụta mmetụta nke nsị ahụ na ndụ oké osimiri, e mèrè nnyocha iji chọpụta ọgaranya nke ụdị, ọtụtụ, na biomass. Ónyé ọkà mmụta sayensị nyochara mgbanwe site n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1992 ruo ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1996, wee chọpụta na obodo macrobenthic bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ébé ndị ahụ metụtara gosipụtara omume yiri nke ahụ dị ka ihe ndị dị ndụ mbụ nke mmanụ ''Urquiola'' metụtara. Amphipods yiri ka ọ na-emetụta ihe kachasị njọ site na mpụga mmanụ, ma nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala, ruo n'ogè opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1995. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị, ụdị ahụ yiri ka ọ ga-agbake ruo na njedebe nke ọmụmụ n'afọ 1996. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, a chọpụtara ihe na-eme na ụdị ndị na-eguzogide ya na-achịkwa usoro okike. Mmanụ nke atọ wụpụrụ n'otu ebe ahụ na A Coruña n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2002, ébé otu tankị, Prestige, na-ebu tọn mmanụ puku iri asaa na asaa kewara n'ime abụọ ma wụsa ibu ya. Ihe dị ka tọn mmanụ puku iri wụfuru mana mkpokoro Prestige nke mikpuru mmiri ka na-agbapụta mmanụ site na tankị ya ruo taa [mgbe?[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomez Gesteira|first=J.L.|year=2004|title=Impact of the Aegean Sea oil spill on the subtidal fine sand macrobenthic community of the Ares-Betanzos Ria (Northwest Spain)|url=http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegeansea_gomezgesteira.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Marine Environmental Research|volume=60|pages=289–316|doi=10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.11.001}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke mmanụ na-awụfu * [[Urquiola (1973)|''Urquiola'']]: tankị mmanụ ọzọ nke mikpuru n'ụsọ oké osimiri Galician na 1976 * MV Prestige: tankị mmanụ ọzọ nke mikpuru n'ụsọ oké osimiri Galician na 2002 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] omilred3vc8h9etdfkuhzszhciz0dvt 674169 674168 2026-07-08T15:23:39Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674169 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="tankers">Aegean Sea "Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability." (n.d.). Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from {{Cite web|url=http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/|title=Aegean Sea|accessdate=2013-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210343/http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/|archivedate=12 August 2014}}</ref>[[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna1.jpg|thumb|''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' na-ere ọkụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke A Coruña ([[Galisa|Galicia]], [[Spain]])]] Mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri Aegean Sea bụ mmanụ nké méré n'ubochi atọ n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1992 mgbè ụgbọ mmiri '''mmanụ''' ụgbọ mmiri nwèrè okpukpu abụọ nke nwéré ọkọlọtọ [[Greece|Gris]], '''''Oké Osimiri Aegean''''', na-aga Repsol refinery na A Coruña, Spain, nwèrè ihe mberede n'ụsọ ''oké osimiri'' [[Galisa|Galician]]. Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgafe ule na mmezigharị niile achọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cedre.fr/uk/spill/aegean_sea/aegean_sea.htm|title=Aegean Sea|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927031315/http://www.cedre.fr/uk/spill/aegean_sea/aegean_sea.htm|archivedate=27 September 2007|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref> Ihe mberede ahụ mèrè n'ogè ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike ma metụta ụsọ oké osimiri Galician na-akpata mmebi gburugburu ébé obibi, ya na mmebi nke azụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị njem nleta na A Coruña. A chọpụtara na ónyé isi ụgbọ mmiri na ónyé na-anya ụgbọ mmiri bụ ndị ikpe mara na ónyé nwe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ weere ọtụtụ n'ime ụgwọ ego.<ref name=":0">Aegean Sea. (n.d.). Cedre : Centre de documentation, de recherche et d'expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from http://www.cedre.fr/en/spill/aegean_sea/ae</ref> == Ihe mere == [[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna2.jpg|thumb|''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' na-ere ọkụ n'azụ Ụlọ Elu Hercules]] N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1992, ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ na Gris bụ Aegean Sea nọ na-aga A Coruña, Spain, site na Sullom Voe, Scotland. Ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-akwadebe ịbanye n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke A Coruña, ọsọ ifufe dị n'elu 50 kn (93 km / h; 58 ), na ányá dị n'okpuru otu narị mita (110 ), na-eme ka ọ tụfuo ụzọ e kenyere yà ma na-agba ọsọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Galicia, nso Tower of Hercules. E zigara ndị ọrụ nnapụta ozugbo, otu helikọpta nwekwara ike ịzọpụta ndị ọrụ iri atọ na abụọ niile.<ref name=":0">Aegean Sea. (n.d.). Cedre : Centre de documentation, de recherche et d'expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from http://www.cedre.fr/en/spill/aegean_sea/ae</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbawara n'etiti, na-enye ohere ịtọhapụ tọn puku iri isii na asaa nke tọn puku iri asaa na itoolu nke mmanụ ọkụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ bu. A na-etinye mmanụ a gwakọtara site na iji booms, skimmers, na pumps, ya na ọkara ụgbọ mmiri ka dị n'elu mmiri, ndị ọrụ nnapụta jiri pumps mee ka tankị ndị ka dị. Otú ọ dị, n'ogè na-adịghị anya, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbara ọkụ ma gaa n'ihu na-ere ọkụ ruo ụbọchị ise. A gbapụrụ n'obodo A Coruña nwa ógè iji chebe ụmụ amaala ya pụọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke anwụrụ ọkụ mmanụ. Mmanụ fọdụrụnụ na-agagharị na mmiri siri ike nke ifufe na-emepụta, na ihe ruru kilomita narị atọ nke ụsọ mmiri, ya na ndụ oké osimiri n'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri ahụ, metụtara nsị ahụ. A chọtara arịlịka abụọ nkè ''Oké Osimiri Aegean'', ma na-egosi ugbu a nà Aquarium Finisterrae na A Coruña, na Philippe Cousteau Museum na Salinas, Asturias.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/hemeroteca/2004/10/23/3139480.shtml|title=El "Mar Egeo" y otros buques desmantelados|language=Spanish|accessdate=28 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208022411/http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/hemeroteca/2004/10/23/3139480.shtml|archivedate=8 February 2012}}</ref> == Usoro nhicha == [[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna3.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ elu Hercules n'ìhè nke ire ọkụ nke ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ Aegean Sea]] E zigara ndị ọrụ nhicha ozugbo n'ébé ọdachi ahụ dị, ma n'ime ma n'ụsọ oké osimiri. A na-etinye mmanụ na-agbanye gburugburu ébé a na-awụfu iji gbochie mmanụ ahụ. Booms na-anakọta ihe dị ka cubic mita puku ise nke ngwakọta mmanụ / mmiri. N'ikpere mmiri, a na-edozi cubic mita otu puku na narị abụọ nke ájá na ihe mkpofu emetọ màkà mmanụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị ihu nke ''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' ka ọ na-ada, a na-etinye mgbapụta n'azụ nke na-agbapụta mmanụ fọdụrụnụ.<ref name="tankers" /> == Ihe si na ya pụta na nyocha == [[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna4.jpg|thumb|Mmanụ a wụpụrụ mgbe ihe mberede ahụ gasịrị]] Mmanụ a na-awụfu n'Oké Osimiri Aegean metụtara ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ n'oké osimiri. Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ nke Coruña nwetara ihe siri ike, na mmachibido iwu nke ịkụ azụ niile site na Kansụl Azụmaahịa. E mèrè nkwupụta màkà enyemaka ndị ọkụ azụ nké ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde dollar 3.53 n'ogè na-adịghị ányá mgbè mmanụ ahụ wụchara. Ọ bụ ezie na Kansụl Azụmaahịa nyeere ndị ọkụ azụ aka site na ịkwụ ụgwọ ụfọdụ, ndị a adịghị nso ịkwụ ụgwọ zuru oke màkà ndị ọkụ azụ. Nnukwu nkwupụta sitere n'aka ndị ọkụ azụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị njem nleta bịara n'ụlọ ikpe Spanish, nke ruru ihe dị ka nde dollar narị abụọ na iri asatọ na asaa site na afọ 2001. E doziri ọtụtụ n'ime nkwupụta ndị a, mànà ụfọdụ nkwupụta ka na-ese okwu. International Oil Pollution Compensation (IOPC), Gọọmentị Spain, na ónyé nwe ụgbọ mmiri mechara nwee nkwekọrịta, na ịkwụ ụgwọ ikpeazụ e mèrè na Disemba 2003.<ref name="tankers" /> Na mgbakwunye na nkwekọrịta ego, a chọpụtakwara na ónyé isi ụgbọ mmiri, Constantine Stavrides, na ónyé na-anya ụgbọelu ahụ nwèrè ikpe mpụ màkà ileghara anya na ịghara ịgbaso iwu. == Nnyocha hydrocarbon == Hydrocarbons, ébé ọ bụ isi iyi nke ike n'ihi njikọ kemịkal siri ike ha, bụ isi iyi màkà ọmụmụ sayensị na mmanụ Aegean Sea. A na-etinye akara kemịkal n'ime ihe nlele nke mmanụ a wụfuru, na data na-adọrọ mmasị kpughere. Alkanes na acyclic hydrocarbons, ha abụọ nwèrè otu njikọ, yiri ka ha emebiwo n'ime naanị ọnwa isii, ébé triterpane na steranane ka dị mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ihu igwe gasịrị. Ma triterpane na steranane nwèrè ọtụtụ njikọ, nke bụ ihe mere ha ji nọrọ mgbè ọtụtụ afọ gasịrị. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta kwubiri na akara kemịkal nwèrè ike [[Iba|ịba]] uru dị irè megide nsị mmanụ. Ihe ịrịba ama ndị a nwèrè ike ikwe ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụta ogologo ógè mmanụ ahụ emetọla mmiri oké osimiri, na otu mmiri ahụ si emetụta mmanụ ahụ e ji mmiri nweta. Nke a nwèrè ike inye aka na usoro ebe a na-anakọta mmanụ a wụfuru ma dozie ya màkà iji ya mee ihe ọzọ. Enwere ike itinye akara kemịkal ugbu a na mmanụ ahụ iji chọpụta ole a ga-ehichapụ mmanụ ahụ iji mee ka o zuo oke màkà iji ya.<ref name="Pastor 2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pastor|first=D.|year=2001|title=The Aegean Sea Oil Spill in the Galicia coast (NW Spain). I. Distribution and fate of the Crude Oil and Combustion Products in Subtidal Sediments|url=http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegean%20sea%20distribution.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=42|issue=10|pages=895–904|doi=10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00048-0}}</ref> == Nnyocha gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:AnclaMarEgeo.jpg|thumb|Anchor nke ''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' na Aquarium Finisterrae na A Coruña, [[Galisa|Galicia]], Spain ]] Ụsọ oké osimiri Galician bụ isi ihe dị oke mkpa màkà ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ nke Spain. Nchịkọta crabs na lobster, ọrụ ugbo salmon, na isi ụlọ ọrụ na-enweta uru nke ọrụ ugbo shellfish niile metụtara nsị ahụ. N'oge na-adịghị ányá mgbè mmanụ ahụ wụpụrụ, Spain nyere iwu ka e nyochaa usoro okike iji nyochaa mmebi e mèrè na anụmanụ dị n'ime ala na mpaghara ahụ, na ihe ndị dị n'apịtị.<ref name="Pastor 2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pastor|first=D.|year=2001|title=The Aegean Sea Oil Spill in the Galicia coast (NW Spain). I. Distribution and fate of the Crude Oil and Combustion Products in Subtidal Sediments|url=http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegean%20sea%20distribution.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=42|issue=10|pages=895–904|doi=10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00048-0}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPastorSanchezPorteAlbaiges2001">Pastor, D.; Sanchez, J.; Porte, C.; Albaiges, J. (2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620222818/http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegean%20sea%20distribution.pdf "The Aegean Sea Oil Spill in the Galicia coast (NW Spain). I. Distribution and fate of the Crude Oil and Combustion Products in Subtidal Sediments"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Marine Pollution Bulletin''. '''42''' (10): 895–904. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00048-0|10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00048-0]]. Archived from [http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegean%20sea%20distribution.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 June 2012.</cite></ref> A manyere nnyocha a n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmanụ mbụ wụpụrụ n'otu ébé ahụ: n'ubochi irí na abụọ n'ọnwa Mee 1976, nnukwu tankị ''Urquiola'' kpochapụrụ ala nke ọnụ ụzọ ọwa na A Coruña, na-eme ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ wụpụ ibu ya nke tọn mmanụ otu narị na puku asaa. Nke a metụtara ndụ oké osimiri ya na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri, mana ndụ oké osimiri na-adị ndụ mepụtara usoro nchebe nke nyere ha ohere ịlanarị nsogbu dị otú ahụ. Ndụ oké osimiri na A Coruña yiri ka ọ ga-anọgide na-akwụsi ike ruo mgbè ọdachi nke ''Oké Osimiri Aegean''. Iji chọpụta mmetụta nke nsị ahụ na ndụ oké osimiri, e mèrè nnyocha iji chọpụta ọgaranya nke ụdị, ọtụtụ, na biomass. Ónyé ọkà mmụta sayensị nyochara mgbanwe site n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1992 ruo ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1996, wee chọpụta na obodo macrobenthic bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ébé ndị ahụ metụtara gosipụtara omume yiri nke ahụ dị ka ihe ndị dị ndụ mbụ nke mmanụ ''Urquiola'' metụtara. Amphipods yiri ka ọ na-emetụta ihe kachasị njọ site na mpụga mmanụ, ma nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala, ruo n'ogè opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1995. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị, ụdị ahụ yiri ka ọ ga-agbake ruo na njedebe nke ọmụmụ n'afọ 1996. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, a chọpụtara ihe na-eme na ụdị ndị na-eguzogide ya na-achịkwa usoro okike. Mmanụ nke atọ wụpụrụ n'otu ebe ahụ na A Coruña n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2002, ébé otu tankị, Prestige, na-ebu tọn mmanụ puku iri asaa na asaa kewara n'ime abụọ ma wụsa ibu ya. Ihe dị ka tọn mmanụ puku iri wụfuru mana mkpokoro Prestige nke mikpuru mmiri ka na-agbapụta mmanụ site na tankị ya ruo taa [mgbe?[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomez Gesteira|first=J.L.|year=2004|title=Impact of the Aegean Sea oil spill on the subtidal fine sand macrobenthic community of the Ares-Betanzos Ria (Northwest Spain)|url=http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegeansea_gomezgesteira.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Marine Environmental Research|volume=60|pages=289–316|doi=10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.11.001}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke mmanụ na-awụfu * [[Urquiola (1973)|''Urquiola'']]: tankị mmanụ ọzọ nke mikpuru n'ụsọ oké osimiri Galician na 1976 * MV Prestige: tankị mmanụ ọzọ nke mikpuru n'ụsọ oké osimiri Galician na 2002 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g2uv65o8fx1eyq03fkog95xaulhum0w 674171 674169 2026-07-08T15:25:09Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674171 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="tankers">Aegean Sea "Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability." (n.d.). Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from {{Cite web|url=http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/|title=Aegean Sea|accessdate=2013-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210343/http://www.oilpollutionliability.com/aegean-sea/|archivedate=12 August 2014}}</ref>[[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna1.jpg|thumb|''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' na-ere ọkụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke A Coruña ([[Galisa|Galicia]], [[Spain]])]] Mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri Aegean Sea bụ mmanụ nké méré n'ubochi atọ n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1992 mgbè ụgbọ mmiri '''mmanụ''' ụgbọ mmiri nwèrè okpukpu abụọ nke nwéré ọkọlọtọ [[Greece|Gris]], '''''Oké Osimiri Aegean''''', na-aga Repsol refinery na A Coruña, Spain, nwèrè ihe mberede n'ụsọ ''oké osimiri'' [[Galisa|Galician]]. Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgafe ule na mmezigharị niile achọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cedre.fr/uk/spill/aegean_sea/aegean_sea.htm|title=Aegean Sea|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927031315/http://www.cedre.fr/uk/spill/aegean_sea/aegean_sea.htm|archivedate=27 September 2007|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref> Ihe mberede ahụ mèrè n'ogè ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike ma metụta ụsọ oké osimiri Galician na-akpata mmebi gburugburu ébé obibi, ya na mmebi nke azụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị njem nleta na A Coruña. A chọpụtara na ónyé isi ụgbọ mmiri na ónyé na-anya ụgbọ mmiri bụ ndị ikpe mara na ónyé nwe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ weere ọtụtụ n'ime ụgwọ ego.<ref name=":0">Aegean Sea. (n.d.). Cedre : Centre de documentation, de recherche et d'expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from http://www.cedre.fr/en/spill/aegean_sea/ae</ref> == Ihe mere == [[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna2.jpg|thumb|''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' na-ere ọkụ n'azụ Ụlọ Elu Hercules]] N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1992, ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ na Gris bụ Aegean Sea nọ na-aga A Coruña, Spain, site na Sullom Voe, Scotland. Ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-akwadebe ịbanye n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke A Coruña, ọsọ ifufe dị n'elu 50 kn (93 km / h; 58 ), na ányá dị n'okpuru otu narị mita (110 ), na-eme ka ọ tụfuo ụzọ e kenyere yà ma na-agba ọsọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Galicia, nso Tower of Hercules. E zigara ndị ọrụ nnapụta ozugbo, otu helikọpta nwekwara ike ịzọpụta ndị ọrụ iri atọ na abụọ niile.<ref name=":0">Aegean Sea. (n.d.). Cedre : Centre de documentation, de recherche et d'expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from http://www.cedre.fr/en/spill/aegean_sea/ae</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbawara n'etiti, na-enye ohere ịtọhapụ tọn puku iri isii na asaa nke tọn puku iri asaa na itoolu nke mmanụ ọkụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ bu. A na-etinye mmanụ a gwakọtara site na iji booms, skimmers, na pumps, ya na ọkara ụgbọ mmiri ka dị n'elu mmiri, ndị ọrụ nnapụta jiri pumps mee ka tankị ndị ka dị. Otú ọ dị, n'ogè na-adịghị anya, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbara ọkụ ma gaa n'ihu na-ere ọkụ ruo ụbọchị ise. A gbapụrụ n'obodo A Coruña nwa ógè iji chebe ụmụ amaala ya pụọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke anwụrụ ọkụ mmanụ. Mmanụ fọdụrụnụ na-agagharị na mmiri siri ike nke ifufe na-emepụta, na ihe ruru kilomita narị atọ nke ụsọ mmiri, ya na ndụ oké osimiri n'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri ahụ, metụtara nsị ahụ. A chọtara arịlịka abụọ nkè ''Oké Osimiri Aegean'', ma na-egosi ugbu a nà Aquarium Finisterrae na A Coruña, na Philippe Cousteau Museum na Salinas, Asturias.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/hemeroteca/2004/10/23/3139480.shtml|title=El "Mar Egeo" y otros buques desmantelados|language=Spanish|accessdate=28 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208022411/http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/hemeroteca/2004/10/23/3139480.shtml|archivedate=8 February 2012}}</ref> == Usoro nhicha == [[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna3.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ elu Hercules n'ìhè nke ire ọkụ nke ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ Aegean Sea]] E zigara ndị ọrụ nhicha ozugbo n'ébé ọdachi ahụ dị, ma n'ime ma n'ụsọ oké osimiri. A na-etinye mmanụ na-agbanye gburugburu ébé a na-awụfu iji gbochie mmanụ ahụ. Booms na-anakọta ihe dị ka cubic mita puku ise nke ngwakọta mmanụ / mmiri. N'ikpere mmiri, a na-edozi cubic mita otu puku na narị abụọ nke ájá na ihe mkpofu emetọ màkà mmanụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị ihu nke ''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' ka ọ na-ada, a na-etinye mgbapụta n'azụ nke na-agbapụta mmanụ fọdụrụnụ.<ref name="tankers" /> == Ihe si na ya pụta na nyocha == [[Usòrò:Maregeo_coruna4.jpg|thumb|Mmanụ a wụpụrụ mgbe ihe mberede ahụ gasịrị]] Mmanụ a na-awụfu n'Oké Osimiri Aegean metụtara ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ n'oké osimiri. Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ nke Coruña nwetara ihe siri ike, na mmachibido iwu nke ịkụ azụ niile site na Kansụl Azụmaahịa. E mèrè nkwupụta màkà enyemaka ndị ọkụ azụ nké ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde dollar 3.53 n'ogè na-adịghị ányá mgbè mmanụ ahụ wụchara. Ọ bụ ezie na Kansụl Azụmaahịa nyeere ndị ọkụ azụ aka site na ịkwụ ụgwọ ụfọdụ, ndị a adịghị nso ịkwụ ụgwọ zuru oke màkà ndị ọkụ azụ. Nnukwu nkwupụta sitere n'aka ndị ọkụ azụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị njem nleta bịara n'ụlọ ikpe Spanish, nke ruru ihe dị ka nde dollar narị abụọ na iri asatọ na asaa site na afọ 2001. E doziri ọtụtụ n'ime nkwupụta ndị a, mànà ụfọdụ nkwupụta ka na-ese okwu. International Oil Pollution Compensation (IOPC), Gọọmentị Spain, na ónyé nwe ụgbọ mmiri mechara nwee nkwekọrịta, na ịkwụ ụgwọ ikpeazụ e mèrè na Disemba 2003.<ref name="tankers" /> Na mgbakwunye na nkwekọrịta ego, a chọpụtakwara na ónyé isi ụgbọ mmiri, Constantine Stavrides, na ónyé na-anya ụgbọelu ahụ nwèrè ikpe mpụ màkà ileghara anya na ịghara ịgbaso iwu. == Nnyocha hydrocarbon<ref name="Pastor 2001" /> == Hydrocarbons, ébé ọ bụ isi iyi nke ike n'ihi njikọ kemịkal siri ike ha, bụ isi iyi màkà ọmụmụ sayensị na mmanụ Aegean Sea. A na-etinye akara kemịkal n'ime ihe nlele nke mmanụ a wụfuru, na data na-adọrọ mmasị kpughere. Alkanes na acyclic hydrocarbons, ha abụọ nwèrè otu njikọ, yiri ka ha emebiwo n'ime naanị ọnwa isii, ébé triterpane na steranane ka dị mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ihu igwe gasịrị. Ma triterpane na steranane nwèrè ọtụtụ njikọ, nke bụ ihe mere ha ji nọrọ mgbè ọtụtụ afọ gasịrị. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta kwubiri na akara kemịkal nwèrè ike [[Iba|ịba]] uru dị irè megide nsị mmanụ. Ihe ịrịba ama ndị a nwèrè ike ikwe ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụta ogologo ógè mmanụ ahụ emetọla mmiri oké osimiri, na otu mmiri ahụ si emetụta mmanụ ahụ e ji mmiri nweta. Nke a nwèrè ike inye aka na usoro ebe a na-anakọta mmanụ a wụfuru ma dozie ya màkà iji ya mee ihe ọzọ. Enwere ike itinye akara kemịkal ugbu a na mmanụ ahụ iji chọpụta ole a ga-ehichapụ mmanụ ahụ iji mee ka o zuo oke màkà iji ya.<ref name="Pastor 2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pastor|first=D.|year=2001|title=The Aegean Sea Oil Spill in the Galicia coast (NW Spain). I. Distribution and fate of the Crude Oil and Combustion Products in Subtidal Sediments|url=http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegean%20sea%20distribution.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=42|issue=10|pages=895–904|doi=10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00048-0}}</ref> == Nnyocha gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:AnclaMarEgeo.jpg|thumb|Anchor nke ''Oké Osimiri Aegean'' na Aquarium Finisterrae na A Coruña, [[Galisa|Galicia]], Spain ]] Ụsọ oké osimiri Galician bụ isi ihe dị oke mkpa màkà ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ nke Spain. Nchịkọta crabs na lobster, ọrụ ugbo salmon, na isi ụlọ ọrụ na-enweta uru nke ọrụ ugbo shellfish niile metụtara nsị ahụ. N'oge na-adịghị ányá mgbè mmanụ ahụ wụpụrụ, Spain nyere iwu ka e nyochaa usoro okike iji nyochaa mmebi e mèrè na anụmanụ dị n'ime ala na mpaghara ahụ, na ihe ndị dị n'apịtị. A manyere nnyocha a n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmanụ mbụ wụpụrụ n'otu ébé ahụ: n'ubochi irí na abụọ n'ọnwa Mee 1976, nnukwu tankị ''Urquiola'' kpochapụrụ ala nke ọnụ ụzọ ọwa na A Coruña, na-eme ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ wụpụ ibu ya nke tọn mmanụ otu narị na puku asaa. Nke a metụtara ndụ oké osimiri ya na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri, mana ndụ oké osimiri na-adị ndụ mepụtara usoro nchebe nke nyere ha ohere ịlanarị nsogbu dị otú ahụ. Ndụ oké osimiri na A Coruña yiri ka ọ ga-anọgide na-akwụsi ike ruo mgbè ọdachi nke ''Oké Osimiri Aegean''. Iji chọpụta mmetụta nke nsị ahụ na ndụ oké osimiri, e mèrè nnyocha iji chọpụta ọgaranya nke ụdị, ọtụtụ, na biomass. Ónyé ọkà mmụta sayensị nyochara mgbanwe site n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1992 ruo ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1996, wee chọpụta na obodo macrobenthic bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ébé ndị ahụ metụtara gosipụtara omume yiri nke ahụ dị ka ihe ndị dị ndụ mbụ nke mmanụ ''Urquiola'' metụtara. Amphipods yiri ka ọ na-emetụta ihe kachasị njọ site na mpụga mmanụ, ma nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala, ruo n'ogè opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1995. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị, ụdị ahụ yiri ka ọ ga-agbake ruo na njedebe nke ọmụmụ n'afọ 1996. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, a chọpụtara ihe na-eme na ụdị ndị na-eguzogide ya na-achịkwa usoro okike. Mmanụ nke atọ wụpụrụ n'otu ebe ahụ na A Coruña n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2002, ébé otu tankị, Prestige, na-ebu tọn mmanụ puku iri asaa na asaa kewara n'ime abụọ ma wụsa ibu ya. Ihe dị ka tọn mmanụ puku iri wụfuru mana mkpokoro Prestige nke mikpuru mmiri ka na-agbapụta mmanụ site na tankị ya ruo taa [mgbe?[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomez Gesteira|first=J.L.|year=2004|title=Impact of the Aegean Sea oil spill on the subtidal fine sand macrobenthic community of the Ares-Betanzos Ria (Northwest Spain)|url=http://otvm.uvigo.es/investigacion/informes/documentos/archivos/aegeansea_gomezgesteira.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Marine Environmental Research|volume=60|pages=289–316|doi=10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.11.001}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke mmanụ na-awụfu * [[Urquiola (1973)|''Urquiola'']]: tankị mmanụ ọzọ nke mikpuru n'ụsọ oké osimiri Galician na 1976 * MV Prestige: tankị mmanụ ọzọ nke mikpuru n'ụsọ oké osimiri Galician na 2002 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8wiceqekcuuxq9buuca51aj7kjdo2r6 0 25641 674158 143432 2026-07-08T15:13:56Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mmanụ diesel''' Norilsk bụ ọdachi ụlọ ọrụ na nso Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. Ọ malitere n'ubochi irí abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Mee afo 2020 mgbè tankị nchekwa mmanụ na Norilsk-Taimyr Energy's Thermal Power Plant No. 3 (nke Nornickel nwere) dara, na-eme ka osimiri ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ jupụta na tọn mmanụ diesel puku iri na asaa na narị ise.<ref name="TASS">{{Cite news|title=Diesel fuel spill in Norilsk in Russia's Arctic contained|url=https://tass.com/emergencies/1164423|accessdate=6 June 2020|work=[[TASS]]|date=5 June 2020}}</ref> Onye isi ala Vladimir Putin kwupụtara ọnọdụ mberede na mbido ọnwa June.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/03/vladimir-putin-orders-state-of-emergency-huge-fuel-spill-siberia-power-plant-kerch|title=Putin orders state of emergency after huge fuel spill inside Arctic Circle|work=The Guardian|date=3 June 2020|accessdate=4 June 2020|archivedate=3 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603203735/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/03/vladimir-putin-orders-state-of-emergency-huge-fuel-spill-siberia-power-plant-kerch}}</ref> A kọwaala ihe omume ahụ dị ka nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russia nke ógè a, mgbè afọ 1994 Komi pipeline wụpụsịrị, ébé a tọhapụrụ tọn mmanụ narị puku anọ nà ala gburugburu ébé obibi n'etiti August 1994 na Jenụwarị 1995.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Putin slams mining company over massive Siberian diesel leak, declares state of emergency|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2020/0603/1145111-siberia-diesel-leak/|accessdate=12 June 2020|work=RTÉ|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann|date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Minerals Yearbook, Volume 3|date=1995|publisher=US Bureau of Mines|location=Washington DC|isbn=978-1345966411|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDP1-3aL4fsC&pg=PA728|accessdate=14 June 2020}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Usòrò:Txu-oclc-6654394-nr-45-46-2nd-ed.jpg|áká_ikenga|thumb|Map nke Norilsk (nke a na-akpọ NORIL'SK) na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu (AMS, 1964)]] A na-eji mmanụ diesel eme ihe dị ka mmanụ ndabere màkà ụlọ ọrụ Norilsk-Taimyr Energy coal-fired combined heat and power plant.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Russia to fine legal entities violating security rules at fuel-and-energy facilities|url=https://tass.com/economy/1176557|accessdate=5 September 2020|date=9 July 2020}}</ref> Nchekwa mmanụ Tank isé dara n'ihi oghere dị na ala tankị, nke sitere na mmepụta nke corrosion ulcerative.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Norilsk oil spill: Tensions rise as Nornickel disputes extent of damage|url=https://www.mining-technology.com/features/norilsk-oil-spill-nornickel-disputes-damage/|accessdate=5 September 2020|work=Mining Technology|date=9 July 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ màkà ihe ndị sitere n'okike nke Russia bụ Rostekhnadzor nyèrè ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iwu, ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, ka ọ na'ihu mgbidi na elu ụlọ nke tankị site na nchara ma weghachite mkpuchi mgbochi corrosion, na site n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2016, ka ọ na - mee nyocha na-adịghị ebibi ala tankị. N'agbanyeghị arịrịọ ndị a sitere n'aka Gọọmentị Russia, Norilsk-Taimyr Energy emeghị ihe ndị a rịọrọ iji zere ọdịda nkè Tank isé.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rostekhnadzor warned Norilsk Nickel about problems with fuel storage|url=https://www.archyde.com/rostekhnadzor-warned-norilsk-nickel-about-problems-with-fuel-storage-business-rbc/|accessdate=8 June 2020|work=Achyde|date=5 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Weise">{{Cite news|author=Weise|first=Elizabeth|title=Russia declares state of emergency over Arctic Circle oil spill caused by melting permafrost|url=https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/graphics/2020/06/05/oil-spill-red-river-permafrost-tied-russian-arctic-circle-emergency-diesel/3143679001/|accessdate=6 June 2020|work=[[USA TODAY]]|date=6 June 2020}}</ref> == Mgbasa na nhicha == Ruo cubic mita puku iri abụọ na otu (17,500 tọn) nke mmanụ diesel wụfuru n'ala na n'ime osimiri ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, na-emetụta mpaghara dị hekta irí na asatọ (44 acres), Osimiri Daldykan dị nso, nke na-esite na Osimiri Ambarnaya, ma na-emetọ mpaghara nkè square kilomita narị atọ na iri ise (140 square miles).<ref name="TASS">{{Cite news|title=Diesel fuel spill in Norilsk in Russia's Arctic contained|url=https://tass.com/emergencies/1164423|accessdate=6 June 2020|work=[[TASS]]|date=5 June 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://tass.com/emergencies/1164423 "Diesel fuel spill in Norilsk in Russia's Arctic contained"]. ''[[Ụgwọ|TASS]]''. Moscow, Russia. 5 June 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200606223937/https://tass.com/emergencies/1164423 Archived] from the original on 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A tụrụ anya na mgbalị nhicha ga-esi ike n'ihi na enweghị okporo ụzọ na osimiri ndị ahụ adịghị omimi màkà ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri. E mèrè atụmatụ na ọnụahịa ozugbo nke ọrụ enyemaka mberede ga-abụ ijeri rubles 10 (US $ 146 nde), na ngụkọta mmezi nke 100 ijeri ruble (US $ 1.5 ijeri), nke ga-ewe afọ ise ruo iri; Norilsk Nickel ga-akwụ ụgwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Norilsk Nickel to pay emergency relief costs, says Putin|url=https://tass.com/emergencies/1164601|accessdate=6 June 2020|work=TASS|date=5 June 2020}}</ref> N'ubochi anọ n'ọnwa Juun n'afọ 2020 telivishọn steeti Rọshịa kọrọ na ejirila usoro arụpụtara pụrụ iche wee nwee ihe mwụfu ahụ. booms na Ambarnaya osimiri.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/04/869936256/russian-power-plant-spills-thousands-of-tons-of-oil-into-arctic-region|title=Russian Power Plant Spills Thousands Of Tons Of Oil Into Arctic Region|date=4 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ice na-akpụ akpụ mebiri ọganihu ahụs<ref name="RFE">{{Cite news|title=Arrest Made Over Massive Fuel Leak In Siberia|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-fuel-leak-siberia-arrest-starostin-norilsk-pollution-environment/30653159.html|accessdate=8 June 2020|work=RFE/RL|date=4 June 2020}}</ref> na ntufu ruru Lake Pyasino, na-eyi egwu Pyasina River,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/68976/|date=9 June 2020|publisher=Interfax|title=Fuel spilled near Russia's Norilsk gets into Lake Pyasino - governor|accessdate=9 June 2020}}</ref> nke na-asọba n'ime [[Arctic Ocean]]. == Ihe si na ya pụta == [[File:Putin_fuel_spill.jpg|áká_ikenga|thumb|Onye isi ala Putin na-eduzi nzukọ banyere mpụga mmanụ na 3 June 2020]] Kọmitii nyocha nkè Russia amalitela nyocha mpụ banyéré nsị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Russia detains Arctic power station managers over massive 21,000-tonne fuel spill|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-11/russia-detains-power-station-managers-over-arctic-fuel-spill/12342094|date=11 June 2020|accessdate=11 June 2020}}</ref> E tinyere ónyé isi nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ tupu ikpe, ebubo na ọ mebiri iwu gburugburu ébé obibi na ileghara anya.<ref name="RFE" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Head of CHPP-3 plant workshop detained in case of fuel spill in Norilsk|url=https://tass.com/emergencies/1163729|accessdate=8 June 2020|work=TASS|date=3 June 2020}}</ref> Yevgeny Zinichev, ónyé isi nke Ministry of Emergency Situations nke Russia, kwùrù na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ ekwughị ihe merenụ ruo ụbọchị abụọ, mgbè ha na-anwa igbochi ọnọdụ ahụ n'onwe ha.<ref name="WaPoJune4">{{Cite news|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=4 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-arctic-oil-spill-siberia/2020/06/04/a1d24ad8-a667-11ea-b619-3f9133bbb482_story.html|title=Arctic fuel spill prompts Russia's Putin to declare emergency and slam slow response|author=Isabelle Khurshudyan}}</ref> Onye isi ala Vladimir Putin kwupụtara ọnọdụ mberede mpaghara na-esote nsị ahụ, ma katọọ ndị ọchịchị mpaghara màkà mmeghachi omume dị nwayọ.<ref name="WaPoJune4" /> Ọ katọkwara Vladimir Potanin, ónyé isi oche na ónyé isi na-ekere òkè nke Norilsk Nickel, màkà ịghara idebe nchekwa nke tankị mmanụ ụgbọala na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-oil-spill-arctic-leak-putin-river-norilsk-nickel-a9551751.html|title=Russia claims to have contained huge oil spill after Arctic river turns red|work=[[The Independent]]|date=5 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> Putin nyèrè ndị ọrụ iwu ka ha gbanwee iwu Russia iji gbochie ihe mberede yiri ya n'ọdịnihu.<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-pollution-nornickel-kremlin/putin-chides-nornickel-orders-law-change-after-arctic-fuel-spill-idUSKBN23C1CI|title=Putin chides Nornickel, orders law change after Arctic fuel spill|date=5 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> N'ime nzukọ telivishọn nke ụbọchị atọ n'ọnwa Juun 2020 nke e wepụtara màkà njikwa ọdachi, Putin jụrụ Sergei Lipin, onye isi NTEK: "Gịnị mere ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ji chọpụta banyere nke a naanị ụbọchị abụọ mgbè ihe ahụ gasịrị? Anyị ga-amụta banyéré ọnọdụ mberede site na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta?"<ref name="nbc">{{Cite news|author=Bodner|first=Matthew|title=Russia launches major clean-up operation after huge Arctic fuel spill|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/vladimir-putin/russia-launches-major-clean-operation-after-huge-arctic-fuel-spill-n1224581|accessdate=6 June 2020|work=NBC News Digital|date=5 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/04/869936256/russian-power-plant-spills-thousands-of-tons-of-oil-into-arctic-region?t=1591350190953|title=Russian Power Plant Spills Thousands Of Tons Of Oil Into Arctic Region|author=Kim|first=Lucian|work=NPR|date=4 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> Mgbè ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ màkà gburugburu ébé obibi nke steeti Rosprirodnadzor gwara onye ọrụ ya Vasily Ryabinin ka ọ kwụsị nyocha ọdachi ahụ, ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ya n'ubochi asaá n'ọnwa Juun wee gaa n'ihu ọha dị ka ónyé na-eme mkpesa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ilyushina|first=Mary|date=10 July 2020|title=The Russian whistleblower risking it all to expose the scale of an Arctic oil spill catastrophe|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/10/europe/arctic-oil-spill-russia-whistleblower-intl/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711000238/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/10/europe/arctic-oil-spill-russia-whistleblower-intl/index.html|archivedate=11 July 2020|accessdate=11 July 2020|work=CNN}}</ref> Mgbè nsị Norilsk gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ Prosecutor General nke Russia nyèrè iwu nyocha nchekwa na ihe niile dị ize ndụ nke e wuru na permafrost na Arctic nke Russia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52941845|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Arctic Circle oil spill: Russian prosecutors order checks at permafrost sites|date=5 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> Greenpeace Russia jiri mmetụta gburugburu ébé obibi nke nsị Norilsk tụnyere nkè nsị mmanụ <nowiki><i id="mwfw">Exxon Valdez</i></nowiki> nke afọ 1989.<ref name="WaPoJune4">{{Cite news|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=4 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-arctic-oil-spill-siberia/2020/06/04/a1d24ad8-a667-11ea-b619-3f9133bbb482_story.html|title=Arctic fuel spill prompts Russia's Putin to declare emergency and slam slow response|author=Isabelle Khurshudyan}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIsabelle_Khurshudyan2020">Isabelle Khurshudyan (4 June 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-arctic-oil-spill-siberia/2020/06/04/a1d24ad8-a667-11ea-b619-3f9133bbb482_story.html "Arctic fuel spill prompts Russia's Putin to declare emergency and slam slow response"]. ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200605180621/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-arctic-oil-spill-siberia/2020/06/04/a1d24ad8-a667-11ea-b619-3f9133bbb482_story.html Archived] from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'ihi ihe omume a, Oleg Deripaska, ónyé guzobere Rusal, nke n'afọ 2019 nwèrè Pasent iri abụọ na asatọ nke Nornickel, gbàrà ume mgbanwe nchịkwa na Nornickol, nke bụ pasenti iri atọ na ise nke Potanin's Olderfrey Holdings Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2019 - Share Capital|url=https://ar2019.nornickel.com/shareholders/share-capital|publisher=Nornickel|accessdate=5 September 2020|date=2020|archivedate=13 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913073644/https://ar2019.nornickel.com/shareholders/share-capital}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2020, Rosprirodnadzor gwara Norilsk ka ọ kwụọ ijeri ruble otu narị na iri anọ na asatọ iji kpuchie mmebi nke nnukwu nsị ahụ kpatara, mànà Norilsk ekwenyeghị na uru ahụ.<ref name="bloomberg fine" /> Na Febụwarị 2021, ụlọ ikpe nyéré iwu ka Norilsk kwụọ US $ 2 ijeri (146 ijeri rubles) màkà nsị ahụ.<ref name="bloomberg fine">{{Cite news|author=Fedorinova|first=Yuliya|title=Mining Giant Ordered to Pay $2 Billion Fine for Fuel Spill in Arctic|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-05/russian-court-orders-nornickel-to-pay-2-billion-fuel-spill-fine|accessdate=15 February 2021|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=February 5, 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nornickel ordered to pay $2.6b fine for Arctic fuel spill|url=https://www.afr.com/markets/commodities/nornickel-ordered-to-pay-2-6b-fine-for-arctic-fuel-spill-20210206-p5704f|work=[[Australian Financial Review]]|language=en|date=5 February 2021}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke mmanụ na-awụfu == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} cgijdjfus29gi6olljuy69i2eonrivu 674159 674158 2026-07-08T15:14:47Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mmanụ diesel''' Norilsk bụ ọdachi ụlọ ọrụ na nso Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. Ọ malitere n'ubochi irí abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Mee afo 2020 mgbè tankị nchekwa mmanụ na Norilsk-Taimyr Energy's Thermal Power Plant No. 3 (nke Nornickel nwere) dara, na-eme ka osimiri ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ jupụta na tọn mmanụ diesel puku iri na asaa na narị ise.<ref name="TASS">{{Cite news|title=Diesel fuel spill in Norilsk in Russia's Arctic contained|url=https://tass.com/emergencies/1164423|accessdate=6 June 2020|work=[[TASS]]|date=5 June 2020}}</ref> Onye isi ala Vladimir Putin kwupụtara ọnọdụ mberede na mbido ọnwa June.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/03/vladimir-putin-orders-state-of-emergency-huge-fuel-spill-siberia-power-plant-kerch|title=Putin orders state of emergency after huge fuel spill inside Arctic Circle|work=The Guardian|date=3 June 2020|accessdate=4 June 2020|archivedate=3 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603203735/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/03/vladimir-putin-orders-state-of-emergency-huge-fuel-spill-siberia-power-plant-kerch}}</ref> A kọwaala ihe omume ahụ dị ka nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russia nke ógè a, mgbè afọ 1994 Komi pipeline wụpụsịrị, ébé a tọhapụrụ tọn mmanụ narị puku anọ nà ala gburugburu ébé obibi n'etiti August 1994 na Jenụwarị 1995.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Putin slams mining company over massive Siberian diesel leak, declares state of emergency|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2020/0603/1145111-siberia-diesel-leak/|accessdate=12 June 2020|work=RTÉ|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann|date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Minerals Yearbook, Volume 3|date=1995|publisher=US Bureau of Mines|location=Washington DC|isbn=978-1345966411|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDP1-3aL4fsC&pg=PA728|accessdate=14 June 2020}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Usòrò:Txu-oclc-6654394-nr-45-46-2nd-ed.jpg|áká_ikenga|thumb|Map nke Norilsk (nke a na-akpọ NORIL'SK) na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu (AMS, 1964)]] A na-eji mmanụ diesel eme ihe dị ka mmanụ ndabere màkà ụlọ ọrụ Norilsk-Taimyr Energy coal-fired combined heat and power plant.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Russia to fine legal entities violating security rules at fuel-and-energy facilities|url=https://tass.com/economy/1176557|accessdate=5 September 2020|date=9 July 2020}}</ref> Nchekwa mmanụ Tank isé dara n'ihi oghere dị na ala tankị, nke sitere na mmepụta nke corrosion ulcerative.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Norilsk oil spill: Tensions rise as Nornickel disputes extent of damage|url=https://www.mining-technology.com/features/norilsk-oil-spill-nornickel-disputes-damage/|accessdate=5 September 2020|work=Mining Technology|date=9 July 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ màkà ihe ndị sitere n'okike nke Russia bụ Rostekhnadzor nyèrè ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iwu, ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, ka ọ na'ihu mgbidi na elu ụlọ nke tankị site na nchara ma weghachite mkpuchi mgbochi corrosion, na site n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2016, ka ọ na - mee nyocha na-adịghị ebibi ala tankị. N'agbanyeghị arịrịọ ndị a sitere n'aka Gọọmentị Russia, Norilsk-Taimyr Energy emeghị ihe ndị a rịọrọ iji zere ọdịda nkè Tank isé.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rostekhnadzor warned Norilsk Nickel about problems with fuel storage|url=https://www.archyde.com/rostekhnadzor-warned-norilsk-nickel-about-problems-with-fuel-storage-business-rbc/|accessdate=8 June 2020|work=Achyde|date=5 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Weise">{{Cite news|author=Weise|first=Elizabeth|title=Russia declares state of emergency over Arctic Circle oil spill caused by melting permafrost|url=https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/graphics/2020/06/05/oil-spill-red-river-permafrost-tied-russian-arctic-circle-emergency-diesel/3143679001/|accessdate=6 June 2020|work=[[USA TODAY]]|date=6 June 2020}}</ref> == Mgbasa na nhicha == Ruo cubic mita puku iri abụọ na otu (17,500 tọn) nke mmanụ diesel wụfuru n'ala na n'ime osimiri ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, na-emetụta mpaghara dị hekta irí na asatọ (44 acres), Osimiri Daldykan dị nso, nke na-esite na Osimiri Ambarnaya, ma na-emetọ mpaghara nkè square kilomita narị atọ na iri ise (140 square miles).<ref name="TASS" /> A tụrụ anya na mgbalị nhicha ga-esi ike n'ihi na enweghị okporo ụzọ na osimiri ndị ahụ adịghị omimi màkà ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri. E mèrè atụmatụ na ọnụahịa ozugbo nke ọrụ enyemaka mberede ga-abụ ijeri rubles 10 (US $ 146 nde), na ngụkọta mmezi nke 100 ijeri ruble (US $ 1.5 ijeri), nke ga-ewe afọ ise ruo iri; Norilsk Nickel ga-akwụ ụgwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Norilsk Nickel to pay emergency relief costs, says Putin|url=https://tass.com/emergencies/1164601|accessdate=6 June 2020|work=TASS|date=5 June 2020}}</ref> N'ubochi anọ n'ọnwa Juun n'afọ 2020 telivishọn steeti Rọshịa kọrọ na ejirila usoro arụpụtara pụrụ iche wee nwee ihe mwụfu ahụ. booms na Ambarnaya osimiri.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/04/869936256/russian-power-plant-spills-thousands-of-tons-of-oil-into-arctic-region|title=Russian Power Plant Spills Thousands Of Tons Of Oil Into Arctic Region|date=4 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ice na-akpụ akpụ mebiri ọganihu ahụs<ref name="RFE">{{Cite news|title=Arrest Made Over Massive Fuel Leak In Siberia|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-fuel-leak-siberia-arrest-starostin-norilsk-pollution-environment/30653159.html|accessdate=8 June 2020|work=RFE/RL|date=4 June 2020}}</ref> na ntufu ruru Lake Pyasino, na-eyi egwu Pyasina River,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/68976/|date=9 June 2020|publisher=Interfax|title=Fuel spilled near Russia's Norilsk gets into Lake Pyasino - governor|accessdate=9 June 2020}}</ref> nke na-asọba n'ime [[Arctic Ocean]]. == Ihe si na ya pụta == [[File:Putin_fuel_spill.jpg|áká_ikenga|thumb|Onye isi ala Putin na-eduzi nzukọ banyere mpụga mmanụ na 3 June 2020]] Kọmitii nyocha nkè Russia amalitela nyocha mpụ banyéré nsị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Russia detains Arctic power station managers over massive 21,000-tonne fuel spill|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-11/russia-detains-power-station-managers-over-arctic-fuel-spill/12342094|date=11 June 2020|accessdate=11 June 2020}}</ref> E tinyere ónyé isi nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ tupu ikpe, ebubo na ọ mebiri iwu gburugburu ébé obibi na ileghara anya.<ref name="RFE" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Head of CHPP-3 plant workshop detained in case of fuel spill in Norilsk|url=https://tass.com/emergencies/1163729|accessdate=8 June 2020|work=TASS|date=3 June 2020}}</ref> Yevgeny Zinichev, ónyé isi nke Ministry of Emergency Situations nke Russia, kwùrù na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ ekwughị ihe merenụ ruo ụbọchị abụọ, mgbè ha na-anwa igbochi ọnọdụ ahụ n'onwe ha.<ref name="WaPoJune4">{{Cite news|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=4 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-arctic-oil-spill-siberia/2020/06/04/a1d24ad8-a667-11ea-b619-3f9133bbb482_story.html|title=Arctic fuel spill prompts Russia's Putin to declare emergency and slam slow response|author=Isabelle Khurshudyan}}</ref> Onye isi ala Vladimir Putin kwupụtara ọnọdụ mberede mpaghara na-esote nsị ahụ, ma katọọ ndị ọchịchị mpaghara màkà mmeghachi omume dị nwayọ.<ref name="WaPoJune4" /> Ọ katọkwara Vladimir Potanin, ónyé isi oche na ónyé isi na-ekere òkè nke Norilsk Nickel, màkà ịghara idebe nchekwa nke tankị mmanụ ụgbọala na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-oil-spill-arctic-leak-putin-river-norilsk-nickel-a9551751.html|title=Russia claims to have contained huge oil spill after Arctic river turns red|work=[[The Independent]]|date=5 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> Putin nyèrè ndị ọrụ iwu ka ha gbanwee iwu Russia iji gbochie ihe mberede yiri ya n'ọdịnihu.<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-pollution-nornickel-kremlin/putin-chides-nornickel-orders-law-change-after-arctic-fuel-spill-idUSKBN23C1CI|title=Putin chides Nornickel, orders law change after Arctic fuel spill|date=5 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> N'ime nzukọ telivishọn nke ụbọchị atọ n'ọnwa Juun 2020 nke e wepụtara màkà njikwa ọdachi, Putin jụrụ Sergei Lipin, onye isi NTEK: "Gịnị mere ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ji chọpụta banyere nke a naanị ụbọchị abụọ mgbè ihe ahụ gasịrị? Anyị ga-amụta banyéré ọnọdụ mberede site na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta?"<ref name="nbc">{{Cite news|author=Bodner|first=Matthew|title=Russia launches major clean-up operation after huge Arctic fuel spill|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/vladimir-putin/russia-launches-major-clean-operation-after-huge-arctic-fuel-spill-n1224581|accessdate=6 June 2020|work=NBC News Digital|date=5 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/04/869936256/russian-power-plant-spills-thousands-of-tons-of-oil-into-arctic-region?t=1591350190953|title=Russian Power Plant Spills Thousands Of Tons Of Oil Into Arctic Region|author=Kim|first=Lucian|work=NPR|date=4 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> Mgbè ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ màkà gburugburu ébé obibi nke steeti Rosprirodnadzor gwara onye ọrụ ya Vasily Ryabinin ka ọ kwụsị nyocha ọdachi ahụ, ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ya n'ubochi asaá n'ọnwa Juun wee gaa n'ihu ọha dị ka ónyé na-eme mkpesa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ilyushina|first=Mary|date=10 July 2020|title=The Russian whistleblower risking it all to expose the scale of an Arctic oil spill catastrophe|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/10/europe/arctic-oil-spill-russia-whistleblower-intl/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711000238/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/10/europe/arctic-oil-spill-russia-whistleblower-intl/index.html|archivedate=11 July 2020|accessdate=11 July 2020|work=CNN}}</ref> Mgbè nsị Norilsk gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ Prosecutor General nke Russia nyèrè iwu nyocha nchekwa na ihe niile dị ize ndụ nke e wuru na permafrost na Arctic nke Russia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52941845|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Arctic Circle oil spill: Russian prosecutors order checks at permafrost sites|date=5 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> Greenpeace Russia jiri mmetụta gburugburu ébé obibi nke nsị Norilsk tụnyere nkè nsị mmanụ <nowiki><i id="mwfw">Exxon Valdez</i></nowiki> nke afọ 1989.<ref name="WaPoJune4">{{Cite news|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=4 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-arctic-oil-spill-siberia/2020/06/04/a1d24ad8-a667-11ea-b619-3f9133bbb482_story.html|title=Arctic fuel spill prompts Russia's Putin to declare emergency and slam slow response|author=Isabelle Khurshudyan}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIsabelle_Khurshudyan2020">Isabelle Khurshudyan (4 June 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-arctic-oil-spill-siberia/2020/06/04/a1d24ad8-a667-11ea-b619-3f9133bbb482_story.html "Arctic fuel spill prompts Russia's Putin to declare emergency and slam slow response"]. ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200605180621/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-arctic-oil-spill-siberia/2020/06/04/a1d24ad8-a667-11ea-b619-3f9133bbb482_story.html Archived] from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'ihi ihe omume a, Oleg Deripaska, ónyé guzobere Rusal, nke n'afọ 2019 nwèrè Pasent iri abụọ na asatọ nke Nornickel, gbàrà ume mgbanwe nchịkwa na Nornickol, nke bụ pasenti iri atọ na ise nke Potanin's Olderfrey Holdings Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2019 - Share Capital|url=https://ar2019.nornickel.com/shareholders/share-capital|publisher=Nornickel|accessdate=5 September 2020|date=2020|archivedate=13 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913073644/https://ar2019.nornickel.com/shareholders/share-capital}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2020, Rosprirodnadzor gwara Norilsk ka ọ kwụọ ijeri ruble otu narị na iri anọ na asatọ iji kpuchie mmebi nke nnukwu nsị ahụ kpatara, mànà Norilsk ekwenyeghị na uru ahụ.<ref name="bloomberg fine" /> Na Febụwarị 2021, ụlọ ikpe nyéré iwu ka Norilsk kwụọ US $ 2 ijeri (146 ijeri rubles) màkà nsị ahụ.<ref name="bloomberg fine">{{Cite news|author=Fedorinova|first=Yuliya|title=Mining Giant Ordered to Pay $2 Billion Fine for Fuel Spill in Arctic|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-05/russian-court-orders-nornickel-to-pay-2-billion-fuel-spill-fine|accessdate=15 February 2021|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=February 5, 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nornickel ordered to pay $2.6b fine for Arctic fuel spill|url=https://www.afr.com/markets/commodities/nornickel-ordered-to-pay-2-6b-fine-for-arctic-fuel-spill-20210206-p5704f|work=[[Australian Financial Review]]|language=en|date=5 February 2021}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke mmanụ na-awụfu == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} qus9rdqho9huqhoqnbe701eul893d83 674160 674159 2026-07-08T15:15:41Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mmanụ diesel''' Norilsk bụ ọdachi ụlọ ọrụ na nso Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. Ọ malitere n'ubochi irí abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Mee afo 2020 mgbè tankị nchekwa mmanụ na Norilsk-Taimyr Energy's Thermal Power Plant No. 3 (nke Nornickel nwere) dara, na-eme ka osimiri ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ jupụta na tọn mmanụ diesel puku iri na asaa na narị ise.<ref name="TASS">{{Cite news|title=Diesel fuel spill in Norilsk in Russia's Arctic contained|url=https://tass.com/emergencies/1164423|accessdate=6 June 2020|work=[[TASS]]|date=5 June 2020}}</ref> Onye isi ala Vladimir Putin kwupụtara ọnọdụ mberede na mbido ọnwa June.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/03/vladimir-putin-orders-state-of-emergency-huge-fuel-spill-siberia-power-plant-kerch|title=Putin orders state of emergency after huge fuel spill inside Arctic Circle|work=The Guardian|date=3 June 2020|accessdate=4 June 2020|archivedate=3 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603203735/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/03/vladimir-putin-orders-state-of-emergency-huge-fuel-spill-siberia-power-plant-kerch}}</ref> A kọwaala ihe omume ahụ dị ka nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russia nke ógè a, mgbè afọ 1994 Komi pipeline wụpụsịrị, ébé a tọhapụrụ tọn mmanụ narị puku anọ nà ala gburugburu ébé obibi n'etiti August 1994 na Jenụwarị 1995.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Putin slams mining company over massive Siberian diesel leak, declares state of emergency|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2020/0603/1145111-siberia-diesel-leak/|accessdate=12 June 2020|work=RTÉ|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann|date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Minerals Yearbook, Volume 3|date=1995|publisher=US Bureau of Mines|location=Washington DC|isbn=978-1345966411|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDP1-3aL4fsC&pg=PA728|accessdate=14 June 2020}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Usòrò:Txu-oclc-6654394-nr-45-46-2nd-ed.jpg|áká_ikenga|thumb|Map nke Norilsk (nke a na-akpọ NORIL'SK) na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu (AMS, 1964)]] A na-eji mmanụ diesel eme ihe dị ka mmanụ ndabere màkà ụlọ ọrụ Norilsk-Taimyr Energy coal-fired combined heat and power plant.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Russia to fine legal entities violating security rules at fuel-and-energy facilities|url=https://tass.com/economy/1176557|accessdate=5 September 2020|date=9 July 2020}}</ref> Nchekwa mmanụ Tank isé dara n'ihi oghere dị na ala tankị, nke sitere na mmepụta nke corrosion ulcerative.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Norilsk oil spill: Tensions rise as Nornickel disputes extent of damage|url=https://www.mining-technology.com/features/norilsk-oil-spill-nornickel-disputes-damage/|accessdate=5 September 2020|work=Mining Technology|date=9 July 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ màkà ihe ndị sitere n'okike nke Russia bụ Rostekhnadzor nyèrè ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iwu, ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, ka ọ na'ihu mgbidi na elu ụlọ nke tankị site na nchara ma weghachite mkpuchi mgbochi corrosion, na site n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2016, ka ọ na - mee nyocha na-adịghị ebibi ala tankị. N'agbanyeghị arịrịọ ndị a sitere n'aka Gọọmentị Russia, Norilsk-Taimyr Energy emeghị ihe ndị a rịọrọ iji zere ọdịda nkè Tank isé.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rostekhnadzor warned Norilsk Nickel about problems with fuel storage|url=https://www.archyde.com/rostekhnadzor-warned-norilsk-nickel-about-problems-with-fuel-storage-business-rbc/|accessdate=8 June 2020|work=Achyde|date=5 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Weise">{{Cite news|author=Weise|first=Elizabeth|title=Russia declares state of emergency over Arctic Circle oil spill caused by melting permafrost|url=https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/graphics/2020/06/05/oil-spill-red-river-permafrost-tied-russian-arctic-circle-emergency-diesel/3143679001/|accessdate=6 June 2020|work=[[USA TODAY]]|date=6 June 2020}}</ref> == Mgbasa na nhicha == Ruo cubic mita puku iri abụọ na otu (17,500 tọn) nke mmanụ diesel wụfuru n'ala na n'ime osimiri ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, na-emetụta mpaghara dị hekta irí na asatọ (44 acres), Osimiri Daldykan dị nso, nke na-esite na Osimiri Ambarnaya, ma na-emetọ mpaghara nkè square kilomita narị atọ na iri ise (140 square miles).<ref name="TASS" /> A tụrụ anya na mgbalị nhicha ga-esi ike n'ihi na enweghị okporo ụzọ na osimiri ndị ahụ adịghị omimi màkà ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri. E mèrè atụmatụ na ọnụahịa ozugbo nke ọrụ enyemaka mberede ga-abụ ijeri rubles 10 (US $ 146 nde), na ngụkọta mmezi nke 100 ijeri ruble (US $ 1.5 ijeri), nke ga-ewe afọ ise ruo iri; Norilsk Nickel ga-akwụ ụgwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Norilsk Nickel to pay emergency relief costs, says Putin|url=https://tass.com/emergencies/1164601|accessdate=6 June 2020|work=TASS|date=5 June 2020}}</ref> N'ubochi anọ n'ọnwa Juun n'afọ 2020 telivishọn steeti Rọshịa kọrọ na ejirila usoro arụpụtara pụrụ iche wee nwee ihe mwụfu ahụ. booms na Ambarnaya osimiri.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/04/869936256/russian-power-plant-spills-thousands-of-tons-of-oil-into-arctic-region|title=Russian Power Plant Spills Thousands Of Tons Of Oil Into Arctic Region|date=4 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ice na-akpụ akpụ mebiri ọganihu ahụs<ref name="RFE">{{Cite news|title=Arrest Made Over Massive Fuel Leak In Siberia|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-fuel-leak-siberia-arrest-starostin-norilsk-pollution-environment/30653159.html|accessdate=8 June 2020|work=RFE/RL|date=4 June 2020}}</ref> na ntufu ruru Lake Pyasino, na-eyi egwu Pyasina River,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/68976/|date=9 June 2020|publisher=Interfax|title=Fuel spilled near Russia's Norilsk gets into Lake Pyasino - governor|accessdate=9 June 2020}}</ref> nke na-asọba n'ime [[Arctic Ocean]]. == Ihe si na ya pụta == [[File:Putin_fuel_spill.jpg|áká_ikenga|thumb|Onye isi ala Putin na-eduzi nzukọ banyere mpụga mmanụ na 3 June 2020]] Kọmitii nyocha nkè Russia amalitela nyocha mpụ banyéré nsị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Russia detains Arctic power station managers over massive 21,000-tonne fuel spill|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-11/russia-detains-power-station-managers-over-arctic-fuel-spill/12342094|date=11 June 2020|accessdate=11 June 2020}}</ref> E tinyere ónyé isi nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ tupu ikpe, ebubo na ọ mebiri iwu gburugburu ébé obibi na ileghara anya.<ref name="RFE" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Head of CHPP-3 plant workshop detained in case of fuel spill in Norilsk|url=https://tass.com/emergencies/1163729|accessdate=8 June 2020|work=TASS|date=3 June 2020}}</ref> Yevgeny Zinichev, ónyé isi nke Ministry of Emergency Situations nke Russia, kwùrù na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ ekwughị ihe merenụ ruo ụbọchị abụọ, mgbè ha na-anwa igbochi ọnọdụ ahụ n'onwe ha.<ref name="WaPoJune4">{{Cite news|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=4 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-arctic-oil-spill-siberia/2020/06/04/a1d24ad8-a667-11ea-b619-3f9133bbb482_story.html|title=Arctic fuel spill prompts Russia's Putin to declare emergency and slam slow response|author=Isabelle Khurshudyan}}</ref> Onye isi ala Vladimir Putin kwupụtara ọnọdụ mberede mpaghara na-esote nsị ahụ, ma katọọ ndị ọchịchị mpaghara màkà mmeghachi omume dị nwayọ.<ref name="WaPoJune4" /> Ọ katọkwara Vladimir Potanin, ónyé isi oche na ónyé isi na-ekere òkè nke Norilsk Nickel, màkà ịghara idebe nchekwa nke tankị mmanụ ụgbọala na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-oil-spill-arctic-leak-putin-river-norilsk-nickel-a9551751.html|title=Russia claims to have contained huge oil spill after Arctic river turns red|work=[[The Independent]]|date=5 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> Putin nyèrè ndị ọrụ iwu ka ha gbanwee iwu Russia iji gbochie ihe mberede yiri ya n'ọdịnihu.<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-pollution-nornickel-kremlin/putin-chides-nornickel-orders-law-change-after-arctic-fuel-spill-idUSKBN23C1CI|title=Putin chides Nornickel, orders law change after Arctic fuel spill|date=5 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> N'ime nzukọ telivishọn nke ụbọchị atọ n'ọnwa Juun 2020 nke e wepụtara màkà njikwa ọdachi, Putin jụrụ Sergei Lipin, onye isi NTEK: "Gịnị mere ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ji chọpụta banyere nke a naanị ụbọchị abụọ mgbè ihe ahụ gasịrị? Anyị ga-amụta banyéré ọnọdụ mberede site na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta?"<ref name="nbc">{{Cite news|author=Bodner|first=Matthew|title=Russia launches major clean-up operation after huge Arctic fuel spill|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/vladimir-putin/russia-launches-major-clean-operation-after-huge-arctic-fuel-spill-n1224581|accessdate=6 June 2020|work=NBC News Digital|date=5 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/04/869936256/russian-power-plant-spills-thousands-of-tons-of-oil-into-arctic-region?t=1591350190953|title=Russian Power Plant Spills Thousands Of Tons Of Oil Into Arctic Region|author=Kim|first=Lucian|work=NPR|date=4 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> Mgbè ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ màkà gburugburu ébé obibi nke steeti Rosprirodnadzor gwara onye ọrụ ya Vasily Ryabinin ka ọ kwụsị nyocha ọdachi ahụ, ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ya n'ubochi asaá n'ọnwa Juun wee gaa n'ihu ọha dị ka ónyé na-eme mkpesa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ilyushina|first=Mary|date=10 July 2020|title=The Russian whistleblower risking it all to expose the scale of an Arctic oil spill catastrophe|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/10/europe/arctic-oil-spill-russia-whistleblower-intl/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711000238/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/10/europe/arctic-oil-spill-russia-whistleblower-intl/index.html|archivedate=11 July 2020|accessdate=11 July 2020|work=CNN}}</ref> Mgbè nsị Norilsk gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ Prosecutor General nke Russia nyèrè iwu nyocha nchekwa na ihe niile dị ize ndụ nke e wuru na permafrost na Arctic nke Russia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52941845|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Arctic Circle oil spill: Russian prosecutors order checks at permafrost sites|date=5 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> Greenpeace Russia jiri mmetụta gburugburu ébé obibi nke nsị Norilsk tụnyere nkè nsị mmanụ <nowiki><i id="mwfw">Exxon Valdez</i></nowiki> nke afọ 1989.<ref name="WaPoJune4" /> N'ihi ihe omume a, Oleg Deripaska, ónyé guzobere Rusal, nke n'afọ 2019 nwèrè Pasent iri abụọ na asatọ nke Nornickel, gbàrà ume mgbanwe nchịkwa na Nornickol, nke bụ pasenti iri atọ na ise nke Potanin's Olderfrey Holdings Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2019 - Share Capital|url=https://ar2019.nornickel.com/shareholders/share-capital|publisher=Nornickel|accessdate=5 September 2020|date=2020|archivedate=13 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913073644/https://ar2019.nornickel.com/shareholders/share-capital}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2020, Rosprirodnadzor gwara Norilsk ka ọ kwụọ ijeri ruble otu narị na iri anọ na asatọ iji kpuchie mmebi nke nnukwu nsị ahụ kpatara, mànà Norilsk ekwenyeghị na uru ahụ.<ref name="bloomberg fine" /> Na Febụwarị 2021, ụlọ ikpe nyéré iwu ka Norilsk kwụọ US $ 2 ijeri (146 ijeri rubles) màkà nsị ahụ.<ref name="bloomberg fine">{{Cite news|author=Fedorinova|first=Yuliya|title=Mining Giant Ordered to Pay $2 Billion Fine for Fuel Spill in Arctic|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-05/russian-court-orders-nornickel-to-pay-2-billion-fuel-spill-fine|accessdate=15 February 2021|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=February 5, 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nornickel ordered to pay $2.6b fine for Arctic fuel spill|url=https://www.afr.com/markets/commodities/nornickel-ordered-to-pay-2-6b-fine-for-arctic-fuel-spill-20210206-p5704f|work=[[Australian Financial Review]]|language=en|date=5 February 2021}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke mmanụ na-awụfu == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} j4kaue0djlt430jill2miejzdc1lso9 0 25693 674140 142556 2026-07-08T14:58:29Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Mmetụta */ Fixed reference 674140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''N'okpuru Dome''''' (Chinese; ) bụ ihe ngosi China nke afọ 2015 nke Chai Jing, ónyé bụbu ónyé nta akụkọ China Central Television, gbásárá mmetọ ikuku na China. A na-ele ya ihe karịrị nde ugboro otu narị na iri ise na Tencent n'ime ụbọchị atọ a tọhapụrụ ya ma na-elekwa ya nde ugboro otu narị na iri ise ọzọ site n'ogè ewepụrụ ya n'ịntanetị ụbọchị anọ ka e mesịrị. Chai Jing bidoro ime ihe ngosi ahụ mgbè nwa ya nwanyị a na-amụbeghị amụ butere akpụ n'afọ, nke a ga-ewepụ n'oge na-adịghị ányá mgbè amuchara ya. Chai na-ata mmetọ ikuku nke China ụta maka akpụ ahụ. Ihe nkiri ahụ, nke jikọtara ihe nkiri nke nkuzi na ajụjụ ọnụ na nleta ụlọ ọrụ, ejirila ya tụnyere Al Gore's An Inconvenient Truth na ụdị ya na mmetụta ya. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-akatọ ụlọ ọrụ ike nkè gọọmentị, ndị na-emepụta ígwè na ụlọ ọrụ coal, yá nà igosi enweghị ike nke Ministry of Environmental Protection ime ihe megide nnukwu ndị na-emetọ ikuku. == Nkọwa Nkọwa == [[Usòrò:Factory_in_China.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ na Osimiri Yangtze, China]] Ọ bụ Chai na-akọ akụkọ ahụ, ónyé na-egosi nsonaazụ nke nyocha ya were otu afọ n'ụdị nkuzi, nke na-echetara Al Gore's An Inconvenient Truth. The Great Smog nke afọ 1952 na London jere ozi dị ka ihe akaebe akụkọ ihe méré eme Chai n'ịmepụta ihe nkiri ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Cui|first=Shuqin|date=2016-12-27|title=Chai Jing's Under the Dome: A multimedia documentary in the digital age|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17508061.2016.1269481|journal=Journal of Chinese Cinemas|volume=11|issue=1|pages=30–45|doi=10.1080/17508061.2016.1269481|issn=1750-8061}}</ref> Ọ na-ekpughe ihe nkiri na data sitere na nleta ụlọ ọrụ na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị, ndị ọkachamara na gburugburu ébé obibi na ndị nwe ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name="Forbes150302">{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hengshao/2015/03/02/only-in-china-why-a-smog-documentary-sends-chinese-stocks-soaring-beyond-trading-limit/|title=Only in China: Why A Smog Documentary Sends Chinese Stocks Soaring To Trading Limit|author=Shao|first=Heng|date=2 March 2015|work=Forbes Asia|accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref> Ọ na-agwa ndị ọrụ si London na Los Angeles okwu banyéré otu obodo ha si nwee ike ịnagide nsogbu akụkọ ihe méré eme nke mmetọ.<ref name="CP150303">{{Cite news|title=Smog film goes viral in China with 155 mil. views in one day|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/life/environment/2015/03/03/430113/Smog-film.htm|accessdate=3 March 2015|work=The China Post}}</ref> Ọ na-ekwu na ọ na-ewe iwe megide smog, ma malite ịza ajụjụ atọ: Gịnị bụ smog? Ebee ka o si bịa? Gịnịkwa ka anyị nwèrè ike ime màkà ya? Màkà ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ nke otu narị na anọ nkeji, ọ na-aza ajụjụ ndị a, na-eji animations, chaatị, ajụjụ ọnụ, ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe méré eme, na nleta saịtị. == Ịtọhapụ na mmachibido iwu == === Mbipụta === A tọhapụrụ Under the Dome n'ịntanetị n'ubochi irí abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, 2015, na Satọdee tupu nzukọ nke National People's Congress na Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. E bu ụzọ na-egosi ihe ngosi ahụ na ntanetị atọ dị mkpà, gụnyere Tencent, Youku, na People's Daily Online, nké bụ mbipụta n'ịntanetị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ gọọmentị nke Chinese Communist Party. A na-ele ihe nkiri ahụ ihe karịrị nde ugboro otu narị na iri anọ na asaa na Tencent na mgbede nke ụbọchị abụo n'ọnwa Machị ma nweta ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka n'ịntanetị.<ref name="Dip150303">{{Cite news|author=Tiezzi|first=Shannon|title=Can a Documentary Change the Course of China's 'War on Pollution'?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/03/can-a-documentary-change-the-course-of-chinas-war-on-pollution/|accessdate=3 March 2015|work=The Diplomat|date=3 March 2015}}</ref> Ọtụtụ nyiwe ntanetị dị n'ịntanetị gụnyere Sohu, NetEase, na Sina, biputara nyocha banyéré ihe ngosi ahụ n'ogè na-adịghị anya mgbè a tọhapụrụ ya. Otú ọ dị, akwụkwọ akụkọ ọdịnala azaghachighị ihe ngosi ahụ, na Beijing Youth Daily biputara nyocha nke ihe ngosi 'Chai Jing: My Personal Battle with Smog' dị ka isi akụkọ ya n'ubochi mbu n'ọnwa Machị, 2015, bụ naanị ihe dị iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://xw.qq.com/cmsid/BJC2015030100537602|title=柴静：这是我和雾霾私人恩怨_腾讯网|work=xw.qq.com|accessdate=2017-12-11}}</ref> == Mmetụta == Dị ka BBC si kwuo, Under the Dome enwetala ihe karịrị otu narị nde mmadụ n'ịntanetị tupu ewepụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-03-07|title=China takes Under the Dome anti-pollution film offline|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-31778115|accessdate=2021-06-14}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-eji Intanet eme ihe gosipụtara nkwado ha màkà ihe ngosi ahụ, ma mepụta echiche ọhụrụ banyere nsogbu ụfụfụ nke China mgbè ha kiriri ihe nkiri ahụ. N'ezie, oku ekwentị na Ministry of Environmental Protection hotline number (12369) mụbara percent narị abụọ na iri anọ mgbè ewepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ n'ịntanetị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Cui|first=Shuqin|date=2016-12-27|title=Chai Jing's Under the Dome: A multimedia documentary in the digital age|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17508061.2016.1269481|journal=Journal of Chinese Cinemas|volume=11|issue=1|pages=30–45|doi=10.1080/17508061.2016.1269481|issn=1750-8061}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCui2016">Cui, Shuqin (27 December 2016). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17508061.2016.1269481 "Chai Jing's Under the Dome: A multimedia documentary in the digital age"]. ''Journal of Chinese Cinemas''. '''11''' (1): 30–45. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/17508061.2016.1269481|10.1080/17508061.2016.1269481]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1750-8061|1750-8061]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193714222 193714222].</cite></ref> Ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị na-ekiri kwuru na ha na-echegbu onwe ha nke ukwuu banyéré mmetọ ikuku na China. Ihe dị ka 70% nke ndị na-ekiri kwuru na ha gbanwere echiche ha banyéré anwụrụ ọkụ ma mepụta nghọta ka mma banyéré nsogbu ahụ. Ihe karịrị 75% gosipụtara njikere igbochi ụgbọ ala na ikuku oyi na iji ụgbọ njem ọha na eze. Ọzọkwa, ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri kwenyere na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, ndị na'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ndị omeiwu kwesịrị ịza ajụjụ màkà nsogbu anwụrụ ọkụ.<ref name=":0" /> === Mmeghachi omume gọọmentị === ''N'okpuru Dome'' a na-agbasa site na People's Daily Online, ébé nrụọrụ weebụ nke Chinese Communist Party gosipụtara na ihe ngosi ahụ nwèrè ike ịnata nkwado gọọmentị, ma na-eme ka iwu gburugburu ébé obibi gọọmentị dị mfe ma ọ bụ na-ekwu màkà ọdịmma gọọmentị. Dị ka ónyé bụbu ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri na China Central Television (CCTV) na ónyé na-ede akụkọ na-eme nchọpụta, Chai Jing nwere ohere ịnweta ihe onwunwe ma nweta nkwado site na ọwa weebụ na ndị ọkachamara site na Ministry of Environmental Protection na National Energy Administration. Mgbè a tọhapụrụ ya, ndị ọrụ gọọmentị nwekwara àgwà dị mma n'ebe ihe nkiri ahụ nọ. Na Machị 1, 2015, Minista ọhụrụ nke Nchedo Gburugburu Ébé Obibi nke China, Chen Jining, toro ihe ngosi ahụ dị ka "kwesịrị ịmasị" ozugbo a tọhapụrụ ya na mkparịta ụka akụkọ mbụ ya na ndị nta akụkọ China na Beijing. O jiri ya tụnyere akwụkwọ Rachel Carson nke 1962, Silent Spring, nke a na-ekwu na ọ kwadoro mmegharị gburugburu ébé obibi na United States.<ref name="FT150302">{{Cite news|author=Wildau|first=Gabriel|title=Smog film captivates Chinese internet|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/de190a92-c0b0-11e4-876d-00144feab7de.html|accessdate=3 March 2015|work=Financial Times|date=2 March 2015}}</ref> O kwukwara, na-eche na ọrụ a nwere ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite mmata ọha na eze banyéré nsogbu ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi, ya mèrè enwere obi ụtọ karịsịa maka ihe omume a.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Wong|first=Edward|date=2015-03-06|title=China Blocks Web Access to 'Under the Dome' Documentary on Pollution|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/07/world/asia/china-blocks-web-access-to-documentary-on-nations-air-pollution.html|accessdate=2020-06-15}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, onye isi China bụ [[Xi Jinping]] kwupụtara n'okwu nke ya na nzukọ Chinese National People's Congress na Machị 6 na, "Anyị ga-eji aka ígwè taa ndị ọ bụla na-emebi gburugburu ébé obibi ma ọ bụ gburugburu ébé obibi ahụhụ, na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ. "<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Golley|first=Jane|title=WATER 水: UNDER THE DOME|chapter=1 WATER 水: UNDER THE DOME|date=2016|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1rqc934.7|pages=19–38|editor=Davies|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=978-1-76046-068-6|accessdate=2021-06-14}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe nkiri na telivishọn * Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na China * Mmetọ na China == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|4495750}} * Chai Jing's review: Under the Dome – Investigating China’s Smog 柴静雾霾调查：穹顶之下 (full translation) on YouTube * Part 1 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - Introduction on YouTube * Part 2 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - What Is Smog? on YouTube * Part 3 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - Combined Pollution on YouTube * Part 4 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - What About Coal? on YouTube * Part 5 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - What About Oil? on YouTube * Part 6 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - Where Did Our Environmental Protection Go on YouTube * Part 7 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - What Should Be Done? on YouTube * Part 8 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - What Can Ordinary Citizens Do? on YouTube 581hj349p47rkvi2frvjoheq00jak1i 674157 674140 2026-07-08T15:12:56Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Mmetụta */ fixed reference 674157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''N'okpuru Dome''''' (Chinese; ) bụ ihe ngosi China nke afọ 2015 nke Chai Jing, ónyé bụbu ónyé nta akụkọ China Central Television, gbásárá mmetọ ikuku na China. A na-ele ya ihe karịrị nde ugboro otu narị na iri ise na Tencent n'ime ụbọchị atọ a tọhapụrụ ya ma na-elekwa ya nde ugboro otu narị na iri ise ọzọ site n'ogè ewepụrụ ya n'ịntanetị ụbọchị anọ ka e mesịrị. Chai Jing bidoro ime ihe ngosi ahụ mgbè nwa ya nwanyị a na-amụbeghị amụ butere akpụ n'afọ, nke a ga-ewepụ n'oge na-adịghị ányá mgbè amuchara ya. Chai na-ata mmetọ ikuku nke China ụta maka akpụ ahụ. Ihe nkiri ahụ, nke jikọtara ihe nkiri nke nkuzi na ajụjụ ọnụ na nleta ụlọ ọrụ, ejirila ya tụnyere Al Gore's An Inconvenient Truth na ụdị ya na mmetụta ya. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-akatọ ụlọ ọrụ ike nkè gọọmentị, ndị na-emepụta ígwè na ụlọ ọrụ coal, yá nà igosi enweghị ike nke Ministry of Environmental Protection ime ihe megide nnukwu ndị na-emetọ ikuku. == Nkọwa Nkọwa == [[Usòrò:Factory_in_China.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ na Osimiri Yangtze, China]] Ọ bụ Chai na-akọ akụkọ ahụ, ónyé na-egosi nsonaazụ nke nyocha ya were otu afọ n'ụdị nkuzi, nke na-echetara Al Gore's An Inconvenient Truth. The Great Smog nke afọ 1952 na London jere ozi dị ka ihe akaebe akụkọ ihe méré eme Chai n'ịmepụta ihe nkiri ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Cui|first=Shuqin|date=2016-12-27|title=Chai Jing's Under the Dome: A multimedia documentary in the digital age|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17508061.2016.1269481|journal=Journal of Chinese Cinemas|volume=11|issue=1|pages=30–45|doi=10.1080/17508061.2016.1269481|issn=1750-8061}}</ref> Ọ na-ekpughe ihe nkiri na data sitere na nleta ụlọ ọrụ na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị, ndị ọkachamara na gburugburu ébé obibi na ndị nwe ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name="Forbes150302">{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hengshao/2015/03/02/only-in-china-why-a-smog-documentary-sends-chinese-stocks-soaring-beyond-trading-limit/|title=Only in China: Why A Smog Documentary Sends Chinese Stocks Soaring To Trading Limit|author=Shao|first=Heng|date=2 March 2015|work=Forbes Asia|accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref> Ọ na-agwa ndị ọrụ si London na Los Angeles okwu banyéré otu obodo ha si nwee ike ịnagide nsogbu akụkọ ihe méré eme nke mmetọ.<ref name="CP150303">{{Cite news|title=Smog film goes viral in China with 155 mil. views in one day|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/life/environment/2015/03/03/430113/Smog-film.htm|accessdate=3 March 2015|work=The China Post}}</ref> Ọ na-ekwu na ọ na-ewe iwe megide smog, ma malite ịza ajụjụ atọ: Gịnị bụ smog? Ebee ka o si bịa? Gịnịkwa ka anyị nwèrè ike ime màkà ya? Màkà ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ nke otu narị na anọ nkeji, ọ na-aza ajụjụ ndị a, na-eji animations, chaatị, ajụjụ ọnụ, ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe méré eme, na nleta saịtị. == Ịtọhapụ na mmachibido iwu == === Mbipụta === A tọhapụrụ Under the Dome n'ịntanetị n'ubochi irí abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, 2015, na Satọdee tupu nzukọ nke National People's Congress na Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. E bu ụzọ na-egosi ihe ngosi ahụ na ntanetị atọ dị mkpà, gụnyere Tencent, Youku, na People's Daily Online, nké bụ mbipụta n'ịntanetị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ gọọmentị nke Chinese Communist Party. A na-ele ihe nkiri ahụ ihe karịrị nde ugboro otu narị na iri anọ na asaa na Tencent na mgbede nke ụbọchị abụo n'ọnwa Machị ma nweta ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka n'ịntanetị.<ref name="Dip150303">{{Cite news|author=Tiezzi|first=Shannon|title=Can a Documentary Change the Course of China's 'War on Pollution'?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/03/can-a-documentary-change-the-course-of-chinas-war-on-pollution/|accessdate=3 March 2015|work=The Diplomat|date=3 March 2015}}</ref> Ọtụtụ nyiwe ntanetị dị n'ịntanetị gụnyere Sohu, NetEase, na Sina, biputara nyocha banyéré ihe ngosi ahụ n'ogè na-adịghị anya mgbè a tọhapụrụ ya. Otú ọ dị, akwụkwọ akụkọ ọdịnala azaghachighị ihe ngosi ahụ, na Beijing Youth Daily biputara nyocha nke ihe ngosi 'Chai Jing: My Personal Battle with Smog' dị ka isi akụkọ ya n'ubochi mbu n'ọnwa Machị, 2015, bụ naanị ihe dị iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://xw.qq.com/cmsid/BJC2015030100537602|title=柴静：这是我和雾霾私人恩怨_腾讯网|work=xw.qq.com|accessdate=2017-12-11}}</ref> == Mmetụta == Dị ka BBC si kwuo, Under the Dome enwetala ihe karịrị otu narị nde mmadụ n'ịntanetị tupu ewepụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-03-07|title=China takes Under the Dome anti-pollution film offline|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-31778115|accessdate=2021-06-14}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-eji Intanet eme ihe gosipụtara nkwado ha màkà ihe ngosi ahụ, ma mepụta echiche ọhụrụ banyere nsogbu ụfụfụ nke China mgbè ha kiriri ihe nkiri ahụ. N'ezie, oku ekwentị na Ministry of Environmental Protection hotline number (12369) mụbara percent narị abụọ na iri anọ mgbè ewepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ n'ịntanetị. Ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị na-ekiri kwuru na ha na-echegbu onwe ha nke ukwuu banyéré mmetọ ikuku na China. Ihe dị ka 70% nke ndị na-ekiri kwuru na ha gbanwere echiche ha banyéré anwụrụ ọkụ ma mepụta nghọta ka mma banyéré nsogbu ahụ. Ihe karịrị 75% gosipụtara njikere igbochi ụgbọ ala na ikuku oyi na iji ụgbọ njem ọha na eze. Ọzọkwa, ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri kwenyere na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, ndị na'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ndị omeiwu kwesịrị ịza ajụjụ màkà nsogbu anwụrụ ọkụ.<ref name=":0" /> === Mmeghachi omume gọọmentị === ''N'okpuru Dome'' a na-agbasa site na People's Daily Online, ébé nrụọrụ weebụ nke Chinese Communist Party gosipụtara na ihe ngosi ahụ nwèrè ike ịnata nkwado gọọmentị, ma na-eme ka iwu gburugburu ébé obibi gọọmentị dị mfe ma ọ bụ na-ekwu màkà ọdịmma gọọmentị. Dị ka ónyé bụbu ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri na China Central Television (CCTV) na ónyé na-ede akụkọ na-eme nchọpụta, Chai Jing nwere ohere ịnweta ihe onwunwe ma nweta nkwado site na ọwa weebụ na ndị ọkachamara site na Ministry of Environmental Protection na National Energy Administration. Mgbè a tọhapụrụ ya, ndị ọrụ gọọmentị nwekwara àgwà dị mma n'ebe ihe nkiri ahụ nọ. Na Machị 1, 2015, Minista ọhụrụ nke Nchedo Gburugburu Ébé Obibi nke China, Chen Jining, toro ihe ngosi ahụ dị ka "kwesịrị ịmasị" ozugbo a tọhapụrụ ya na mkparịta ụka akụkọ mbụ ya na ndị nta akụkọ China na Beijing. O jiri ya tụnyere akwụkwọ Rachel Carson nke 1962, Silent Spring, nke a na-ekwu na ọ kwadoro mmegharị gburugburu ébé obibi na United States.<ref name="FT150302">{{Cite news|author=Wildau|first=Gabriel|title=Smog film captivates Chinese internet|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/de190a92-c0b0-11e4-876d-00144feab7de.html|accessdate=3 March 2015|work=Financial Times|date=2 March 2015}}</ref> O kwukwara, na-eche na ọrụ a nwere ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite mmata ọha na eze banyéré nsogbu ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi, ya mèrè enwere obi ụtọ karịsịa maka ihe omume a.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Wong|first=Edward|date=2015-03-06|title=China Blocks Web Access to 'Under the Dome' Documentary on Pollution|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/07/world/asia/china-blocks-web-access-to-documentary-on-nations-air-pollution.html|accessdate=2020-06-15}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, onye isi China bụ [[Xi Jinping]] kwupụtara n'okwu nke ya na nzukọ Chinese National People's Congress na Machị 6 na, "Anyị ga-eji aka ígwè taa ndị ọ bụla na-emebi gburugburu ébé obibi ma ọ bụ gburugburu ébé obibi ahụhụ, na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ. "<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Golley|first=Jane|title=WATER 水: UNDER THE DOME|chapter=1 WATER 水: UNDER THE DOME|date=2016|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1rqc934.7|pages=19–38|editor=Davies|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=978-1-76046-068-6|accessdate=2021-06-14}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe nkiri na telivishọn * Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na China * Mmetọ na China == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|4495750}} * Chai Jing's review: Under the Dome – Investigating China’s Smog 柴静雾霾调查：穹顶之下 (full translation) on YouTube * Part 1 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - Introduction on YouTube * Part 2 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - What Is Smog? on YouTube * Part 3 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - Combined Pollution on YouTube * Part 4 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - What About Coal? on YouTube * Part 5 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - What About Oil? on YouTube * Part 6 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - Where Did Our Environmental Protection Go on YouTube * Part 7 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - What Should Be Done? on YouTube * Part 8 of 8 Under the Dome with English subtitles - What Can Ordinary Citizens Do? on YouTube 9px46zcdlepgu2mhft2cxhwvlktvklr 0 25901 674162 142360 2026-07-08T15:16:39Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Mmanụ ala''''' (Chinese simplified: 采油日记; Chinese traditional: 採油日記; : ) bụ ihe nkiri nkiri China nke 2008 nke Wang Bing duziri. Emere ya na mpaghara Inner Mongolian nke Ọzara Gobi, ọ na-eso otu ndị ọrụ mmanụ ka ha na-eme ihe ha na-arụ kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iffr.com/en/2008/films/crude-oil|title=Crude Oil|date=2015-09-04|work=IFFR|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> Dị ka ihe ngosi mpụta mbụ nke Wang—Tie Xi Qu nke dị awa itoolu: West of the Tracks — Mmanụ crude bụ ihe ama ama maka oke ogologo, na-agba ọsọ ruo nkeji 840 (awa 14). Atụmatụ mbụ ahụ chọrọ ka e mee ihe nkiri nke awa 70, mana Wang chere na a manyere ya itinyekwu njikwa nchịkọta akụkọ ma belata ọrụ ahụ n'ogologo ya ugbu a.<ref name="IFFR-programmer">{{Cite web|url=http://professionals.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/eng/blogs/gertjan_zuilhof/a_programmers_chronicles_20.aspx|title=A Programmer's Chronicles 20|accessdate=2008-05-01|author=Zuilhof|first=Gertjan|publisher=International Film Festival Rotterdam|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120142425/http://professionals.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/eng/blogs/gertjan_zuilhof/a_programmers_chronicles_20.aspx|archivedate=2008-11-20}}</ref> Onye nduzi ahụ n'onwe ya dara na ọrịa dị elu wee hapụ ebe ahụ ụbọchị atọ n'ime otu izu; ndị ọrụ ya mechara ihe fọdụrụ na-enweghị ya.<ref name="IHT">{{Cite news|first=Joan|author=Dupont|title=Edgy Asian directors in spotlight at Rotterdam|date=2008-01-31|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/01/31/arts/fmdupont.php|work=[[International Herald Tribune]]|accessdate=2008-05-02}}</ref> Crude Oil malitere (n'ime ihe ngosi vidiyo) n'afọ 2008 Ememme Nkiri Mba Nilel Rotterdam, ebe ọ natara NETPAC "Mention pụrụ iche" maka "ikpughe ya na-enweghị mmasị banyere ihe isi ike nke ọrụ ''mmadụ'' nke bụ ihe ndabere nke ọganihu akụ na ụba".<ref name="IFFR-awards">{{Cite web|url=http://professionals.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/eng/the_festival/news/tiger_award_winner_2008.aspx|title=Tiger Award winner 2008|accessdate=2008-05-01|publisher=International Film Festival Rotterdam|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724162048/http://professionals.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/eng/the_festival/news/tiger_award_winner_2008.aspx|archivedate=July 24, 2008}}</ref> IFFR nyere ọrụ ahụ, yana nkwado ọzọ sitere na Hubert Bals Fund.<ref name="IFFR-programmer" /> O nwere ihe ngosi mbụ ya n'Eshia n'afọ 2008 Hong Kong International Film Festival. Ihe ngosi mbụ ya na North America bụ na Los Angeles Film Festival na June 2009, na ngosipụta e mere na Gallery 6 na Hammer Museum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lafilmfest.com/tixSYS/2009/xslguide/eventnote.php?notepg=1&EventNumber=5127|title=Crude Oil Part 1 -|accessdate=2009-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109191443/http://www.lafilmfest.com/tixSYS/2009/xslguide/eventnote.php?notepg=1&EventNumber=5127|archivedate=2009-11-09}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ihe nkiri kachasị ogologo site na oge ịgba ọsọ == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} hqlnlpnnzotbx53w4gr01rs9j6paaca 0 26655 674369 190355 2026-07-09T06:47:37Z SafariScribe 18560 ndezi 674369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Climate of Nigeria}} {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Nigeria_map_of_Köppen_climate_classification.svg|alt=A map snowing the various Köppen climate classification zones of Nigeria. There are five colors defining the distinct zones.|thumb| Map Nigeria nke nhazi ihu igwe nke Köppen]] . <ref name=":42">{{Cite web|title=World Bank Group: Climate Change Knowledge Portal For Development Practitioners and Policy Makers|url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/nigeria/climate-data-historical}}</ref>Ihu igwe nke Naijiria na-ebe ebe .  Naijiria nwere mpaghara ihu igwe atɔ dị iche iche, [1] [2] oge abụọ, yana nkezi ụkpụrụ dị n'etiti 21. Celsius C na 35 Celsius C. [2] Ihe abụọ bụ isi na-egosi ọnọdụ dị na Nigeria  : fim elu nke akụkụ na ike ikuku (dị ka mape site na egwu abụọ nke mmiri mmiri na iru mmiri).  [2] A na-agbaziri mmiri mmiri ya site na ọnọdụ atọ dị iche iche ihe nleba anya nke convectional, ihu, na orographical .  [2] Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere na World Bank Group na Nigeria na-enwe nne na mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ, nkezi ozizi elu nke mba ahụ kwa afọ bụ 28.1 Celsius C na 1938, [1] ebe awụ ya kacha mmiri bụ 1957 na  oke mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ nke 1,441.45mm . Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nwere ike dị ukwuu n'ahụ ugbo, akụ na nyere na obodo.  Oge mmiri ozuzo bụ oge kacha mkpa maka ọrụ ugbo, n'ihi na ọ bụ oge a na-akụ ọtụtụ ihe omume na-egbutekwa ihe.  [1] [2] Oge ọkọchị bụ oge ọkọchị, nke nwere ike ibute mmiri mmiri na ike ihe omume.  [3] Okpomọkụ dị elu na iru mmirika ike mba mma ma nwee ike ibute nsogbu.  [4] Ọdịda ala Naijiria na-emetụta ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke Nigeria site na mpaghara ya, ndị na-arọ ya, na ndị nke igwe ikuku dị iche iche.  [5] Naijiria dị na West Africa, n'etiti latitudes 4°N na 14°N, na lonjitude 2°E na 14°E.  [6] Ọ na-enwe ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ nke e ji oge mmiri na ọkọchị dị iche iche mara . <ref name=":52">{{Cite journal|author=Miller|first=Ronald|title=The Climate of Nigeria|date=1952|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40564888|journal=Geography|volume=37|issue=4|pages=198–213|issn=0016-7487}}</ref>Naijiria nwere mpaghara ihu igwe atɔ dị iche iche.  [1] Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihu igwe nke Naijiria si kwuo, ọ na-ebe ebe ipo.  Enwere ike kewaa ya ụzọ atọ ndị ihu igwe udu mmiri na mpaghara ndịda, na ihu igwe nke Sahel na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na nke nkụ na mpaghara ugwu nke mba ahụ.  [1] Ọ bụ ebe na ebe na mmiri na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na isi ihu igwe nke mba ahụ, a na-eche na mmiri mmiri bụ isi ihe dabere na mkpa ya na ihe ọ rụnyere maka ọrụ ugbo. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Frankie|first=Gordon W.|date=November 1974|title=Comparative Phenological Studies of Trees in Tropical Wet and Dry Forests in the Lowlands of Costa Rica|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2258961|journal=The Journal of Ecology|volume=62|issue=3|pages=881|doi=10.2307/2258961|issn=0022-0477}}</ref>Enwere ike ịhụ ihu igwe udu mmiri n'ebe ndịda nke mba ahụ.  Ọnọdụ ihu igwe a na-enwekarị nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ nke 2000mm [1] nke na-adịgasị iche ma mpaghara dị n'oge oké osimiri na mpaghara ime obodo.  N'oge ọkọchị, mpaghara ndị nwere ihu igwe a na-enwe oke sitere sitere na 23 kwa ụgbụ n'oge mmalite ruo 31 Celsius C (88 °F) n'ehihie.  [1] Port Harcourt, Delta na Bayelsa bụ ihe atụ nke udu mmiri oyi.  A na-ahụ ihu igwe Am na mpaghara ugwu Nigeria.  [2] A na-eji oge mmiri dị ukwuu dị isi yana ogologo oge ọkọchị ma e jiri yaa ihu igwe Aw.  Nkezi mmiri mmiri kwa afọ sitere na 600 ruo 1,200 mm.  [3] Oge mmiri mmiri na- ndekọ site na Mee ruo , ebe oge ọkọchị na-esi na Ọktoba ruo akara. ==Edensibia== {{reflist}} exzvcvzxkj107lqxuw4j06y25mwta9r 0 27192 674438 141355 2026-07-09T09:31:18Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674438 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah bụ onye Ghana na-ede akwụkwọ na onye na-ede blọgụ . O kwadoro ihe nrite na-emeri blọgụ Adventures from the Bedrooms of African Women and gas dere maka Guardian na mepee Democracy.Sekyiamah bụ onye isi njikwa nkwukọrịta na Association for Women's Rights in Development na onye otu Black Feminism Forum Working Group feminist na Bahia, Brazil. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah na [[London]], England, nne na nna Ghana, ma too na Ghana.<ref name="Nesrine Malik" /> O nwere diplọma na nkuzi arụmọrụ na asambodo na mgbochi esemokwu ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ndụ na ọkà okwu ihu ọha.<ref name="uganda">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html|work=Cultures Uganda}}</ref> E nyekwara ya nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na nkwukọrịta na ọmụmụ ọdịbendị site na Mahadum nke North London na nzere masta nke sayensụ na okike na mmepe site na London School of Economics and Political Science.<ref name="uganda" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na-enye ndị isi ọzụzụ maka ndị uwe ojii Metropolitan nke London.<ref name="uganda" /> Sekyiamah jikọtara aka guzobe blọọgụ, Adventures from the Bedrooms of African Women, iji nyere aka gbasaa mkparịta ụka gbasara mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ma nye ha ohere ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha.<ref name="git">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Nana Darkoa: Adventures from the bedroom of an African woman|url=https://www.genderit.org/articles/interview-nana-darkoa-adventures-bedroom-african-woman|first=Flavia|author=Fascendini|work=Gender IT|language=en|date=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="this">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://thisisafrica.me/author/nanadarkoasekyiamah/|work=This Is Africa|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> O meriri ihe nrite kacha mma na blọọgụ kacha mma na 2013 Ghana Blogging and Social Media Awards na blọọlụ kacha mma ọzọ na 2014.<ref name="git" /> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2011, magazin Arise nabatara Sekyiamah dị ka otu n'ime "Ndị na-eme mgbanwe na Ghana".<ref name="uganda">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html|work=Cultures Uganda}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''Cultures Uganda''.</cite></ref> Sekyiamah bụ onye na-akpọkọta Fab Fem, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ezukọ mgbe niile na Accra.<ref name="uganda" /> Sekyiamah edeela edemede maka ''The Guardian'', This Is Africa na Open Democracy.<ref name="this">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://thisisafrica.me/author/nanadarkoasekyiamah/|work=This Is Africa|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://thisisafrica.me/author/nanadarkoasekyiamah/ "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''This Is Africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/author/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|work=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> O dere ''akwụkwọ'' Communications Handbook for Women's Rights Organisations ma nwee akụkọ mkpirikpi e bipụtara n'ọtụtụ mba.<ref name="graphic">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html|work=Graphic Online|date=23 June 2017|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> Sekyiamah edeela ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ma nwee otu isiokwu ("Standpoint: Adventures from Our Bedrooms - Blogging about diverse erotic experiences") nke e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ Feminist Africa.<ref name="this" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Standpoint: Adventures from Our Bedrooms – Blogging about diverse erotic experiences|journal=Feminist Africa|volume=16|pages=142–145|url=http://agi.ac.za/sites/agi.ac.za/files/12_standpoint.pdf|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> Sekyiamah na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke nkwukọrịta na Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID).<ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.theguardian.com/profile/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Black Feminism Forum Working Group.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Standing on African Feminist Land|url=http://www.forum.awid.org/forum16/posts/standing-african-feminist-land|publisher=AWID 2016 International Forum|accessdate=10 November 2017|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041230/http://www.forum.awid.org/forum16/posts/standing-african-feminist-land|archivedate=1 December 2017}}</ref> O so dee akwụkwọ Creating Spaces and Amplifying Voices: The First Ten Years of the African Women's Development Fund na mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ego ahụ.<ref name="graphic">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html|work=Graphic Online|date=23 June 2017|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html "Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut"]. ''Graphic Online''. 23 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> O dekwara Women Leading Africa: Conversations with Inspirational African Women, nchịkọta ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ụmụ nwanyị si n'ofe Afrịka na isiokwu gụnyere ''ụmụ nwanyị'', ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nka nke sitere na ọrụ ya na AWDF.<ref name="uganda">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html|work=Cultures Uganda}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''Cultures Uganda''.</cite></ref><ref name="graphic" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Women Leading Africa: Conversations with Inspirational African Women|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/16069333-women-leading-africa|work=Good Reads|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/books/women-africa-sex-book.html|title=A Book Has Women in Africa Talking About Sex|first=Abdi Latif|last=Dahir|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 June 2022}}</ref> In 2021, Sekyiamah had an anthology entitled ''The Sex Lives of African Women'' published by Dialogue,<ref name="Nesrine Malik2">{{Cite news|last=Malik|first=Nesrine|date=24 July 2021|title=Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2021|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> described in a review by Margaret Busby as "an extraordinarily dynamic work".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/aug/04/the-sex-lives-of-african-women-by-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-review-extraordinarily-dynamic|title=The Sex Lives of African Women by Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah review – extraordinarily dynamic|first=Margaret|last=Busby|author-link=Margaret Busby|newspaper=The Guardian|date=4 August 2021}}</ref>Sekyiamah bụ ọkà okwu na 2015 Writivism Festival na Kampala, Uganda,na mmemme Aké Arts and Book Festival nke 2016 na Abeokuta, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Writivism Festival 2015: Exploring all things literature|first=Nduta|author=Waweru|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2015/06/26/the-writivism-festival-2015-exploring-all-things-literature_c1158603|accessdate=10 November 2017|work=The Star|date=26 June 2015|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Travelogue: From Kaduna to Abeokuta, the City Under the Rock • Olisa Blogazine|first=Addurrahim|author=Salihu|url=https://olisa.tv/2016/11/from-kaduna-to-abeokuta-the-city-under-the-rock/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130095046/http://www.olisa.tv/2016/11/from-kaduna-to-abeokuta-the-city-under-the-rock|archivedate=30 November 2016|work=Olisa Blogazine|accessdate=10 November 2017|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> ".<ref name="Nesrine Malik">{{Cite news|author=Malik|first=Nesrine|date=24 July 2021|title=Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|accessdate=26 July 2021|work=The Guardian|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMalik2021">Malik, Nesrine (24 July 2021). [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah "Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite news|cite news]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: url-status ([[Ụdị: CS1 nọgidere: url-ọnọdụ|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/aug/04/the-sex-lives-of-african-women-by-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-review-extraordinarily-dynamic|title=The Sex Lives of African Women by Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah review – extraordinarily dynamic|first=Margaret|author=Busby|authorlink=Margaret Busby|work=The Guardian|date=4 August 2021}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/books/women-africa-sex-book.html|title=A Book Has Women in Africa Talking About Sex|first=Abdi Latif|author=Dahir|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 June 2022}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2022, a kpọrọ Sekyiamah aha na ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị ''100'' nke BBC dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-akpali akpali na ndị nwere mmetụta n'afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year? - BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-75af095e-21f7-41b0-9c5f-a96a5e0615c1|date=6 December 2022|accessdate=9 December 2022|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} * [http://adventuresfrom.com Ihe omume sitere] na ụlọ ihi ụra nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa blog * Fiona Leonard, "[https://globalvoices.org/2011/03/31/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-opening-doors-to-african-womens-bedrooms/ Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah]: Ịmeghe ọnụ ụzọ maka ụlọ ihi ụra ụmụ nwanyị Africa", Global Voices, 31 Machị 2011. {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6iob7pkuf6q28ho37ck6ryccp57z6rp 674441 674438 2026-07-09T09:32:25Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674441 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah bụ onye Ghana na-ede akwụkwọ na onye na-ede blọgụ . O kwadoro ihe nrite na-emeri blọgụ Adventures from the Bedrooms of African Women and gas dere maka Guardian na mepee Democracy.Sekyiamah bụ onye isi njikwa nkwukọrịta na Association for Women's Rights in Development na onye otu Black Feminism Forum Working Group feminist na Bahia, Brazil. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah na [[London]], England, nne na nna Ghana, ma too na Ghana.<ref name="Nesrine Malik" /> O nwere diplọma na nkuzi arụmọrụ na asambodo na mgbochi esemokwu ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ndụ na ọkà okwu ihu ọha.<ref name="uganda" /> E nyekwara ya nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na nkwukọrịta na ọmụmụ ọdịbendị site na Mahadum nke North London na nzere masta nke sayensụ na okike na mmepe site na London School of Economics and Political Science.<ref name="uganda" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na-enye ndị isi ọzụzụ maka ndị uwe ojii Metropolitan nke London.<ref name="uganda" /> Sekyiamah jikọtara aka guzobe blọọgụ, Adventures from the Bedrooms of African Women, iji nyere aka gbasaa mkparịta ụka gbasara mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ma nye ha ohere ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha.<ref name="git">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Nana Darkoa: Adventures from the bedroom of an African woman|url=https://www.genderit.org/articles/interview-nana-darkoa-adventures-bedroom-african-woman|first=Flavia|author=Fascendini|work=Gender IT|language=en|date=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="this">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://thisisafrica.me/author/nanadarkoasekyiamah/|work=This Is Africa|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> O meriri ihe nrite kacha mma na blọọgụ kacha mma na 2013 Ghana Blogging and Social Media Awards na blọọlụ kacha mma ọzọ na 2014.<ref name="git" /> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2011, magazin Arise nabatara Sekyiamah dị ka otu n'ime "Ndị na-eme mgbanwe na Ghana".<ref name="uganda">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html|work=Cultures Uganda}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''Cultures Uganda''.</cite></ref> Sekyiamah bụ onye na-akpọkọta Fab Fem, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ezukọ mgbe niile na Accra.<ref name="uganda" /> Sekyiamah edeela edemede maka ''The Guardian'', This Is Africa na Open Democracy.<ref name="this">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://thisisafrica.me/author/nanadarkoasekyiamah/|work=This Is Africa|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://thisisafrica.me/author/nanadarkoasekyiamah/ "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''This Is Africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/author/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|work=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> O dere ''akwụkwọ'' Communications Handbook for Women's Rights Organisations ma nwee akụkọ mkpirikpi e bipụtara n'ọtụtụ mba.<ref name="graphic">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html|work=Graphic Online|date=23 June 2017|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> Sekyiamah edeela ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ma nwee otu isiokwu ("Standpoint: Adventures from Our Bedrooms - Blogging about diverse erotic experiences") nke e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ Feminist Africa.<ref name="this" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Standpoint: Adventures from Our Bedrooms – Blogging about diverse erotic experiences|journal=Feminist Africa|volume=16|pages=142–145|url=http://agi.ac.za/sites/agi.ac.za/files/12_standpoint.pdf|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> Sekyiamah na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke nkwukọrịta na Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID).<ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.theguardian.com/profile/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Black Feminism Forum Working Group.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Standing on African Feminist Land|url=http://www.forum.awid.org/forum16/posts/standing-african-feminist-land|publisher=AWID 2016 International Forum|accessdate=10 November 2017|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041230/http://www.forum.awid.org/forum16/posts/standing-african-feminist-land|archivedate=1 December 2017}}</ref> O so dee akwụkwọ Creating Spaces and Amplifying Voices: The First Ten Years of the African Women's Development Fund na mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ego ahụ.<ref name="graphic">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html|work=Graphic Online|date=23 June 2017|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html "Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut"]. ''Graphic Online''. 23 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> O dekwara Women Leading Africa: Conversations with Inspirational African Women, nchịkọta ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ụmụ nwanyị si n'ofe Afrịka na isiokwu gụnyere ''ụmụ nwanyị'', ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nka nke sitere na ọrụ ya na AWDF.<ref name="uganda">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html|work=Cultures Uganda}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''Cultures Uganda''.</cite></ref><ref name="graphic" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Women Leading Africa: Conversations with Inspirational African Women|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/16069333-women-leading-africa|work=Good Reads|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/books/women-africa-sex-book.html|title=A Book Has Women in Africa Talking About Sex|first=Abdi Latif|last=Dahir|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 June 2022}}</ref> In 2021, Sekyiamah had an anthology entitled ''The Sex Lives of African Women'' published by Dialogue,<ref name="Nesrine Malik2">{{Cite news|last=Malik|first=Nesrine|date=24 July 2021|title=Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2021|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> described in a review by Margaret Busby as "an extraordinarily dynamic work".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/aug/04/the-sex-lives-of-african-women-by-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-review-extraordinarily-dynamic|title=The Sex Lives of African Women by Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah review – extraordinarily dynamic|first=Margaret|last=Busby|author-link=Margaret Busby|newspaper=The Guardian|date=4 August 2021}}</ref>Sekyiamah bụ ọkà okwu na 2015 Writivism Festival na Kampala, Uganda,na mmemme Aké Arts and Book Festival nke 2016 na Abeokuta, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Writivism Festival 2015: Exploring all things literature|first=Nduta|author=Waweru|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2015/06/26/the-writivism-festival-2015-exploring-all-things-literature_c1158603|accessdate=10 November 2017|work=The Star|date=26 June 2015|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Travelogue: From Kaduna to Abeokuta, the City Under the Rock • Olisa Blogazine|first=Addurrahim|author=Salihu|url=https://olisa.tv/2016/11/from-kaduna-to-abeokuta-the-city-under-the-rock/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130095046/http://www.olisa.tv/2016/11/from-kaduna-to-abeokuta-the-city-under-the-rock|archivedate=30 November 2016|work=Olisa Blogazine|accessdate=10 November 2017|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> ".<ref name="Nesrine Malik">{{Cite news|author=Malik|first=Nesrine|date=24 July 2021|title=Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|accessdate=26 July 2021|work=The Guardian|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMalik2021">Malik, Nesrine (24 July 2021). [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah "Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite news|cite news]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: url-status ([[Ụdị: CS1 nọgidere: url-ọnọdụ|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/aug/04/the-sex-lives-of-african-women-by-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-review-extraordinarily-dynamic|title=The Sex Lives of African Women by Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah review – extraordinarily dynamic|first=Margaret|author=Busby|authorlink=Margaret Busby|work=The Guardian|date=4 August 2021}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/books/women-africa-sex-book.html|title=A Book Has Women in Africa Talking About Sex|first=Abdi Latif|author=Dahir|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 June 2022}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2022, a kpọrọ Sekyiamah aha na ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị ''100'' nke BBC dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-akpali akpali na ndị nwere mmetụta n'afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year? - BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-75af095e-21f7-41b0-9c5f-a96a5e0615c1|date=6 December 2022|accessdate=9 December 2022|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} * [http://adventuresfrom.com Ihe omume sitere] na ụlọ ihi ụra nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa blog * Fiona Leonard, "[https://globalvoices.org/2011/03/31/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-opening-doors-to-african-womens-bedrooms/ Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah]: Ịmeghe ọnụ ụzọ maka ụlọ ihi ụra ụmụ nwanyị Africa", Global Voices, 31 Machị 2011. {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5rcf0hpj1vqsyktiiwwfvvjykb8wfsn 674443 674441 2026-07-09T09:33:30Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674443 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah bụ onye Ghana na-ede akwụkwọ na onye na-ede blọgụ . O kwadoro ihe nrite na-emeri blọgụ Adventures from the Bedrooms of African Women and gas dere maka Guardian na mepee Democracy.Sekyiamah bụ onye isi njikwa nkwukọrịta na Association for Women's Rights in Development na onye otu Black Feminism Forum Working Group feminist na Bahia, Brazil. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah na [[London]], England, nne na nna Ghana, ma too na Ghana.<ref name="Nesrine Malik" /> O nwere diplọma na nkuzi arụmọrụ na asambodo na mgbochi esemokwu ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ndụ na ọkà okwu ihu ọha.<ref name="uganda" /> E nyekwara ya nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na nkwukọrịta na ọmụmụ ọdịbendị site na Mahadum nke North London na nzere masta nke sayensụ na okike na mmepe site na London School of Economics and Political Science.<ref name="uganda" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na-enye ndị isi ọzụzụ maka ndị uwe ojii Metropolitan nke London.<ref name="uganda" /> Sekyiamah jikọtara aka guzobe blọọgụ, Adventures from the Bedrooms of African Women, iji nyere aka gbasaa mkparịta ụka gbasara mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ma nye ha ohere ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha.<ref name="git">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Nana Darkoa: Adventures from the bedroom of an African woman|url=https://www.genderit.org/articles/interview-nana-darkoa-adventures-bedroom-african-woman|first=Flavia|author=Fascendini|work=Gender IT|language=en|date=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="this" /> O meriri ihe nrite kacha mma na blọọgụ kacha mma na 2013 Ghana Blogging and Social Media Awards na blọọlụ kacha mma ọzọ na 2014.<ref name="git" /> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2011, magazin Arise nabatara Sekyiamah dị ka otu n'ime "Ndị na-eme mgbanwe na Ghana".<ref name="uganda">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html|work=Cultures Uganda}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''Cultures Uganda''.</cite></ref> Sekyiamah bụ onye na-akpọkọta Fab Fem, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ezukọ mgbe niile na Accra.<ref name="uganda" /> Sekyiamah edeela edemede maka ''The Guardian'', This Is Africa na Open Democracy.<ref name="this">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://thisisafrica.me/author/nanadarkoasekyiamah/|work=This Is Africa|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://thisisafrica.me/author/nanadarkoasekyiamah/ "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''This Is Africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/author/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|work=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> O dere ''akwụkwọ'' Communications Handbook for Women's Rights Organisations ma nwee akụkọ mkpirikpi e bipụtara n'ọtụtụ mba.<ref name="graphic">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html|work=Graphic Online|date=23 June 2017|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> Sekyiamah edeela ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ma nwee otu isiokwu ("Standpoint: Adventures from Our Bedrooms - Blogging about diverse erotic experiences") nke e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ Feminist Africa.<ref name="this" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Standpoint: Adventures from Our Bedrooms – Blogging about diverse erotic experiences|journal=Feminist Africa|volume=16|pages=142–145|url=http://agi.ac.za/sites/agi.ac.za/files/12_standpoint.pdf|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> Sekyiamah na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke nkwukọrịta na Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID).<ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.theguardian.com/profile/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Black Feminism Forum Working Group.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Standing on African Feminist Land|url=http://www.forum.awid.org/forum16/posts/standing-african-feminist-land|publisher=AWID 2016 International Forum|accessdate=10 November 2017|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041230/http://www.forum.awid.org/forum16/posts/standing-african-feminist-land|archivedate=1 December 2017}}</ref> O so dee akwụkwọ Creating Spaces and Amplifying Voices: The First Ten Years of the African Women's Development Fund na mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ego ahụ.<ref name="graphic">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html|work=Graphic Online|date=23 June 2017|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html "Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut"]. ''Graphic Online''. 23 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> O dekwara Women Leading Africa: Conversations with Inspirational African Women, nchịkọta ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ụmụ nwanyị si n'ofe Afrịka na isiokwu gụnyere ''ụmụ nwanyị'', ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nka nke sitere na ọrụ ya na AWDF.<ref name="uganda">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html|work=Cultures Uganda}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''Cultures Uganda''.</cite></ref><ref name="graphic" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Women Leading Africa: Conversations with Inspirational African Women|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/16069333-women-leading-africa|work=Good Reads|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/books/women-africa-sex-book.html|title=A Book Has Women in Africa Talking About Sex|first=Abdi Latif|last=Dahir|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 June 2022}}</ref> In 2021, Sekyiamah had an anthology entitled ''The Sex Lives of African Women'' published by Dialogue,<ref name="Nesrine Malik2">{{Cite news|last=Malik|first=Nesrine|date=24 July 2021|title=Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2021|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> described in a review by Margaret Busby as "an extraordinarily dynamic work".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/aug/04/the-sex-lives-of-african-women-by-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-review-extraordinarily-dynamic|title=The Sex Lives of African Women by Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah review – extraordinarily dynamic|first=Margaret|last=Busby|author-link=Margaret Busby|newspaper=The Guardian|date=4 August 2021}}</ref>Sekyiamah bụ ọkà okwu na 2015 Writivism Festival na Kampala, Uganda,na mmemme Aké Arts and Book Festival nke 2016 na Abeokuta, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Writivism Festival 2015: Exploring all things literature|first=Nduta|author=Waweru|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2015/06/26/the-writivism-festival-2015-exploring-all-things-literature_c1158603|accessdate=10 November 2017|work=The Star|date=26 June 2015|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Travelogue: From Kaduna to Abeokuta, the City Under the Rock • Olisa Blogazine|first=Addurrahim|author=Salihu|url=https://olisa.tv/2016/11/from-kaduna-to-abeokuta-the-city-under-the-rock/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130095046/http://www.olisa.tv/2016/11/from-kaduna-to-abeokuta-the-city-under-the-rock|archivedate=30 November 2016|work=Olisa Blogazine|accessdate=10 November 2017|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> ".<ref name="Nesrine Malik">{{Cite news|author=Malik|first=Nesrine|date=24 July 2021|title=Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|accessdate=26 July 2021|work=The Guardian|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMalik2021">Malik, Nesrine (24 July 2021). [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah "Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite news|cite news]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: url-status ([[Ụdị: CS1 nọgidere: url-ọnọdụ|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/aug/04/the-sex-lives-of-african-women-by-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-review-extraordinarily-dynamic|title=The Sex Lives of African Women by Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah review – extraordinarily dynamic|first=Margaret|author=Busby|authorlink=Margaret Busby|work=The Guardian|date=4 August 2021}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/books/women-africa-sex-book.html|title=A Book Has Women in Africa Talking About Sex|first=Abdi Latif|author=Dahir|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 June 2022}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2022, a kpọrọ Sekyiamah aha na ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị ''100'' nke BBC dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-akpali akpali na ndị nwere mmetụta n'afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year? - BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-75af095e-21f7-41b0-9c5f-a96a5e0615c1|date=6 December 2022|accessdate=9 December 2022|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} * [http://adventuresfrom.com Ihe omume sitere] na ụlọ ihi ụra nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa blog * Fiona Leonard, "[https://globalvoices.org/2011/03/31/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-opening-doors-to-african-womens-bedrooms/ Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah]: Ịmeghe ọnụ ụzọ maka ụlọ ihi ụra ụmụ nwanyị Africa", Global Voices, 31 Machị 2011. {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4gf6xh85wz1hca30h3l9q8cddxns21v 674444 674443 2026-07-09T09:34:22Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674444 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah bụ onye Ghana na-ede akwụkwọ na onye na-ede blọgụ . O kwadoro ihe nrite na-emeri blọgụ Adventures from the Bedrooms of African Women and gas dere maka Guardian na mepee Democracy.Sekyiamah bụ onye isi njikwa nkwukọrịta na Association for Women's Rights in Development na onye otu Black Feminism Forum Working Group feminist na Bahia, Brazil. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah na [[London]], England, nne na nna Ghana, ma too na Ghana.<ref name="Nesrine Malik" /> O nwere diplọma na nkuzi arụmọrụ na asambodo na mgbochi esemokwu ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ndụ na ọkà okwu ihu ọha.<ref name="uganda" /> E nyekwara ya nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na nkwukọrịta na ọmụmụ ọdịbendị site na Mahadum nke North London na nzere masta nke sayensụ na okike na mmepe site na London School of Economics and Political Science.<ref name="uganda" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na-enye ndị isi ọzụzụ maka ndị uwe ojii Metropolitan nke London.<ref name="uganda" /> Sekyiamah jikọtara aka guzobe blọọgụ, Adventures from the Bedrooms of African Women, iji nyere aka gbasaa mkparịta ụka gbasara mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ma nye ha ohere ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha.<ref name="git">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Nana Darkoa: Adventures from the bedroom of an African woman|url=https://www.genderit.org/articles/interview-nana-darkoa-adventures-bedroom-african-woman|first=Flavia|author=Fascendini|work=Gender IT|language=en|date=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="this" /> O meriri ihe nrite kacha mma na blọọgụ kacha mma na 2013 Ghana Blogging and Social Media Awards na blọọlụ kacha mma ọzọ na 2014.<ref name="git" /> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2011, magazin Arise nabatara Sekyiamah dị ka otu n'ime "Ndị na-eme mgbanwe na Ghana".<ref name="uganda">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html|work=Cultures Uganda}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''Cultures Uganda''.</cite></ref> Sekyiamah bụ onye na-akpọkọta Fab Fem, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ezukọ mgbe niile na Accra.<ref name="uganda" /> Sekyiamah edeela edemede maka ''The Guardian'', This Is Africa na Open Democracy.<ref name="this">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://thisisafrica.me/author/nanadarkoasekyiamah/|work=This Is Africa|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://thisisafrica.me/author/nanadarkoasekyiamah/ "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''This Is Africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/author/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|work=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref><ref name="guardian" /> O dere ''akwụkwọ'' Communications Handbook for Women's Rights Organisations ma nwee akụkọ mkpirikpi e bipụtara n'ọtụtụ mba.<ref name="graphic">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html|work=Graphic Online|date=23 June 2017|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> Sekyiamah edeela ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ma nwee otu isiokwu ("Standpoint: Adventures from Our Bedrooms - Blogging about diverse erotic experiences") nke e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ Feminist Africa.<ref name="this" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Standpoint: Adventures from Our Bedrooms – Blogging about diverse erotic experiences|journal=Feminist Africa|volume=16|pages=142–145|url=http://agi.ac.za/sites/agi.ac.za/files/12_standpoint.pdf|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> Sekyiamah na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke nkwukọrịta na Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID).<ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.theguardian.com/profile/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Black Feminism Forum Working Group.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Standing on African Feminist Land|url=http://www.forum.awid.org/forum16/posts/standing-african-feminist-land|publisher=AWID 2016 International Forum|accessdate=10 November 2017|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041230/http://www.forum.awid.org/forum16/posts/standing-african-feminist-land|archivedate=1 December 2017}}</ref> O so dee akwụkwọ Creating Spaces and Amplifying Voices: The First Ten Years of the African Women's Development Fund na mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ego ahụ.<ref name="graphic">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html|work=Graphic Online|date=23 June 2017|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html "Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut"]. ''Graphic Online''. 23 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> O dekwara Women Leading Africa: Conversations with Inspirational African Women, nchịkọta ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ụmụ nwanyị si n'ofe Afrịka na isiokwu gụnyere ''ụmụ nwanyị'', ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nka nke sitere na ọrụ ya na AWDF.<ref name="uganda">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html|work=Cultures Uganda}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''Cultures Uganda''.</cite></ref><ref name="graphic" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Women Leading Africa: Conversations with Inspirational African Women|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/16069333-women-leading-africa|work=Good Reads|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/books/women-africa-sex-book.html|title=A Book Has Women in Africa Talking About Sex|first=Abdi Latif|last=Dahir|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 June 2022}}</ref> In 2021, Sekyiamah had an anthology entitled ''The Sex Lives of African Women'' published by Dialogue,<ref name="Nesrine Malik2">{{Cite news|last=Malik|first=Nesrine|date=24 July 2021|title=Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2021|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> described in a review by Margaret Busby as "an extraordinarily dynamic work".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/aug/04/the-sex-lives-of-african-women-by-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-review-extraordinarily-dynamic|title=The Sex Lives of African Women by Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah review – extraordinarily dynamic|first=Margaret|last=Busby|author-link=Margaret Busby|newspaper=The Guardian|date=4 August 2021}}</ref>Sekyiamah bụ ọkà okwu na 2015 Writivism Festival na Kampala, Uganda,na mmemme Aké Arts and Book Festival nke 2016 na Abeokuta, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Writivism Festival 2015: Exploring all things literature|first=Nduta|author=Waweru|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2015/06/26/the-writivism-festival-2015-exploring-all-things-literature_c1158603|accessdate=10 November 2017|work=The Star|date=26 June 2015|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Travelogue: From Kaduna to Abeokuta, the City Under the Rock • Olisa Blogazine|first=Addurrahim|author=Salihu|url=https://olisa.tv/2016/11/from-kaduna-to-abeokuta-the-city-under-the-rock/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130095046/http://www.olisa.tv/2016/11/from-kaduna-to-abeokuta-the-city-under-the-rock|archivedate=30 November 2016|work=Olisa Blogazine|accessdate=10 November 2017|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> ".<ref name="Nesrine Malik">{{Cite news|author=Malik|first=Nesrine|date=24 July 2021|title=Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|accessdate=26 July 2021|work=The Guardian|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMalik2021">Malik, Nesrine (24 July 2021). [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah "Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite news|cite news]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: url-status ([[Ụdị: CS1 nọgidere: url-ọnọdụ|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/aug/04/the-sex-lives-of-african-women-by-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-review-extraordinarily-dynamic|title=The Sex Lives of African Women by Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah review – extraordinarily dynamic|first=Margaret|author=Busby|authorlink=Margaret Busby|work=The Guardian|date=4 August 2021}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/books/women-africa-sex-book.html|title=A Book Has Women in Africa Talking About Sex|first=Abdi Latif|author=Dahir|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 June 2022}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2022, a kpọrọ Sekyiamah aha na ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị ''100'' nke BBC dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-akpali akpali na ndị nwere mmetụta n'afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year? - BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-75af095e-21f7-41b0-9c5f-a96a5e0615c1|date=6 December 2022|accessdate=9 December 2022|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} * [http://adventuresfrom.com Ihe omume sitere] na ụlọ ihi ụra nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa blog * Fiona Leonard, "[https://globalvoices.org/2011/03/31/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-opening-doors-to-african-womens-bedrooms/ Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah]: Ịmeghe ọnụ ụzọ maka ụlọ ihi ụra ụmụ nwanyị Africa", Global Voices, 31 Machị 2011. {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fzch56eq4ua99slrpmfx3bmzlwhfgmy 674446 674444 2026-07-09T09:35:33Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674446 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah bụ onye Ghana na-ede akwụkwọ na onye na-ede blọgụ . O kwadoro ihe nrite na-emeri blọgụ Adventures from the Bedrooms of African Women and gas dere maka Guardian na mepee Democracy.Sekyiamah bụ onye isi njikwa nkwukọrịta na Association for Women's Rights in Development na onye otu Black Feminism Forum Working Group feminist na Bahia, Brazil. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah na [[London]], England, nne na nna Ghana, ma too na Ghana.<ref name="Nesrine Malik" /> O nwere diplọma na nkuzi arụmọrụ na asambodo na mgbochi esemokwu ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ndụ na ọkà okwu ihu ọha.<ref name="uganda" /> E nyekwara ya nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na nkwukọrịta na ọmụmụ ọdịbendị site na Mahadum nke North London na nzere masta nke sayensụ na okike na mmepe site na London School of Economics and Political Science.<ref name="uganda" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na-enye ndị isi ọzụzụ maka ndị uwe ojii Metropolitan nke London.<ref name="uganda" /> Sekyiamah jikọtara aka guzobe blọọgụ, Adventures from the Bedrooms of African Women, iji nyere aka gbasaa mkparịta ụka gbasara mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ma nye ha ohere ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha.<ref name="git">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Nana Darkoa: Adventures from the bedroom of an African woman|url=https://www.genderit.org/articles/interview-nana-darkoa-adventures-bedroom-african-woman|first=Flavia|author=Fascendini|work=Gender IT|language=en|date=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="this" /> O meriri ihe nrite kacha mma na blọọgụ kacha mma na 2013 Ghana Blogging and Social Media Awards na blọọlụ kacha mma ọzọ na 2014.<ref name="git" /> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2011, magazin Arise nabatara Sekyiamah dị ka otu n'ime "Ndị na-eme mgbanwe na Ghana".<ref name="uganda">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html|work=Cultures Uganda}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''Cultures Uganda''.</cite></ref> Sekyiamah bụ onye na-akpọkọta Fab Fem, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ezukọ mgbe niile na Accra.<ref name="uganda" /> Sekyiamah edeela edemede maka ''The Guardian'', This Is Africa na Open Democracy.<ref name="this">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://thisisafrica.me/author/nanadarkoasekyiamah/|work=This Is Africa|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://thisisafrica.me/author/nanadarkoasekyiamah/ "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''This Is Africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/author/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|work=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref><ref name="guardian" /> O dere ''akwụkwọ'' Communications Handbook for Women's Rights Organisations ma nwee akụkọ mkpirikpi e bipụtara n'ọtụtụ mba.<ref name="graphic" /> Sekyiamah edeela ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ma nwee otu isiokwu ("Standpoint: Adventures from Our Bedrooms - Blogging about diverse erotic experiences") nke e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ Feminist Africa.<ref name="this" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Standpoint: Adventures from Our Bedrooms – Blogging about diverse erotic experiences|journal=Feminist Africa|volume=16|pages=142–145|url=http://agi.ac.za/sites/agi.ac.za/files/12_standpoint.pdf|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> Sekyiamah na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke nkwukọrịta na Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID).<ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.theguardian.com/profile/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Black Feminism Forum Working Group.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Standing on African Feminist Land|url=http://www.forum.awid.org/forum16/posts/standing-african-feminist-land|publisher=AWID 2016 International Forum|accessdate=10 November 2017|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041230/http://www.forum.awid.org/forum16/posts/standing-african-feminist-land|archivedate=1 December 2017}}</ref> O so dee akwụkwọ Creating Spaces and Amplifying Voices: The First Ten Years of the African Women's Development Fund na mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ego ahụ.<ref name="graphic">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html|work=Graphic Online|date=23 June 2017|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html "Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut"]. ''Graphic Online''. 23 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> O dekwara Women Leading Africa: Conversations with Inspirational African Women, nchịkọta ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ụmụ nwanyị si n'ofe Afrịka na isiokwu gụnyere ''ụmụ nwanyị'', ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nka nke sitere na ọrụ ya na AWDF.<ref name="uganda">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html|work=Cultures Uganda}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''Cultures Uganda''.</cite></ref><ref name="graphic" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Women Leading Africa: Conversations with Inspirational African Women|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/16069333-women-leading-africa|work=Good Reads|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/books/women-africa-sex-book.html|title=A Book Has Women in Africa Talking About Sex|first=Abdi Latif|last=Dahir|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 June 2022}}</ref> In 2021, Sekyiamah had an anthology entitled ''The Sex Lives of African Women'' published by Dialogue,<ref name="Nesrine Malik2">{{Cite news|last=Malik|first=Nesrine|date=24 July 2021|title=Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2021|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> described in a review by Margaret Busby as "an extraordinarily dynamic work".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/aug/04/the-sex-lives-of-african-women-by-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-review-extraordinarily-dynamic|title=The Sex Lives of African Women by Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah review – extraordinarily dynamic|first=Margaret|last=Busby|author-link=Margaret Busby|newspaper=The Guardian|date=4 August 2021}}</ref>Sekyiamah bụ ọkà okwu na 2015 Writivism Festival na Kampala, Uganda,na mmemme Aké Arts and Book Festival nke 2016 na Abeokuta, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Writivism Festival 2015: Exploring all things literature|first=Nduta|author=Waweru|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2015/06/26/the-writivism-festival-2015-exploring-all-things-literature_c1158603|accessdate=10 November 2017|work=The Star|date=26 June 2015|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Travelogue: From Kaduna to Abeokuta, the City Under the Rock • Olisa Blogazine|first=Addurrahim|author=Salihu|url=https://olisa.tv/2016/11/from-kaduna-to-abeokuta-the-city-under-the-rock/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130095046/http://www.olisa.tv/2016/11/from-kaduna-to-abeokuta-the-city-under-the-rock|archivedate=30 November 2016|work=Olisa Blogazine|accessdate=10 November 2017|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> ".<ref name="Nesrine Malik">{{Cite news|author=Malik|first=Nesrine|date=24 July 2021|title=Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|accessdate=26 July 2021|work=The Guardian|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMalik2021">Malik, Nesrine (24 July 2021). [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah "Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite news|cite news]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: url-status ([[Ụdị: CS1 nọgidere: url-ọnọdụ|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/aug/04/the-sex-lives-of-african-women-by-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-review-extraordinarily-dynamic|title=The Sex Lives of African Women by Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah review – extraordinarily dynamic|first=Margaret|author=Busby|authorlink=Margaret Busby|work=The Guardian|date=4 August 2021}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/books/women-africa-sex-book.html|title=A Book Has Women in Africa Talking About Sex|first=Abdi Latif|author=Dahir|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 June 2022}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2022, a kpọrọ Sekyiamah aha na ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị ''100'' nke BBC dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-akpali akpali na ndị nwere mmetụta n'afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year? - BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-75af095e-21f7-41b0-9c5f-a96a5e0615c1|date=6 December 2022|accessdate=9 December 2022|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} * [http://adventuresfrom.com Ihe omume sitere] na ụlọ ihi ụra nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa blog * Fiona Leonard, "[https://globalvoices.org/2011/03/31/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-opening-doors-to-african-womens-bedrooms/ Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah]: Ịmeghe ọnụ ụzọ maka ụlọ ihi ụra ụmụ nwanyị Africa", Global Voices, 31 Machị 2011. {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] p5kcnu45spe7q15ac7uwvftht03i30d 0 27492 674191 114321 2026-07-08T16:24:27Z Timzy D'Great 12485 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ fixed reference errors 674191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Mery Zamora|image=Asambleísta Mery Zamora en su intervención en la sesión No.- 187 del Pleno de la Asamblea Nacional continuación (8007295642) (cropped).jpg|alt=|caption=|birth_name=Mery Segunda Zamora García|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1972|04|19}}|birth_place=[[Portoviejo]], Ecuador|death_date=|death_place=|death_cause=|other_names=|occupation=Teacher, politician, union leader|organization={{ill|National Union of Educators|es|Unión Nacional de Educadores}}|years_active=|known_for=|notable_works=|spouse=|children=|awards=|alma_mater=Instituto Normal Superior 23 de Octubre|website=|party={{Plainlist| * [[Democratic People's Movement]] (until 2014) * [[Popular Unity (Ecuador)|Popular Unity]] (2014–present) }}|signature=MERYZAMORAFIRMA.png}} [[Category:Biography with signature]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Mery Segunda Zamora García''' (amụrụ n'April 19, 1972) bụ onye isi syndicalist nke Ecuador, onye nkuzi, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke National Union of Educators (UNE) site na 2007 ruo 2010, oge nke dabara na mmalite nke ọchịchị Rafael Correa. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama na-akatọ ọchịchị a, ọ bụkwa onye a na-ekwukarị okwu mkparị na mgbasa ozi Citizen Link nke Correa, nke mechara bụrụ ebubo iyi ọha egwu na mmebi na 2010. E mechara wepụ ikpe megide ya mgbe ọ rịọrọ arịrịọ nke ọma. Kemgbe afọ 2014 ọ bụ osote onye nduzi mbụ nke pati Popular Unity. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Mery Zamora na Portoviejo na Eprel 19, 1972.<ref name="Homenaje">{{Cite news|url=https://lahora.com.ec/noticia/966666/homenaje-para-mery-zamora-|title=Homenaje para Mery Zamora|work=[[La Hora]]|language=Spanish|date=2009-12-04|accessdate=2019-07-18}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref><ref name="lustro">{{Cite web|url=https://www.planv.com.ec/historias/politica/mery-zamora-la-maestra-que-cumple-casi-un-lustro-persecucion|title=Mery Zamora: la maestra que cumple casi un lustro de persecución|publisher=Plan V|language=Spanish|date=2015-02-22|accessdate=2019-07-18}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Escuela Fiscal Mixta Amalia Zevallos No. 14, na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị na Colegio Nacional Mixto 18 De Octubre na Colegio 23 de Octubre. Na Instituto Normal Superior 23 de Octubre ọ nwetara utu aha onye nkuzi na Basic Education.<ref name="Homenaje" /> == Ọrụ ndị ọrụ == N'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, Zamora bụ onye ndú ụmụ akwụkwọ, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke kansụl ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Colegio 18 De Octubre na 1987, na onye isi oche ya nke kansụল ụmụ akwụkwọ nke colegio 23 de Octubre n'afọ 1990. N'afọ 1995, ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke Frente de Lucha por el Ingreso al Magisterio (FLIM).<ref name="Homenaje" /> Ọ sonyeere Confederation of Women for Change na 1996. Ọ bụ osote onye nduzi mpaghara nke Frente Político Vanguardia del Magisterio na 2000, odeakwụkwọ nkwukọrịta nke UNE na Manabí Province site na 2000 ruo 2004, ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi oche mpaghara nke nzukọ ahụ site na 2004 ruo 2007. N'afọ 2007 ọ ghọrọ onye isi ala UNE. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Dị ka onye isi oche nke UNE, otu n'ime nnukwu òtù ndị ọrụ na mba ahụ, Zamora malitere imegide usoro agụmakwụkwọ nke gọọmentị Rafael Correa, nke gụnyere nyocha nke ndị nkuzi. Nke a kpasuru Correa iwe, ọ ghọkwara nwanyị nke atọ a na-akatọkarị na mgbasa ozi Citizen Link, mgbe Lourdes Tibán na Cynthia Viteri gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.planv.com.ec/historias/sociedad/mujeres-que-le-dicen-rafael-correa-dejanos-paz|title=Las mujeres que le dicen a Rafael Correa: 'déjanos en paz'|publisher=Plan V|language=Spanish|date=2017-03-21|accessdate=2019-07-18}}</ref> Mgbe ihe mere na Septemba 30, 2010, e boro ya ebubo iyi ọha egwu na mmebi mgbe e gosipụtara vidiyo ekwentị mkpanaaka nke na-egosi ya na-akpali otu ụmụ akwụkwọ ime ihe ike na Guayaquil na Citizen Link. Zamora zaghachiri na ọ nọ na-arịọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha gbasaa, nakwa na ndekọ ahụ gụnyere naanị obere akụkụ nke ọdịyo nke e wepụrụ n'ihe gbara ya gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2013/05/25/nota/955306/mery-zamora-que-no-perdona-correa-es-osadia-haberlo-desafiado|title=Mery Zamora: 'Lo que no perdona Correa es la osadía de haberlo desafiado'|first=Katherine|author=Villavicencio|work=[[El Universo]]|language=Spanish|date=2013-05-26|accessdate=2019-07-18}}</ref> Na June 12, 2013, ụlọ ikpe nke iri nke Guayas kwupụtara na ikpe mara Zamora maka mpụ ahụ, mana na May 27, 2014, ndị ọkàikpe atọ nke Ụlọikpe Ikpe Mba nabatara arịrịọ ya, abụọ n'ime ha mechara chụpụ n'ọkwa ha, otu onye gbara arụkwaghịm. Na Febụwarị 10, 2015, ikpe megide Zamora kwụsịrị.<ref name="lustro" /> N'ime Democratic People's Movement (MPD), ọ onye nnọchi anya onye omeiwu Jorge Escala site na 2008 ruo 2013, na-apụta na National Assembly n'oge ụfọdụ. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2011, mgbe ọ ka na-eche ikpe mpụ megide ya na Guayaquil, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi mpaghara nke MPD na Manabí. N'ọnwa Ọktoba ahụ, ọ ghọrọ osote onye nduzi mbụ ya. Na ntuli aka nke afọ 2014 ọ gbara ọsọ maka ọkwa onye isi obodo nke Portoviejo, nweta ọnọdụ nke anọ na CREO Movement. Na Septemba 27, 2014, a họpụtara Zamora ka ọ bụrụ osote onye nduzi nke Popular Unity, nke pụtara mgbe agbasachara MPD.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pcmle.org/EM/spip.php?article6386|title=Nace Unidad Popular para agrupar a quienes aspiran transformar el Ecuador|work=En Marcha|publisher=[[Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador]]|language=Spanish|accessdate=2019-07-18}}</ref> Na ntuli aka nke afọ 2017 ọ bụ onye na-azọ ọkwa onye omebe iwu maka mpaghara ndịda Manabí, mana enwetaghị oche.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eldiario.ec/noticias-manabi-ecuador/386660-mery-zamora-dejaria-de-ser-profesora-para-ser-candidata-a-asambleista/|title=Mery Zamora dejaría de ser profesora para ser candidata a asambleísta|work=EL Diario|language=Spanish|date=2016-03-24|accessdate=2019-07-18}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, ya na ndị otu anọ ndị ọzọ rịọrọ ka a gụgharịa ya n'ihi enweghị nkwekọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2017/02/22/nota/6058909/candidatos-manabi-se-unen-pedir-que-se-abran-urnas|title=Candidatos de Manabí se unen para pedir que se abran las urnas|work=[[El Universo]]|language=Spanish|date=2017-02-22|accessdate=2019-07-18}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Mery Zamora on Facebook     [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] i10vo44hm5dh9fld5l8fd3sa97qzd9b 0 27513 674478 191865 2026-07-09T11:10:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674478 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Gertrude Tuckwell.jpg|thumb|Gertrude Tuckwell]]   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Gertrude Mary Tuckwell CH (1861–1951) bụ onye ọrụ otu ndị ọrụ bekee, onye ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ, onye ode akwụkwọ na onye ọka iwu. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Gertrude Mary Tuckwell na Oxford na 25 Eprel 1861, ada nke abụọ nke Rosa née Strong (b. 1829/30) na William Tuckwell, nna ukwu nke New College School na ụkọchukwu na New College, Oxford na onye na-akpọ onwe ya "radical parson". ". Nne ya bụ ada nke Captain Henry Strong, onye isi ndị agha [[Ndia|India]], onye nwanne ya nwanyị nke obere, onye na-ahụ maka nwanyị na onye na-azụ ahịa bụ Emilia Dilke, ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ndụ Tuckwell.Tuckwell nwere otu nwanne nwoke na ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ. == Ọrụ Dị ka Onyeikpe == Mgbe Iwu Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 ghọrọ iwu na 23 Disemba 1919, Tuckwell bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị asaa mbụ a họpụtara dị ka onye ọka ikpe nke udo, ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ bụ onye ọka iwu na [[London]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Tuckwell, Gertrude Mary (1861–1951), trade unionist and social reformer|author=John|first=Angela V.|date=2004-09-23|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36572}}</ref> A na-etinye akwụkwọ ya na TUC Library Collections na Mahadum nke North London.<ref name="TUC archives">{{Cite web|title=TUC Library Collections - Gertrude Tuckwell Papers|url=http://student.londonmet.ac.uk/media/london-metropolitan-university/london-met-documents/professional-service-departments/library-services/tuc-library-collections/archives/gertrudetuckewellpapers.pdf|accessdate=2023-06-11|archivedate=2023-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612100832/https://student.londonmet.ac.uk/media/london-metropolitan-university/london-met-documents/professional-service-departments/library-services/tuc-library-collections/archives/gertrudetuckewellpapers.pdf}}</ref> Ihe ndị a nwere ihe dịka folda 700 nke akụkọ, akwụkwọ mpịakọta, akwụkwọ mpempe akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Tuckwell chịkọtara, gbasara ọgụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị site na 1890 ruo 1920.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris|first=Jenny|date=1978|title=The Gertrude Tuckwell Collection|journal=History Workshop|volume=5|pages=155–162}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * ''Steeti na Ụmụ ya'' (1894) * ''Ndụ nke Rt. Hon. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]'' nke Stephen Gwynn malitere; nke Gertrude M. Tuckwell (Mpịakọta nke Mbụ) dechara ma dezie London: John Murray, 1917 * ''Ndụ nke Rt. Hon. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]'' nke Stephen Gwynn malitere; nke Gertrude M. Tuckwell (Mpịakọta nke Abụọ) dechara ma dezie London: John Murray, 1917 == Hụkwa == * Christian Social Union (UK) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 1nsx2der2rkoil0z5t3jrbf93e9yf9r 0 28005 674333 671245 2026-07-09T00:27:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Hearing loss|image=International Symbol for Deafness.svg|alt=A stylized white ear, with two white bars surrounding it, on a blue background.|caption=The international symbol of deafness and hearing loss|field=[[Otorhinolaryngology]], [[audiology]]|synonyms=Deaf or hard of hearing; anakusis or anacusis is total deafness<ref name="Dorlands">{{Citation |author=Elsevier |author-link=Elsevier |title=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary |publisher=Elsevier |url=http://dorlands.com/ |postscript=. |access-date=2023-06-29 |archive-date=2014-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111192614/http://dorlands.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>|symptoms=Decreased ability to hear|complications=[[Social isolation]],<ref name=WHO2015/> [[dementia]]|onset=|duration=|types=[[Conductive hearing loss|Conductive]], [[sensorineural hearing loss|sensorineural]], and mixed hearing loss, [[cortical deafness|central auditory dysfunction]]<ref name=Sm2014/>|causes=[[Genetics]], [[aging]], [[Noise-induced hearing loss|exposure to noise]], some [[infection]]s, birth complications, trauma to the ear, certain medications or toxins<ref name=WHO2015/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Hearing tests]]|differential=|prevention=[[Immunization]], proper care around [[pregnancy]], avoiding loud noise, avoiding certain medications<ref name=WHO2015/>|treatment=[[Hearing aids]], [[sign language]], [[cochlear implants]], [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitles]]<ref name=WHO2015/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1.33 billion / 18.5% (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref>|deaths=}} Enweghị ike ịnụ ihe bụ '''enweghị ike ịnụ ihe''' n'ụzọ zuru oke ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Enweghị ịnụ ihe nwere ike ịdị mgbe a mụrụ ya ma ọ bụ nweta ya n'oge ọ bụla mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-01|title=Deafness and hearing loss|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss|accessdate=2020-07-13|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hearing Loss at Birth (Congenital Hearing Loss)|url=https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/congenital-hearing-loss/|accessdate=2020-07-13|work=American Speech-Language-Hearing Association|language=en}}</ref> Enweghị ịnụ ihe nwere ike ime n'otu ntị ma ọ bụ abụọ.<ref name="WHO2015"/> N'ime ụmụaka, nsogbu ịnụ ihe nwere ike imetụta ikike inweta asụsụ a na-ekwu, na ndị okenye ọ nwere ike ịmepụta ihe isi ike na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọrụ.<ref name="Las2014">{{Cite journal|title=Hearing loss: diagnosis and management|journal=Primary Care|volume=41|issue=1|pages=19–31|date=March 2014|pmid=24439878|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.10.003}}</ref> Enweghị ịnụ ihe nwere ike ịbụ nke nwa oge ma ọ bụ nke na-adịgide adịgide. Enweghị ịnụ ihe metụtara afọ na-emetụtakarị ntị abụọ ma bụrụkwa n'ihi enweghi mkpuru ndu ntutu cochlear.<ref name="Sch2017">{{Cite journal|author=Schilder|first=Anne Gm|date=2017|title=Bilateral versus unilateral hearing aids for bilateral hearing impairment in adults|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2017|issue=12|pages=CD012665|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012665.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=29256573}}</ref> Ufọdụ ndị mmadụ nti chiri, ọkachasị ndị agadi, nwere ike ịkpata owu ọmụma.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Ndi nti chiri na-enwekarị obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ntị.<ref name=":4" /> Enwere ike ịkpata nhụsianya site n'ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere: mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ịka nká, ikpughe ụda, ọrịa ụfọdụ, nsogbu ọmụmụ, nhụjuanya na ntị, na ụfọdụ ọgwụ ma ọ bụ nsị.<ref name="WHO2015"/> Ọnọdụ a na-ahụkarị nke na-ebute ọnwụ ntị bụ ọrịa ntị na-adịghị ala ala. <ref name="WHO2015" /> Ụfọdụ ọrịa na-efe efe n'oge ime ime, dị ka cytomegalovirus, syphilis na rubella, nwekwara ike ime ka ị nụ ihe na nwata..<ref name="WHO2015" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: audiologic outcome|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=57 Suppl 4|issue=suppl_4|pages=S182-4|date=December 2013|pmid=24257423|doi=10.1093/cid/cit609}}</ref> A na-achọpụta na ntị anaghị anụ mgbe nyocha ntị na-achọta na mmadụ enweghị ike ịnụ 25 decibel na ọ dịkarịa ala otu ntị.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A na-atụ aro ịnwale maka ichi ntị adịghị mma maka ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ niile.<ref name="Las2014"/> E nwere ike ịkọwa ọdịda ntị dị ka nke dị nro (25 ruo 40 dB), nke dị n'etiti (41 ruo 55 dB), nke siri ike (56 ruo 70 dB), nke kachasị njọ (71 ruo 90 dB), ma ọ bụ nke miri emi (karịa 90 dB).<ref name="WHO2015" /> Enwere ụdị nhụsianya atọ bụ isi: nkwụsị ntị na-emegharị emegharị, ọnwụ anụ ahụ nke anụ ahụ, na nkwụsị ntị agwakọtara<ref name="Sm2014">{{Cite book|chapter=Deafness and Hereditary Hearing Loss Overview|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1434/|title=GeneReviews [Internet]|location=Seattle (WA)|publisher=University of Washington, Seattle|date=2014}}</ref> A na-egbochi ihe dị ka ọkara ntị n'ụwa niile site na usoro ahụike ọha na eze.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web|date=March 2015|title=Deafness and hearing loss Fact sheet N°300|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs300/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516054114/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs300/en/|archivedate=16 May 2015|accessdate=23 May 2015}}</ref> omume ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị n'akụkụ ime ime, izere oke mkpọtụ, na izere ọgwụ ụfọdụ.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Òtù Ahụ́ Ike Ụwa na-atụ aro ka ndị na-eto eto kwụsị ikpughe ụda na-ada ụda na iji ihe ndị na-ege ntị na-ege ntị n’onwe ha ihe dị ka otu awa kwa ụbọchị ná mgbalị ibelata ikpughe mkpọtụ.<ref name="WHO2015Aud">{{Cite web|title=1.1 billion people at risk of hearing loss WHO highlights serious threat posed by exposure to recreational noise|url=https://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/activities/IECD_2015_Press_Release_EN.pdf?ua=1|work=who.int|accessdate=2 March 2015|date=27 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501204444/http://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/activities/IECD_2015_Press_Release_EN.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=1 May 2015}}</ref> Ịmata na nkwado n'oge dị mkpa karịsịa n'ime ụmụaka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Nye ọtụtụ ndị, ihe enyemaka ịnụ ihe, asụsụ ogbi, ntinye cochlear na ndepụta okwu bara uru.<ref name="WHO2015" /> ỊgụỊgụ.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Otú ọ dị, ịnweta ihe enyemaka ịnụ ihe, dị oke n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa.<ref name="WHO2015" /> N'ihe dị ka afọ 2013 ịnụ ihe na-emetụta ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ 1.1 ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4}}</ref> Ọ na-ebute nkwarụ n'ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 466 (5% nke ndị bi n'ụwa niile), yana nkwarụ na-agafeghị oke na nde mmadụ 124..<ref name="WHO2015"/><ref name="WHO2008" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The global burden of disabling hearing impairment: a call to action|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=92|issue=5|pages=367–73|date=May 2014|pmid=24839326|doi=10.2471/blt.13.128728}}</ref> Of those with moderate to severe disability 108 million live in low and middle income countries.<ref name="WHO2008">{{Cite book|title=The global burden of disease: 2004 update|year=2008|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=9789241563710|pages=35|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf}}</ref> N'ime ndị nwere nkwarụ dị oke ma ọ bụ nke siri ike, nde 108 bi na mba ndị nwere obere ego na nke etiti.<ref name="Peads2011">{{Cite book|first=Abdelaziz Y|author=Elzouki|title=Textbook of clinical pediatrics|date=2012|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=9783642022012|pages=602|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEf4EMjYSrgC&pg=PA602|edition=2}}</ref> Ndị na-asụ ogbi na ndị na-eme omenala ndị ogbi nwere ike ịhụ onwe ha dị ka ndị nwere nghọtahie kama ịbụ ndị nwere nkwarụ. <ref name="NAD20142">{{cite web|title=Community and Culture - Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|website=nad.org|publisher=National Association of the Deaf|access-date=31 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|archive-date=27 December 2015|accessdate=1 August 2023|archivedate=27 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị omenaala ndị nti chiri na-emegide mgbalị a na-eme iji gwọọ ntị chiri<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sound and Fury - Cochlear Implants - Essay|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/soundandfury/cochlear/essay.html|website=www.pbs.org|access-date=2015-08-01|publisher=[[PBS]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706062633/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/soundandfury/cochlear/essay.html|archive-date=2015-07-06|accessdate=2023-08-01|archivedate=2015-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706062633/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/soundandfury/cochlear/essay.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Understanding Deafness: Not Everyone Wants to Be 'Fixed'|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/understanding-deafness-not-everyone-wants-to-be-fixed/278527/|access-date=2015-08-01|website=www.theatlantic.com|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730224214/http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/understanding-deafness-not-everyone-wants-to-be-fixed/278527/|archive-date=2015-07-30|date=2013-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Why not all deaf people want to be cured|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/9526045/Why-not-all-deaf-people-want-to-be-cured.html|access-date=2015-08-02|website=www.telegraph.co.uk|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153612/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/9526045/Why-not-all-deaf-people-want-to-be-cured.html|archive-date=2015-09-24|date=2012-09-13|last1=Williams|first1=Sally|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> na ụfọdụ ndị nọ n'ime obodo a na-ele ihe ọkụkụ nke cochlear anya n'ihi na ha nwere ike iwepụ omenala ha<ref name="Spa20052">{{cite journal|last1=Sparrow|first1=Robert|name-list-style=vanc|title=Defending Deaf Culture: The Case of Cochlear Implants|journal=The Journal of Political Philosophy|date=2005|volume=13|issue=2|pages=135–152|url=http://profiles.arts.monash.edu.au/rob-sparrow/download/Deaf-Culture.pdf|access-date=30 November 2014|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9760.2005.00217.x}}</ref> A na-elekarị okwu ndị na-adịghị anụ ntị ma ọ bụ nkwụsị ntị anya dị ka ndị na-emesi ihe ndị mmadụ na-enweghị ike ime ike, ọ bụ ezie na a ka na-eji okwu ndị ahụ eme ihe mgbe nile mgbe a na-ekwu maka ntị chiri na ọnọdụ ahụike.<ref name="NAD20143">{{cite web|title=Community and Culture - Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|website=nad.org|publisher=National Association of the Deaf|access-date=31 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|archive-date=27 December 2015|accessdate=1 August 2023|archivedate=27 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Tidy|first1=Colin|title=Dealing with Hearing-impaired Patients|url=https://patient.info/doctor/dealing-with-hearing-impaired-patients|website=patient.info|access-date=16 August 2020|language=en|date=March 2014}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Deaf_videoconference.jpg|thumb|Onye ntị chiri na-eji smartphone nwere igwefoto iji kwurịta okwu n'asụsụ ndị ogbi]] * A na-akọwa ọdịda ntị dị ka mbelata nke ụda nke a ga-anụkarị.<ref name="Peads2011"/> A na-ejikarị okwu ndị na-anụ ihe ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịghị anụ ihe eme ihe maka ndị na-enweghị ike ịnụ ụda na ụda olu. Enweghị ntị na-eme mgbe ebili mmiri na-abanye na ntị ma mebie anụ ahụ na-emetụ n'ahụ A na-ekewa oke ntị dị ka mmụba nke ike nke ụda karịrị ọkwa a chọrọ maka onye na-ege ntị ịchọpụta ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mehmood|first=Amir|date=2023-01-30|title=What causes vision loss and hearing loss? Is it because of loud music or yelling?|url=https://militaryseoblog.blogspot.com/2023/01/what-causes-vision-loss-and-hearing.html|accessdate=2023-02-04|work=militaryseoblog|archivedate=2023-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204063027/https://militaryseoblog.blogspot.com/2023/01/what-causes-vision-loss-and-hearing.html}}</ref> * A na-akọwa ntị chiri dị ka ogo nke ọnwụ nke mere na mmadụ enweghị ike ịghọta okwu, ọbụlagodi na ọnụnọ nke amplification.<ref name="Peads2011" /> N'ime oke ntị chiri, ọbụlagodi ụda kachasị elu nke audiometer na-emepụta (ngwá ọrụ eji atụ ihe na-anụ site na ịmepụta ụda dị ọcha site na ọnụọgụ dị iche iche) nwere ike ọ gaghị achọpụta. Na ntị chiri zuru oke, ọ dịghị ụda ọ bụla, n'agbanyeghị amplification ma ọ bụ usoro mmepụta, a ga-anụ. * Nghọta okwu bụ akụkụ ọzọ nke ịnụ ihe nke na-agụnye nghọta doro anya nke okwu ahu mere karịa nke dara uda ike. N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, a na-ejikarị ule ịkpa ókè okwu atụle nke a, nke na anaghi achoputa okwu, kamakwa o na achoputa uda. E nwere ụdị ntị chiri dị iche iche na-emetụta ịkpa ókè okwu naanị. Otu ihe omumatu bụ neuropathy na-anụ ihe, ụdị ịnụ ihe di iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ntutu nke cochlea dị n'èzí ma na-arụ ọrụ, mana ozi dị mma anaghị ebufe site na akwara na-anụ na ụbụrụ.<ref name="eBook1">eBook: ''Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery'', Lalwani, Anil K. (Ed.) Chapter 44: Audiologic Testing by Brady M. Klaves, PhD, Jennifer McKee Bold, AuD, Access Medicine</ref>bhjk Iji okwu ndị a bụ "ndị na-adịghị anụ ihe", ndi nti chiri-ogbi ma bụ ndị nti chiri na ogbi Ịkọwa ndị ntị chiri na ndị na-anụ ihe na-akụda mmụọ ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'ógbè ndị ogbi yana òtù na -akwado nkwado.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bennett|first1=ReBecca|title=Time for Change|journal=The Hearing Journal|date=May 2019|volume=72|issue=5|page=16|doi=10.1097/01.HJ.0000559500.67179.7d|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NAD20162">{{cite web|title=Community and Culture - Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|website=nad.org|publisher=National Association of the Deaf|access-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|archive-date=2015-12-27|accessdate=2023-08-01|archivedate=2015-12-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq}}</ref> === ụkpụrụ ntị === Ịnụ mmadụ na-agbatị ugboro ugboro site na 20 ruo 20,000 Hz, yana ike sitere na 0 dB ruo 120 dB HL ma ọ bụ karịa. 0 dB anaghị anọchi anya enweghị ụda, kama ụda kacha dị nro nke ntị mmadụ na-enweghị mmerụ nwere ike ịnụ; ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịnụ ruo -5 ma ọ bụ ọbụna -10 dB. Ụda na-adakarị ụda na-enweghị ntụsara ahụ karịa 90 dB na 115 dB na-anọchi anya ọnụ ụzọ mgbu. Ntị anaghị anụ ugboro niile nke ọma: nhụsianya kacha elu gburugburu 3,000 Hz. Enwere ọtụtụ àgwà ịnụ ihe mmadụ ma e wezụga oke ugboro na ike nke a na-apụghị ịtụ ngwa ngwa n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Agbanyeghị, maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche bara uru, a na-akọwapụta ọtịta nkịtị site na ugboro na eserese ike, ma ọ bụ audiogram, na-esetịta ọnụ ụzọ ịnụ ihe n'oge akọwapụtara. N'ihi mmetụta nchikota nke afọ na ikpughe ụda na mkparị ụda olu ndị ọzọ, ịnụrụ 'ụdị' nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ihe nkịtị.. == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà == * ihe isi ike n'iji ekwentị * ọnwụ nke mpaghara ụda * ihe isi ike ịghọta okwu, ọkachasị nke ụmụaka na ụmụ nwanyị ndị olu ha dị elu. * ihe isi ike ịghọta okwu n'ihu mkpọtụ ndabere (mmetụta oriri na ọṅụṅụ) * ụda ma ọ bụ okwu na-ada ụda, na-ada ma ọ bụ na-ebelata * mkpa maka mmụba olu na telivishọn, redio, egwu na isi mmalite ọdịyo ndị ọzọ Enweghị ike ịnụ ihe bụ ihe mmetụta, mana ọ nwere ike ịnwe mgbaàmà ndị na-eso ya: * Ntị mgbu ma ọ bụ nsogbụ n' ime ntị * mmetụta a na-egbochi Enwere ike inwe mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ na-eso ya: <references /> hfhxc7e1pzpgbdnh1u886e17rn5vxdz 0 28881 674363 450279 2026-07-09T06:36:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674363 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei''' (FEEM) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na-abụghị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụlọ ọrụ na Milan nwere ọfịs na Venice na Viggiano.<ref name="G20">{{Cite web|title=Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM)|url=https://www.g20-insights.org/think_tanks/fondazione-eni-enrico-mattei-feem/|work=G20 Insights|accessdate=3 September 2022|language=en|archivedate=3 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903140554/https://www.g20-insights.org/think_tanks/fondazione-eni-enrico-mattei-feem/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''G20 Insights''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Europa">{{Cite book|author=Publications|first=Europa|title=The Europa International Foundation Directory 2022|date=21 July 2022|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-80066-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2J6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT542|accessdate=3 September 2022|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPublications2022">Publications, Europa (21 July 2022). [https://books.google.com/books?id=a2J6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT542 ''The Europa International Foundation Directory 2022'']. Taylor & Francis. p.&nbsp;542. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche: Akwụkwọ Isi iyi/978-1-000-80066-1|<bdi>978-1-000-80066-1</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> A na-ewere FEEM dị ka ebe nyocha mba ụwa na-eduga maka ọmụmụ nke ike na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="OTT">{{Cite web|title=Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei|url=https://onthinktanks.org/think-tank/fondazione-eni-enrico-mattei/|work=On Think Tanks|accessdate=3 September 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://onthinktanks.org/think-tank/fondazione-eni-enrico-mattei/ "Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei"]. ''On Think Tanks''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=FEEM: Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei {{!}} Policy Commons|url=https://policycommons.net/orgs/fondazione-eni-enrico-mattei/|work=policycommons.net|accessdate=3 September 2022|archivedate=3 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903151727/https://policycommons.net/orgs/fondazione-eni-enrico-mattei/}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke Ntọala ahụ bụ imeziwanye nyocha nke ogo mkpebi ọha na eze na nke onwe.<ref name="Harvard">{{Cite web|title=Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei|url=https://heep.hks.harvard.edu/fondazione-eni-enrico-mattei|work=Harvard Environmental Economics Program|accessdate=3 September 2022|language=en|archivedate=3 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903141442/https://heep.hks.harvard.edu/fondazione-eni-enrico-mattei}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230814175835/https://heep.hks.harvard.edu/fondazione-eni-enrico-mattei "Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei"]. ''Harvard Environmental Economics Program''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei bụ nke ndị otu Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI) na ndị ọzọ haziri, malite na 1982. Nzukọ mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere na 1987, na-esetịpụ ụkpụrụ maka ọrụ ya. A na-akpọ ya iji sọpụrụ Enrico Mattei, Onye isi ala nke Italian Republic Francesco Cossiga nabatara FEEM na June 7, 1989.<ref name="FEEM2010">{{Cite book|title=Annual Report|date=2010|publisher=FEEM|url=https://feem-media.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/20119191729384FEEMAR2010.pdf}}</ref> == Ịdu == Ka ọ na-erule 21 Septemba 2020, a họpụtara Alessandro Lanza dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei site na FEEM Board of Directors, na-anọchi Paolo Carnevale.<ref name="Lanza">{{Cite news|title=Alessandro Lanza new Director of Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei|url=https://www.feem.it/en/news/alessandro-lanza-new-director-of-fondazione-eni-enrico-mattei/|accessdate=3 September 2022|work=Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei|date=21 September 2020}}</ref> Onye isi oche nke ndị nduzi FEEM bụ Lucia Calvosa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our management|url=https://www.eni.com/en-IT/about-us/our-management/biographies.html/lucia-calvosa|work=Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi|accessdate=3 September 2022|language=en|archivedate=3 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903165441/https://www.eni.com/en-IT/about-us/our-management/biographies.html/lucia-calvosa}}</ref><ref name="Governance">{{Cite web|title=Governance|url=https://www.feem.it/en/about-us/governance/|work=Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei|accessdate=3 September 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei na-eme nnyocha ma na-enye nyocha ziri ezi n'ọtụtụ okwu metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi, ike na akụ na ụba ụwa.<ref name="Europa"/><ref name="G20"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Borrero|first=Miguel|title=An Adaptation-Mitigation Game: Does Adaptation PromoteAn Adaptation-Mitigation Game: Does Adaptation Promote Participation in International Environmental Agreements?Participation in International Environmental Agreements?|journal=Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Working Papers|date=2021|url=https://services.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2351&context=feem}}</ref> FEEM na-arụ ọrụ na netwọk mba ụwa na nke interdisciplinary nke ndị nchọpụta na mmemme ọhụrụ, na-enye ma na-akwalite ọzụzụ na ngalaba nyocha pụrụ iche, na-agbasa nsonaazụ ọmụmụ ha site na ọwa nkwurịta okwu dị iche iche ma na-agwa ndị na-eme iwu site na itinye aka na nzukọ dị iche iche.<ref name="Europa" /><ref name="OTT"/><ref name="Harvard"/> N'afọ 2009, FEEM na Giorgio Cini Foundation guzobere International Center for Climate Governance, nke a kpọrọ Initiative on Climate Change policy and Governance (ICCG) site na 2017. ICCG dị na Venice na agwaetiti San Giorgio Maggiore. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-agbasa mba ụwa nke nyocha gbasara iwu mgbanwe ihu igwe na ọchịchị.<ref name="Carraro">{{Cite book|author=Carraro|first=Carlo|title=The Impacts of Climate Change in Italy|date=2017|publisher=Edizioni Ca’ Foscari|location=Venezia|isbn=978-88-6969-192-8|url=https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/libri/978-88-6969-192-8/}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, ICCG wepụtara nke mbụ n'usoro mba ụwa nke ndị na-eche echiche na-etinye aka na nyocha na sayensị mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, na iwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First-Ever Ranking of Climate Think Tanks|url=http://www.thinktankwatch.com/2013/06/first-ever-ranking-of-climate-think.html|work=Think Tank Watch|language=en}}</ref> N'etiti ọrụ ndị ọzọ, n'ọnwa Eprel 2019 FEEM na-arụkọ ọrụ na Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) iji kpọkọta otu ndị ọkachamara zuru ụwa ọnụ na teknụzụ decarbonization, nke mere ka akụkọ The Roadmap to 2050: A Manual for Countries to Decarbonize by Mid-Century.<ref name="Roadmap">{{Cite web|title=Roadmap to 2050 Report|url=https://roadmap2050.report/|work=Roadmap to 2050|accessdate=3 September 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.feem.it/ Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei] Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị (nakwa n'asụsụ [https://www.feem.it/en/ Bekee]) * [https://services.bepress.com/feem/index.12.html Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Akwụkwọ Ọrụ], BE Press == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 7z5bpeklaf991g4zuf1y7df9woocmit 0 30330 674342 121016 2026-07-09T01:57:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television episode|series=[[Community (TV series)|Community]]|image_size=|caption=|season=2|episode=22|airdate={{Start date|2011|4|28}}|production=221|writer=[[Karey Dornetto]]|director=[[Jay Chandrasekhar]]|guests=*[[Malcolm-Jamal Warner]] as Andre *[[John Oliver]] as [[Ian Duncan (Community)|Dr. Ian Duncan]] * [[Jim Rash]] as [[Dean Craig Pelton]] *[[Charley Koontz]] as Fat Neil *Danielle Kaplowitz as Vicki *[[Dino Stamatopoulos]] as Star-Burns|prev=[[Paradigms of Human Memory]]|next=[[A Fistful of Paintballs]]|season_article=Community (season 2)|episode_list=List of Community episodes}} "Et Etinyere Artypology na Arty" bụ ihe omume nke iri abụọ na abụọ nke oge nke abụọ nke Community. E gosipụtara ya na mbụ na Eprel 28, 2011, na NBC. N'ime ihe omume ahụ, Shirley na-arụ [[Ọmụmụ nwa|ọrụ]] na mberede n'oge asọmpi Anthropology nke otu ahụ. Ọgba aghara nri na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ebe nile site n'aka ndị na eme na-egbochi ha ịkpọrọ ya gaa ụlọ ọgwụ n'oge, ha ga-enyekwa aka mụọ nwa ya na klas. Ọ bụ Karey Dornetto dere ihe omume ahụ ma Jay Chandrasekhar duziri ya. Ọ nwetara nyocha dị mma. == Atụmatụ == Ìgwè ọmụmụ ihe na ụmụ klas ha na-enwe ule ikpeazụ nke Anthropology, nke bụ ihe ọchị. Dean Pelton (Jim Rash) na mberede na-egosi onye nta akụkọ maka Dean ''Magazine'' onye na-eme otu ihe na Dean ma kpọọ ya ka ọ hụ nke ikpeazụ. Dr. Ian Duncan (John Oliver) na-eme ihe ngọpụ ma gbapụ. Mmiri nke Shirley (Yvette Nicole Brown) na-agbaji, na-azọpụta klas ahụ ka ha ghara ikweta na klas Anthropology ha bụ nke adịgboroja. Dean kpebiri ime ka ụgbọala na agbamakwụkwọ ya buru Shirley gaa ụlọ ọgwụ. Otú ọ dị, ọgba aghara malitere na mmemme nri n'ebe a na-adọba na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ndị nke ụwa họrọ ọrụ ụzọ ámá nke ozor na ímé nwanne nke ụwa ụgbọala ma hapụ ya ka ọ nọrọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ. Abed (Danny Pudi) nwere ike ịmụ nwa agbọghọ nwere ike ịbelata ọtụtụ ndị na eme ka anyị si egosi na anyị na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ ọrụ ụzọ ndị mmadụ n'ihe banyere ụkpụrụ (dị ka egosiri na "The Psychology of Letting Go"), mana Shirley jụrụ ikwe ka Abed hụ "nethers" ya. Kama nke ahụ, Abed na-eduzi Britta (Gillian Jacobs), onye na-akwado ọmụmụ ọmụmụ nwa Shirley, site na usoro ọmụmụ. N'ime ihe omume ahụ, Chang (Ken Jeong) na-enye Shirley nsogbu banyere otu esi amụọ "ụmụ ọhụrụ gbanwere", ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-atụ anya na nwa ahụ bụ nke ya ("Epidemiology"). N'oge ọ na-agbatị, Chang na-eme ka ọ dajụọ site n'akụkọ banyere ọmụmụ ndị ikwu ya - ụmụ ọhụrụ Chang. Di Shirley, Andre (Malcolm-Jamal Warner) rutere iji nyere ya aka n'oge ikpeazụ nke ịmụ nwa. Shirley mụrụ nwa nwoke, nke doro anya na ọ bụ nke Andre. N'inwe ekele maka enyemaka Chang n'oge ọmụmụ, Shirley gụrụ nwa ahụ "Ben" n'aha ya. Na ngwụcha ihe omume ahụ, a na-egosi na Dean ''Magazine'' mechiri mgbe naanị mbipụta abụọ gasịrị. == Mmepụta == "Applied Anthropology and Culinary Arts" bụ Karey Dornetto dere, nke ise ya na-ede akwụkwọ na usoro ahụ. Ọ bụ Jay Chandrasekhar duziri ya, nke atọ ya na-eduzi usoro ahụ. KUAM gosipụtara ihe omume ahụ na Sunday, May 1, 2011 n'ihi The Royal Wedding, nke gosipụtara n'ụtụtụ echi ya n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ NBC, na-ebute ihe omume ahụ.<ref name="kuam">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kuam.com/story/14538122/2011/04/Thursday/royal-wedding-preempts-kuam-lineup|title=Royal Wedding Preempts KUAM Line Up|work=KUAM|date=April 28, 2011|accessdate=April 29, 2011}}</ref> == Ihe odide ọdịbendị == Abed na Troy jiri onyinye Pierce "zụta" aka ha tụnyere nkwekọrịta yiri nke ahụ na Indecent Proposal.<ref name="tvfanatic">{{Cite web|title=Community Review: Birthing Ben Bennett|url=http://www.tvfanatic.com/2011/04/community-review-applied-anthropology-and-culinary-arts/|work=TV Fanatic|date=April 29, 2011|author=Kirkpatrick|first=Jeffrey|accessdate=July 6, 2011}}</ref> Dean Pelton jiri ọrụ nna ya tụnyere ihe nkiri egwu Children of the Corn .<ref name="hollywood">{{Cite web|title='Community' Recap: Applied Anthropology and Culinary Arts|url=http://www.hollywood.com/news/Community_Recap_Applied_Anthropology_and_Culinary_Arts/7788752|work=Hollywood.com|date=April 29, 2011|author=Stahler|first=Kelsea|accessdate=July 6, 2011}}</ref> == Nnakwere == === Ntụle === Na mgbasa ozi mbụ ya na Eprel 28, 2011, "Applied Anthropology and Culinary Arts" ka e mere atụmatụ nde mmadụ 3.35 lere anya, na ọkwa Nielsen nke 1.4 na 18-49 demographic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'Idol,' 'Grey's,' 'Big Bang,' 'CSI,' '20/20' Adjusted Up; 'Community' Down + 'Office,' 'Parks & Rec' Finals|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/04/29/thursday-final-ratings-idol-greys-big-bang-csi-adjusted-up-community-down-the-office-parks-rec-finals/90975/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502025824/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/04/29/thursday-final-ratings-idol-greys-big-bang-csi-adjusted-up-community-down-the-office-parks-rec-finals/90975|archivedate=May 2, 2011|work=TV by the Numbers|date=April 29, 2011|author=Gorman|first=Bill|accessdate=July 6, 2011}}</ref> Ihe omume ahụ nwetara nyocha dị mma site n'aka ndị nkatọ. Jeffrey Kirkpatrick nyere ya ọkwa 4.2/5, ma too Ken Jeong na Gillian Jacobs dịka ndị kachasị mma na usoro ahụ, "site na otu kilomita".<ref name="tvfanatic"/><ref name="hollywood"/><ref name="surveillance">{{Cite web|title=Community "Applied Anthropology and Culinary Arts"|url=http://tvsurveillance.com/2011/04/29/community-applied-anthropology-and-culinary-arts/|work=TV Surveillance|date=April 29, 2011|author=Barker|first=Cory|accessdate=July 12, 2011|archivedate=October 13, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013162837/http://tvsurveillance.com/2011/04/29/community-applied-anthropology-and-culinary-arts/}}</ref> Cory Barker nke TV Surveillance kwuru na ihe omume ahụ abụghị "ihe mgbagwoju anya", mana o nwere "ọtụtụ mmetụta siri ike, ihe anyị na-ahụbeghị site na usoro ahụ maka ọtụtụ oge a".<ref name="surveillance" /> Kelsea Stahler nke Hollywood.com kwuru "Ọbụna mgbe anyị nwetara ihe omume nke na-ekwu maka ịhụnanya na ọbụbụenyi na Community, anyị na-ahụkarị ahịrịokwu ole na ole dị mkpa n'ụzọ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe ọjọọ. Ihe anyị hụrụ n'abalị gara aga, bụ ihe omume nke Community nke jupụtara n'obi, ọchị ole na ole na otu nwa ọhụrụ na-eyi ihe adịgboroja.<ref name="hollywood" /> Steve Heisler nke The A.V. Club nyere ihe omume ahụ akara B+, na-ekwu na ọ masịrị usoro ahụ "[na-apụ] n'ụzọ nke ya wee hapụ Shirley ka ọ mụọ nwa ya. "<ref name="av">{{Cite web|title=Applied Anthropology And Culinary Arts|url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/applied-anthropology-and-culinary-arts,55158/|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=April 28, 2011|author=Heisler|first=Steve|accessdate=July 6, 2011}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == 80i8yc5vni6fibyaagl0ejnqplydc8i 0 30367 674040 623319 2026-07-08T11:59:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Albright Okeke''' (amụrụ na 15 Septemba 1998) bụ onye Ịtali ọkachamara [[basketball]] player nke sitere na Naijiria na-egwuri egwu maka Haukar na Icelandic Úrvalsdeild karla. N'afọ 2021, ọ meriri asọmpi Superliga nke Georgia na BC Rustavi. == Ọrụ == A mụrụ ya na Monza, Ịtali, Okeke tolitere na Robbio na Novara. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]], ọ malitere ọrụ basketball ya, na-egwu na Mortara, Stella Azzurra Roma na Casale.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2016/11/02/edizioni/novara/okeke-porta-novara-in-serie-a-di-basket-ora-sogno-di-restarci-GyKy5BA2cN9h05p9bbwcyK/pagina.html|title=Okeke porta Novara in serie A1 di basket: "Ora sogno di restarci" - La Stampa|work=Lastampa.it|date=2016-01-01|accessdate=2017-07-17|archivedate=2017-09-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234558/http://www.lastampa.it/2016/11/02/edizioni/novara/okeke-porta-novara-in-serie-a-di-basket-ora-sogno-di-restarci-GyKy5BA2cN9h05p9bbwcyK/pagina.html}}</ref> N'afọ 2014-15, Okeke nwetara akara 8.5 n'egwuregwu maka Borgomanero Basket Giovane na Serie C nke Ịtali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.playbasket.it/piemonte/profile.php?subj=1&exteid=4&season=2015&extobj=3777&obj=50420&action=view&eid=5|title=David Albrigth Okeke - College Basketball A.D.|work=Playbasket.it|date=|accessdate=2017-07-17}}</ref> N'ịgbago n'ọkwa, ọ sonyeere na Serie B nke abụọ nke mba na oge 2015-16, na-enweta akara 4.0 na asọmpi maka Oleggio Magic Basket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.playbasket.it/piemonte/profile.php?season=2016&subj=1&exteid=4&extobj=3780&obj=50420&action=view&eid=5|title=David Albrigth Okeke - [A. Dil. Oleggio Magic Basket @|work=Playbasket.it|date=|accessdate=2017-07-17}}</ref> Oge 2016-17 hụrụ Okeke ka ọ malitere na LBA kachasị elu nke Ịtali mgbe ọ bịanyere aka na Auxilium Torino, nke a maara dị ka Fiat Torino maka ebumnuche nkwado.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.basketuniverso.it/torino-contrattualizza-il-giovane-okeke/|title=Torino ufficializza il giovane David Okeke|date=2016-07-25|work=BasketUniverso|accessdate=2017-07-19|language=it-IT}}</ref> Ọ nwetara nkezi 2.3 na 1.4 rebounds kwa asọmpi na oge mbụ ya na Serie A. N'afọ 2017-18, Okeke meriri iko bọọlụ bọọlụ nke Ịtali na Torino. O mekwara nke mbụ ya na Europe na Torino, na-egwu na EuroCup, ebe ọ na-egwu nkeji 12.5 kwa egwuregwu. N'ime nkeji ndị a, o jisiri ike nweta akara 4 na 72% ịgba goolu.<ref name="eurocup">{{Cite web|title=OKEKE, DAVID|work=7DAYS EuroCup|url=https://www.euroleaguebasketball.net/eurocup/players/?seasoncode=U2017&pcode=007877|accessdate=6 September 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, ọ kwụsịrị maka draft NBA.<ref>{{Cite news|title=47 international early-entry candidates withdraw from Draft|url=https://www.nba.com/news/47-international-early-entry-candidates-withdraw-draft-official-release|accessdate=11 December 2021|work=[[NBA]]|date=12 June 2019}}</ref> Ọ gara undrafted na 2019 NBA draft. Mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ atọ na-enweghị egwuregwu basketball n'ihi ihe gbasara ahụike (Heart), Okeke laghachiri n'akụkụ Georgia BC Rustavi na Jenụwarị 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=David Okeke torna in campo dopo 3 anni|language=it-IT|work=Sportando|url=https://sportando.basketball/david-okeke-torna-in-campo-dopo-3-anni/|accessdate=2021-01-16}}</ref> N'egwuregwu iri na asatọ, o nwetara akara 9.3 na 6.8 rebounds, na-enyere ndị otu ahụ aka na asọmpi Superliga nke Georgia. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021, Okeke bịanyere aka na Úrvalsdeild karla club Keflavík.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Valur Páll Eiríksson|title=Keflavík fær Ítala sem lék ekki í tæp þrjú ár vegna hjartavandamála|url=https://www.visir.is/g/20212139426d|accessdate=11 December 2021|work=[[Vísir.is]]|date=3 August 2021|language=Icelandic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Davíð Eldur|title=David Okeke til Keflavíkur|url=https://www.karfan.is/2021/08/david-okeke-til-keflavikur/|accessdate=11 December 2021|work=Karfan.is|date=3 August 2021|language=Icelandic}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2021, Okeke nwetara akara iri atọ na otu n'ime mmeri ya na Breiðablik. Na 10 Disemba 2021, o merụrụ ahụ n'egwuregwu ya na Tindastóll. Tupu mmerụ ahụ, o jidere rebounds 17 dị elu n'egwuregwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Davíð Eldur|title=Hjalti um meiðsli miðherja Keflavíkur David Okeke "Þeir halda að þetta sé hásinin"|url=https://www.karfan.is/2021/12/hjalti-um-meidsli-midherja-keflavikur-david-okeke-their-halda-ad-thetta-se-hasinin/|accessdate=11 December 2021|work=Karfan.is|date=11 December 2021|language=Icelandic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Atli Arason|title=Umfjöllun og viðtöl: Keflavík - Tindastóll 93-84 - Keflvíkingar lyftu sér á toppinn á ný|url=https://www.visir.is/g/20212194516d/umfjollun-og-vidtol-keflavik-tindastoll-93-84-keflvikingar-lyftu-ser-a-toppinn-a-ny|accessdate=11 December 2021|work=[[Vísir.is]]|date=10 December 2021|language=Icelandic}}</ref> N'egwuregwu itoolu, ọ nwetara akara 19.6 na 11.2 rebounds kwa egwuregwu. N'ọnwa Eprel 2022, a kọrọ na ya na Keflavík bịanyere aka na ya maka oge ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Davíð Eldur|title=David Okeke með Keflavík á næsta tímabili|url=https://www.karfan.is/2022/04/david-okeke-med-keflavik-a-naesta-timabili/|accessdate=29 April 2022|work=Karfan.is|date=29 April 2022|language=Icelandic}}</ref> Na June 2023, Okeke bịanyere aka na klọb Úrvalsdeild Haukar.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sindri Sverrisson|title=Okeke flytur í Ólafssal|url=https://www.visir.is/g/20232426904d/okeke-flytur-i-olafssal|accessdate=12 June 2023|work=[[Vísir.is]]|date=12 June 2023|language=Icelandic}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị otu mba == Okeke bụ onye otu Ịtali na 2017 FIBA Under-19 World Cup na Cairo, mgbe otu ahụ meriri ọlaọcha. Okeke hụrụ ọrụ na egwuregwu asaa n'oge asọmpi ahụ, na-enweta akara 11 na 6.3 rebounds kwa njem. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/David-Okeke/Iceland/Keflavik/371366 Profaịlụ] na Eurobasket.com * [https://www.basketball-reference.com/international/players/david-albright-okeke-1.html Profaịlụ] na Basketball-Reference * Serie A profaịlụ (n'asụsụ Italian) E nwetara ya na 17 Julaị 2017 * [https://www.fiba.basketball/world/u19/2017/player/David-Okeke Profaịlụ FIBA] E nwetara ya na 17 Julaị 2017 * Auxilium Torino profaịlụ (n'asụsụ Italian) E nwetara ya na 17 Julaị 2017 * [https://kki.is/motamal/leikir-og-urslit/motayfirlit/Leikmadur?league_id=190&season_id=121197&player_id=6444977 Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ Icelandic] na Icelandic Basketball Association {{DEFAULTSORT:Okeke, David}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qu8fs7smjh34gch2dwvmgdcunuh5829 0 31446 674074 142474 2026-07-08T13:36:20Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Gọvanọ nke Borno Steeti */ 674074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Alhaji Mohammed Goni bụ onye ọrụ gọọmentị bụ Gọvanọ nke Borno Steeti, Naịjirịa (1979-1983) na Republic nke Abụọ nke Naịjirị. Mohammed Goni Borno Steeti Nigeria Republic nke Abụọ<ref name="Aondofa Aondofa 2021">{{Cite web|author=Aondofa|first=Chila Andrew|title=Mohammed Goni: First Civilian Governor Of Borno State|work=The Abusites|date=2021-04-30|url=https://www.theabusites.ng/mohammed-goni-governor-of-borno-state/|accessdate=2023-06-07}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Mohammed Goni na 1942 na Kareto, Mobbar Local Government Area, Borno State. Kareto Mobbar Ọ gara Maiduguri Middle School (1953-55), Borno Provincial Secondary School (1956-61), Provincial secondary School, Kano (1962-63) na Institute of Administration, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria (1964-87), ebe ọ nwetara BA (Administration), ọkachamara na ihe omume mba ụwa. Maiduguri Kano Ahmadu Bello Mahadum Zaria<ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kanuri.net/borno_personalities2.php?aID=62|title=Alhaji Mohammed Goni (The first civilian governor of Borno State)|first=Bosoma|author=Sheriff|publisher=Kanuri Studies Association|accessdate=14 December 2009|archivedate=17 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717202150/http://www.kanuri.net/borno_personalities2.php?aID=62}}</ref> == Gọvanọ nke Borno Steeti == N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1979, Mohammed Goni gbara arụkwaghịm na National Supply Company wee banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="bio" /> A họpụtara ya dị ka gọvanọ mbụ nke Borno Steeti, na ikpo okwu nke Great Nigeria Peoples Party (GNPP), ọ nọkwa n'ọchịchị site na Ọktoba 1979 ruo Septemba 1983. Nnukwu Òtù Ndị Naịjirịa<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=8522|title=How we underdeveloped Borno North, by Mohammed Goni|date=30 September 2009|first=Timothy|author=Ola|publisher=OnlineNigeria Daily News|accessdate=14 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225040919/http://news.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=8522|archivedate=25 February 2012}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke Progressives Coalition nke Chief Obafemi Awolowo duziri. Obafemi Awolowo<ref name="nat498">{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/21498/1/Only-two-party-system-can-save-Nigeria-Goni/Page1.html|title=Only two-party system can save Nigeria, Goni|first=Jide|author=Babalola|date=11 October 2009|publisher=The Nation|accessdate=14 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726120632/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/21498/1/Only-two-party-system-can-save-Nigeria-Goni/Page1.html|archivedate=26 July 2011}}</ref> Goni guzobere Borno Radio Television (BRTV) iji gbochie mgbasa ozi nke a na-agbapụta na Gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa Television Authority (NTA) nwere ma kwado. Ndị Naịjirịa na-ahụ maka telivishọn<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/africa%20media%20review/vol3no1/jamr003001010.pdf|title=Africa Media Review Vol. 3 No. 1. 1988|publisher=African Council on Communication Education|year=1988|first=Jerry K.|author=Domatob|accessdate=14 December 2009|archivedate=25 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725082952/http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/africa%20media%20review/vol3no1/jamr003001010.pdf}}</ref> N'ileghachi anya azụ, a na-ewere oge ọ nọrọ n'ọchịchị dị ka otu n'ime ihe ịga nke ọma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị nọchiri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationaldailyngr.com/77pol2.htm|title=Tussle for Sheriff's succession|first=Sadiq|author=Abubakar|work=National Daily|accessdate=14 December 2009|archivedate=5 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205135905/http://www.nationaldailyngr.com/77pol2.htm}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 20vqxswhwm1wf3tftstj5hm9vzm3ste 0 32468 674293 142443 2026-07-08T21:05:44Z Johnnybam 24488 674293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Na Nkà mmụta uche, mmetụta nke ịdị elu nke okwu ('''WSE''') na-ezo aka na ihe omume na ndị mmadụ nwere mmata ka mma nke mkpụrụedemede gosipụtara n'ime okwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere mkpụrụedemede ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na mkpụrụedemede dị n'ime eriri ndị na-abụghị okwu (nke iwu na-akwadoghị, nke a na-apụghị ịkpọpụta). <ref name="Falikman">{{Cite journal|author=Falikman|first=M. V.|year=2011|title=Word superiority effects across the varieties of attention|journal=[[Journal of Russian and East European Psychology]]|volume=49|issue=5|pages=45–61|doi=10.2753/rpo1061-0405490503}}</ref>Nnyocha achọtawokwa WSE mgbe a na-eji njirimara mkpụrụedemede n'ime okwu tụnyere njirimara mkpụrụ edemede n'etiti pseudowords (dịka "WOSK") na pseudohomophones (dịka" WERK").<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McClelland|first=J. L.|title=The role of familiar units in perception of words and nonwords|journal=Perception & Psychophysics|volume=22|issue=3|pages=249–261|year=1977|url=http://www-psych.stanford.edu/~jlm/papers/PublicationFiles/73-79_Add_To_ONLINE_Pubs/McClellandJohnston77TheRoleofFamilUnitsInPercept.pdf|accessdate=2008-06-30|doi=10.3758/bf03199687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ferraro|first=F. R.|title=An analysis of Reicher-task effects|journal=Journal of General Psychology|volume=121|issue=4|pages=411–442|year=1997|doi=10.1080/00221309709595569}}</ref> Cattell (1886) bụ onye mbụ kọwara mmetụta ahụ, na onyinye dị mkpa sitere na Reicher (1969) na Wheeler (1970). <ref name="Cattell 1886">{{Cite journal|author=Cattell|first=J. M.|title=The time it takes to see and name objects|journal=Mind|issue=41|pages=63–65|year=1886|volume=os-XI|doi=10.1093/mind/os-XI.41.63|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1707687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Reicher|first=G. M.|title=Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology|volume=81|pages=275–280|year=1969|doi=10.1037/h0027768|pmid=5811803|issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wheeler|first=D. D.|title=Processes in word recognition|journal=Cognitive Psychology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=59–85|year=1970|doi=10.1016/0010-0285(70)90005-8|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32833/1/0000208.pdf}}</ref>Cattell bu ụzọ dee, "Achọpụtara m na ọ na-ewe ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ iji gụọ... okwu ndị na-enweghị [[wiktionary:connexion|njikọ]] dị ka okwu ndị na'eme ahịrịokwu, na mkpụrụedemede ndị na-adịghị njikọ dị ka mkpụrụedemede na-eme okwu. Mgbe okwu na-eme ahịrịffa na mkpụrụedemodo okwu, ọ bụghị naanị na-eme usoro nke ịhụ na aha na-agbakọta, kamakwa site na otu mgbalị uche isiokwu ahụ nwere ike ịmata otu okwu ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede.<ref name="Cattell 1886" /> G. Reicher na D. Wheeler mepụtara usoro nnwale isi iji mụọ WSE, nke a na-akpọ Reicher-Wheeler paradigm. N'ime usoro a, a na-enye onye na-ekiri okwu ma ọ bụ eriri na-abụghị okwu nke ihe nkpuchi na-esote (ihe nkwalite dị mkpirikpi iji tụọ mmetụta na omume). A na-agwa onye na-ekiri ya ka ọ kpọọ aha otu n'ime mkpụrụedemede site na ọnọdụ akara na okwu ahụ ma ọ bụ eriri na-eme ka ule ahụ bụrụ nhọrọ abụọ a manyere (2-AFC). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, maka mkpụrụedemede R na okwu "kaadị", enwere ike ịgwa onye na-ekiri ka ọ họrọ n'etiti mkpụrụedemede C na T, ọ ga-abụkarịkwa nke ọma n'ime nke a karịa ma ọ bụrụ na a gwara ha ka ha mee otu nhọrọ ahụ na mkpụrụedemede dịka "cqrd". <ref name="Falikman" />Ihe ọ bụla nwere ike ịmecha na mkpụrụedemede abụọ nwere ike ime na ọnọdụ okwu ahụ na-emepụta otu okwu. Kemgbe ahụ, a na-amụ WSE nke ọma n'ihe gbasara usoro nghọta n'oge ịgụ ihe. E meela ọtụtụ nnyocha iji gbalịa ịkpụzi mmetụta ahụ site na iji netwọk njikọ. == Ọrụ nnwale == A na-anwale WSE site na iji tachistoscope, ebe ọ bụ na oge ngosi nke eriri akwụkwọ ozi kwesịrị iji nlezianya chịkwaa. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ngwanrọ ngosi ihe na-akpali akpali emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mfe iji kọmputa mee ihe ngosi. A kọwakwara WSE na-enweghị tachistoscope.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prinzmetal|first=W.|title=The word-superiority effect does not require a T-scope|journal=Perception & Psychophysics|volume=51|pages=473–484|year=1992|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=5231389|accessdate=2008-06-30|issue=5|doi=10.3758/bf03211643|pmid=1594437}}</ref> A na-egosipụta usoro mkpụrụedemede, nke na-abụkarị anọ ma ọ bụ ise, maka ọtụtụ milliseconds na ihuenyo. A na-agwa ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ka ha họrọ nke n'ime mkpụrụedemede abụọ dị na eriri ọkụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na "WOSK" egosiri, onye na-agụ ya nwere ike ikpebi ma "K" ma ọ bụ "H" nọ na "WosK". WSE na-ebilite mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ahọrọ mkpụrụedemede ziri ezi mgbe mkpụrụedemede bụ ezigbo okwu karịa okwu (dịka "WKRG") ma ọ bụ otu mkpụrụedemede. == Echiche == Ịdị adị nke WSE n'ozuzu ya na-egosi na enwere ụdị ohere ma ọ bụ koodu uru nke okwu nwere n'uche nke pseudowords ma ọ bụ otu mkpụrụedemede enweghị. Nnyocha dị iche iche atụwo aro na ọdịiche ahụ bụ n'ihi ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ịkpọpụta (okwu ndị na-abụghị okwu anaghị akpọpụta ma yabụ anaghị echeta ha n'ụzọ dị mfe), ugboro ugboro (okwu ndị a na-ahụkarị ma jiri ha mee ihe), ihe ọ pụtara (okwu ndị dị adị nwere uru semantic ma ya mere na-ejigide ha n'uche), orthographic regularity (okwu ndị ọzọ na-agbaso usoro edemede a maara nke ọma ma ya mere ka ha dị mma na ncheta), ma ọ dịkwuo ukwuu na gburugburu (okwu ndị agbata obi (ezi na-ejikọkarị na okwu ndị ọzọ na okwu ndị na-ejikarị na-ekerịta mkpụrụedemede na okwu karịa okwu ndị ọzọ ma ya). Nnyocha ndị ọzọ atụwo aro na WSE na-emetụta nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-akpali site na ihe nnwale, dị ka ụdị mkpuchi eji eme ihe mgbe ngosi nke okwu ahụ gasịrị, ma ọ bụ ogologo oge nke ihe mkpuchi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnston|first=J. C.|title=Visual factors in word perception|journal=Perception & Psychophysics|volume=14|issue=2|pages=365–370|year=1973|url=http://psych.stanford.edu/~jlm/papers/PublicationFiles/73-79_Add_To_ONLINE_Pubs/JohnstonMcClelland73VisualFactors.pdf|accessdate=2008-06-30|doi=10.3758/bf03212406}}</ref> == Ihe nlereanya == Ụdị abụọ a ma ama na-azọrọ na ha na-akọwa WSE bụ ụdị mmegharị mmekọrịta (IAM) na Ụdị koodu ụzọ abụọ (DRC) Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ụdị ndị a na-eburu n'uche; Nke a bụ mmekọrịta a na-ele anya site na nyocha na WSE. <ref name="McCelland">{{Cite journal|author=McCelland|first=J.|year=1981|title=An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: part 1. An account of basic findings|journal=Psychological Review|volume=88|issue=5|pages=375–407|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.88.5.375}}</ref><ref name="Ziegler">{{Cite journal|author=Ziegler|first=J.|year=2001|title=DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud|journal=Psychological Review|volume=108|issue=1|pages=204–56|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.204|pmid=11212628}}</ref>Ihe akaebe na-egosi na WSE na-aga n'ihu na-enweghị ihe ọmụma nke onye na-ekiri okwu ahụ gosipụtara, nke na-egosi ete nlebara anya adịghị mkpa maka WSE ma ọ bụ tinye aka na ihe omume a. Otú ọ dị, egosila na nlebara anya iji gbanwee WSE nke kwekọrọ na data neurophysiological na-adịbeghị anya na-akọwa na nlebere anya, n'ezie, na-agbanwe ọkwa mmalite nke nhazi okwu. Ihe nlereanya mmegharị-nchọpụta (AVM) bụ ihe nlereanya ọzọ e mepụtara iji kọwaa data oge mmeghachi omume site na mkpebi okwu na ọrụ aha. Ọrụ ndị bụ isi a na-enyocha na AVM nke na-etinye aka na njirimara okwu na akwụkwọ ozi bụ koodu, nkwenye, na mkpebi. <ref name="Paap">{{Cite journal|author=Paap|first=K. R.|year=1982|title=An activation-verification model for letter and word recognition: the word superiority effect|journal=Psychological Review|volume=89|issue=5|pages=573–594|doi=10.1037/0033-295x.89.5.573|pmid=7178333}}</ref>Ma IAM ma AVM na-ekerịta ọtụtụ echiche ndị bụ isi dị ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ntinye nkwalite na-eme ka mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ, na-arụpụta mkpụrụedemede, na mkpụrụedemede na njirimara okwu na-emetụta usoro site n'elu ruo ala (dịka ịgụ ahịrịokwu "A cow said..." mmadụ ga-eche "moo" ma na-enyocha na okwu ahụ malitere na 'm' na-eleghara mkpụrụedemede ndị ọzọ anya).<ref name="Paap" /> === WSE na ihe nlereanya mmekọrịta === [[Usòrò:Word_superiority_effect.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ihe nlereanya mmekọrịta na-arụ ọrụ nke Rumelhart & McClelland.]] WSE egosila na ọ bụ nchọpụta dị mkpa maka ụdị njirimara okwu, ma na-akwado ya kpọmkwem site na ụdị mmekọrịta mmekọrịta nke njirimara okwu nke Rumelhart na McClelland. Dabere na ihe nlereanya a, mgbe a na-enye onye na-agụ ya okwu, mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla n'otu akụkụ ga-akpali ma ọ bụ gbochie ihe nchọpụta dị iche iche (dịka ọdịdị gbagọrọ agbagọ maka "C", ogwe aka kwụ ọtọ na nke kwụ ọtọ maka "H", wdg). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chase|first=Christopher H.|title=A developmental, interactive activation model of the word superiority effect|journal=Journal of Experimental Child Psychology|volume=49|issue=3|pages=448–487|doi=10.1016/0022-0965(90)90069-k|year=1990|pmid=2348161}}</ref>Ndị nchọpụta njirimara ahụ ga-akpali ma ọ bụ gbochie ndị nchọpụta mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche, nke ga-emecha kpalie ma ọ bụ kwụsị ndị nchọpụta okwu dị iche iche. Enwere ike ime ka okwu ụfọdụ rụọ ọrụ site na mkpali ndị a. Otú ọ dị, eziokwu ahụ bụ na enweghị ihe ọ pụtara na njikọta nke mkpụrụedemede nwere ike igbochi okwu ndị a nke emere na mbụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Altmann|first=Gerry|title=Cognitive Models Of Speech Processing: The Second Sperlonga Meeting|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1134832866|pages=213}}</ref>Njikọ ọ bụla a na-arụ ọrụ ga-ebu ibu dị iche, ya mere okwu "WORK" dị n'ihe atụ ahụ ga-arụ ọrụ karịa okwu ọ bụla ọzọ (ya mere onye na-agụ ya matara ya). Dabere na ihe nlereanya mmekọrịta a, a na-akọwa WSE dị ka nke a: Mgbe a na-egosi mkpụrụedemede a chọrọ n'ime okwu, a ga-arụ ọrụ ihe nchọpụta njirimara, ihe nchọpụta akwụkwọ ozi na ihe nchọpụta okwu, na-agbakwunye ibu na njirimara ikpeazụ nke ihe mkpali. Otú ọ dị, mgbe e gosipụtara naanị akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, ọ bụ naanị ọkwa nchọpụta akwụkwọ ozi ka a ga-arụ ọrụ. Ya mere, anyị nwere ike icheta okwu nkwalite ahụ n'ụzọ doro anya karị, ma si otú a bụrụ ihe ziri ezi n'ịchọpụta mkpụrụedemede ya, dịka a hụrụ na WSE. === Ihe nlereanya nke ime ka ọ rụọ ọrụ === AVM na-ahụ maka koodu, nkwenye, na ọrụ mkpebi. <ref name="Paap">{{Cite journal|author=Paap|first=K. R.|year=1982|title=An activation-verification model for letter and word recognition: the word superiority effect|journal=Psychological Review|volume=89|issue=5|pages=573–594|doi=10.1037/0033-295x.89.5.573|pmid=7178333}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPaapNewsomeMcDonaldSchvaneveldt1982">Paap, K. R.; Newsome, S. L.; McDonald, J. E.; Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1982). "An activation-verification model for letter and word recognition: the word superiority effect". ''Psychological Review''. '''89''' (5): 573–594. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0033-295x.89.5.573|10.1037/0033-295x.89.5.573]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7178333 7178333].</cite></ref>A na-eji koodu akọwa ọrụ mbụ nke na-eduga n'ịrụ ọrụ n'amaghị ama nke ihe ndị a mụtara na ebe nchekwa. Mgbe koodu gasịrị, nkwenye na-ewere ọnọdụ. Nkwado na-edugakarị na njirimara nke otu ntinye okwu site n'aka ndị zaghachirinụ. A ga-ele nkwenye anya dị ka nyocha kwụụrụ onwe ya, nke sitere n'elu ruo n'ala nke ihe na-akpali akpali nke a na-eduzi site na ihe echekwara, ma ọ bụ nke a mụtara na mbụ, nnọchiteanya nke okwu. Enwere ike iṅomi nhazi oge na nkwenye site na simulator kọmputa. N'ikpeazụ, ihe ndị na-emetụta ọsọ na izi ezi nke arụmọrụ na otu ụkpụrụ na-adabere ma mkpebi dabere na ozi sitere na koodu ma ọ bụ nkwenye. == Mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke ịdị elu nke okwu == Otu n'ime nchọpụta nke akụkọ Johnston na McClelland bụ na WSE anaghị eme n'ụzọ a na-apụghị izere ezere mgbe ọ bụla anyị jiri okwu na okwu na-abụghị okwu tụnyere. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-adabere n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na usoro ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-eji n'oge ọrụ. Ọ bụrụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-elebara akwụkwọ ozi ahụ anya n'otu ''ọnọdụ'', ha ga-enwe mmetụta dị njọ nke ịdị elu. Nke a bụ n'ihi na onye na-agụ ya agaghịzi enwe uru nke inwe ọkwa nchọpụta okwu na-arụ ọrụ na nnukwu ibu ma ọ bụrụ na ha leghaara anya ilekwasị anya na okwu zuru ezu. == Hụkwa == * Tachistoscope * Mmetụta akwụkwọ ozi na-efu efu == Ihe odide == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Cognitive Psychology; mbipụta nke anọ. * Crowder, Robert G. na Wagner, Richard K. (1992). The Psychology of Reading, mbipụta nke abụọ. peeji nke 79.&nbsp; * Harris, Margaret na Coltheart, Max. (1986) Nhazi asụsụ na ụmụaka na ndị okenye. peeji nke 155.&nbsp; * Francis, Greg, Neath, Ian, Mackewn, Angie, na Goldthwaite, Danalee. (2004). Belmont: Wadsworth, peeji nke 73-74.&nbsp; * {{Cite journal|author=Grainger|first=Jonathan|year=2003|title=Word superiority, pseudoword superiority, and learning to read: A comparison of dyslexic and normal readers|journal=Brain and Language|volume=87|issue=3|pages=432–440|doi=10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00145-7|pmid=14642545}} * {{Cite journal|author=Jordan|first=T.R.|year=1993|title=Word superiority over isolated letters: The neglected role of flanking mask-contours|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance|volume=19|issue=3|pages=549–63|doi=10.1037/0096-1523.19.3.549}} * {{Cite journal|author=Jordan|first=T.R.|year=2010|title=Revealing the superior perceptibility of words in Arabic|journal=Perception|volume=39|issue=3|pages=426–428|doi=10.1068/p6637|pmid=20465177}} == Njikọ mpụga == * "The Science of Word Recognition" nke Kevin Larson, 2004 [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8h9juumn2b3lp6ew2bmgf9it9fjlttz 674296 674293 2026-07-08T21:06:37Z Johnnybam 24488 674296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Na Nkà mmụta uche, mmetụta nke ịdị elu nke okwu ('''WSE''') na-ezo aka na ihe omume na ndị mmadụ nwere mmata ka mma nke mkpụrụedemede gosipụtara n'ime okwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere mkpụrụedemede ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na mkpụrụedemede dị n'ime eriri ndị na-abụghị okwu (nke iwu na-akwadoghị, nke a na-apụghị ịkpọpụta). <ref name="Falikman">{{Cite journal|author=Falikman|first=M. V.|year=2011|title=Word superiority effects across the varieties of attention|journal=[[Journal of Russian and East European Psychology]]|volume=49|issue=5|pages=45–61|doi=10.2753/rpo1061-0405490503}}</ref>Nnyocha achọtawokwa WSE mgbe a na-eji njirimara mkpụrụedemede n'ime okwu tụnyere njirimara mkpụrụ edemede n'etiti pseudowords (dịka "WOSK") na pseudohomophones (dịka" WERK").<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McClelland|first=J. L.|title=The role of familiar units in perception of words and nonwords|journal=Perception & Psychophysics|volume=22|issue=3|pages=249–261|year=1977|url=http://www-psych.stanford.edu/~jlm/papers/PublicationFiles/73-79_Add_To_ONLINE_Pubs/McClellandJohnston77TheRoleofFamilUnitsInPercept.pdf|accessdate=2008-06-30|doi=10.3758/bf03199687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ferraro|first=F. R.|title=An analysis of Reicher-task effects|journal=Journal of General Psychology|volume=121|issue=4|pages=411–442|year=1997|doi=10.1080/00221309709595569}}</ref> Cattell (1886) bụ onye mbụ kọwara mmetụta ahụ, na onyinye dị mkpa sitere na Reicher (1969) na Wheeler (1970). <ref name="Cattell 1886">{{Cite journal|author=Cattell|first=J. M.|title=The time it takes to see and name objects|journal=Mind|issue=41|pages=63–65|year=1886|volume=os-XI|doi=10.1093/mind/os-XI.41.63|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1707687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Reicher|first=G. M.|title=Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology|volume=81|pages=275–280|year=1969|doi=10.1037/h0027768|pmid=5811803|issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wheeler|first=D. D.|title=Processes in word recognition|journal=Cognitive Psychology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=59–85|year=1970|doi=10.1016/0010-0285(70)90005-8|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32833/1/0000208.pdf}}</ref>Cattell bu ụzọ dee, "Achọpụtara m na ọ na-ewe ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ iji gụọ... okwu ndị na-enweghị [[wiktionary:connexion|njikọ]] dị ka okwu ndị na'eme ahịrịokwu, na mkpụrụedemede ndị na-adịghị njikọ dị ka mkpụrụedemede na-eme okwu. Mgbe okwu na-eme ahịrịffa na mkpụrụedemodo okwu, ọ bụghị naanị na-eme usoro nke ịhụ na aha na-agbakọta, kamakwa site na otu mgbalị uche isiokwu ahụ nwere ike ịmata otu okwu ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede.<ref name="Cattell 1886" /> G. Reicher na D. Wheeler mepụtara usoro nnwale isi iji mụọ WSE, nke a na-akpọ Reicher-Wheeler paradigm. N'ime usoro a, a na-enye onye na-ekiri okwu ma ọ bụ eriri na-abụghị okwu nke ihe nkpuchi na-esote (ihe nkwalite dị mkpirikpi iji tụọ mmetụta na omume). A na-agwa onye na-ekiri ya ka ọ kpọọ aha otu n'ime mkpụrụedemede site na ọnọdụ akara na okwu ahụ ma ọ bụ eriri na-eme ka ule ahụ bụrụ nhọrọ abụọ a manyere (2-AFC). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, maka mkpụrụedemede R na okwu "kaadị", enwere ike ịgwa onye na-ekiri ka ọ họrọ n'etiti mkpụrụedemede C na T, ọ ga-abụkarịkwa nke ọma n'ime nke a karịa ma ọ bụrụ na a gwara ha ka ha mee otu nhọrọ ahụ na mkpụrụedemede dịka "cqrd". <ref name="Falikman" />Ihe ọ bụla nwere ike ịmecha na mkpụrụedemede abụọ nwere ike ime na ọnọdụ okwu ahụ na-emepụta otu okwu. Kemgbe ahụ, a na-amụ WSE nke ọma n'ihe gbasara usoro nghọta n'oge ịgụ ihe. E meela ọtụtụ nnyocha iji gbalịa ịkpụzi mmetụta ahụ site na iji netwọk njikọ. == Ọrụ nnwale == A na-anwale WSE site na iji tachistoscope, ebe ọ bụ na oge ngosi nke eriri akwụkwọ ozi kwesịrị iji nlezianya chịkwaa. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ngwanrọ ngosi ihe na-akpali akpali emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mfe iji kọmputa mee ihe ngosi. A kọwakwara WSE na-enweghị tachistoscope.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prinzmetal|first=W.|title=The word-superiority effect does not require a T-scope|journal=Perception & Psychophysics|volume=51|pages=473–484|year=1992|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=5231389|accessdate=2008-06-30|issue=5|doi=10.3758/bf03211643|pmid=1594437}}</ref> A na-egosipụta usoro mkpụrụedemede, nke na-abụkarị anọ ma ọ bụ ise, maka ọtụtụ milliseconds na ihuenyo. A na-agwa ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ka ha họrọ nke n'ime mkpụrụedemede abụọ dị na eriri ọkụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na "WOSK" egosiri, onye na-agụ ya nwere ike ikpebi ma "K" ma ọ bụ "H" nọ na "WosK". WSE na-ebilite mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ahọrọ mkpụrụedemede ziri ezi mgbe mkpụrụedemede bụ ezigbo okwu karịa okwu (dịka "WKRG") ma ọ bụ otu mkpụrụedemede. == Echiche == Ịdị adị nke WSE n'ozuzu ya na-egosi na enwere ụdị ohere ma ọ bụ koodu uru nke okwu nwere n'uche nke pseudowords ma ọ bụ otu mkpụrụedemede enweghị. Nnyocha dị iche iche atụwo aro na ọdịiche ahụ bụ n'ihi ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ịkpọpụta (okwu ndị na-abụghị okwu anaghị akpọpụta ma yabụ anaghị echeta ha n'ụzọ dị mfe), ugboro ugboro (okwu ndị a na-ahụkarị ma jiri ha mee ihe), ihe ọ pụtara (okwu ndị dị adị nwere uru semantic ma ya mere na-ejigide ha n'uche), orthographic regularity (okwu ndị ọzọ na-agbaso usoro edemede a maara nke ọma ma ya mere ka ha dị mma na ncheta), ma ọ dịkwuo ukwuu na gburugburu (okwu ndị agbata obi (ezi na-ejikọkarị na okwu ndị ọzọ na okwu ndị na-ejikarị na-ekerịta mkpụrụedemede na okwu karịa okwu ndị ọzọ ma ya). Nnyocha ndị ọzọ atụwo aro na WSE na-emetụta nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-akpali site na ihe nnwale, dị ka ụdị mkpuchi eji eme ihe mgbe ngosi nke okwu ahụ gasịrị, ma ọ bụ ogologo oge nke ihe mkpuchi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnston|first=J. C.|title=Visual factors in word perception|journal=Perception & Psychophysics|volume=14|issue=2|pages=365–370|year=1973|url=http://psych.stanford.edu/~jlm/papers/PublicationFiles/73-79_Add_To_ONLINE_Pubs/JohnstonMcClelland73VisualFactors.pdf|accessdate=2008-06-30|doi=10.3758/bf03212406}}</ref> == Ihe nlereanya == Ụdị abụọ a ma ama na-azọrọ na ha na-akọwa WSE bụ ụdị mmegharị mmekọrịta (IAM) na Ụdị koodu ụzọ abụọ (DRC) Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ụdị ndị a na-eburu n'uche; Nke a bụ mmekọrịta a na-ele anya site na nyocha na WSE. <ref name="McCelland">{{Cite journal|author=McCelland|first=J.|year=1981|title=An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: part 1. An account of basic findings|journal=Psychological Review|volume=88|issue=5|pages=375–407|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.88.5.375}}</ref><ref name="Ziegler">{{Cite journal|author=Ziegler|first=J.|year=2001|title=DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud|journal=Psychological Review|volume=108|issue=1|pages=204–56|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.204|pmid=11212628}}</ref>Ihe akaebe na-egosi na WSE na-aga n'ihu na-enweghị ihe ọmụma nke onye na-ekiri okwu ahụ gosipụtara, nke na-egosi ete nlebara anya adịghị mkpa maka WSE ma ọ bụ tinye aka na ihe omume a. Otú ọ dị, egosila na nlebara anya iji gbanwee WSE nke kwekọrọ na data neurophysiological na-adịbeghị anya na-akọwa na nlebere anya, n'ezie, na-agbanwe ọkwa mmalite nke nhazi okwu. Ihe nlereanya mmegharị-nchọpụta (AVM) bụ ihe nlereanya ọzọ e mepụtara iji kọwaa data oge mmeghachi omume site na mkpebi okwu na ọrụ aha. Ọrụ ndị bụ isi a na-enyocha na AVM nke na-etinye aka na njirimara okwu na akwụkwọ ozi bụ koodu, nkwenye, na mkpebi. <ref name="Paap">{{Cite journal|author=Paap|first=K. R.|year=1982|title=An activation-verification model for letter and word recognition: the word superiority effect|journal=Psychological Review|volume=89|issue=5|pages=573–594|doi=10.1037/0033-295x.89.5.573|pmid=7178333}}</ref>Ma IAM ma AVM na-ekerịta ọtụtụ echiche ndị bụ isi dị ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ntinye nkwalite na-eme ka mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ, na-arụpụta mkpụrụedemede, na mkpụrụedemede na njirimara okwu na-emetụta usoro site n'elu ruo ala (dịka ịgụ ahịrịokwu "A cow said..." mmadụ ga-eche "moo" ma na-enyocha na okwu ahụ malitere na 'm' na-eleghara mkpụrụedemede ndị ọzọ anya). === WSE na ihe nlereanya mmekọrịta === [[Usòrò:Word_superiority_effect.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ihe nlereanya mmekọrịta na-arụ ọrụ nke Rumelhart & McClelland.]] WSE egosila na ọ bụ nchọpụta dị mkpa maka ụdị njirimara okwu, ma na-akwado ya kpọmkwem site na ụdị mmekọrịta mmekọrịta nke njirimara okwu nke Rumelhart na McClelland. Dabere na ihe nlereanya a, mgbe a na-enye onye na-agụ ya okwu, mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla n'otu akụkụ ga-akpali ma ọ bụ gbochie ihe nchọpụta dị iche iche (dịka ọdịdị gbagọrọ agbagọ maka "C", ogwe aka kwụ ọtọ na nke kwụ ọtọ maka "H", wdg). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chase|first=Christopher H.|title=A developmental, interactive activation model of the word superiority effect|journal=Journal of Experimental Child Psychology|volume=49|issue=3|pages=448–487|doi=10.1016/0022-0965(90)90069-k|year=1990|pmid=2348161}}</ref>Ndị nchọpụta njirimara ahụ ga-akpali ma ọ bụ gbochie ndị nchọpụta mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche, nke ga-emecha kpalie ma ọ bụ kwụsị ndị nchọpụta okwu dị iche iche. Enwere ike ime ka okwu ụfọdụ rụọ ọrụ site na mkpali ndị a. Otú ọ dị, eziokwu ahụ bụ na enweghị ihe ọ pụtara na njikọta nke mkpụrụedemede nwere ike igbochi okwu ndị a nke emere na mbụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Altmann|first=Gerry|title=Cognitive Models Of Speech Processing: The Second Sperlonga Meeting|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1134832866|pages=213}}</ref>Njikọ ọ bụla a na-arụ ọrụ ga-ebu ibu dị iche, ya mere okwu "WORK" dị n'ihe atụ ahụ ga-arụ ọrụ karịa okwu ọ bụla ọzọ (ya mere onye na-agụ ya matara ya). Dabere na ihe nlereanya mmekọrịta a, a na-akọwa WSE dị ka nke a: Mgbe a na-egosi mkpụrụedemede a chọrọ n'ime okwu, a ga-arụ ọrụ ihe nchọpụta njirimara, ihe nchọpụta akwụkwọ ozi na ihe nchọpụta okwu, na-agbakwunye ibu na njirimara ikpeazụ nke ihe mkpali. Otú ọ dị, mgbe e gosipụtara naanị akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, ọ bụ naanị ọkwa nchọpụta akwụkwọ ozi ka a ga-arụ ọrụ. Ya mere, anyị nwere ike icheta okwu nkwalite ahụ n'ụzọ doro anya karị, ma si otú a bụrụ ihe ziri ezi n'ịchọpụta mkpụrụedemede ya, dịka a hụrụ na WSE. === Ihe nlereanya nke ime ka ọ rụọ ọrụ === AVM na-ahụ maka koodu, nkwenye, na ọrụ mkpebi. <ref name="Paap" />A na-eji koodu akọwa ọrụ mbụ nke na-eduga n'ịrụ ọrụ n'amaghị ama nke ihe ndị a mụtara na ebe nchekwa. Mgbe koodu gasịrị, nkwenye na-ewere ọnọdụ. Nkwado na-edugakarị na njirimara nke otu ntinye okwu site n'aka ndị zaghachirinụ. A ga-ele nkwenye anya dị ka nyocha kwụụrụ onwe ya, nke sitere n'elu ruo n'ala nke ihe na-akpali akpali nke a na-eduzi site na ihe echekwara, ma ọ bụ nke a mụtara na mbụ, nnọchiteanya nke okwu. Enwere ike iṅomi nhazi oge na nkwenye site na simulator kọmputa. N'ikpeazụ, ihe ndị na-emetụta ọsọ na izi ezi nke arụmọrụ na otu ụkpụrụ na-adabere ma mkpebi dabere na ozi sitere na koodu ma ọ bụ nkwenye. == Mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke ịdị elu nke okwu == Otu n'ime nchọpụta nke akụkọ Johnston na McClelland bụ na WSE anaghị eme n'ụzọ a na-apụghị izere ezere mgbe ọ bụla anyị jiri okwu na okwu na-abụghị okwu tụnyere. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-adabere n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na usoro ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-eji n'oge ọrụ. Ọ bụrụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-elebara akwụkwọ ozi ahụ anya n'otu ''ọnọdụ'', ha ga-enwe mmetụta dị njọ nke ịdị elu. Nke a bụ n'ihi na onye na-agụ ya agaghịzi enwe uru nke inwe ọkwa nchọpụta okwu na-arụ ọrụ na nnukwu ibu ma ọ bụrụ na ha leghaara anya ilekwasị anya na okwu zuru ezu. == Hụkwa == * Tachistoscope * Mmetụta akwụkwọ ozi na-efu efu == Ihe odide == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Cognitive Psychology; mbipụta nke anọ. * Crowder, Robert G. na Wagner, Richard K. (1992). The Psychology of Reading, mbipụta nke abụọ. peeji nke 79.&nbsp; * Harris, Margaret na Coltheart, Max. (1986) Nhazi asụsụ na ụmụaka na ndị okenye. peeji nke 155.&nbsp; * Francis, Greg, Neath, Ian, Mackewn, Angie, na Goldthwaite, Danalee. (2004). Belmont: Wadsworth, peeji nke 73-74.&nbsp; * {{Cite journal|author=Grainger|first=Jonathan|year=2003|title=Word superiority, pseudoword superiority, and learning to read: A comparison of dyslexic and normal readers|journal=Brain and Language|volume=87|issue=3|pages=432–440|doi=10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00145-7|pmid=14642545}} * {{Cite journal|author=Jordan|first=T.R.|year=1993|title=Word superiority over isolated letters: The neglected role of flanking mask-contours|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance|volume=19|issue=3|pages=549–63|doi=10.1037/0096-1523.19.3.549}} * {{Cite journal|author=Jordan|first=T.R.|year=2010|title=Revealing the superior perceptibility of words in Arabic|journal=Perception|volume=39|issue=3|pages=426–428|doi=10.1068/p6637|pmid=20465177}} == Njikọ mpụga == * "The Science of Word Recognition" nke Kevin Larson, 2004 [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 06pt0nrc8zemckc2ujs38cdrgrjgl73 0 33225 674313 158964 2026-07-08T22:11:17Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = File:Dr. Ishaya Audu.jpg | office = [[Foreign Minister of Nigeria|Minister of External Affairs of Nigeria]] | termstart = 1 October 1979 | termend = 1 October 1983 | president = [[Shehu Shagari]] | predecessor = [[Henry Adefope]] | successor = [[Emeka Anyaoku]] | party = [[National Party of Nigeria]] | caption = Dr. Ishaya Audu }} <ref>{{Cite web|title=Daily Trust|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201211160850.html|author=Taiwo|first=Gidado|date=16 November 2012|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=20 May 2020}}</ref>'''Ishaya Sha'aibu Audu''' (&#x2D;<nowiki>="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Pronunciation","href":"./Template:Pronunciation"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Ha-Ishaya Sha'aibu Audu.ogg"},"2":{"wt":"Listen"},"3":{"wt":"("},"help":{"wt":"no"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwDQ" style="font-size:85%;" typeof="mw:Transclusion"> (Listeni) ; 1 Machị 1927 - 29 Ọgọst 2005) bụ dọkịta Naijiria, prọfesọ, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. </nowiki><ref>{{Cite web|title=ISHAYA AUDU: The legacy of Selfless Service|url=https://www.theabusites.com/ishaya-audu-legacy/|author=Chila Andrew Aondofa|date=2019-09-30|work=The Abusites|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-30|archivedate=2021-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126052747/https://www.theabusites.com/ishaya-audu-legacy/}}</ref> Kattafawa, Onye Kraịst, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ofesi (minista na-ekwu maka mba ofesi) site na 1979 ruo 1983 n'okpuru [[Shehu Shagari]] . [1] == Mbido ndụ, agụmakwụkwọ, na ọrụ == <ref name="dailytrust">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytrust.com/archives/Monday26%20Sept2005/opinion2.htm|title=Tribute to prof. Ishaya Audu|accessdate=2007-04-29|author=Ozigi|first=Albert|work=Daily Trust Online|publisher=Media Trust Nigeria, Limited|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104133838/http://www.dailytrust.com/archives/Monday26%20Sept2005/opinion2.htm|archivedate=2006-11-04}}</ref> mụrụ Audu na 1 Machị 1927, na Anchau, obodo nta dị nso na Zaria, Kaduna Steeti, nna ya nke si na Islam ghọọ Onye Kraịst. Na mbụ ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na St. Bartholomew's School na Wusasa, ọ kwagara Yaba Higher College na Lagos <ref name="dailytrust" /> wee gaa Mahadum College, [[Ibadan]] (nke a kpọrọ Mahadum Ibadan) na 1948. N'afọ 1951, ọ gara Mahadum London na England, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo n'afọ 1954. N'afọ 1955, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Liverpool (nke dịkwa n'England). <ref name="newswatch">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/allaccess/bob/10905151029.htm|title=A Medical Icon Goes Home|date=2005-09-05|accessdate=2007-04-29|author=Onyekwere|first=Joseph|publisher=Newswatch Communications}}</ref> bụ n'afọ 1958 ka ọ lụrụ nwunye ya, Victoria, onye ya na ya ga-amụ ụmụ isii. Audu kụziri ihe gbasara Internal Medicine na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]] na 1962 ma bulie ya n'ọkwa osote onye isi nke [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]] na 1966. <ref name="newswatch"/> <ref name="dailytrust"/> bụ dọkịta nke [[Ahmadu Bello]] onye a gụrụ aha mahadum ahụ. <ref name="newswatch" /> gakwara United States ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote prọfesọ nyocha na Mahadum Rochester, [[Nú Yọk|New York]], wee gụchaa akwụkwọ ya na [[Ohio]]_University" id="mwNQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ohio University">Mahadum Ohio dị na Atens, Ohio, site na 1964 ruo 1968. Ishaya Audu bụ osote onye isi ala nke Nigerian People's Party nke nwere Dr [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] dị ka onye isi ala ya na ntuli aka onye isi ala 1979 na 1983. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Audu bụ onye otu Nigeria Peoples Party mgbe [[Ishi ochíchì Naigeria|Onye isi ala]] [[Shehu Shagari]] nyere Audu ọkwa Minista nke Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ na 1979. <ref name="newswatch"/> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya Naịjirịa na United Nations. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerians in History: Ishaya Shuaibu Audu • Connect Nigeria|url=https://connectnigeria.com/articles/2019/11/nigerians-in-history-ishaya-shuaibu-audu/|author=Aluwong|first=Jeremiah|date=2019-11-10|work=Connect Nigeria|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-05-27|archivedate=2021-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112804/https://connectnigeria.com/articles/2019/11/nigerians-in-history-ishaya-shuaibu-audu/}}</ref> General [[Muhammadu Buhari]] kwaturu ọchịchị Shagari n'afọ 1983 (na iji ọchịchị aka ike dochie Republic nke Abụọ), e jidere Audu ruo otu afọ. == Ezinụlọ == <ref>{{Cite web|title=AUDU, Reverend (Prof) Ishaya Sha'aibu|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/audu-reverend-professor-ishaya-shaaibu/|author=Admin|date=2016-11-16|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> lụrụ Victoria Abosede Ohiorhenuan nke Ozalla, Owan West Edo State n'ụzọ obi ụtọ ma ha nwere ụmụ isii. == Ndụ e mesịrị == Mgbe <ref name="dailytrust"/> tọhapụrụ ya, Audu malitere ọrụ onwe ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ nke ya na Samaru; o guzobekwara ụka nke ya. <ref name="newswatch"/> nwụrụ na 29 Ọgọstụ 2005, mgbe ya na nwa ya nwoke, Paul Audu nọ na United States. == Ihe odide == <references /> {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{succession box|before=[[Henry Adefope]]|title=[[Foreign Minister of Nigeria|Minister of External Affairs]]|years=1979&ndash; 1983|after=[[Emeka Anyaoku]]}} {{s-end}}{{Foreign Ministers of Nigeria}} fi5s8o51tfubnayf4d94bncnegfdow1 0 33297 674346 595405 2026-07-09T02:44:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Eyitayo Lambo|honorific-prefix=Prof.|office=[[Federal Ministry of Health (Nigeria)| Minister of Health]]|president=[[Olusegun Obasanjo]]|term_start=July 2003|term_end=May 2007|predecessor=[[ABC Nwosu]]|successor=[[Adenike Grange]]|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1944|12|28|df=y}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|party=|spouse=|profession=Lecturer, Health Economist, Technocrat, Civil Servant, Consultant}} <references group="" responsive="1"></references> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Adewole stands 'On the Shoulders of Giants': The 18 torchbearers of the Nigerian Health Sector|url=https://nigeriahealthwatch.com/adewole-stands-on-the-shoulders-of-giants-the-18-torchbearers-of-the-nigerian-health-sector/|date=2015-11-24|work=Nigeria Health Watch|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-05-29|archivedate=2021-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923003131/https://nigeriahealthwatch.com/adewole-stands-on-the-shoulders-of-giants-the-18-torchbearers-of-the-nigerian-health-sector/}}</ref> họpụtara '''Eyitayo Lambo''' ka ọ bụrụ Minista Naịjirịa na-ahụ maka ahụike na Julaị 2003, na-arụ ọrụ ruo Mee 2007 n'oge nke abụọ nke ọchịchị [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ọ nwetara B.Sc. na nzere MA na akụ na ụba na nzere Ph.D. na nyocha arụmọrụ na usoro ahụike. Prọfesọ Lambo kụziri <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lambo|url=http://www.nigeriandoctors.com/lambo.asp|work=www.nigeriandoctors.com|accessdate=2020-05-29|archivedate=2019-09-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911105717/http://www.nigeriandoctors.com/lambo.asp}}</ref> mahadum nke Ibadan, Ilorin na Bendel State, 1974 ruo 1992. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow for Operational Research (England), otu n'ime ndị Afrịka mbụ nke nzukọ ọkachamara mba ụwa ahụ sọpụrụ na 1986. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na-enye ndụmọdụ na Administrative Staff College of Nigeria, Nigerian Industrial Development Bank na African Development Bank. <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=http://hc.wharton.upenn.edu/impactconference/min_of_health_wharton.html|title=Eyitayo Lambo|publisher=Ministry of Health, Nigeria|accessdate=2010-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617030647/http://hc.wharton.upenn.edu/impactconference/min_of_health_wharton.html|archivedate=2010-06-17}}</ref> bụkwa onye nyocha mpụga na ọtụtụ Mahadum, gụnyere Mahadum City nke London. Lambo bụ onye ndụmọdụ mpaghara maka mgbanwe ngalaba ahụike, ego nlekọta ahụike na ahụike na mmepe mmekọrịta na akụ na ụba na ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara nke World Health Organization maka Africa site na 1990 ruo 1999.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Eyitayo Lambo|url=http://www.schafng.org/volunteer/prof-eyitayo-lambo/|date=2019-12-19|work=SCHAF|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-05-29|archivedate=2021-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510222518/https://schafng.org/volunteer/prof-eyitayo-lambo/}}</ref> bụ onye mbụ na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke ụlọ ọrụ WHO na-ahụ n'ọrụ maka Africa. O webatara akụ na ụba ahụike n'ime ọrụ nke WHO n'Africa ma wuo / wusie ike ikike na akụ na ụba Ahụike na WHO Regional Office maka Africa yana n'ọfịs mba WHO n'Afrịka tupu ọ laa ezumike nká n'oge na afọ ofufo na United Nations System na 1999. Na Kọmitii Ógbè nke Ndị Minista Ahụike nke Ógbè Africa nke e mere na Windhoek, Namibia na 1999, ọ natara onyinye nke "ndị ọrụ kachasị arụsi ọrụ ike na Ọfịs Ógbè WHO maka Africa".  ''na WHO Regional Office maka Africa.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup>'' == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite journal|title=An Optimization-Simulation Model of a Rural Health Center in Nigeria|author=Eyitayo Lambo and Mrs. H. B. Laoye|journal=Interfaces|volume=13|issue=3|pages=29–35|date=June 1983|doi=10.1287/inte.13.3.29}} * {{Cite book|title=Sustainable health care financing in Southern Africa: papers from an EDI health policy seminar held in Johannesburg, South Africa, June 1996, Volume 434|chapter=4 Aims and Performance of Prepayment Schemes|editor=Allison Beattie|publisher=World Bank Publications|year=1998|isbn=0-8213-4145-6}} * {{Cite book|title=Readings in public expenditure programming in Nigeria|chapter=10 Scenario Planning and Analysis|author=O. A. Adeyemo|publisher=National Centre for Economic Management and Administration|year=1990|isbn=978-2785-00-8}} * {{Cite book|title=Resource mobilization for an expanded and comprehensive response to HIV/AIDS and its implications: a background paper for the Inter-Ministerial Task Force Meeting of the Health and Finance Ministers of East, Central, and Southern Africa Region|author=Eyitayo Lambo|publisher=Commonwealth Regional Health Community Secretariat|year=2003}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gflcbfclu4v4fwud8i0ss4hv8vfvwhj 0 33744 674341 644688 2026-07-09T01:35:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Esther Eidinow''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1970) bụ onye Britain na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na agụmakwụkwọ. <ref name="Delphi">{{Cite web|title=Esther Eidinow|url=http://www.delphiforum.gr/speakers/esther-eidinow|work=Delphi Economic Forum|accessdate=22 January 2018|archivedate=23 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123190517/http://www.delphiforum.gr/speakers/esther-eidinow}}</ref><ref name="Explore">{{Cite web|title=Professor Esther Eidinow|url=https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/en/persons/esther-eidinow(6c19fd02-2d4f-4ad4-a667-acd90ec9380b).html|work=Explore Bristol Research|publisher=University of Bristol|accessdate=22 January 2018}}</ref> bụ ọkachamara na Gris oge ochie, ọkachasị okpukpe na anwansi ndị Gris oge ochie. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme oge ochie na Mahadum Bristol kemgbe afọ 2017. E nyere Eidinow Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) maka edemede akpọrọ Exploring risk among the ancient Greeks: prolegomena and two case studies. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Eidinow|first=Esther|title=Exploring risk among the ancient Greeks: prolegomena and two case studies|url=http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph015651144|work=Search Oxford Libraries Online|publisher=Bodleian Libraries|accessdate=22 June 2018|date=2003}}</ref> mechara nyocha doctoral ya na Mahadum Oxford n'okpuru nlekọta nke Robert Parker na 2003. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kachuck|first=Aaron|title=Review of: Oracles, Curses, and Risk Among the Ancient Greeks|url=http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2008/2008-01-14.html|work=Bryn Mawr Classical Review|date=January 2008}}</ref> bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede dabeere na thesis ahụ, Oracles, Curses and Risk Among the Ancient Greeks na 2007, ma too ya maka 'nnukwu nyocha' na nnweta ya. [1] Site na 2011 ruo 2012, Eidinow bụ Solmsen Fellow na Institute for Research in the Humanities nke Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison . <ref name="Solmsen">{{Cite web|title=Esther Eidinow|url=https://irh.wisc.edu/fellows/esther-eidinow|work=Institute for Research in the Humanities|publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison|accessdate=22 January 2018|date=30 June 2015|archivedate=22 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622165150/https://irh.wisc.edu/fellows/esther-eidinow}}</ref> <ref name="Princeton">{{Cite web|title=Esther Eidinow|url=https://history.princeton.edu/people/esther-eidinow|work=Department of History|publisher=Princeton University|accessdate=22 January 2018}}</ref>'agbata afọ 2017 na 2018 ọ bụ onye nleta na Davis Center for Historical Studies nke Mahadum Princeton . [1] <ref name="New">{{Cite web|title=New Professor of Ancient History|url=https://www.bristol.ac.uk/classics/news/2017/new-professor-of-ancient-history.html|work=Department of Classics and Ancient History|publisher=University of Bristol|accessdate=22 January 2018|date=8 June 2017|archivedate=5 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233009/https://www.bristol.ac.uk/classics/news/2017/new-professor-of-ancient-history.html}}</ref> afọ 2017, ọ nọ n'ọkwa na akụkọ Oche mere eme oge ochie na Mahadum Bristol . [1] <ref name="LinkedIn">{{Cite web|title=esther eidinow|url=https://uk.linkedin.com/in/esther-eidinow-a2448788|work=[[LinkedIn]]|accessdate=22 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="New book">{{Cite web|title=New book by Esther Eidinow|url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/classics/news/2016/new-book-by-esther-eidinow.aspx|work=Department of Classics|publisher=The University of Nottingham|accessdate=22 January 2018}}</ref> bụbu onye nkuzi na Newman University College na Mahadum Nottingham . [1] [2] <ref name="Philip">{{Cite web|title=Philip Leverhulme Prizes 2015|url=https://www.leverhulme.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Awards_made/2015-PLP-citations.pdf|work=The Leverhulme Trust|accessdate=22 January 2018|date=2015|archivedate=1 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201061139/https://www.leverhulme.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Awards_made/2015-PLP-citations.pdf}}</ref> nyere ya Ihe nrite Philip Leverhulme n'afọ 2015, a kọwakwara ya dị ka "olu ọhụrụ dị ike na nke dị ike n'ọhịa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Gris oge ochie". == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite book|ref=none|author=Eidinow|first=Esther|title=Oracles, Curses, and Risk Among the Ancient Greeks|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199277780}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|author=Eidinow|first=Esther|title=Luck, Fate, and Fortune: Antiquity and its Legacy|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0195380798}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|editor=Hornblower|title=[[The Oxford Classical Dictionary]]|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199545568|edition=4th}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|editor=Hornblower|title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0198706779|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|author=Eidinow|first=Esther|title=Envy, Poison, and Death: Women on Trial in Classical Athens|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199562602}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|editor=Eidinow|title=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199642038}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|editor=Eidinow|page=Robin Osborne|title=Theologies of Ancient Greek Religion|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1107153479}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|editor=Dillon|title=Women's Ritual Competence in the Greco-Roman Mediterranean|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-1472478900}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|editor=Driediger-Murphy|title=Ancient Divination and Experience|date=2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0198844549}} * Eidinow, Esther, na [[Lisa Maurizio]], eds. (2020) Akụkọ nke Oge na Mmekọahụ na Antiquity London: Routledge. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eidinow, Esther}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gd0rqllz40d2qdvw10yyw0hrio934gq 0 34172 674330 538092 2026-07-09T00:06:17Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = WTIS 2014 - Ministerial roundtable- the post 2015 development agenda and future priorities for ICT for development (ICT4D) policy (15865836991).jpg | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|6|9|df=yes}} | birth_place = | spouse = | nationality = [[Jordanian people|Jordanian]] | children = | caption = Azzam Sleit }} '''Azzam Sleit''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1966) bụ onye Jọdan agụmakwụkwọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ minista nke ozi na teknụzụ nkwukọrịta nke Jọdan n'etiti 21 Ọgọst 2013 na 2 Machị 2015. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Sleit na 9 June 1966. <ref name="cv">{{Cite web|title=The minister's CV|url=http://www.moict.gov.jo/en-us/moict/theministercv.aspx|work=Ministry of Information|accessdate=9 November 2013|archivedate=9 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109082312/http://www.moict.gov.jo/en-us/moict/theministercv.aspx}}</ref> O nwetara nzere bachelọ na nzere masta na sayensị kọmputa na injinia site na Mahadum King Fahd . <ref name="cv" /> <ref name="cv" /> nwekwara PhD na sayensị kọmputa na Mahadum Wayne State, [[Michigan]], nke ọ nwetara na Febụwarị 1995. == Ọrụ == Sleit rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Strategic Group na onye nduzi nke ọrụ ọkachamara nke Triada, United States. <ref name="cv"/> O weghaara ọkwa nchịkwa dị elu metụtara IT na ụlọ ọrụ US dị iche iche gụnyere Information Builders, MetLife, na Electronic Data Systems (EDS). <ref name="pro">{{Cite news|title=Profiles of new ministers|work=The Jordan Times|date=21 August 2013|url=http://cdn.jordantimes.com/uploads/downloads/2ff98a350023ffc0dee8870e6fcab62a3629a4d3.pdf|accessdate=9 November 2013}}</ref> bụ Chief Information Officer (CIO) na Hamad Medical Organization nke nwere njikọ nke Qatari Ministry of Public Health ruo 2005. [1] <ref name="pro" />'afọ 2005, ọ sonyeere Mahadum Jọdan ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ nke sayensị kọmputa. Akụkụ ọmụmụ <ref>[https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=yZ42G9YAAAAJ&hl=en Azzam Sleit] Google Scholar Retrieved 9 November 2013</ref> bụ nchekwa data foto, algọridim, Usoro ozi ahụike na Kọmputa igwe ojii. Site <ref name="cv"/> 2007 ruo 2009 ọ bụkwa osote onyeisi oche nke Mahadum Jọdan na onye nduzi nke Computer Center. 'ime mgbanwe nke kansụl na 21 Ọgọstụ 2013 a họpụtara ya na kansụl nke Praịm Minista Abdullah Ensour duziri dị ka Minista nke Ozi na Nkà na Ụzụ nkwukọrịta. [1] <ref>{{Cite web|author=Omar Obeidat|url=http://jordantimes.com/cabinet-reshuffle-sees-five-ministers-in-four-out|title=Cabinet reshuffle sees five ministers in, four out|work=The Jordan Times|date=2 March 2015|accessdate=3 March 2015|archivedate=3 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403064441/http://jordantimes.com/cabinet-reshuffle-sees-five-ministers-in-four-out}}</ref>Majd Shweikeh nọchiri ya n'ọkwa na 2 Machị 2015. Sleit bụ onye isi nke Information Technology College na Mahadum Jọdan. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sleit, Azzam}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0s1lh37kvlczlq7qyizmocg046zkb1l 0 34262 674138 135622 2026-07-08T14:57:45Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Attahiru Dalhatu Bafarawa|image=|office1=[[Governor of Sokoto State]]|term_start1=29 May 1999|term_end1=29 May 2007|predecessor1=[[Rufai Garba]]|successor1=[[Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko]]|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1954|11|04|df=y}}|birth_place=|death_date=|party=}} [[Faịlụ:Attahiru Bafarawa.jpg|thumb|Attahiru Bafarawa]] Alhaji '''Attahiru Dalhatu Bafarawa''' (amụrụ na ubochi anọ na onwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1954) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria bụ onye bụ gọvanọ nke Sokoto Steeti na Naijiria site na ubochi iri abụo na iteolu nke onwa Mee na af 1999 wee ruo 29 Mee na afọ 2007. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sokotostate.gov.ng/government.html|title=Sokoto State Government|publisher=Sokoto State|accessdate=7 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603190721/http://www.sokotostate.gov.ng/government.html|archivedate=3 June 2009}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye kansụl gọọmentị ime obodo na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ. N'afọ 1979, ọ gbara ọsọ na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma maka ntuli aka na House of Representatives na ikpo okwu nke Great Nigeria Peoples Party (GNPP). Ọ bụ onye otu National Constitutional Conference nke afọ 1994 wee rụọ afọ 1995, n'oge ọchịchị ndị agha nke [[Sani Abacha]].Ọ bụ onye guzobere United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP - 1997) na All People's Party (APP - 1998). <ref name="sunmerit">{{Cite news|first=Ifeatu|author=Dickson|title=Bafarawa: Ahead on merit|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/opinion/2007/mar/23/opinion-23-03-2007-002.htm|publisher=The Sun Publishing Limited|date=23 March 2007|accessdate=12 April 2008}}</ref> <ref name="sunmerit">{{Cite news|first=Ifeatu|author=Dickson|title=Bafarawa: Ahead on merit|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/opinion/2007/mar/23/opinion-23-03-2007-002.htm|publisher=The Sun Publishing Limited|date=23 March 2007|accessdate=12 April 2008}}</ref>'afọ 1999, a họpụtara ya dịka gọvanọ nke Sokoto Steeti na ikpo okwu nke All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP), a họpụtakwara ya ọzọ maka ANPP n'afọ 2003. Na ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2002, ụlọ ikpe Sharia na Sokoto Steeti tọhapụrụ nwanyị dị afọ iri atọ na ise [[Safiya Hussaini]], onye a mara ikpe ọnwụ site na ịtụ ya nkume mgbe a mara ya ikpe ịkwa iko. Minista ikpe nke Naịjirịa kwupụtara na Sharia megidere iwu. Otú dị, Attahiru Bafarawa kwuru na steeti Sharia agaghị agbaso nkwupụta a. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 639qtdx2h69e8uh79j481lzvvzpz3l3 0 34317 674286 671219 2026-07-08T21:01:03Z IfyClassique 20717 /* */ /*Fixed reference error*/ 674286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Ozi nke ugbo and Fisheries ('''MoAF''') bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nke [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]] . Isi ụlọ ọrụ <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140408033542/http://www.moa.gov.jm/Contact_Us.php MoAF Archive: "Hope Gardens Kingston 6 JAMAICA"] .retrieved 31 December 2013.</ref> dị na [[Kingston]] . <ref name="us"> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [http://www.moa.gov.jm Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Ministri Ọrụ Ugbo na Azụmaahịa nke Jamaica (MoAF)] g6t86ykyt8f4gv11mamkebaoflam5k3 674301 674286 2026-07-08T21:27:35Z IfyClassique 20717 /* */ /*Fixed reference error*/ 674301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Ozi nke ugbo and Fisheries ('''MoAF''') bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nke [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]] . Isi ụlọ ọrụ <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140408033542/http://www.moa.gov.jm/Contact_Us.php MoAF Archive: "Hope Gardens Kingston 6 JAMAICA"] .retrieved 31 December 2013.</ref> dị na [[Kingston]] . <ref name="us">[http://www.moa.gov.jm/Contact_Us.php Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MoAF): Contact Us] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131231222659/http://www.moa.gov.jm/Contact_Us.php |date=31 December 2013 }}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [http://www.moa.gov.jm Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Ministri Ọrụ Ugbo na Azụmaahịa nke Jamaica (MoAF)] ftwx4hbjfn05v5a82whf67vp8fynlfn 0 35529 674397 148496 2026-07-09T07:15:38Z Goodymeraj 16207 Fixed reference error 674397 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Munachim Alozie''' bụ onye mgbandọrọ nhọrọ Naijiria bụrụ onye otu ụlọ omebe iwu etiti sitere na Obingwa/Osisioma/Ugwunagbo Federal Constituency nke Abia steeti na-ekiri omebe iwu nke iri. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-03-02|title=Otti congratulates Nwokocha, Onwusibe, urges Abians to be vigilant|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/otti-congratulates-nwokocha-onwusibe-urges-abians-to-be-vigilant/|accessdate=2023-04-28|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://guardian.ng/politics/otti-congratulates-nwokocha-onwusibe-urges-abians-to-be-vigilant/ "Otti congratulates Nwokocha, Onwusibe, urges Abians to be vigilant"]. ''The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News''. 2023-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-28</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 March 2022|title=No access roads in my constituency, says Chief Whip|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/no-access-roads-in-my-constituency-says-chief-whip/|accessdate=28 April 2023}}</ref> . <ref name=":0" />Alozie bụ onye nọ n'iche omebe iwu Abia ugboro abụọ na-anya anya Ugwunagbo steeti site na 2015 ruo 2023. Ọ bụ ọkaibe Chief Whip nke ụlọ.  Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa a n'afọ 2022 ka ọ በቀላሉ PDP banye Labor Party, LP. Ọ gbara ọsọ maka Obingwa/Osisioma/Ugwunagbo Federal Constituency na tiketi LP na ime ụlọ aka ụlọ ndị nke February 2023 wee merie. ==Edensibịa== {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g72gwsu3vjhl88y71srn9g3my6qm4kf 674402 674397 2026-07-09T07:20:46Z Goodymeraj 16207 Fixed reference error 674402 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Munachim Alozie''' bụ onye mgbandọrọ nhọrọ Naijiria bụrụ onye otu ụlọ omebe iwu etiti sitere na Obingwa/Osisioma/Ugwunagbo Federal Constituency nke Abia steeti na-ekiri omebe iwu nke iri. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-03-02|title=Otti congratulates Nwokocha, Onwusibe, urges Abians to be vigilant|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/otti-congratulates-nwokocha-onwusibe-urges-abians-to-be-vigilant/|accessdate=2023-04-28|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://guardian.ng/politics/otti-congratulates-nwokocha-onwusibe-urges-abians-to-be-vigilant/ "Otti congratulates Nwokocha, Onwusibe, urges Abians to be vigilant"]. ''The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News''. 2023-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-28</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 March 2022|title=No access roads in my constituency, says Chief Whip|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/no-access-roads-in-my-constituency-says-chief-whip/|accessdate=28 April 2023}}</ref> Alozie bụ onye nọ n'oche omebe iwu Abia ugboro abụọ na-anya anya Ugwunagbo steeti site na 2015 ruo 2023. Ọ bụ ọkaibe Chief Whip nke ụlọ. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa a n'afọ 2022 ka o si na òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ PDP banye Labor Party, LP. Ọ zọrọ ọkwá ịbụ onye nnọchiteanya Obingwa/Osisioma/Ugwunagbo Federal Constituency na tiketi LP na ime ụlọ aka ụlọ ndị nke February 2023 wee merie<ref name=":0" /> ==Edensibịa== {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0q1hblf73wve97x6hh1ldjik3t6gfo9 0 36455 674204 656750 2026-07-08T18:24:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|director=Narjiss Nejjar, Mohamed Mouftakir, Hicham Lasri|writer=Narjiss Nejjar, Mohamed Mouftakir, Hicham Lasri|producer=Lamia Chraïbi|starring=Sanaa Akroud, Nadia Niazi, Salah Bensalem|cinematography=Xavier Castro|editing=Julien Fouré|released=2010|runtime=105 minutes|country=[[Morocco]]|language=[[Moroccan Arabic]]}}{{Databox}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=TERMINUS DES ANGES|url=https://laprod.ma/portfolio-item/terminus-des-anges/|accessdate=2021-11-28|language=fr-FR}}</ref> des anges (English: Angels' Last Stop) bụ ihe nkiri Moroccan anthology nke 2010 nke [[Mohamed Mouftakir]], Hicham Lasri na Narjiss Nejjar duziri, wepụtara na 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Films {{!}} Africultures : Terminus des anges|url=http://africultures.com/films/?no=8853|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a bụ ngwakọta nke ihe nkiri atọ dị mkpirikpi, nke ọ bụla nke onye nduzi dị iche duziri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Festival National du Film - 11ème édition - Tanger 2010|url=https://www.ccm.ma/fnf11/terminusdesanges.html|work=CCM|accessdate=2024-02-20|archivedate=2024-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219191141/https://www.ccm.ma/fnf11/terminusdesanges.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=BOUITHY|first=ALAIN|title=Nejjar, Mouftakir et Lasri signent trois courts métrages sur le sida : "Terminus des anges" pour dénoncer préjugés et ignorance|url=https://www.libe.ma/Nejjar-Mouftakir-et-Lasri-signent-trois-courts-metrages-sur-le-sida-Terminus-des-anges-pour-denoncer-prejuges-et_a19777.html|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=Libération|language=fr|archivedate=2021-11-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128211712/https://www.libe.ma/Nejjar-Mouftakir-et-Lasri-signent-trois-courts-metrages-sur-le-sida-Terminus-des-anges-pour-denoncer-prejuges-et_a19777.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Narjis Najjar, Mohamed Mouftakir et Hicham Lasri s'attaquent au sida|url=https://aujourdhui.ma/culture/narjis-najjar-mohamed-mouftakir-et-hicham-lasri-sattaquent-au-sida-67846|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=Aujourd'hui le Maroc|language=fr-FR}}</ref> na National Film Festival nke Tangier. [1] [2] [3] Ihe nkiri ahụ na-ekwu maka Ọrịa AIDS. == Nkọwa == Ihe nkiri ahụ malitere n'etiti abalị n'okporo ámá Casablanca, ebe otu nwanyị jidere onwe ya na mberede maka ịgba akwụna, mgbe ndị uwe ojii nyochara ya kpughere na ọ na-ebu condoms. N'akụkụ nke abụọ nke ihe nkiri ahụ nke Mohamed Mouftakir duziri, nwunye mbụ nke nwoke nwere nje HIV nke gburu onwe ya, na-ekiri vidiyo ọ hapụrụ ya na-akọwa ihe kpatara igbu onwe ya. Akụkụ ikpeazụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara ndị na-eto eto abụọ zutere na nke mbụ ma chọọ inwe mmekọahụ. Nwa okorobịa ahụ, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-arọ nrọ, ga-achọ ime ya na-enweghị condom. Nwa agbọghọ ahụ jụrụ n'agbanyeghị arụmụka dị iche iche nke enyi ya. N'ikpeazụ, na mberede, ndị niile nọ na fim ahụ na-agwụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * Sana Akroud * [[Sanâa Alaoui]] * Bensalah Bensalah * Nadia Niazi * [[Ismael Kanater]] * [[Bouchra Ahrich]] * [[Driss Roukhe|Rọshịa Roukhe]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|1756779|Terminus des anges|2010 film}} awn1cortr7mmmd98vricybc05d3wmkd 0 37039 674243 151562 2026-07-08T20:12:22Z Johnnybam 24488 674243 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''''Mofussil''''' (transl. Rural district) bụ Ihe nkiri ịhụnanya nke asụsụ Tamil nke India nke 2022 nke N. P. Sarathy duziri na Akhil na Sri Divya. Ebe ọ malitere imepụta ihe nkiri ahụ na 2010, ewepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ mgbe afọ iri na abụọ gachara site na YouTube. == Atụmatụ == Ihe nkiri <ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/akhil-plays-a-doting-brother/articleshow/15570361.cms|title=Akhil plays a doting brother|date=21 August 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=11 November 2023|archivedate=11 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111112856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/akhil-plays-a-doting-brother/articleshow/15570361.cms}}</ref> bụ maka ụmụnne abụọ nọ n'ezinụlọ nọ n'ọkwá dị n'etiti. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * Akhil dị ka Surya * Sri Divya dị ka Priya * Pandi dị ka enyi Surya * Manobala dị ka onye uwe ojii * Yogi Babu dị ka enyi Surya * R. N. R. Manohar dị ka onye uwe ojii * Meera Krishnan dị ka nne Surya == Mmepụta == Ihe nkiri ahụ malitere imepụta <ref name="T" />2010 n'okpuru aha ''Nagarpuram'' ma kwesiri igosi mmalite Tamil Sri Divya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/whats-next-for-akhil--news-57427|title=What's next for Akhil?|date=1 June 2010|work=Indiaglitz|accessdate=11 November 2023|archivedate=11 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111112856/https://www.indiaglitz.com/whats-next-for-akhil--news-57427}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-11-02/nagarpuram-10-02-11.html|title=Kalloori actor moves to Nagarpuram|date=10 February 2011|work=Behindwoods|accessdate=11 November 2023|archivedate=15 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715223702/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-11-02/nagarpuram-10-02-11.html}}</ref> sere ihe nkiri ahụ na mbido afọ 2011 n'akụkụ ụlọ Vijayakumar na Chennai. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nagarpuram-post-production-finished-hollywood-news-96604|title=Hollywood » Cinema News » 'Nagarpuram' Post Production Finished 'Nagarpuram' Post Production Finished|date=19 August 2013|work=Indiaglitz|accessdate=11 November 2023|archivedate=11 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111112857/https://www.indiaglitz.com/nagarpuram-post-production-finished-hollywood-news-96604}}</ref> tọhapụghị ihe nkiri ahụ n'agbanyeghị akụkọ na ihe nkiri ahụ ga-ewepụta na Septemba 2013 n'akụkụ nsụgharị Telugu. [1] <ref>{{Cite news|author=Y.S.C.|title=Earning respect|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/earning-respect/article3927740.ece|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/after-prostitution-scandal-controversy-sri-divya-in-trouble-yet-again-417158/|title=After prostitution scandal controversy, Sri Divya in trouble yet again?|first=Subramanian|author=Harikumar|work=[[Bollywood Life]]|date=24 November 2014|accessdate=11 November 2023|archivedate=11 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111112858/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/after-prostitution-scandal-controversy-sri-divya-in-trouble-yet-again-417158/}}</ref>'afọ 2014, ndị na-emepụta ihe nkiri ahụ mere mkpesa nye Nadigar Sangam na Sri Divya "na-ajụ ịgbatị nkwado ya [iji nyere aka wepụta ihe nkiri ahụ] na-ekwu na ọnọdụ ya arịwo elu nke ukwuu". [1] [2] <ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHaWoqNrNKo|title=Mofussil - Full Movie {{!}} NP Sarathy {{!}} Arul Dev {{!}} Akhil Farook {{!}} Sri Divya {{!}} Yogi Babu {{!}} Tamil Movie|date=12 December 2022|work=NMP Movies|accessdate=11 November 2023|archivedate=23 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323011001/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHaWoqNrNKo&ab_channel=NMPMovies}} </ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Raghavan|first=Nikhil|title=The next big thing?|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/interview-with-actor-sri-divya/article6775344.ece|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 January 2015}}</ref> tọhapụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ ruo mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya kpọmkwem site na YouTube na 2022. == Akara ụda == <ref>{{Cite news|author=Gupta|first=Rinku|title=Arul dev returns with 'Nagarpuram'|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/on_stage/article1484304.ece|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=[[New Indian Express]]|date=2 March 2013}}</ref> bụ Aruldev dere egwu ahụ. Na. bụ Yugabharathi, Na dere abụ ndị ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYbJy90hyxc|title=Nagarpuram is a youth-centric story: N.P Sarathy|work=Saregama Tamil|date=6 March 2013|accessdate=11 November 2023|archivedate=11 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111093541/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=AYbJy90hyxc}}</ref>Muthukumar na Jaya Murasu . [1] Nke a bụ ihe nkiri nke abụọ Aruldev rụrụ mgbe ''Potta Potti'' (2011). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/composer-aruldev-tackles-diverse-genres/articleshow/18787414.cms|title=Composer Aruldev tackles diverse genres|date=4 March 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=11 November 2023|archivedate=11 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111113901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/composer-aruldev-tackles-diverse-genres/articleshow/18787414.cms}}</ref> mbido, Hariharan bụrụ abụ maka "Mazhaiye Mazhaiye" (dabere na "I'd Love You to Want Me" nke Lobo), mana mgbe onye nduzi egwu ahụ enweghị afọ ojuju na njikọ olu na ihe ngosi ahụ, Aalap Raju nọchiri ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Lakshmi|first=V.|title=Nagarpuram|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Nagarpuram/articleshow/20363531.cms|accessdate=27 May 2016|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=31 May 2013}}</ref>'ime nyocha egwu nke ihe nkiri ahụ, onye edemede sitere na The Times of India kwuru na ụdaolu atọ n'ime kpakpando ise wee dee na "onye na-ede egwu Arul Dev amụtala eriri nke egwu egwu site na Vidyasagar. Nke a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere egwu niile dị na ''Nagarpuram'' ya, n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ọ na-anwa ịmepụta, ji dị elu na abụ. "   == Edensibia == nlereanya ya ihe nrite maka ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ "dị ka ụzọ isi kwuo ekele". Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwadoro asọmpi ịtụ vootu dabere na ndị na-akwado ya {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/nagarpuram/cast-crew.html ''Nagarpuram''] na FilmibeatIhe nkiri * {{IMDb title|7794032|Nagarpuram}} h1wu56fx4z2ss4w3aj3gir9glbptum8 0 37767 674480 152624 2026-07-09T11:20:48Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 674480 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}}   '''Nabil Ayush''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1969) bụ onye nduzi telivishọn na ihe nkiri nke Franco-Moroccan, onye na-emepụta ihe, na onye edemede. E gosipụtara ihe nkiri ya na mmemme ihe nkiri mba ụwa gụnyere Cannes Film Festival na Montreal World Film Festival. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Ayouch na 1969 na Paris, nna Moroccan, Noureddine Ayouch na nne French nke ndị Tunisian-Jewish. Nwanne ya nwoke bụ onye nduzi ibe ya Hicham Ayouch. Mgbe ndị mụrụ ya gbara alụkwaghịm, ọ nọrọ akụkụ dị ukwuu nke nwata ya na mpaghara Sarcelles, <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Creutz|first=Norbert|date=2016-03-08|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain|language=fr|work=[[Le Temps]]|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|accessdate=2020-08-10}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Benbachir|first=Simo|date=2019-06-03|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé|language=fr|work=Morocco Jewish Times|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|accessdate=2020-08-10}}</ref> na-eleta Casablanca n'oge ọkọchị. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|accessdate=2021-06-21|work=english.alaraby.co.uk/|date=December 2017|language=en}}</ref> Ayouch kwuru <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|accessdate=2021-06-21|work=english.alaraby.co.uk/|date=December 2017|language=en}}</ref> ọ chọpụtara ihe nkiri mba ụwa na ebe ọdịnala dị n'ógbè ahụ, Forum des Cholettes, bụ ihe na-akpali ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya. == Ọrụ ihe nkiri == Ayouch malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye edemede na onye nduzi na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Euro-RSCG. N'afọ 1992, o duziri Les Pierres bleues du désert, ihe nkiri mkpirikpi mbụ ya na [[Jamel Debbouze]] nke na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nwa okorobịa kwenyesiri ike na e nwere nnukwu nkume na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ọzara. N'afọ 1993, Ayourch mechara biri na Casablanca, ebe o duziri ihe nkiri abụọ dị mkpirikpi, Hertzienne Connexion (1993) na Vendeur de silence (1994), nke o nwetara nkwado mba ụwa. N'afọ 1997, Ayouch duziri ihe nkiri mbụ ya bụ ''Mektoub'', nke nọchitere anya Morocco na Oscars. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nabil Ayouch|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0043953/bio|accessdate=2020-12-02|work=IMDb}}</ref> duziri ihe nkiri Une Minute de soleil en moins (2003) na Whatever Lola Wants (2008), nke Pathé mepụtara. <ref name=":1" />'afọ 1999, Ayouch mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe a na-akpọ Ali n'Productions iji nyere ndị nduzi na-eto eto aka ịmalite ọrụ ha. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Goodman|first=Sarah|date=2019-03-17|title=Behind the Silver Screen: A Conversation with Morocco's Nabil Ayouch|language=en-US|work=[[Morocco World News]]|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/03/268179/screen-morocco-nabil-ayouch/|accessdate=2020-08-10}}</ref> meriri Ecumenical Award na 2000 na Montreal World Film Festival maka ihe nkiri ya ''Ali Zaoua: Prince of the Streets'' . [1] Ayouch <ref>[http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/20375 Bloody Baby a Hallucination? First Images From 'Mirages'!]</ref>-emepụta ihe nkiri na-akpali akpali nke France na Morocco bụ Mirages . [1] Ihe nkiri Ayouch nke afọ 2012 bụ Horses of God dabeere na akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Mahi Binebine]] bụ The Stars of Sidi Moumen . Na Horses of God, Ayouch na-enyocha oke nke nwere ike ịpụta site na ịda ogbenye na oke machismo, na-ezo aka na bọmbụ 2003 Casablanca. Ihe nkiri ahụ sonyere <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/gods-horses-cannes-festival-review-326826|title=God's Horses: Cannes Review|accessdate=2012-05-19|work=Hollywood Reporter|date=19 May 2012}}</ref> ngalaba Un Certain Regard na 2012 Cannes Film Festival . <ref name="Official Selection">{{Cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/58878.html|title=2012 Official Selection|accessdate=2012-05-19|work=Cannes}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa ntinye aka nke Morocco maka 85th Academy Awards (nke emere na Febụwarị 2013). N'afọ 2021, a họpụtara ihe nkiri Ayouch bụ ''Casablanca Beats'' maka asọmpi Cannes Film Festival nke iri asaa na anọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Orlando Parfitt2021-06-03T08:31:00+01:00|title=Cannes reveals 2021 Official Selection|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/cannes-reveals-2021-official-selection/5160203.article|accessdate=2021-06-21|work=Screen|language=en}}</ref> Ayouch bụ onye otu Academy of Motion Pictures, Académie des Césars, na Arab Film Academy . <ref name=":1" /> == Arụmụka == Ihe nkiri Ayouch bụ Much Loved, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na Marrakech kpatara ọgba aghara n'ihi ihe nkiri mmekọahụ ya na-enweghị atụ. Ihe omuma nke ihe nkiri a nwere ihe omuma nke fellatio na-enweghị isi nke a na-etinyeghị na mbipụta ikpeazụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ. Na mgbakwunye na ndị e bepụrụ n'oge edezi (gụnyere ndị nke fellatio dị na mbipụta mbụ a na-akparaghị ókè na nke a na-enyochaghị ókè), a ka nwere ihe nkiri mmekọahụ a na-ejighị n'aka nke fọdụrụ na fim ahụ nke na-egosi Yousuf Al Idrissi na-abanye n'ime ezigbo Loubna Abidar. <ref>https://m.imdb.com/title/tt4685750/trivia/?item=tr5895431&ref_=ext_shr_lnk</ref><ref>https://m.imdb.com/title/tt4685750/trivia/?item=tr7276860&ref_=ext_shr_lnk,</ref><ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/05/159380/banning-much-loved-is-a-sovereign-decision-minister</ref> mechara machibido ihe nkiri ahụ iwu na Morocco. == Ndụ onwe onye == == Ihe nkiri == === Dị ka onye nduzi === * <nowiki><i id="mwag">Nkume Na-acha Ọzara</i></nowiki> (1992) * ''Mektoub'' (1997) * Ali Zaoua, nwa eze nke okporo ámá (2000) a.k.a. ''Ali Zaoua: Prince of the Streets'' (USA) * <nowiki><i id="mwdA"><i id="mwdQ">Otu nkeji nke Anyanwụ</i></nowiki> na-erughị<nowiki></i></nowiki> (2003) (TV) a.k.a. A Minute of Sun Less (International: English title) * ''Ihe ọ bụla Lola chọrọ'' (2007) * ''Ịnyịnya nke Chineke'' (2012) * A hụrụ ya n'anya nke ukwuu (2015) * ''Mwakpo'' (2017) * ''Casablanca Beats'' (2021) === Dị ka onye edemede === * ''Nkume Na-acha Ọzara'' (1992) * ''Mektoub'' (1997) * Ali Zaoua, nwa eze nke okporo ámá (2000) a.k.a. ''Ali Zaoua: Prince of the Streets'' (USA) * ''''Otu nkeji nke Anyanwụ'' na-erughị'' (2003) (TV) a.k.a. A Minute of Sun Less (International: English title) * Whatever Lola Wants (2007) nke ya na Jane Hawksley dere * The ''Blue Caftan'' (2023) nke ya na Maryam Touzani jikọrọ aka dee === Dị ka onye na-emepụta === * 2000: ''Ali Zaoua: Prince of the Streets'' (onye na-emepụta ihe) * 2006: ''Tiwarga'' (ihe nkiri TV) * 2006: Obi''Ọnụ Obi'' * 2008: ''Huti Huta'' (Ihe nkiri TV) * 2010: The Team (TV Series) * 2010: ''Al ferka'' (Ihe nkiri TV) * 2010: ''3ichk al baroud 2010'' (ihe nkiri TV) * 2010: Mirages''Ebe a na-enyocha ya'' * 2011: My Land (Ihe ndekọ) * 2011: ''Zinat Al Hayat'' (TV Series) (onye na-emepụta ihe) * 2012: ''Mgbe ha na-ehi ụra'' (Nkebi) * 2012: ''Ịnyịnya nke Chineke'' * 2013: Une bonne leçon (TV Movie) (usoro mmepụta: Morocco) * 2013: ''Ha bụ nkịta...'' * 2015: A hụrụ ya n'anya nke ukwuu''Onye A Na-ahụ N'anya nke ukwuu'' * 2015: ''Aji-Bi'' (Ihe ndekọ) * 2015: All Three of Us (onye na-emepụta akara: Morocco) * 2015: ''Aya Na-aga n'ụsọ osimiri'' (Nkebi) * 2017: Mmiri ozuzo''Mmiri ozuzo nke ọsụsọ'' * 2017: ''Zwaj El Waqt'' (ihe nkiri TV) * 2019: ''Wadrari'' (Ihe ndekọ) * 2019: ''Adam'' * 2023: ''Blue Caftan'' == Ihe ịchọ mma == * Chevalier nke Order of Arts and Letters (2015) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturecommunication.gouv.fr/Ministere/Services-rattaches-a-la-ministre/Section-des-distinctions-honorifiques/Arretes-de-Nominations-dans-l-ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres/Nomination-dans-l-ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres-juillet-2015|title=Nomination dans l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres juillet 2015 - Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication|accessdate=2016-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424184222/http://www.culturecommunication.gouv.fr/Ministere/Services-rattaches-a-la-ministre/Section-des-distinctions-honorifiques/Arretes-de-Nominations-dans-l-ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres/Nomination-dans-l-ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres-juillet-2015|archivedate=2016-04-24}}</ref> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Jonathan Smolin, "Nabil Ayouch: Transgression, Identity, and Difference" na: Josef Gugler (ed.), Ten Arab Filmmakers: Political Dissent and Social Critique, Indiana University Press, 2015, , peeji nke 214-244  == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0043953}} {{Nabil Ayouch}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f2bva67vx720gb89u9d5w8xvev3mg0e 0 37769 674482 152626 2026-07-09T11:23:01Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 674482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=Nabil Ben Yadir (2021).jpg|caption=Ben Yadir at the [[Film Fest Ghent|2021 Film Fest Ghent]]}} '''Nabil Ben Yadir''' (amụrụ na 24 Febụwarị 1979) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri Beljọm, onye edemede na onye na-emepụta ihe. == Ọrụ == Ben Yadir mere ihe ngosi izizi ya na 2009 na The Barons, nke ya na Laurent Brandenbourger na Sébastien Fernandez dekwara. A họpụtara ihe nkiri ahụ maka Magritte Awards isii, gụnyere Best Director na Best Screenplay . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Les Magritte du cinema 2011: les nominés|url=http://www.lesmagritteducinema.be/nominees.php?lang=fr&edition=2011|publisher=Académie André Delvaux|accessdate=10 January 2014|language=French|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205153254/http://www.lesmagritteducinema.be/nominees.php?lang=fr&edition=2011|archivedate=5 February 2018}}</ref>E gosipụtara ihe ngosi ya nke abụọ, The Marchers, na asọmpi gọọmentị na Cannes. <ref name="variety">{{Cite news|author=Dale|first=Martin|title=Belgian Director Nabil Ben Yadir Preps ‘Blind Spot’|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/international/belgian-director-nabil-ben-yadir-preps-blind-spot-1200916642/|accessdate=14 April 2014|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=3 December 2013}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDale2013">Dale, Martin (3 December 2013). [https://variety.com/2013/film/international/belgian-director-nabil-ben-yadir-preps-blind-spot-1200916642/ "Belgian Director Nabil Ben Yadir Preps 'Blind Spot'"]. ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> maka ihe egwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Blind Spot (''Dode Hoek''), nke e mere megide nkewa Flemish-French nke Belgium, malitere n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2014. [1] Tupu ọ bụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Ben Yadir rụrụ ọrụ na usoro mgbakọ maka Volkswagen. Ọ nọrọ "ọnwa ole na ole na-eme otu ihe ahụ". Nke <ref name="variety" /> metụtara nhọrọ ya ịhọrọ ụdị dị iche iche maka ihe nkiri ya ọ bụla: "Ugbu a, ana m ejide n'aka na m na-ewere ihe ịma aka ọhụrụ mgbe niile ma nabata ụzọ ọhụrụ". Ben Yadir nwere ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe nkiri a na-akpọ L'Antilope Joyeuse . <ref name="variety" /> Ihe nkiri <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allocine.fr/article/fichearticle_gen_carticle=1000012205.html|title=Animals: la scène la plus insoutenable de l'année au service d'un film choc sur un terrible fait divers|work=AlloCiné|first=Vincent|author=Formica|date=15 February 2023|accessdate=22 February 2023|language=French}}</ref> ọzọ, Animals (2021), dabeere na ogbugbu e gburu nwoke idina nwoke Ihsane Jarfi na 2012. == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ihe nkiri !Afọ !Aha ya ! class="unsortable" |Onyinye ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2009 |''<nowiki><i id="mwOA">Ndị Baron</i></nowiki>'' (Les Barons) <br /> |Onye nduzi / Onye edemede |Marrakech International Film Festival Special Jury AwardNominated - Magritte Award for Best FilmNominated- Magritte Award maka Best DirectorNominated<br /><br /><br />Ihe nrite Magritte maka ihe nkiri kacha mma |- |2013 |''Ndị Na-aga <nowiki><i id="mwSA">Njem</i></nowiki>'' (La Marche) <br /> |Onye nduzi / Onye edemede |Nominated - Lumières Award for Best ScreenplayNominated - Magritte Award for Best FilmNominated- Magritte Award maka Best DirectorNominated: Magritte Award para Best Screenplay<br /><br /><br />Ihe nrite Magritte maka ihe nkiri kacha mma |- |2017 |Ebe a na-adịghị ahụ anya (''Dode Hoek'') <br /> |Onye nduzi/onye edemede/onye mmepụta |A họpụtara ya - Ihe nrite Magritte maka ihe nkiri kacha mma A họpụtara - Ihe nrite Magritte maka onye nduzi kacha mma<br /> |- |2021 |''Anụmanụ'' |Onye nduzi/onye edemede/onye mmepụta |Nominated - Magritte Award maka Best FilmNominated - Marritte Award maka Kasị Mma DirectorNominated: Magritte Award for Best Screenplay<br /><br />Ihe nrite Magritte maka ihe nkiri kacha mma |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|1616394}} * {{Cite news|author=Bouras|first=Dimitra|title=Nabil Ben Yadir|url=http://cineuropa.org/ff.aspx?t=ffocusinterview&l=en&tid=2042&did=114144|accessdate=15 April 2014|work=Cinergie|date=22 October 2009}}metụtara nhọrọ ya ịhọrọ ụdị dị iche iche maka ihe nkiri ya ọ bụla: "Ugbu a, ana m ejide n'aka na m na-ewere ihe ịma aka ọ [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] do0ozlyd0tzzjf3igr1qyy1odx5163h 0 37847 674097 152774 2026-07-08T14:35:00Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Ndụ */ fixed reference 674097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=N'Diagne Adechoubou|birth_date=7 November 1959|nationality=Beninese|occupation=Film Director and Producer}} <ref name="FESPACO">{{Cite book|author=FESPACO|title=Les cinémas d'Afrique: dictionnaire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61Ol3PLhYhsC&pg=PA21|year=2000|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-84586-060-5|chapter=Adechoubou, N'Diagne}}</ref>'''N'Diagne Adechoubou''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1959) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri na Benin. == Ndụ == A mụrụ N'Diagne Adechoubou na 7 Nọvemba 1959. <ref>[https://dirigeants.bfmtv.com/N-diagne-ADECHOUBOU-3542869/ N'diagne ADECHOUBOU]</ref> bụ onye njikwa nke Akangbe Productions, nke e guzobere na 1992. <ref name="Pfaff2004">{{Cite book|author=Françoise Pfaff|title=Focus on African Films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjqh7O99pv0C&pg=PA261|year=2004|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-21668-0|pages=261–}}</ref>'afọ ndị 1980 Adechoubou gara Cuba iji mee ihe nkiri banyere onye na-ese ihe Afro-Cuban Manuel Mendive, na-achọpụta ihe ndị dị na omenala Yoruba nke ya na ndị ohu Africa gara Cuba. Ihe ngosi banyere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Autonomous nke Cotonou, nke e mepụtara na France na mbido afọ 1990, [1] mesiri ike ike ike ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. <ref name="HoungnikpoDecalo2013">{{Cite book|author=Mathurin C. Houngnikpo|title=Historical Dictionary of Benin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yGPTsRubWEC&pg=PA165|year=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-7171-7}}</ref> Adechoubou rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-ese ihe nkiri n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Congo [[Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda]] duziri. <ref name="StefansonPetty2014">{{Cite book|author=Blandine Stefanson|title=Directory of World Cinema Africa: Directory of World Cinema Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1RiCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|year=2014|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=978-1-78320-391-8|pages=93–4}}</ref> bụ onye na-emepụta ''Afro@Digital'', ihe ngosi na-enyocha etu esi eji teknụzụ dijitalụ eme ihe n'Africa. == Ihe nkiri == ; Dị ka onye nduzi * ''Pont-Neuf n'ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri'' Ihe omuma. * Psychose d'amour et de guerre [Psychosis of love and war]. Ihe omuma. * ''Manuel Mendive ma ọ bụ mmụọ ihe osise Yoruba'' [Manuel Mendive or the Yoruba pictorial spirit]. Ihe omuma di mkpirikpi, 1987. * Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Autonome nke Cotonou [Ọdụ Ụgbọ mmiri Autonome of Cotonou]. Ihe omuma di nma, 1993. * Zinsou, le grand témoin [Zinsou, nnukwu onye akaebe]. Ihe omuma ogologo oge, 2013. ; Dị ka onye na-emepụta * ''Watt'' Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi nke [[Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda]] duziri, 1999. * ''Isiokwu 15 bis''. Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi nke Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda duziri, 2000. * ''Afro@Digital''. Ihe omuma di nma nke Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda duziri, 2002. * ''Ụlọ Ọrụ Juju'' Ihe nkiri ogologo oge nke Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda duziri, 2005. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|11699514}} * [[Africultures]].com/personnes/?no=11083" id="mwew" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ndiagne Adechoubou na Africa ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-ese ihe nkiri n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Congo Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda duziri [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8tw472c1foqsvl4llgtxueb4skt3jhu 0 38160 674161 213911 2026-07-08T15:15:46Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Nnakwere */ fixed reference 674161 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |N'ịchọ Voodoo: Mgbọrọgwụ gaa Eluigwe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<div class="infobox-caption">Ihe ngosi mgbasa ozi</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Nke onye nduzi | class="infobox-data" |[[Djimon Hounsou]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edere ya | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Djimon Hounsou * Douglas Thompson </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Mepụtara site na | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Djimon Hounsou * Eric McGaw </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ihe nkiri | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Kwaku Altson * Polo Orisha </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edere site na | class="infobox-data" |Douglas Thompson |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Ntụrụndụ Fanaticus</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ụbọchị a tọhapụrụ ya</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 10 Machị 2018 <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2018-03-10</span>)&nbsp;</span> (US) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Oge ịgba ọsọ</div> | class="infobox-data" |Nkeji iri isii na ise |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Benin]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Asụsụ | class="infobox-data" |Bekee |} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theyoungfolks.com/film/118875/in-search-of-voodoo-roots-to-heaven-documentary-feature/|title=In Search of Voodoo: Roots to Heaven – Documentary Feature|author=Clarke|first=Harry|date=3 April 2018|work=The Young Folks|accessdate=20 October 2020}}</ref> Search of Voodoo: Roots to Heaven bụ ihe nkiri akụkọ ndụ [[Benin|Ndị Benin]] nke afọ 2018 nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Djimon Hounsou duziri, na nke mbụ ya. Ihe nkiri <ref name="Lodge 2018">{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/in-search-of-voodoo-roots-to-heaven-review-1202723674/|title=Miami Film Review: 'In Search of Voodoo: Roots to Heaven'|author=Lodge|first=Guy|date=12 March 2018|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=20 October 2020}}</ref> dabeere na ihe mere eme n'ezie site na ndụ Hounsou ma lekwasị anya n'akụkọ onwe onye, ọdịbendị, na nke ime mmụọ nke Voodoo na West Africa. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Dorsey|first=Lilith|date=2020|title=Orishas, Goddesses, and Voodoo Queens: The Divine Feminine in the African Religious Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JjUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|publisher=[[Weiser Books]]|pages=88–89|isbn=978-1578636952}}</ref>'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara emume abụọ na-asọpụrụ mmụọ mmiri Mami Wata na Grand-Popo, Benin. == Nnyocha mba ụwa == * 10 Maachị 2018 – Miami International Film Festival (mgbasa ozi ụwa) * 10 na 12 June 2018 - Zanzibar International Film Festival * Febụwarị 16, 2019 – Ememme ihe nkiri Black Toronto<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://torontoblackfilm.com/movie/in-search-of-voodoo-roots-to-heaven/|title='In Search of Voodoo: Roots to Heaven' By Djimon Hounsou|work=TorontoBlackFilm.com|accessdate=20 October 2020}}</ref> * 9 February 2018 – Pan African Film Festival * Maachị 9, 2019 – Ememme Nkiri Ọhụrụ nke Africa == Nnakwere == Guy Lodge nke Variety dere , "ọ bụrụ na [In Search of Voodoo: Roots to Heaven] nwere akụkụ ole na ole a na-edozighị edozi, ọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe doro anya maka nyocha zuru oke nke isiokwu ya: Na-arụ ọrụ n'ime site na njikọ onwe ya na West African Voodooism ruo na ọmụmụ sara mbara nke ọdịbendị ọ zụlitere gafee diaspora, ihe nkiri a dị nkeji 65 bụ ihe doro anya ma bụrụ ihe dị nso n'ụlọ, mana ọ nwere ike iguzo nyocha anthropological na anya karịa. " == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == nwere akụkụ ole na ole a na-edozighị edozi, ọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe doro anya maka nyocha zuru oke nke isiokwu ya: Na-arụ ọrụ n'ime site na njikọ onwe ya na * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị (echekwara site na [http://www.insearchofvoodoo.com/ nke mbụ] na 2 Ọgọst 2018) * {{IMDb title|tt5852022}} * N'ịchọ Voodoo: Mgbọrọgwụ gaa EluigwenaTomato rere ure rfk30qzmk1m0iagscuk65mtjnoue4sh 0 38207 674483 153368 2026-07-09T11:23:27Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674483 wikitext text/x-wiki . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-10|title=Mohamed Akotey, l'homme dans l'ombre de la libération de Lazarevic|url=https://www.europe1.fr/international/Mohamed-Akotey-l-homme-dans-l-ombre-de-la-liberation-de-Lazarevic-700166|accessdate=2023-12-05|work=Europe 1|language=fr}}</ref>A mini Akotey gburugburu 1967 n'ime obodo Tidene, dị n'ebe ugwu Agadez .  [1] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ gbasara ala na Niamey, ma mechaa, ka ọ malite nkà ihe ochie na Mahadum Sorbonne. . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Niger : Mohamed Akotey, profession négociateur – Jeune Afrique|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/135546/politique/niger-mohamed-akotey-profession-n-gociateur/|accessdate=2023-12-05|work=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR}}</ref>Na Disemba 15, 1995, nwanne nna ya Mano Dayak, onye isi nke Temous Liberation Front, nwụrụ n'ihe ụgbọ elu n'oge nnupụisi Tuareg .  [1] Ezin mmetụta ya gbara Akotey ume ka o duo Coordination of Armed Resistance, otu ndị ọzọ Tuareg na--iche ndị nke Dayak na-edu nke akpọ TLF.  [1] N'adịghị ka Dayak, Otú ọ dị, Akotey sonyeere na mkparita uka nke ike ma me ike Rhissa Ag Boula, onye ndu Tuareg ọzọ nke nwere ikike na Dayak . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Guichaoua|first=Yvan|date=February 26, 2010|title=Circumstantial Alliances and Loose Loyalties in Rebellion Making: The Case of Tuareg Insurgency in Northern Niger (2007-2009)|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1559196|accessdate=December 5, 2023|work=MICROCON Research}}</ref>Mamadou Tandja mgbaàmà Akotey onye minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ogbo megide Desertification Niger na 2007 .<ref name=":1" />Na 2008, Akotey gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya ka ọ oga oche nke ndị isi oche nke Imouraren SA, bụ nke na-achịkwa ogbunigwe Imouraren .  [1] N'afọ 2010, Salou Djibo nyere Akotey n'aka ichebe ntọhapụ nke ndị Arlit a tọọrọ na September 16, 2010. [1] Ụbọchị a gara n'okpuru n'okpuru Issoufou .  Akotey nyere aka hapụ ndị ejidere na October 27, 2013, mgbe ya na onye ndu jihadist Ibrahim Ag Inawalen gbasịrị.  [2] Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ndị Arlit njide, Akotey tọrọ ntọhapụ nke Serge Lazarevic, onye a tọọ na Mali na 2012 [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hhzblot3cywq1v12h321aqigjol0a9d 0 38636 674115 154183 2026-07-08T14:44:56Z Senator Choko 13011 /* ndabere na ọrụ */ 674115 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="women-ruling-journalism">{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200702260564.html|title=Nigeria: Women are Ruling Journalism in Nigeria today|first=Moji|author=Makanjuola|date=25 February 2007}}</ref>Moji Makanjuola ( MFR ) bụ onye Naijiria, onye ode faịlụ ochie na onye mgbasa ozi.  [1] [2] Ọ bụbu onye isi oche nke "Nigerian Association of Women Journalist (NAWOJ) na ịhụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=10416|title=Moji makanjuola: I never lied for government – The Sun News|work=The Sun News|accessdate=30 September 2014}}</ref> == ndabere na ọrụ == Moji Makanjuola, onye nta ndị , ngwaọrụ na Kwara Steeti bụ otu n'ime ndị nta mgbasa ozi , bụ ndị nyere aka n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ịkwalite na nke akwụkwọ na-ede na Naijiria akwụkwọ n'ịmụ akwụkwọ ,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://royaltimes.net/more/health/first-lady-pledges-increased-advocacy-for-womens-health/|title=First Lady pledges increased advocacy for women's health|publisher=|accessdate=30 September 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140930113909/http://royaltimes.net/more/health/first-lady-pledges-increased-advocacy-for-womens-health/|archivedate=30 September 2014}}</ref> .Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi na UN Women, [1] bụ onye rụkwara ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afụ na Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) ebe o rutere n'ọkwa onye isi egwuregwu na oche nwoke na-achọ tupu ọ laa ezumike nká.  . Makanjuola bụkwa onye isi ngalaba nke Presentation na Reportorial nke NTA n'etiti 1980 na 1985. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) dị ka onye isi ọsụ ụzọ na Health and Gender Desk, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na NTA na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theafricanstorychallengejudging.org/the-challenge-judges/|title=The Challenge Judges - the African Story Challenge|accessdate=2014-10-06|archivedate=2014-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074716/http://www.theafricanstorychallengejudging.org/the-challenge-judges/}}</ref> Makanjuola bụkwa onye na-ese sinima na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Bronz na Onyx, ụlọ ọrụ nkwukọrịta ahịa na atụmatụ agbakwunyere. <ref name="women-ruling-journalism" /> Ọ bụbu onye isi otu oge ndị otu ndị nta okpukpe na Naijiria (NAWOJ).  [1] Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ, Health Journalism: A Journey with Moji Makanjuola, nke ewepụtara na December 2012. [2] Na 29 September 2014, Aunty Moji, dị ka a na-akpọ ya nke ọma, so na ndị Naijiria 305 a  ma ama bụ ndị Onye isi ala Goodluck Ebele Jonathan nke Naijiria nyere ya mere obodo. A kọrọ na Makanjuola n'otu oge ka o jiri akọ na-akọ akụkọ ya dozie echiche nke ndị na-atụ ọgwụ mgbochi na mba ahụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/worlds-best-shot-Moji-Makanjuola/|title=How One Journalist Used Her Reporting Skills to Convert Vaccine Skeptics in Nigeria}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] q00yt31hc8p0hllv3fro4nkr25vhoqs 0 38660 674282 642361 2026-07-08T20:57:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674282 wikitext text/x-wiki     {{Databox}}'''Eleanor Nwadinobi''' bụ dọkịta Naijiria na onye na-akwado ahụike ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/eleanor-nwadinobi-fighting-for-nigerian-women-s-rights-to-health-and-protection|title=Eleanor Nwadinobi, fighting for Nigerian women's rights to health and protection|work=www.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1310121-buhari-receives-president-international-women-organisation.html|title=Buhari receives president of international women organisation|author=Adegun|first=Aanu|date=2020-03-10|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-11|archivedate=2021-08-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824165035/https://www.legit.ng/1310121-buhari-receives-president-international-women-organisation.html}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Naijiria mbụ a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi otu Medical Women International Association . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/doctors-protest-stripping-of-colleague-naked-in-abuja/|title=Doctors protest stripping of colleague naked in Abuja|work=Punch Newspapers|date=16 January 2020|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1309705-eleanor-nwadinobi-meet-woman-fighting-tirelessly-womens-rights.html|title=Nigerian Nwadinobi is head of 100-yr-old int'l group fighting for women's rights|author=Omotayo|first=Joseph|date=2020-03-09|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-11}}</ref> == ndabere == Nna Eleanor bụ onye [[Ȯra Abia|Abia State]], Nigeria, ma nne ya bụ onye [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]] . Ha abụọ zutere na [[London|Lọndọn]] mgbe nna ya na-agụ ọgwụ anụmanụ na Mahadum London na nne ya n'oge ahụ na-azụ ọzụzụ ịbụ nọọsụ. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche n'ihi ọrụ nna ya na nkwụsị nke [[Nigerian Civil War|agha obodo Naijiria]] . Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Queen, Enugwu; Ụlọ akwụkwọ Saint Louis Grammar, Ibadan; na International School, University of Ibadan. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta mbụ ya na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum Naijiria, Nsukka]] . Ọ nwetara nzere masta na ikike mmadụ na European Inter-University Center dị na Venice, Italy. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/i-was-charmed-by-my-husbands-focus-humility-nwadinobi-medical-womens-international-association-president-elect/|title=I was charmed by my husband's focus, humility–Nwadinobi, Medical Women's International Association President-elect|work=Punch Newspapers|date=24 August 2019|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-11}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-edeba aha anestetiiki na UK. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọgwụ n'okpuru South East Kent Health Authority, gụnyere Dover, Folkestone na Ashford. <ref name=":0"/> Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na òtù ndị ruuru mmadụ iji kwado megide idina mmadụ n'ike, [[Ibe nwaanyị ugwu|FGM]] na omume ime ihe ike ndị ọzọ megide ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/02/foundation-adopts-entertainment-tackle-fgm/|title=Foundation adopts entertainment to tackle FGM|date=2018-02-07|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-11}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Windows Development Organisation. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/06/violence-is-a-public-health-emergency-dr-nwadinobi/|title=Violence is a public health emergency — Dr Nwadinobi|date=2019-06-20|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/07/not-yet-uhuru-with-widows-rights-eleanor-nwadinobi/|title=Not Yet Uhuru with Widows' Rights - Eleanor Nwadinobi|date=2012-07-26|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-11}}</ref> Ọ bụ/bụ onye so na kọmitii na-ahụ maka Nkwekọrịta Nwanyị ọ bụla bụ nke kwadoro iwu mmachibido iwu ime ihe ike megide mmadụ bụ nke ewepụtara gụnyere ntaramahụhụ maka omume ọdịnala na-emerụ ahụ megide ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/science-health/activists-campaign-treaty-end-violence-against-women|title=Activists Campaign for Treaty to End Violence Against Women {{!}} Voice of America - English|work=www.voanews.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/activists-campaign-for-treaty-to-end-violence-against-women/2019/03/04/1f7be3d4-3ef1-11e9-85ad-779ef05fd9d8_story.html|title=Activists campaign for treaty to end violence against women|author=AP|first=Edith M. Lederer {{!}}|work=Washington Post|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-11}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nwadinobi, Eleanor}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ezcjhcamens54x558rk485lgk3uczo2 0 38798 674377 624428 2026-07-09T06:59:50Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674377 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oriṣabunmi in traditional attire.jpg|thumb|Oriṣabunmi]]   Folake Aremu {{Audio|Yo-Folake Aremu.ogg|Audio}} Listen (help·info) (10 October 1960 – 5 Jenuarrị 2021), nke a ma ama dị ka Orisabunmi Listen (help·info) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-abia.  A mara ya maka ọrụ dị ka onye, ​​onye udo, onye amoosu ọcha ma ọ bụ ezigbo amoosu na ụfọdụ ihe nkiri ya.  [1] A na-ewere Aremu ka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị Yoruba kacha nwee ike.  [2] A nchọpụta ya maka ihe nrite onye na-eme ihe nkiri a na-achọkarị mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 2021 NET Honours.  [3] Ọ nwụrụ na 5 Jenụwarị 2021 n'ihe obibi ya nke Ibadan<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-06|title=Veteran yoruba actress Orisabunmi dies at 60|url=https://punchng.com/veteran-yoruba-actress-orisabunmi-dies-at-60/|accessdate=2022-10-06|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Remains of late veteran actress Orisabunmi laid to rest - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/01/19/remains-of-late-veteran-actress-orisabunmi-laid-to-rest/|accessdate=2022-10-06|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Folake Aremu bụ onye Olla, Kwara State, Nigeria wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Ilu Ola na ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa, Eruku <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Tribune|date=2021-01-10|title=Death, again, decimates art house|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/death-again-decimates-art-house/|accessdate=2022-10-06|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ == . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Ripples|date=2021-01-06|title=12 things you may not know about late Orisabunmi, ‘The White Witch’ of Yoruba movies|url=https://www.ripplesnigeria.com/12-things-you-may-not-know-about-late-orisabunmi-the-white-witch-of-yoruba-movies/|accessdate=2022-10-06|work=Latest Nigeria News {{!}} Top Stories from Ripples Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref>Folake Aremu bụ onye nkuzi afọ ma emechaa bụ ụlọ na Sunny Radio dị na Ilorin, tupu ọ banye n'ihe ọrụ nkiri.  Jimoh Aliu nke a dị ka Aworo bụ onye pịa ya na ihe nkiri n'afọ 1980. N'oge na-enweghị anya, ọ pụtara ịpụta na fim nke Aworo mere.  O bu ụzọ n'egwu egwuregwu a na-akpọ Ori Ma Binu.  O wee bụrụ onye ama site na ọrụ ya na Arelu dị ka Orisabunmi (nke ntụgharị n'ụzọ dị ka ndị sitere na chi) na 1987 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Reporter|date=2021-01-06|title=Life And Times Of Orisabunmi|url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/life-and-times-of-orisabunmi/|accessdate=2022-10-06|work=City People Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Samuel|first=Mofijesusewa|date=2022-01-06|title=Orisabunmi: Everything You Need To Know About The Good Witch Of Yoruba Film.|url=https://thenet.ng/orisabunmi-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-good-witch-of-yoruba-film/|accessdate=2022-10-06|work=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Jimoh Aliu afọ isii ka ha zutere ma mechaa gbaa alụkwaghịm. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Akinwale|first=Funsho|date=2014-06-07|title=Popular Yoruba actress, Orisabunmi, resurfaces -|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/popular-yoruba-actress-orisabunmi-resurfaces/|accessdate=2022-10-06|work=The Eagle Online|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ ọnwa anọ ka di ya bụbu Aworo nwụsịrị na 5 Jenụwarị 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Odunsi|first=Wale|date=2021-01-06|title=Veteran actress, Orisabunmi is dead|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/01/06/veteran-actress-orisabunmi-is-dead/|accessdate=2022-10-06|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-20|title=Though we separated, Jimoh Aliu was good to me –Orisabunmi|url=https://punchng.com/though-we-separated-jimoh-aliu-was-good-to-me-orisabunmi/|accessdate=2022-10-06|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Akande|first=Araayo|date=2021-01-07|title=Orisabunmi: Giftee of the gods returns home|url=https://www.theculturenewspaper.com/orisabunmi-giftee-of-the-gods-returns-home/|accessdate=2022-10-06|work=The Culture Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:1960 births]] 7csp321sqqwihkclgsg292rzvkg9a2z 0 39037 674314 642217 2026-07-08T22:39:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674314 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Emelda Aluoch Okiro''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1977) bụ onye [[Kenya]] na-eme nchọpụta banyere ahụike ọha na eze bụ onye na-eduzi Ngalaba Ahụike Ndị Mmadụ na mmemme Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust na Kenya. Ọ na-achọ ịghọta ihe na-ekpebi mgbanwe ahụike na ịtụle ịnweta ozi ahụike. Ọ bụ onye otu African Academy of Sciences. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-06|title=DR EMELDA OKIRO: Pioneer of the saliva test|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/dr-emelda-okiro-pioneer-of-the-saliva-test--1307990|accessdate=2022-11-19|work=The East African|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Okiro|first=Emelda A.|date=2012-12-26|title=The Incidence and Clinical Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Identified through Hospital Outpatient Presentations in Kenyan Children|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=12|pages=e52520|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0052520|pmid=23300695|issn=1932-6203}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Emelda Okiro {{!}} LINK malaria|url=https://web-archive.lshtm.ac.uk/www.linkmalaria.org/emelda-okiro.html|accessdate=2022-11-19|work=web-archive.lshtm.ac.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Health Service Provision in Kenya: Assessing Facility Capacity, Costs of Care, and Patient Perspecti by Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation - Issuu|url=https://issuu.com/ihme/docs/abce_kenya_full_report_2014|accessdate=2022-11-19|work=issuu.com|date=2 October 2014|language=en}}</ref>A mụrụ Okiro na Kenya, otu n'ime ụmụnne itoolu.Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Nairobi na Kitale.Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum Egerton,ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na biochemistry na chemistry.Ọ gụchara nyocha nke doctoral n'etiti Mahadum Open na Mahadum Warwick, na-amụ nje syncytial iku ume (RSV) yana otu esi ebufe ya n'ụlọ na obodo.Ọ chịkọtara data na Kilifi, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ puku ụmụ ọhụrụ iri abụọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ kwa afọ site na oyi baa na-akpata RSV.O gosiri na e nwere ike iji ihe atụ saliva mee nchọpụta RSV, nke ga-ezere mkpa ọbara maka ihe atụ.Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara mmụta doctorate, ọ kwagara mahadum dị na Nairobi, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ịba.Ọ mụtara ka plasmodium falciparum si dị iche na saịtị nwere ọrịa ịba dị iche iche.Ọ kwagara na mahadum Washington institute for Health metrics and evaluation, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Access, Bottlenecks, Costs and Equity (ABCE). == Nnyocha na ọrụ == Okiro rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ mmemme na Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, ebe ọ nọ na Global Health Team. Ọ mụrụ mmetụta nke nchịkwa ịba na mmemme mgbochi retroviral, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Emelda Okiro {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/emelda-okiro|accessdate=2022-11-19|work=www.aasciences.africa|archivedate=2022-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119214819/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/emelda-okiro}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ịmepụta na ịhazi Malaria Modelling Consortium. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emelda Okiro {{!}} LINK malaria|url=https://web-archive.lshtm.ac.uk/www.linkmalaria.org/emelda-okiro.html|accessdate=2022-11-19|work=web-archive.lshtm.ac.uk}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ Foundation iji rụọ ọrụ na Philips Research Lab na Africa.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A họpụtara Okiro na Ngalaba Ahụike Ndị Mmadụ na Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emelda Okiro|url=https://www.tropicalmedicine.ox.ac.uk/team/emelda-okiro|accessdate=2022-11-19|work=www.tropicalmedicine.ox.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr|url=https://tdr.who.int/groups/scientific-and-technical-advisory-committee/people/dr-emelda-aluoch-okiro|accessdate=2022-11-19|work=tdr.who.int|language=en|archivedate=2022-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119214820/https://tdr.who.int/groups/scientific-and-technical-advisory-committee/people/dr-emelda-aluoch-okiro}}</ref> Ọ na-enyocha ọrịa na-efe efe nke ịba, ma na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka ojiji nke data ahụike sie ike na ime iwu. <ref name=":1"/> Ọ nwere mmasị na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ndụ ụmụaka na Kenya. <ref name=":2"/> A họpụtara ya na African Academy of Sciences na 2020. Na 2022, Okiro bụ otu n'ime ndị nchọpụta Africa ise ka e nyere Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Admin|date=2022-04-14|title=Celebrating Dr. Emelda Okiro|url=https://kemri-wellcome.org/celebrating-dr-emelda-okiro/|accessdate=2022-11-19|work=KEMRI|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119214819/https://kemri-wellcome.org/celebrating-dr-emelda-okiro/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Congratulations to our new Associate Professors — Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health|url=https://www.tropicalmedicine.ox.ac.uk/news/congratulations-to-our-new-associate-professors|accessdate=2022-11-19|work=www.tropicalmedicine.ox.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref>N'afọ ahụ, e mere ya prọfesọ. == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == *   *   *   == Ndụ onwe onye == Okiro nọ na International Advisory Board nke The Lancet . <ref>{{Cite web|title=International Advisory Board|url=https://www.thelancet.com/langlo/international-advisory-board|accessdate=2022-11-19|work=www.thelancet.com}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Okiro, Emelda}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 72xpbfpyzscv3ns41wodsqep2xrfj2t 0 39364 674121 155839 2026-07-08T14:47:49Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 674121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    '''Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa''' (amụrụ 1 Maachị 1974) bụ onye ọkaikpe South Africa nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke South Africa . A họpụtara ya na ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal na Julaị 2016 ka afọ iri na anọ gachara dị ka onye ọka iwu na Durban . Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara iwu ọrụ . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Masipa na 1 Maachị 1974 na Durban na mpaghara Natal mbụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen|url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Supreme Court of Appeal}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọ nọrọ oge uto ya na Northern Transvaal, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}</ref> na-agụ akwụkwọ na Ebenezer High School na Mokopane . <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara na Mahadum North, ebe ọ gụchara BPRC na 1996, yana Mahadum Natal, ebe ọ gụchara LLB na 1998. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe ọ bụ ọkàiwu na-arụ ọrụ, ọ gụchara LLM na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal na 2015; <ref name=":0" /> ubi ya bụ ọmụmụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ edemede ya ka akpọrọ, "Mmetụta nke Omume Omenala Afrịka na Ọpụpụ Ọrụ Ezinụlọ ." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Linscott|first=Sarah|date=August 2016|title=Judicial Appointment: Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2016/august/2016-august-vol029-no2-pp23.pdf|journal=Advocate|volume=29|issue=2|pages=23}}</ref> == Ọrụ iwu == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Natal, Masipa malitere ọrụ iwu ya dị ka onye ọka ikpe na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi ; site na 1998 ruo 2000, ọ dabere na Ụlọikpe Ndị Ọrụ na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ọrụ na Durban. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen|url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Supreme Court of Appeal}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen "Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen"]. ''Supreme Court of Appeal''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge ahụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru Labour Court Judge Raymond Zondo, onye mesịrị ghọọ Chief Justice nke South Africa . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=2 October 2023|title=Judicial Service Commission starts interviews for SCA vacancies|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-02-judicial-service-commission-starts-interviews-for-sca-vacancies/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, Masipa bụ onye ọka ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe ndị ọrụ na July 2013. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen|url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Supreme Court of Appeal}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen "Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen"]. ''Supreme Court of Appeal''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Na 2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha na ikpe igbu ọchụ a nụrụ na ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, ma mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke mbụ dị ka onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu: <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> ọ nọdụrụ na Pietermaritzburg . Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu site na Julaị ruo Septemba 2015 yana n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Durban site na Nọvemba 2015 ruo June 2016. <ref name=":0" /> O sonyekwara na ọzụzụ ndị ọkaikpe na-achọsi ike na 2016. <ref name=":0" /> == Ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke KwaZulu-Natal: 2016- dị ugbu a == N’April 2016, e depụtara Masipa n’akwụkwọ wee gbaa ajụjụ ọnụ dị ka onye ga-ekwe omume nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide na oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu KwaZulu-Natal. N'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na [[Cape Town]], Masipa kpughere na KwaZulu-Natal Law Society mere nchọpụta nke omume rụrụ arụ megide ya n'ime afọ ya na omume; Masipa kwuru na mkpesa ahụ sitere na mgbagwoju anya pụtara ìhè metụtara enweghị otu onye n'ime ndị ahịa ya n'ụlọ ikpe, na ọ were nchoputa ahụ na mkpesa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 April 2016|title=New benchmark for KZN|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2016-04-07-new-benchmark-for-kzn/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ajụrụkwa ya banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere mmekọahụ na ngalaba iwu. <ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ajụjụ ọnụ ndị ahụ gasịrị, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mmadụ atọ ndị Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe kwadoro ka ha họpụta n'oche oche, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-07|title=Aspirant judges find that JZ saga weighs on the JSC|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-jz-saga-weighs-on-the-jsc/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> na, na June, President Jacob Zuma kwadoro nhọpụta ya na Ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal site na 1 Julaị 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gqirana|first=Thulani|date=8 June 2016|title=Zuma appoints new judges|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-appoints-new-judges-20160608-2|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka nke 2023, Masipa edeela ikpe ise gbara n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu, na-agafe iwu mpụ, iwu iwu obodo, na iwu ezinụlọ . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> N'ime ikpe ndị ahụ, ''NFM v John Wesley School'' kwusiri ike na ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị mmadụ nwere onwe ha, ha na-adabere na ndokwa nke Iwu Ụlọ Akwụkwọ South Africa na Iwu, karịsịa ọdịmma kachasị mma nke ndokwa ụmụaka . Ya mere Masipa chọpụtara na amachibidoro ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe ka ọ ghara ime omume na-ezighị ezi, mweda ma ọ bụ mwepu megide ụmụ akwụkwọ iji nwetaghachi ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-adịghị mma. <ref name=":1" /> === Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị === N'oge ọ nọ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Masipa bụ onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị maka afọ abụọ zuru ezu, n'ime 2022 na 2023. Ọ bụkwa onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị ugboro atọ, n'etiti June na Septemba 2022, Eprel na Mee 2023, na Ọktoba na Nọvemba 2023. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen|url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Supreme Court of Appeal}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen "Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen"]. ''Supreme Court of Appeal''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ nọ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Masipa bụ otu onye na-ede akwụkwọ mkpebi ikpe nke ụlọikpe na ''Louw v Patel'', ihe gbasara ahụike ahụike ; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=16 March 2023|title=SCA dismisses appeal by doctor over process leading to amputation of patient’s leg|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-03-16-sca-dismisses-appeal-by-doctor-over-process-leading-to-amputation-of-patients-leg/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> o mekwara akwụkwọ ikpe abụọ ndị ọzọ ọtụtụ ma dee mkpebi na-emegide. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> N’ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, Masipa so na ndị mmadụ iri na otu ndị Kọmitii Ọrụ Ikpe ahọpụtara na gbara ajụjụ ọnụ maka nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide n'otu n'ime ohere ikpe anọ na Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2023|title=JSC to interview second-round candidates for SCA and high courts|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-01-jsc-to-interview-second-round-candidates-for-sca-and-high-courts/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ, a na-eto ya maka nnwere onwe nke gosipụtara n'akwụkwọ ikpe ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ya na ahụmahụ ya na iwu ọrụ, ma Xola Petse, onye osote onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, gosipụtara na ọ ga-abụ na a ga-edozi ihe gbasara ọrụ. na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ọrụ karịa n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=2 October 2023|title=Judicial Service Commission starts interviews for SCA vacancies|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-02-judicial-service-commission-starts-interviews-for-sca-vacancies/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Petse kwukwara na a kpọrọ ya ka ọ lọghachi n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu dị ka onye na-achị achị n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ ga-erite uru site n'ahụmahụ ime ihe n'oche mkpegharị ikpe. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=3 October 2023|title=Candidates for second-highest court grilled on judgment-writing skills|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2023-10-03-candidates-for-second-highest-court-grilled-on-judgment-writing-skills/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Onye isi ọka ikpe Gauteng Dunstan Mlambo katọrọ Masipa maka igbu oge ya n'iwepụta otu ikpe, <ref name=":2" /> na Petse welitere nchegbu na akwadola ikpe mkpegharị mkpegharị nke ekenyela ya, kama ịbụ onye Masipa dere naanị ya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dentlinger|first=Lindsay|date=3 October 2021|title=JSC grills first group of SCA candidates on their judgments|url=https://ewn.co.za/2023/10/03/jsc-grills-first-group-of-sca-candidates-on-their-judgments|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=EWN|language=en}}</ref> Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ikpe akwadoghị Masipa maka nhọpụta; <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}</ref> n'ezie, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ohere anọ, ọ tụrụ aro naanị Fayeeza Kathree-Setiloane na Shane Kgoele maka mbuli elu. N'ịjụ ndị [[Council for the Advancement of the South African Constitution|Council for the Advancement of the South Africa Constitution]] ka o wepụta ihe kpatara mkpebi a, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi kwuru ihe kpatara na ndị mmadụ itoolu ndị ọzọ na-enwetaghị nkwado nke ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ; na Masipa, o doro anya na ndị kọmishọna welitere nchegbu banyere enweghị ahụmahụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=9 November 2023|title=JSC explains lack of recommendations for SCA posts|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-11-09-jsc-explains-lack-of-recommendations-for-sca-posts/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Masipa alụbeghị di ma nwee ụmụ abụọ. <ref name=":0" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa] na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị * [https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa] na Judges Matter * [https://gcbsa.co.za/jscdocs/2023%20August/JUDGE%20MOKGERE%20BUSISIWE%20SHAREEN%20MASIPA%20.pdf Nyochaa] nke Council Bar * [https://womanity.africa/2020/07/22/high-court-judge-mokgere-masipa-kwazulu-natal-division-of-the-high-court/ Ajụjụ ọnụ] nke nwanyị [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kpnsj9go5otjum7okm1h31qeoi3jyji 674122 674121 2026-07-08T14:48:20Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị */ 674122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    '''Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa''' (amụrụ 1 Maachị 1974) bụ onye ọkaikpe South Africa nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke South Africa . A họpụtara ya na ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal na Julaị 2016 ka afọ iri na anọ gachara dị ka onye ọka iwu na Durban . Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara iwu ọrụ . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Masipa na 1 Maachị 1974 na Durban na mpaghara Natal mbụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen|url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Supreme Court of Appeal}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọ nọrọ oge uto ya na Northern Transvaal, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}</ref> na-agụ akwụkwọ na Ebenezer High School na Mokopane . <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara na Mahadum North, ebe ọ gụchara BPRC na 1996, yana Mahadum Natal, ebe ọ gụchara LLB na 1998. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe ọ bụ ọkàiwu na-arụ ọrụ, ọ gụchara LLM na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal na 2015; <ref name=":0" /> ubi ya bụ ọmụmụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ edemede ya ka akpọrọ, "Mmetụta nke Omume Omenala Afrịka na Ọpụpụ Ọrụ Ezinụlọ ." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Linscott|first=Sarah|date=August 2016|title=Judicial Appointment: Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2016/august/2016-august-vol029-no2-pp23.pdf|journal=Advocate|volume=29|issue=2|pages=23}}</ref> == Ọrụ iwu == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Natal, Masipa malitere ọrụ iwu ya dị ka onye ọka ikpe na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi ; site na 1998 ruo 2000, ọ dabere na Ụlọikpe Ndị Ọrụ na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ọrụ na Durban. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen|url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Supreme Court of Appeal}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen "Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen"]. ''Supreme Court of Appeal''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge ahụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru Labour Court Judge Raymond Zondo, onye mesịrị ghọọ Chief Justice nke South Africa . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=2 October 2023|title=Judicial Service Commission starts interviews for SCA vacancies|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-02-judicial-service-commission-starts-interviews-for-sca-vacancies/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, Masipa bụ onye ọka ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe ndị ọrụ na July 2013. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen|url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Supreme Court of Appeal}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen "Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen"]. ''Supreme Court of Appeal''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Na 2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha na ikpe igbu ọchụ a nụrụ na ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, ma mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke mbụ dị ka onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu: <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> ọ nọdụrụ na Pietermaritzburg . Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu site na Julaị ruo Septemba 2015 yana n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Durban site na Nọvemba 2015 ruo June 2016. <ref name=":0" /> O sonyekwara na ọzụzụ ndị ọkaikpe na-achọsi ike na 2016. <ref name=":0" /> == Ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke KwaZulu-Natal: 2016- dị ugbu a == N’April 2016, e depụtara Masipa n’akwụkwọ wee gbaa ajụjụ ọnụ dị ka onye ga-ekwe omume nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide na oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu KwaZulu-Natal. N'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na [[Cape Town]], Masipa kpughere na KwaZulu-Natal Law Society mere nchọpụta nke omume rụrụ arụ megide ya n'ime afọ ya na omume; Masipa kwuru na mkpesa ahụ sitere na mgbagwoju anya pụtara ìhè metụtara enweghị otu onye n'ime ndị ahịa ya n'ụlọ ikpe, na ọ were nchoputa ahụ na mkpesa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 April 2016|title=New benchmark for KZN|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2016-04-07-new-benchmark-for-kzn/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ajụrụkwa ya banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere mmekọahụ na ngalaba iwu. <ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ajụjụ ọnụ ndị ahụ gasịrị, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mmadụ atọ ndị Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe kwadoro ka ha họpụta n'oche oche, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-07|title=Aspirant judges find that JZ saga weighs on the JSC|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-jz-saga-weighs-on-the-jsc/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> na, na June, President Jacob Zuma kwadoro nhọpụta ya na Ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal site na 1 Julaị 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gqirana|first=Thulani|date=8 June 2016|title=Zuma appoints new judges|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-appoints-new-judges-20160608-2|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka nke 2023, Masipa edeela ikpe ise gbara n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu, na-agafe iwu mpụ, iwu iwu obodo, na iwu ezinụlọ . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> N'ime ikpe ndị ahụ, ''NFM v John Wesley School'' kwusiri ike na ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị mmadụ nwere onwe ha, ha na-adabere na ndokwa nke Iwu Ụlọ Akwụkwọ South Africa na Iwu, karịsịa ọdịmma kachasị mma nke ndokwa ụmụaka . Ya mere Masipa chọpụtara na amachibidoro ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe ka ọ ghara ime omume na-ezighị ezi, mweda ma ọ bụ mwepu megide ụmụ akwụkwọ iji nwetaghachi ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-adịghị mma. <ref name=":1" /> === Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị === N'oge ọ nọ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Masipa bụ onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị maka afọ abụọ zuru ezu, n'ime 2022 na 2023. Ọ bụkwa onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị ugboro atọ, n'etiti June na Septemba 2022, Eprel na Mee 2023, na Ọktoba na Nọvemba 2023. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Masipa bụ otu onye na-ede akwụkwọ mkpebi ikpe nke ụlọikpe na ''Louw v Patel'', ihe gbasara ahụike ahụike ; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=16 March 2023|title=SCA dismisses appeal by doctor over process leading to amputation of patient’s leg|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-03-16-sca-dismisses-appeal-by-doctor-over-process-leading-to-amputation-of-patients-leg/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> o mekwara akwụkwọ ikpe abụọ ndị ọzọ ọtụtụ ma dee mkpebi na-emegide. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> N’ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, Masipa so na ndị mmadụ iri na otu ndị Kọmitii Ọrụ Ikpe ahọpụtara na gbara ajụjụ ọnụ maka nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide n'otu n'ime ohere ikpe anọ na Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2023|title=JSC to interview second-round candidates for SCA and high courts|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-01-jsc-to-interview-second-round-candidates-for-sca-and-high-courts/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ, a na-eto ya maka nnwere onwe nke gosipụtara n'akwụkwọ ikpe ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ya na ahụmahụ ya na iwu ọrụ, ma Xola Petse, onye osote onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, gosipụtara na ọ ga-abụ na a ga-edozi ihe gbasara ọrụ. na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ọrụ karịa n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=2 October 2023|title=Judicial Service Commission starts interviews for SCA vacancies|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-02-judicial-service-commission-starts-interviews-for-sca-vacancies/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Petse kwukwara na a kpọrọ ya ka ọ lọghachi n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu dị ka onye na-achị achị n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ ga-erite uru site n'ahụmahụ ime ihe n'oche mkpegharị ikpe. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=3 October 2023|title=Candidates for second-highest court grilled on judgment-writing skills|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2023-10-03-candidates-for-second-highest-court-grilled-on-judgment-writing-skills/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Onye isi ọka ikpe Gauteng Dunstan Mlambo katọrọ Masipa maka igbu oge ya n'iwepụta otu ikpe, <ref name=":2" /> na Petse welitere nchegbu na akwadola ikpe mkpegharị mkpegharị nke ekenyela ya, kama ịbụ onye Masipa dere naanị ya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dentlinger|first=Lindsay|date=3 October 2021|title=JSC grills first group of SCA candidates on their judgments|url=https://ewn.co.za/2023/10/03/jsc-grills-first-group-of-sca-candidates-on-their-judgments|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=EWN|language=en}}</ref> Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ikpe akwadoghị Masipa maka nhọpụta; <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}</ref> n'ezie, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ohere anọ, ọ tụrụ aro naanị Fayeeza Kathree-Setiloane na Shane Kgoele maka mbuli elu. N'ịjụ ndị [[Council for the Advancement of the South African Constitution|Council for the Advancement of the South Africa Constitution]] ka o wepụta ihe kpatara mkpebi a, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi kwuru ihe kpatara na ndị mmadụ itoolu ndị ọzọ na-enwetaghị nkwado nke ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ; na Masipa, o doro anya na ndị kọmishọna welitere nchegbu banyere enweghị ahụmahụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=9 November 2023|title=JSC explains lack of recommendations for SCA posts|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-11-09-jsc-explains-lack-of-recommendations-for-sca-posts/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Masipa alụbeghị di ma nwee ụmụ abụọ. <ref name=":0" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa] na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị * [https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa] na Judges Matter * [https://gcbsa.co.za/jscdocs/2023%20August/JUDGE%20MOKGERE%20BUSISIWE%20SHAREEN%20MASIPA%20.pdf Nyochaa] nke Council Bar * [https://womanity.africa/2020/07/22/high-court-judge-mokgere-masipa-kwazulu-natal-division-of-the-high-court/ Ajụjụ ọnụ] nke nwanyị [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rug7kth7xk54k2hh1v9kq5jaaldyt8v 674123 674122 2026-07-08T14:49:23Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrụ iwu */ 674123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    '''Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa''' (amụrụ 1 Maachị 1974) bụ onye ọkaikpe South Africa nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke South Africa . A họpụtara ya na ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal na Julaị 2016 ka afọ iri na anọ gachara dị ka onye ọka iwu na Durban . Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara iwu ọrụ . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Masipa na 1 Maachị 1974 na Durban na mpaghara Natal mbụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen|url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Supreme Court of Appeal}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọ nọrọ oge uto ya na Northern Transvaal, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}</ref> na-agụ akwụkwọ na Ebenezer High School na Mokopane . <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara na Mahadum North, ebe ọ gụchara BPRC na 1996, yana Mahadum Natal, ebe ọ gụchara LLB na 1998. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe ọ bụ ọkàiwu na-arụ ọrụ, ọ gụchara LLM na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal na 2015; <ref name=":0" /> ubi ya bụ ọmụmụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ edemede ya ka akpọrọ, "Mmetụta nke Omume Omenala Afrịka na Ọpụpụ Ọrụ Ezinụlọ ." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Linscott|first=Sarah|date=August 2016|title=Judicial Appointment: Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2016/august/2016-august-vol029-no2-pp23.pdf|journal=Advocate|volume=29|issue=2|pages=23}}</ref> == Ọrụ iwu == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Natal, Masipa malitere ọrụ iwu ya dị ka onye ọka ikpe na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi ; site na 1998 ruo 2000, ọ dabere na Ụlọikpe Ndị Ọrụ na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ọrụ na Durban. <ref name=":0" /> N'oge ahụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru Labour Court Judge Raymond Zondo, onye mesịrị ghọọ Chief Justice nke South Africa . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=2 October 2023|title=Judicial Service Commission starts interviews for SCA vacancies|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-02-judicial-service-commission-starts-interviews-for-sca-vacancies/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, Masipa bụ onye ọka ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe ndị ọrụ na July 2013. <ref name=":0" /> Na 2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha na ikpe igbu ọchụ a nụrụ na ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, ma mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke mbụ dị ka onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu: <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> ọ nọdụrụ na Pietermaritzburg . Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu site na Julaị ruo Septemba 2015 yana n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Durban site na Nọvemba 2015 ruo June 2016. <ref name=":0" /> O sonyekwara na ọzụzụ ndị ọkaikpe na-achọsi ike na 2016. <ref name=":0" /> == Ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke KwaZulu-Natal: 2016- dị ugbu a == N’April 2016, e depụtara Masipa n’akwụkwọ wee gbaa ajụjụ ọnụ dị ka onye ga-ekwe omume nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide na oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu KwaZulu-Natal. N'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na [[Cape Town]], Masipa kpughere na KwaZulu-Natal Law Society mere nchọpụta nke omume rụrụ arụ megide ya n'ime afọ ya na omume; Masipa kwuru na mkpesa ahụ sitere na mgbagwoju anya pụtara ìhè metụtara enweghị otu onye n'ime ndị ahịa ya n'ụlọ ikpe, na ọ were nchoputa ahụ na mkpesa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 April 2016|title=New benchmark for KZN|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2016-04-07-new-benchmark-for-kzn/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ajụrụkwa ya banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere mmekọahụ na ngalaba iwu. <ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ajụjụ ọnụ ndị ahụ gasịrị, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mmadụ atọ ndị Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe kwadoro ka ha họpụta n'oche oche, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-07|title=Aspirant judges find that JZ saga weighs on the JSC|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-jz-saga-weighs-on-the-jsc/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> na, na June, President Jacob Zuma kwadoro nhọpụta ya na Ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal site na 1 Julaị 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gqirana|first=Thulani|date=8 June 2016|title=Zuma appoints new judges|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-appoints-new-judges-20160608-2|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka nke 2023, Masipa edeela ikpe ise gbara n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu, na-agafe iwu mpụ, iwu iwu obodo, na iwu ezinụlọ . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> N'ime ikpe ndị ahụ, ''NFM v John Wesley School'' kwusiri ike na ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị mmadụ nwere onwe ha, ha na-adabere na ndokwa nke Iwu Ụlọ Akwụkwọ South Africa na Iwu, karịsịa ọdịmma kachasị mma nke ndokwa ụmụaka . Ya mere Masipa chọpụtara na amachibidoro ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe ka ọ ghara ime omume na-ezighị ezi, mweda ma ọ bụ mwepu megide ụmụ akwụkwọ iji nwetaghachi ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-adịghị mma. <ref name=":1" /> === Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị === N'oge ọ nọ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Masipa bụ onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị maka afọ abụọ zuru ezu, n'ime 2022 na 2023. Ọ bụkwa onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị ugboro atọ, n'etiti June na Septemba 2022, Eprel na Mee 2023, na Ọktoba na Nọvemba 2023. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Masipa bụ otu onye na-ede akwụkwọ mkpebi ikpe nke ụlọikpe na ''Louw v Patel'', ihe gbasara ahụike ahụike ; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=16 March 2023|title=SCA dismisses appeal by doctor over process leading to amputation of patient’s leg|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-03-16-sca-dismisses-appeal-by-doctor-over-process-leading-to-amputation-of-patients-leg/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> o mekwara akwụkwọ ikpe abụọ ndị ọzọ ọtụtụ ma dee mkpebi na-emegide. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> N’ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, Masipa so na ndị mmadụ iri na otu ndị Kọmitii Ọrụ Ikpe ahọpụtara na gbara ajụjụ ọnụ maka nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide n'otu n'ime ohere ikpe anọ na Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2023|title=JSC to interview second-round candidates for SCA and high courts|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-01-jsc-to-interview-second-round-candidates-for-sca-and-high-courts/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ, a na-eto ya maka nnwere onwe nke gosipụtara n'akwụkwọ ikpe ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ya na ahụmahụ ya na iwu ọrụ, ma Xola Petse, onye osote onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, gosipụtara na ọ ga-abụ na a ga-edozi ihe gbasara ọrụ. na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ọrụ karịa n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=2 October 2023|title=Judicial Service Commission starts interviews for SCA vacancies|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-02-judicial-service-commission-starts-interviews-for-sca-vacancies/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Petse kwukwara na a kpọrọ ya ka ọ lọghachi n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu dị ka onye na-achị achị n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ ga-erite uru site n'ahụmahụ ime ihe n'oche mkpegharị ikpe. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=3 October 2023|title=Candidates for second-highest court grilled on judgment-writing skills|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2023-10-03-candidates-for-second-highest-court-grilled-on-judgment-writing-skills/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Onye isi ọka ikpe Gauteng Dunstan Mlambo katọrọ Masipa maka igbu oge ya n'iwepụta otu ikpe, <ref name=":2" /> na Petse welitere nchegbu na akwadola ikpe mkpegharị mkpegharị nke ekenyela ya, kama ịbụ onye Masipa dere naanị ya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dentlinger|first=Lindsay|date=3 October 2021|title=JSC grills first group of SCA candidates on their judgments|url=https://ewn.co.za/2023/10/03/jsc-grills-first-group-of-sca-candidates-on-their-judgments|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=EWN|language=en}}</ref> Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ikpe akwadoghị Masipa maka nhọpụta; <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}</ref> n'ezie, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ohere anọ, ọ tụrụ aro naanị Fayeeza Kathree-Setiloane na Shane Kgoele maka mbuli elu. N'ịjụ ndị [[Council for the Advancement of the South African Constitution|Council for the Advancement of the South Africa Constitution]] ka o wepụta ihe kpatara mkpebi a, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi kwuru ihe kpatara na ndị mmadụ itoolu ndị ọzọ na-enwetaghị nkwado nke ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ; na Masipa, o doro anya na ndị kọmishọna welitere nchegbu banyere enweghị ahụmahụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=9 November 2023|title=JSC explains lack of recommendations for SCA posts|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-11-09-jsc-explains-lack-of-recommendations-for-sca-posts/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Masipa alụbeghị di ma nwee ụmụ abụọ. <ref name=":0" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa] na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị * [https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa] na Judges Matter * [https://gcbsa.co.za/jscdocs/2023%20August/JUDGE%20MOKGERE%20BUSISIWE%20SHAREEN%20MASIPA%20.pdf Nyochaa] nke Council Bar * [https://womanity.africa/2020/07/22/high-court-judge-mokgere-masipa-kwazulu-natal-division-of-the-high-court/ Ajụjụ ọnụ] nke nwanyị [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i8tu5mytpyuzm80oe7dznunxnqv13jl 674125 674123 2026-07-08T14:50:06Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị */ 674125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    '''Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa''' (amụrụ 1 Maachị 1974) bụ onye ọkaikpe South Africa nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke South Africa . A họpụtara ya na ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal na Julaị 2016 ka afọ iri na anọ gachara dị ka onye ọka iwu na Durban . Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara iwu ọrụ . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Masipa na 1 Maachị 1974 na Durban na mpaghara Natal mbụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen|url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Supreme Court of Appeal}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọ nọrọ oge uto ya na Northern Transvaal, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}</ref> na-agụ akwụkwọ na Ebenezer High School na Mokopane . <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara na Mahadum North, ebe ọ gụchara BPRC na 1996, yana Mahadum Natal, ebe ọ gụchara LLB na 1998. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe ọ bụ ọkàiwu na-arụ ọrụ, ọ gụchara LLM na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal na 2015; <ref name=":0" /> ubi ya bụ ọmụmụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ edemede ya ka akpọrọ, "Mmetụta nke Omume Omenala Afrịka na Ọpụpụ Ọrụ Ezinụlọ ." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Linscott|first=Sarah|date=August 2016|title=Judicial Appointment: Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2016/august/2016-august-vol029-no2-pp23.pdf|journal=Advocate|volume=29|issue=2|pages=23}}</ref> == Ọrụ iwu == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Natal, Masipa malitere ọrụ iwu ya dị ka onye ọka ikpe na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi ; site na 1998 ruo 2000, ọ dabere na Ụlọikpe Ndị Ọrụ na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ọrụ na Durban. <ref name=":0" /> N'oge ahụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru Labour Court Judge Raymond Zondo, onye mesịrị ghọọ Chief Justice nke South Africa . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=2 October 2023|title=Judicial Service Commission starts interviews for SCA vacancies|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-02-judicial-service-commission-starts-interviews-for-sca-vacancies/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, Masipa bụ onye ọka ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe ndị ọrụ na July 2013. <ref name=":0" /> Na 2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha na ikpe igbu ọchụ a nụrụ na ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, ma mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke mbụ dị ka onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu: <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> ọ nọdụrụ na Pietermaritzburg . Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu site na Julaị ruo Septemba 2015 yana n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Durban site na Nọvemba 2015 ruo June 2016. <ref name=":0" /> O sonyekwara na ọzụzụ ndị ọkaikpe na-achọsi ike na 2016. <ref name=":0" /> == Ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke KwaZulu-Natal: 2016- dị ugbu a == N’April 2016, e depụtara Masipa n’akwụkwọ wee gbaa ajụjụ ọnụ dị ka onye ga-ekwe omume nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide na oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu KwaZulu-Natal. N'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na [[Cape Town]], Masipa kpughere na KwaZulu-Natal Law Society mere nchọpụta nke omume rụrụ arụ megide ya n'ime afọ ya na omume; Masipa kwuru na mkpesa ahụ sitere na mgbagwoju anya pụtara ìhè metụtara enweghị otu onye n'ime ndị ahịa ya n'ụlọ ikpe, na ọ were nchoputa ahụ na mkpesa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 April 2016|title=New benchmark for KZN|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2016-04-07-new-benchmark-for-kzn/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ajụrụkwa ya banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere mmekọahụ na ngalaba iwu. <ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ajụjụ ọnụ ndị ahụ gasịrị, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mmadụ atọ ndị Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe kwadoro ka ha họpụta n'oche oche, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-07|title=Aspirant judges find that JZ saga weighs on the JSC|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-jz-saga-weighs-on-the-jsc/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> na, na June, President Jacob Zuma kwadoro nhọpụta ya na Ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal site na 1 Julaị 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gqirana|first=Thulani|date=8 June 2016|title=Zuma appoints new judges|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-appoints-new-judges-20160608-2|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka nke 2023, Masipa edeela ikpe ise gbara n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu, na-agafe iwu mpụ, iwu iwu obodo, na iwu ezinụlọ . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> N'ime ikpe ndị ahụ, ''NFM v John Wesley School'' kwusiri ike na ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị mmadụ nwere onwe ha, ha na-adabere na ndokwa nke Iwu Ụlọ Akwụkwọ South Africa na Iwu, karịsịa ọdịmma kachasị mma nke ndokwa ụmụaka . Ya mere Masipa chọpụtara na amachibidoro ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe ka ọ ghara ime omume na-ezighị ezi, mweda ma ọ bụ mwepu megide ụmụ akwụkwọ iji nwetaghachi ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-adịghị mma. <ref name=":1" /> === Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị === N'oge ọ nọ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Masipa bụ onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị maka afọ abụọ zuru ezu, n'ime 2022 na 2023. Ọ bụkwa onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị ugboro atọ, n'etiti June na Septemba 2022, Eprel na Mee 2023, na Ọktoba na Nọvemba 2023. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Masipa bụ otu onye na-ede akwụkwọ mkpebi ikpe nke ụlọikpe na ''Louw v Patel'', ihe gbasara ahụike ahụike ; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=16 March 2023|title=SCA dismisses appeal by doctor over process leading to amputation of patient’s leg|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-03-16-sca-dismisses-appeal-by-doctor-over-process-leading-to-amputation-of-patients-leg/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> o mekwara akwụkwọ ikpe abụọ ndị ọzọ ọtụtụ ma dee mkpebi na-emegide. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> N’ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, Masipa so na ndị mmadụ iri na otu ndị Kọmitii Ọrụ Ikpe ahọpụtara na gbara ajụjụ ọnụ maka nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide n'otu n'ime ohere ikpe anọ na Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2023|title=JSC to interview second-round candidates for SCA and high courts|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-01-jsc-to-interview-second-round-candidates-for-sca-and-high-courts/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ, a na-eto ya maka nnwere onwe nke gosipụtara n'akwụkwọ ikpe ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ya na ahụmahụ ya na iwu ọrụ, ma Xola Petse, onye osote onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, gosipụtara na ọ ga-abụ na a ga-edozi ihe gbasara ọrụ. na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ọrụ karịa n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=2 October 2023|title=Judicial Service Commission starts interviews for SCA vacancies|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-02-judicial-service-commission-starts-interviews-for-sca-vacancies/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Petse kwukwara na a kpọrọ ya ka ọ lọghachi n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu dị ka onye na-achị achị n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ ga-erite uru site n'ahụmahụ ime ihe n'oche mkpegharị ikpe. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=3 October 2023|title=Candidates for second-highest court grilled on judgment-writing skills|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2023-10-03-candidates-for-second-highest-court-grilled-on-judgment-writing-skills/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Onye isi ọka ikpe Gauteng Dunstan Mlambo katọrọ Masipa maka igbu oge ya n'iwepụta otu ikpe, <ref name=":2" /> na Petse welitere nchegbu na akwadola ikpe mkpegharị mkpegharị nke ekenyela ya, kama ịbụ onye Masipa dere naanị ya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dentlinger|first=Lindsay|date=3 October 2021|title=JSC grills first group of SCA candidates on their judgments|url=https://ewn.co.za/2023/10/03/jsc-grills-first-group-of-sca-candidates-on-their-judgments|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=EWN|language=en}}</ref> Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ikpe akwadoghị Masipa maka nhọpụta; <ref name=":1" /> n'ezie, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ohere anọ, ọ tụrụ aro naanị Fayeeza Kathree-Setiloane na Shane Kgoele maka mbuli elu. N'ịjụ ndị [[Council for the Advancement of the South African Constitution|Council for the Advancement of the South Africa Constitution]] ka o wepụta ihe kpatara mkpebi a, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi kwuru ihe kpatara na ndị mmadụ itoolu ndị ọzọ na-enwetaghị nkwado nke ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ; na Masipa, o doro anya na ndị kọmishọna welitere nchegbu banyere enweghị ahụmahụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=9 November 2023|title=JSC explains lack of recommendations for SCA posts|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-11-09-jsc-explains-lack-of-recommendations-for-sca-posts/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Masipa alụbeghị di ma nwee ụmụ abụọ. <ref name=":0" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa] na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị * [https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa] na Judges Matter * [https://gcbsa.co.za/jscdocs/2023%20August/JUDGE%20MOKGERE%20BUSISIWE%20SHAREEN%20MASIPA%20.pdf Nyochaa] nke Council Bar * [https://womanity.africa/2020/07/22/high-court-judge-mokgere-masipa-kwazulu-natal-division-of-the-high-court/ Ajụjụ ọnụ] nke nwanyị [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bkdpmw2y959s12n4bnyg5osg9f0fqaz 674126 674125 2026-07-08T14:50:58Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị */ 674126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    '''Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa''' (amụrụ 1 Maachị 1974) bụ onye ọkaikpe South Africa nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke South Africa . A họpụtara ya na ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal na Julaị 2016 ka afọ iri na anọ gachara dị ka onye ọka iwu na Durban . Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara iwu ọrụ . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Masipa na 1 Maachị 1974 na Durban na mpaghara Natal mbụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen|url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Supreme Court of Appeal}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọ nọrọ oge uto ya na Northern Transvaal, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}</ref> na-agụ akwụkwọ na Ebenezer High School na Mokopane . <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara na Mahadum North, ebe ọ gụchara BPRC na 1996, yana Mahadum Natal, ebe ọ gụchara LLB na 1998. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe ọ bụ ọkàiwu na-arụ ọrụ, ọ gụchara LLM na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal na 2015; <ref name=":0" /> ubi ya bụ ọmụmụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ edemede ya ka akpọrọ, "Mmetụta nke Omume Omenala Afrịka na Ọpụpụ Ọrụ Ezinụlọ ." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Linscott|first=Sarah|date=August 2016|title=Judicial Appointment: Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2016/august/2016-august-vol029-no2-pp23.pdf|journal=Advocate|volume=29|issue=2|pages=23}}</ref> == Ọrụ iwu == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Natal, Masipa malitere ọrụ iwu ya dị ka onye ọka ikpe na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi ; site na 1998 ruo 2000, ọ dabere na Ụlọikpe Ndị Ọrụ na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ọrụ na Durban. <ref name=":0" /> N'oge ahụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru Labour Court Judge Raymond Zondo, onye mesịrị ghọọ Chief Justice nke South Africa . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=2 October 2023|title=Judicial Service Commission starts interviews for SCA vacancies|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-02-judicial-service-commission-starts-interviews-for-sca-vacancies/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, Masipa bụ onye ọka ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe ndị ọrụ na July 2013. <ref name=":0" /> Na 2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha na ikpe igbu ọchụ a nụrụ na ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, ma mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke mbụ dị ka onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu: <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> ọ nọdụrụ na Pietermaritzburg . Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu site na Julaị ruo Septemba 2015 yana n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Durban site na Nọvemba 2015 ruo June 2016. <ref name=":0" /> O sonyekwara na ọzụzụ ndị ọkaikpe na-achọsi ike na 2016. <ref name=":0" /> == Ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke KwaZulu-Natal: 2016- dị ugbu a == N’April 2016, e depụtara Masipa n’akwụkwọ wee gbaa ajụjụ ọnụ dị ka onye ga-ekwe omume nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide na oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu KwaZulu-Natal. N'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na [[Cape Town]], Masipa kpughere na KwaZulu-Natal Law Society mere nchọpụta nke omume rụrụ arụ megide ya n'ime afọ ya na omume; Masipa kwuru na mkpesa ahụ sitere na mgbagwoju anya pụtara ìhè metụtara enweghị otu onye n'ime ndị ahịa ya n'ụlọ ikpe, na ọ were nchoputa ahụ na mkpesa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 April 2016|title=New benchmark for KZN|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2016-04-07-new-benchmark-for-kzn/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ajụrụkwa ya banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere mmekọahụ na ngalaba iwu. <ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ajụjụ ọnụ ndị ahụ gasịrị, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mmadụ atọ ndị Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe kwadoro ka ha họpụta n'oche oche, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-07|title=Aspirant judges find that JZ saga weighs on the JSC|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-jz-saga-weighs-on-the-jsc/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> na, na June, President Jacob Zuma kwadoro nhọpụta ya na Ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal site na 1 Julaị 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gqirana|first=Thulani|date=8 June 2016|title=Zuma appoints new judges|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-appoints-new-judges-20160608-2|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka nke 2023, Masipa edeela ikpe ise gbara n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu, na-agafe iwu mpụ, iwu iwu obodo, na iwu ezinụlọ . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> N'ime ikpe ndị ahụ, ''NFM v John Wesley School'' kwusiri ike na ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị mmadụ nwere onwe ha, ha na-adabere na ndokwa nke Iwu Ụlọ Akwụkwọ South Africa na Iwu, karịsịa ọdịmma kachasị mma nke ndokwa ụmụaka . Ya mere Masipa chọpụtara na amachibidoro ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe ka ọ ghara ime omume na-ezighị ezi, mweda ma ọ bụ mwepu megide ụmụ akwụkwọ iji nwetaghachi ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-adịghị mma. <ref name=":1" /> === Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị === N'oge ọ nọ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Masipa bụ onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị maka afọ abụọ zuru ezu, n'ime 2022 na 2023. Ọ bụkwa onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị ugboro atọ, n'etiti June na Septemba 2022, Eprel na Mee 2023, na Ọktoba na Nọvemba 2023. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Masipa bụ otu onye na-ede akwụkwọ mkpebi ikpe nke ụlọikpe na ''Louw v Patel'', ihe gbasara ahụike ahụike ; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=16 March 2023|title=SCA dismisses appeal by doctor over process leading to amputation of patient’s leg|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-03-16-sca-dismisses-appeal-by-doctor-over-process-leading-to-amputation-of-patients-leg/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> o mekwara akwụkwọ ikpe abụọ ndị ọzọ ọtụtụ ma dee mkpebi na-emegide. <ref name=":1" /> N’ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, Masipa so na ndị mmadụ iri na otu ndị Kọmitii Ọrụ Ikpe ahọpụtara na gbara ajụjụ ọnụ maka nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide n'otu n'ime ohere ikpe anọ na Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2023|title=JSC to interview second-round candidates for SCA and high courts|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-01-jsc-to-interview-second-round-candidates-for-sca-and-high-courts/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ, a na-eto ya maka nnwere onwe nke gosipụtara n'akwụkwọ ikpe ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ya na ahụmahụ ya na iwu ọrụ, ma Xola Petse, onye osote onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, gosipụtara na ọ ga-abụ na a ga-edozi ihe gbasara ọrụ. na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ọrụ karịa n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=2 October 2023|title=Judicial Service Commission starts interviews for SCA vacancies|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-02-judicial-service-commission-starts-interviews-for-sca-vacancies/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Petse kwukwara na a kpọrọ ya ka ọ lọghachi n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu dị ka onye na-achị achị n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ ga-erite uru site n'ahụmahụ ime ihe n'oche mkpegharị ikpe. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=3 October 2023|title=Candidates for second-highest court grilled on judgment-writing skills|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2023-10-03-candidates-for-second-highest-court-grilled-on-judgment-writing-skills/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Onye isi ọka ikpe Gauteng Dunstan Mlambo katọrọ Masipa maka igbu oge ya n'iwepụta otu ikpe, <ref name=":2" /> na Petse welitere nchegbu na akwadola ikpe mkpegharị mkpegharị nke ekenyela ya, kama ịbụ onye Masipa dere naanị ya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dentlinger|first=Lindsay|date=3 October 2021|title=JSC grills first group of SCA candidates on their judgments|url=https://ewn.co.za/2023/10/03/jsc-grills-first-group-of-sca-candidates-on-their-judgments|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=EWN|language=en}}</ref> Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ikpe akwadoghị Masipa maka nhọpụta; <ref name=":1" /> n'ezie, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ohere anọ, ọ tụrụ aro naanị Fayeeza Kathree-Setiloane na Shane Kgoele maka mbuli elu. N'ịjụ ndị [[Council for the Advancement of the South African Constitution|Council for the Advancement of the South Africa Constitution]] ka o wepụta ihe kpatara mkpebi a, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi kwuru ihe kpatara na ndị mmadụ itoolu ndị ọzọ na-enwetaghị nkwado nke ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ; na Masipa, o doro anya na ndị kọmishọna welitere nchegbu banyere enweghị ahụmahụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=9 November 2023|title=JSC explains lack of recommendations for SCA posts|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-11-09-jsc-explains-lack-of-recommendations-for-sca-posts/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Masipa alụbeghị di ma nwee ụmụ abụọ. <ref name=":0" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa] na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị * [https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa] na Judges Matter * [https://gcbsa.co.za/jscdocs/2023%20August/JUDGE%20MOKGERE%20BUSISIWE%20SHAREEN%20MASIPA%20.pdf Nyochaa] nke Council Bar * [https://womanity.africa/2020/07/22/high-court-judge-mokgere-masipa-kwazulu-natal-division-of-the-high-court/ Ajụjụ ọnụ] nke nwanyị [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i8qy59xvgsavkem6y02m255dhmp78yn 674128 674126 2026-07-08T14:52:26Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke KwaZulu-Natal: 2016- dị ugbu a */ 674128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    '''Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa''' (amụrụ 1 Maachị 1974) bụ onye ọkaikpe South Africa nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke South Africa . A họpụtara ya na ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal na Julaị 2016 ka afọ iri na anọ gachara dị ka onye ọka iwu na Durban . Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara iwu ọrụ . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Masipa na 1 Maachị 1974 na Durban na mpaghara Natal mbụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen|url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Supreme Court of Appeal}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọ nọrọ oge uto ya na Northern Transvaal, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}</ref> na-agụ akwụkwọ na Ebenezer High School na Mokopane . <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara na Mahadum North, ebe ọ gụchara BPRC na 1996, yana Mahadum Natal, ebe ọ gụchara LLB na 1998. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe ọ bụ ọkàiwu na-arụ ọrụ, ọ gụchara LLM na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal na 2015; <ref name=":0" /> ubi ya bụ ọmụmụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ edemede ya ka akpọrọ, "Mmetụta nke Omume Omenala Afrịka na Ọpụpụ Ọrụ Ezinụlọ ." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Linscott|first=Sarah|date=August 2016|title=Judicial Appointment: Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2016/august/2016-august-vol029-no2-pp23.pdf|journal=Advocate|volume=29|issue=2|pages=23}}</ref> == Ọrụ iwu == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Natal, Masipa malitere ọrụ iwu ya dị ka onye ọka ikpe na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi ; site na 1998 ruo 2000, ọ dabere na Ụlọikpe Ndị Ọrụ na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ọrụ na Durban. <ref name=":0" /> N'oge ahụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru Labour Court Judge Raymond Zondo, onye mesịrị ghọọ Chief Justice nke South Africa . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=2 October 2023|title=Judicial Service Commission starts interviews for SCA vacancies|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-02-judicial-service-commission-starts-interviews-for-sca-vacancies/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, Masipa bụ onye ọka ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe ndị ọrụ na July 2013. <ref name=":0" /> Na 2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha na ikpe igbu ọchụ a nụrụ na ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, ma mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke mbụ dị ka onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu: <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ "JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa"]. ''Judges Matter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> ọ nọdụrụ na Pietermaritzburg . Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu site na Julaị ruo Septemba 2015 yana n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Durban site na Nọvemba 2015 ruo June 2016. <ref name=":0" /> O sonyekwara na ọzụzụ ndị ọkaikpe na-achọsi ike na 2016. <ref name=":0" /> == Ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke KwaZulu-Natal: 2016- dị ugbu a == N’April 2016, e depụtara Masipa n’akwụkwọ wee gbaa ajụjụ ọnụ dị ka onye ga-ekwe omume nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide na oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu KwaZulu-Natal. N'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na [[Cape Town]], Masipa kpughere na KwaZulu-Natal Law Society mere nchọpụta nke omume rụrụ arụ megide ya n'ime afọ ya na omume; Masipa kwuru na mkpesa ahụ sitere na mgbagwoju anya pụtara ìhè metụtara enweghị otu onye n'ime ndị ahịa ya n'ụlọ ikpe, na ọ were nchoputa ahụ na mkpesa. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 April 2016|title=New benchmark for KZN|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2016-04-07-new-benchmark-for-kzn/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ajụrụkwa ya banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere mmekọahụ na ngalaba iwu. <ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ajụjụ ọnụ ndị ahụ gasịrị, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mmadụ atọ ndị Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe kwadoro ka ha họpụta n'oche oche, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-07|title=Aspirant judges find that JZ saga weighs on the JSC|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-jz-saga-weighs-on-the-jsc/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> na, na June, President Jacob Zuma kwadoro nhọpụta ya na Ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal site na 1 Julaị 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gqirana|first=Thulani|date=8 June 2016|title=Zuma appoints new judges|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-appoints-new-judges-20160608-2|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka nke 2023, Masipa edeela ikpe ise gbara n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu, na-agafe iwu mpụ, iwu iwu obodo, na iwu ezinụlọ . <ref name=":1" /> N'ime ikpe ndị ahụ, ''NFM v John Wesley School'' kwusiri ike na ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị mmadụ nwere onwe ha, ha na-adabere na ndokwa nke Iwu Ụlọ Akwụkwọ South Africa na Iwu, karịsịa ọdịmma kachasị mma nke ndokwa ụmụaka . Ya mere Masipa chọpụtara na amachibidoro ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe ka ọ ghara ime omume na-ezighị ezi, mweda ma ọ bụ mwepu megide ụmụ akwụkwọ iji nwetaghachi ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-adịghị mma. <ref name=":1" /> === Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị === N'oge ọ nọ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Masipa bụ onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị maka afọ abụọ zuru ezu, n'ime 2022 na 2023. Ọ bụkwa onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị ugboro atọ, n'etiti June na Septemba 2022, Eprel na Mee 2023, na Ọktoba na Nọvemba 2023. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Masipa bụ otu onye na-ede akwụkwọ mkpebi ikpe nke ụlọikpe na ''Louw v Patel'', ihe gbasara ahụike ahụike ; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=16 March 2023|title=SCA dismisses appeal by doctor over process leading to amputation of patient’s leg|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-03-16-sca-dismisses-appeal-by-doctor-over-process-leading-to-amputation-of-patients-leg/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> o mekwara akwụkwọ ikpe abụọ ndị ọzọ ọtụtụ ma dee mkpebi na-emegide. <ref name=":1" /> N’ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, Masipa so na ndị mmadụ iri na otu ndị Kọmitii Ọrụ Ikpe ahọpụtara na gbara ajụjụ ọnụ maka nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide n'otu n'ime ohere ikpe anọ na Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2023|title=JSC to interview second-round candidates for SCA and high courts|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-01-jsc-to-interview-second-round-candidates-for-sca-and-high-courts/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ, a na-eto ya maka nnwere onwe nke gosipụtara n'akwụkwọ ikpe ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ya na ahụmahụ ya na iwu ọrụ, ma Xola Petse, onye osote onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, gosipụtara na ọ ga-abụ na a ga-edozi ihe gbasara ọrụ. na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ọrụ karịa n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=2 October 2023|title=Judicial Service Commission starts interviews for SCA vacancies|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-02-judicial-service-commission-starts-interviews-for-sca-vacancies/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Petse kwukwara na a kpọrọ ya ka ọ lọghachi n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu dị ka onye na-achị achị n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ ga-erite uru site n'ahụmahụ ime ihe n'oche mkpegharị ikpe. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=3 October 2023|title=Candidates for second-highest court grilled on judgment-writing skills|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2023-10-03-candidates-for-second-highest-court-grilled-on-judgment-writing-skills/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Onye isi ọka ikpe Gauteng Dunstan Mlambo katọrọ Masipa maka igbu oge ya n'iwepụta otu ikpe, <ref name=":2" /> na Petse welitere nchegbu na akwadola ikpe mkpegharị mkpegharị nke ekenyela ya, kama ịbụ onye Masipa dere naanị ya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dentlinger|first=Lindsay|date=3 October 2021|title=JSC grills first group of SCA candidates on their judgments|url=https://ewn.co.za/2023/10/03/jsc-grills-first-group-of-sca-candidates-on-their-judgments|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=EWN|language=en}}</ref> Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ikpe akwadoghị Masipa maka nhọpụta; <ref name=":1" /> n'ezie, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ohere anọ, ọ tụrụ aro naanị Fayeeza Kathree-Setiloane na Shane Kgoele maka mbuli elu. N'ịjụ ndị [[Council for the Advancement of the South African Constitution|Council for the Advancement of the South Africa Constitution]] ka o wepụta ihe kpatara mkpebi a, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi kwuru ihe kpatara na ndị mmadụ itoolu ndị ọzọ na-enwetaghị nkwado nke ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ; na Masipa, o doro anya na ndị kọmishọna welitere nchegbu banyere enweghị ahụmahụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=9 November 2023|title=JSC explains lack of recommendations for SCA posts|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-11-09-jsc-explains-lack-of-recommendations-for-sca-posts/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Masipa alụbeghị di ma nwee ụmụ abụọ. <ref name=":0" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa] na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị * [https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa] na Judges Matter * [https://gcbsa.co.za/jscdocs/2023%20August/JUDGE%20MOKGERE%20BUSISIWE%20SHAREEN%20MASIPA%20.pdf Nyochaa] nke Council Bar * [https://womanity.africa/2020/07/22/high-court-judge-mokgere-masipa-kwazulu-natal-division-of-the-high-court/ Ajụjụ ọnụ] nke nwanyị [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8t0baq0j3lcgwbdam6uprqhzmmku18b 674130 674128 2026-07-08T14:53:14Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrụ iwu */ 674130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    '''Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa''' (amụrụ 1 Maachị 1974) bụ onye ọkaikpe South Africa nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke South Africa . A họpụtara ya na ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal na Julaị 2016 ka afọ iri na anọ gachara dị ka onye ọka iwu na Durban . Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara iwu ọrụ . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Masipa na 1 Maachị 1974 na Durban na mpaghara Natal mbụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Masipa, Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen|url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Supreme Court of Appeal}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọ nọrọ oge uto ya na Northern Transvaal, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}</ref> na-agụ akwụkwọ na Ebenezer High School na Mokopane . <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara na Mahadum North, ebe ọ gụchara BPRC na 1996, yana Mahadum Natal, ebe ọ gụchara LLB na 1998. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe ọ bụ ọkàiwu na-arụ ọrụ, ọ gụchara LLM na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal na 2015; <ref name=":0" /> ubi ya bụ ọmụmụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ edemede ya ka akpọrọ, "Mmetụta nke Omume Omenala Afrịka na Ọpụpụ Ọrụ Ezinụlọ ." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Linscott|first=Sarah|date=August 2016|title=Judicial Appointment: Judge Mokgere Masipa|url=https://gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2016/august/2016-august-vol029-no2-pp23.pdf|journal=Advocate|volume=29|issue=2|pages=23}}</ref> == Ọrụ iwu == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Natal, Masipa malitere ọrụ iwu ya dị ka onye ọka ikpe na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi ; site na 1998 ruo 2000, ọ dabere na Ụlọikpe Ndị Ọrụ na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ọrụ na Durban. <ref name=":0" /> N'oge ahụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru Labour Court Judge Raymond Zondo, onye mesịrị ghọọ Chief Justice nke South Africa . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=2 October 2023|title=Judicial Service Commission starts interviews for SCA vacancies|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-02-judicial-service-commission-starts-interviews-for-sca-vacancies/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, Masipa bụ onye ọka ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe ndị ọrụ na July 2013. <ref name=":0" /> Na 2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha na ikpe igbu ọchụ a nụrụ na ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, ma mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke mbụ dị ka onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu: <ref name=":1" /> ọ nọdụrụ na Pietermaritzburg . Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu site na Julaị ruo Septemba 2015 yana n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Durban site na Nọvemba 2015 ruo June 2016. <ref name=":0" /> O sonyekwara na ọzụzụ ndị ọkaikpe na-achọsi ike na 2016. <ref name=":0" /> == Ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke KwaZulu-Natal: 2016- dị ugbu a == N’April 2016, e depụtara Masipa n’akwụkwọ wee gbaa ajụjụ ọnụ dị ka onye ga-ekwe omume nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide na oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu KwaZulu-Natal. N'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na [[Cape Town]], Masipa kpughere na KwaZulu-Natal Law Society mere nchọpụta nke omume rụrụ arụ megide ya n'ime afọ ya na omume; Masipa kwuru na mkpesa ahụ sitere na mgbagwoju anya pụtara ìhè metụtara enweghị otu onye n'ime ndị ahịa ya n'ụlọ ikpe, na ọ were nchoputa ahụ na mkpesa. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 April 2016|title=New benchmark for KZN|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2016-04-07-new-benchmark-for-kzn/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ajụrụkwa ya banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere mmekọahụ na ngalaba iwu. <ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ajụjụ ọnụ ndị ahụ gasịrị, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mmadụ atọ ndị Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe kwadoro ka ha họpụta n'oche oche, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-07|title=Aspirant judges find that JZ saga weighs on the JSC|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-jz-saga-weighs-on-the-jsc/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> na, na June, President Jacob Zuma kwadoro nhọpụta ya na Ngalaba KwaZulu-Natal site na 1 Julaị 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gqirana|first=Thulani|date=8 June 2016|title=Zuma appoints new judges|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-appoints-new-judges-20160608-2|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka nke 2023, Masipa edeela ikpe ise gbara n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu, na-agafe iwu mpụ, iwu iwu obodo, na iwu ezinụlọ . <ref name=":1" /> N'ime ikpe ndị ahụ, ''NFM v John Wesley School'' kwusiri ike na ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị mmadụ nwere onwe ha, ha na-adabere na ndokwa nke Iwu Ụlọ Akwụkwọ South Africa na Iwu, karịsịa ọdịmma kachasị mma nke ndokwa ụmụaka . Ya mere Masipa chọpụtara na amachibidoro ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe ka ọ ghara ime omume na-ezighị ezi, mweda ma ọ bụ mwepu megide ụmụ akwụkwọ iji nwetaghachi ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-adịghị mma. <ref name=":1" /> === Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị === N'oge ọ nọ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Masipa bụ onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị maka afọ abụọ zuru ezu, n'ime 2022 na 2023. Ọ bụkwa onye ọka ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị ugboro atọ, n'etiti June na Septemba 2022, Eprel na Mee 2023, na Ọktoba na Nọvemba 2023. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Masipa bụ otu onye na-ede akwụkwọ mkpebi ikpe nke ụlọikpe na ''Louw v Patel'', ihe gbasara ahụike ahụike ; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=16 March 2023|title=SCA dismisses appeal by doctor over process leading to amputation of patient’s leg|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-03-16-sca-dismisses-appeal-by-doctor-over-process-leading-to-amputation-of-patients-leg/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> o mekwara akwụkwọ ikpe abụọ ndị ọzọ ọtụtụ ma dee mkpebi na-emegide. <ref name=":1" /> N’ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, Masipa so na ndị mmadụ iri na otu ndị Kọmitii Ọrụ Ikpe ahọpụtara na gbara ajụjụ ọnụ maka nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide n'otu n'ime ohere ikpe anọ na Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2023|title=JSC to interview second-round candidates for SCA and high courts|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-01-jsc-to-interview-second-round-candidates-for-sca-and-high-courts/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ, a na-eto ya maka nnwere onwe nke gosipụtara n'akwụkwọ ikpe ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ya na ahụmahụ ya na iwu ọrụ, ma Xola Petse, onye osote onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, gosipụtara na ọ ga-abụ na a ga-edozi ihe gbasara ọrụ. na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ọrụ karịa n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=2 October 2023|title=Judicial Service Commission starts interviews for SCA vacancies|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-10-02-judicial-service-commission-starts-interviews-for-sca-vacancies/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Petse kwukwara na a kpọrọ ya ka ọ lọghachi n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu dị ka onye na-achị achị n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ ga-erite uru site n'ahụmahụ ime ihe n'oche mkpegharị ikpe. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=3 October 2023|title=Candidates for second-highest court grilled on judgment-writing skills|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2023-10-03-candidates-for-second-highest-court-grilled-on-judgment-writing-skills/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Onye isi ọka ikpe Gauteng Dunstan Mlambo katọrọ Masipa maka igbu oge ya n'iwepụta otu ikpe, <ref name=":2" /> na Petse welitere nchegbu na akwadola ikpe mkpegharị mkpegharị nke ekenyela ya, kama ịbụ onye Masipa dere naanị ya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dentlinger|first=Lindsay|date=3 October 2021|title=JSC grills first group of SCA candidates on their judgments|url=https://ewn.co.za/2023/10/03/jsc-grills-first-group-of-sca-candidates-on-their-judgments|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=EWN|language=en}}</ref> Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ikpe akwadoghị Masipa maka nhọpụta; <ref name=":1" /> n'ezie, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ohere anọ, ọ tụrụ aro naanị Fayeeza Kathree-Setiloane na Shane Kgoele maka mbuli elu. N'ịjụ ndị [[Council for the Advancement of the South African Constitution|Council for the Advancement of the South Africa Constitution]] ka o wepụta ihe kpatara mkpebi a, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi kwuru ihe kpatara na ndị mmadụ itoolu ndị ọzọ na-enwetaghị nkwado nke ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ; na Masipa, o doro anya na ndị kọmishọna welitere nchegbu banyere enweghị ahụmahụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Moosa|first=Tauriq|date=9 November 2023|title=JSC explains lack of recommendations for SCA posts|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-11-09-jsc-explains-lack-of-recommendations-for-sca-posts/|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Masipa alụbeghị di ma nwee ụmụ abụọ. <ref name=":0" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/31-acting-judges/96-masipa-mokgere-busisiwe-shareen Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa] na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị * [https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/the-jsc/2016-2/jsc-candidates-2/judge-mokgere-masipa/ Mokgere Busisiwe Shareen Masipa] na Judges Matter * [https://gcbsa.co.za/jscdocs/2023%20August/JUDGE%20MOKGERE%20BUSISIWE%20SHAREEN%20MASIPA%20.pdf Nyochaa] nke Council Bar * [https://womanity.africa/2020/07/22/high-court-judge-mokgere-masipa-kwazulu-natal-division-of-the-high-court/ Ajụjụ ọnụ] nke nwanyị [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jepzd04vs689rys11ctr1887rzxy1rj 0 39365 674274 155841 2026-07-08T20:49:04Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 674274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    '''Mashangu Monica Leeuw''' ( née Mhangwane ; amuru 29 Julaị 1952) bu onye ọka ikpe South Africa lara ezumike nka bu onye ọka ikpe nke North West High Court site na 2010 rue 2022. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ jere ozi dị ka onye isi ọka ikpe na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke South Africa . Onye bụbu onye ọka iwu na Bophuthatswana ma mesịa bụrụ onye na-akwado na North West, a họpụtara Leeuw na bench na 1999 wee lara ezumike nka na 2022. Ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe iwu na 2014. == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == A mụrụ Leeuw na 29 Julaị 1952 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Justice Mashangu Monica Leeuw|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges/12-acting-judges/200-justice-mashangu-monica-leeuw|accessdate=2023-07-01|work=Constitutional Court}}</ref> na Lady Selborne, mmezi na Pretoria na Transvaal mbụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Stander|first=John|date=2010|title=South Africa's first lady Judge President: Monica Leeuw|url=https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2010/august/2010-august-vol023-no2-p18.pdf|journal=Advocate|volume=23|issue=2|pages=18}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na 1970 na Hwiti High School na Pietersburg wee mechaa BProc ya na Mahadum North na 1976. <ref name=":1" /> Mgbe e mesịrị, afọ iri n'ime ọrụ iwu ya na 1987, ọ gụchara LLB na Mahadum Bophuthatswana . <ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ iwu == Leeuw malitere ọrụ iwu ya dị ka onye inyeaka n'iwu n'ụlọ ikpe Magistrate Ga-Rankuwa ruo na 1978, ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu ọha na Ụlọikpe Magistrate Mmabatho dị na Bophuthatswana, Bantustan nọọrọ onwe ya n'aha . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> Ọ gbagoro n'ọkwa wee bụrụ onye ọka iwu nchịkwa mpaghara maka ọdịda anyanwụ Bophuthatswana na 1981, na 1987 a họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-akwado steeti na Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu Bophuthatswana. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Ọ jere ozi nwa akwụkwọ ya na Pretoria na 1990 wee bụrụ nwanyị ojii mbụ sonyere na Pretoria Bar. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwado na North West Bar site na 1991 ruo 1997, mgbe ọ malitere ọkwa dị ka onye nkuzi iwu na Mahadum Bophuthatswana. <ref name=":1" /> N'otu oge ahụ, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye nyocha na Skweyiya Commission, nke Thembile Skweyiya na-eduzi, bụ onye nyochara ebubo nke nrụrụ aka na ọchịchị Bophuthatswana (site na mgbe ahụ kwụsịrị). <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=20 December 2007|title=Mbeki approves judges' appointment|work=IOL|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/mbeki-approves-judges-appointment-383400|accessdate=1 July 2023}}</ref> == Ụlọikpe Elu North West: 1999–2022 == Na 1999, a họpụtara Leeuw ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka ikpe na North West High Court (nke a ka na-akpọ Bophuthatswana). N'oge ọ nọ n'oche oche, ọ na-abụ onye ọka ikpe onye isi oche nke North West High Court na 2005, ọ bụkwa onye ọka ikpe na Ụlọikpe Ndị Ọrụ na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ndị Ọrụ na 2007. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Justice Mashangu Monica Leeuw|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges/12-acting-judges/200-justice-mashangu-monica-leeuw|accessdate=2023-07-01|work=Constitutional Court}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 2007, Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe Labour. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=20 December 2007|title=Mbeki approves judges' appointment|work=IOL|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/mbeki-approves-judges-appointment-383400|accessdate=1 July 2023}}</ref> === Onye isi ọka ikpe: 2010–2022 === Na Mee 2010, onye nọchiri Mbeki, Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma, họpụtara Leeuw ka ọ bụrụ Onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Elu North West. <ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2010|title=Zuma makes judicial appointments|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-makes-judicial-appointments-20100505|accessdate=2023-07-01|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche ọkaikpe na ngalaba ọ bụla nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke South Africa . <ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=SA to get its first woman JP|url=https://legalbrief.co.za/diary/legalbrief-today/story/sa-to-get-its-first-woman-jp/print/|accessdate=2023-07-01|work=Legal Brief}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-13|title=Why the next chief justice should be a woman|url=https://mg.co.za/thoughtleader/opinion/2021-11-13-why-the-next-chief-justice-should-be-a-woman/|accessdate=2023-07-01|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ọ jere ozi ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na njedebe nke August 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-29|title=Women and the bench: What Justice Mandisa Maya's interview tells us about women's place in the judiciary|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/opinions/women-and-the-bench-what-justice-mandisa-mayas-interview-tells-us-about-a-womens-place-in-the-judiciary/|accessdate=2023-07-01|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'oge ya dị ka Onye isi oche Onyeikpe, Leeuw bụ onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe iwu, ebe ọ jupụtara n'oche Justice Thembile Skweyiya lara ezumike nká n'etiti 1 August na 31 December 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2014|title=ConCourt appoints 3 female acting judges|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/concourt-appoints-3-female-acting-judges-20140725|accessdate=2023-07-01|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> A kwadoro ya na ndị ọkàikpe ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ, n'ihe a na-ele anya dị ka akụkụ nke mgbalị iji gbasaa ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ ịhọpụta n'ụlọ ikpe na-adịgide adịgide. <ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2014|title=Top court appoints woman acting judge|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2014-07-25-top-court-appoints-woman-acting-judge/|accessdate=2023-07-01|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> O dere ikpe nke otu ụlọ ikpe na ''Stratford and Others v Investec Bank Limited na ndị ọzọ'', nke ewepụtara na Disemba 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2014|title=Stratford and Others v Investec Bank Limited and Others (CCT 62/14) [2014] ZACC 38; 2015 (3) BCLR 358 (CC); 2015 (3) SA 1 (CC); (2015) 36 ILJ 583 (CC)|url=http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2014/38.html|accessdate=2023-07-01|work=SAFLII}}</ref> Leeuw chịkwara ndị Independent Commission for the Remuneration of Public Office Bearers, otu panel nke Onye isi ala Cyril Ramaphosa hibere iji nye ndụmọdụ maka ụgwọ ọnwa na uru na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ikpe. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Makhafola|first=Getrude|date=2022-03-31|title=Bumper salary increases lined up for Ramaphosa, his deputy and ministers|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/government/ramaphosa-deputy-ministers-earn-this-year-31-march-2022/|accessdate=2023-07-01|work=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ Sello Andrew, onye na-ere ọgwụ; ha nwere ụmụ atọ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Stander|first=John|date=2010|title=South Africa's first lady Judge President: Monica Leeuw|url=https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2010/august/2010-august-vol023-no2-p18.pdf|journal=Advocate|volume=23|issue=2|pages=18}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges/12-acting-judges/200-justice-mashangu-monica-leeuw Mashangu Monica Leeuw] na Ụlọikpe Iwu * [https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/m-m-leeuw/ MM Leeuw] na Ndị Ikpe Matter * [https://womanity.africa/2016/04/21/judge-monica-leeuw-judge-president-north-west-high-court-south-africa/ Ajụjụ ọnụ ọdịyo] na nwanyị [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] elzxw1c11awjic16wf54t438ikdg38v 0 39787 674254 183181 2026-07-08T20:21:56Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ 674254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image frame|pos=top|border=no|innerstyle=background: none;|caption=Miss Grand Nigeria licensee timeline|content=<timeline> ImageSize = width:200 height:250 PlotArea = left:40 right:0 bottom:5 top:10 DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2013 till:31/10/2023 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2013 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical format:yyyy # A line at the right side of the graph LineData = from:01/01/2013 till:end atpos:65 color:black width:0.5 Colors = id:OLA value:green id:LUI value:white id:CNB value:blue id:RCR value:yellow id:MCR value:red id:JOA value:magenta PlotData= bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,black) align:left fontsize:S from:01/01/2013 till:31/12/2014 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2015 till:31/12/2017 shift:(20,-4) text:"QLA Nigeria" color:RCR from:01/01/2018 till:31/12/2018 shift:(20,-4) text:"No Licensee" color:LUI from:01/01/2019 till:31/12/2019 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2020 till:31/12/2022 shift:(20,-4) text:"001 Entertainment" color:CNB from:01/01/2023 till:end shift:(20,-4) text:"The Qhue Group" color:MCR </timeline>}}{{Databox}}'''Miss Grand Nigeria''' bụ asọmpi ịma mma nwanyị [[Ndị Naijiria|Naijiria]] tọrọ ntọala na 2015 site n'aka onye nhazi mmemme dabere na [[Lagos]] nke Loveth Ajufoh, QLA Nigeria na-edu. <ref name="van">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|title=Beauty pageant to combat gender violence in Nigeria|date=28 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Gabriel Olawale|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202202949/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|archivedate=2 December 2022}}</ref> <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}</ref> Ndị meriri n'asọmpi ahụ, bụ nke e mere n'otu n'otu ugboro abụọ (na 2015 na 2016), nọchitere Nigeria na asọmpi nne na nna ya, [[Miss Grand International]] . <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="eco" /> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}</ref> Na mbụ, akwụkwọ ikike asọmpi ahụ bụ nke AMC Productions, onye na-ahazi asọmpi [[Miss Earth Nigeria]], tupu ebufee ya na QLA Nigeria Limited, 001 Entertainment – onye na-ahazi The Nigerian Queen, na Qhue Group. na 2015, 2020, na 2023, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="september">{{Cite web|url=https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/|title=Loveth Udoka Ajufoh, The Beauty Queen Who Runs The Girl Child Initiative Of Nigeria|author=Ada Igboanugo|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=theseptemberstandard.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212349/https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/}}</ref> <ref name="nolly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html|title=Tonto Dikeh, Others to Judge Miss Grand Contestant|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=www.nollywoodgists.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212920/https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html}}</ref> <ref name="ngtribune">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/|title=Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen|date=6 December 2020|accessdate=22 August 2021|author=Segun Adebayo|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na mbụ mpụta mbụ na 2014, ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria nwetara ntinye akwụkwọ na [[Miss Grand International]] pageant dị ka otu n'ime 20 ikpeazụ ikpeazụ ugboro abụọ; na 2021 na 2022. <ref name="2021result">{{Cite web|url=https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml|title=Mineira critica Bolsonaro no palco e fica em 3º no Miss Grand International|author=Fábio Luís de Paula|publisher=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|date=4 December 2021|accessdate=3 December 2022|language=pt|archivedate=4 December 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20211204221209/https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml}}</ref> <ref name="coresult">{{Cite web|url=https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/|language=es|date=25 October 2022|accessdate=26 October 2022|title=Miss Grand International 2022 Isabella Novaes Menin de Brasil, ganadora del certámen|author=María Fernanda Cedeño|work=Colombia.as.com|archivedate=25 October 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221025182232/https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Naijiria]] sonyeere asọmpi Miss Grand International nke mbụ na 2014, nke Tessy Kiri Bibowei nọchitere anya ya bụ onye otu [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] họpụtara n'ọkwa ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2015, e zigara akwụkwọ ikike ahụ na QLA Nigeria Limited, nke onye ọchụnta ego Loveth Ajufoh na-achị bụ onye haziri asọmpi mbụ nke Miss Grand Nigeria na September 11, 2015 na [[Lagos]] . <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdesola_Ade-Unuigbe2015">Adesola Ade-Unuigbe (14 September 2015). [https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/ "Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner"]. ''[[BellaNaija]]''. Archived from [https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/ the original] on 25 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html "WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table"]. ''Alexreports.info''. Archived from [http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="september" /> <ref name="36ng">{{Cite web|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/|title=Beverly Osu, Terry G, Tonto Dike & More Attend Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Shayo Adeleke|work=www.36ng.ng|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113637/https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/}}</ref> Asọmpi a gosipụtara ndị asọmpi mba iri na ise bụ ndị tozuru oke na agba ikpeazụ nke mba site na nyocha mbido emere na Septemba 1, <ref name="van" /> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> nke onye nnọchite anya [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau Steeti]] bụ Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia, họpụtara onye mmeri. <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="epic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html|title=Epic Craziness! Checkout Denrele's Outfit to Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 Pageant (Photos)|work=www.tori.ng|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=George|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205856/https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html}}</ref> <ref name="linda">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html|title=Photos: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia crowned as Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=Linda Ikeji|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205340/https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html}}</ref> Emekwara mbipụta nke abụọ n'afọ na-esote, <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}</ref> <ref name="2016promo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|title=Get your tickets for Miss Grand Nigeria 2016. Sunday the 11th of September 2016 at the VCP hotel 292b Ajose Adeogun Victoria Island Lagos|date=4 September 2022|publisher=Miss Grand Nigeria|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202164113/https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|archivedate=2 December 2022}} [https://archive.org/download/miss-grand-nigeria-2016-promo/Miss%20Grand%20Nigeria%202016%20Promo.mp4 Alt URL]</ref> mana na 2017, naanị ihe nkedo mebere ka emere iji chọpụta onye nwe aha. QLA Nigeria Limited mechara kwụsị mmekorita ya na Miss Grand International na njedebe nke afọ ahụ. Eweghachitere ikike ahụ na onye nhazi nke [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] pageant na 2019 wee nye ụlọ ọrụ nhazi Queen Queen, Kelvin Joseph Amroma's 001 Entertainment, na 2020. <ref name="ngtribune">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/|title=Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen|date=6 December 2020|accessdate=22 August 2021|author=Segun Adebayo|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSegun_Adebayo2020">Segun Adebayo (6 December 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/ "Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen"]. ''[[Nigerian Tribune]]''. Archived from [https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/ the original] on 3 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Kemgbe ahụ, a na-eche na ndị meriri n'asọmpi Queen Queen bụ ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria maka Miss Grand International pageant, <ref name="ngtribune" /> ma e wezụga 2021, mgbe onye nwe aha mbụ, Abimbola Abayomi, enweghị ike ịsọ mpi mba ụwa; onye ikike ahụ kenyeziri onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ ya isonye na Miss Grand International 2021 kama. Kemgbe nsonye mbụ ya na 2014, Patience Christopher na Damilola Bolarinde bụ naanị ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria abụọ ka etinyere na Miss Grand International; Akpọrọ ha abụọ aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị 20 kacha asọmpi na 2021 na 2022, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="2021result">{{Cite web|url=https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml|title=Mineira critica Bolsonaro no palco e fica em 3º no Miss Grand International|author=Fábio Luís de Paula|publisher=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|date=4 December 2021|accessdate=3 December 2022|language=pt|archivedate=4 December 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20211204221209/https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFábio_Luís_de_Paula2021">Fábio Luís de Paula (4 December 2021). [https://archive.today/20211204221209/https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml "Mineira critica Bolsonaro no palco e fica em 3º no Miss Grand International"] (in Portuguese). [[Folha de S.Paulo]]. Archived from [https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml the original] on 4 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> <ref name="coresult">{{Cite web|url=https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/|language=es|date=25 October 2022|accessdate=26 October 2022|title=Miss Grand International 2022 Isabella Novaes Menin de Brasil, ganadora del certámen|author=María Fernanda Cedeño|work=Colombia.as.com|archivedate=25 October 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221025182232/https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMaría_Fernanda_Cedeño2022">María Fernanda Cedeño (25 October 2022). [https://archive.today/20221025182232/https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/ "Miss Grand International 2022 Isabella Novaes Menin de Brasil, ganadora del certámen"]. ''Colombia.as.com'' (in Spanish). Archived from [https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/ the original] on 25 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Mbipụta == === Ụbọchị na ebe mgbakọ === Ndepụta ndị a bụ nkọwapụta mbipụta nke asọmpi Miss Grand Nigeria, kemgbe mmalite ya na 2015. {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left" style="font-size:90%" !Mbipụta ! Ụbọchị ! {{Érèkọbalà|Final venue}} ! Ndị batara ! Ntụaka |- ! 1st | Septemba 11, 2015 | Orchid Hotels & Events Center, [[Lekki]], [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] | 15 | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html "WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table"]. ''Alexreports.info''. Archived from [http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |- ! 2nd | Septemba 11, 2016 | Victoria Crown Plaza Hotel, [[Victoria Island, Lagos]] | 18 | <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html "Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016"]. ''Stella Dimoko Korkus''. 26 September 2016. Archived from [https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="2016promo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|title=Get your tickets for Miss Grand Nigeria 2016. Sunday the 11th of September 2016 at the VCP hotel 292b Ajose Adeogun Victoria Island Lagos|date=4 September 2022|publisher=Miss Grand Nigeria|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202164113/https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|archivedate=2 December 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221202164113/https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/ "Get your tickets for Miss Grand Nigeria 2016. Sunday the 11th of September 2016 at the VCP hotel 292b Ajose Adeogun Victoria Island Lagos"]. Miss Grand Nigeria. 4 September 2022. Archived from [https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/ the original] on 2 December 2022 &#x2013; via [[Internet Archive]].</cite> [https://archive.org/download/miss-grand-nigeria-2016-promo/Miss%20Grand%20Nigeria%202016%20Promo.mp4 Alt URL]</ref> |} === Nsonaazụ asọmpi === {| class="wikitable col1center col5center" style="font-size:90%;" ! rowspan="2" | Afọ ! rowspan="2" | Miss Grand Niegia ! colspan="2" | Ndị na-agba ọsọ ! rowspan="2" | Ntụaka |- ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke 1st ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ |- ! 2015 | [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau]] – Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia | [[Ȯra Abia|Abia]] – Fumnaya Victoria Okafor | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Joy Ebaide Udoh | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> |- ! 2016 | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame | [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]] – Emmanuella Yaboh | [[Ȯra Rivers|Rivers]] - Amanosi Kadiri | <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html "Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016"]. ''Stella Dimoko Korkus''. 26 September 2016. Archived from [https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |} == Ndị nnọchi anya Miss Grand International == Ndepụta ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria na Miss Grand International pageant ; Osisi <gallery> Usòrò:Boma_Dokubo.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2023'''<br /><br />Boma Dokubo Usòrò:Damilola_Bolarinde.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2022'''<br /><br />Damilola Bolarinde Usòrò:Patience_Idowochenema_Christopher.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2021'''<br /><br />Patience Christopher Usòrò:Chikaodili_Nna-Udosen_2.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2020'''<br /><br />Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Usòrò:Ifeoma_Jennifer_Ohia.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2015'''<br /><br />Ifeoma Ohia Usòrò:Tessy_Kiri_Bibowei.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2014'''<br /><br />Tessy Bibowei </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Media related to Miss Grand Nigeria at Wikimedia Commons {{Miss Grand International titleholders}}{{Beauty pageants in Nigeria}} a81wg2129slxkylowrbxicyd8qzfk0w 674255 674254 2026-07-08T20:24:20Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ụbọchị na ebe mgbakọ */ 674255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image frame|pos=top|border=no|innerstyle=background: none;|caption=Miss Grand Nigeria licensee timeline|content=<timeline> ImageSize = width:200 height:250 PlotArea = left:40 right:0 bottom:5 top:10 DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2013 till:31/10/2023 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2013 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical format:yyyy # A line at the right side of the graph LineData = from:01/01/2013 till:end atpos:65 color:black width:0.5 Colors = id:OLA value:green id:LUI value:white id:CNB value:blue id:RCR value:yellow id:MCR value:red id:JOA value:magenta PlotData= bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,black) align:left fontsize:S from:01/01/2013 till:31/12/2014 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2015 till:31/12/2017 shift:(20,-4) text:"QLA Nigeria" color:RCR from:01/01/2018 till:31/12/2018 shift:(20,-4) text:"No Licensee" color:LUI from:01/01/2019 till:31/12/2019 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2020 till:31/12/2022 shift:(20,-4) text:"001 Entertainment" color:CNB from:01/01/2023 till:end shift:(20,-4) text:"The Qhue Group" color:MCR </timeline>}}{{Databox}}'''Miss Grand Nigeria''' bụ asọmpi ịma mma nwanyị [[Ndị Naijiria|Naijiria]] tọrọ ntọala na 2015 site n'aka onye nhazi mmemme dabere na [[Lagos]] nke Loveth Ajufoh, QLA Nigeria na-edu. <ref name="van">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|title=Beauty pageant to combat gender violence in Nigeria|date=28 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Gabriel Olawale|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202202949/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|archivedate=2 December 2022}}</ref> <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}</ref> Ndị meriri n'asọmpi ahụ, bụ nke e mere n'otu n'otu ugboro abụọ (na 2015 na 2016), nọchitere Nigeria na asọmpi nne na nna ya, [[Miss Grand International]] . <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="eco" /> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}</ref> Na mbụ, akwụkwọ ikike asọmpi ahụ bụ nke AMC Productions, onye na-ahazi asọmpi [[Miss Earth Nigeria]], tupu ebufee ya na QLA Nigeria Limited, 001 Entertainment – onye na-ahazi The Nigerian Queen, na Qhue Group. na 2015, 2020, na 2023, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="september">{{Cite web|url=https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/|title=Loveth Udoka Ajufoh, The Beauty Queen Who Runs The Girl Child Initiative Of Nigeria|author=Ada Igboanugo|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=theseptemberstandard.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212349/https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/}}</ref> <ref name="nolly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html|title=Tonto Dikeh, Others to Judge Miss Grand Contestant|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=www.nollywoodgists.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212920/https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html}}</ref> <ref name="ngtribune">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/|title=Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen|date=6 December 2020|accessdate=22 August 2021|author=Segun Adebayo|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na mbụ mpụta mbụ na 2014, ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria nwetara ntinye akwụkwọ na [[Miss Grand International]] pageant dị ka otu n'ime 20 ikpeazụ ikpeazụ ugboro abụọ; na 2021 na 2022. <ref name="2021result">{{Cite web|url=https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml|title=Mineira critica Bolsonaro no palco e fica em 3º no Miss Grand International|author=Fábio Luís de Paula|publisher=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|date=4 December 2021|accessdate=3 December 2022|language=pt|archivedate=4 December 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20211204221209/https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml}}</ref> <ref name="coresult">{{Cite web|url=https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/|language=es|date=25 October 2022|accessdate=26 October 2022|title=Miss Grand International 2022 Isabella Novaes Menin de Brasil, ganadora del certámen|author=María Fernanda Cedeño|work=Colombia.as.com|archivedate=25 October 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221025182232/https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Naijiria]] sonyeere asọmpi Miss Grand International nke mbụ na 2014, nke Tessy Kiri Bibowei nọchitere anya ya bụ onye otu [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] họpụtara n'ọkwa ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2015, e zigara akwụkwọ ikike ahụ na QLA Nigeria Limited, nke onye ọchụnta ego Loveth Ajufoh na-achị bụ onye haziri asọmpi mbụ nke Miss Grand Nigeria na September 11, 2015 na [[Lagos]] . <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdesola_Ade-Unuigbe2015">Adesola Ade-Unuigbe (14 September 2015). [https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/ "Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner"]. ''[[BellaNaija]]''. Archived from [https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/ the original] on 25 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html "WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table"]. ''Alexreports.info''. Archived from [http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="september" /> <ref name="36ng">{{Cite web|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/|title=Beverly Osu, Terry G, Tonto Dike & More Attend Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Shayo Adeleke|work=www.36ng.ng|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113637/https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/}}</ref> Asọmpi a gosipụtara ndị asọmpi mba iri na ise bụ ndị tozuru oke na agba ikpeazụ nke mba site na nyocha mbido emere na Septemba 1, <ref name="van" /> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> nke onye nnọchite anya [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau Steeti]] bụ Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia, họpụtara onye mmeri. <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="epic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html|title=Epic Craziness! Checkout Denrele's Outfit to Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 Pageant (Photos)|work=www.tori.ng|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=George|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205856/https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html}}</ref> <ref name="linda">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html|title=Photos: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia crowned as Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=Linda Ikeji|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205340/https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html}}</ref> Emekwara mbipụta nke abụọ n'afọ na-esote, <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}</ref> <ref name="2016promo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|title=Get your tickets for Miss Grand Nigeria 2016. Sunday the 11th of September 2016 at the VCP hotel 292b Ajose Adeogun Victoria Island Lagos|date=4 September 2022|publisher=Miss Grand Nigeria|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202164113/https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|archivedate=2 December 2022}} [https://archive.org/download/miss-grand-nigeria-2016-promo/Miss%20Grand%20Nigeria%202016%20Promo.mp4 Alt URL]</ref> mana na 2017, naanị ihe nkedo mebere ka emere iji chọpụta onye nwe aha. QLA Nigeria Limited mechara kwụsị mmekorita ya na Miss Grand International na njedebe nke afọ ahụ. Eweghachitere ikike ahụ na onye nhazi nke [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] pageant na 2019 wee nye ụlọ ọrụ nhazi Queen Queen, Kelvin Joseph Amroma's 001 Entertainment, na 2020. <ref name="ngtribune">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/|title=Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen|date=6 December 2020|accessdate=22 August 2021|author=Segun Adebayo|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSegun_Adebayo2020">Segun Adebayo (6 December 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/ "Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen"]. ''[[Nigerian Tribune]]''. Archived from [https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/ the original] on 3 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Kemgbe ahụ, a na-eche na ndị meriri n'asọmpi Queen Queen bụ ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria maka Miss Grand International pageant, <ref name="ngtribune" /> ma e wezụga 2021, mgbe onye nwe aha mbụ, Abimbola Abayomi, enweghị ike ịsọ mpi mba ụwa; onye ikike ahụ kenyeziri onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ ya isonye na Miss Grand International 2021 kama. Kemgbe nsonye mbụ ya na 2014, Patience Christopher na Damilola Bolarinde bụ naanị ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria abụọ ka etinyere na Miss Grand International; Akpọrọ ha abụọ aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị 20 kacha asọmpi na 2021 na 2022, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="2021result">{{Cite web|url=https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml|title=Mineira critica Bolsonaro no palco e fica em 3º no Miss Grand International|author=Fábio Luís de Paula|publisher=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|date=4 December 2021|accessdate=3 December 2022|language=pt|archivedate=4 December 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20211204221209/https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFábio_Luís_de_Paula2021">Fábio Luís de Paula (4 December 2021). [https://archive.today/20211204221209/https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml "Mineira critica Bolsonaro no palco e fica em 3º no Miss Grand International"] (in Portuguese). [[Folha de S.Paulo]]. Archived from [https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml the original] on 4 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> <ref name="coresult">{{Cite web|url=https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/|language=es|date=25 October 2022|accessdate=26 October 2022|title=Miss Grand International 2022 Isabella Novaes Menin de Brasil, ganadora del certámen|author=María Fernanda Cedeño|work=Colombia.as.com|archivedate=25 October 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221025182232/https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMaría_Fernanda_Cedeño2022">María Fernanda Cedeño (25 October 2022). [https://archive.today/20221025182232/https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/ "Miss Grand International 2022 Isabella Novaes Menin de Brasil, ganadora del certámen"]. ''Colombia.as.com'' (in Spanish). Archived from [https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/ the original] on 25 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Mbipụta == === Ụbọchị na ebe mgbakọ === Ndepụta ndị a bụ nkọwapụta mbipụta nke asọmpi Miss Grand Nigeria, kemgbe mmalite ya na 2015. {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left" style="font-size:90%" !Mbipụta ! Ụbọchị ! {{Érèkọbalà|Final venue}} ! Ndị batara ! Ntụaka |- ! 1st | Septemba 11, 2015 | Orchid Hotels & Events Center, [[Lekki]], [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] | 15 | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html "WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table"]. ''Alexreports.info''. Archived from [http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |- ! 2nd | Septemba 11, 2016 | Victoria Crown Plaza Hotel, [[Victoria Island, Lagos]] | 18 | <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html "Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016"]. ''Stella Dimoko Korkus''. 26 September 2016. Archived from [https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="2016promo" /> |} === Nsonaazụ asọmpi === {| class="wikitable col1center col5center" style="font-size:90%;" ! rowspan="2" | Afọ ! rowspan="2" | Miss Grand Niegia ! colspan="2" | Ndị na-agba ọsọ ! rowspan="2" | Ntụaka |- ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke 1st ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ |- ! 2015 | [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau]] – Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia | [[Ȯra Abia|Abia]] – Fumnaya Victoria Okafor | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Joy Ebaide Udoh | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> |- ! 2016 | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame | [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]] – Emmanuella Yaboh | [[Ȯra Rivers|Rivers]] - Amanosi Kadiri | <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html "Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016"]. ''Stella Dimoko Korkus''. 26 September 2016. Archived from [https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |} == Ndị nnọchi anya Miss Grand International == Ndepụta ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria na Miss Grand International pageant ; Osisi <gallery> Usòrò:Boma_Dokubo.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2023'''<br /><br />Boma Dokubo Usòrò:Damilola_Bolarinde.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2022'''<br /><br />Damilola Bolarinde Usòrò:Patience_Idowochenema_Christopher.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2021'''<br /><br />Patience Christopher Usòrò:Chikaodili_Nna-Udosen_2.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2020'''<br /><br />Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Usòrò:Ifeoma_Jennifer_Ohia.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2015'''<br /><br />Ifeoma Ohia Usòrò:Tessy_Kiri_Bibowei.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2014'''<br /><br />Tessy Bibowei </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Media related to Miss Grand Nigeria at Wikimedia Commons {{Miss Grand International titleholders}}{{Beauty pageants in Nigeria}} nqowuz98giigfoe7xmc6u8617qgwqtw 674257 674255 2026-07-08T20:25:41Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ 674257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image frame|pos=top|border=no|innerstyle=background: none;|caption=Miss Grand Nigeria licensee timeline|content=<timeline> ImageSize = width:200 height:250 PlotArea = left:40 right:0 bottom:5 top:10 DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2013 till:31/10/2023 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2013 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical format:yyyy # A line at the right side of the graph LineData = from:01/01/2013 till:end atpos:65 color:black width:0.5 Colors = id:OLA value:green id:LUI value:white id:CNB value:blue id:RCR value:yellow id:MCR value:red id:JOA value:magenta PlotData= bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,black) align:left fontsize:S from:01/01/2013 till:31/12/2014 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2015 till:31/12/2017 shift:(20,-4) text:"QLA Nigeria" color:RCR from:01/01/2018 till:31/12/2018 shift:(20,-4) text:"No Licensee" color:LUI from:01/01/2019 till:31/12/2019 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2020 till:31/12/2022 shift:(20,-4) text:"001 Entertainment" color:CNB from:01/01/2023 till:end shift:(20,-4) text:"The Qhue Group" color:MCR </timeline>}}{{Databox}}'''Miss Grand Nigeria''' bụ asọmpi ịma mma nwanyị [[Ndị Naijiria|Naijiria]] tọrọ ntọala na 2015 site n'aka onye nhazi mmemme dabere na [[Lagos]] nke Loveth Ajufoh, QLA Nigeria na-edu. <ref name="van">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|title=Beauty pageant to combat gender violence in Nigeria|date=28 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Gabriel Olawale|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202202949/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|archivedate=2 December 2022}}</ref> <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}</ref> Ndị meriri n'asọmpi ahụ, bụ nke e mere n'otu n'otu ugboro abụọ (na 2015 na 2016), nọchitere Nigeria na asọmpi nne na nna ya, [[Miss Grand International]] . <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="eco" /> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}</ref> Na mbụ, akwụkwọ ikike asọmpi ahụ bụ nke AMC Productions, onye na-ahazi asọmpi [[Miss Earth Nigeria]], tupu ebufee ya na QLA Nigeria Limited, 001 Entertainment – onye na-ahazi The Nigerian Queen, na Qhue Group. na 2015, 2020, na 2023, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="september">{{Cite web|url=https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/|title=Loveth Udoka Ajufoh, The Beauty Queen Who Runs The Girl Child Initiative Of Nigeria|author=Ada Igboanugo|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=theseptemberstandard.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212349/https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/}}</ref> <ref name="nolly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html|title=Tonto Dikeh, Others to Judge Miss Grand Contestant|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=www.nollywoodgists.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212920/https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html}}</ref> <ref name="ngtribune">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/|title=Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen|date=6 December 2020|accessdate=22 August 2021|author=Segun Adebayo|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na mbụ mpụta mbụ na 2014, ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria nwetara ntinye akwụkwọ na [[Miss Grand International]] pageant dị ka otu n'ime 20 ikpeazụ ikpeazụ ugboro abụọ; na 2021 na 2022. <ref name="2021result">{{Cite web|url=https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml|title=Mineira critica Bolsonaro no palco e fica em 3º no Miss Grand International|author=Fábio Luís de Paula|publisher=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|date=4 December 2021|accessdate=3 December 2022|language=pt|archivedate=4 December 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20211204221209/https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml}}</ref> <ref name="coresult">{{Cite web|url=https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/|language=es|date=25 October 2022|accessdate=26 October 2022|title=Miss Grand International 2022 Isabella Novaes Menin de Brasil, ganadora del certámen|author=María Fernanda Cedeño|work=Colombia.as.com|archivedate=25 October 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221025182232/https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Naijiria]] sonyeere asọmpi Miss Grand International nke mbụ na 2014, nke Tessy Kiri Bibowei nọchitere anya ya bụ onye otu [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] họpụtara n'ọkwa ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2015, e zigara akwụkwọ ikike ahụ na QLA Nigeria Limited, nke onye ọchụnta ego Loveth Ajufoh na-achị bụ onye haziri asọmpi mbụ nke Miss Grand Nigeria na September 11, 2015 na [[Lagos]] . <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdesola_Ade-Unuigbe2015">Adesola Ade-Unuigbe (14 September 2015). [https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/ "Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner"]. ''[[BellaNaija]]''. Archived from [https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/ the original] on 25 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html "WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table"]. ''Alexreports.info''. Archived from [http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="september" /> <ref name="36ng">{{Cite web|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/|title=Beverly Osu, Terry G, Tonto Dike & More Attend Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Shayo Adeleke|work=www.36ng.ng|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113637/https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/}}</ref> Asọmpi a gosipụtara ndị asọmpi mba iri na ise bụ ndị tozuru oke na agba ikpeazụ nke mba site na nyocha mbido emere na Septemba 1, <ref name="van" /> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> nke onye nnọchite anya [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau Steeti]] bụ Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia, họpụtara onye mmeri. <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="epic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html|title=Epic Craziness! Checkout Denrele's Outfit to Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 Pageant (Photos)|work=www.tori.ng|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=George|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205856/https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html}}</ref> <ref name="linda">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html|title=Photos: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia crowned as Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=Linda Ikeji|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205340/https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html}}</ref> Emekwara mbipụta nke abụọ n'afọ na-esote, <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}</ref> <ref name="2016promo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|title=Get your tickets for Miss Grand Nigeria 2016. Sunday the 11th of September 2016 at the VCP hotel 292b Ajose Adeogun Victoria Island Lagos|date=4 September 2022|publisher=Miss Grand Nigeria|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202164113/https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|archivedate=2 December 2022}} [https://archive.org/download/miss-grand-nigeria-2016-promo/Miss%20Grand%20Nigeria%202016%20Promo.mp4 Alt URL]</ref> mana na 2017, naanị ihe nkedo mebere ka emere iji chọpụta onye nwe aha. QLA Nigeria Limited mechara kwụsị mmekorita ya na Miss Grand International na njedebe nke afọ ahụ. Eweghachitere ikike ahụ na onye nhazi nke [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] pageant na 2019 wee nye ụlọ ọrụ nhazi Queen Queen, Kelvin Joseph Amroma's 001 Entertainment, na 2020. <ref name="ngtribune">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/|title=Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen|date=6 December 2020|accessdate=22 August 2021|author=Segun Adebayo|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSegun_Adebayo2020">Segun Adebayo (6 December 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/ "Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen"]. ''[[Nigerian Tribune]]''. Archived from [https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/ the original] on 3 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Kemgbe ahụ, a na-eche na ndị meriri n'asọmpi Queen Queen bụ ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria maka Miss Grand International pageant, <ref name="ngtribune" /> ma e wezụga 2021, mgbe onye nwe aha mbụ, Abimbola Abayomi, enweghị ike ịsọ mpi mba ụwa; onye ikike ahụ kenyeziri onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ ya isonye na Miss Grand International 2021 kama. Kemgbe nsonye mbụ ya na 2014, Patience Christopher na Damilola Bolarinde bụ naanị ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria abụọ ka etinyere na Miss Grand International; Akpọrọ ha abụọ aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị 20 kacha asọmpi na 2021 na 2022, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="2021result" /> <ref name="coresult" /> == Mbipụta == === Ụbọchị na ebe mgbakọ === Ndepụta ndị a bụ nkọwapụta mbipụta nke asọmpi Miss Grand Nigeria, kemgbe mmalite ya na 2015. {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left" style="font-size:90%" !Mbipụta ! Ụbọchị ! {{Érèkọbalà|Final venue}} ! Ndị batara ! Ntụaka |- ! 1st | Septemba 11, 2015 | Orchid Hotels & Events Center, [[Lekki]], [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] | 15 | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html "WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table"]. ''Alexreports.info''. Archived from [http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |- ! 2nd | Septemba 11, 2016 | Victoria Crown Plaza Hotel, [[Victoria Island, Lagos]] | 18 | <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html "Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016"]. ''Stella Dimoko Korkus''. 26 September 2016. Archived from [https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="2016promo" /> |} === Nsonaazụ asọmpi === {| class="wikitable col1center col5center" style="font-size:90%;" ! rowspan="2" | Afọ ! rowspan="2" | Miss Grand Niegia ! colspan="2" | Ndị na-agba ọsọ ! rowspan="2" | Ntụaka |- ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke 1st ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ |- ! 2015 | [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau]] – Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia | [[Ȯra Abia|Abia]] – Fumnaya Victoria Okafor | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Joy Ebaide Udoh | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> |- ! 2016 | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame | [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]] – Emmanuella Yaboh | [[Ȯra Rivers|Rivers]] - Amanosi Kadiri | <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html "Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016"]. ''Stella Dimoko Korkus''. 26 September 2016. Archived from [https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |} == Ndị nnọchi anya Miss Grand International == Ndepụta ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria na Miss Grand International pageant ; Osisi <gallery> Usòrò:Boma_Dokubo.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2023'''<br /><br />Boma Dokubo Usòrò:Damilola_Bolarinde.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2022'''<br /><br />Damilola Bolarinde Usòrò:Patience_Idowochenema_Christopher.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2021'''<br /><br />Patience Christopher Usòrò:Chikaodili_Nna-Udosen_2.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2020'''<br /><br />Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Usòrò:Ifeoma_Jennifer_Ohia.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2015'''<br /><br />Ifeoma Ohia Usòrò:Tessy_Kiri_Bibowei.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2014'''<br /><br />Tessy Bibowei </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Media related to Miss Grand Nigeria at Wikimedia Commons {{Miss Grand International titleholders}}{{Beauty pageants in Nigeria}} 8nl8peiht9wbdlmgdhvmzbzr5pvz6nu 674258 674257 2026-07-08T20:28:00Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ụbọchị na ebe mgbakọ */ 674258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image frame|pos=top|border=no|innerstyle=background: none;|caption=Miss Grand Nigeria licensee timeline|content=<timeline> ImageSize = width:200 height:250 PlotArea = left:40 right:0 bottom:5 top:10 DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2013 till:31/10/2023 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2013 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical format:yyyy # A line at the right side of the graph LineData = from:01/01/2013 till:end atpos:65 color:black width:0.5 Colors = id:OLA value:green id:LUI value:white id:CNB value:blue id:RCR value:yellow id:MCR value:red id:JOA value:magenta PlotData= bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,black) align:left fontsize:S from:01/01/2013 till:31/12/2014 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2015 till:31/12/2017 shift:(20,-4) text:"QLA Nigeria" color:RCR from:01/01/2018 till:31/12/2018 shift:(20,-4) text:"No Licensee" color:LUI from:01/01/2019 till:31/12/2019 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2020 till:31/12/2022 shift:(20,-4) text:"001 Entertainment" color:CNB from:01/01/2023 till:end shift:(20,-4) text:"The Qhue Group" color:MCR </timeline>}}{{Databox}}'''Miss Grand Nigeria''' bụ asọmpi ịma mma nwanyị [[Ndị Naijiria|Naijiria]] tọrọ ntọala na 2015 site n'aka onye nhazi mmemme dabere na [[Lagos]] nke Loveth Ajufoh, QLA Nigeria na-edu. <ref name="van">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|title=Beauty pageant to combat gender violence in Nigeria|date=28 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Gabriel Olawale|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202202949/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|archivedate=2 December 2022}}</ref> <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}</ref> Ndị meriri n'asọmpi ahụ, bụ nke e mere n'otu n'otu ugboro abụọ (na 2015 na 2016), nọchitere Nigeria na asọmpi nne na nna ya, [[Miss Grand International]] . <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="eco" /> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}</ref> Na mbụ, akwụkwọ ikike asọmpi ahụ bụ nke AMC Productions, onye na-ahazi asọmpi [[Miss Earth Nigeria]], tupu ebufee ya na QLA Nigeria Limited, 001 Entertainment – onye na-ahazi The Nigerian Queen, na Qhue Group. na 2015, 2020, na 2023, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="september">{{Cite web|url=https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/|title=Loveth Udoka Ajufoh, The Beauty Queen Who Runs The Girl Child Initiative Of Nigeria|author=Ada Igboanugo|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=theseptemberstandard.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212349/https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/}}</ref> <ref name="nolly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html|title=Tonto Dikeh, Others to Judge Miss Grand Contestant|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=www.nollywoodgists.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212920/https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html}}</ref> <ref name="ngtribune">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/|title=Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen|date=6 December 2020|accessdate=22 August 2021|author=Segun Adebayo|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na mbụ mpụta mbụ na 2014, ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria nwetara ntinye akwụkwọ na [[Miss Grand International]] pageant dị ka otu n'ime 20 ikpeazụ ikpeazụ ugboro abụọ; na 2021 na 2022. <ref name="2021result">{{Cite web|url=https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml|title=Mineira critica Bolsonaro no palco e fica em 3º no Miss Grand International|author=Fábio Luís de Paula|publisher=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|date=4 December 2021|accessdate=3 December 2022|language=pt|archivedate=4 December 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20211204221209/https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml}}</ref> <ref name="coresult">{{Cite web|url=https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/|language=es|date=25 October 2022|accessdate=26 October 2022|title=Miss Grand International 2022 Isabella Novaes Menin de Brasil, ganadora del certámen|author=María Fernanda Cedeño|work=Colombia.as.com|archivedate=25 October 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221025182232/https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Naijiria]] sonyeere asọmpi Miss Grand International nke mbụ na 2014, nke Tessy Kiri Bibowei nọchitere anya ya bụ onye otu [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] họpụtara n'ọkwa ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2015, e zigara akwụkwọ ikike ahụ na QLA Nigeria Limited, nke onye ọchụnta ego Loveth Ajufoh na-achị bụ onye haziri asọmpi mbụ nke Miss Grand Nigeria na September 11, 2015 na [[Lagos]] . <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdesola_Ade-Unuigbe2015">Adesola Ade-Unuigbe (14 September 2015). [https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/ "Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner"]. ''[[BellaNaija]]''. Archived from [https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/ the original] on 25 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html "WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table"]. ''Alexreports.info''. Archived from [http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="september" /> <ref name="36ng">{{Cite web|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/|title=Beverly Osu, Terry G, Tonto Dike & More Attend Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Shayo Adeleke|work=www.36ng.ng|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113637/https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/}}</ref> Asọmpi a gosipụtara ndị asọmpi mba iri na ise bụ ndị tozuru oke na agba ikpeazụ nke mba site na nyocha mbido emere na Septemba 1, <ref name="van" /> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> nke onye nnọchite anya [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau Steeti]] bụ Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia, họpụtara onye mmeri. <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="epic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html|title=Epic Craziness! Checkout Denrele's Outfit to Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 Pageant (Photos)|work=www.tori.ng|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=George|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205856/https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html}}</ref> <ref name="linda">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html|title=Photos: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia crowned as Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=Linda Ikeji|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205340/https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html}}</ref> Emekwara mbipụta nke abụọ n'afọ na-esote, <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}</ref> <ref name="2016promo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|title=Get your tickets for Miss Grand Nigeria 2016. Sunday the 11th of September 2016 at the VCP hotel 292b Ajose Adeogun Victoria Island Lagos|date=4 September 2022|publisher=Miss Grand Nigeria|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202164113/https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|archivedate=2 December 2022}} [https://archive.org/download/miss-grand-nigeria-2016-promo/Miss%20Grand%20Nigeria%202016%20Promo.mp4 Alt URL]</ref> mana na 2017, naanị ihe nkedo mebere ka emere iji chọpụta onye nwe aha. QLA Nigeria Limited mechara kwụsị mmekorita ya na Miss Grand International na njedebe nke afọ ahụ. Eweghachitere ikike ahụ na onye nhazi nke [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] pageant na 2019 wee nye ụlọ ọrụ nhazi Queen Queen, Kelvin Joseph Amroma's 001 Entertainment, na 2020. <ref name="ngtribune">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/|title=Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen|date=6 December 2020|accessdate=22 August 2021|author=Segun Adebayo|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSegun_Adebayo2020">Segun Adebayo (6 December 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/ "Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen"]. ''[[Nigerian Tribune]]''. Archived from [https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/ the original] on 3 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Kemgbe ahụ, a na-eche na ndị meriri n'asọmpi Queen Queen bụ ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria maka Miss Grand International pageant, <ref name="ngtribune" /> ma e wezụga 2021, mgbe onye nwe aha mbụ, Abimbola Abayomi, enweghị ike ịsọ mpi mba ụwa; onye ikike ahụ kenyeziri onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ ya isonye na Miss Grand International 2021 kama. Kemgbe nsonye mbụ ya na 2014, Patience Christopher na Damilola Bolarinde bụ naanị ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria abụọ ka etinyere na Miss Grand International; Akpọrọ ha abụọ aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị 20 kacha asọmpi na 2021 na 2022, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="2021result" /> <ref name="coresult" /> == Mbipụta == === Ụbọchị na ebe mgbakọ === Ndepụta ndị a bụ nkọwapụta mbipụta nke asọmpi Miss Grand Nigeria, kemgbe mmalite ya na 2015. {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left" style="font-size:90%" !Mbipụta ! Ụbọchị ! {{Érèkọbalà|Final venue}} ! Ndị batara ! Ntụaka |- ! 1st | Septemba 11, 2015 | Orchid Hotels & Events Center, [[Lekki]], [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] | 15 | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth" /> |- ! 2nd | Septemba 11, 2016 | Victoria Crown Plaza Hotel, [[Victoria Island, Lagos]] | 18 | <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html "Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016"]. ''Stella Dimoko Korkus''. 26 September 2016. Archived from [https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="2016promo" /> |} === Nsonaazụ asọmpi === {| class="wikitable col1center col5center" style="font-size:90%;" ! rowspan="2" | Afọ ! rowspan="2" | Miss Grand Niegia ! colspan="2" | Ndị na-agba ọsọ ! rowspan="2" | Ntụaka |- ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke 1st ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ |- ! 2015 | [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau]] – Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia | [[Ȯra Abia|Abia]] – Fumnaya Victoria Okafor | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Joy Ebaide Udoh | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> |- ! 2016 | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame | [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]] – Emmanuella Yaboh | [[Ȯra Rivers|Rivers]] - Amanosi Kadiri | <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html "Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016"]. ''Stella Dimoko Korkus''. 26 September 2016. Archived from [https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |} == Ndị nnọchi anya Miss Grand International == Ndepụta ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria na Miss Grand International pageant ; Osisi <gallery> Usòrò:Boma_Dokubo.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2023'''<br /><br />Boma Dokubo Usòrò:Damilola_Bolarinde.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2022'''<br /><br />Damilola Bolarinde Usòrò:Patience_Idowochenema_Christopher.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2021'''<br /><br />Patience Christopher Usòrò:Chikaodili_Nna-Udosen_2.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2020'''<br /><br />Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Usòrò:Ifeoma_Jennifer_Ohia.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2015'''<br /><br />Ifeoma Ohia Usòrò:Tessy_Kiri_Bibowei.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2014'''<br /><br />Tessy Bibowei </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Media related to Miss Grand Nigeria at Wikimedia Commons {{Miss Grand International titleholders}}{{Beauty pageants in Nigeria}} 5v9jmthvaq5nkhzr0zg4fy0qorv55c6 674260 674258 2026-07-08T20:32:06Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ 674260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image frame|pos=top|border=no|innerstyle=background: none;|caption=Miss Grand Nigeria licensee timeline|content=<timeline> ImageSize = width:200 height:250 PlotArea = left:40 right:0 bottom:5 top:10 DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2013 till:31/10/2023 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2013 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical format:yyyy # A line at the right side of the graph LineData = from:01/01/2013 till:end atpos:65 color:black width:0.5 Colors = id:OLA value:green id:LUI value:white id:CNB value:blue id:RCR value:yellow id:MCR value:red id:JOA value:magenta PlotData= bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,black) align:left fontsize:S from:01/01/2013 till:31/12/2014 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2015 till:31/12/2017 shift:(20,-4) text:"QLA Nigeria" color:RCR from:01/01/2018 till:31/12/2018 shift:(20,-4) text:"No Licensee" color:LUI from:01/01/2019 till:31/12/2019 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2020 till:31/12/2022 shift:(20,-4) text:"001 Entertainment" color:CNB from:01/01/2023 till:end shift:(20,-4) text:"The Qhue Group" color:MCR </timeline>}}{{Databox}}'''Miss Grand Nigeria''' bụ asọmpi ịma mma nwanyị [[Ndị Naijiria|Naijiria]] tọrọ ntọala na 2015 site n'aka onye nhazi mmemme dabere na [[Lagos]] nke Loveth Ajufoh, QLA Nigeria na-edu. <ref name="van">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|title=Beauty pageant to combat gender violence in Nigeria|date=28 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Gabriel Olawale|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202202949/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|archivedate=2 December 2022}}</ref> <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}</ref> Ndị meriri n'asọmpi ahụ, bụ nke e mere n'otu n'otu ugboro abụọ (na 2015 na 2016), nọchitere Nigeria na asọmpi nne na nna ya, [[Miss Grand International]] . <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="eco" /> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}</ref> Na mbụ, akwụkwọ ikike asọmpi ahụ bụ nke AMC Productions, onye na-ahazi asọmpi [[Miss Earth Nigeria]], tupu ebufee ya na QLA Nigeria Limited, 001 Entertainment – onye na-ahazi The Nigerian Queen, na Qhue Group. na 2015, 2020, na 2023, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="september">{{Cite web|url=https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/|title=Loveth Udoka Ajufoh, The Beauty Queen Who Runs The Girl Child Initiative Of Nigeria|author=Ada Igboanugo|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=theseptemberstandard.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212349/https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/}}</ref> <ref name="nolly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html|title=Tonto Dikeh, Others to Judge Miss Grand Contestant|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=www.nollywoodgists.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212920/https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html}}</ref> <ref name="ngtribune">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/|title=Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen|date=6 December 2020|accessdate=22 August 2021|author=Segun Adebayo|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na mbụ mpụta mbụ na 2014, ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria nwetara ntinye akwụkwọ na [[Miss Grand International]] pageant dị ka otu n'ime 20 ikpeazụ ikpeazụ ugboro abụọ; na 2021 na 2022. <ref name="2021result">{{Cite web|url=https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml|title=Mineira critica Bolsonaro no palco e fica em 3º no Miss Grand International|author=Fábio Luís de Paula|publisher=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|date=4 December 2021|accessdate=3 December 2022|language=pt|archivedate=4 December 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20211204221209/https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml}}</ref> <ref name="coresult">{{Cite web|url=https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/|language=es|date=25 October 2022|accessdate=26 October 2022|title=Miss Grand International 2022 Isabella Novaes Menin de Brasil, ganadora del certámen|author=María Fernanda Cedeño|work=Colombia.as.com|archivedate=25 October 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221025182232/https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Naijiria]] sonyeere asọmpi Miss Grand International nke mbụ na 2014, nke Tessy Kiri Bibowei nọchitere anya ya bụ onye otu [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] họpụtara n'ọkwa ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2015, e zigara akwụkwọ ikike ahụ na QLA Nigeria Limited, nke onye ọchụnta ego Loveth Ajufoh na-achị bụ onye haziri asọmpi mbụ nke Miss Grand Nigeria na September 11, 2015 na [[Lagos]] . <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdesola_Ade-Unuigbe2015">Adesola Ade-Unuigbe (14 September 2015). [https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/ "Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner"]. ''[[BellaNaija]]''. Archived from [https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/ the original] on 25 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth" /> <ref name="september" /> <ref name="36ng">{{Cite web|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/|title=Beverly Osu, Terry G, Tonto Dike & More Attend Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Shayo Adeleke|work=www.36ng.ng|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113637/https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/}}</ref> Asọmpi a gosipụtara ndị asọmpi mba iri na ise bụ ndị tozuru oke na agba ikpeazụ nke mba site na nyocha mbido emere na Septemba 1, <ref name="van" /> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> nke onye nnọchite anya [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau Steeti]] bụ Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia, họpụtara onye mmeri. <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="epic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html|title=Epic Craziness! Checkout Denrele's Outfit to Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 Pageant (Photos)|work=www.tori.ng|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=George|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205856/https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html}}</ref> <ref name="linda">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html|title=Photos: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia crowned as Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=Linda Ikeji|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205340/https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html}}</ref> Emekwara mbipụta nke abụọ n'afọ na-esote, <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}</ref> <ref name="2016promo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|title=Get your tickets for Miss Grand Nigeria 2016. Sunday the 11th of September 2016 at the VCP hotel 292b Ajose Adeogun Victoria Island Lagos|date=4 September 2022|publisher=Miss Grand Nigeria|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202164113/https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|archivedate=2 December 2022}} [https://archive.org/download/miss-grand-nigeria-2016-promo/Miss%20Grand%20Nigeria%202016%20Promo.mp4 Alt URL]</ref> mana na 2017, naanị ihe nkedo mebere ka emere iji chọpụta onye nwe aha. QLA Nigeria Limited mechara kwụsị mmekorita ya na Miss Grand International na njedebe nke afọ ahụ. Eweghachitere ikike ahụ na onye nhazi nke [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] pageant na 2019 wee nye ụlọ ọrụ nhazi Queen Queen, Kelvin Joseph Amroma's 001 Entertainment, na 2020. <ref name="ngtribune" /> Kemgbe ahụ, a na-eche na ndị meriri n'asọmpi Queen Queen bụ ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria maka Miss Grand International pageant, <ref name="ngtribune" /> ma e wezụga 2021, mgbe onye nwe aha mbụ, Abimbola Abayomi, enweghị ike ịsọ mpi mba ụwa; onye ikike ahụ kenyeziri onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ ya isonye na Miss Grand International 2021 kama. Kemgbe nsonye mbụ ya na 2014, Patience Christopher na Damilola Bolarinde bụ naanị ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria abụọ ka etinyere na Miss Grand International; Akpọrọ ha abụọ aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị 20 kacha asọmpi na 2021 na 2022, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="2021result" /> <ref name="coresult" /> == Mbipụta == === Ụbọchị na ebe mgbakọ === Ndepụta ndị a bụ nkọwapụta mbipụta nke asọmpi Miss Grand Nigeria, kemgbe mmalite ya na 2015. {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left" style="font-size:90%" !Mbipụta ! Ụbọchị ! {{Érèkọbalà|Final venue}} ! Ndị batara ! Ntụaka |- ! 1st | Septemba 11, 2015 | Orchid Hotels & Events Center, [[Lekki]], [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] | 15 | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth" /> |- ! 2nd | Septemba 11, 2016 | Victoria Crown Plaza Hotel, [[Victoria Island, Lagos]] | 18 | <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html "Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016"]. ''Stella Dimoko Korkus''. 26 September 2016. Archived from [https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="2016promo" /> |} === Nsonaazụ asọmpi === {| class="wikitable col1center col5center" style="font-size:90%;" ! rowspan="2" | Afọ ! rowspan="2" | Miss Grand Niegia ! colspan="2" | Ndị na-agba ọsọ ! rowspan="2" | Ntụaka |- ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke 1st ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ |- ! 2015 | [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau]] – Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia | [[Ȯra Abia|Abia]] – Fumnaya Victoria Okafor | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Joy Ebaide Udoh | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> |- ! 2016 | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame | [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]] – Emmanuella Yaboh | [[Ȯra Rivers|Rivers]] - Amanosi Kadiri | <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html "Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016"]. ''Stella Dimoko Korkus''. 26 September 2016. Archived from [https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |} == Ndị nnọchi anya Miss Grand International == Ndepụta ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria na Miss Grand International pageant ; Osisi <gallery> Usòrò:Boma_Dokubo.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2023'''<br /><br />Boma Dokubo Usòrò:Damilola_Bolarinde.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2022'''<br /><br />Damilola Bolarinde Usòrò:Patience_Idowochenema_Christopher.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2021'''<br /><br />Patience Christopher Usòrò:Chikaodili_Nna-Udosen_2.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2020'''<br /><br />Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Usòrò:Ifeoma_Jennifer_Ohia.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2015'''<br /><br />Ifeoma Ohia Usòrò:Tessy_Kiri_Bibowei.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2014'''<br /><br />Tessy Bibowei </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Media related to Miss Grand Nigeria at Wikimedia Commons {{Miss Grand International titleholders}}{{Beauty pageants in Nigeria}} 5tmq188z5i8yslvhcoiwdbw2237pjcz 674261 674260 2026-07-08T20:32:59Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Nsonaazụ asọmpi */ 674261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image frame|pos=top|border=no|innerstyle=background: none;|caption=Miss Grand Nigeria licensee timeline|content=<timeline> ImageSize = width:200 height:250 PlotArea = left:40 right:0 bottom:5 top:10 DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2013 till:31/10/2023 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2013 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical format:yyyy # A line at the right side of the graph LineData = from:01/01/2013 till:end atpos:65 color:black width:0.5 Colors = id:OLA value:green id:LUI value:white id:CNB value:blue id:RCR value:yellow id:MCR value:red id:JOA value:magenta PlotData= bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,black) align:left fontsize:S from:01/01/2013 till:31/12/2014 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2015 till:31/12/2017 shift:(20,-4) text:"QLA Nigeria" color:RCR from:01/01/2018 till:31/12/2018 shift:(20,-4) text:"No Licensee" color:LUI from:01/01/2019 till:31/12/2019 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2020 till:31/12/2022 shift:(20,-4) text:"001 Entertainment" color:CNB from:01/01/2023 till:end shift:(20,-4) text:"The Qhue Group" color:MCR </timeline>}}{{Databox}}'''Miss Grand Nigeria''' bụ asọmpi ịma mma nwanyị [[Ndị Naijiria|Naijiria]] tọrọ ntọala na 2015 site n'aka onye nhazi mmemme dabere na [[Lagos]] nke Loveth Ajufoh, QLA Nigeria na-edu. <ref name="van">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|title=Beauty pageant to combat gender violence in Nigeria|date=28 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Gabriel Olawale|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202202949/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|archivedate=2 December 2022}}</ref> <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}</ref> Ndị meriri n'asọmpi ahụ, bụ nke e mere n'otu n'otu ugboro abụọ (na 2015 na 2016), nọchitere Nigeria na asọmpi nne na nna ya, [[Miss Grand International]] . <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="eco" /> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}</ref> Na mbụ, akwụkwọ ikike asọmpi ahụ bụ nke AMC Productions, onye na-ahazi asọmpi [[Miss Earth Nigeria]], tupu ebufee ya na QLA Nigeria Limited, 001 Entertainment – onye na-ahazi The Nigerian Queen, na Qhue Group. na 2015, 2020, na 2023, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="september">{{Cite web|url=https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/|title=Loveth Udoka Ajufoh, The Beauty Queen Who Runs The Girl Child Initiative Of Nigeria|author=Ada Igboanugo|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=theseptemberstandard.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212349/https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/}}</ref> <ref name="nolly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html|title=Tonto Dikeh, Others to Judge Miss Grand Contestant|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=www.nollywoodgists.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212920/https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html}}</ref> <ref name="ngtribune">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/|title=Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen|date=6 December 2020|accessdate=22 August 2021|author=Segun Adebayo|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na mbụ mpụta mbụ na 2014, ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria nwetara ntinye akwụkwọ na [[Miss Grand International]] pageant dị ka otu n'ime 20 ikpeazụ ikpeazụ ugboro abụọ; na 2021 na 2022. <ref name="2021result">{{Cite web|url=https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml|title=Mineira critica Bolsonaro no palco e fica em 3º no Miss Grand International|author=Fábio Luís de Paula|publisher=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|date=4 December 2021|accessdate=3 December 2022|language=pt|archivedate=4 December 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20211204221209/https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml}}</ref> <ref name="coresult">{{Cite web|url=https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/|language=es|date=25 October 2022|accessdate=26 October 2022|title=Miss Grand International 2022 Isabella Novaes Menin de Brasil, ganadora del certámen|author=María Fernanda Cedeño|work=Colombia.as.com|archivedate=25 October 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221025182232/https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Naijiria]] sonyeere asọmpi Miss Grand International nke mbụ na 2014, nke Tessy Kiri Bibowei nọchitere anya ya bụ onye otu [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] họpụtara n'ọkwa ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2015, e zigara akwụkwọ ikike ahụ na QLA Nigeria Limited, nke onye ọchụnta ego Loveth Ajufoh na-achị bụ onye haziri asọmpi mbụ nke Miss Grand Nigeria na September 11, 2015 na [[Lagos]] . <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdesola_Ade-Unuigbe2015">Adesola Ade-Unuigbe (14 September 2015). [https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/ "Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner"]. ''[[BellaNaija]]''. Archived from [https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/ the original] on 25 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth" /> <ref name="september" /> <ref name="36ng">{{Cite web|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/|title=Beverly Osu, Terry G, Tonto Dike & More Attend Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Shayo Adeleke|work=www.36ng.ng|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113637/https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/}}</ref> Asọmpi a gosipụtara ndị asọmpi mba iri na ise bụ ndị tozuru oke na agba ikpeazụ nke mba site na nyocha mbido emere na Septemba 1, <ref name="van" /> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> nke onye nnọchite anya [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau Steeti]] bụ Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia, họpụtara onye mmeri. <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="epic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html|title=Epic Craziness! Checkout Denrele's Outfit to Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 Pageant (Photos)|work=www.tori.ng|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=George|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205856/https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html}}</ref> <ref name="linda">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html|title=Photos: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia crowned as Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=Linda Ikeji|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205340/https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html}}</ref> Emekwara mbipụta nke abụọ n'afọ na-esote, <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}</ref> <ref name="2016promo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|title=Get your tickets for Miss Grand Nigeria 2016. Sunday the 11th of September 2016 at the VCP hotel 292b Ajose Adeogun Victoria Island Lagos|date=4 September 2022|publisher=Miss Grand Nigeria|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202164113/https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|archivedate=2 December 2022}} [https://archive.org/download/miss-grand-nigeria-2016-promo/Miss%20Grand%20Nigeria%202016%20Promo.mp4 Alt URL]</ref> mana na 2017, naanị ihe nkedo mebere ka emere iji chọpụta onye nwe aha. QLA Nigeria Limited mechara kwụsị mmekorita ya na Miss Grand International na njedebe nke afọ ahụ. Eweghachitere ikike ahụ na onye nhazi nke [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] pageant na 2019 wee nye ụlọ ọrụ nhazi Queen Queen, Kelvin Joseph Amroma's 001 Entertainment, na 2020. <ref name="ngtribune" /> Kemgbe ahụ, a na-eche na ndị meriri n'asọmpi Queen Queen bụ ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria maka Miss Grand International pageant, <ref name="ngtribune" /> ma e wezụga 2021, mgbe onye nwe aha mbụ, Abimbola Abayomi, enweghị ike ịsọ mpi mba ụwa; onye ikike ahụ kenyeziri onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ ya isonye na Miss Grand International 2021 kama. Kemgbe nsonye mbụ ya na 2014, Patience Christopher na Damilola Bolarinde bụ naanị ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria abụọ ka etinyere na Miss Grand International; Akpọrọ ha abụọ aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị 20 kacha asọmpi na 2021 na 2022, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="2021result" /> <ref name="coresult" /> == Mbipụta == === Ụbọchị na ebe mgbakọ === Ndepụta ndị a bụ nkọwapụta mbipụta nke asọmpi Miss Grand Nigeria, kemgbe mmalite ya na 2015. {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left" style="font-size:90%" !Mbipụta ! Ụbọchị ! {{Érèkọbalà|Final venue}} ! Ndị batara ! Ntụaka |- ! 1st | Septemba 11, 2015 | Orchid Hotels & Events Center, [[Lekki]], [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] | 15 | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth" /> |- ! 2nd | Septemba 11, 2016 | Victoria Crown Plaza Hotel, [[Victoria Island, Lagos]] | 18 | <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html "Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016"]. ''Stella Dimoko Korkus''. 26 September 2016. Archived from [https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html the original] on 29 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="2016promo" /> |} === Nsonaazụ asọmpi === {| class="wikitable col1center col5center" style="font-size:90%;" ! rowspan="2" | Afọ ! rowspan="2" | Miss Grand Niegia ! colspan="2" | Ndị na-agba ọsọ ! rowspan="2" | Ntụaka |- ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke 1st ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ |- ! 2015 | [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau]] – Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia | [[Ȯra Abia|Abia]] – Fumnaya Victoria Okafor | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Joy Ebaide Udoh | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> |- ! 2016 | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame | [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]] – Emmanuella Yaboh | [[Ȯra Rivers|Rivers]] - Amanosi Kadiri | <ref name="stella" /> |} == Ndị nnọchi anya Miss Grand International == Ndepụta ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria na Miss Grand International pageant ; Osisi <gallery> Usòrò:Boma_Dokubo.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2023'''<br /><br />Boma Dokubo Usòrò:Damilola_Bolarinde.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2022'''<br /><br />Damilola Bolarinde Usòrò:Patience_Idowochenema_Christopher.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2021'''<br /><br />Patience Christopher Usòrò:Chikaodili_Nna-Udosen_2.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2020'''<br /><br />Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Usòrò:Ifeoma_Jennifer_Ohia.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2015'''<br /><br />Ifeoma Ohia Usòrò:Tessy_Kiri_Bibowei.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2014'''<br /><br />Tessy Bibowei </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Media related to Miss Grand Nigeria at Wikimedia Commons {{Miss Grand International titleholders}}{{Beauty pageants in Nigeria}} fw4y9yujmrsevv7bed11l50vfu59f8l 674262 674261 2026-07-08T20:33:49Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ụbọchị na ebe mgbakọ */ 674262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image frame|pos=top|border=no|innerstyle=background: none;|caption=Miss Grand Nigeria licensee timeline|content=<timeline> ImageSize = width:200 height:250 PlotArea = left:40 right:0 bottom:5 top:10 DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2013 till:31/10/2023 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2013 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical format:yyyy # A line at the right side of the graph LineData = from:01/01/2013 till:end atpos:65 color:black width:0.5 Colors = id:OLA value:green id:LUI value:white id:CNB value:blue id:RCR value:yellow id:MCR value:red id:JOA value:magenta PlotData= bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,black) align:left fontsize:S from:01/01/2013 till:31/12/2014 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2015 till:31/12/2017 shift:(20,-4) text:"QLA Nigeria" color:RCR from:01/01/2018 till:31/12/2018 shift:(20,-4) text:"No Licensee" color:LUI from:01/01/2019 till:31/12/2019 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2020 till:31/12/2022 shift:(20,-4) text:"001 Entertainment" color:CNB from:01/01/2023 till:end shift:(20,-4) text:"The Qhue Group" color:MCR </timeline>}}{{Databox}}'''Miss Grand Nigeria''' bụ asọmpi ịma mma nwanyị [[Ndị Naijiria|Naijiria]] tọrọ ntọala na 2015 site n'aka onye nhazi mmemme dabere na [[Lagos]] nke Loveth Ajufoh, QLA Nigeria na-edu. <ref name="van">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|title=Beauty pageant to combat gender violence in Nigeria|date=28 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Gabriel Olawale|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202202949/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|archivedate=2 December 2022}}</ref> <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}</ref> Ndị meriri n'asọmpi ahụ, bụ nke e mere n'otu n'otu ugboro abụọ (na 2015 na 2016), nọchitere Nigeria na asọmpi nne na nna ya, [[Miss Grand International]] . <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="eco" /> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}</ref> Na mbụ, akwụkwọ ikike asọmpi ahụ bụ nke AMC Productions, onye na-ahazi asọmpi [[Miss Earth Nigeria]], tupu ebufee ya na QLA Nigeria Limited, 001 Entertainment – onye na-ahazi The Nigerian Queen, na Qhue Group. na 2015, 2020, na 2023, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="september">{{Cite web|url=https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/|title=Loveth Udoka Ajufoh, The Beauty Queen Who Runs The Girl Child Initiative Of Nigeria|author=Ada Igboanugo|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=theseptemberstandard.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212349/https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/}}</ref> <ref name="nolly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html|title=Tonto Dikeh, Others to Judge Miss Grand Contestant|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=www.nollywoodgists.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212920/https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html}}</ref> <ref name="ngtribune">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/|title=Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen|date=6 December 2020|accessdate=22 August 2021|author=Segun Adebayo|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na mbụ mpụta mbụ na 2014, ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria nwetara ntinye akwụkwọ na [[Miss Grand International]] pageant dị ka otu n'ime 20 ikpeazụ ikpeazụ ugboro abụọ; na 2021 na 2022. <ref name="2021result">{{Cite web|url=https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml|title=Mineira critica Bolsonaro no palco e fica em 3º no Miss Grand International|author=Fábio Luís de Paula|publisher=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|date=4 December 2021|accessdate=3 December 2022|language=pt|archivedate=4 December 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20211204221209/https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml}}</ref> <ref name="coresult">{{Cite web|url=https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/|language=es|date=25 October 2022|accessdate=26 October 2022|title=Miss Grand International 2022 Isabella Novaes Menin de Brasil, ganadora del certámen|author=María Fernanda Cedeño|work=Colombia.as.com|archivedate=25 October 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221025182232/https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Naijiria]] sonyeere asọmpi Miss Grand International nke mbụ na 2014, nke Tessy Kiri Bibowei nọchitere anya ya bụ onye otu [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] họpụtara n'ọkwa ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2015, e zigara akwụkwọ ikike ahụ na QLA Nigeria Limited, nke onye ọchụnta ego Loveth Ajufoh na-achị bụ onye haziri asọmpi mbụ nke Miss Grand Nigeria na September 11, 2015 na [[Lagos]] . <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdesola_Ade-Unuigbe2015">Adesola Ade-Unuigbe (14 September 2015). [https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/ "Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner"]. ''[[BellaNaija]]''. Archived from [https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/ the original] on 25 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth" /> <ref name="september" /> <ref name="36ng">{{Cite web|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/|title=Beverly Osu, Terry G, Tonto Dike & More Attend Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Shayo Adeleke|work=www.36ng.ng|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113637/https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/}}</ref> Asọmpi a gosipụtara ndị asọmpi mba iri na ise bụ ndị tozuru oke na agba ikpeazụ nke mba site na nyocha mbido emere na Septemba 1, <ref name="van" /> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> nke onye nnọchite anya [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau Steeti]] bụ Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia, họpụtara onye mmeri. <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="epic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html|title=Epic Craziness! Checkout Denrele's Outfit to Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 Pageant (Photos)|work=www.tori.ng|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=George|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205856/https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html}}</ref> <ref name="linda">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html|title=Photos: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia crowned as Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=Linda Ikeji|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205340/https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html}}</ref> Emekwara mbipụta nke abụọ n'afọ na-esote, <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}</ref> <ref name="2016promo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|title=Get your tickets for Miss Grand Nigeria 2016. Sunday the 11th of September 2016 at the VCP hotel 292b Ajose Adeogun Victoria Island Lagos|date=4 September 2022|publisher=Miss Grand Nigeria|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202164113/https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|archivedate=2 December 2022}} [https://archive.org/download/miss-grand-nigeria-2016-promo/Miss%20Grand%20Nigeria%202016%20Promo.mp4 Alt URL]</ref> mana na 2017, naanị ihe nkedo mebere ka emere iji chọpụta onye nwe aha. QLA Nigeria Limited mechara kwụsị mmekorita ya na Miss Grand International na njedebe nke afọ ahụ. Eweghachitere ikike ahụ na onye nhazi nke [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] pageant na 2019 wee nye ụlọ ọrụ nhazi Queen Queen, Kelvin Joseph Amroma's 001 Entertainment, na 2020. <ref name="ngtribune" /> Kemgbe ahụ, a na-eche na ndị meriri n'asọmpi Queen Queen bụ ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria maka Miss Grand International pageant, <ref name="ngtribune" /> ma e wezụga 2021, mgbe onye nwe aha mbụ, Abimbola Abayomi, enweghị ike ịsọ mpi mba ụwa; onye ikike ahụ kenyeziri onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ ya isonye na Miss Grand International 2021 kama. Kemgbe nsonye mbụ ya na 2014, Patience Christopher na Damilola Bolarinde bụ naanị ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria abụọ ka etinyere na Miss Grand International; Akpọrọ ha abụọ aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị 20 kacha asọmpi na 2021 na 2022, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="2021result" /> <ref name="coresult" /> == Mbipụta == === Ụbọchị na ebe mgbakọ === Ndepụta ndị a bụ nkọwapụta mbipụta nke asọmpi Miss Grand Nigeria, kemgbe mmalite ya na 2015. {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left" style="font-size:90%" !Mbipụta ! Ụbọchị ! {{Érèkọbalà|Final venue}} ! Ndị batara ! Ntụaka |- ! 1st | Septemba 11, 2015 | Orchid Hotels & Events Center, [[Lekki]], [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] | 15 | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth" /> |- ! 2nd | Septemba 11, 2016 | Victoria Crown Plaza Hotel, [[Victoria Island, Lagos]] | 18 | <ref name="stella" /> <ref name="2016promo" /> |} === Nsonaazụ asọmpi === {| class="wikitable col1center col5center" style="font-size:90%;" ! rowspan="2" | Afọ ! rowspan="2" | Miss Grand Niegia ! colspan="2" | Ndị na-agba ọsọ ! rowspan="2" | Ntụaka |- ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke 1st ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ |- ! 2015 | [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau]] – Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia | [[Ȯra Abia|Abia]] – Fumnaya Victoria Okafor | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Joy Ebaide Udoh | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> |- ! 2016 | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame | [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]] – Emmanuella Yaboh | [[Ȯra Rivers|Rivers]] - Amanosi Kadiri | <ref name="stella" /> |} == Ndị nnọchi anya Miss Grand International == Ndepụta ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria na Miss Grand International pageant ; Osisi <gallery> Usòrò:Boma_Dokubo.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2023'''<br /><br />Boma Dokubo Usòrò:Damilola_Bolarinde.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2022'''<br /><br />Damilola Bolarinde Usòrò:Patience_Idowochenema_Christopher.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2021'''<br /><br />Patience Christopher Usòrò:Chikaodili_Nna-Udosen_2.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2020'''<br /><br />Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Usòrò:Ifeoma_Jennifer_Ohia.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2015'''<br /><br />Ifeoma Ohia Usòrò:Tessy_Kiri_Bibowei.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2014'''<br /><br />Tessy Bibowei </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Media related to Miss Grand Nigeria at Wikimedia Commons {{Miss Grand International titleholders}}{{Beauty pageants in Nigeria}} 8oq050mnplk0cjcrdw7qtftz5zmk1ni 674270 674262 2026-07-08T20:45:16Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ 674270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image frame|pos=top|border=no|innerstyle=background: none;|caption=Miss Grand Nigeria licensee timeline|content=<timeline> ImageSize = width:200 height:250 PlotArea = left:40 right:0 bottom:5 top:10 DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2013 till:31/10/2023 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2013 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical format:yyyy # A line at the right side of the graph LineData = from:01/01/2013 till:end atpos:65 color:black width:0.5 Colors = id:OLA value:green id:LUI value:white id:CNB value:blue id:RCR value:yellow id:MCR value:red id:JOA value:magenta PlotData= bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,black) align:left fontsize:S from:01/01/2013 till:31/12/2014 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2015 till:31/12/2017 shift:(20,-4) text:"QLA Nigeria" color:RCR from:01/01/2018 till:31/12/2018 shift:(20,-4) text:"No Licensee" color:LUI from:01/01/2019 till:31/12/2019 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2020 till:31/12/2022 shift:(20,-4) text:"001 Entertainment" color:CNB from:01/01/2023 till:end shift:(20,-4) text:"The Qhue Group" color:MCR </timeline>}}{{Databox}}'''Miss Grand Nigeria''' bụ asọmpi ịma mma nwanyị [[Ndị Naijiria|Naijiria]] tọrọ ntọala na 2015 site n'aka onye nhazi mmemme dabere na [[Lagos]] nke Loveth Ajufoh, QLA Nigeria na-edu. <ref name="van">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|title=Beauty pageant to combat gender violence in Nigeria|date=28 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Gabriel Olawale|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202202949/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|archivedate=2 December 2022}}</ref> <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}</ref> Ndị meriri n'asọmpi ahụ, bụ nke e mere n'otu n'otu ugboro abụọ (na 2015 na 2016), nọchitere Nigeria na asọmpi nne na nna ya, [[Miss Grand International]] . <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="eco" /> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}</ref> Na mbụ, akwụkwọ ikike asọmpi ahụ bụ nke AMC Productions, onye na-ahazi asọmpi [[Miss Earth Nigeria]], tupu ebufee ya na QLA Nigeria Limited, 001 Entertainment – onye na-ahazi The Nigerian Queen, na Qhue Group. na 2015, 2020, na 2023, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="september">{{Cite web|url=https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/|title=Loveth Udoka Ajufoh, The Beauty Queen Who Runs The Girl Child Initiative Of Nigeria|author=Ada Igboanugo|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=theseptemberstandard.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212349/https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/}}</ref> <ref name="nolly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html|title=Tonto Dikeh, Others to Judge Miss Grand Contestant|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=www.nollywoodgists.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212920/https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html}}</ref> <ref name="ngtribune">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/|title=Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen|date=6 December 2020|accessdate=22 August 2021|author=Segun Adebayo|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na mbụ mpụta mbụ na 2014, ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria nwetara ntinye akwụkwọ na [[Miss Grand International]] pageant dị ka otu n'ime 20 ikpeazụ ikpeazụ ugboro abụọ; na 2021 na 2022. <ref name="2021result">{{Cite web|url=https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml|title=Mineira critica Bolsonaro no palco e fica em 3º no Miss Grand International|author=Fábio Luís de Paula|publisher=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|date=4 December 2021|accessdate=3 December 2022|language=pt|archivedate=4 December 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20211204221209/https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml}}</ref> <ref name="coresult">{{Cite web|url=https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/|language=es|date=25 October 2022|accessdate=26 October 2022|title=Miss Grand International 2022 Isabella Novaes Menin de Brasil, ganadora del certámen|author=María Fernanda Cedeño|work=Colombia.as.com|archivedate=25 October 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221025182232/https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Naijiria]] sonyeere asọmpi Miss Grand International nke mbụ na 2014, nke Tessy Kiri Bibowei nọchitere anya ya bụ onye otu [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] họpụtara n'ọkwa ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2015, e zigara akwụkwọ ikike ahụ na QLA Nigeria Limited, nke onye ọchụnta ego Loveth Ajufoh na-achị bụ onye haziri asọmpi mbụ nke Miss Grand Nigeria na September 11, 2015 na [[Lagos]] . <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="loveth" /> <ref name="september" /> <ref name="36ng">{{Cite web|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/|title=Beverly Osu, Terry G, Tonto Dike & More Attend Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Shayo Adeleke|work=www.36ng.ng|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113637/https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/}}</ref> Asọmpi a gosipụtara ndị asọmpi mba iri na ise bụ ndị tozuru oke na agba ikpeazụ nke mba site na nyocha mbido emere na Septemba 1, <ref name="van" /> <ref name="eco" /> nke onye nnọchite anya [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau Steeti]] bụ Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia, họpụtara onye mmeri. <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="epic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html|title=Epic Craziness! Checkout Denrele's Outfit to Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 Pageant (Photos)|work=www.tori.ng|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=George|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205856/https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html}}</ref> <ref name="linda">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html|title=Photos: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia crowned as Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=Linda Ikeji|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205340/https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html}}</ref> Emekwara mbipụta nke abụọ n'afọ na-esote, <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}</ref> <ref name="2016promo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|title=Get your tickets for Miss Grand Nigeria 2016. Sunday the 11th of September 2016 at the VCP hotel 292b Ajose Adeogun Victoria Island Lagos|date=4 September 2022|publisher=Miss Grand Nigeria|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202164113/https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|archivedate=2 December 2022}} [https://archive.org/download/miss-grand-nigeria-2016-promo/Miss%20Grand%20Nigeria%202016%20Promo.mp4 Alt URL]</ref> mana na 2017, naanị ihe nkedo mebere ka emere iji chọpụta onye nwe aha. QLA Nigeria Limited mechara kwụsị mmekorita ya na Miss Grand International na njedebe nke afọ ahụ. Eweghachitere ikike ahụ na onye nhazi nke [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] pageant na 2019 wee nye ụlọ ọrụ nhazi Queen Queen, Kelvin Joseph Amroma's 001 Entertainment, na 2020. <ref name="ngtribune" /> Kemgbe ahụ, a na-eche na ndị meriri n'asọmpi Queen Queen bụ ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria maka Miss Grand International pageant, <ref name="ngtribune" /> ma e wezụga 2021, mgbe onye nwe aha mbụ, Abimbola Abayomi, enweghị ike ịsọ mpi mba ụwa; onye ikike ahụ kenyeziri onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ ya isonye na Miss Grand International 2021 kama. Kemgbe nsonye mbụ ya na 2014, Patience Christopher na Damilola Bolarinde bụ naanị ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria abụọ ka etinyere na Miss Grand International; Akpọrọ ha abụọ aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị 20 kacha asọmpi na 2021 na 2022, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="2021result" /> <ref name="coresult" /> == Mbipụta == === Ụbọchị na ebe mgbakọ === Ndepụta ndị a bụ nkọwapụta mbipụta nke asọmpi Miss Grand Nigeria, kemgbe mmalite ya na 2015. {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left" style="font-size:90%" !Mbipụta ! Ụbọchị ! {{Érèkọbalà|Final venue}} ! Ndị batara ! Ntụaka |- ! 1st | Septemba 11, 2015 | Orchid Hotels & Events Center, [[Lekki]], [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] | 15 | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth" /> |- ! 2nd | Septemba 11, 2016 | Victoria Crown Plaza Hotel, [[Victoria Island, Lagos]] | 18 | <ref name="stella" /> <ref name="2016promo" /> |} === Nsonaazụ asọmpi === {| class="wikitable col1center col5center" style="font-size:90%;" ! rowspan="2" | Afọ ! rowspan="2" | Miss Grand Niegia ! colspan="2" | Ndị na-agba ọsọ ! rowspan="2" | Ntụaka |- ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke 1st ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ |- ! 2015 | [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau]] – Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia | [[Ȯra Abia|Abia]] – Fumnaya Victoria Okafor | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Joy Ebaide Udoh | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> |- ! 2016 | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame | [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]] – Emmanuella Yaboh | [[Ȯra Rivers|Rivers]] - Amanosi Kadiri | <ref name="stella" /> |} == Ndị nnọchi anya Miss Grand International == Ndepụta ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria na Miss Grand International pageant ; Osisi <gallery> Usòrò:Boma_Dokubo.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2023'''<br /><br />Boma Dokubo Usòrò:Damilola_Bolarinde.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2022'''<br /><br />Damilola Bolarinde Usòrò:Patience_Idowochenema_Christopher.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2021'''<br /><br />Patience Christopher Usòrò:Chikaodili_Nna-Udosen_2.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2020'''<br /><br />Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Usòrò:Ifeoma_Jennifer_Ohia.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2015'''<br /><br />Ifeoma Ohia Usòrò:Tessy_Kiri_Bibowei.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2014'''<br /><br />Tessy Bibowei </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Media related to Miss Grand Nigeria at Wikimedia Commons {{Miss Grand International titleholders}}{{Beauty pageants in Nigeria}} l69mwe9i6rheiulliuc2x6begeyk9ws 674272 674270 2026-07-08T20:47:16Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Nsonaazụ asọmpi */ 674272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image frame|pos=top|border=no|innerstyle=background: none;|caption=Miss Grand Nigeria licensee timeline|content=<timeline> ImageSize = width:200 height:250 PlotArea = left:40 right:0 bottom:5 top:10 DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2013 till:31/10/2023 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2013 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical format:yyyy # A line at the right side of the graph LineData = from:01/01/2013 till:end atpos:65 color:black width:0.5 Colors = id:OLA value:green id:LUI value:white id:CNB value:blue id:RCR value:yellow id:MCR value:red id:JOA value:magenta PlotData= bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,black) align:left fontsize:S from:01/01/2013 till:31/12/2014 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2015 till:31/12/2017 shift:(20,-4) text:"QLA Nigeria" color:RCR from:01/01/2018 till:31/12/2018 shift:(20,-4) text:"No Licensee" color:LUI from:01/01/2019 till:31/12/2019 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2020 till:31/12/2022 shift:(20,-4) text:"001 Entertainment" color:CNB from:01/01/2023 till:end shift:(20,-4) text:"The Qhue Group" color:MCR </timeline>}}{{Databox}}'''Miss Grand Nigeria''' bụ asọmpi ịma mma nwanyị [[Ndị Naijiria|Naijiria]] tọrọ ntọala na 2015 site n'aka onye nhazi mmemme dabere na [[Lagos]] nke Loveth Ajufoh, QLA Nigeria na-edu. <ref name="van">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|title=Beauty pageant to combat gender violence in Nigeria|date=28 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Gabriel Olawale|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202202949/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|archivedate=2 December 2022}}</ref> <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}</ref> Ndị meriri n'asọmpi ahụ, bụ nke e mere n'otu n'otu ugboro abụọ (na 2015 na 2016), nọchitere Nigeria na asọmpi nne na nna ya, [[Miss Grand International]] . <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="eco" /> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}</ref> Na mbụ, akwụkwọ ikike asọmpi ahụ bụ nke AMC Productions, onye na-ahazi asọmpi [[Miss Earth Nigeria]], tupu ebufee ya na QLA Nigeria Limited, 001 Entertainment – onye na-ahazi The Nigerian Queen, na Qhue Group. na 2015, 2020, na 2023, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="september">{{Cite web|url=https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/|title=Loveth Udoka Ajufoh, The Beauty Queen Who Runs The Girl Child Initiative Of Nigeria|author=Ada Igboanugo|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=theseptemberstandard.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212349/https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/}}</ref> <ref name="nolly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html|title=Tonto Dikeh, Others to Judge Miss Grand Contestant|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=www.nollywoodgists.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212920/https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html}}</ref> <ref name="ngtribune">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/|title=Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen|date=6 December 2020|accessdate=22 August 2021|author=Segun Adebayo|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na mbụ mpụta mbụ na 2014, ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria nwetara ntinye akwụkwọ na [[Miss Grand International]] pageant dị ka otu n'ime 20 ikpeazụ ikpeazụ ugboro abụọ; na 2021 na 2022. <ref name="2021result">{{Cite web|url=https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml|title=Mineira critica Bolsonaro no palco e fica em 3º no Miss Grand International|author=Fábio Luís de Paula|publisher=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|date=4 December 2021|accessdate=3 December 2022|language=pt|archivedate=4 December 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20211204221209/https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml}}</ref> <ref name="coresult">{{Cite web|url=https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/|language=es|date=25 October 2022|accessdate=26 October 2022|title=Miss Grand International 2022 Isabella Novaes Menin de Brasil, ganadora del certámen|author=María Fernanda Cedeño|work=Colombia.as.com|archivedate=25 October 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221025182232/https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Naijiria]] sonyeere asọmpi Miss Grand International nke mbụ na 2014, nke Tessy Kiri Bibowei nọchitere anya ya bụ onye otu [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] họpụtara n'ọkwa ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2015, e zigara akwụkwọ ikike ahụ na QLA Nigeria Limited, nke onye ọchụnta ego Loveth Ajufoh na-achị bụ onye haziri asọmpi mbụ nke Miss Grand Nigeria na September 11, 2015 na [[Lagos]] . <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="loveth" /> <ref name="september" /> <ref name="36ng">{{Cite web|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/|title=Beverly Osu, Terry G, Tonto Dike & More Attend Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Shayo Adeleke|work=www.36ng.ng|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113637/https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/}}</ref> Asọmpi a gosipụtara ndị asọmpi mba iri na ise bụ ndị tozuru oke na agba ikpeazụ nke mba site na nyocha mbido emere na Septemba 1, <ref name="van" /> <ref name="eco" /> nke onye nnọchite anya [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau Steeti]] bụ Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia, họpụtara onye mmeri. <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="epic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html|title=Epic Craziness! Checkout Denrele's Outfit to Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 Pageant (Photos)|work=www.tori.ng|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=George|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205856/https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html}}</ref> <ref name="linda">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html|title=Photos: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia crowned as Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=Linda Ikeji|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205340/https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html}}</ref> Emekwara mbipụta nke abụọ n'afọ na-esote, <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}</ref> <ref name="2016promo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|title=Get your tickets for Miss Grand Nigeria 2016. Sunday the 11th of September 2016 at the VCP hotel 292b Ajose Adeogun Victoria Island Lagos|date=4 September 2022|publisher=Miss Grand Nigeria|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202164113/https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|archivedate=2 December 2022}} [https://archive.org/download/miss-grand-nigeria-2016-promo/Miss%20Grand%20Nigeria%202016%20Promo.mp4 Alt URL]</ref> mana na 2017, naanị ihe nkedo mebere ka emere iji chọpụta onye nwe aha. QLA Nigeria Limited mechara kwụsị mmekorita ya na Miss Grand International na njedebe nke afọ ahụ. Eweghachitere ikike ahụ na onye nhazi nke [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] pageant na 2019 wee nye ụlọ ọrụ nhazi Queen Queen, Kelvin Joseph Amroma's 001 Entertainment, na 2020. <ref name="ngtribune" /> Kemgbe ahụ, a na-eche na ndị meriri n'asọmpi Queen Queen bụ ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria maka Miss Grand International pageant, <ref name="ngtribune" /> ma e wezụga 2021, mgbe onye nwe aha mbụ, Abimbola Abayomi, enweghị ike ịsọ mpi mba ụwa; onye ikike ahụ kenyeziri onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ ya isonye na Miss Grand International 2021 kama. Kemgbe nsonye mbụ ya na 2014, Patience Christopher na Damilola Bolarinde bụ naanị ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria abụọ ka etinyere na Miss Grand International; Akpọrọ ha abụọ aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị 20 kacha asọmpi na 2021 na 2022, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="2021result" /> <ref name="coresult" /> == Mbipụta == === Ụbọchị na ebe mgbakọ === Ndepụta ndị a bụ nkọwapụta mbipụta nke asọmpi Miss Grand Nigeria, kemgbe mmalite ya na 2015. {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left" style="font-size:90%" !Mbipụta ! Ụbọchị ! {{Érèkọbalà|Final venue}} ! Ndị batara ! Ntụaka |- ! 1st | Septemba 11, 2015 | Orchid Hotels & Events Center, [[Lekki]], [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] | 15 | <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ "Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria"]. [[Encomium Magazine]]. 29 August 2015. Archived from [https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/ the original] on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="loveth" /> |- ! 2nd | Septemba 11, 2016 | Victoria Crown Plaza Hotel, [[Victoria Island, Lagos]] | 18 | <ref name="stella" /> <ref name="2016promo" /> |} === Nsonaazụ asọmpi === {| class="wikitable col1center col5center" style="font-size:90%;" ! rowspan="2" | Afọ ! rowspan="2" | Miss Grand Niegia ! colspan="2" | Ndị na-agba ọsọ ! rowspan="2" | Ntụaka |- ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke 1st ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ |- ! 2015 | [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau]] – Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia | [[Ȯra Abia|Abia]] – Fumnaya Victoria Okafor | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Joy Ebaide Udoh | <ref name="eco" /> |- ! 2016 | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame | [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]] – Emmanuella Yaboh | [[Ȯra Rivers|Rivers]] - Amanosi Kadiri | <ref name="stella" /> |} == Ndị nnọchi anya Miss Grand International == Ndepụta ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria na Miss Grand International pageant ; Osisi <gallery> Usòrò:Boma_Dokubo.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2023'''<br /><br />Boma Dokubo Usòrò:Damilola_Bolarinde.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2022'''<br /><br />Damilola Bolarinde Usòrò:Patience_Idowochenema_Christopher.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2021'''<br /><br />Patience Christopher Usòrò:Chikaodili_Nna-Udosen_2.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2020'''<br /><br />Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Usòrò:Ifeoma_Jennifer_Ohia.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2015'''<br /><br />Ifeoma Ohia Usòrò:Tessy_Kiri_Bibowei.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2014'''<br /><br />Tessy Bibowei </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Media related to Miss Grand Nigeria at Wikimedia Commons {{Miss Grand International titleholders}}{{Beauty pageants in Nigeria}} sa0qxfxa193mo5ibwh04p0kwd8c6pxw 674273 674272 2026-07-08T20:48:01Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ụbọchị na ebe mgbakọ */ 674273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image frame|pos=top|border=no|innerstyle=background: none;|caption=Miss Grand Nigeria licensee timeline|content=<timeline> ImageSize = width:200 height:250 PlotArea = left:40 right:0 bottom:5 top:10 DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2013 till:31/10/2023 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2013 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical format:yyyy # A line at the right side of the graph LineData = from:01/01/2013 till:end atpos:65 color:black width:0.5 Colors = id:OLA value:green id:LUI value:white id:CNB value:blue id:RCR value:yellow id:MCR value:red id:JOA value:magenta PlotData= bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,black) align:left fontsize:S from:01/01/2013 till:31/12/2014 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2015 till:31/12/2017 shift:(20,-4) text:"QLA Nigeria" color:RCR from:01/01/2018 till:31/12/2018 shift:(20,-4) text:"No Licensee" color:LUI from:01/01/2019 till:31/12/2019 shift:(20,-4) text:"AMC Productions" color:OLA from:01/01/2020 till:31/12/2022 shift:(20,-4) text:"001 Entertainment" color:CNB from:01/01/2023 till:end shift:(20,-4) text:"The Qhue Group" color:MCR </timeline>}}{{Databox}}'''Miss Grand Nigeria''' bụ asọmpi ịma mma nwanyị [[Ndị Naijiria|Naijiria]] tọrọ ntọala na 2015 site n'aka onye nhazi mmemme dabere na [[Lagos]] nke Loveth Ajufoh, QLA Nigeria na-edu. <ref name="van">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|title=Beauty pageant to combat gender violence in Nigeria|date=28 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Gabriel Olawale|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202202949/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/beauty-pageant-to-combat-gender-violence-in-nigeria/|archivedate=2 December 2022}}</ref> <ref name="denrele">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|title=Denrele Edun, Beverly Osu, Tonto Dikeh & More at Miss Grand Nigeria 2015: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia Emerges Winner|date=14 September 2015|author=Adesola Ade-Unuigbe|work=[[BellaNaija]]|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220625021912/https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/denrele-edun-beverly-osu-tonto-dikeh-more-at-miss-grand-nigeria-2015-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-emerges-winner/|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref> <ref name="eco">{{Cite web|url=https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/|title=Ex Miss World University, LOVETH AJUFOH brings Miss Grand to Nigeria|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=[[Encomium Magazine]]|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202203746/https://encomium.ng/ex-miss-world-university-loveth-ajufoh-brings-miss-grand-to-nigeria/}}</ref> Ndị meriri n'asọmpi ahụ, bụ nke e mere n'otu n'otu ugboro abụọ (na 2015 na 2016), nọchitere Nigeria na asọmpi nne na nna ya, [[Miss Grand International]] . <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="eco" /> <ref name="loveth">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929202518/http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|archivedate=29 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2021|url=http://www.alexreports.info/2015/09/wow-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-is-miss-grand.html|work=Alexreports.info|title=WOW!!! Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia is Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 As Tonto Dikeh, Others Head Judges Table}}</ref> Na mbụ, akwụkwọ ikike asọmpi ahụ bụ nke AMC Productions, onye na-ahazi asọmpi [[Miss Earth Nigeria]], tupu ebufee ya na QLA Nigeria Limited, 001 Entertainment – onye na-ahazi The Nigerian Queen, na Qhue Group. na 2015, 2020, na 2023, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="september">{{Cite web|url=https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/|title=Loveth Udoka Ajufoh, The Beauty Queen Who Runs The Girl Child Initiative Of Nigeria|author=Ada Igboanugo|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=theseptemberstandard.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212349/https://theseptemberstandard.com/loveth-udoka-ajufoh-the-beauty-queen-who-runs-the-girl-child-initiative-of-nigeria/}}</ref> <ref name="nolly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html|title=Tonto Dikeh, Others to Judge Miss Grand Contestant|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|work=www.nollywoodgists.com|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202212920/https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/35687/tonto-dikeh-others-to-judge-miss-grand-contestant.html}}</ref> <ref name="ngtribune">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/|title=Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Emerges 2020 The Nigerian Queen|date=6 December 2020|accessdate=22 August 2021|author=Segun Adebayo|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203214604/https://tribuneonlineng.com/chikaodili-nna-udosen-emerges-2020-the-nigerian-queen/}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na mbụ mpụta mbụ na 2014, ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria nwetara ntinye akwụkwọ na [[Miss Grand International]] pageant dị ka otu n'ime 20 ikpeazụ ikpeazụ ugboro abụọ; na 2021 na 2022. <ref name="2021result">{{Cite web|url=https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml|title=Mineira critica Bolsonaro no palco e fica em 3º no Miss Grand International|author=Fábio Luís de Paula|publisher=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|date=4 December 2021|accessdate=3 December 2022|language=pt|archivedate=4 December 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20211204221209/https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/colunistas/de-faixa-a-coroa/2021/12/mineira-critica-bolsonaro-no-palco-e-fica-em-3o-no-miss-grand-international.shtml}}</ref> <ref name="coresult">{{Cite web|url=https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/|language=es|date=25 October 2022|accessdate=26 October 2022|title=Miss Grand International 2022 Isabella Novaes Menin de Brasil, ganadora del certámen|author=María Fernanda Cedeño|work=Colombia.as.com|archivedate=25 October 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221025182232/https://colombia.as.com/tikitakas/miss-grand-international-2022-en-vivo-gala-del-certamen-de-belleza-en-directo-n/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Naijiria]] sonyeere asọmpi Miss Grand International nke mbụ na 2014, nke Tessy Kiri Bibowei nọchitere anya ya bụ onye otu [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] họpụtara n'ọkwa ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2015, e zigara akwụkwọ ikike ahụ na QLA Nigeria Limited, nke onye ọchụnta ego Loveth Ajufoh na-achị bụ onye haziri asọmpi mbụ nke Miss Grand Nigeria na September 11, 2015 na [[Lagos]] . <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="loveth" /> <ref name="september" /> <ref name="36ng">{{Cite web|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/|title=Beverly Osu, Terry G, Tonto Dike & More Attend Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=Shayo Adeleke|work=www.36ng.ng|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113637/https://www.36ng.ng/2015/09/15/beverly-osu-terry-g-tonto-dike-more-attend-miss-grand-nigeria-2015/}}</ref> Asọmpi a gosipụtara ndị asọmpi mba iri na ise bụ ndị tozuru oke na agba ikpeazụ nke mba site na nyocha mbido emere na Septemba 1, <ref name="van" /> <ref name="eco" /> nke onye nnọchite anya [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau Steeti]] bụ Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia, họpụtara onye mmeri. <ref name="denrele" /> <ref name="epic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html|title=Epic Craziness! Checkout Denrele's Outfit to Miss Grand Nigeria 2015 Pageant (Photos)|work=www.tori.ng|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|author=George|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205856/https://www.tori.ng/news/8697/epic-craziness-checkout-denreles-outfit-to-miss-gr.html}}</ref> <ref name="linda">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html|title=Photos: Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia crowned as Miss Grand Nigeria 2015|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2022|publisher=Linda Ikeji|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221202205340/https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/09/photos-ifeoma-jennifer-ohia-crowned-as.html}}</ref> Emekwara mbipụta nke abụọ n'afọ na-esote, <ref name="stella">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html|title=Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame Wins Miss Grand Nigeria 2016|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 December 2021|work=Stella Dimoko Korkus|archivedate=29 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929061047/https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2016/09/rachael-onuwa-ikekhuame-wins-miss-grand.html}}</ref> <ref name="2016promo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|title=Get your tickets for Miss Grand Nigeria 2016. Sunday the 11th of September 2016 at the VCP hotel 292b Ajose Adeogun Victoria Island Lagos|date=4 September 2022|publisher=Miss Grand Nigeria|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202164113/https://www.facebook.com/missgrandnigeria/videos/165126500592700/|archivedate=2 December 2022}} [https://archive.org/download/miss-grand-nigeria-2016-promo/Miss%20Grand%20Nigeria%202016%20Promo.mp4 Alt URL]</ref> mana na 2017, naanị ihe nkedo mebere ka emere iji chọpụta onye nwe aha. QLA Nigeria Limited mechara kwụsị mmekorita ya na Miss Grand International na njedebe nke afọ ahụ. Eweghachitere ikike ahụ na onye nhazi nke [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] pageant na 2019 wee nye ụlọ ọrụ nhazi Queen Queen, Kelvin Joseph Amroma's 001 Entertainment, na 2020. <ref name="ngtribune" /> Kemgbe ahụ, a na-eche na ndị meriri n'asọmpi Queen Queen bụ ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria maka Miss Grand International pageant, <ref name="ngtribune" /> ma e wezụga 2021, mgbe onye nwe aha mbụ, Abimbola Abayomi, enweghị ike ịsọ mpi mba ụwa; onye ikike ahụ kenyeziri onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ ya isonye na Miss Grand International 2021 kama. Kemgbe nsonye mbụ ya na 2014, Patience Christopher na Damilola Bolarinde bụ naanị ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria abụọ ka etinyere na Miss Grand International; Akpọrọ ha abụọ aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị 20 kacha asọmpi na 2021 na 2022, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="2021result" /> <ref name="coresult" /> == Mbipụta == === Ụbọchị na ebe mgbakọ === Ndepụta ndị a bụ nkọwapụta mbipụta nke asọmpi Miss Grand Nigeria, kemgbe mmalite ya na 2015. {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left" style="font-size:90%" !Mbipụta ! Ụbọchị ! {{Érèkọbalà|Final venue}} ! Ndị batara ! Ntụaka |- ! 1st | Septemba 11, 2015 | Orchid Hotels & Events Center, [[Lekki]], [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] | 15 | <ref name="eco" /> <ref name="loveth" /> |- ! 2nd | Septemba 11, 2016 | Victoria Crown Plaza Hotel, [[Victoria Island, Lagos]] | 18 | <ref name="stella" /> <ref name="2016promo" /> |} === Nsonaazụ asọmpi === {| class="wikitable col1center col5center" style="font-size:90%;" ! rowspan="2" | Afọ ! rowspan="2" | Miss Grand Niegia ! colspan="2" | Ndị na-agba ọsọ ! rowspan="2" | Ntụaka |- ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke 1st ! Onye gbara ọsọ nke abụọ |- ! 2015 | [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau]] – Ifeoma Jennifer Ohia | [[Ȯra Abia|Abia]] – Fumnaya Victoria Okafor | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Joy Ebaide Udoh | <ref name="eco" /> |- ! 2016 | [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] – Rachael Onuwa Ikekhuame | [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]] – Emmanuella Yaboh | [[Ȯra Rivers|Rivers]] - Amanosi Kadiri | <ref name="stella" /> |} == Ndị nnọchi anya Miss Grand International == Ndepụta ndị nnọchiteanya Naijiria na Miss Grand International pageant ; Osisi <gallery> Usòrò:Boma_Dokubo.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2023'''<br /><br />Boma Dokubo Usòrò:Damilola_Bolarinde.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2022'''<br /><br />Damilola Bolarinde Usòrò:Patience_Idowochenema_Christopher.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2021'''<br /><br />Patience Christopher Usòrò:Chikaodili_Nna-Udosen_2.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2020'''<br /><br />Chikaodili Nna-Udosen Usòrò:Ifeoma_Jennifer_Ohia.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2015'''<br /><br />Ifeoma Ohia Usòrò:Tessy_Kiri_Bibowei.png|'''Miss Grand Nigeria 2014'''<br /><br />Tessy Bibowei </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Media related to Miss Grand Nigeria at Wikimedia Commons {{Miss Grand International titleholders}}{{Beauty pageants in Nigeria}} mwfnco8xvupy7ydqzv7opzs7fqj0hf3 0 39799 674354 175566 2026-07-09T04:51:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674354 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Chidozie Godsfavour Ugochinyere''' (born 13 March 2000), known professionally as '''Fave''', bụ onye [[Ndị Naijiria|Naijiria]] na-agụ abụ na onye na-edekọ ihe. Ọ nwetara nkwanye ùgwù ka o wepụtasịrị vidiyo dị ogologo nkeji na Twitter n'oge mkpọchi COVID-19 . Na 2022, ọ meriri Rookie nke Afọ na The Headies 2022 wee bụrụ onye a họpụtara maka Kasị Mma Artist na Best Artist na African Reggae, Dancehall na All Africa Music Awards . Ọzọkwa, a họpụtara ya maka Best New Artiste na 2022 Soundcity MVP Awards <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adebiyi|first=Adeayo|date=2022-09-05|title=FAVE wins Rookie of the Year at the 2022 Headies Awards|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/fave-wins-rookie-of-the-year-at-the-2022-headies-awards/lsgvkv5|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Olorunnisola|first=Israel|date=2021-11-30|title=Fave: From SoundCloud to national sensation|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/fave-from-soundcloud-to-national-sensation/yvc4pf0|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ambrose|date=2023-02-27|title=Fave SZN Biography, Age, Career, Songs, State And Net Worth|url=https://basenaija.com/fave-szn-biography-age-career-songs-state-and-net-worth/|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=BaseNaija|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311100902/https://basenaija.com/fave-szn-biography-age-career-songs-state-and-net-worth/}}</ref> == ndabere na ọrụ == Dị ka nwa etiti na nanị ada nke Chidozie, obere ezinụlọ nke mmadụ ise bi na ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Nigeria n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, ahụmahụ egwu ya na-amalite na chọọchị mgbe ọ dị afọ 6. Tupu ya ebili na stardom na 2020, Fave (nke sitere na Favour) bụ naanị onye ọbụ abụ dị afọ 19 na-agbaso akara ugo mmụta iwu nwere naanị otu MOMMS nke na-anọchite anya m ma ọ bụ kpuchie Mmehie M. Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ya ahụla ka ọ na-agbagharị gburugburu ụdị gụnyere ịgba egwu, Afro pop, Afro beats, Dane, R & B, Fave na-ewere onwe ya dị ka nwa agbọghọ "pop". Ụzọ uri ya si ede ihe na-ebute ụzọ adịghị ike na-esonyere ya na atụmatụ doro anya na-ebufe oke mmetụta mmetụta mgbe mgbe n'ọgba aghara aghara aghara ma ọ bụ n'ọganihu ịgbà. N'afọ 2019, ka ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ nzere Law na south-wwest Nigeria, o tinyere ọtụtụ freestyles n'akara Twitter ya bụ nke nyere aka mee ka ọ pụta ìhè, ọ malitere inwe mmasị mgbe amaokwu ya na Jinmi Abdul mepụtara n'efu ghọrọ ihe ntanetị kpọmkwem. na Twitter ebe o nwetara nzaghachi dị mma n'aka ọha. Fave gara n'ihu wepụta otu NBU mbụ ya nke pụtara "Ọ dịghị onye ma ọ bụ U" na 17th nke Eprel 2020 mpụta mbụ nọmba 64 na Apple music Top 100 chaatị. Ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ikike afọ otu afọ na [[Mr Eazi|Mr Eazi's]] emPawa Africa na Nọvemba 2021. Fave bilitere na stardom ka ahapụchara nke otu ya kacha ewu ewu "Baby riddim" ewepụtara n'okpuru emPawa Africa . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fave Biography: Who Is He and Where Is He From?|url=https://buzznigeria.com/fave-biography-who-is-she-and-where-is-she-from/|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=buzznigeria.com}}</ref> Otu "Baby riddim" ghọrọ abụ nke 1 na Nigeria na chaatị ntụgharị na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ntinye nke abụọ site n'aka onye isi nwanyị na-ese ihe ruo nọmba 1 na Nigeria na chaatị ntụgharị, otu bụkwa nọmba 1 Global Shazam Afrobeats ndekọ maka izu isii. n'usoro na 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adebiyi|first=Adeayo|date=2022-09-29|title=Singing sensation Fave & talented producer Damie get plaques for their chart-topping song 'Baby Riddim'|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/fave-and-talented-producer-damie-get-plaques-for-baby-riddim/sybnt03|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> Fave wepụtara EP mpụta mbụ ya akpọrọ 'Riddim 5' nke dara na Tọzdee Jenụwarị 20, 2022. EP gụnyere egwu solo ise - Obsessed, SMK, Kilotufe, Mr. Man, na ihe kacha eme nke ọma, Baby Riddim. EP ghọrọ ọrụ mbụ ewepụtara 2022 ịga nọmba 1 na eserese ọba egwu Apple Music na Nigeria. Onye na-egwu egwu Naijiria [[Olamide]] gosipụtara Fave na egwu abụọ "Chọọ" na "Pon Pon" n'ime egwu UY Scuti ya ewepụtara na 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fave Debuts with ‘Riddim 5’ – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/01/22/fave-debuts-with-riddim-5/|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> Onye na-abụ abụ Naijiria [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] gosipụtara Fave n'otu egwu ya akpọrọ "eguzosi ike n'ihe" ewepụtara na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tv|first=Bn|date=2022-10-14|title=Simi, Fave & Kemi Adetiba Team Up on the Vibrant Music Video for “Loyal” {{!}} Watch|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/10/video-simi-fave-loyal/|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> E mechara gosi ya na egwu 'kante' kwụsịrị album Davido Timeless nke ewepụtara na Machị 2023, egwu nke o jiri wepụta egwu dị egwu na olu ya na-ekere òkè na ya. == Ihe ngosi ==   '''EPs''' * ''Riddim 5'' (2022) '''Ndị na-alụbeghị di''' {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="1" scope="col" |Aha ! rowspan="1" scope="col" | Afọ ! rowspan="1" scope="col" | Album |- | "Ndị nne" | 2019 | rowspan="5" {{Non-album single}} |- | "Dal" | 2020 |- | "Mara mma" | 2021 |- | "Baby Riddim" | 2021 |- | "Scatta Scatta" | 2022 |} '''Dị ka onye na-ese ihe ngosi''' {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke ngosi ndị ọbịa, nke ewepụtara n'afọ, ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ na aha ọba egosiri ! scope="col" style="width:8em;" | Aha ! scope="col" | Afọ ! scope="col" | Ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Ihe nkiri" | 2020 | Dimeji | ''Akụkọ banyere udo & mmụọ'' |- ! scope="row" | "Chọrọ" | rowspan="2" | 2021 | rowspan="2" | [[Olamide]] | rowspan="2" | ''UY Scuti'' |- ! scope="row" | "Pon Pon" |- ! scope="row" | "N'ịhụnanya" | 2022 | Ajebo Hustlers | ''Omume ọjọọ nwata 101'' |- ! scope="row" | "Na-eguzosi ike n'ihe" | rowspan="3" | 2022 | [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] | ''Ikwu eziokwu'' |- ! scope="row" | "Gwuo" | TI Blaze | ''El Major'' |- ! scope="row" | "Kante" | [[Davido]] | ''Oge na-adịghị agwụ agwụ'' |- |} '''Vidio egwu''' {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta vidiyo egwu, na-egosi afọ ewepụtara na onye nduzi ! scope="col" style="width:14em;" | Aha ! scope="col" | Afọ ! scope="col" | Album ! scope="col" | Onye isi |- | "Mara mma" | 2021| {{Non-album single}} | [[Clarence Peters]] |- | "Baby Riddim" | rowspan="2" | 2022 | rowspan="2" | ''Riddim 5'' | Ọbịa |- | "Mazi nwoke" | Ụmụnne Abụọ |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Ihe nrite ! scope="col" | Afọ ! scope="col" | Onye nnata ! scope="col" | Otu ! scope="col" | Nsonaazụ ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ref. |- | rowspan="2" | All African Music Awards | rowspan="4" | 2022 | rowspan="4" | Onwe ya | Onye nka kacha ekwe nkwa| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-21|title=All Africa Music Awards (AFRIMA) Unveils Nominees List for 2022 Edition|url=https://guardian.ng/apo-press-releases/all-africa-music-awards-afrima-unveils-nominees-list-for-2022-edition/|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311100900/https://guardian.ng/apo-press-releases/all-africa-music-awards-afrima-unveils-nominees-list-for-2022-edition/}}</ref> |- | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na African Reggae, Dancehall | {{Nom}} |- | Soundcity MVP Awards Ememme | Onye nka ohuru kacha mma| {{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web|author=Emmanuel|first=Solution|date=2023-02-12|title=Soundcity MVP Awards 2023: Burnaboy, Kizz Daniel win (FULL WINNERS LIST)|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/581354-soundcity-mvp-awards-2023-burnaboy-kizz-daniel-win-full-winners-list.html|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | Ndị isi | Rookie nke Afọ|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-05|title=Full list: Wizkid, others win at Headies 2022|url=https://punchng.com/full-list-wizkid-others-win-at-headies-2022/|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2023 | Onye na-ede abụ nke afọ | Onwe ya maka ( [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] - "Iguzosi ike n'ihe")|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|author=Arogbonlo|first=Israel|title=Full list: See 2023 Headies Award winners|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/full-list-see-2023-headies-award-winners/|work=Tribune Online|accessdate=10 September 2023|date=4 September 2023}}</ref> |} == Edensibia == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndi égwú nke Naigeria]] ftkv170j42rccgqlez90qtowk19vf6u 0 39835 674137 156789 2026-07-08T14:57:34Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674137 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Visualization-of-tumor-related-blood-vessels-in-human-breast-by-photoacoustic-imaging-system-with-a-srep41970-s3.ogv|áká_ịkẹngạ|229x229px|Nlegharị anya nke akwara ọbara metụtara akpụ n'ime ara mmadụ]] Mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial jikọtara akpụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ endot helial (TECs) na-ezo aka na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dị n'akụkụ Akwara ọbara jikọtara akpụ nke na-achịkwa ịgafe nke ihe oriri n'ime anụ ahụ gbara ya gburugburu .<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Dudley|first=Andrew C.|date=2012-03-01|title=Tumor Endothelial Cells|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|language=en|volume=2|issue=3|pages=a006536|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006536|issn=2157-1422|pmid=22393533}}</ref> N'ime ụdị ọrịa kansa dị iche iche, a chọpụtala na akwara ọbara ndị metụtara akpụ dị iche iche na akwara jini nkịtị na ọdịdị, ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ọrụ n'ụzọ na-akwalite ọganihu ọrịa kansa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Openings between Defective Endothelial Cells Explain Tumor Vessel Leakiness|doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65006-7|pmid=10751361|volume=156|issue=4|date=April 2000|journal=Am. J. Pathol.|pages=1363–80|author=Hashizume|first=H}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lu|first=Chunhua|date=2007-02-16|title=Gene Alterations Identified by Expression Profiling in Tumor-Associated Endothelial Cells from Invasive Ovarian Carcinoma|journal=Cancer Research|volume=67|issue=4|pages=1757–1768|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3700|pmid=17308118}}</ref> E nwere mmasị dị ịrịba ama n'ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọrịa kansa nke na-eji ihe ndị a na-adịghị mma nke endothelium jikọtara ya na akpụ iji bibie akpụ.[3]<ref name=":1" /> == Ọdịdị na-adịghị mma == A na-edepụta mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial nke akpụ (TECs) iji gosipụta njirimara ọdịdị na-adịghị mma dị ka akụkụ na-adịghị ike na projekshon saitoplasmic na-adịghị adị.<ref name=":0" /> N'ime akwara ọbara nkịtị, a maara na mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial na-emepụta otu ngongo na-ejikọta ọnụ na-enweghị mkpuchi, mana TECs na-emepụta otu ngongo na-enweghị nhazi na njikọ, na-agbakarị ma na-agbasa gafee lumen iji kpuchie ndị agbata obi ha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Hashizume|first=Hiroya|date=2017-04-21|title=Openings between Defective Endothelial Cells Explain Tumor Vessel Leakiness|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|volume=156|issue=4|pages=1363–1380|doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65006-7|issn=0002-9440|pmid=10751361}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na nke a, TECs na-egosi akara dị iche iche nke na-ekewapụ ha n'ụzọ doro anya na mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial. A na-akọwa karị akpu endotilium dị ka mozaic n'ihi ngosipụta ya na-adịghị mma nke akara mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial ọdịnala (CD31 na CD105), na-akwado ịdị adị nke oghere na-adịghị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial. [3]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=di Tomaso|first=Emmanuelle|date=2005-07-01|title=Mosaic tumor vessels: cellular basis and ultrastructure of focal regions lacking endothelial cell markers|journal=Cancer Research|volume=65|issue=13|pages=5740–5749|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4552|issn=0008-5472|pmid=15994949}}</ref> Na ọkwa anaghị ahụ anya , karịa ịhụ obere oghere mmetụta mkpụrụ ndụ n'etiti TECs dị nso, akọwaala oghere dị ukwuu na mgbidi nke akpụ akwara ọbara[1]<ref name=":0" /> A na-akọwa ọtụtụ akpụ site na ngosipụta dị elu nke vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nke bụ vasodilator siri ike. E gosipụtara na VEGF na-akpali ntolite na isi alaka na mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial, na-eduga na otu ngongo endotheliel nwere nkwarụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nagy|first=Janice A.|date=2007-01-01|title=VEGF-A and the induction of pathological angiogenesis|journal=Annual Review of Pathology|volume=2|pages=251–275|doi=10.1146/annurev.pathol.2.010506.134925|issn=1553-4006|pmid=18039100}}</ref> Nnyocha na-akwado na mkpakọ nke akwara akpụ site na mkpụrụ ndụ akpụ gbara ya gburugburu na-ebute nrụgide na mgbanwe na ọbara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Padera|first=Timothy P.|date=2004-02-19|title=Pathology: cancer cells compress intratumour vessels|journal=Nature|volume=427|issue=6976|pages=695|doi=10.1038/427695a|issn=1476-4687|pmid=14973470}}</ref> A tụwo aro na mgbanwe ndị a na-agafe agafe na-akpata ngosipụta na-adịghị mma nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ọdịdị endothelial, nha, na ọdịiche dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=De Val|first=Sarah|date=2009-02-01|title=Transcriptional control of endothelial cell development|journal=Developmental Cell|volume=16|issue=2|pages=180–195|doi=10.1016/j.devcel.2009.01.014|issn=1878-1551|pmid=19217421}}</ref> A na-ejikarị perisaiti s na-akwado ya na-agba obere ọwa ọbara gburugburu nke na-enyere aka na nkwụsi ike nke arịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hirschi|first=K. K.|date=1996-10-01|title=Pericytes in the microvasculature|journal=Cardiovascular Research|volume=32|issue=4|pages=687–698|issn=0008-6363|pmid=8915187|doi=10.1016/0008-6363(96)00063-6}}</ref> Mfu nke ihe na-eto eto pericyte (PDGFB) na onye na-anabata ya na mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial bụ mgbanwe nke ọkwa nke nwere ike ịkọwa maka mfu a na-adịghị mma na nkwado perisaiti <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hellström|first=M.|date=2001-04-30|title=Lack of pericytes leads to endothelial hyperplasia and abnormal vascular morphogenesis|journal=The Journal of Cell Biology|volume=153|issue=3|pages=543–553|issn=0021-9525|pmid=11331305|doi=10.1083/jcb.153.3.543}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke pericytes gbara endothelium metụtara akpụ ahụ gburugburu ejikọtara ya na ọgba aghara nke akwara ọbara na leakiness.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baluk|first=Peter|date=2005-02-01|title=Cellular abnormalities of blood vessels as targets in cancer|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development|volume=15|issue=1|pages=102–111|doi=10.1016/j.gde.2004.12.005|pmid=15661540}}</ref> cs8kduuihaa2whokn49ig2s8n1lo2d6 674189 674137 2026-07-08T16:19:07Z Sayvhior 13464 674189 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Visualization-of-tumor-related-blood-vessels-in-human-breast-by-photoacoustic-imaging-system-with-a-srep41970-s3.ogv|áká_ịkẹngạ|229x229px|Nlegharị anya nke akwara ọbara metụtara akpụ n'ime ara mmadụ]] Mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial jikọtara akpụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ endot helial (TECs) na-ezo aka na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dị n'akụkụ Akwara ọbara jikọtara akpụ nke na-achịkwa ịgafe nke ihe oriri n'ime anụ ahụ gbara ya gburugburu .<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Dudley|first=Andrew C.|date=2012-03-01|title=Tumor Endothelial Cells|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|language=en|volume=2|issue=3|pages=a006536|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006536|issn=2157-1422|pmid=22393533}}</ref> N'ime ụdị ọrịa kansa dị iche iche, a chọpụtala na akwara ọbara ndị metụtara akpụ dị iche iche na akwara jini nkịtị na ọdịdị, ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ọrụ n'ụzọ na-akwalite ọganihu ọrịa kansa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Openings between Defective Endothelial Cells Explain Tumor Vessel Leakiness|doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65006-7|pmid=10751361|volume=156|issue=4|date=April 2000|journal=Am. J. Pathol.|pages=1363–80|author=Hashizume|first=H}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lu|first=Chunhua|date=2007-02-16|title=Gene Alterations Identified by Expression Profiling in Tumor-Associated Endothelial Cells from Invasive Ovarian Carcinoma|journal=Cancer Research|volume=67|issue=4|pages=1757–1768|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3700|pmid=17308118}}</ref> E nwere mmasị dị ịrịba ama n'ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọrịa kansa nke na-eji ihe ndị a na-adịghị mma nke endothelium jikọtara ya na akpụ iji bibie akpụ.[3]<ref name=":1" /> == Ọdịdị na-adịghị mma == A na-edepụta mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial nke akpụ (TECs) iji gosipụta njirimara ọdịdị na-adịghị mma dị ka akụkụ na-adịghị ike na projekshon saitoplasmic na-adịghị adị.<ref name=":0" /> N'ime akwara ọbara nkịtị, a maara na mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial na-emepụta otu ngongo na-ejikọta ọnụ na-enweghị mkpuchi, mana TECs na-emepụta otu ngongo na-enweghị nhazi na njikọ, na-agbakarị ma na-agbasa gafee lumen iji kpuchie ndị agbata obi ha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Hashizume|first=Hiroya|date=2017-04-21|title=Openings between Defective Endothelial Cells Explain Tumor Vessel Leakiness|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|volume=156|issue=4|pages=1363–1380|doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65006-7|issn=0002-9440|pmid=10751361}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na nke a, TECs na-egosi akara dị iche iche nke na-ekewapụ ha n'ụzọ doro anya na mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial. A na-akọwa karị akpu endotilium dị ka mozaic n'ihi ngosipụta ya na-adịghị mma nke akara mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial ọdịnala (CD31 na CD105), na-akwado ịdị adị nke oghere na-adịghị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial. [3]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=di Tomaso|first=Emmanuelle|date=2005-07-01|title=Mosaic tumor vessels: cellular basis and ultrastructure of focal regions lacking endothelial cell markers|journal=Cancer Research|volume=65|issue=13|pages=5740–5749|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4552|issn=0008-5472|pmid=15994949}}</ref> Na ọkwa anaghị ahụ anya , karịa ịhụ obere oghere mmetụta mkpụrụ ndụ n'etiti TECs dị nso, akọwaala oghere dị ukwuu na mgbidi nke akpụ akwara ọbara[1]<ref name=":0" /> A na-akọwa ọtụtụ akpụ site na ngosipụta dị elu nke vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nke bụ vasodilator siri ike. E gosipụtara na VEGF na-akpali ntolite na isi alaka na mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial, na-eduga na otu ngongo endotheliel nwere nkwarụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nagy|first=Janice A.|date=2007-01-01|title=VEGF-A and the induction of pathological angiogenesis|journal=Annual Review of Pathology|volume=2|pages=251–275|doi=10.1146/annurev.pathol.2.010506.134925|issn=1553-4006|pmid=18039100}}</ref> Nnyocha na-akwado na mkpakọ nke akwara akpụ site na mkpụrụ ndụ akpụ gbara ya gburugburu na-ebute nrụgide na mgbanwe na ọbara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Padera|first=Timothy P.|date=2004-02-19|title=Pathology: cancer cells compress intratumour vessels|journal=Nature|volume=427|issue=6976|pages=695|doi=10.1038/427695a|issn=1476-4687|pmid=14973470}}</ref> A tụwo aro na mgbanwe ndị a na-agafe agafe na-akpata ngosipụta na-adịghị mma nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ọdịdị endothelial, nha, na ọdịiche dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=De Val|first=Sarah|date=2009-02-01|title=Transcriptional control of endothelial cell development|journal=Developmental Cell|volume=16|issue=2|pages=180–195|doi=10.1016/j.devcel.2009.01.014|issn=1878-1551|pmid=19217421}}</ref> A na-ejikarị perisaiti s na-akwado ya na-agba obere ọwa ọbara gburugburu nke na-enyere aka na nkwụsi ike nke arịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hirschi|first=K. K.|date=1996-10-01|title=Pericytes in the microvasculature|journal=Cardiovascular Research|volume=32|issue=4|pages=687–698|issn=0008-6363|pmid=8915187|doi=10.1016/0008-6363(96)00063-6}}</ref> Mfu nke ihe na-eto eto pericyte (PDGFB) na onye na-anabata ya na mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial bụ mgbanwe nke ọkwa nke nwere ike ịkọwa maka mfu a na-adịghị mma na nkwado perisaiti <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hellström|first=M.|date=2001-04-30|title=Lack of pericytes leads to endothelial hyperplasia and abnormal vascular morphogenesis|journal=The Journal of Cell Biology|volume=153|issue=3|pages=543–553|issn=0021-9525|pmid=11331305|doi=10.1083/jcb.153.3.543}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke pericytes gbara endothelium metụtara akpụ ahụ gburugburu ejikọtara ya na ọgba aghara nke akwara ọbara na leakiness.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baluk|first=Peter|date=2005-02-01|title=Cellular abnormalities of blood vessels as targets in cancer|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development|volume=15|issue=1|pages=102–111|doi=10.1016/j.gde.2004.12.005|pmid=15661540}}</ref> ==Edensibia== afs1m9uy7cj2l5hzmhuwx2hbett7k34 0 40154 674275 157436 2026-07-08T20:50:20Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ 674275 wikitext text/x-wiki   . <ref name="history">{{Cite web|title=About The Department|url=http://mahafood.gov.in/website/english/Dept_info.aspx|accessdate=2021-06-29|work=mahafood.gov.in}}</ref>Ministri nri, ihe ndị obodo na nchekwa ndị ọrụ bụ ozi nke Gọọmenti Maharashtra .  Ministri ahụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa ndị ọrụ na akara ihe oriri na ọkọnọ obodo na Maharashtra . Onye minista ọkwa ọkwa nke kabinet na-eduzi ya.  Chhagan Bhujbal bụ onye minista na-ahụ maka nri, ndị na-eweta obodo na nchekwa ndị agha ogbu a. == Isi ụlọ ọrụ ==   == Ndepụta nke ndị minista == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Mba ! Aha ! colspan="2" | Party ! Oge ọrụ ! Ozi ! colspan="2" | Njikọ ! colspan="2" | Onye isi ala |- | 1 |[[Usòrò:240916-vishwajeet-kadam.jpg|75x75px]]</img> '''Vishwajeet_Kadam''' | bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" width="4px" | | INC | Disemba 30, 2019 - Juun 29, 2022 | rowspan="1" | Uddhav Thackrey Ministry | bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" width="4px" | | * '''United Progressive Alliance''' * '''Maha Vikas Aghadi''' * '''SHS''' + '''NCP''' + '''INC''' | bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" width="4px" | |[[Usòrò:The_Chief_Minister_of_Maharashtra,_Shri_Uddhav_Thackeray_calling_on_the_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi,_in_New_Delhi_on_February_21,_2020_(Uddhav_Thackeray)_(cropped).jpg|116x116px]]</img> '''Uddhav Thackeray''' |- | 2 | '''NA''' | bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" width="4px" | | * Ndị otu SHS Eknath * BJP * Otu NCP Ajit | '''NA''' | Eknath Shinde Ministry | bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" width="4px" | | * '''National Democratic Alliance''' * '''Mahayuti''' * '''BJP''' * Ndị otu '''SHS''' Eknath * Otu '''NCP''' Ajit | bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" width="4px" | | '''Eknath Shinde''' |- |} == Ndepụta nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu ==   == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == <ref name="history" />Ngalaba na-eweta nri na obodo ahụ na Machị 1965. Tupu 1965, Nri na Mmekọ Obodo bịara n'okpuru Ọrụ Ugbo, nri na imekọ ihe ọnụ. == Ikike == <ref name="history">{{Cite web|title=About The Department|url=http://mahafood.gov.in/website/english/Dept_info.aspx|accessdate=2021-06-29|work=mahafood.gov.in}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://mahafood.gov.in/website/english/Dept_info.aspx "About The Department"]. </cite></ref>Ministri na-elekọta Maharashtra .  Ngalaba na-arụ ọrụ na ngwaahịa Iwu dị mkpa, 1955 == Nchedo ndị ahịa == E kewara ngalaba n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị a maka ebumnuche nhazi. <ref name="history">{{Cite web|title=About The Department|url=http://mahafood.gov.in/website/english/Dept_info.aspx|accessdate=2021-06-29|work=mahafood.gov.in}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://mahafood.gov.in/website/english/Dept_info.aspx "About The Department"]. </cite></ref> '''Ihe mejupụtara nke State Commission'''<nowiki></br></nowiki> Ụlọ ọrụ steeti nwere <ref name="grahak">{{Cite web|title=Consumer Protection|url=http://mahafood.gov.in/website/english/GharakSanrakshan.aspx|accessdate=2021-06-29|work=mahafood.gov.in}}</ref> * Ndi otu ise # otu Onye isi ala (nọ ọdụ ma ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe High Court lara ezumike nka) # otu bụ onye otu ikpe (nọdụ ala ma ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe mpaghara ezumike nka) # na otu onye bụ nwanyị. # mmadụ abụọ nwere ihe ọmụma zuru oke maka iwu nchekwa ndị ahịa == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ikike Nri]] gajswv1adqr5b3dqy1v3nz785ee5tos 674276 674275 2026-07-08T20:50:50Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ikike */ 674276 wikitext text/x-wiki   . <ref name="history">{{Cite web|title=About The Department|url=http://mahafood.gov.in/website/english/Dept_info.aspx|accessdate=2021-06-29|work=mahafood.gov.in}}</ref>Ministri nri, ihe ndị obodo na nchekwa ndị ọrụ bụ ozi nke Gọọmenti Maharashtra .  Ministri ahụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa ndị ọrụ na akara ihe oriri na ọkọnọ obodo na Maharashtra . Onye minista ọkwa ọkwa nke kabinet na-eduzi ya.  Chhagan Bhujbal bụ onye minista na-ahụ maka nri, ndị na-eweta obodo na nchekwa ndị agha ogbu a. == Isi ụlọ ọrụ ==   == Ndepụta nke ndị minista == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Mba ! Aha ! colspan="2" | Party ! Oge ọrụ ! Ozi ! colspan="2" | Njikọ ! colspan="2" | Onye isi ala |- | 1 |[[Usòrò:240916-vishwajeet-kadam.jpg|75x75px]]</img> '''Vishwajeet_Kadam''' | bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" width="4px" | | INC | Disemba 30, 2019 - Juun 29, 2022 | rowspan="1" | Uddhav Thackrey Ministry | bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" width="4px" | | * '''United Progressive Alliance''' * '''Maha Vikas Aghadi''' * '''SHS''' + '''NCP''' + '''INC''' | bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" width="4px" | |[[Usòrò:The_Chief_Minister_of_Maharashtra,_Shri_Uddhav_Thackeray_calling_on_the_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi,_in_New_Delhi_on_February_21,_2020_(Uddhav_Thackeray)_(cropped).jpg|116x116px]]</img> '''Uddhav Thackeray''' |- | 2 | '''NA''' | bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" width="4px" | | * Ndị otu SHS Eknath * BJP * Otu NCP Ajit | '''NA''' | Eknath Shinde Ministry | bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" width="4px" | | * '''National Democratic Alliance''' * '''Mahayuti''' * '''BJP''' * Ndị otu '''SHS''' Eknath * Otu '''NCP''' Ajit | bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" width="4px" | | '''Eknath Shinde''' |- |} == Ndepụta nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu ==   == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == <ref name="history" />Ngalaba na-eweta nri na obodo ahụ na Machị 1965. Tupu 1965, Nri na Mmekọ Obodo bịara n'okpuru Ọrụ Ugbo, nri na imekọ ihe ọnụ. == Ikike == <ref name="history" />Ministri na-elekọta Maharashtra .  Ngalaba na-arụ ọrụ na ngwaahịa Iwu dị mkpa, 1955 == Nchedo ndị ahịa == E kewara ngalaba n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị a maka ebumnuche nhazi. <ref name="history">{{Cite web|title=About The Department|url=http://mahafood.gov.in/website/english/Dept_info.aspx|accessdate=2021-06-29|work=mahafood.gov.in}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://mahafood.gov.in/website/english/Dept_info.aspx "About The Department"]. </cite></ref> '''Ihe mejupụtara nke State Commission'''<nowiki></br></nowiki> Ụlọ ọrụ steeti nwere <ref name="grahak">{{Cite web|title=Consumer Protection|url=http://mahafood.gov.in/website/english/GharakSanrakshan.aspx|accessdate=2021-06-29|work=mahafood.gov.in}}</ref> * Ndi otu ise # otu Onye isi ala (nọ ọdụ ma ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe High Court lara ezumike nka) # otu bụ onye otu ikpe (nọdụ ala ma ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe mpaghara ezumike nka) # na otu onye bụ nwanyị. # mmadụ abụọ nwere ihe ọmụma zuru oke maka iwu nchekwa ndị ahịa == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ikike Nri]] qvb695pgndqw339tul63ujyekog3wlc 674277 674276 2026-07-08T20:51:16Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Nchedo ndị ahịa */ 674277 wikitext text/x-wiki   . <ref name="history">{{Cite web|title=About The Department|url=http://mahafood.gov.in/website/english/Dept_info.aspx|accessdate=2021-06-29|work=mahafood.gov.in}}</ref>Ministri nri, ihe ndị obodo na nchekwa ndị ọrụ bụ ozi nke Gọọmenti Maharashtra .  Ministri ahụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa ndị ọrụ na akara ihe oriri na ọkọnọ obodo na Maharashtra . Onye minista ọkwa ọkwa nke kabinet na-eduzi ya.  Chhagan Bhujbal bụ onye minista na-ahụ maka nri, ndị na-eweta obodo na nchekwa ndị agha ogbu a. == Isi ụlọ ọrụ ==   == Ndepụta nke ndị minista == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Mba ! Aha ! colspan="2" | Party ! Oge ọrụ ! Ozi ! colspan="2" | Njikọ ! colspan="2" | Onye isi ala |- | 1 |[[Usòrò:240916-vishwajeet-kadam.jpg|75x75px]]</img> '''Vishwajeet_Kadam''' | bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" width="4px" | | INC | Disemba 30, 2019 - Juun 29, 2022 | rowspan="1" | Uddhav Thackrey Ministry | bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" width="4px" | | * '''United Progressive Alliance''' * '''Maha Vikas Aghadi''' * '''SHS''' + '''NCP''' + '''INC''' | bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" width="4px" | |[[Usòrò:The_Chief_Minister_of_Maharashtra,_Shri_Uddhav_Thackeray_calling_on_the_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi,_in_New_Delhi_on_February_21,_2020_(Uddhav_Thackeray)_(cropped).jpg|116x116px]]</img> '''Uddhav Thackeray''' |- | 2 | '''NA''' | bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" width="4px" | | * Ndị otu SHS Eknath * BJP * Otu NCP Ajit | '''NA''' | Eknath Shinde Ministry | bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" width="4px" | | * '''National Democratic Alliance''' * '''Mahayuti''' * '''BJP''' * Ndị otu '''SHS''' Eknath * Otu '''NCP''' Ajit | bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" width="4px" | | '''Eknath Shinde''' |- |} == Ndepụta nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu ==   == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == <ref name="history" />Ngalaba na-eweta nri na obodo ahụ na Machị 1965. Tupu 1965, Nri na Mmekọ Obodo bịara n'okpuru Ọrụ Ugbo, nri na imekọ ihe ọnụ. == Ikike == <ref name="history" />Ministri na-elekọta Maharashtra .  Ngalaba na-arụ ọrụ na ngwaahịa Iwu dị mkpa, 1955 == Nchedo ndị ahịa == E kewara ngalaba n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị a maka ebumnuche nhazi. <ref name="history" /> '''Ihe mejupụtara nke State Commission'''<nowiki></br></nowiki> Ụlọ ọrụ steeti nwere <ref name="grahak">{{Cite web|title=Consumer Protection|url=http://mahafood.gov.in/website/english/GharakSanrakshan.aspx|accessdate=2021-06-29|work=mahafood.gov.in}}</ref> * Ndi otu ise # otu Onye isi ala (nọ ọdụ ma ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe High Court lara ezumike nka) # otu bụ onye otu ikpe (nọdụ ala ma ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe mpaghara ezumike nka) # na otu onye bụ nwanyị. # mmadụ abụọ nwere ihe ọmụma zuru oke maka iwu nchekwa ndị ahịa == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ikike Nri]] 3672ae643wfdxu48ebki0pbrwgfiqi8 0 40919 674113 199900 2026-07-08T14:43:54Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Ebe obibi */ Fixed reference 674113 wikitext text/x-wiki . <ref name="decider">{{Cite web|url=https://decider.com/2018/12/14/inside-the-real-narcos-on-netflix-stream-it-or-skip-it/|title=Stream It Or Skip It: 'Inside The Real Narcos' On Netflix, A Docuseries About The Latin American Drug Trade|work=Decider|date=14 December 2018|accessdate=July 28, 2019}}</ref>N'ime Real Narcos bụ usoro ihe nkiri nkiri na-egosi onye bụbu onye otu ndị agha esemokwu nke Britain Jason Fox .  Ọ na-esote ezigbo narcos na-ere ọgwụ na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], [[Colombia]] na Peru <ref name="thetimes">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tv-review-meet-the-drug-lords-inside-the-real-narcos-succession-kddjdsvsx|title=TV review: Meet the Drug Lords — Inside the Real Narcos; Succession|work=The Sunday Times|accessdate=July 28, 2019|author=Tate|first=Gabriel}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == <ref name="bustle">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/will-inside-the-real-narcos-return-british-host-jason-fox-goes-into-the-depths-of-the-latin-american-drug-trade-15517779|title=Will 'Inside the Real Narcos' Return? British Host Jason Fox Goes Into the Depths of the Latin American Drug Trade|work=Bustle|date=14 December 2018|accessdate=July 28, 2019}}</ref>N'ime Real Narcos mbụ onye bụbu onye òtù British Special Forces Jason Fox, na-esokwa ezigbo narcos na-eme aha ọgwụ na Mexico, Colombia na [[Peru]], na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị òtù ọgwụ na Latin America. <ref name="decider">{{Cite web|url=https://decider.com/2018/12/14/inside-the-real-narcos-on-netflix-stream-it-or-skip-it/|title=Stream It Or Skip It: 'Inside The Real Narcos' On Netflix, A Docuseries About The Latin American Drug Trade|work=Decider|date=14 December 2018|accessdate=July 28, 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://decider.com/2018/12/14/inside-the-real-narcos-on-netflix-stream-it-or-skip-it/ "Stream It Or Skip It: 'Inside The Real Narcos' On Netflix, A Docuseries About The Latin American Drug Trade"]. ''Decider''. 14 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="thetimes">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tv-review-meet-the-drug-lords-inside-the-real-narcos-succession-kddjdsvsx|title=TV review: Meet the Drug Lords — Inside the Real Narcos; Succession|work=The Sunday Times|accessdate=July 28, 2019|author=Tate|first=Gabriel}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTate">Tate, Gabriel. [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tv-review-meet-the-drug-lords-inside-the-real-narcos-succession-kddjdsvsx "TV review: Meet the Drug Lords — Inside the Real Narcos; Succession"]. ''The Sunday Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Nkedo == * Jason Fox == Hapụ == == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Inside the Real Narcos on Netflix * {{IMDb title|9437310}} * Inside the Real Narcos at Rotten Tomatoes [[Òtù:Aha]] e3i2x3u83djgbudeyey91vlemyrwxzg 674114 674113 2026-07-08T14:44:50Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Ebe obibi */ Fixed reference 674114 wikitext text/x-wiki . <ref name="decider">{{Cite web|url=https://decider.com/2018/12/14/inside-the-real-narcos-on-netflix-stream-it-or-skip-it/|title=Stream It Or Skip It: 'Inside The Real Narcos' On Netflix, A Docuseries About The Latin American Drug Trade|work=Decider|date=14 December 2018|accessdate=July 28, 2019}}</ref>N'ime Real Narcos bụ usoro ihe nkiri nkiri na-egosi onye bụbu onye otu ndị agha esemokwu nke Britain Jason Fox .  Ọ na-esote ezigbo narcos na-ere ọgwụ na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], [[Colombia]] na Peru <ref name="thetimes">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tv-review-meet-the-drug-lords-inside-the-real-narcos-succession-kddjdsvsx|title=TV review: Meet the Drug Lords — Inside the Real Narcos; Succession|work=The Sunday Times|accessdate=July 28, 2019|author=Tate|first=Gabriel}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == <ref name="bustle">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/will-inside-the-real-narcos-return-british-host-jason-fox-goes-into-the-depths-of-the-latin-american-drug-trade-15517779|title=Will 'Inside the Real Narcos' Return? British Host Jason Fox Goes Into the Depths of the Latin American Drug Trade|work=Bustle|date=14 December 2018|accessdate=July 28, 2019}}</ref>N'ime Real Narcos mbụ onye bụbu onye òtù British Special Forces Jason Fox, na-esokwa ezigbo narcos na-eme aha ọgwụ na Mexico, Colombia na [[Peru]], na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị òtù ọgwụ na Latin America. <ref name="thetimes">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tv-review-meet-the-drug-lords-inside-the-real-narcos-succession-kddjdsvsx|title=TV review: Meet the Drug Lords — Inside the Real Narcos; Succession|work=The Sunday Times|accessdate=July 28, 2019|author=Tate|first=Gabriel}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTate">Tate, Gabriel. [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tv-review-meet-the-drug-lords-inside-the-real-narcos-succession-kddjdsvsx "TV review: Meet the Drug Lords — Inside the Real Narcos; Succession"]. ''The Sunday Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Nkedo == * Jason Fox == Hapụ == == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Inside the Real Narcos on Netflix * {{IMDb title|9437310}} * Inside the Real Narcos at Rotten Tomatoes [[Òtù:Aha]] s6xxj533r4xq3713g5i5hnt8fdahe75 674117 674114 2026-07-08T14:45:33Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Ebe obibi */ fixed reference 674117 wikitext text/x-wiki . <ref name="decider">{{Cite web|url=https://decider.com/2018/12/14/inside-the-real-narcos-on-netflix-stream-it-or-skip-it/|title=Stream It Or Skip It: 'Inside The Real Narcos' On Netflix, A Docuseries About The Latin American Drug Trade|work=Decider|date=14 December 2018|accessdate=July 28, 2019}}</ref>N'ime Real Narcos bụ usoro ihe nkiri nkiri na-egosi onye bụbu onye otu ndị agha esemokwu nke Britain Jason Fox .  Ọ na-esote ezigbo narcos na-ere ọgwụ na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], [[Colombia]] na Peru <ref name="thetimes">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tv-review-meet-the-drug-lords-inside-the-real-narcos-succession-kddjdsvsx|title=TV review: Meet the Drug Lords — Inside the Real Narcos; Succession|work=The Sunday Times|accessdate=July 28, 2019|author=Tate|first=Gabriel}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == <ref name="bustle">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/will-inside-the-real-narcos-return-british-host-jason-fox-goes-into-the-depths-of-the-latin-american-drug-trade-15517779|title=Will 'Inside the Real Narcos' Return? British Host Jason Fox Goes Into the Depths of the Latin American Drug Trade|work=Bustle|date=14 December 2018|accessdate=July 28, 2019}}</ref>N'ime Real Narcos mbụ onye bụbu onye òtù British Special Forces Jason Fox, na-esokwa ezigbo narcos na-eme aha ọgwụ na Mexico, Colombia na [[Peru]], na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị òtù ọgwụ na Latin America. == Nkedo == * Jason Fox == Hapụ == == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Inside the Real Narcos on Netflix * {{IMDb title|9437310}} * Inside the Real Narcos at Rotten Tomatoes [[Òtù:Aha]] 5jnzfnb4n3t8ib8tjzoapg8xy4aibh6 0 41316 674291 159077 2026-07-08T21:02:56Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 674291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox neighborhood|name=Monta Loma|official_name=|other_name=Oakwood, Fairview, Mardell Manor|pushpin_map=USA California Mountain View#USA San Francisco Bay Area|coordinates={{coord|37|24|34.7|N|122|05|57|W}}|subdivision_type=Residential|settlement_type=Neighborhood|population_total=|postal_code_type=[[Postal code of the United States|94301]]}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2009/01/26/monta-loma|title=Monta Loma|author=Schrenk|first=Kathy|work=PaloAltoOnline.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-23}}</ref>Monta Loma bụ agbata obi dị na Mountain View, California na mpaghara San Francisco Bay .  Ọ dị n'etiti oke San Antonio Road, Middlefield Road, Rengstorff Avenue na Central Expressway. Nke a bụ ebe obodo Ohlone dị na Castro Indian Mound, otu nnukwu mkpọmkpọ shei na mpaghara San Francisco Bay .  Mgbe Agha mmetụta nke ịhụnanya, e nwere nke ụlọ, e mekwara ebe obibi nke agbata obi a ugbu a == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Obodo Ohlone na Castro Indian Mound === <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.montaloma.org/monta-loma/history/|title=Tales of the San Francisco Peninsula|author=Cady|first=Theron G.|date=1948|publisher=Peninsula Life Magazine, C-T Publishers|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-04-15}}</ref>Ndị mbụ na ya bụ ndị Ohlone America na ala sitere na akuku Central Expressway ugbu a na San Antonio Road bụ Castro Indian Mound, nke a dị ka Indian Hill, Castro Shell Mound, na Secondino Robles.  [1] Mkpokọta ahụ nke ahụ n'ogologo ya dị kubit 400, na ike kubit 300, na kubit iri n'ịdị elu elu. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bickel|first=Polly McW|date=1978-07-01|title=Changing Sea Levels Along the California Coast: Anthropological Implications|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0gp0m6k9#page-5|journal=The Journal of California Anthropology|language=en|volume=5|issue=1}}</ref>N'afọ 1893, ndị prọfesọ Mahadum Stanford jarida 'ịnyocha' mkpọmkpọ ụlọ nke shei ka ọ na-akpa nke ọma omenala Ohlone Native American.  [1] Ha mmetụta na nke a Egypt ibi a na-ekpofu ihe mkpofu nri nri ebe a na-eli ozu ndị America.  [2] The Castro Indian Mound ihe àmà nke ozu na e chere na a na-eme ozu ndị a naanị maka ndị na-elekọta mmadụ.  [2] [3] Ndị ọkachamara ihe eji ochie ihe dị iche iche dị na mkpọmkpọ ebe ahụ, ọtụtụ shells oyster, ube azụ azụ, pestles, ọla, isi akụ, na ndị ọzọ.  [4] Mkpa redio carbon na-etinye nke Castro Mound gburugburu 1460 ± 100 BC N'afọ 1947, a kwaturu mkpọda ahụ ma kwatuo ka ere ya dị ka ala dị n'elu maka ịkọ ugbo. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTYSAQAAIAAJ|title=History of Palo Alto, the Early Years|author=Gullard|first=Pamela|publisher=Scottwall Associates|year=1989|isbn=9780942087031|location=San Francisco, California|pages=4–5}}</ref> Na 1989, Mahadum Stanford nyefere arịa ndị anakọtara na ihe foduru site na Castro Shell Mound nye ụmụ ha, nke a gụnyere ihe fọdụrụ nke ndị Ohlone 550. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/24/us/stanford-agrees-to-return-ancient-bones-to-indians.html|title=Stanford Agrees to Return Ancient Bones to Indians|author=Gross|first=Jane|date=1989-06-24|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2020-01-23|language=en-US}}</ref> === Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị === Ewebere ụlọ ndị ahụ n'oge ọgba aghara ụlọ ụlọ mgbe Agha nke ịma ịma, nke ukwuu n'ụdị California ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ n'etiti àjà nke Joseph Eichler, John Calder Mackay, na Mardell Building Company.  [1] Na mbụ onye aha agbataobi ahụ ka ha na- ngalaba, na-egosi "Oakwood" nke Eichler, [2] yana "Fairview" nke Eichler [3] na "Mardell Manor" nke ụlọ ọrụ Mardell Building. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mv-voice.com/news/2011/10/07/steve-jobs-called-mountain-view-home-as-a-child|title=Steve Jobs called Mountain View home as a child|author=DeBolt|first=Daniel|date=2011|work=Mountain View Voice|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-23}}</ref>Site na 1959 ruo 1967, otu nwa akwụkwọ Steve Jobs na akara ya bi na Diablo Avenue na Monta Loma ma ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị mpaghara <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eichlernetwork.com/article/jobs-likeler-no-eichler|title=Jobs' Likeler No Eichler, For the record: Steve Jobs wasn't raised in an Eichler—but partner Steve Wozniak was.|work=Eichler Network|accessdate=2020-01-23}}</ref> ==== Otu ndị agbata obi Monta Loma ==== E hiwere otu Monta Loma Neighborhood Association (MLNA) na 1977 wee rụọ ọrụ na mbụ dị ka "kọmitii ịchọ mma". <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpmxAAAAIAAJ|title=The Mountain View 1992 General Plan: City of Mountain View, California|publisher=City of Mountain View|year=1993|location=Mountain View, California|pages=101}}</ref> MLNA na-akwado ọtụtụ mmemme agbataobi kwa afọ, ma na-eje ozi na-akwado mkparịta ụka n'etiti ọchịchị obodo Mountain View na ndị agbata obi. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Real Estate: Monta Loma|url=https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2009/01/26/monta-loma|publisher=Palo Alto Online|date=January 26, 2009}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Greenmeadow, agbataobi dị nso * John Calder Mackay * Mayfield Mall, ụlọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị nso * Saint Athanasius Parish, ụlọ ụka akụkọ ihe mere eme dị nso == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTYSAQAAIAAJ|title=History of Palo Alto, the Early Years|author=Gullard|first=Pamela|publisher=Scottwall Associates|year=1989|isbn=9780942087031|location=San Francisco, California}} * {{Cite book|title=The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area|author=Margolin|first=Malcolm|publisher=HeyDay Books|year=1978|isbn=0930588010|location=Berkeley, California}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ [http://www.montaloma.org/ Mont Loma Neighborhood Association (MLNA)] {{Mountain View, California}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] ijztc2lb863cw7excy8btx4l4in72v0 0 41354 674266 159120 2026-07-08T20:38:48Z Johnnybam 24488 674266 wikitext text/x-wiki   San Juan Hot Springs, nakwa San Juan Capistrano Hot Springs, mpaghara geothermal dị ugbu a Ronald W. Caspers Wilderness Park, na nso Cleveland National Forest, na Orange County, California na United States.  Ndị mpaghara mpaghara ahụ ji isi iyi ndị ahụ, ma bụrụ ihe dị mkpa nke Mision San Juan Capistrano .  E ikpeazụ ma jiri ha, ikike ma ikike ruo otu ezumike, dị ka ebe ezumike nke South California na-ebipụ mgbe emechara.  A isi iyi 52 ahụ Orange County Historic Landmark No. 38 na 1989 == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Agua_caliente_on_Rancho_Mission_Viejo_1840s.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Agua caliente na "Sierra del Agua Caliente" pụtara na afọ 1840 maka Rancho Mission Viejo]] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lobo|first=Frank P.|date=2005|title=Oral Histories with the Acjachemem of San Juan Capistrano|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40170348|journal=Journal of the Southwest|volume=47|issue=1|pages=29–46|issn=0894-8410}}</ref>Dị ka akwụkwọ Mission San Juan Capistrano si kwuo maka National Register of Historic Places, "Akụkọ ọnụ ọnụ e ngosi na-egosi na nnukwu ụlọ India dị n'ihu isi iyi."  [1] Obodo Acjachemen (Juaneño) dị na isi iyi ka a na-akpọ Paala Sáqqiwvna, na isi iyi ndị ahụ ejiri akawo aha Palasakeuna bụ ya na oge, n'agbanyeghị na njikọ a na-arụ rịta ụka ma nwee ike ike agbara ya na Murrieta.  Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ .  [2] Dị ka akwụkwọ 1915, ọkà ihe mbara ala nke United States, Gerald A. Waring si kwuo, "ndị ikom India na-eleta mmiri nke ahụ na mbụ, bụ ndị wuru ụlọ apịtị ( temescals), maka iji mee ihe.  dị ka ụlọ ịsa ahụ ., onye gara leta ha mgbe ọ na-elekọta ozi ahụ na San Juan Capistrano."  [3] Mgbe ndị ozi ala ọzọ ahụ bịarutere, ha nwere ihe owuwu adobe n'ụdị isi iyi ndị ji mee ihe n'ụdị ngwa ma ọ bụ mgbakwunye ozi.  [1] Otu onye ochie chetara isi iyi dị ka ha dị na 1870, na-edegara Los Angeles Times, "Amaara m isi iyi ndị a na ọtụtụ uru ha na-erite n'ihe a sere mmadụ ... 1873 ma nwee ike.  ike ịgba na uru nke mmiri mmiri ha bara.  na a ga-anabata ndị India obodo ahụ na-agakarị ebe ahụ, ha na ndị ọrịa [na] ngwọrọ..." [4] N'ajụjụ ọnụ ihe mere eme nke a na-eme na njedebe afọ nke 20,  ndị Acjachemen ndị iro ndị nne na nna ha na-aga n'ebe mmiri ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ iji nakọta acorn maka nri <ref name="Waring-1915">{{Cite book|author=Waring|first=Gerald Ashley|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3015436&seq=55|title=Springs of California|date=January 1915|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|series=U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers|pages=45–46|language=en-us|id=Water Supply Paper No. 338–339|accessdate=2023-11-11}}</ref>Isi iyi ndị ahụ dị n'ihe dị ka ọkara ụzọ n'okporo ụzọ dị n'etiti oke osimiri na Ọdọ Elsinore.  [1] N'oge oge egwu, isi iyi bụ onye ranchero Juan Forster, onye "gbochiri na saịtị ahụ iji hụ na ndị India na ndị obodo ndị ọzọ dara ogbenye na-abanye na mmiri."  [2] Ala ahụ bụrụ nke ikpeazụ nke ebe a na-azụ anụ O'Neill na mgbaàmà gburugburu 1885, mgbe "ewuru obere ụlọ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ ebe a, ebe ahụ ghọkwara ebe ọgụ maka ndị na-ama xy yana ndị  na-arịa ọrịa"   [[Usòrò:Map_from_San_Juan_Capistrano_to_Lake_Elsinore_1914.jpg|center|thumb|400x400px| ụzọ si San Juan Capistrano gaa Ọdọ Elsinore, nke onye isi Orange County JL McBride sere na 1914 maka akwụkwọ Los Angeles Times.]] <ref>{{Cite news|date=1938-02-17|title=Cost Balls Health Plan|pages=14|work=The Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-cost-balls-health/135106755/|accessdate=2023-11-13}}</ref>N'ihe dị ka 1908, "mmeziwanye nwere obere ụlọ oriri na, ụlọ ịsa ahụ, na ụlọ atọ. E nwere nnukwu mkpuchi, a na-ahụ ebe ahụ eme ihe dị ka ebe a na-ama .  [1] Ebe mbụ ahụ na egwuregwu ahụ gbara ọkụ na 1910. [2] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ ndị 1920, ebe ezumike ahụ enwetala otu Leon Eyraud, n'oge a kọrọ na ọ bụ otu n'ime ebe.  ndị njem nlegharị anya kacha ewu ewu na mpaghara Orange County.  [3] Ndị nwe ahụ kpọsaara njem nlegharị anya mpaghara, na azụ azụ na iyi dị nso, ma kwuo na "ụbụrụ na ikpe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ mma" anabata.  [4] Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ Los Angeles Times si San Juan Capistrano ọkọwọrọ ihe mere eme Pamela Hallan-Gibson, "N'otu oge, isi iyi nwere nnukwu ịhụnanya mmiri na ụlọ na-ere, sandwiches na swiiti.  si na Orange County nile maka ezumike nke egwuregwu, ịgba mmetụta, mmetụta nta na azụ."  [5].  .  [5] A ልዩra ụlọ ịgba egwu nke oge a wee buba ya n'ime obodo ebe a na-eji ya dị ka ọdụ ndị uwe ojii.  [6] N'afọ 1938, a na-eme ngosi ma ọ bụ ikike ikike ka ọ bụrụ ebe mgbaba maka mgbaàmà na-arịa ọrịa ma ọ bụ mpaghara na Cleveland National Forest bụ nsogbu ọnụ;  Atụmatụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị nke ọnụ ala ala bụ ọkara nke ihe ndị nwe Rancho Santa Margarita ikike maka ya. <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1985-02-03|title=HOT: Orange County's Natural Springs|pages=127|work=The Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-hot-orange-county/135107544/|accessdate=2023-11-13}}</ref>Ka o sina dị, saịtị ahụ, bụ́ ebe mara mma na n'afọ ndị 1960 "bụ onye a ma dị ka ebe ịhụnanya maka ndị na-asa ahụ hippie, bụ ndị a na-ejide maka ibu iwu na i na-enweghị ike.  mma".  [1] A kọrọ na "otu obodo" batara, na mgbakwunye na ịgba ɔtàrà, [2] igbu oge ọkụ abụọ na-eji ọgwụ ike eme ihe.  [3] A na-akpọ Ngalaba Sheriff nke Orange County mgbe niile.  [4] E mechara kụnye tubs ochie ochie iji mee ka ndị squatters kụda echiche, [4] na oke njubigara ókè echere gaa n'olulu mmiri nke gbadara n'ime Hot Spring Creek (ụtụ San Juan Creek ).  [3] N'ime oge a, a na-aga n'ihu mana mbọ niile aga nke ọma iji tinye isi iyi na Cleveland National Forest.  [5] N'afọ 1974, kpara akara ihe okporo gburugburu isi iyi beta ụzọ ndị ọbịa, ịgba akwụkwọ, graffiti, wdg. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Archives|first=L. A. Times|date=1989-10-14|title=SADDLEBACK / SOUTH BEACH : SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO : Hot Springs to Be Historical Landmark|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-10-14-me-351-story.html|accessdate=2023-11-12|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref>Otu onye franchise mpaghara meghere ọha iyi ndị ahụ na 1981. [1] N'afọ ndị 1980, ekwuru na a na-edobe isi iyi ndị ahụ n'osisi oak, sycamore, na alder osisi.  [2] A na-eji 16 n'ime ventilashị 52 e mere ememme na mmiri na-ekpu mmiri nke edobere n'ụdị ugwu ahụ.  [2] akara ego na- elele elekere ($ 6.50 ruo $ 7.50 otu elekere, dabere na tub ahụ), ma ọ bụ kwa ụbọchị, na isi iyi ọkụ na-ịkọ awa 24, yana ekiri ụzọ dị iche.  [2] (Ọ bụ $12.50 kwa ụbọchị maka ịgbazite izi zuru oke nke teepee zuru oke. [3] ) N'afọ 1989, a àmà isi iyi ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe ama ama ama na mpaghara Orange County 17-acre (6.9 ha; 0.027 sq mi) emechiri ụlọ ezumike na 1992. [1] Dị ka onye na-ere aha nke na-arụ ọrụ ebe a si kwuo, "Mgbe Caltrans na 1990 wepụrụ ihe nna 100 osisi, ụlọ 13  oak na ọtụtụ sycamores na eucalyptus, iji mata àkwà mmiri n'elu Hot Spring Creek na Ortega Highway, ọ bibiri ọnọdụ nke mmiri ọkụ ahụ zoro ezo  , መልሶ nkwụghachi, na dịka otu onye ọrụ si kwuo, egwu ndị egwu na-atụ maka mbufe ọrịa AIDS nwere ike iso na mgba mgba n'ebe ahụ.  [1] Ọkụ Ortega nke 1993 bibiri ọtụtụ ihe eji eme ndụ aka arụrụ na saịtị ahụ<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Klein|first=Karin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0t5fTPyXKkC&dq=%22San+Juan+hot+springs%22&pg=PA212|title=Explorer's Guide 50 Hikes in Orange County (Explorer's 50 Hikes)|date=2010-10-04|publisher=The Countryman Press|isbn=978-1-58157-859-1|language=en}}</ref> Per Waring na 1915, mmiri na-esite na "nkume granitic na n'akụkụ isi nke mkpọda mkpọda nke akụkụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri . Isi iyi abụọ, ndị obere anọ, na ọtụtụ patches ndị apịtị dị n'ebe a n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọwa mmiri ahụ. N'elu mkpọda dị nso n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, okpomọkụ kachasị elu edere bụ 124 Celsius F (51 Celsius C), yana ọnụego mwepu nke 35 US gallons (130 L; 29 imp gal) nkeji. Isi iyi ndị ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ na-apụta n'otu ọdọ mmiri dị ọkara maịl n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Mmiri ahụ dị ntakịrị sulphureted, ma, dị ka mmiri ọkụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara a, ọ bụghị nke ukwuu mineralized. Nyocha ahụ na-egosi mmiri dị nro nke nwere ntakịrị mineralized, saline alkaline bụ isi na agwa." == Hụkwa == * Usoro nke San Juan Creek * Fairview Hot Springs * Guadalupe Canyon Hot Springs * List of hot springs in the United States § California * Ranchos nke Orange County == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] 4zw66kgmg6n9yhkpnw382xld5g6j020 0 41480 674498 159295 2026-07-09T11:45:01Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mohammad Abdul Munim''' bụbu onye minista na-ahụ maka ego na Bangladesh. == Ọrụ == <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZAgAQAAMAAJ&q=Major+General+Mohammad+Abdul+Munim|title=News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean|date=1983|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses.|pages=582|language=en}}</ref>Munim lara ezumike nka na ndị agha Bangladesh dị ka Major General. [1] Na 1983, o sonyeere Hussain Mohammad Ershad dị ka onye minista na-ahụ maka ọrụ nsogbu . [2] [3] Ọ bụ onye obi nke General Hussain Mohammad Ershad. Munim bụ onye minista na-ahụ maka ego n'okpuru Onye isi ala Hussain Mohammad Ershad na Prime Minister Moudud Ahmed site na Mee 1988 ruo September 1988. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1988-03-28|title=The World|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-03-28-mn-40-story.html|accessdate=2023-06-20|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Rahman|first=Syedur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJfcCPUr0OoC&dq=Mohammad+Abdul+Munim+Minister+of+Finance&pg=PA321|title=Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh|date=2010-04-27|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7453-4|pages=321|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1" />Na 1990, Munim bụ onye minista na-abụ ezinahụrụ. Site na Mee 1990 ruo Disemba 1990, ọ jere ozi ọzọ dị ka onye minista na-ahụ maka ego. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} bkexc8d9d8gcbs4tmu9xu4x8omzcqef 0 42557 674245 161706 2026-07-08T20:14:03Z Johnnybam 24488 674245 wikitext text/x-wiki ekere ekeresimesi 1998 bụ ọba egwu ekeresimesi chị achị nke ise na usoro ekeresimesi kwa afọ.  A tọhapụrụ ya na Australia na Nọvemba 1998 na ego e nwere na-aga na Starlight Foundation .  ahụ nwere nkọwa sitere n'aka ndị na-ese ihe Australia dị iche iche ma Lindsay Field (nakwa nchịkọta) na Glenn Wheatley izi ya.  [2] Enyere ya na cassette na CD site n'aka Myer Grace Bros. ma kesaa ya site na Sony BMG .  [2] A tọhapụrụ oge n'ime egwu iri na ise ya na mbụ na mkpokọta mkpokọta ekeresimesi gara aga . <ref name="Holmgren">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022063108/http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/comp/spiritofchristmas1998.html|url=http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/comp/spiritofchristmas1998.html|work=Passagen.se|publisher=[[Australian Rock Database]] (Magnus Holmgren)|title=''The Spirit of Christmas 1998''|author=Holmgren|first=Magnus|archivedate=22 October 2013|accessdate=30 March 2014}}</ref> == ndabere == Usoro akwụkwọ nke ekeresimesi akụkọ na 1993 mgbe Myer, ụlọ akara ngalaba Australia, ikike na-akwado nkwado ha na obodo, "ebe n'otu oge ahụ na-enye ihe iche maka onye ọ la ga-anụ ụtọ".  [1] Ha na- agba bọọlụ Salvation Army's Red Shield maka maka ndị n'ihe ize ndụ na mba ahụ dị ka ndị nnata mbụ mana na 1996 na 1998 ha na- ngalaba Australia nke Starlight Foundation .  [1] [2] Oge na onye egwu na-eme njem, Lindsay Field bụ onye ọrụ na onye nchịkọta.  [3] Field kụọ ndị egwu Australia dị iche iche - ndị ya na ha rụkọrọ ọrụ - inye onyinye egwu maka mkpokọta, nke na-abụ ọhụrụ nke egwu ekeresimesi .  Otú ọ dị, nchịkọta a ka ewepụtara n'ime egwu iri na ise ya mbụ na mkpokọta ekeresimesi gara aga.  [3] Tinyere Glenn Wheatley (onye bụbu onye nkuzi Masters na njikwa nke Little River Band ), Ubi mmetụta maka Myer Grace Bros. akara nke aka nke Sony BMG kesara == Ndepụta egwu == # "Carol nke Drum"&nbsp;- Christine Anu - 4:03 * # "Ekeresimesi ikpeazụ"&nbsp;– Ụdị mmadụ – 3:10 # "Ụbọchị nkịtị"&nbsp;- Vika na Linda - 3:13 * # "Hark the Herald Angels na-abụ abụ"&nbsp;- Judith Durham - 2:54 * # "Bethlehem ụtụtụ"&nbsp;– [[Hugh Jackman]] – 4:07 # "Ndepụta ekeresimesi ndị toro eto"&nbsp;– Lisa Edwards na ubi Lindsay – 3:24 * # "O Bush Christmas"&nbsp;– Tania Kernaghan – 3:50 # "Wepụ n'ime ụlọ nri"&nbsp;- Olivia Newton-John 2:36* # "Ị gaghị aga sọ gị ma ncha"&nbsp;- Jọn Farnham - 3:23. # "Obi ụtọ ekeresimesi (Agha agaala)"&nbsp;– Jimmy Barnes na Ezinụlọ – 4:31 # "Ekeresimesi a"&nbsp;- Deni Hines - 4:26 * # "Merry Christmas Baby"&nbsp;- Stephen Cummings - 3:08 * # " Ekeresimesi (Nwa biko bia n'ulo) "&nbsp;- Diesel - 3:06 * # "Lee Santa Claus na-abịa"&nbsp;– The Wiggles – 1:27 # "Little Ray of Sunshine"&nbsp;– Glenn Shorrock – 5:15 * na-egosi na ewepụtara egwu a na mkpokọta ''mmụọ ekeresimesi'' gara aga. <ref name="Holmgren" /> == Hụkwa == * [[Mmụọ nke Krismas (usoro abọm)|Mmụọ nke ekeresimesi (albọm nchịkọta)]] == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.discogs.com/Various-The-Spirit-Of-Christmas-1998/release/945513 Mmụọ nke ekeresimesi 1998 na Discogs.com] [[Òtù:Aha]] t3lcjdgs9afyvnpd99e978tjcinfbnn 0 43099 674064 623822 2026-07-08T12:37:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674064 wikitext text/x-wiki Deborah Gore Dean bụbu onye ọrụ ndị etiti United States na Ngalaba Housing na Mmepe Obodo US n'oge ndị Ronald Reagan .  Ọ bụkwa onye ikwu dị anya nke Senator Albert Gore Sr. na nwanne nne nke abụọ mgbe e wepụrụ onye bụbu osote onye isi oche Albert Gore Jr. Ọ bụ onye ama ama maka akwụkwọ aka na ụgbọ na Department of Housing and Urban Development na-  gụnyere Mweghachi nke Moderate == Akụkọ ndụ == Deborah Gore Dean bụ onye akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Georgetown na nwa nwanne onye isi Maryland GOP oge ochie Louise Gore .  Nna ya, Gordon Dean, bụ onye nwere mmasị nke magazin Time, [1] meri Medal Presidential of Freedom maka ọrụ ya na ule Nuremberg, Oga oche nke US Atomic Energy Commission, na General Dynamics Executive.  Nne ya, Mary Benton Gore Dean bụ onye Washington socialite na onye nwe ụlọ oriri na mmanya Jockey Club na Fairfax Hotel. Dean akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na BA ya na Mahadum Georgetown .  N'agbata 1982-1987, Dean ike ọrụ maka Ngalaba Housing na Development Urban United States (HUD) n'okpuru nkwado Samuel Pierce .  Tupu mgbe ahụ, ọ jere ozi na United States Department of Energy ( DOE ) dị ka onye ị hụrụ n'anya iche.  Na June 23, 1987, Onye isi ala Ronald Reagan mbipute ya ịhọpụta Deborah Gore Dean ka ọ bụrụ onye nwere ike nke Housing na ike obodo.  Otú ọ dị, e jidere ya n'otu n'ime Washington, DC ọtụtụ asịrị ike ndị na-egosi ozi onwe ya n'ihu Ndịikpe Kasị Elu. N'afọ 1993, ndị juri mara Deborah Gore Dean ikpe maka ebubo atọ nke ịgba izu iji oge etiti, otu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihekwere awụ afọ iwu na-akwadoghị, ebubo ịgba ụgwọ anɔ, na ebubo a anọ nke akwụkwọ aka na ụgwọ iji zoo  eziokwu ihe.  [1] Ikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke United States mechara wepụrụ ọtụtụ ebubo ahụ.  Courtlọ ikpe mpaghara ama ikpe Dean ikpe n'otu oge nke ọnwa nke abụọ na otu na ọnụ ọgụgụ izu abụọ mbụ wee malite Dean $ 2,500 na nke ọ na-ajọ n'ime ọnụ ndị ahụ.  Na nke ọ na-alọ n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị, ụlọ ikpe mara Dean n'iche nwanyị iri abụọ na otu, ka ya na ibe ya na-agba ọsọ n'otu oge yana ikpe ndị na-ebu n'okpuru ụgwọ abụọ nke  mbụ.  [2] Dabere na nkeji nke ndị ikpe Mkpegharị, a mara Dean ikpe ọzọ </link> ma sere jee ozi otu afọ njide ụlọ yana nra ego. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310184412/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=dc&navby=case&no=943021a Ụlọ ikpe Mkpegharị nke United States maka District nke Columbia (92cr00181)] {{DEFAULTSORT:Dean, Deborah Gore}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Aha]] agbewfude185vxj87856iumo0bsps8z 0 43420 674210 177263 2026-07-08T18:37:35Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Kaichu hiho, jiiro haya shinan, mid 1830s-early 1840s.jpg|thumb]]    '''Mmekọahụ mmadụ''', '''Omume mmekọahụ mmadụ''' ma ọ bụ '''Omume mmekọahụ mmadụ''' bụ - ụzọ [[Madụ̀|ụmụ mmadụ]] si enweta ma gosi pụta mmekọahụ ha. Ndị mmadụ na-etinye aka n'ime Mmekọahụ dịgasị ri iche iche, site na ihe omume ndị a na-eme naanị ha (dịka, masturbation) ruo n'omokwu ha na onye ọzọ (dịka mmekọahụ, Mmekọahụ na-adịghị abanye n'ime, Mmekọahụ ọnụ, w.d.g) <ref name="ITP">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WX0zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA454|title=Introduction to Psychiatry: Preclinical Foundations and Clinical Essentials|isbn=978-0521279840|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author=Walker|first=Audrey|date=2021}}</ref> n'ụdị dịgasị adị iche, maka ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya. Mmekọahụ na-akpata karị nkpalite mmekọahụ na mgbanwe ahụike n'ime onye a kpalu ri, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-ahụ ta ìhè ebe ndị ọzọ na-adịghi Aghugho. Mmekọahụ nwekwara ike ịgụnye omume na ihe omume ndị e bu n'ihi ikpa li mmasị mmekọahụ nke onye ọzọ ma ọ bụ ikwa lote ndụ mmekọahụ nke onye ọ bụla, dị ka atụmatụ ịchọta ma ọ bụrụ dọọrọ ndị mmekọ (mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na omume ngosi), ma ọbụ mmekọrịta onwe onye n'etiti ndị mmadụ n'otu (dịka ọmụma atụ, foreplay ma ọ bụ BDSM). Mmekọahụ nwere ike iso nkpalite mmekọahụ. Mmekọahụ mmadụ nwere akụkụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ngwọta, mmetụta uche, omume na nke ndụ. Ọ na-agụnye Njikọ onwe onye, ịkekọrịta mmetụta uche, physiology nke usoro ọmụmụ, mmekọahụ, Mmekọahụ, na omume mmekọahụ n'ụdị ya niile. N'ọdịbendị ụfọdụ, a na-ewere mmekọahụ dị ka ihe a na-anabata naanị n'ime [[Agbamakwụkwọ|alụmdi na nwunye]], ebe mmekọahụ tupu alụmdi na nwunye na-abụghị alụmdi na Ụzọ bụ ihe a Maachị bidoro iwu. Ụfọdụ Omume mmekọahụ bụ íwú na-akwado ghi ma ọ bụ n'ụwa niile ma ọ bụ na mba ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ikike mba, ebe a na-ewere ụfọdụ dị ka ndị megidere ụkpụrụ nke obodo ma ọ bụ ọdịbe dị ụfọdụ. Ihe atụ abụọ bụ mpụ mpụ n'ọtụtụ ikike bụ mwakpo mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ na onye na-erụghị afọ nkwenye. == Ụdị == Enwere ike ihazi mmekọahụ n'ọtụtụ uzọ. Omume ndi a nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ maọbụ bụrụ naanị egwuregwu.<ref name="EDHS">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iarCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA545|title=Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality|isbn=978-1284081541|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|author=Greenberg|first=Jerrold S.|date=2016}}</ref> Omume ndi metụtara otu onye (autoeroticism) nwere ike ịgụnye echiche mmekọahụ maọbụ masturbation.[1] Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ abụọ etinye aka, ha nwere ike itinye aka na mmekọahụ, Mmekọahụ afọ, Mmekọahụ ọnụ ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ aka.[1] Enwere ike ịkọwa Mmekọahụ n'etiti mmadụ abụọ dị ka mmekọahụ, mana nkọwa dịgasị iche. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ihe karịrị mmadụ abụọ na-ekere okè na mmekọahụ, enwere ike ịkpọ ya mmekọahụ otu. Mmekọahụ onwe onye nwere ike ịgụnye iji dildos, vibrators, butt plugs, na ihe egwuregwu mmekọahụ ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike iji ngwaọrụ ndị a na Onye mmekọ. Enwere ike, ikeji mmekọahụ n'ime okike na omume mmekọahụ nke ndị sonyeere, yana mmekọrịta nke ndị sonyeere. Mmekọrịta ahụ nwere ike ịbụ nke alụmdi na nwunye, ndị mmekọ chiri anya, ndị mmekọ mmekọahụ ǹkịtị maọbụ ndị a na-amaghị aha ha. Enwere ike iwere mmekọahụ dị ka ihe a na-ahụkarị ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe ọzọ, na-agụnye, dịka ọmụma atụ, omume fetishism ma ọ bụ BDSM.<ref name="TAB">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7S7QUkNHb30C&pg=PT211|title=Therapy and Beyond: Counselling Psychology Contributions to Therapeutic and Social Issues|isbn=978-0470797587|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|author=Milton|first=Martin|date=2010}}</ref><ref name="SPSW">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT108|title=Sex-Positive Social Work|isbn=978-0231547666|publisher=Columbia University Press|author=Dodd|first=SJ|date=2020}}</ref> Fetishism nwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ ụdị, gụnyere ọchịchọ maka akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ahụ (ịkpa ókè) dị ka ara, nkwonkwo, ma ọ bụ ụkwụ.<ref name="EFMT">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGzWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA272|title=Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 1st Edition|isbn=978-8131254585|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|author=Chand|first=Suresh|date=2019}}</ref> Ihe a na-achọsi ike nwere ike ịbụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ, akpụkpọ ụkwụ uwe, akpụkpọ anụ ma ọ bụ ihe rọba. Ụfọdụ omume autoerotic ndị na-abụghị omenala nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ. Ndị a gụnyere asphyxiation autoerotic na self-bondage.<ref name="CCIBK">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA447|title=The Certified Criminal Investigator Body of Knowledge|isbn=978-1498752060|publisher=CRC Press|date=2017}}</ref> Ikike maka mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọnwụ nke dị mgbe ị na-etinye aka na nsụgharị ndị a (ịkụ na Ịbụ ohu, n'otu n'otu) na-abawanye nke ukwuu n'okwu gbasara onwe onye n'ihi ikewapụ na enweghị enyemaka ma ọ bụrụ na nsogbu.[2]<ref name="CCIBK" /> Mmekọahụ nke a na-ekwe ọtịta bụ mmekọahụ nke ha abụọ ma ọ bụ ndị niile sonyeere na ya kwenyere isonye ma bụrụ ndị ruru afọ ha nwere ike ikwenye.<ref name="MSS">{{Cite book|author=Cowling|first=Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72NBDgAAQBAJ|title=Making Sense of Sexual Consent|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1351920711|pages=1–304}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na mmekọahụ na-ewere ọnọdụ n'okpuru ike maọbụ nrụgide, a na-ewere ya di ka ndina n'ike maọbụ ụdị ọzọ nke mwakpo mmekọahụ. Na ọdịbe ndị na mba dị iche iche, Omume mmekọahụ dị iche iche nwere ike ịbụ iwu maọbụ iwu na-akwado ghi n'ihe gbasara afọ, okike, Ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ nke ndị sonyeere, maọbụ n'ụzọ megidere ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụ omume mmekọahụ a nabatara n'ozuzu.[1]<ref name="MSS" /> == Atụmatụ ịlụ di na nwunye == Na nkà mmụta uche nyocha na nkà mmụta a kparamagwa, usoro ịlụ di na nwunye bụ usoro omume nke ndị mmadụ na-eji adọta, họrọ, ma jide ndị di na nwunye. Atụmatụ ịlụ di na nwunygbakọta akọta na usoro ọmụmụ, nke na-agụnye usoro omume sara mbara nke metụtara oge ọmụmụ na mgbanwe n'etiti ọnụọgụ na ogo nke ụmụ (lee Akụkọ ndụ). N'ihe gbasara ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya pụrụ iche na mmekọrịta ha na ọdịbe ndị dị iche iche dị ka ntọala [[Agbamakwụkwọ|alụmdi na nwunye]]. Ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ịchọ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na ebum uche nke ime pụta mmekọrịta miri emi , alụmdi na nwunye, mmekọrịta nkịtị, maọbụ enyi ǹkịtị. Ọchịchọ mmadụ maka mkpakọrịta bụ otu n'ime ihe kachasị ike mmadụ na-akpali. Ọ bụ ihe e butere n'okike mmadụ, ọ pụkwara inwe njikọ na agụụ mmekọahụ. Usoro ịlụ di na nwunye na-agụnye usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbe ndị ebe otu onye nwere ike ịzụta onye ọzọ iji nyochaa iru eru, usoro mbedo na usoro nke ime pụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike ịchọta ihe jikọrọ mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ na-abụghị mmadụ n'omume ịlụ. == Nzọụkwụ nke mkpali ahụike n'oge mkpali mmekọahụ == [[Usòrò:Kama_sutra_24_detail.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Ihe esere ese Kama sutra nke India a, nke na-egosi nwanyị n'elu nwoke, na-egosi iguzo ọtọ nwoke, nke bụ otu n'ime mmeghachi omume ahụike maka nkpalite mmekọahụ maka ụmụ nwoke.]] Nzaghachi ahụike n'oge mkpali mmekọahụ yiri nke ahụ maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị ma enwere usoro anọ.<ref name="Schacter">{{Cite book|author=Daniel L. Schacter|title=Psychology|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|year=2010|pages=335–336|accessdate=10 November 2012|isbn=978-1429237192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emAyzTNy1cUC&q=Men%20and%20women%20may%20have%20different%20levels%20of%20sexual%20drive%2C%20but%20their%20physiological%20responses%20during%20sex%20are%20fairly%20similar.&pg=PA335}}</ref> * rst,<ref name="Rosenthal">{{Cite book|first=Martha|author=Rosenthal|title=Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2012|pages=134–135|accessdate=17 September 2012|isbn=9780618755714|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT154}}</ref><ref name="SOC">{{Cite web|title=The Sexual Response Cycle|publisher=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]|url=http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/the-sexual-response-cycle|accessdate=6 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725051823/http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/the-sexual-response-cycle|archivedate=25 July 2011}}</ref>.<ref name="Schacter">{{Cite book|author=Daniel L. Schacter|title=Psychology|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|year=2010|pages=335–336|accessdate=10 November 2012|isbn=978-1429237192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emAyzTNy1cUC&q=Men%20and%20women%20may%20have%20different%20levels%20of%20sexual%20drive%2C%20but%20their%20physiological%20responses%20during%20sex%20are%20fairly%20similar.&pg=PA335}}</ref><ref name="Weiner & Craighead">{{Cite book|author=Irving B. Weiner|title=The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 2|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2010|accessdate=10 November 2012|isbn=978-0470170267|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pa5vKqntwikC&pg=PA761}}</ref><ref name="Schacter" /> Nsogbu mmekọahụ bụ enweghị ike imecha chi omume n'ụzọ mmetụta uche maọbu bụ n'ụzọ anụ ahụ na nkpalite mmekọahụ n'ụzọ a na-atụle nke onye ahụike; ọ nwere ike ịmetụta ọkwa dị iche iche na usoro Mmecha gị omume mmekọahụ, nke bụ ọchịchọ, obi ụtọ na orgasm.<ref>Kontula, O & Mannila, E (2009). Sexual Activity and Sexual Desire. Routledge, 46(1). retrieved 20 August 2012, from [http://bf4dv7zn3u.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Aging+on+Human+Sexual+Activity+and+Sexual+Desire&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sex+Research&rft.au=Haavio-Mannila%2C+Elina&rft.au=Kontula%2C+Osmo&rft.date=2009-02-03&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group%2C+LLC&rft.issn=0022-4499&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=46&rft.epage=56&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F00224490802624414&rft.externalDBID=PJSX&rft.externalDocID=196534090 here.]</ref> Na mgbasa ozi, a na-eji kọ karị nsogbu mmekọahụ na ụmụ nwoke, mana n'ezie, a na'ahụkarị ya na ụmụ nwanyị (43 percent) karịa ụmụ nwoke (31 percent). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jha|first=S.|year=2010|title=Female sexual dysfunction|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=153|issue=2|pages=117–123|doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.06.010|pmid=20678854}}</ref> == Akụkụ nke uche == Mmekọahụ nwere ike belata ọbara mgbali elu na nrụgide n'ozuzu.<ref name="SSM">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20dODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA164|title=The Science of Stress Management: A Guide to Best Practices for Better Well-Being|isbn=978-1538101216|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|author=Dasgupta|first=Amitava|date=2018}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ iji wepụ esemokwu, mee ka obi dị elu, ma eleghị anya mepụta mmetụta dị omimi nke ntụsara ahụ, karịsịa n'oge postcoital. Site n'echiche nke biochemi al, mmekọahụ na-akpata ntọ-hapụ nke oxytocin na endorphins ma na-ewelite usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.[1]<ref name="SSM" /> === Ihe Ndị Na-akpali ya === Ndị mmadụ na-enwe mmekọahụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ebum uche bụ isi nke mmekọahụ bụ ịmụ nwa, nyocha gbasara ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji tụrụ aro na ndị mmadụ na-enwe mmekọahụ maka ihe anọ: mmasị anụ ahụ, dị ka ụzọ isi kwụsị, iji mee ka ''njikọ mmetụta uche'' dị kwuo elu, na iji belata enweghị ntụ kwasị obi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Meston|first=Cindy M.|date=2007-07-24|title=Why Humans Have Sex|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10508-007-9175-2|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|language=en|volume=36|issue=4|pages=477–507|doi=10.1007/s10508-007-9175-2|pmid=17610060|issn=0004-0002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Meston|first=Cindy M.|date=2020-02-17|title=Why Humans Have Sex: Development and Psychometric Assessment of a Short-Form Version of the YSEX? Instrument|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2019.1654581|journal=Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy|volume=46|issue=2|pages=141–159|doi=10.1080/0092623X.2019.1654581|issn=0092-623X|pmid=31482764}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-etinye aka na mmekọahụ n'ihi obi ụtọ ha na-enweta site na mkpalite nke mmekọahụ ha, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ike inweta orgasm. Enwekwara ike ikpali mmekọahụ site na egwuregwu na ime mfe ghari, yana site na mmemme ma ọ bụ BDSM, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1608/is_1_18/ai_80957472|title=Improve your orgasm: you may have thought your sexual pleasure was the one thing that couldn't get any better. Think again&nbsp;— Sexual Fitness&nbsp;— physiology|work=Men's Fitness}}</ref> ma ọ bụ ihe omume ndị ọzọ na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị mmadụ na-etinye aka na mmekọahụ n'ihi ọchịchọ mmekọahụ nke onye ha na-enwe Mmasị mmekọahụ na ya; mana ha nwere ike itinye aka na mmekọahụ maka afọ ojuju anụ ahụ ha na-enweta na enweghị mmasị maka onye ọzọ, dịka ọ dị na mmekọahụ nkịtị ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/casual%20sex|title=Casual sex - Define Casual sex at Dictionary.com|work=Dictionary.com|accessdate=25 December 2014}}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, mmadụ nwere ike itinye aka na mmekọahụ naanị maka obi ụtọ mmekọahụ nke onye òtù ọlụlụ ha, dịka n'ihi ibu ọrụ ha nwere ike inwe na onye òtù ọchụnta ego ma ọ bụ n'ihi ịhụnanya, ọmịiko ma ọ bụ ọmịiko ha nwere ike imetụta onye òtù ọkpụkpụ. Mmadu nwere ike itinye aka na mmekọahụ maka naanị ego, maọbụ iji nweta uru ụfọdụ site na onye òtù ọrura ma ọ bụ ọrụ ahụ. Nwoke na nwanyị nwere ike inwe mmekọahụ na ebum uche nke ime ime. Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ na-enwe mmekọahụ akpọmasị nke na-eme n'etiti mmadụ abụọ na-enweghị mmasị ma ọ bụ na-ewe iwe. Ọ nwere njikọ na echiche na mmegide dị n'etiti mmadụ abụọ nwere ike ime ka esemokwu mmekọahụ, mmasị na mmasị dị kwuo elu.<ref name="Holbrook1972">{{Cite book|author=Holbrook|first=David|year=1972|title=The masks of hate: the problem of false solutions in the culture of an acquisitive society|publisher=Pergamon Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWYIAQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-0-08-015799-3}}</ref> === Echiche nke mkpebi onwe onye === Nnyocha achọpụtala na ndị mmadụ na-etinye aka na mmekọahụ n'ihi ihe ndị metụtara Echiche nke mkpebi onwe onye. Enwere ike itinye echiche nke mkpebi onwe onye na mmekọrịta mmekọahụ mgbe ndị so nyere nwere mmetụta dị mma metụtara mmekọrịta ahụ. Ndị a na-ekere òkè anaghị enwe obi amam ikpe ma ọ bụ na-amanye ha ka ha sonye na mmekọrịta ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Knee C.R.|year=2005|title=Self-determination and conflict in romantic relationships|journal=J Pers Soc Psychol|volume=89|issue=6|pages=997–1009|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.997|pmid=16393030}}</ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta atụwo aro ihe nlereanya nke mkpali mmekọahụ onwe onye. Ebum uche nke ihe nlereanya a bụ njikọ mkpebi onwe onye na nkpalite mmekọahụ.<ref name="Brunell, A.B. 2013">{{Cite journal|author=Brunell A.B.|year=2013|title=Self-Determination and Sexual Experience in Dating Relationships|journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin|volume=39|issue=7|pages=970–987|doi=10.1177/0146167213485442|pmid=23613122}}</ref> Ihe nlereanya a enyere la aka ịkọwa etu ndị mmadụ si enwe mmekọahụ mgbe ha na-etinye aka na mmekọrịta mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị. Ihe nlereanya a na-eji nọkwa nso naazụ dị mma, (na-emezu mkpa maka nnwere onwe, ikike, na mmekọrịta) nwetara site na nkpalite mmekọahụ.[2]<ref name="Brunell, A.B. 2013" /> Dabere na nyocha zuru ezu metụtara ihe nlereanya a, a chọpụtara na ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị na-eme ihe mmekọahụ maka ebum uche onwe ha nwere ọdịmma uche dị mma.<ref name="Brunell, A.B. 2013" /> Mgbe ha na-etinye aka na mmekọahụ n'ihi ihe ndị ha kpebiri, ndị so nyere nwekwara mkpa dị elu maka mmezu. Mgbe a mezuru mkpa a, ha nwere mmetụta ka mma banyere onwe ha. Nke a ji kọ tara ya na ịdị nso ka ukwuu na onye mmekọ ha na afọ ojuju dị elu na mmekọrịta ha.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ n'ihi ihe ndị ha kpebiri, enwere ụfọdụ ọdị iche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ndị inyom. E kwubiri na ụmụ nwanyị nwere mkpali karịa ụmụ nwoke itinye aka na mmekọahụ maka ebum uche onwe onye.[1] Ụmụ nwanyị nwekwara afọ ojuju dị elu na mmekọrịta karịa ụmụ nwoke mere site na mmekọahụ.[1] N'ozuzu, nnyocha kwubiri na ọdịmma uche, mkpali mmekọahụ, na afọ ojuju mmekọahụ niile nwere njikọ dị mma mgbe ndị di na nwunye na-eme mkpa pụta na-ekere òkè na mmekọahụ maka ihe ndị ha kpebie.[1]<ref name="Brunell, A.B. 2013" /> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fp7d1p68gh490b0ogqu5m0zf3n7by86 0 43562 674353 163787 2026-07-09T04:37:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674353 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Fatma Aly''' (amụrụ ya na onwa Febụwarị nke ubochi ato, n’afo 1997, na Alexandira) bụ onye Egypt na atu [[basketball]] onye na-egwuri egwu n'etiti maka ndi otu Al Ittihad na mba Egypt women's basketball team.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Eurobasket|title=Fatma Aly, Basketball Player, News, Stats - afrobasket|url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx|accessdate=2024-04-18|work=Eurobasket LLC}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Fatma Aly nọchitere anya [[Egypt|Ijipt]] na afo 2013 mgbe a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa n'òtù ndị ntorobịa mba ahụ ka ọ gbaa asọmpi FIBA U16 nke ụmụ nwanyị Afrika. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu ndị ntorobịa nke mba ahụ na-egwu asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị nke Afrịka nke afọ 2014, 2014 Afrobasket U18 ụmụ nwanyị na asọmpi ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị nke oge afo 2015. A kpọrọ ya ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ndị isi obodo na afo 2015 n'oge Afrobasket ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 2015, Afrobasquet ụmụ nwanyị nke FIBA nke afọ 2019, Afrobascket-Qualifiers ụmụ nwanyị nke afo 2023 na Afrobasket ụmụ nwanyị nke 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fatma Aly - Player Profile|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/player/190813/Fatma-Aly|accessdate=2024-04-18|work=FIBA.basketball|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fatma Aly (Aly F.) - Career Stats - Flashscore.com|url=https://www.flashscore.com/player/aly-fatma/MBl5sl3B/|accessdate=2024-04-18|work=www.flashscore.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fatma Aly (Aly F.) - Player Profile - Basketball24.com|url=https://www.basketball24.com/player/aly-fatma/MBl5sl3B/|accessdate=2024-04-18|work=www.basketball24.com|language=en|archivedate=2024-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418110900/https://www.basketball24.com/player/aly-fatma/MBl5sl3B/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=archive.fiba.com: Players|url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/lid_38135_cp/1/pid/93912/q/Fatma%20Aly/rpp//_//players.html|accessdate=2024-04-18|work=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fu43pej3mknbnuyzaqf98kyhkck2r7l 0 44288 674205 205760 2026-07-08T18:29:22Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674205 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mmega ahụ Kegel''', amakwa ya dika pelvic floor exercise nke ana eme mgbe Nile Maka contraction na relaxing nke muscle eji nwere mmeputa otu n'ime pelvic floor, oge ufodo ana akpo ya kegel muscles. A na eme ya otutu ugboro n'ugbochi , otuto oge na elekere mana ona ano otu maobu onwa ato eji run was oru ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises|publisher=MedlinePlus|date=10 October 2018|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm|accessdate=14 May 2020|archivedate=28 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728014759/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm}}</ref> Mmega ahụ Kegel na-ezube ime ka uru ahụ dị n'ala sie ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm|title=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|accessdate=2019-02-26|quote=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises are a series of exercises designed to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor.|archivedate=2016-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728014759/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ime ahụ mmadụ. N'ime ụmụ nwanyị, ha na-ahụ maka ijide eriri afọ, na-egbochi nchekasị nsị (karịsịa mgbe amuchara), prolapse nke akụkụ ahụ nwanyị na akpa nwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm|title=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|work=medlineplus.gov|accessdate=2017-12-02|archivedate=2016-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728014759/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm}}</ref> N'ime ụmụ nwoke, uru ahụ ndị a na-ahụ maka nsị, nsị, na ejaculation. <ref name="autogenerated22">{{Cite journal|author=La Pera|first=G|year=1996|title=A new treatment for premature ejaculation: the rehabilitation of the pelvic floor|journal=Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy|volume=22|issue=1|pages=22–6|doi=10.1080/00926239608405302|pmid=8699493}}</ref>[3] E nwere ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ iji nyere aka na mmega ahụ ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ ihe dị iche iche na-arụrịta ụka banyere ịdị irè nke ngwaọrụ dị iche iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmega ahụ ọdịnala.<ref name="bjui.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&LinkTypeID=1&SectionType=4|title=A randomised controlled trial of the PelvicToner Device in female stress urinary incontinence|publisher=BJUI.org|accessdate=2011-09-02|archivedate=2011-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120712/http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&LinkTypeID=1&SectionType=4}}</ref> == Usoro nke ọrụ == Mmega ahụ Kegel na-ezube imeziwanye ụda uru ahụ site n'ịkwado uru ahụ pubococcygeus nke ala pelvic. Kegel bụ mmega ahụ a ma ama maka ụmụ nwanyị dị [[Afọ ime|ime ime]] kwadebe ala pelvic maka nrụgide ahụike nke oge ime na [[Ọmụmụ nwa|ịmụ nwa]].  Ndị ndụmọdụ dị iche iche na-atụ aro mmega ahụ Kegel maka ịgwọ prolapse nke akụkụ ahụ nwanyị <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/vaginal_prolapse/article_em.htm|title=Vaginal Prolapse|author=September 2, 2011|date=2011-02-09|publisher=eMedicineHealth|accessdate=2011-09-02|archivedate=2006-07-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721174112/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/vaginal_prolapse/article_em.htm}}</ref> na igbochi prolapse akpa nwa <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001508.htm#Prevention|title=MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Uterine prolapse|date=2011-08-29|publisher=Nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2011-09-02|archivedate=2001-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010820053741/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001508.htm#Prevention}}</ref> n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na maka ịgwọ mgbu prostate na ọzịza sitere na benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) na prostatitis n'ime ndị ikom.  Mmega ahụ Kegel nwere ike ịnwe uru n'ịgwọ ọrịa urinary incontinence na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003975.htm|title=MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Kegel exercises|date=2011-08-29|publisher=Nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2011-09-02|archivedate=2001-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010617161228/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003975.htm}}</ref> Mmega ahụ Kegel nwekwara ike ịbawanye afọ ojuju mmekọahụ, na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ohere imezu mpako ma na-enyere ụmụ nwoke aka ibelata ejaculation n'oge.<ref name="autogenerated22" /> Ọtụtụ ihe ndị Kegel na-eme gụnyere ijide mamịrị na izere nsị. Imepụtaghachi ụdị ọrụ uru ahụ a nwere ike ime ka uru ahụ Kegel sie ike. Enwere ike iji omume nke ibelata ma ọ bụ ịkwụsị nsị dị ka ule nke usoro mmega ahụ ziri ezi. <ref>Kenway, M., and Goh, J. (2009). ''Inside Out: The Essential Women's Guide to Pelvic Support''.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder-control-problems-women/cystocele-prolapsed-bladder|title=Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) {{!}} NIDDK|work=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|accessdate=2017-12-02}}</ref> Ihe ndị mejupụtara levator ani (pelvic diaphragm), ya bụ pubococcygeus, puborectalis na iliococcygeus.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gowda|first=Supreeth N.|title=StatPearls|date=2022|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556078/|accessdate=11 May 2022|chapter=Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Levator Ani Muscle}}</ref> N'ihi ya, mmega ahụ n'ala pelvic na-agụnye ihe niile na-ebuli elu karịa naanị pubococcygeus. Mmega ahụ n'ala pelvic nwere ike inye aka n'ọnọdụ nke enweghị ike ịba n'ahụ na ọnọdụ prolapse nke akụkụ pelvic dịka prolapse.<ref name="Bø 2006">{{Cite journal|author=Bø|first=K|year=2006|title=Can pelvic floor muscle training prevent and treat pelvic organ prolapse?|journal=Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand|volume=85|issue=3|pages=263–8|doi=10.1080/00016340500486800|pmid=16553172}}</ref> == Mmetụta ahụike == === Ụmụ nwanyị === Ihe ndị dị ka [[Afọ ime|ime ime]], [[Ọmụmụ nwa|ịmụ nwa]], ịka nká, na ibubiga ibu ókè na-emekarị ka uru ahụ dị n'ahụ ghara ịdị ike.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/pelvic-floor|title=Pelvic floor|author=Services|first=Department of Health & Human|accessdate=2018-02-21}}</ref> Enwere ike nyochaa nke a site na nyocha dijitalụ nke nrụgide akụkụ ahụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ iji Kegel perineometer. Mmega ahụ Kegel bara uru n'inweghachi ike nke ala pelvic n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mentor|first=Physio|date=2022-10-15|title=Kegel Exercises – Pelvic Floor Muscles Strengthening|url=https://www.physiomentor.co/kegel-exercises/|accessdate=2022-10-16|work=Physiomentor|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015114643/https://www.physiomentor.co/kegel-exercises/}}</ref> Enwere ike ibelata mgbaàmà nke prolapse na ịdị njọ ya site na mmega ahụ n'ala pelvic.<ref name="pmid22161382">{{Cite journal|title=Conservative prevention and management of pelvic organ prolapse in women|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|volume=12|issue=12|pages=CD003882|year=2011|pmid=22161382|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003882.pub4}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder-control-problems-women/cystocele-prolapsed-bladder|title=Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) {{!}} NIDDK|work=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|accessdate=2017-12-02}}</ref> Enwere ike imeziwanye ịdị irè site na nzaghachi banyere otu esi eme mmega ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Herderschee|first=R|date=6 July 2011|title=Feedback or biofeedback to augment pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=7|pages=CD009252|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009252|pmid=21735442}}</ref> === Ụmụ nwoke === Mmega ahụ Kegel nwere ike ịzụ uru ahụ perineal site n'ịbawanye ikuku oxygen na ike nke uru ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Puppo|first=Vincenzo|date=January 2016|title=Comprehensive review of the anatomy and physiology of male ejaculation: Premature ejaculation is not a disease: Anatomy and Physiology of Ejaculation|journal=Clinical Anatomy|volume=29|issue=1|pages=111–119|doi=10.1002/ca.22655|pmid=26457680}}</ref> Aha uru ahụ perineal bụ: ischiocavernosus (eguzo), bulbocavernosus (ejaculation), sphincter mpụga nke anus, sphincter urethral striated, transverse perineal, levator nke prostate, na puborectalis.<ref name="Woodley2020">{{Cite journal|author=Woodley|first=SJ|title=Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and fecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=6 May 2020|volume=5|issue=3|pages=CD007471|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007471.pub4|pmid=32378735}}</ref> A na-akọwa ejaculation n'oge dị ka mgbe ejaculation nwoke na-eme mgbe ihe na-erughị otu nkeji nke ịbanye.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Goldstein|title=Encyclopedia of child behavior and development|date=2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780387790619|location=[New York]|oclc=704395400}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ahụ perineal na-etinye aka na ejaculation mgbe ha na-emetụta n'amaghị ama.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Puppo|first=Vincenzo|date=January 2016|title=Comprehensive review of the anatomy and physiology of male ejaculation: Premature ejaculation is not a disease: Anatomy and Physiology of Ejaculation|journal=Clinical Anatomy|volume=29|issue=1|pages=111–119|doi=10.1002/ca.22655|pmid=26457680}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ischiocavernosus na-ahụ maka erection nwoke, na uru bulbocavernosis na-ahụkarị ejaculation. Site n'ịgbasa uru ahụ perineal na Kegel na-emega ahụ mgbe niile, ike na njikwa nke uru ahụ ndị a na-abawanye, ikekwe na-enyere aka izere ejaculation n'oge.[2]<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Puppo|first=V.|date=April 2008|title=T09-P-13 The importance of the Kegel exercises for the erection of the male and female erectile organs (male and female penis)|journal=Sexologies|volume=17|pages=S136|doi=10.1016/s1158-1360(08)72894-9|issn=1158-1360}}</ref> === Enweghị ike ịba mmiri === Enwere ike itinye mmega ahụ n'ala pelvic (ọzụzụ uru ahụ) n'usoro ọgwụgwọ na-adịghị mma maka ụmụ nwanyị na-Enweghị ike ịba mamịrị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dumoulin|first=Chantale|date=2018-10-04|title=Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2018|issue=10|pages=CD005654|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005654.pub4|issn=1469-493X|pmid=30288727}}</ref> E nwere ihe akaebe na biofeedback nwere ike ịba uru ọzọ mgbe ejiri ya na ọzụzụ nke pelvic floor muscle (PFMT). <ref>{{Cite journal|date=6 July 2011|title=Feedback or biofeedback to augment pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=7|pages=CD009252|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009252|pmid=21735442}}</ref> Enweghị ihe akaebe doro anya na ịkụzi mmega ahụ n'ala pelvic na-agbanwe ihe ize ndụ nke nrụgide nke nsị n'ime ụmụ nwoke na-enwe ọnọdụ a mgbe prostatectomy gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anderson|first=Coral A.|date=2015-01-20|title=Conservative management for postprostatectomy urinary incontinence|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=1|issue=1|pages=CD001843|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001843.pub5|issn=1469-493X|pmid=25602133}}</ref> N'ime ụmụ nwanyị dị ime, PFMT tupu amụọ nwa nwere ike inyere aka igbochi nsị n'oge ime ime na ihe ruru ọnwa isii mgbe amuchara mana maka ụmụ nwanyị dị afọ ime ndị nwere nsogbu, ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ọ bụrụ na PFMT tupu a mụọ nwa na-enyere aka belata mgbaàmà.<ref name="Woodley2020">{{Cite journal|author=Woodley|first=SJ|title=Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and fecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=6 May 2020|volume=5|issue=3|pages=CD007471|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007471.pub4|pmid=32378735}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWoodleyLawrensonBoyleCody2020">Woodley, SJ; Lawrenson, P; Boyle, R; Cody, JD; Mørkved, S; Kernohan, A; Hay-Smith, EJC (6 May 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7203602 "Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and fecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women"]. ''The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews''. '''5''' (3): CD007471. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007471.pub4|10.1002/14651858.CD007471.pub4]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7203602 7203602]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32378735 32378735].</cite></ref> === Enweghị ike ịba n'ahụ === N'oge ime, ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma PFMT tupu amụọ nwa ọ na-enyere aka igbochi ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọrịa enweghị ike ịba n'ahụ.<ref name="Woodley2020">{{Cite journal|author=Woodley|first=SJ|title=Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and fecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=6 May 2020|volume=5|issue=3|pages=CD007471|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007471.pub4|pmid=32378735}}</ref> == Ngwá ọrụ na-eme ka ọ dị nro == Ngwaọrụ ụfọdụ, ndị a na-ere maka ụmụ nwanyị, bụ maka mmega ahụ nke ala pelvic na iji melite ụda nke uru ahụ pubococcygeal ma ọ bụ uru ahụ nke akụkụ ahụ nwanyị. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2013, ọ nweghị ihe akaebe na ime mmega ahụ n'ala pelvic na arọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa ime mmega nke Kegel na-enweghị arọ; enwere ihe ize ndụ ka ukwuu na arọ, n'ihi na a na-ewebata ihe si mba ọzọ n'ime akụkụ ahụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Herbison|first=GP|title=Weighted vaginal cones for urinary incontinence|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=8 July 2013|volume=2013|issue=7|pages=CD002114|pmid=23836411|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002114.pub2}}</ref><ref name="bjui.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&LinkTypeID=1&SectionType=4|title=A randomised controlled trial of the PelvicToner Device in female stress urinary incontinence|publisher=BJUI.org|accessdate=2011-09-02|archivedate=2011-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120712/http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&LinkTypeID=1&SectionType=4}}</ref><gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> Usòrò:Kegel_exerciser.JPG|alt=A Kegel exerciser|Onye na-eme ihe omume Kegel Usòrò:Jade_Eggs_usually_come_in_3_different_sizes.jpg|alt=Jade eggs (or Yoni eggs) have been marketed for use in vaginal weightlifting.|Na-ere'''Nnụnụ Jade''' (nke m bụ'''Nnụnụ a na-akpọ Yoni''') maka iji ya na ibu ibu. Usòrò:Ben_Wa_Balls.jpg|alt=Ben wa balls|Ben wa bọọlụ </gallery> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7cgmue198ee358tvi0cjfydlig7zxwj 674206 674205 2026-07-08T18:30:42Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674206 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mmega ahụ Kegel''', amakwa ya dika pelvic floor exercise nke ana eme mgbe Nile Maka contraction na relaxing nke muscle eji nwere mmeputa otu n'ime pelvic floor, oge ufodo ana akpo ya kegel muscles. A na eme ya otutu ugboro n'ugbochi , otuto oge na elekere mana ona ano otu maobu onwa ato eji run was oru ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises|publisher=MedlinePlus|date=10 October 2018|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm|accessdate=14 May 2020|archivedate=28 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728014759/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm}}</ref> Mmega ahụ Kegel na-ezube ime ka uru ahụ dị n'ala sie ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm|title=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|accessdate=2019-02-26|quote=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises are a series of exercises designed to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor.|archivedate=2016-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728014759/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ime ahụ mmadụ. N'ime ụmụ nwanyị, ha na-ahụ maka ijide eriri afọ, na-egbochi nchekasị nsị (karịsịa mgbe amuchara), prolapse nke akụkụ ahụ nwanyị na akpa nwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm|title=Pelvic floor muscle training exercises: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|work=medlineplus.gov|accessdate=2017-12-02|archivedate=2016-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728014759/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm}}</ref> N'ime ụmụ nwoke, uru ahụ ndị a na-ahụ maka nsị, nsị, na ejaculation. <ref name="autogenerated22">{{Cite journal|author=La Pera|first=G|year=1996|title=A new treatment for premature ejaculation: the rehabilitation of the pelvic floor|journal=Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy|volume=22|issue=1|pages=22–6|doi=10.1080/00926239608405302|pmid=8699493}}</ref>[3] E nwere ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ iji nyere aka na mmega ahụ ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ ihe dị iche iche na-arụrịta ụka banyere ịdị irè nke ngwaọrụ dị iche iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmega ahụ ọdịnala.<ref name="bjui.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&LinkTypeID=1&SectionType=4|title=A randomised controlled trial of the PelvicToner Device in female stress urinary incontinence|publisher=BJUI.org|accessdate=2011-09-02|archivedate=2011-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120712/http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&LinkTypeID=1&SectionType=4}}</ref> == Usoro nke ọrụ == Mmega ahụ Kegel na-ezube imeziwanye ụda uru ahụ site n'ịkwado uru ahụ pubococcygeus nke ala pelvic. Kegel bụ mmega ahụ a ma ama maka ụmụ nwanyị dị [[Afọ ime|ime ime]] kwadebe ala pelvic maka nrụgide ahụike nke oge ime na [[Ọmụmụ nwa|ịmụ nwa]].  Ndị ndụmọdụ dị iche iche na-atụ aro mmega ahụ Kegel maka ịgwọ prolapse nke akụkụ ahụ nwanyị <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/vaginal_prolapse/article_em.htm|title=Vaginal Prolapse|author=September 2, 2011|date=2011-02-09|publisher=eMedicineHealth|accessdate=2011-09-02|archivedate=2006-07-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721174112/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/vaginal_prolapse/article_em.htm}}</ref> na igbochi prolapse akpa nwa <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001508.htm#Prevention|title=MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Uterine prolapse|date=2011-08-29|publisher=Nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2011-09-02|archivedate=2001-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010820053741/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001508.htm#Prevention}}</ref> n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na maka ịgwọ mgbu prostate na ọzịza sitere na benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) na prostatitis n'ime ndị ikom.  Mmega ahụ Kegel nwere ike ịnwe uru n'ịgwọ ọrịa urinary incontinence na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003975.htm|title=MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Kegel exercises|date=2011-08-29|publisher=Nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2011-09-02|archivedate=2001-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010617161228/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003975.htm}}</ref> Mmega ahụ Kegel nwekwara ike ịbawanye afọ ojuju mmekọahụ, na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ohere imezu mpako ma na-enyere ụmụ nwoke aka ibelata ejaculation n'oge.<ref name="autogenerated22" /> Ọtụtụ ihe ndị Kegel na-eme gụnyere ijide mamịrị na izere nsị. Imepụtaghachi ụdị ọrụ uru ahụ a nwere ike ime ka uru ahụ Kegel sie ike. Enwere ike iji omume nke ibelata ma ọ bụ ịkwụsị nsị dị ka ule nke usoro mmega ahụ ziri ezi. <ref>Kenway, M., and Goh, J. (2009). ''Inside Out: The Essential Women's Guide to Pelvic Support''.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder-control-problems-women/cystocele-prolapsed-bladder|title=Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) {{!}} NIDDK|work=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|accessdate=2017-12-02}}</ref> Ihe ndị mejupụtara levator ani (pelvic diaphragm), ya bụ pubococcygeus, puborectalis na iliococcygeus.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gowda|first=Supreeth N.|title=StatPearls|date=2022|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556078/|accessdate=11 May 2022|chapter=Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Levator Ani Muscle}}</ref> N'ihi ya, mmega ahụ n'ala pelvic na-agụnye ihe niile na-ebuli elu karịa naanị pubococcygeus. Mmega ahụ n'ala pelvic nwere ike inye aka n'ọnọdụ nke enweghị ike ịba n'ahụ na ọnọdụ prolapse nke akụkụ pelvic dịka prolapse.<ref name="Bø 2006">{{Cite journal|author=Bø|first=K|year=2006|title=Can pelvic floor muscle training prevent and treat pelvic organ prolapse?|journal=Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand|volume=85|issue=3|pages=263–8|doi=10.1080/00016340500486800|pmid=16553172}}</ref> == Mmetụta ahụike == === Ụmụ nwanyị === Ihe ndị dị ka [[Afọ ime|ime ime]], [[Ọmụmụ nwa|ịmụ nwa]], ịka nká, na ibubiga ibu ókè na-emekarị ka uru ahụ dị n'ahụ ghara ịdị ike.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/pelvic-floor|title=Pelvic floor|author=Services|first=Department of Health & Human|accessdate=2018-02-21}}</ref> Enwere ike nyochaa nke a site na nyocha dijitalụ nke nrụgide akụkụ ahụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ iji Kegel perineometer. Mmega ahụ Kegel bara uru n'inweghachi ike nke ala pelvic n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mentor|first=Physio|date=2022-10-15|title=Kegel Exercises – Pelvic Floor Muscles Strengthening|url=https://www.physiomentor.co/kegel-exercises/|accessdate=2022-10-16|work=Physiomentor|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015114643/https://www.physiomentor.co/kegel-exercises/}}</ref> Enwere ike ibelata mgbaàmà nke prolapse na ịdị njọ ya site na mmega ahụ n'ala pelvic.<ref name="pmid22161382">{{Cite journal|title=Conservative prevention and management of pelvic organ prolapse in women|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|volume=12|issue=12|pages=CD003882|year=2011|pmid=22161382|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003882.pub4}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder-control-problems-women/cystocele-prolapsed-bladder|title=Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) {{!}} NIDDK|work=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|accessdate=2017-12-02}}</ref> Enwere ike imeziwanye ịdị irè site na nzaghachi banyere otu esi eme mmega ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Herderschee|first=R|date=6 July 2011|title=Feedback or biofeedback to augment pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=7|pages=CD009252|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009252|pmid=21735442}}</ref> === Ụmụ nwoke === Mmega ahụ Kegel nwere ike ịzụ uru ahụ perineal site n'ịbawanye ikuku oxygen na ike nke uru ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Puppo|first=Vincenzo|date=January 2016|title=Comprehensive review of the anatomy and physiology of male ejaculation: Premature ejaculation is not a disease: Anatomy and Physiology of Ejaculation|journal=Clinical Anatomy|volume=29|issue=1|pages=111–119|doi=10.1002/ca.22655|pmid=26457680}}</ref> Aha uru ahụ perineal bụ: ischiocavernosus (eguzo), bulbocavernosus (ejaculation), sphincter mpụga nke anus, sphincter urethral striated, transverse perineal, levator nke prostate, na puborectalis.<ref name="Woodley2020">{{Cite journal|author=Woodley|first=SJ|title=Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and fecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=6 May 2020|volume=5|issue=3|pages=CD007471|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007471.pub4|pmid=32378735}}</ref> A na-akọwa ejaculation n'oge dị ka mgbe ejaculation nwoke na-eme mgbe ihe na-erughị otu nkeji nke ịbanye.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Goldstein|title=Encyclopedia of child behavior and development|date=2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780387790619|location=[New York]|oclc=704395400}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ahụ perineal na-etinye aka na ejaculation mgbe ha na-emetụta n'amaghị ama.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Puppo|first=Vincenzo|date=January 2016|title=Comprehensive review of the anatomy and physiology of male ejaculation: Premature ejaculation is not a disease: Anatomy and Physiology of Ejaculation|journal=Clinical Anatomy|volume=29|issue=1|pages=111–119|doi=10.1002/ca.22655|pmid=26457680}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ischiocavernosus na-ahụ maka erection nwoke, na uru bulbocavernosis na-ahụkarị ejaculation. Site n'ịgbasa uru ahụ perineal na Kegel na-emega ahụ mgbe niile, ike na njikwa nke uru ahụ ndị a na-abawanye, ikekwe na-enyere aka izere ejaculation n'oge.[2]<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Puppo|first=V.|date=April 2008|title=T09-P-13 The importance of the Kegel exercises for the erection of the male and female erectile organs (male and female penis)|journal=Sexologies|volume=17|pages=S136|doi=10.1016/s1158-1360(08)72894-9|issn=1158-1360}}</ref> === Enweghị ike ịba mmiri === Enwere ike itinye mmega ahụ n'ala pelvic (ọzụzụ uru ahụ) n'usoro ọgwụgwọ na-adịghị mma maka ụmụ nwanyị na-Enweghị ike ịba mamịrị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dumoulin|first=Chantale|date=2018-10-04|title=Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2018|issue=10|pages=CD005654|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005654.pub4|issn=1469-493X|pmid=30288727}}</ref> E nwere ihe akaebe na biofeedback nwere ike ịba uru ọzọ mgbe ejiri ya na ọzụzụ nke pelvic floor muscle (PFMT). <ref>{{Cite journal|date=6 July 2011|title=Feedback or biofeedback to augment pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=7|pages=CD009252|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009252|pmid=21735442}}</ref> Enweghị ihe akaebe doro anya na ịkụzi mmega ahụ n'ala pelvic na-agbanwe ihe ize ndụ nke nrụgide nke nsị n'ime ụmụ nwoke na-enwe ọnọdụ a mgbe prostatectomy gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anderson|first=Coral A.|date=2015-01-20|title=Conservative management for postprostatectomy urinary incontinence|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=1|issue=1|pages=CD001843|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001843.pub5|issn=1469-493X|pmid=25602133}}</ref> N'ime ụmụ nwanyị dị ime, PFMT tupu amụọ nwa nwere ike inyere aka igbochi nsị n'oge ime ime na ihe ruru ọnwa isii mgbe amuchara mana maka ụmụ nwanyị dị afọ ime ndị nwere nsogbu, ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ọ bụrụ na PFMT tupu a mụọ nwa na-enyere aka belata mgbaàmà.<ref name="Woodley2020" /> === Enweghị ike ịba n'ahụ === N'oge ime, ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma PFMT tupu amụọ nwa ọ na-enyere aka igbochi ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọrịa enweghị ike ịba n'ahụ.<ref name="Woodley2020">{{Cite journal|author=Woodley|first=SJ|title=Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and fecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=6 May 2020|volume=5|issue=3|pages=CD007471|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007471.pub4|pmid=32378735}}</ref> == Ngwá ọrụ na-eme ka ọ dị nro == Ngwaọrụ ụfọdụ, ndị a na-ere maka ụmụ nwanyị, bụ maka mmega ahụ nke ala pelvic na iji melite ụda nke uru ahụ pubococcygeal ma ọ bụ uru ahụ nke akụkụ ahụ nwanyị. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2013, ọ nweghị ihe akaebe na ime mmega ahụ n'ala pelvic na arọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa ime mmega nke Kegel na-enweghị arọ; enwere ihe ize ndụ ka ukwuu na arọ, n'ihi na a na-ewebata ihe si mba ọzọ n'ime akụkụ ahụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Herbison|first=GP|title=Weighted vaginal cones for urinary incontinence|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=8 July 2013|volume=2013|issue=7|pages=CD002114|pmid=23836411|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002114.pub2}}</ref><ref name="bjui.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&LinkTypeID=1&SectionType=4|title=A randomised controlled trial of the PelvicToner Device in female stress urinary incontinence|publisher=BJUI.org|accessdate=2011-09-02|archivedate=2011-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120712/http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&LinkTypeID=1&SectionType=4}}</ref><gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> Usòrò:Kegel_exerciser.JPG|alt=A Kegel exerciser|Onye na-eme ihe omume Kegel Usòrò:Jade_Eggs_usually_come_in_3_different_sizes.jpg|alt=Jade eggs (or Yoni eggs) have been marketed for use in vaginal weightlifting.|Na-ere'''Nnụnụ Jade''' (nke m bụ'''Nnụnụ a na-akpọ Yoni''') maka iji ya na ibu ibu. Usòrò:Ben_Wa_Balls.jpg|alt=Ben wa balls|Ben wa bọọlụ </gallery> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] b26hc8wwgz6g3t264cyn8qtc5l6r6rj 0 44439 674211 166046 2026-07-08T18:39:06Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674211 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.rienner.com/uploads/526eae83c8aa1.pdf|title=Sex in Prison: Myths and Realities (Excerpts)|year=2014|editor=Marcum|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|location=Boulder, Colorado|isbn=978-1-62637-030-2|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref> mekorita ahu nke ndi no n'ulo mkporo bu mekorita ahu nke do n'etite ndi no n'ulo mkporo, maobu n'etite ndi na no n'ulo mkporo na ndi na Aru oru ebe ahu maobu ndi no n'ulo mkporo na ndi no ha NSO. Ebe ana edibe ndi mkporo site na otu okike ha, ha na enwe mmeko otu ahu. Mana ndi enwere nwunye maobu do esoghi ya ma onwe mekorita ahu ma onye nke ya bia elite ya n'ulo mkporo. Mmekọahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ okwu a na-aghọtahie ma na-akọwa ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi n'ihi ọ bụghị naanị ọdịdị nke isiokwu ahụ, kamakwa n'ihi enweghị nyocha.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Gibson|first=Lauren E.|year=2013|title=The Social Construction of Sexuality in Prison.|journal=The Prison Journal|volume=93|issue=3|pages=355–370|doi=10.1177/0032885513490503|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ac38627e8837e829c4b93c22ea37e81290abc505}}</ref> N'adịghị ka nkwenye a ma ama, ụdị mmekọahụ a na-ahụkarị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ mmekọahụ nkwekọrịta.<ref name=":1">''Ristroph, Alice. "Prison, Detention, and Correctional Institutions." Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender. Ed. Fedwa Malti-Douglas. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 1196-1199. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 October 2016.''</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2011 mepụtara usoro maka ụdị omume mmekọahụ dị iche iche n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị. Ha na-agụnye mgbochi, nke onye mkpọrọ na-ahọrọ Ịlụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye (''ya bụ,ya bụ,'' mmekọahụ mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, nke kachasị iji nọgide na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye onye òtù ọlụlụ na-anọghị n'ụlọ ikpe); auto-eroticism (ya bụ., masturbation); ezigbo nwoke idina nwoke n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ bụ ndị na-edina nwoke tupu ha abanye n'ụlọikpe); nwoke idina nwanyị idina nwoke (mmekọ nwoke n'ọnọdụ) na nwanyị n'etiti onye mkpọrọ nwere ahụmahụ nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị nke mbụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ); na ime ihe ike ịbụ onye otu onye mkpọrọ na onye mkpọrọ na nwanyị). Ime ihe ike mmekọahụ gụnyere ịmanye, ịchịkwa, na nrubeisi. A na-eme njikwa maka ike ma ọ bụ ụdị ụgwọ ọrụ ụfọdụ. Nkwado na-eme iji nweta nchekwa ma ọ bụ nchebe ma ọ bụ n'ihi egwu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Perdue|first=Angela|year=2011|title=Sex and Sexuality in Women's Prisons: A Preliminary Typological Investigation.|journal=The Prison Journal|volume=91|issue=3|pages=279–304|doi=10.1177/0032885511409869}}</ref> N'ozuzu, mmekọrịta ndị mkpọrọ na ndị mkpọrọ bụ mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị n'ihi na ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ekewapụkarị site na mmekọahụ. Ihe atụ nke ihe dị iche na iwu a mere na Canada na Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Sainte-Anne-des-Plaines. N'ebe ahụ, ndị omempụ abụọ a mara ikpe nke nwoke na nwanyị, Karla Homolka na Jean-Paul Gerbet, nwere ike itinye aka na mmekọahụ site na mgbidi eriri, nke bụ naanị ihe mgbochi na-ekewa ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. Ụlọ mkpọrọ a bụ ụlọ mkpọrọ nchebe kachasị elu na Canada ebe a ga-eziga ndị mkpọrọ nwoke na nwanyị ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere ha dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ.<ref name="homolka">{{Cite news|author=Mandel|first=Michele|title=Murder victim's sister fears killer will reunite with Karla Homolka|url=http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2008/01/14/murder-victims-sister-fears-killer-will-reunite-with-karla-homolka|date=14 January 2008|accessdate=1 October 2016}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta ndị mkpọrọ na ndị mkpọrọ == Nnyocha mbụ e mere banyere mmekọahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ na ụmụ nwanyị na 1913. N'afọ 1931, onye nchọpụta Selling chọpụtara na mmekọrịta dị iche iche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ (na ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị), dị ka "enyi na enyi, ndị otu pseudofamily, pseudohomosexuality, na ndina ụdị onwe".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hensley|first=Christopher|year=2002|title=Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality : A Review of Empirical Studies|journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse|volume=3|issue=3|pages=226–243|doi=10.1177/15248380020033005}}</ref> Ịmepụta ezinụlọ ndị a na-akpọ pseudofamilies abụwo ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị a bụ ezinụlọ ndị inyom mepụtara n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nke na-enye ha nkwado, nkekọ na mmekọrịta, dịka ezinụlọ ọdịnala ga-eme. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọ bụ naanị di na nwunye nọ n'ezinụlọ nwere mmekọahụ. Ụmụ nwanyị na-ewere ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị iji ṅomie ezinụlọ nwoke na nwanyị. "Mammy" ma ọ bụ "mumsy" na-enye nwanyị meworo okenye, nne n'ime ezinụlọ, na "Popsy" na-enyekwa nwanyị na-achịkwa, onye na-adịchaghị nwanyị. "Ndị nne na nna" ndị a na-abụkarị ndị okenye ma a na-ahụ ha dị ka ndị nduzi maka ndị mkpọrọ na-eto eto. Ọrụ n'ime pseudofamilies na-agbanwe agbanwe ma nwee ike ịgbanwe ka oge na-aga.[1]<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1965, Ward na Kassebaum mere nnyocha na Frontera site na ajụjụ ọnụ ma kwubie site n'aka ndị ọrụ na ndị mkpọrọ na "n'etiti 30% na 75% nke ndị mkpọrọ nwere mmekọahụ mgbe ha nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ", 50% nke ndị na-eme mmekọahụ. Mmekọahụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-abụkarị maka ntụrụndụ na ntụrụndaka, mgbe ụfọdụ na-agafe na mmekọrịta siri ike. Ọzọkwa, mmekọrịta ndị a mere n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị bi n'otu ebe ma ọ bụ n'etiti ndị inyom agbụrụ dị iche iche; mmekọrịta otu agbụrụ abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị. Mgbe nnyocha e mere na nyocha nke Propper mere na 1976, nsonaazụ ya maka ihe kpatara mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke gụnyere "egwuregwu egwuregwu, njikwa akụ na ụba, owu ọmụma, mkpa maka ọbụbụenyi, na ezi ịhụnanya".^[4] Onye nchọpụta Otis nyochara ihe a hụrụ dị ka "mmekọrịta na-abụghị nke okike" n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị agbụrụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hensley|first=Christopher|year=2002|title=Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality : A Review of Empirical Studies|journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse|volume=3|issue=3|pages=226–243|doi=10.1177/15248380020033005}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHensleyTewksbury2002">Hensley, Christopher; Tewksbury, Richard (2002). "Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality : A Review of Empirical Studies". ''Trauma, Violence, & Abuse''. '''3''' (3): 226–243. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/15248380020033005|10.1177/15248380020033005]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144144111 144144111].</cite></ref> N'afọ 2014, The Daily Telegraph kọwara mmekọrịta mmekọahụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ UK dị ka "ihe a na-ahụkarị".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ava Vidal|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-politics/10662145/Women-prisoners-Sex-in-prison-is-commonplace-the-male-inmates-just-hide-it-more-than-girls.html|title=Women prisoners: Sex in prison is commonplace, the male inmates just hide it more than girls|date=26 February 2014|work=The Daily Telegraph|authorlink=Ava Vidal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/many-prison-inmates-are-gay-forthe-stay-8605173.html|title=Many prison inmates are 'gay for the stay'|author=Kate Johns|date=6 May 2013|work=Independent Voices (Opinion)}}</ref> Na mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke, ụdị mmekọahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere: "butch" ma ọ bụ "daddy" na-ezo aka na nwanyị nwoke na-achịkwa. "femme" ma ọ dị "mama" bụ onye na-edo onwe ya n'okpuru. "aghụghọ" bụ nwa agbọghọ na-ekwe ka ndị ọzọ jiri ya mee ihe. "Commissary hustler" bụ onye nchịkwa. "Cherries" enwetụbeghị ahụmịhe nwanyị na "square" agaghị esonye na omume nwoke na nwoke.<ref name=":2" /> === Ndị mkpọrọ nwoke === A na-amụ banyere mmekọahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka ụmụ nwoke kemgbe afọ 1930. Nnyocha enweghị nkwekọrịta mmekọahụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ nnyocha e mere lekwasịrị anya na nrụgide.<ref name=":1">''Ristroph, Alice. "Prison, Detention, and Correctional Institutions." Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender. Ed. Fedwa Malti-Douglas. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 1196-1199. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 October 2016.''</ref> Mmetọ mmekọahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ nwoke. Ụmụ nwoke na-emetọ ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ mmekọahụ iji guzobe ọchịchị, ike na ịnọgide na-abụ nwoke.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hensley|first=Christopher|year=2002|title=Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality : A Review of Empirical Studies|journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse|volume=3|issue=3|pages=226–243|doi=10.1177/15248380020033005}}</ref> Na nkwekọrịta nchebe, ndị ikom na-adịghị ike n'ụzọ anụ ahụ ga-enye mmekọahụ nkwekọrịta iji gbanwere nchebe, nchekwa, ngwongwo ma ọ bụ nkwado.[1]<ref name=":1" /> Ụmụ nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ele omume nwoke na nwanyị ha anya dị ka ihe na-emetụta ọnọdụ ma ha nwere ike ọ gaghị ele onwe ha anya dị na nwoke na nwanyị. Ndị ikom a na-akọwakarị otú ha si chee na ha na nwanyị nọ mgbe ha na nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ. N'oge a na-emetọ onwe ha, ha na-ese onyinyo ahụmịhe mmekọahụ n'oge gara aga na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Money|first=John|authorlink=John Money|year=1980|title=Prison Sexology: Two Personal Accounts of Masturbation, Homosexuality, and Rape|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|volume=16|issue=3|pages=258–266|doi=10.1080/00224498009551082}}</ref> Ha na-ekere òkè n'omume nwoke idina nwoke n'ihi enweghị "ụzọ nwoke idina nwanyị".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hensley|first=Christopher|year=2002|title=Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality : A Review of Empirical Studies|journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse|volume=3|issue=3|pages=226–243|doi=10.1177/15248380020033005}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHensleyTewksbury2002">Hensley, Christopher; Tewksbury, Richard (2002). "Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality : A Review of Empirical Studies". ''Trauma, Violence, & Abuse''. '''3''' (3): 226–243. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/15248380020033005|10.1177/15248380020033005]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144144111 144144111].</cite></ref> === Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Ndị Na-enwe Mmekọahụ === Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ebi naanị ndị mkpọrọ nwoke na nwanyị, enwere ụfọdụ ụlọ ndị na-ebi ma ndị ikom ma ndị inyom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/coed-prisons-survey-finds-35-prisons-house-both-men-and-women|title=Coed Prison's Survey Finds 35 Prisons House Both Men and Women &#124; Office of Justice Programs|publisher=Ojp.gov|date=|accessdate=16 May 2022}}</ref> N'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ, e nwere ikpe ebe ndị mkpọrọ na-enwe mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị na ndị mkpọrọ nke nwoke na nwanyị. Tụkwasị na nke a, e nweela ọbụna oge ndị di na nwunye na-eme n'otu ebe. Otú ọ dị, mmekọahụ dị otú ahụ abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ma nwee ike isi ike maka ndị mkpọrọ ịhazi ibe ha n'ihi na ndị ikom na ndị inyom na-ekewapụ ibe ha na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị ọrụ ụlọ mkpọrọ na-enyocha ndị mkpọrọ nke ọma. Ụdị mmekọrịta a n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ na-enweta nlebara anya, n'ihi uru ọ yiri ka ọ na-enye ndị mkpọrọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị mkpọrọ nọ na mmekọrịta ndị a na-enwe ọkwa dị ala nke owu ọmụma ịhụnanya, ọkwa dị elu nke afọ ojuju mmekọahụ, yana ogo ndụ dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị mkpọrọ nwere di / onye mmekọ ịhụnanya n'èzí ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ndị mkpọrọ na-enweghị onye mmekọ ọ bụla. Nke a na-egosi na ndị mkpọrọ nọ n'otu ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ ga-erite uru site n'ịzụlite mmekọrịta ha na ndị mkpọrọ ndị ọzọ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe ebe a na-ekwe ka ndị mkpọrọ na ndị na-anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nke nwoke na nwanyị, a na-egosi mmekọrịta chiri anya na-aba uru maka ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke uche.<ref name="Carecedo">{{Cite journal|author=Carecedo|first=R. J.|title=Heterosexual romantic relationships inside of prison: partner status as predictor of loneliness, sexual satisfaction, and quality of life|journal=International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology|date=2011|volume=55|issue=6|pages=898–924|doi=10.1177/0306624x10373593|pmid=20581227}}</ref> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] law5you9uou7bw5g36f27xzufv7u89m 674212 674211 2026-07-08T18:42:10Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674212 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.rienner.com/uploads/526eae83c8aa1.pdf|title=Sex in Prison: Myths and Realities (Excerpts)|year=2014|editor=Marcum|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|location=Boulder, Colorado|isbn=978-1-62637-030-2|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref> mekorita ahu nke ndi no n'ulo mkporo bu mekorita ahu nke do n'etite ndi no n'ulo mkporo, maobu n'etite ndi na no n'ulo mkporo na ndi na Aru oru ebe ahu maobu ndi no n'ulo mkporo na ndi no ha NSO. Ebe ana edibe ndi mkporo site na otu okike ha, ha na enwe mmeko otu ahu. Mana ndi enwere nwunye maobu do esoghi ya ma onwe mekorita ahu ma onye nke ya bia elite ya n'ulo mkporo. Mmekọahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ okwu a na-aghọtahie ma na-akọwa ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi n'ihi ọ bụghị naanị ọdịdị nke isiokwu ahụ, kamakwa n'ihi enweghị nyocha.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Gibson|first=Lauren E.|year=2013|title=The Social Construction of Sexuality in Prison.|journal=The Prison Journal|volume=93|issue=3|pages=355–370|doi=10.1177/0032885513490503|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ac38627e8837e829c4b93c22ea37e81290abc505}}</ref> N'adịghị ka nkwenye a ma ama, ụdị mmekọahụ a na-ahụkarị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ mmekọahụ nkwekọrịta.<ref name=":1">''Ristroph, Alice. "Prison, Detention, and Correctional Institutions." Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender. Ed. Fedwa Malti-Douglas. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 1196-1199. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 October 2016.''</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2011 mepụtara usoro maka ụdị omume mmekọahụ dị iche iche n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị. Ha na-agụnye mgbochi, nke onye mkpọrọ na-ahọrọ Ịlụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye (''ya bụ,ya bụ,'' mmekọahụ mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, nke kachasị iji nọgide na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye onye òtù ọlụlụ na-anọghị n'ụlọ ikpe); auto-eroticism (ya bụ., masturbation); ezigbo nwoke idina nwoke n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ bụ ndị na-edina nwoke tupu ha abanye n'ụlọikpe); nwoke idina nwanyị idina nwoke (mmekọ nwoke n'ọnọdụ) na nwanyị n'etiti onye mkpọrọ nwere ahụmahụ nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị nke mbụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ); na ime ihe ike ịbụ onye otu onye mkpọrọ na onye mkpọrọ na nwanyị). Ime ihe ike mmekọahụ gụnyere ịmanye, ịchịkwa, na nrubeisi. A na-eme njikwa maka ike ma ọ bụ ụdị ụgwọ ọrụ ụfọdụ. Nkwado na-eme iji nweta nchekwa ma ọ bụ nchebe ma ọ bụ n'ihi egwu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Perdue|first=Angela|year=2011|title=Sex and Sexuality in Women's Prisons: A Preliminary Typological Investigation.|journal=The Prison Journal|volume=91|issue=3|pages=279–304|doi=10.1177/0032885511409869}}</ref> N'ozuzu, mmekọrịta ndị mkpọrọ na ndị mkpọrọ bụ mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị n'ihi na ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ekewapụkarị site na mmekọahụ. Ihe atụ nke ihe dị iche na iwu a mere na Canada na Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Sainte-Anne-des-Plaines. N'ebe ahụ, ndị omempụ abụọ a mara ikpe nke nwoke na nwanyị, Karla Homolka na Jean-Paul Gerbet, nwere ike itinye aka na mmekọahụ site na mgbidi eriri, nke bụ naanị ihe mgbochi na-ekewa ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. Ụlọ mkpọrọ a bụ ụlọ mkpọrọ nchebe kachasị elu na Canada ebe a ga-eziga ndị mkpọrọ nwoke na nwanyị ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere ha dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ.<ref name="homolka">{{Cite news|author=Mandel|first=Michele|title=Murder victim's sister fears killer will reunite with Karla Homolka|url=http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2008/01/14/murder-victims-sister-fears-killer-will-reunite-with-karla-homolka|date=14 January 2008|accessdate=1 October 2016}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta ndị mkpọrọ na ndị mkpọrọ == Nnyocha mbụ e mere banyere mmekọahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ na ụmụ nwanyị na 1913. N'afọ 1931, onye nchọpụta Selling chọpụtara na mmekọrịta dị iche iche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ (na ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị), dị ka "enyi na enyi, ndị otu pseudofamily, pseudohomosexuality, na ndina ụdị onwe".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hensley|first=Christopher|year=2002|title=Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality : A Review of Empirical Studies|journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse|volume=3|issue=3|pages=226–243|doi=10.1177/15248380020033005}}</ref> Ịmepụta ezinụlọ ndị a na-akpọ pseudofamilies abụwo ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị a bụ ezinụlọ ndị inyom mepụtara n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nke na-enye ha nkwado, nkekọ na mmekọrịta, dịka ezinụlọ ọdịnala ga-eme. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọ bụ naanị di na nwunye nọ n'ezinụlọ nwere mmekọahụ. Ụmụ nwanyị na-ewere ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị iji ṅomie ezinụlọ nwoke na nwanyị. "Mammy" ma ọ bụ "mumsy" na-enye nwanyị meworo okenye, nne n'ime ezinụlọ, na "Popsy" na-enyekwa nwanyị na-achịkwa, onye na-adịchaghị nwanyị. "Ndị nne na nna" ndị a na-abụkarị ndị okenye ma a na-ahụ ha dị ka ndị nduzi maka ndị mkpọrọ na-eto eto. Ọrụ n'ime pseudofamilies na-agbanwe agbanwe ma nwee ike ịgbanwe ka oge na-aga.[1]<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1965, Ward na Kassebaum mere nnyocha na Frontera site na ajụjụ ọnụ ma kwubie site n'aka ndị ọrụ na ndị mkpọrọ na "n'etiti 30% na 75% nke ndị mkpọrọ nwere mmekọahụ mgbe ha nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ", 50% nke ndị na-eme mmekọahụ. Mmekọahụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-abụkarị maka ntụrụndụ na ntụrụndaka, mgbe ụfọdụ na-agafe na mmekọrịta siri ike. Ọzọkwa, mmekọrịta ndị a mere n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị bi n'otu ebe ma ọ bụ n'etiti ndị inyom agbụrụ dị iche iche; mmekọrịta otu agbụrụ abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị. Mgbe nnyocha e mere na nyocha nke Propper mere na 1976, nsonaazụ ya maka ihe kpatara mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke gụnyere "egwuregwu egwuregwu, njikwa akụ na ụba, owu ọmụma, mkpa maka ọbụbụenyi, na ezi ịhụnanya".^[4] Onye nchọpụta Otis nyochara ihe a hụrụ dị ka "mmekọrịta na-abụghị nke okike" n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị agbụrụ.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2014, The Daily Telegraph kọwara mmekọrịta mmekọahụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ UK dị ka "ihe a na-ahụkarị".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ava Vidal|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-politics/10662145/Women-prisoners-Sex-in-prison-is-commonplace-the-male-inmates-just-hide-it-more-than-girls.html|title=Women prisoners: Sex in prison is commonplace, the male inmates just hide it more than girls|date=26 February 2014|work=The Daily Telegraph|authorlink=Ava Vidal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/many-prison-inmates-are-gay-forthe-stay-8605173.html|title=Many prison inmates are 'gay for the stay'|author=Kate Johns|date=6 May 2013|work=Independent Voices (Opinion)}}</ref> Na mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke, ụdị mmekọahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere: "butch" ma ọ bụ "daddy" na-ezo aka na nwanyị nwoke na-achịkwa. "femme" ma ọ dị "mama" bụ onye na-edo onwe ya n'okpuru. "aghụghọ" bụ nwa agbọghọ na-ekwe ka ndị ọzọ jiri ya mee ihe. "Commissary hustler" bụ onye nchịkwa. "Cherries" enwetụbeghị ahụmịhe nwanyị na "square" agaghị esonye na omume nwoke na nwoke.<ref name=":2" /> === Ndị mkpọrọ nwoke === A na-amụ banyere mmekọahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka ụmụ nwoke kemgbe afọ 1930. Nnyocha enweghị nkwekọrịta mmekọahụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ nnyocha e mere lekwasịrị anya na nrụgide.<ref name=":1">''Ristroph, Alice. "Prison, Detention, and Correctional Institutions." Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender. Ed. Fedwa Malti-Douglas. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 1196-1199. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 October 2016.''</ref> Mmetọ mmekọahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ nwoke. Ụmụ nwoke na-emetọ ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ mmekọahụ iji guzobe ọchịchị, ike na ịnọgide na-abụ nwoke.<ref name=":0" /> Na nkwekọrịta nchebe, ndị ikom na-adịghị ike n'ụzọ anụ ahụ ga-enye mmekọahụ nkwekọrịta iji gbanwere nchebe, nchekwa, ngwongwo ma ọ bụ nkwado.[1]<ref name=":1" /> Ụmụ nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ele omume nwoke na nwanyị ha anya dị ka ihe na-emetụta ọnọdụ ma ha nwere ike ọ gaghị ele onwe ha anya dị na nwoke na nwanyị. Ndị ikom a na-akọwakarị otú ha si chee na ha na nwanyị nọ mgbe ha na nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ. N'oge a na-emetọ onwe ha, ha na-ese onyinyo ahụmịhe mmekọahụ n'oge gara aga na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Money|first=John|authorlink=John Money|year=1980|title=Prison Sexology: Two Personal Accounts of Masturbation, Homosexuality, and Rape|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|volume=16|issue=3|pages=258–266|doi=10.1080/00224498009551082}}</ref> Ha na-ekere òkè n'omume nwoke idina nwoke n'ihi enweghị "ụzọ nwoke idina nwanyị".<ref name=":0" /> === Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Ndị Na-enwe Mmekọahụ === Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ebi naanị ndị mkpọrọ nwoke na nwanyị, enwere ụfọdụ ụlọ ndị na-ebi ma ndị ikom ma ndị inyom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/coed-prisons-survey-finds-35-prisons-house-both-men-and-women|title=Coed Prison's Survey Finds 35 Prisons House Both Men and Women &#124; Office of Justice Programs|publisher=Ojp.gov|date=|accessdate=16 May 2022}}</ref> N'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ, e nwere ikpe ebe ndị mkpọrọ na-enwe mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị na ndị mkpọrọ nke nwoke na nwanyị. Tụkwasị na nke a, e nweela ọbụna oge ndị di na nwunye na-eme n'otu ebe. Otú ọ dị, mmekọahụ dị otú ahụ abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ma nwee ike isi ike maka ndị mkpọrọ ịhazi ibe ha n'ihi na ndị ikom na ndị inyom na-ekewapụ ibe ha na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị ọrụ ụlọ mkpọrọ na-enyocha ndị mkpọrọ nke ọma. Ụdị mmekọrịta a n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ na-enweta nlebara anya, n'ihi uru ọ yiri ka ọ na-enye ndị mkpọrọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị mkpọrọ nọ na mmekọrịta ndị a na-enwe ọkwa dị ala nke owu ọmụma ịhụnanya, ọkwa dị elu nke afọ ojuju mmekọahụ, yana ogo ndụ dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị mkpọrọ nwere di / onye mmekọ ịhụnanya n'èzí ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ndị mkpọrọ na-enweghị onye mmekọ ọ bụla. Nke a na-egosi na ndị mkpọrọ nọ n'otu ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ ga-erite uru site n'ịzụlite mmekọrịta ha na ndị mkpọrọ ndị ọzọ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe ebe a na-ekwe ka ndị mkpọrọ na ndị na-anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nke nwoke na nwanyị, a na-egosi mmekọrịta chiri anya na-aba uru maka ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke uche.<ref name="Carecedo">{{Cite journal|author=Carecedo|first=R. J.|title=Heterosexual romantic relationships inside of prison: partner status as predictor of loneliness, sexual satisfaction, and quality of life|journal=International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology|date=2011|volume=55|issue=6|pages=898–924|doi=10.1177/0306624x10373593|pmid=20581227}}</ref> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eylwbd9edpkydnyxnokjnje2uxpdzbn 0 44601 674418 641166 2026-07-09T08:32:46Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Ihe ngosi */ 674418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eric Gyamfi''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1990) <ref name="olymcollection"/> bụ onye Ghana na-ese foto, bi na Accra, onye rụrụ ọrụ gbasara ndụ nwoke na nwanyị n'ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2023-04-15|title=Aperture 227|url=https://aperture.org/magazine/aperture-227/|work=[[Aperture (magazine)|Aperture]]}}</ref> E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi onwe ónyé ọtú nke ọbọdọ na mpaghara okpomọkụ ọdịda na Nubuke Foundation na Accra na Goethe-Institut na Johannesburg.<ref kkGyamfi - Goethe-Institut South Africa|url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/za/en/ver.cfm?event_id=21067340&fuseaction=events.detail|work=Goethe-Institut}}</ref><ref name="timeout">{{Cite web|accessdate=2023-04-15|title=Exhibition: See me, see you by Eric Gyamfi - Art in Accra|url=https://www.timeout.com/accra/art/exhibition-see-me-see-you-by-eric-gyamfi|work=Time Out Accra}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, ọ meriri Foam Paul Huf Award.<ref name="bjp">{{Cite web|first=Diane|author=Smyth|accessdate=2023-04-14|title=Eric Gyamfi wins the Foam Paul Huf Award|url=https://www.1854.photography/2019/03/gyamfi-paul-huf/|work=British Journal of Photography}}</ref> A mụrụ Gyamfi na Bekwai, Ghana . <ref name="olymcollection">{{Cite web|accessdate=2023-04-14|title=Eric Gyamfi - Biography|url=https://www.olymcollection.art/artists/37-eric-gyamfi/biography/|work=Olym Collection}}</ref> O nwere BA na ọmụmụ ozi na akụ na ụba site na Mahadum Ghana (2010-2014). Kemgbe ahụ na-erizi mmụta sayensị nnyocha nke ọbọdọ afọ 2018, ọ na-amụ maka MFA na Ngalaba Na-ese Ihe na Ihe Ọkpụkpụ, Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ Kwame Nkrumah, Kumasi . <ref name="bjp"/> == Ndụ na ọrụ == Usoro Just Like Us na-edekọ ndị mmadụ na obodo dị iche iche na Ghana."igosi na ndị na-eme ihe ike dị iche iche dị nakwa na ha dị ka ntọala na mpaghara okpomọkụ ọdịda anyanwụ n'ala nke ekwere Afrịka onye ọ bụla ọzọ". Na Ghana, a na-akpa ókè megide ndị na-eme ihe ọ bụla, omume Mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị bụ iwu na-akwadoghị. Emere ya na oji na ọcha, foto ndị ahụ dị ka Ekow Eshun kọwara na ''The Guardian'', bụ ihe na-echetara ndụ kwa ụbọchị, nke akpọrọ Ama na Shana na nri ehihie; Kwasi na osimiri Kokrobite; Atsu n'oge ịgba egwú; Kwasi n'àkwà. Mgbe a na-ewere queerness dị ka ihe megidere nke ọma, azịza, na-atụ aro Gyamfi, bụ ịmanye na ndị mmadụ na-edepụta ma na-ekwupụta ha dị ka ndị dị mgbagwoju anya dịka onye ọ bụla ọzọ. "<ref name="nytimes"/><ref>{{Cite news|first=Ekow|author=Eshun|accessdate=2023-04-14|title=‘A queer person can be anybody': the African photographers exploring identity|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/mar/15/africa-state-of-mind-extract-ekow-eshun|work=The Guardian|date=15 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|accessdate=2023-04-14|title=Memories and beauty captured in Africa|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42620666|work=BBC News|date=17 January 2018}}</ref> Usoro foto onwe onye, Asylum, na-enyocha mmekọahụ nwoke Africa na ndabere nke okpukpe na ọdịnala.<ref>{{Cite news|accessdate=2023-04-14|title=In pictures: Lagos photo festival on African identity|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37768022|work=BBC News|date=2 November 2016}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == * See Me See You, Nubuke Foundation, Accra, 2016/17<ref name="timeout" /> * Gyamfi Just Like Us: Constellations, Goethe-Institut, Johannesburg, 2017/18 <ref name="goethe">{{Cite web|accessdate=2023-04-15|title=Exhibition: "Just Like Us: Constellations" by Eric Gyamfi - Goethe-Institut South Africa|url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/za/en/ver.cfm?event_id=21067340&fuseaction=events.detail|work=Goethe-Institut}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi ìgwè === * ''"Gịnị ka ị na-ele anya? Ònye ka ị na ya na-ekwu okwu?"'', Spazju Kreakut, Valletta, Malta, 2023<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2023-04-15|title=Artists from Africa and her Diaspora|url=https://artpaper.press/news/artists-from-africa-and-her-diaspora/|date=5 January 2023}}</ref> == Onyinye == * 2016: Onyinye ego mberede nke Magnum Foundation, Magnum Foto maka See You See Me<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|first=Jake|author=Naughton|accessdate=2023-04-14|title=Photos That Celebrate Ghana's L.G.B.T. Community|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2017/04/04/photos-celebrate-ghana-lgbt-community/|date=4 April 2017|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2023-04-14|title=Time Exclusive: Magnum Emergency Fund Announces 2016 Grantees|url=https://time.com/4268020/magnum-emergency-fund-2016/|work=Time|archivedate=2016-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107214459/http://time.com/4268020/magnum-emergency-fund-2016/}}</ref> * 2019: Foam Paul Huf Award site na Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam, onyinye £ 20,000, maka ọrụ ya niile ruo ugbu a, gụnyere Fixing Shadows; Julius na m <ref name="bjp"/> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gyamfi, Eric}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hg2yvxprobecl7w3wp73ww00ksxld4e 0 44673 674318 641957 2026-07-08T23:28:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Emmanuel Akyeampong|image=|caption=|birth_name=Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong|birth_date=|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|other_names=|education=|alma_mater=[[University of Ghana]]; [[Wake Forest University]]; [[University of Virginia]]|nationality=Ghanaian|occupation=Professor of History and African and African American Studies at [[Harvard University]]|years_active=|employer=|known_for=|title=|boards=|spouse=|children=|relatives=}} '''Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1962) bụ prọfesọ nke [[Ákíkó mbu|akụkọ ihe mere eme]] na Ọmụmụ Africa na Africa America, na onye isi oche Oppenheimer Faculty nke Harvard University Center for African Studies na Mahadum Harvard . <ref name="harv bio">{{Cite web|title=Emmanuel K. Akyeampong|url=http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/emmanuel-akyeampong|publisher=Department of History, Harvard University|accessdate=28 October 2014|archivedate=28 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028082327/http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/emmanuel-akyeampong}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na mpaghara ọwụwa ndọrọ ọchịchị ọrụ pụrụ na-arụkọ ọrụ na ngalaba Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, onye so na W. E. B. Du Bois Institute, ma nwee ọkwa prọfesọ nke Harvard College.<ref name="weatherhead bio">{{Cite web|title=Emmanuel K. Akyeampong|url=http://wcfia.harvard.edu/people/emmanuel-k-akyeampong|publisher=Weatherhead Center Faculty Associates, Harvard University|accessdate=28 October 2014|archivedate=28 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028082126/http://wcfia.harvard.edu/people/emmanuel-k-akyeampong}}</ref><ref name="Harvardprofs"/> Dị ka onye bụbu (2002-06) Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii na-ahụ maka ọmụmụ Afrịka (nke bụzi Center of African Studies, n'okpuru nduzi nke onye ọchịchị ọrụ pụrụ ntakịrị ahụ na-erizi isi nchoputa Caroline Elkins), Akyeampong nyere aka, ya na Henry Louis Gates na ọtụtụ ndị otu ngalaba ndị ọzọ na Mahadum Harvard, n'ịkpụzi Ngalaba nke African na African American Studies na Harvard. Nnyocha Akyeampong na-elekwasị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke West Africa, Islam na mpaghara Sahara Africa, ọrịa na ọgwụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, diaspora Africa, akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na azụmahịa.<ref name="aaas bio">{{Cite web|title=Emmanuel K. Akyeampong|url=http://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/people/emmanuel-k-akyeampong|publisher=Department of African and African America Studies Faculty, Harvard University|accessdate=28 October 2014|archivedate=28 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028082235/http://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/people/emmanuel-k-akyeampong}}</ref><ref name="Harvardprofs">{{Cite web|work=[[The Harvard Gazette]]|title=Four Named Harvard College Professors|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2004/05/four-named-harvard-college-professors/#:~:text=Ewa%20Lajer%2DBurcharth%20(above),four%20new%20Harvard%20College%20Professors.&text=In%20recognition%20of%20their%20dedication,been%20named%20Harvard%20College%20Professors.|date=20 May 2004|accessdate=13 October 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2004/05/four-named-harvard-college-professors/#:~:text=Ewa%20Lajer%2DBurcharth%20(above),four%20new%20Harvard%20College%20Professors.&text=In%20recognition%20of%20their%20dedication,been%20named%20Harvard%20College%20Professors. "Four Named Harvard College Professors"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ Harvard Gazette|The Harvard Gazette]]''. 20 May 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Akyeampong sitere na [[Ghana]], nwetara B.A. ya na mpaghara ọwụwa ndọrọ Mahadum Ghana na 1984, M.A. na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Europe na Mahadum Wake Forest na 1989, na Ph.D. na akụkọ Africa na Mahadum Virginia na 1993.<ref name="Harvardprofs"/> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akyeampong, Emmanuel K.}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9frip8sqcqzpi9ck8gpodvatxboyfvs 0 44742 674267 166698 2026-07-08T20:40:00Z Johnnybam 24488 674267 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mmiri ara ehi ọbara (French: Petit paysan, lit. 'Little peasant') bụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri French nke 2017 nke Hubert Charuel duziri na mpụta mbụ ya. E gosipụtara ya na ngalaba izu ụka nkatọ na 2017 Cannes Film Festival . <ref name="premiere">{{Cite web|url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/grand-est/haute-marne/saint-dizier-0/film-petit-paysan-selectionne-cannes-premiere-hier-soir-saint-dizier-1313723.html|title=Le film "Petit paysan", sélectionné à Cannes, en avant-première à Saint-Dizier|work=francetvinfo.fr|date=20 August 2017|accessdate=27 February 2021|language=fr}}</ref> == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * Swann Arlaud dị ka Pierre Chavanges * Sara Giraudeau dị ka Pascale Chavanges * Bouli Lanners dị ka Jamy * Isabelle Candelier dị ka Madame Chavanges * [[Jean-Paul Charuel]] dị ka Monsieur Chavanges * India Hair dị ka Angélique * Géraldine Martineau dị ka Emma * [[Valentin Lespinasse]] dị ka Jean-Denis * [[Clément Bresson|Clement Bresson]] dị ka Fabrice * [[Jean Charuel]] dị ka Raymond * [[Julian Janeczko]] dị ka Thomas * [[Franc Bruneau]] dị ka Régis * Claude Le Pape dị ka Francine == Ntọhapụ == Ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara n'ụwa niile na ngalaba Critics' Week na 70th Cannes Film Festival na 20 Mee 2017. <ref name="premiere" /> A tọhapụrụ ya na ụlọ ihe nkiri French na 30 Ọgọst 2017. == Nnakwere == === Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ === Bloody Milk nwetara $ 0 na North America na $ 3.8 nde na France, megide mmefu ego nke ihe dị ka $ 3.9 nde. === Nzaghachi nkatọ === Ihe nkiri ahụ nwere nkwado 75% na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nchịkọta nyocha Rotten Tomatoes, dabere na nyocha 8, na nkezi nke 7/10.<ref name="RT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bloody_milk|title=''Bloody Milk'' (2017)|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]. [[Fandango Media]]|accessdate=27 February 2021}}</ref> === Ndị a nabatara === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Ihe nrite ! scope="col" |Ụdị ! scope="col" |Onye natara ya ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ |- | rowspan="4" |2017 |Emume ihe nkiri nke Cannes |Igwefoto Ọlaedo | rowspan="4" |Hubert Charuel| {{Nom}} |- |Ememme Ihe nkiri Jerusalem |Ihe nrite FIPRESCI maka ihe nkiri mbụ nke mba ụwa| {{Nom}} |- |Emume Ihe nkiri nke Philadelphia |Ihe nrite Archie maka Best First Feature| {{Won}} |- |Ihe nrite Louis Delluc |Ihe nkiri Mbụ Kasị Mma| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="9" |2018 |Ihe nrite Cristal |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Swann Arlaud| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="8" |Ihe nrite nke Caesar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.academie-cinema.org/ceremonie/palmares.html|title=Palmarès 2018 - 43e cérémonie des César|work=[[Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma]]|date=2 March 2018|accessdate=3 March 2018|language=fr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122054119/http://www.academie-cinema.org/ceremonie/palmares.html|archivedate=22 January 2019}}</ref> |Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma |Stéphanie Bermann na Alexis Dulguerian| {{Nom}} |- |Ihe nkiri Mbụ Kasị Mma | rowspan="2" |Hubert Charuel| {{Won}} |- |Onye nduzi kacha mma| {{Nom}} |- |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Swann Arlaud| {{Won}} |- |Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma |Sara Giraudeau| {{Won}} |- |Ihe nkiri kachasị mma |Hubert Charuel na Claude Le Pape| {{Nom}} |- |Nhazi Kasị Mma |Julie Lena, Lilian Corbeille na Grégoire Pontécaille| {{Nom}} |- |Egwú Mbụ Kasị Mma |Myd| {{Nom}} |- |} == Hụkwa == * 2017 na ihe nkiri == Ebem si dee == nze742hgauuj8zpjtjnsb37sfhipood 0 44745 674213 166711 2026-07-08T18:43:36Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674213 wikitext text/x-wiki Gender in advertising bu Ihe onyonyo na okwu nke eji agba oso ahia nke eji ekwuputa mana egosi agwa umunwoke na umunwaanyi. Igba oso ahia nke na egosi ma na ezi ozi gbasara MMA bu Ihe ana elekwasi Anya na Ihe ona eme ebe nwoke na nwanyi no nakwa umuntorobia. Gendered advertisement na e dozi Ihe ana Acho na ebe ndi mmadu no okachasi ahu ha na agwa ha. == Okike na idebe ọdịdị nwoke na nwanyị == Mgbasa ozi bụ ihe dị mkpa nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ime obodo ndị mepere emepe nke oge a, a na-ejikwa ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji lekọta ụfọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze, dị ka okike. A na-egosi ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị dị iche iche n'àgwà, omume, na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Belknap|first=Penny|date=1991-08-01|title=A conceptual replication and extension of erving goffman's study of gender advertisements|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00289848|journal=Sex Roles|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=103–118|doi=10.1007/BF00289848|issn=1573-2762}}</ref> A na-emepụta ihe oyiyi ndị a iji ṅomie ndụ n'ezie, na-eduga na mgbagwoju anya mgbe ị na-ekewa echiche nke echiche efu na eziokwu n'ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi. N'akwụkwọ ya Gender Advertising, onye edemede Erving Goffman na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "realism azụmahịa" maka mbọ ndị mgbasa ozi na-agba iji gosipụta ụwa mgbasa ozi n'ụzọ ọ nwere ike ịbụ eziokwu.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|author=Goffman|first=Erving|title=Gender advertisements|date=1979|publisher=Harper & Row|isbn=0060906332|edition=1st Harper colophon|series=Harper colophon books|location=New York}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwukarị ya, echiche nwoke na nwanyị gosipụtara na mgbasa ozi bụ ihe dị adị. Nke a bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na mgbe ajọ mbunobi dị na mgbasa ozi, a na-etinye ha n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ime nkwenkwe onye na-ekiri ya, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na nkwenkwe ahụ adịlarị, mgbe ahụ, a na'ike ha. Mgbe ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri hụrụ mgbasa ozi nke ụmụ nwoke na-akpa àgwà na-abụghị nke a na-ahụkarị, onye na-ekiri ya yighị ka ọ ga-eme ka ndị ọzọ bụrụ ndị a na-ele anya na-eleghara anya na-adabere na okike ha.[3] N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-egosipụta ụmụ nwoke dị ka ndị na-achịkwa, ndị na-enye ego, ndị na'ọrụ, ndị siri ike na ndị nweere onwe ha, ebe a na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị nọ n'okpuru, ndị ọrụ dị ala, ma ọ bụ ndị nwunye na ndị nne hụrụ n'anya nke ọrụ ha na-elekwasị anya n'ịzụlite ụmụaka na ịrụ ọrụ ụlọ. Ndị na-adịghị iṅomi ihe ngosi nwoke na nwanyị a na-ahụ na mgbasa ozi na ụdị mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ nwere ike iche na ha dị ala n'ihi ọdịiche ha, nke nwere ike igbochi mmadụ ịhọrọ ịchụso ndụ ha chọrọ, na-eyi ahụike uche ha egwu.<ref name=":07">{{Cite journal|author=Antoniou|first=Alexandros|date=2020-01-02|title=Gender portrayals in advertising: stereotypes, inclusive marketing and regulation|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17577632.2020.1783125|journal=Journal of Media Law|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=78–115|doi=10.1080/17577632.2020.1783125|issn=1757-7632}}</ref> Goffman na-eji ọnọdụ ndị ikom na ndị inyom dị ka nke nne na nna na nwa tụnyere nke nne na ibe. E nwere echiche atọ a ma ama gbasara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mgbasa ozi na nkwenkwe ọha na eze. Echiche enyo na-ele mgbasa ozi anya dị ka ngosipụta nke ọdịbendị nke a na-emepụta mgbasa ozi, ebe echiche ebu na-eche banyere mgbasa ozi dị ka ndị na-emepụta ọdịbendị. Mmekọrịta ikpeazụ a tụrụ aro n'etiti mgbasa ozi na nkwenkwe ọha na eze bụ ngwakọta nke abụọ mbụ ma na-ewere site n'akụkụ abụọ. Ndị ọkachamara na-akpọsa na-agbaso echiche enyo, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ike dịka ndị na-azụ ahịa ịchọpụta ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na mgbasa ozi, ndị ọkachamara a na-enwekarị nnagide dị elu maka isiokwu ndị na-akpa ókè nwoke na nwoke.[1] Ndị ọkachamara na mgbasa ozi China, mgbe a jụrụ ha na nyocha, na-ele mgbasa ozi ha anya dị ka ihe na-emegharị eziokwu kama ịbụ ihe na-abụghị eziokwu nke ụwa n'ezie na-emeghachi.[1] E nwere ọtụtụ arụmụka n'ụwa mgbasa ozi ma iwu onwe onye bụ ihe niile dị mkpa iji mee ka isiokwu ịkpa ókè ghara ịdị, na ndị na-akwado ụzọ a na-aga n'ihu na-akwado maka onyinye na nkwalite dị mma iji gbaa mgbanwe ume ebe ndị na-emegide na-ekwu na nke a emeghị mgbanwe dị mkpa ruo ugbu a.[1]<ref name=":06" /> == Nkwupụta nke ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị == === Ngosipụta na mgbasa ozi ndị ntorobịa === Ana ahu advertisment na ebe do iche iche dika TV, billboard na social media. Umuaka na elezi Ihe ndia n'oge ntakiri. Umuaka na amuta Ihe site na ele Anya nakwa ịkpa agwa Ka ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bakir|first=Aysen|date=April 2010|title=How are Children's Attitudes Toward Ads and Brands Affected by Gender-Related Content in Advertising?|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2753/JOA0091-3367390103|journal=Journal of Advertising|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=35–48|doi=10.2753/JOA0091-3367390103|issn=0091-3367}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi nke na-ere ụmụ agbọghọ na-agụnye ihe dịgasị iche iche na-akpali akpali nke na-agwa ma na-akpụzi ihe ụmụaka na-eme n'ime okike. Na mgbasa ozi a na-ere maka ụmụ agbọghọ, a na-ejikarị agba pinki eme ihe, a na'egosipụtakwa isiokwu ndị ahụ n'ebe dị ọcha ma dị jụụ na-egwuri egwu na ihe egwuregwu nke na-eṅomi atụmanya ndụ nke ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka ihe egwuregwu nke-eṅмик omume ụlọ dị ka isi nri na ihicha, <ref name=":22">{{Cite book|author=Frith|first=Katherine Toland|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/435967591|title=Advertising and societies: global issues|date=2010|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-4331-0385-8|edition=2nd|location=New York|oclc=435967591}}</ref> yana ụmụ bebi ejiji. Ihe atụ a ma ama nke nwa bebi ejiji bụ Barbie, nke na-arụ ọrụ na echiche ahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ọgbọ, na-akpata enweghị afọ ojuju dị elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nesbitt|first=Amy|date=2019-06-25|title=Barbie's new look: Exploring cognitive body representation among female children and adolescents|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=14|issue=6|pages=e0218315|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0218315|issn=1932-6203|pmid=31237885}}</ref> A na-etinyekwa ụkpụrụ ịma mma dị elu n'ahụ ụmụ agbọghọ site n'ụzọ dị ka magazin ndị ntorobịa na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, na-akpata nrụgide na-arịwanye elu na ụmụ agbọghọ ka ha yie ndị nwere mmekọahụ na ndị mara mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Papageorgiou|first=Alana|date=2022-06-27|title="Why don't I look like her?" How adolescent girls view social media and its connection to body image|journal=BMC Women's Health|volume=22|issue=1|pages=261|doi=10.1186/s12905-022-01845-4|issn=1472-6874|pmid=35761231}}</ref> Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosila na ụmụ agbọghọ na-etinye oge ka ukwuu na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na-egosi nrụgide na mgbalị dị ukwuu n'iṅomi ihe oyiyi ha na-ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Papageorgiou|first=Alana|date=December 2022|title="Why don't I look like her?" How adolescent girls view social media and its connection to body image|journal=BMC Women's Health|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12905-022-01845-4|issn=1472-6874|pmid=35761231}}</ref> A na-ahụkarị ụmụ okorobịa na mgbasa ozi na-egosipụta omume ime ihe ike, na mgbe ụfọdụ ime ihe ike mgbe ha na-egwuri egwu na ihe egwuregwu ha. <ref name=":22">{{Cite book|author=Frith|first=Katherine Toland|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/435967591|title=Advertising and societies: global issues|date=2010|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-4331-0385-8|edition=2nd|location=New York|oclc=435967591}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFrithMueller2010">Frith, Katherine Toland; Mueller, Barbara (2010). [https://www.worldcat.org/title/435967591 ''Advertising and societies: global issues''] (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Peter Lang. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-1-4331-0385-8|<bdi>978-1-4331-0385-8</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe njirimara)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/435967591 435967591].</cite></ref>Enwere ike ịhụ ụmụ nwoke na-egwuri egwu na ihe egwuregwu dịgasị iche iche nwere isiokwu nke ime ihe ike, dị ka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-eji ngwá agha, ma ọ bụ ngwá agha, na nyocha na-atụ aro na ụdị egwuregwu a nwere ike ime ka ụmụ nwoke ghara inwe mmetụta na ime ihe ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Basch|first=Corey|date=2015-10-25|title=Advertising Violent Toys in Weekly Circulars of Popular Retailers in the United States|url=http://journals.tbzmed.ac.ir/HPP/Abstract/HPP_3153_20150601010123|journal=Health Promotion Perspectives|language=en|volume=5|issue=3|pages=191–197|doi=10.15171/hpp.2015.023|pmid=26634197|issn=2228-6497}}</ref> Ụmụ nwoke anọwo na-enwe ihe egwuregwu ma ọ bụ egwuregwu dị iche iche iji kpọọ. Ihe atụ ụfọdụ nke ndị a na-agụnye ngwá ọrụ ngwaike, ụgbọala, na ihe omume. A na-egosikwa ụmụ nwoke na-egwuri egwu na ihe egwuregwu ndị na-eṅomi nkà na ikike dịgasị iche iche nke enwere ike iji mee ihe n'ebe ọrụ, na-emetụta ha ka ha chọọ ọrụ dịgasịgasị iche site na nwata.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Endendijk|first=Joyce J.|date=2022-01-19|title=Children's Views About Their Future Career and Family Involvement: Associations With Children's Gender Schemas and Parents' Involvement in Work and Family Roles|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=12|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789764|pmid=35126242|issn=1664-1078}}</ref> === Ngosipụta nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị === Goffman na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ka ike gwụ site na ngosipụta mgbasa ozi n'ụdị ise: nha dị iche iche, aka nwanyị, ọrụ nhazi nke ịnọ n'okpuru, na ikikere mwepụ. Mgbasa ozi ndị a na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị, ma ọ bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, na-esikarị na isiokwu nke ndụ ezinụlọ, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ejiji.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Törrönen|first=Jukka|date=November 2017|title=Women's changing responsibilities and pleasures as consumers: An analysis of alcohol-related advertisements in Finnish, Italian, and Swedish women's magazines from the 1960s to the 2000s|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1469540516631151|journal=Journal of Consumer Culture|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=794–822|doi=10.1177/1469540516631151|issn=1469-5405}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị anaghị adịkarị na mgbasa ozi na-atọ ọchị, mgbe mgbasa ozi na'adịghịkwa ọchị, a na-ewere echiche ha na-egosipụta n'ụzọ siri ike. Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, a na-ere ngwaahịa, dị ka; moisturizers, ncha, deodorants, na shampoos nye ụmụ nwanyị site na usoro ọhụrụ nke egwu, mmekọahụ, na emulation, <ref name=":32">{{Cite book|author=Sivulka|first=Juliann|title=Soap, sex, and cigarettes: a cultural history of american advertising|date=2012|publisher=Wadsworth|isbn=978-1-133-31113-3|edition=2|location=Boston}}</ref> usoro atọ dị mkpa nke na-aga n'ihu na-emetụta mgbasa ozi n'oge a. Ụzọ egwu na mgbasa ozi site n'oge a na-egosipụtakarị ụmụ nwanyị na-emezughị atụmanya ọha na eze na ha na-egosi mgbe niile na-eche ihu na ịjụ ọha, na-ese ha dị ka ndị a chụpụrụ na ndị na-adịghị achọ ụmụ nwoke, na ọtụtụ ihe atụ sitere na mgbasa ozi nke oge a na-eme ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na'enweghị ike ịnọgide na-enwe ọkwa dị ọcha nke onwe ha. Mgbasa ozi nwere nkwa na site na ịzụta ngwaahịa ha, ụmụ nwanyị ga-aghọ ndị a na-achọsi ike.[1]<ref name=":32" /> Atụmanya na ụmụ nwanyị ga-edebe gburugburu ebe obibi dị ọcha, lekọta ụmụ ha, ma jeere di ha ozi site na mgbasa ozi nke oge a. Ọtụtụ ndị mgbasa ozi nwere nkwa na onye nwere ike ịzụta ga-enwe ike ịrụ ọrụ ndị a n'ụzọ dị mfe na nke ọma.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|author=Sivulka|first=Juliann|title=Soap, sex, and cigarettes: a cultural history of american advertising|date=2012|publisher=Wadsworth|isbn=978-1-133-31113-3|edition=2|location=Boston}}</ref> A na-egosikarị ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-enweghị enyemaka n'ebe ọ bụla ma e wezụga ihe a tụrụ anya ya, na-adabere na ụmụ nwoke iji rụọ ọrụ siri ike n'uche ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ anụ ahụ maka ha.<ref name=":14" /> n1tm0qu40maw4mh7kgfcrkbgch5cuyo 674215 674213 2026-07-08T18:45:37Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674215 wikitext text/x-wiki Gender in advertising bu Ihe onyonyo na okwu nke eji agba oso ahia nke eji ekwuputa mana egosi agwa umunwoke na umunwaanyi. Igba oso ahia nke na egosi ma na ezi ozi gbasara MMA bu Ihe ana elekwasi Anya na Ihe ona eme ebe nwoke na nwanyi no nakwa umuntorobia. Gendered advertisement na e dozi Ihe ana Acho na ebe ndi mmadu no okachasi ahu ha na agwa ha. == Okike na idebe ọdịdị nwoke na nwanyị == Mgbasa ozi bụ ihe dị mkpa nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ime obodo ndị mepere emepe nke oge a, a na-ejikwa ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji lekọta ụfọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze, dị ka okike. A na-egosi ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị dị iche iche n'àgwà, omume, na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Belknap|first=Penny|date=1991-08-01|title=A conceptual replication and extension of erving goffman's study of gender advertisements|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00289848|journal=Sex Roles|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=103–118|doi=10.1007/BF00289848|issn=1573-2762}}</ref> A na-emepụta ihe oyiyi ndị a iji ṅomie ndụ n'ezie, na-eduga na mgbagwoju anya mgbe ị na-ekewa echiche nke echiche efu na eziokwu n'ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi. N'akwụkwọ ya Gender Advertising, onye edemede Erving Goffman na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "realism azụmahịa" maka mbọ ndị mgbasa ozi na-agba iji gosipụta ụwa mgbasa ozi n'ụzọ ọ nwere ike ịbụ eziokwu.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|author=Goffman|first=Erving|title=Gender advertisements|date=1979|publisher=Harper & Row|isbn=0060906332|edition=1st Harper colophon|series=Harper colophon books|location=New York}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwukarị ya, echiche nwoke na nwanyị gosipụtara na mgbasa ozi bụ ihe dị adị. Nke a bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na mgbe ajọ mbunobi dị na mgbasa ozi, a na-etinye ha n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ime nkwenkwe onye na-ekiri ya, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na nkwenkwe ahụ adịlarị, mgbe ahụ, a na'ike ha. Mgbe ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri hụrụ mgbasa ozi nke ụmụ nwoke na-akpa àgwà na-abụghị nke a na-ahụkarị, onye na-ekiri ya yighị ka ọ ga-eme ka ndị ọzọ bụrụ ndị a na-ele anya na-eleghara anya na-adabere na okike ha.[3] N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-egosipụta ụmụ nwoke dị ka ndị na-achịkwa, ndị na-enye ego, ndị na'ọrụ, ndị siri ike na ndị nweere onwe ha, ebe a na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị nọ n'okpuru, ndị ọrụ dị ala, ma ọ bụ ndị nwunye na ndị nne hụrụ n'anya nke ọrụ ha na-elekwasị anya n'ịzụlite ụmụaka na ịrụ ọrụ ụlọ. Ndị na-adịghị iṅomi ihe ngosi nwoke na nwanyị a na-ahụ na mgbasa ozi na ụdị mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ nwere ike iche na ha dị ala n'ihi ọdịiche ha, nke nwere ike igbochi mmadụ ịhọrọ ịchụso ndụ ha chọrọ, na-eyi ahụike uche ha egwu.<ref name=":07">{{Cite journal|author=Antoniou|first=Alexandros|date=2020-01-02|title=Gender portrayals in advertising: stereotypes, inclusive marketing and regulation|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17577632.2020.1783125|journal=Journal of Media Law|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=78–115|doi=10.1080/17577632.2020.1783125|issn=1757-7632}}</ref> Goffman na-eji ọnọdụ ndị ikom na ndị inyom dị ka nke nne na nna na nwa tụnyere nke nne na ibe. E nwere echiche atọ a ma ama gbasara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mgbasa ozi na nkwenkwe ọha na eze. Echiche enyo na-ele mgbasa ozi anya dị ka ngosipụta nke ọdịbendị nke a na-emepụta mgbasa ozi, ebe echiche ebu na-eche banyere mgbasa ozi dị ka ndị na-emepụta ọdịbendị. Mmekọrịta ikpeazụ a tụrụ aro n'etiti mgbasa ozi na nkwenkwe ọha na eze bụ ngwakọta nke abụọ mbụ ma na-ewere site n'akụkụ abụọ. Ndị ọkachamara na-akpọsa na-agbaso echiche enyo, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ike dịka ndị na-azụ ahịa ịchọpụta ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na mgbasa ozi, ndị ọkachamara a na-enwekarị nnagide dị elu maka isiokwu ndị na-akpa ókè nwoke na nwoke.[1] Ndị ọkachamara na mgbasa ozi China, mgbe a jụrụ ha na nyocha, na-ele mgbasa ozi ha anya dị ka ihe na-emegharị eziokwu kama ịbụ ihe na-abụghị eziokwu nke ụwa n'ezie na-emeghachi.[1] E nwere ọtụtụ arụmụka n'ụwa mgbasa ozi ma iwu onwe onye bụ ihe niile dị mkpa iji mee ka isiokwu ịkpa ókè ghara ịdị, na ndị na-akwado ụzọ a na-aga n'ihu na-akwado maka onyinye na nkwalite dị mma iji gbaa mgbanwe ume ebe ndị na-emegide na-ekwu na nke a emeghị mgbanwe dị mkpa ruo ugbu a.[1]<ref name=":06" /> == Nkwupụta nke ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị == === Ngosipụta na mgbasa ozi ndị ntorobịa === Ana ahu advertisment na ebe do iche iche dika TV, billboard na social media. Umuaka na elezi Ihe ndia n'oge ntakiri. Umuaka na amuta Ihe site na ele Anya nakwa ịkpa agwa Ka ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bakir|first=Aysen|date=April 2010|title=How are Children's Attitudes Toward Ads and Brands Affected by Gender-Related Content in Advertising?|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2753/JOA0091-3367390103|journal=Journal of Advertising|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=35–48|doi=10.2753/JOA0091-3367390103|issn=0091-3367}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi nke na-ere ụmụ agbọghọ na-agụnye ihe dịgasị iche iche na-akpali akpali nke na-agwa ma na-akpụzi ihe ụmụaka na-eme n'ime okike. Na mgbasa ozi a na-ere maka ụmụ agbọghọ, a na-ejikarị agba pinki eme ihe, a na'egosipụtakwa isiokwu ndị ahụ n'ebe dị ọcha ma dị jụụ na-egwuri egwu na ihe egwuregwu nke na-eṅomi atụmanya ndụ nke ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka ihe egwuregwu nke-eṅмик omume ụlọ dị ka isi nri na ihicha, <ref name=":22">{{Cite book|author=Frith|first=Katherine Toland|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/435967591|title=Advertising and societies: global issues|date=2010|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-4331-0385-8|edition=2nd|location=New York|oclc=435967591}}</ref> yana ụmụ bebi ejiji. Ihe atụ a ma ama nke nwa bebi ejiji bụ Barbie, nke na-arụ ọrụ na echiche ahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ọgbọ, na-akpata enweghị afọ ojuju dị elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nesbitt|first=Amy|date=2019-06-25|title=Barbie's new look: Exploring cognitive body representation among female children and adolescents|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=14|issue=6|pages=e0218315|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0218315|issn=1932-6203|pmid=31237885}}</ref> A na-etinyekwa ụkpụrụ ịma mma dị elu n'ahụ ụmụ agbọghọ site n'ụzọ dị ka magazin ndị ntorobịa na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, na-akpata nrụgide na-arịwanye elu na ụmụ agbọghọ ka ha yie ndị nwere mmekọahụ na ndị mara mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Papageorgiou|first=Alana|date=2022-06-27|title="Why don't I look like her?" How adolescent girls view social media and its connection to body image|journal=BMC Women's Health|volume=22|issue=1|pages=261|doi=10.1186/s12905-022-01845-4|issn=1472-6874|pmid=35761231}}</ref> Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosila na ụmụ agbọghọ na-etinye oge ka ukwuu na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na-egosi nrụgide na mgbalị dị ukwuu n'iṅomi ihe oyiyi ha na-ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Papageorgiou|first=Alana|date=December 2022|title="Why don't I look like her?" How adolescent girls view social media and its connection to body image|journal=BMC Women's Health|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12905-022-01845-4|issn=1472-6874|pmid=35761231}}</ref> A na-ahụkarị ụmụ okorobịa na mgbasa ozi na-egosipụta omume ime ihe ike, na mgbe ụfọdụ ime ihe ike mgbe ha na-egwuri egwu na ihe egwuregwu ha. <ref name=":22" />Enwere ike ịhụ ụmụ nwoke na-egwuri egwu na ihe egwuregwu dịgasị iche iche nwere isiokwu nke ime ihe ike, dị ka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-eji ngwá agha, ma ọ bụ ngwá agha, na nyocha na-atụ aro na ụdị egwuregwu a nwere ike ime ka ụmụ nwoke ghara inwe mmetụta na ime ihe ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Basch|first=Corey|date=2015-10-25|title=Advertising Violent Toys in Weekly Circulars of Popular Retailers in the United States|url=http://journals.tbzmed.ac.ir/HPP/Abstract/HPP_3153_20150601010123|journal=Health Promotion Perspectives|language=en|volume=5|issue=3|pages=191–197|doi=10.15171/hpp.2015.023|pmid=26634197|issn=2228-6497}}</ref> Ụmụ nwoke anọwo na-enwe ihe egwuregwu ma ọ bụ egwuregwu dị iche iche iji kpọọ. Ihe atụ ụfọdụ nke ndị a na-agụnye ngwá ọrụ ngwaike, ụgbọala, na ihe omume. A na-egosikwa ụmụ nwoke na-egwuri egwu na ihe egwuregwu ndị na-eṅomi nkà na ikike dịgasị iche iche nke enwere ike iji mee ihe n'ebe ọrụ, na-emetụta ha ka ha chọọ ọrụ dịgasịgasị iche site na nwata.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Endendijk|first=Joyce J.|date=2022-01-19|title=Children's Views About Their Future Career and Family Involvement: Associations With Children's Gender Schemas and Parents' Involvement in Work and Family Roles|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=12|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789764|pmid=35126242|issn=1664-1078}}</ref> === Ngosipụta nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị === Goffman na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ka ike gwụ site na ngosipụta mgbasa ozi n'ụdị ise: nha dị iche iche, aka nwanyị, ọrụ nhazi nke ịnọ n'okpuru, na ikikere mwepụ. Mgbasa ozi ndị a na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị, ma ọ bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, na-esikarị na isiokwu nke ndụ ezinụlọ, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ejiji.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Törrönen|first=Jukka|date=November 2017|title=Women's changing responsibilities and pleasures as consumers: An analysis of alcohol-related advertisements in Finnish, Italian, and Swedish women's magazines from the 1960s to the 2000s|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1469540516631151|journal=Journal of Consumer Culture|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=794–822|doi=10.1177/1469540516631151|issn=1469-5405}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị anaghị adịkarị na mgbasa ozi na-atọ ọchị, mgbe mgbasa ozi na'adịghịkwa ọchị, a na-ewere echiche ha na-egosipụta n'ụzọ siri ike. Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, a na-ere ngwaahịa, dị ka; moisturizers, ncha, deodorants, na shampoos nye ụmụ nwanyị site na usoro ọhụrụ nke egwu, mmekọahụ, na emulation, <ref name=":32">{{Cite book|author=Sivulka|first=Juliann|title=Soap, sex, and cigarettes: a cultural history of american advertising|date=2012|publisher=Wadsworth|isbn=978-1-133-31113-3|edition=2|location=Boston}}</ref> usoro atọ dị mkpa nke na-aga n'ihu na-emetụta mgbasa ozi n'oge a. Ụzọ egwu na mgbasa ozi site n'oge a na-egosipụtakarị ụmụ nwanyị na-emezughị atụmanya ọha na eze na ha na-egosi mgbe niile na-eche ihu na ịjụ ọha, na-ese ha dị ka ndị a chụpụrụ na ndị na-adịghị achọ ụmụ nwoke, na ọtụtụ ihe atụ sitere na mgbasa ozi nke oge a na-eme ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na'enweghị ike ịnọgide na-enwe ọkwa dị ọcha nke onwe ha. Mgbasa ozi nwere nkwa na site na ịzụta ngwaahịa ha, ụmụ nwanyị ga-aghọ ndị a na-achọsi ike.[1]<ref name=":32" /> Atụmanya na ụmụ nwanyị ga-edebe gburugburu ebe obibi dị ọcha, lekọta ụmụ ha, ma jeere di ha ozi site na mgbasa ozi nke oge a. Ọtụtụ ndị mgbasa ozi nwere nkwa na onye nwere ike ịzụta ga-enwe ike ịrụ ọrụ ndị a n'ụzọ dị mfe na nke ọma.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|author=Sivulka|first=Juliann|title=Soap, sex, and cigarettes: a cultural history of american advertising|date=2012|publisher=Wadsworth|isbn=978-1-133-31113-3|edition=2|location=Boston}}</ref> A na-egosikarị ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-enweghị enyemaka n'ebe ọ bụla ma e wezụga ihe a tụrụ anya ya, na-adabere na ụmụ nwoke iji rụọ ọrụ siri ike n'uche ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ anụ ahụ maka ha.<ref name=":14" /> gn3o230ehzrhcx6ugpgehr2g2dn0syc 674490 674215 2026-07-09T11:33:07Z Ceentia 24734 674490 wikitext text/x-wiki Gender in advertising bu Ihe onyonyo na okwu nke eji agba oso ahia nke eji ekwuputa mana egosi agwa umunwoke na umunwaanyi. Igba oso ahia nke na egosi ma na ezi ozi gbasara MMA bu Ihe ana elekwasi Anya na Ihe ona eme ebe nwoke na nwanyi no nakwa umuntorobia. Gendered advertisement na e dozi Ihe ana Acho na ebe ndi mmadu no okachasi ahu ha na agwa ha. == Okike na idebe ọdịdị nwoke na nwanyị == Mgbasa ozi bụ ihe dị mkpa nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ime obodo ndị mepere emepe nke oge a, a na-ejikwa ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji lekọta ụfọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze, dị ka okike. A na-egosi ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị dị iche iche n'àgwà, omume, na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Belknap|first=Penny|date=1991-08-01|title=A conceptual replication and extension of erving goffman's study of gender advertisements|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00289848|journal=Sex Roles|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=103–118|doi=10.1007/BF00289848|issn=1573-2762}}</ref> A na-emepụta ihe oyiyi ndị a iji ṅomie ndụ n'ezie, na-eduga na mgbagwoju anya mgbe ị na-ekewa echiche nke echiche efu na eziokwu n'ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi. N'akwụkwọ ya Gender Advertising, onye edemede Erving Goffman na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "realism azụmahịa" maka mbọ ndị mgbasa ozi na-agba iji gosipụta ụwa mgbasa ozi n'ụzọ ọ nwere ike ịbụ eziokwu.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|author=Goffman|first=Erving|title=Gender advertisements|date=1979|publisher=Harper & Row|isbn=0060906332|edition=1st Harper colophon|series=Harper colophon books|location=New York}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwukarị ya, echiche nwoke na nwanyị gosipụtara na mgbasa ozi bụ ihe dị adị. Nke a bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na mgbe ajọ mbunobi dị na mgbasa ozi, a na-etinye ha n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ime nkwenkwe onye na-ekiri ya, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na nkwenkwe ahụ adịlarị, mgbe ahụ, a na'ike ha. Mgbe ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri hụrụ mgbasa ozi nke ụmụ nwoke na-akpa àgwà na-abụghị nke a na-ahụkarị, onye na-ekiri ya yighị ka ọ ga-eme ka ndị ọzọ bụrụ ndị a na-ele anya na-eleghara anya na-adabere na okike ha.[3] N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-egosipụta ụmụ nwoke dị ka ndị na-achịkwa, ndị na-enye ego, ndị na'ọrụ, ndị siri ike na ndị nweere onwe ha, ebe a na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị nọ n'okpuru, ndị ọrụ dị ala, ma ọ bụ ndị nwunye na ndị nne hụrụ n'anya nke ọrụ ha na-elekwasị anya n'ịzụlite ụmụaka na ịrụ ọrụ ụlọ. Ndị na-adịghị iṅomi ihe ngosi nwoke na nwanyị a na-ahụ na mgbasa ozi na ụdị mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ nwere ike iche na ha dị ala n'ihi ọdịiche ha, nke nwere ike igbochi mmadụ ịhọrọ ịchụso ndụ ha chọrọ, na-eyi ahụike uche ha egwu.<ref name=":07">{{Cite journal|author=Antoniou|first=Alexandros|date=2020-01-02|title=Gender portrayals in advertising: stereotypes, inclusive marketing and regulation|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17577632.2020.1783125|journal=Journal of Media Law|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=78–115|doi=10.1080/17577632.2020.1783125|issn=1757-7632}}</ref> Goffman na-eji ọnọdụ ndị ikom na ndị inyom dị ka nke nne na nna na nwa tụnyere nke nne na ibe. E nwere echiche atọ a ma ama gbasara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mgbasa ozi na nkwenkwe ọha na eze. Echiche enyo na-ele mgbasa ozi anya dị ka ngosipụta nke ọdịbendị nke a na-emepụta mgbasa ozi, ebe echiche ebu na-eche banyere mgbasa ozi dị ka ndị na-emepụta ọdịbendị. Mmekọrịta ikpeazụ a tụrụ aro n'etiti mgbasa ozi na nkwenkwe ọha na eze bụ ngwakọta nke abụọ mbụ ma na-ewere site n'akụkụ abụọ. Ndị ọkachamara na-akpọsa na-agbaso echiche enyo, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ike dịka ndị na-azụ ahịa ịchọpụta ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na mgbasa ozi, ndị ọkachamara a na-enwekarị nnagide dị elu maka isiokwu ndị na-akpa ókè nwoke na nwoke.[1] Ndị ọkachamara na mgbasa ozi China, mgbe a jụrụ ha na nyocha, na-ele mgbasa ozi ha anya dị ka ihe na-emegharị eziokwu kama ịbụ ihe na-abụghị eziokwu nke ụwa n'ezie na-emeghachi.[1] E nwere ọtụtụ arụmụka n'ụwa mgbasa ozi ma iwu onwe onye bụ ihe niile dị mkpa iji mee ka isiokwu ịkpa ókè ghara ịdị, na ndị na-akwado ụzọ a na-aga n'ihu na-akwado maka onyinye na nkwalite dị mma iji gbaa mgbanwe ume ebe ndị na-emegide na-ekwu na nke a emeghị mgbanwe dị mkpa ruo ugbu a. == Nkwupụta nke ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị == === Ngosipụta na mgbasa ozi ndị ntorobịa === Ana ahu advertisment na ebe do iche iche dika TV, billboard na social media. Umuaka na elezi Ihe ndia n'oge ntakiri. Umuaka na amuta Ihe site na ele Anya nakwa ịkpa agwa Ka ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bakir|first=Aysen|date=April 2010|title=How are Children's Attitudes Toward Ads and Brands Affected by Gender-Related Content in Advertising?|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2753/JOA0091-3367390103|journal=Journal of Advertising|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=35–48|doi=10.2753/JOA0091-3367390103|issn=0091-3367}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi nke na-ere ụmụ agbọghọ na-agụnye ihe dịgasị iche iche na-akpali akpali nke na-agwa ma na-akpụzi ihe ụmụaka na-eme n'ime okike. Na mgbasa ozi a na-ere maka ụmụ agbọghọ, a na-ejikarị agba pinki eme ihe, a na'egosipụtakwa isiokwu ndị ahụ n'ebe dị ọcha ma dị jụụ na-egwuri egwu na ihe egwuregwu nke na-eṅomi atụmanya ndụ nke ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka ihe egwuregwu nke-eṅмик omume ụlọ dị ka isi nri na ihicha, <ref name=":22">{{Cite book|author=Frith|first=Katherine Toland|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/435967591|title=Advertising and societies: global issues|date=2010|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-4331-0385-8|edition=2nd|location=New York|oclc=435967591}}</ref> yana ụmụ bebi ejiji. Ihe atụ a ma ama nke nwa bebi ejiji bụ Barbie, nke na-arụ ọrụ na echiche ahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ọgbọ, na-akpata enweghị afọ ojuju dị elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nesbitt|first=Amy|date=2019-06-25|title=Barbie's new look: Exploring cognitive body representation among female children and adolescents|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=14|issue=6|pages=e0218315|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0218315|issn=1932-6203|pmid=31237885}}</ref> A na-etinyekwa ụkpụrụ ịma mma dị elu n'ahụ ụmụ agbọghọ site n'ụzọ dị ka magazin ndị ntorobịa na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, na-akpata nrụgide na-arịwanye elu na ụmụ agbọghọ ka ha yie ndị nwere mmekọahụ na ndị mara mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Papageorgiou|first=Alana|date=2022-06-27|title="Why don't I look like her?" How adolescent girls view social media and its connection to body image|journal=BMC Women's Health|volume=22|issue=1|pages=261|doi=10.1186/s12905-022-01845-4|issn=1472-6874|pmid=35761231}}</ref> Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosila na ụmụ agbọghọ na-etinye oge ka ukwuu na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na-egosi nrụgide na mgbalị dị ukwuu n'iṅomi ihe oyiyi ha na-ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Papageorgiou|first=Alana|date=December 2022|title="Why don't I look like her?" How adolescent girls view social media and its connection to body image|journal=BMC Women's Health|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12905-022-01845-4|issn=1472-6874|pmid=35761231}}</ref> A na-ahụkarị ụmụ okorobịa na mgbasa ozi na-egosipụta omume ime ihe ike, na mgbe ụfọdụ ime ihe ike mgbe ha na-egwuri egwu na ihe egwuregwu ha. <ref name=":22" />Enwere ike ịhụ ụmụ nwoke na-egwuri egwu na ihe egwuregwu dịgasị iche iche nwere isiokwu nke ime ihe ike, dị ka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-eji ngwá agha, ma ọ bụ ngwá agha, na nyocha na-atụ aro na ụdị egwuregwu a nwere ike ime ka ụmụ nwoke ghara inwe mmetụta na ime ihe ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Basch|first=Corey|date=2015-10-25|title=Advertising Violent Toys in Weekly Circulars of Popular Retailers in the United States|url=http://journals.tbzmed.ac.ir/HPP/Abstract/HPP_3153_20150601010123|journal=Health Promotion Perspectives|language=en|volume=5|issue=3|pages=191–197|doi=10.15171/hpp.2015.023|pmid=26634197|issn=2228-6497}}</ref> Ụmụ nwoke anọwo na-enwe ihe egwuregwu ma ọ bụ egwuregwu dị iche iche iji kpọọ. Ihe atụ ụfọdụ nke ndị a na-agụnye ngwá ọrụ ngwaike, ụgbọala, na ihe omume. A na-egosikwa ụmụ nwoke na-egwuri egwu na ihe egwuregwu ndị na-eṅomi nkà na ikike dịgasị iche iche nke enwere ike iji mee ihe n'ebe ọrụ, na-emetụta ha ka ha chọọ ọrụ dịgasịgasị iche site na nwata.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Endendijk|first=Joyce J.|date=2022-01-19|title=Children's Views About Their Future Career and Family Involvement: Associations With Children's Gender Schemas and Parents' Involvement in Work and Family Roles|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=12|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789764|pmid=35126242|issn=1664-1078}}</ref> === Ngosipụta nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị === Goffman na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ka ike gwụ site na ngosipụta mgbasa ozi n'ụdị ise: nha dị iche iche, aka nwanyị, ọrụ nhazi nke ịnọ n'okpuru, na ikikere mwepụ. Mgbasa ozi ndị a na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị, ma ọ bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, na-esikarị na isiokwu nke ndụ ezinụlọ, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ejiji.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Törrönen|first=Jukka|date=November 2017|title=Women's changing responsibilities and pleasures as consumers: An analysis of alcohol-related advertisements in Finnish, Italian, and Swedish women's magazines from the 1960s to the 2000s|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1469540516631151|journal=Journal of Consumer Culture|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=794–822|doi=10.1177/1469540516631151|issn=1469-5405}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị anaghị adịkarị na mgbasa ozi na-atọ ọchị, mgbe mgbasa ozi na'adịghịkwa ọchị, a na-ewere echiche ha na-egosipụta n'ụzọ siri ike. Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, a na-ere ngwaahịa, dị ka; moisturizers, ncha, deodorants, na shampoos nye ụmụ nwanyị site na usoro ọhụrụ nke egwu, mmekọahụ, na emulation, <ref name=":32">{{Cite book|author=Sivulka|first=Juliann|title=Soap, sex, and cigarettes: a cultural history of american advertising|date=2012|publisher=Wadsworth|isbn=978-1-133-31113-3|edition=2|location=Boston}}</ref> usoro atọ dị mkpa nke na-aga n'ihu na-emetụta mgbasa ozi n'oge a. Ụzọ egwu na mgbasa ozi site n'oge a na-egosipụtakarị ụmụ nwanyị na-emezughị atụmanya ọha na eze na ha na-egosi mgbe niile na-eche ihu na ịjụ ọha, na-ese ha dị ka ndị a chụpụrụ na ndị na-adịghị achọ ụmụ nwoke, na ọtụtụ ihe atụ sitere na mgbasa ozi nke oge a na-eme ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na'enweghị ike ịnọgide na-enwe ọkwa dị ọcha nke onwe ha. Mgbasa ozi nwere nkwa na site na ịzụta ngwaahịa ha, ụmụ nwanyị ga-aghọ ndị a na-achọsi ike.[1]<ref name=":32" /> Atụmanya na ụmụ nwanyị ga-edebe gburugburu ebe obibi dị ọcha, lekọta ụmụ ha, ma jeere di ha ozi site na mgbasa ozi nke oge a. Ọtụtụ ndị mgbasa ozi nwere nkwa na onye nwere ike ịzụta ga-enwe ike ịrụ ọrụ ndị a n'ụzọ dị mfe na nke ọma.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|author=Sivulka|first=Juliann|title=Soap, sex, and cigarettes: a cultural history of american advertising|date=2012|publisher=Wadsworth|isbn=978-1-133-31113-3|edition=2|location=Boston}}</ref> A na-egosikarị ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-enweghị enyemaka n'ebe ọ bụla ma e wezụga ihe a tụrụ anya ya, na-adabere na ụmụ nwoke iji rụọ ọrụ siri ike n'uche ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ anụ ahụ maka ha.<ref name=":14" /> aplqih8yui1prwalz456yoqyl5kg2r3 0 44796 674221 166844 2026-07-08T18:54:28Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674221 wikitext text/x-wiki Na adi m'ime, ana enwe nnukwu ntughari obi na ezigbo nje infection. == Ihe ndị na-ekpebi ihe n'ozuzu == E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ ma ọ bụ ihe kpatara ihe ize ndụ a: * Mmụba nke ikike ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'oge ime iji gbochie mmeghachi omume ahụ ji alụkwaghịm megide nwa e bu n'afọ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * Mgbanwe ahụike nne gụnyere mbelata nke iku ume na nsị n'ihi uto akpa nwa.<ref name="KourtisRead2014">{{Cite journal|author=Kourtis|first=Athena P.|title=Pregnancy and Infection|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=23|year=2014|pages=2211–2218|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1213566|pmid=24897084}}</ref> * Ọnụnọ nke Placenta maka pathogens iji mee ihe dị ka ebe obibi, dị ka site na ''L. Monocytogenes'' na ''P. falciparum''.[1]<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> == Ihe Nlereanya == Ndị inyom dị ime na-emetụta influenza, Hepatitis E, herpes simplex na [[Iba|ịba]].<ref name="KourtisRead2014">{{Cite journal|author=Kourtis|first=Athena P.|title=Pregnancy and Infection|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=23|year=2014|pages=2211–2218|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1213566|pmid=24897084}}</ref> Ihe akaebe ahụ pere mpe maka coccidioidomycosis, kịtịkpa, kịtịgbụgbọ, na varicella.[1] Ime ime nwekwara ike ime ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-arịa ọrịa toxoplasmosis.<ref name="Jamieson">Jamieson DJ, Theiler RN, Rasmussen SA. Emerging infections and pregnancy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Nov. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no11/06-0152.htm</ref> N'oge ọrịa H1N1 nke afọ 2009, yana n'oge interpandemic, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa nke atọ nke afọ ime nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu maka ọrịa siri ike, dị ka ọrịa chọrọ ịbanye na Ngalaba nlekọta siri ike ma ọ bụ na-akpata ọnwụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwanyị nọ na ọkwa mbụ nke afọ ime.<ref name="KourtisRead2014">{{Cite journal|author=Kourtis|first=Athena P.|title=Pregnancy and Infection|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=23|year=2014|pages=2211–2218|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1213566|pmid=24897084}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKourtisReadJamieson2014">Kourtis, Athena P.; Read, Jennifer S.; Jamieson, Denise J. (2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 "Pregnancy and Infection"]. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''370''' (23): 2211–2218. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1213566|10.1056/NEJMra1213566]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0028-4793|0028-4793]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 4459512]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24897084 24897084].</cite></ref> Maka ịba ọcha n'anya E, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị dị ime dị n'etiti 15% na 25%, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe dị n'agbata 0.5 na 4% n'ime ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu ha, na-emetụta ya n'ụzọ kachasị elu na atọ.<ref name="KourtisRead2014">{{Cite journal|author=Kourtis|first=Athena P.|title=Pregnancy and Infection|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=23|year=2014|pages=2211–2218|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1213566|pmid=24897084}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKourtisReadJamieson2014">Kourtis, Athena P.; Read, Jennifer S.; Jamieson, Denise J. (2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 "Pregnancy and Infection"]. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''370''' (23): 2211–2218. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1213566|10.1056/NEJMra1213566]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0028-4793|0028-4793]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 4459512]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24897084 24897084].</cite></ref> Ọrịa herpes simplex, mgbe ọ na-eme n'ime ụmụ nwanyị dị ime, nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke mgbasa na ịba ọcha n'anya, nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe na ndị okenye nwere ikike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọkachasị n'oge atọ nke atọ.<ref name="KourtisRead2014">{{Cite journal|author=Kourtis|first=Athena P.|title=Pregnancy and Infection|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=23|year=2014|pages=2211–2218|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1213566|pmid=24897084}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKourtisReadJamieson2014">Kourtis, Athena P.; Read, Jennifer S.; Jamieson, Denise J. (2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 "Pregnancy and Infection"]. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''370''' (23): 2211–2218. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1213566|10.1056/NEJMra1213566]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0028-4793|0028-4793]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 4459512]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24897084 24897084].</cite></ref> Ọzọkwa, mmeghachi omume nke herpes genitalis na-abawanye n'oge ime.[1]<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Ihe ize ndụ nke [[Iba|ịba]] siri ike site na ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ji okpukpu atọ karịa nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime, na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ nne nke 40% a kọrọ na nyocha na mpaghara Asia-Pacific.<ref name="KourtisRead2014">{{Cite journal|author=Kourtis|first=Athena P.|title=Pregnancy and Infection|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=23|year=2014|pages=2211–2218|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1213566|pmid=24897084}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKourtisReadJamieson2014">Kourtis, Athena P.; Read, Jennifer S.; Jamieson, Denise J. (2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 "Pregnancy and Infection"]. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''370''' (23): 2211–2218. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1213566|10.1056/NEJMra1213566]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0028-4793|0028-4793]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 4459512]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24897084 24897084].</cite></ref> N'ime ụmụ nwanyị ebe ime abụghị nke mbụ, ọrịa ịba anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọbụlagodi na nnukwu ibu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ime mbụ ha.[1] Enwere mbelata nke ịba na-arịwanye elu, ma eleghị anya n'ihi mgbochi nke antigen ime ime.[1] Afọ nne na-eto eto ma na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ ahụ dịkwuo elu.[1] Nnyocha dị iche ma ihe ize ndụ ahụ dị iche na [[wiktionary:trimester|trimesters]] dị iche iche.[1] Obere data na-egosi na ịba nke ''Plasmodium vivax'' kpatara na-aka njọ n'oge ime ime.[1]<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> A kọọrọ na coccidioidomycosis siri ike ma gbasaa na-eme ugboro ugboro n'ime ụmụ nwanyị dị ime n'ọtụtụ akụkọ na usoro ikpe, mana nnukwu nnyocha ndị sochirinụ, na ihe ize ndụ n'ozuzu ya dị ala.<ref name="KourtisRead2014">{{Cite journal|author=Kourtis|first=Athena P.|title=Pregnancy and Infection|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=23|year=2014|pages=2211–2218|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1213566|pmid=24897084}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKourtisReadJamieson2014">Kourtis, Athena P.; Read, Jennifer S.; Jamieson, Denise J. (2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 "Pregnancy and Infection"]. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''370''' (23): 2211–2218. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1213566|10.1056/NEJMra1213566]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0028-4793|0028-4793]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 4459512]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24897084 24897084].</cite></ref> Varicella na eme na nnukwu ma nwaanyi diri ime, mana ona egbu nwoke maobu nwaanyi na adighi ime.<ref name="KourtisRead2014">{{Cite journal|author=Kourtis|first=Athena P.|title=Pregnancy and Infection|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=23|year=2014|pages=2211–2218|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1213566|pmid=24897084}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKourtisReadJamieson2014">Kourtis, Athena P.; Read, Jennifer S.; Jamieson, Denise J. (2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 "Pregnancy and Infection"]. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''370''' (23): 2211–2218. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1213566|10.1056/NEJMra1213566]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0028-4793|0028-4793]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 4459512]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24897084 24897084].</cite></ref> Listeriosis na-emekarị n'oge atọ nke atọ, na ụmụ nwanyị Hispanic na-egosi na ha nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="KourtisRead2014">{{Cite journal|author=Kourtis|first=Athena P.|title=Pregnancy and Infection|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=23|year=2014|pages=2211–2218|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1213566|pmid=24897084}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKourtisReadJamieson2014">Kourtis, Athena P.; Read, Jennifer S.; Jamieson, Denise J. (2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 "Pregnancy and Infection"]. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''370''' (23): 2211–2218. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1213566|10.1056/NEJMra1213566]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0028-4793|0028-4793]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 4459512]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24897084 24897084].</cite></ref> Listeriosis bụ [[Ọrịa a na-ebute site n'elu|Ọrịa a na-ebute n'elu]] ala nke nwere ike ịkpata ime ọpụpụ, [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ịmụ nwa]] nwụrụ anwụ, ịmụ nwa tupu oge eruo, ma ọ bụ ọrịa siri ike nke nwa ọhụrụ.[1]<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Ufodu infection na efe efe, nkowa bu na onwere Ike emetu NWA ebu na afo. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> k3x4osmji1c9k08mvedd48kbaaxv0ol 674222 674221 2026-07-08T18:58:12Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674222 wikitext text/x-wiki Na adi m'ime, ana enwe nnukwu ntughari obi na ezigbo nje infection. == Ihe ndị na-ekpebi ihe n'ozuzu == E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ ma ọ bụ ihe kpatara ihe ize ndụ a: * Mmụba nke ikike ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'oge ime iji gbochie mmeghachi omume ahụ ji alụkwaghịm megide nwa e bu n'afọ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * Mgbanwe ahụike nne gụnyere mbelata nke iku ume na nsị n'ihi uto akpa nwa.<ref name="KourtisRead2014">{{Cite journal|author=Kourtis|first=Athena P.|title=Pregnancy and Infection|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=23|year=2014|pages=2211–2218|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1213566|pmid=24897084}}</ref> * Ọnụnọ nke Placenta maka pathogens iji mee ihe dị ka ebe obibi, dị ka site na ''L. Monocytogenes'' na ''P. falciparum''.[1]<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> == Ihe Nlereanya == Ndị inyom dị ime na-emetụta influenza, Hepatitis E, herpes simplex na [[Iba|ịba]].<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Ihe akaebe ahụ pere mpe maka coccidioidomycosis, kịtịkpa, kịtịgbụgbọ, na varicella.[1] Ime ime nwekwara ike ime ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-arịa ọrịa toxoplasmosis.<ref name="Jamieson">Jamieson DJ, Theiler RN, Rasmussen SA. Emerging infections and pregnancy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Nov. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no11/06-0152.htm</ref> N'oge ọrịa H1N1 nke afọ 2009, yana n'oge interpandemic, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa nke atọ nke afọ ime nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu maka ọrịa siri ike, dị ka ọrịa chọrọ ịbanye na Ngalaba nlekọta siri ike ma ọ bụ na-akpata ọnwụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwanyị nọ na ọkwa mbụ nke afọ ime.<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Maka ịba ọcha n'anya E, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị dị ime dị n'etiti 15% na 25%, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe dị n'agbata 0.5 na 4% n'ime ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu ha, na-emetụta ya n'ụzọ kachasị elu na atọ.<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Ọrịa herpes simplex, mgbe ọ na-eme n'ime ụmụ nwanyị dị ime, nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke mgbasa na ịba ọcha n'anya, nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe na ndị okenye nwere ikike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọkachasị n'oge atọ nke atọ.<ref name="KourtisRead2014">{{Cite journal|author=Kourtis|first=Athena P.|title=Pregnancy and Infection|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=23|year=2014|pages=2211–2218|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1213566|pmid=24897084}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKourtisReadJamieson2014">Kourtis, Athena P.; Read, Jennifer S.; Jamieson, Denise J. (2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 "Pregnancy and Infection"]. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''370''' (23): 2211–2218. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1213566|10.1056/NEJMra1213566]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0028-4793|0028-4793]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459512 4459512]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24897084 24897084].</cite></ref> Ọzọkwa, mmeghachi omume nke herpes genitalis na-abawanye n'oge ime.[1]<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Ihe ize ndụ nke [[Iba|ịba]] siri ike site na ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ji okpukpu atọ karịa nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime, na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ nne nke 40% a kọrọ na nyocha na mpaghara Asia-Pacific.<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> N'ime ụmụ nwanyị ebe ime abụghị nke mbụ, ọrịa ịba anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọbụlagodi na nnukwu ibu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ime mbụ ha.[1] Enwere mbelata nke ịba na-arịwanye elu, ma eleghị anya n'ihi mgbochi nke antigen ime ime.[1] Afọ nne na-eto eto ma na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ ahụ dịkwuo elu.[1] Nnyocha dị iche ma ihe ize ndụ ahụ dị iche na [[wiktionary:trimester|trimesters]] dị iche iche.[1] Obere data na-egosi na ịba nke ''Plasmodium vivax'' kpatara na-aka njọ n'oge ime ime.[1]<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> A kọọrọ na coccidioidomycosis siri ike ma gbasaa na-eme ugboro ugboro n'ime ụmụ nwanyị dị ime n'ọtụtụ akụkọ na usoro ikpe, mana nnukwu nnyocha ndị sochirinụ, na ihe ize ndụ n'ozuzu ya dị ala.<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Varicella na eme na nnukwu ma nwaanyi diri ime, mana ona egbu nwoke maobu nwaanyi na adighi ime.<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Listeriosis na-emekarị n'oge atọ nke atọ, na ụmụ nwanyị Hispanic na-egosi na ha nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Listeriosis bụ [[Ọrịa a na-ebute site n'elu|Ọrịa a na-ebute n'elu]] ala nke nwere ike ịkpata ime ọpụpụ, [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ịmụ nwa]] nwụrụ anwụ, ịmụ nwa tupu oge eruo, ma ọ bụ ọrịa siri ike nke nwa ọhụrụ.[1]<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Ufodu infection na efe efe, nkowa bu na onwere Ike emetu NWA ebu na afo. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> bwkx1b0stq9i3wib9lkst6qlu4vpdqn 674223 674222 2026-07-08T19:01:40Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674223 wikitext text/x-wiki Na adi m'ime, ana enwe nnukwu ntughari obi na ezigbo nje infection. == Ihe ndị na-ekpebi ihe n'ozuzu == E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ ma ọ bụ ihe kpatara ihe ize ndụ a: * Mmụba nke ikike ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'oge ime iji gbochie mmeghachi omume ahụ ji alụkwaghịm megide nwa e bu n'afọ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * Mgbanwe ahụike nne gụnyere mbelata nke iku ume na nsị n'ihi uto akpa nwa.<ref name="KourtisRead2014">{{Cite journal|author=Kourtis|first=Athena P.|title=Pregnancy and Infection|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=23|year=2014|pages=2211–2218|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1213566|pmid=24897084}}</ref> * Ọnụnọ nke Placenta maka pathogens iji mee ihe dị ka ebe obibi, dị ka site na ''L. Monocytogenes'' na ''P. falciparum''.[1]<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> == Ihe Nlereanya == Ndị inyom dị ime na-emetụta influenza, Hepatitis E, herpes simplex na [[Iba|ịba]].<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Ihe akaebe ahụ pere mpe maka coccidioidomycosis, kịtịkpa, kịtịgbụgbọ, na varicella.[1] Ime ime nwekwara ike ime ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-arịa ọrịa toxoplasmosis.<ref name="Jamieson">Jamieson DJ, Theiler RN, Rasmussen SA. Emerging infections and pregnancy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Nov. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no11/06-0152.htm</ref> N'oge ọrịa H1N1 nke afọ 2009, yana n'oge interpandemic, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa nke atọ nke afọ ime nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu maka ọrịa siri ike, dị ka ọrịa chọrọ ịbanye na Ngalaba nlekọta siri ike ma ọ bụ na-akpata ọnwụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwanyị nọ na ọkwa mbụ nke afọ ime.<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Maka ịba ọcha n'anya E, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị dị ime dị n'etiti 15% na 25%, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe dị n'agbata 0.5 na 4% n'ime ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu ha, na-emetụta ya n'ụzọ kachasị elu na atọ.<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Ọrịa herpes simplex, mgbe ọ na-eme n'ime ụmụ nwanyị dị ime, nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke mgbasa na ịba ọcha n'anya, nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe na ndị okenye nwere ikike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọkachasị n'oge atọ nke atọ.<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Ọzọkwa, mmeghachi omume nke herpes genitalis na-abawanye n'oge ime.[1]<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Ihe ize ndụ nke [[Iba|ịba]] siri ike site na ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ji okpukpu atọ karịa nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime, na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ nne nke 40% a kọrọ na nyocha na mpaghara Asia-Pacific.<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> N'ime ụmụ nwanyị ebe ime abụghị nke mbụ, ọrịa ịba anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọbụlagodi na nnukwu ibu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ime mbụ ha.[1] Enwere mbelata nke ịba na-arịwanye elu, ma eleghị anya n'ihi mgbochi nke antigen ime ime.[1] Afọ nne na-eto eto ma na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ ahụ dịkwuo elu.[1] Nnyocha dị iche ma ihe ize ndụ ahụ dị iche na [[wiktionary:trimester|trimesters]] dị iche iche.[1] Obere data na-egosi na ịba nke ''Plasmodium vivax'' kpatara na-aka njọ n'oge ime ime.[1]<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> A kọọrọ na coccidioidomycosis siri ike ma gbasaa na-eme ugboro ugboro n'ime ụmụ nwanyị dị ime n'ọtụtụ akụkọ na usoro ikpe, mana nnukwu nnyocha ndị sochirinụ, na ihe ize ndụ n'ozuzu ya dị ala.<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Varicella na eme na nnukwu ma nwaanyi diri ime, mana ona egbu nwoke maobu nwaanyi na adighi ime.<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Listeriosis na-emekarị n'oge atọ nke atọ, na ụmụ nwanyị Hispanic na-egosi na ha nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Listeriosis bụ [[Ọrịa a na-ebute site n'elu|Ọrịa a na-ebute n'elu]] ala nke nwere ike ịkpata ime ọpụpụ, [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ịmụ nwa]] nwụrụ anwụ, ịmụ nwa tupu oge eruo, ma ọ bụ ọrịa siri ike nke nwa ọhụrụ.[1]<ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Ufodu infection na efe efe, nkowa bu na onwere Ike emetu NWA ebu na afo. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> o421225diksbu4wxawwjf1efikl5o7e 0 44850 674246 166937 2026-07-08T20:14:33Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 674246 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mona A. El-Bayoumi (ahụ 1962) bụ onye America na-ese ihe na ihe nkiri mgbasa ozi agwakọta . == ndabere == Amụrụ na Alexandria, Egypt na 1962, El-Bayoumi kwagara United States mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, wee zụlite ya na East Lansing, Michigan, ebe nne na nna ya kuziri na Mahadum Michigan State.[1][2]  O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Fine Arts site na Michigan State na 1985, ọkachamara na eserese na eserese.[1] [2]  Mgbe ọ bụ nwata akwụkwọ, ọ nọrọ otu afọ na London ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nka studio.  Na 1998–1999 ọ dechara mmemme ọnwa itoolu na National Museum of Women in the Arts na Washington, D.C., wee nweta asambodo na ụlọ ngosi nka na nhazi ihe ngosi na imewe site na Mahadum Georgetown. <ref name="Oweis">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists|author=Oweis|first=Fayeq S.|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2008|isbn=9780313337307|series=Artists of the American Mosaic|location=Westport, Connecticut; London|pages=105–108}}</ref> == Artwork na ọrụ == <ref name="Oweis" />Ọrụ El-Bayoumi na-egosi ndị mmadụ, anụmanụ, ihe na ọdịdị ala na acrylic, watercolor, na mgbasa ozi agwakọta na kwaaji iji mepụta.  A kọwawo ọrụ ya dị ka "ihe onyonyo a na-ahụ anya, agba juru eju na aghụghọ dị nro nke nwere ụdị ihe omimi."[1] N'ụzọ dị egwu, ọrụ ya na-egosipụta mgbọrọgwụ North Africa ya, ọzụzụ North America na njem na Egypt, North Africa, Caribbean, Mexico.  na Europe N'ụzọ doro anya, ọrụ El-Bayoumi lekwasịrị anya n'okwu ikpe na-ezighị ezi, mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ megide ndị Arab, na nsonaazụ nke agha. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ngosipụta nke ụmụ nwanyị, na-iche na "Ndị inyom Western tọhapụrụ onwe ha" na "ndị inyom Arab a na-emegbu emegbu" n'ụzọ na-ajụ onye ọ bụ onye a na-emegbu na mkpa nnwere onwe. <ref name="Oweis" /> == Ọrụ ndị ama ama == <ref name="Oweis" />El-Bayoumi ibu ọrụ mgbasa ozi agwakọta na-egosi onye njemndọrọ onye America bụ Rachel Corrie, onye otu onye nchekwa nchekwa Israel gburugburu 2003. Ọrụ ya n'afọ 2004, Rachel Corrie, Onye America anyị Ga-adị n'obi mgbe  niile site na foto nke Corrie nwere ọkọlọtọ US na-akpa n'ime obi. == Ntụaka == <references />   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://monaart.com/ Saịtị gọọmentị] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 534tnj2p3d5mql96aru3c1o6qkzrh9t 0 44872 674132 166978 2026-07-08T14:54:09Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Isi ka saịtị nke ase */ Fixed reference 674132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Usòrò:Brooklyn_Museum_82.154.2_Housepost_One_of_Pair.jpg|thumb| Akwụkwọ akụkọ Yoruba Veranda, ihe ngosi nka nke Brooklyn]] '''Ase''', '''ashe''' (nke sitere na ''akwụkwọ ikike'' [[Asụsụ Yoruba|Yoruba]] ), <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aseire.com/meaning.php|title=What Is Ase Ire?|publisher=Ase Ire.com|accessdate=29 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307075108/http://aseire.com/meaning.php|archivedate=7 March 2018}}</ref> ma ọ bụ '''aṣe''' <ref name=":03">{{Cite book|author=Salamone|first=Frank A.|title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2004|isbn=0-415-94180-6|editor=Levinson|location=New York|pages=24}}</ref> bụ nkà ihe ọmụma Yoruba nke a kọwara iji nọchite anya ike na-eme ka ihe na-eme ma na-ebute mgbanwe n'okpukpe ndị Yoruba . Ekwenyere na ọ bụ Olodumare na-enye ihe niile - chi, ndị nna nna, mmụọ, mmadụ, anụmanụ, osisi, nkume, osimiri, na okwu ndị dị ka abụ, ekpere, otuto, nkọcha, ma ọ bụ ọbụna mkparịta ụka kwa ụbọchị. Ịdị adị, dị ka echiche ndị Yoruba si kwuo, dabere na ya. <ref name="Drewal">{{Cite book|author=Drewal|first=H. J., and J. Pemberton III with Rowland Abiodun|title=Yoruba: Nine Centuries of African Art and Thought|year=1989|publisher=The Center for African Art|location=New York City|editor=Allen Wardwell}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref> == Ashe na ndi Yoruba == Echiche nke ''ashe'' na-emetụta ole n'ime nka ndị yoruba mebere. N'ihe osise a na-ahụ anya, e nwere ike kewaa imewe ma ọ bụ nke dị iche iche - "nchịkọta nkwụsịtụ nke akụkụ nke ihe niile dị iche iche na-ekekọrịta nha nha na nkeji ndị ọzọ." <ref name="Drewal 1987">{{Cite journal|author=Drewal|first=M. T., and H. J. Drewal|title=Composing Time and Space in Yoruba Art|journal=Word and Image: A Journal of Verbal/Visual Enquiry|year=1987|volume=3|issue=3|pages=225–251|doi=10.1080/02666286.1987.10435383}}</ref> A pụrụ ịhụ ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na [[Opon Ifá|trays]] na efere Ifá, ogidi veranda, ọnụ ụzọ a kpụrụ akpụ, na ihe mkpuchi ndị nna ochie . Banyere nhazi na nka Yoruba dị ka ngosipụta nke echiche ''ashe'', Drewal dere:   == Isi ka saịtị nke ase == Isi, ma ọ bụ ''ori'', ka enyere nnukwu mkpa na [[Ihe osise Yoruba|nka na echiche Yoruba]] . Mgbe a na-ese ya n'ọkpụkpụ, a na-egosipụtakarị nha nke isi dị ka okpukpu anọ ma ọ bụ ise ka ọ na-adịkarị n'ihe gbasara ahụ iji gosi na ọ bụ saịtị ''ase'' nke mmadụ nakwa ọdịdị ya dị mkpa, ma ọ bụ ''iwa.'' . <ref name="Drewal">{{Cite book|author=Drewal|first=H. J., and J. Pemberton III with Rowland Abiodun|title=Yoruba: Nine Centuries of African Art and Thought|year=1989|publisher=The Center for African Art|location=New York City|editor=Allen Wardwell}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDrewal1989">Drewal, H. J., and J. Pemberton III with Rowland Abiodun (1989). Allen Wardwell (ed.). ''Yoruba: Nine Centuries of African Art and Thought''. New York City: The Center for African Art.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[Atiri:CS1 maint: otutu aha: ndepụta odee|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref> Ndị Yoruba na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti mpụta ( ''ode'' ) na n'ime ( ''inu'' ) isi. ''Ode'' bụ ọdịdị anụ ahụ nke mmadụ, nke nwere ike ikpuchi ma ọ bụ kpughee akụkụ nke ime ( ''inu'' ). Àgwà ime mmụọ, dị ka ndidi na njide onwe onye, kwesịrị ịdị na-achị ndị elu. Isi na-ejikọtakwa onye ahụ na ụwa ọzọ. Ememe ''imori'' (nke pụtara ''ịmara onye isi'' ) bụ emume mbụ a na-eme mgbe nwa Yoruba mụchara. N'oge ''imori'', onye na-agba afa na-ekpebi ma nwa ahụ si n'agbụrụ nne ya ma ọ bụ nna ya ma ọ bụ site na otu ''orisa'' . Ọ bụrụ na nke ikpeazụ bụ, nwata ahụ ga-amalite mmalite orisa n'oge ọ bụ okenye, mgbe onye ahụ ''ori inu'' na-aghọ arịa mmụọ maka orisa ahụ ''ase'' . Iji kwadebe maka emume ndị a, a na-akpụ isi onye ahụ, saa ya ma tee ya mmanụ. == Ojiji ọgbara ọhụrụ na mba ọzọ == Ebe ọ bụ na opekata mpe oge ngagharị nke Afrocentricity na mba Anglophone n'ime ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, okwu ahụ bụ "Ashe" abụrụla okwu a na-ahụkarị na United States, yana nkọwa zuru oke bụ nkwenye na olile anya. Abịawokwa ka ejiri ya mee ihe n'okpukpe nke Ndị Kraịst ojii dịka ihe nhata (ma ọ bụ dochie) okwu ahụ "Amen." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Catholic History Month Installment 1. "The Gift-Ashe"|url=https://www.facebook.com/events/d41d8cd9/black-catholic-history-month-installment-1-the-gift-ashe/394422095261531/|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=www.facebook.com|language=en}}</ref> == Na omenala ewu ewu == * [[Actor|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri]] Viola Davis hibere ụlọ ọrụ akpọrọ "Ashé Audio" nke bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta Audible maka pọdkastị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Spangler|first=Todd|title=Viola Davis’ Ashé Audio Signs Exclusive Audible Deal for Slate of Podcasts|url=https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/viola-davis-ashe-audio-audible-podcasts-1235628210/|work=variety.com|publisher=Variety|accessdate=24 July 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=J. CLARA|first=CHAN|title=Viola Davis’ Ashé Audio Ventures Inks Multi-Project Deal With Audible (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/viola-davis-podcast-ashe-audio-ventures-audible-1235501926/|work=Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=24 July 2023}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ike (esotericism) * Itutu * Manitou == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Bascom, WR 1960. "Echiche ndị Yoruba nke mkpụrụ obi." Na ''Ndị ikom na Omenala'' . AFC Wallace deziri ya. Berkeley: Mahadum California Press: 408. * Onyeisi, R. 1960. "Akọcha, ihe ọhụrụ na ahụike uche n'etiti ndị Yoruba." ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara mmụọ nke Canada'' 5 (2): 66. * Verger, P. 1864. "Chineke Elu Yoruba - Nyochaa Isi mmalite." Akwụkwọ ewepụtara na ''ọgbakọ nke Chineke dị elu n’Africa'', Mahadum nke Ife: 15–19. * Ayoade, JAA 1979. "Echiche nke Essence dị n'ime na ọgwụ ọdịnala Yoruba." Na ''Usoro ọgwụgwọ Africa'' . Onye deziri ZA Ademuwagun, et al. Waltham, Mas.: Crossroad Press: 51. * Fagg, WB, na J. Permberton 3rd. 1982. ''Ihe oyiyi Yoruba nke West Africa'' . New York: Alfred A. Knopf: 52ff. * Drewal, MT, na HJ Drewal. 1983. ''Gelede: Ọmụmụ nka na ike nwanyị n'etiti ndị Yoruba'' . Bloomington: Mahadum Indiana Press: 5–6, 73ff. * Jones, Omi Osun Joni L. 2015. ''Jazz ihe nkiri: Arụmọrụ, Àse, na ike nke oge dị ugbu a'' . Columbus: Ohio State University Press: 215–243. cwf74khs7g4j3ytjqdh5d23nqqrnd6t 674136 674132 2026-07-08T14:56:33Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Isi ka saịtị nke ase */ Fixed reference 674136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Usòrò:Brooklyn_Museum_82.154.2_Housepost_One_of_Pair.jpg|thumb| Akwụkwọ akụkọ Yoruba Veranda, ihe ngosi nka nke Brooklyn]] '''Ase''', '''ashe''' (nke sitere na ''akwụkwọ ikike'' [[Asụsụ Yoruba|Yoruba]] ), <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aseire.com/meaning.php|title=What Is Ase Ire?|publisher=Ase Ire.com|accessdate=29 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307075108/http://aseire.com/meaning.php|archivedate=7 March 2018}}</ref> ma ọ bụ '''aṣe''' <ref name=":03">{{Cite book|author=Salamone|first=Frank A.|title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2004|isbn=0-415-94180-6|editor=Levinson|location=New York|pages=24}}</ref> bụ nkà ihe ọmụma Yoruba nke a kọwara iji nọchite anya ike na-eme ka ihe na-eme ma na-ebute mgbanwe n'okpukpe ndị Yoruba . Ekwenyere na ọ bụ Olodumare na-enye ihe niile - chi, ndị nna nna, mmụọ, mmadụ, anụmanụ, osisi, nkume, osimiri, na okwu ndị dị ka abụ, ekpere, otuto, nkọcha, ma ọ bụ ọbụna mkparịta ụka kwa ụbọchị. Ịdị adị, dị ka echiche ndị Yoruba si kwuo, dabere na ya. <ref name="Drewal">{{Cite book|author=Drewal|first=H. J., and J. Pemberton III with Rowland Abiodun|title=Yoruba: Nine Centuries of African Art and Thought|year=1989|publisher=The Center for African Art|location=New York City|editor=Allen Wardwell}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref> == Ashe na ndi Yoruba == Echiche nke ''ashe'' na-emetụta ole n'ime nka ndị yoruba mebere. N'ihe osise a na-ahụ anya, e nwere ike kewaa imewe ma ọ bụ nke dị iche iche - "nchịkọta nkwụsịtụ nke akụkụ nke ihe niile dị iche iche na-ekekọrịta nha nha na nkeji ndị ọzọ." <ref name="Drewal 1987">{{Cite journal|author=Drewal|first=M. T., and H. J. Drewal|title=Composing Time and Space in Yoruba Art|journal=Word and Image: A Journal of Verbal/Visual Enquiry|year=1987|volume=3|issue=3|pages=225–251|doi=10.1080/02666286.1987.10435383}}</ref> A pụrụ ịhụ ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na [[Opon Ifá|trays]] na efere Ifá, ogidi veranda, ọnụ ụzọ a kpụrụ akpụ, na ihe mkpuchi ndị nna ochie . Banyere nhazi na nka Yoruba dị ka ngosipụta nke echiche ''ashe'', Drewal dere:   == Isi ka saịtị nke ase == Isi, ma ọ bụ ''ori'', ka enyere nnukwu mkpa na [[Ihe osise Yoruba|nka na echiche Yoruba]] . Mgbe a na-ese ya n'ọkpụkpụ, a na-egosipụtakarị nha nke isi dị ka okpukpu anọ ma ọ bụ ise ka ọ na-adịkarị n'ihe gbasara ahụ iji gosi na ọ bụ saịtị ''ase'' nke mmadụ nakwa ọdịdị ya dị mkpa, ma ọ bụ ''iwa.'' . Ndị Yoruba na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti mpụta ( ''ode'' ) na n'ime ( ''inu'' ) isi. ''Ode'' bụ ọdịdị anụ ahụ nke mmadụ, nke nwere ike ikpuchi ma ọ bụ kpughee akụkụ nke ime ( ''inu'' ). Àgwà ime mmụọ, dị ka ndidi na njide onwe onye, kwesịrị ịdị na-achị ndị elu. Isi na-ejikọtakwa onye ahụ na ụwa ọzọ. Ememe ''imori'' (nke pụtara ''ịmara onye isi'' ) bụ emume mbụ a na-eme mgbe nwa Yoruba mụchara. N'oge ''imori'', onye na-agba afa na-ekpebi ma nwa ahụ si n'agbụrụ nne ya ma ọ bụ nna ya ma ọ bụ site na otu ''orisa'' . Ọ bụrụ na nke ikpeazụ bụ, nwata ahụ ga-amalite mmalite orisa n'oge ọ bụ okenye, mgbe onye ahụ ''ori inu'' na-aghọ arịa mmụọ maka orisa ahụ ''ase'' . Iji kwadebe maka emume ndị a, a na-akpụ isi onye ahụ, saa ya ma tee ya mmanụ. == Ojiji ọgbara ọhụrụ na mba ọzọ == Ebe ọ bụ na opekata mpe oge ngagharị nke Afrocentricity na mba Anglophone n'ime ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, okwu ahụ bụ "Ashe" abụrụla okwu a na-ahụkarị na United States, yana nkọwa zuru oke bụ nkwenye na olile anya. Abịawokwa ka ejiri ya mee ihe n'okpukpe nke Ndị Kraịst ojii dịka ihe nhata (ma ọ bụ dochie) okwu ahụ "Amen." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Catholic History Month Installment 1. "The Gift-Ashe"|url=https://www.facebook.com/events/d41d8cd9/black-catholic-history-month-installment-1-the-gift-ashe/394422095261531/|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=www.facebook.com|language=en}}</ref> == Na omenala ewu ewu == * [[Actor|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri]] Viola Davis hibere ụlọ ọrụ akpọrọ "Ashé Audio" nke bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta Audible maka pọdkastị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Spangler|first=Todd|title=Viola Davis’ Ashé Audio Signs Exclusive Audible Deal for Slate of Podcasts|url=https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/viola-davis-ashe-audio-audible-podcasts-1235628210/|work=variety.com|publisher=Variety|accessdate=24 July 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=J. CLARA|first=CHAN|title=Viola Davis’ Ashé Audio Ventures Inks Multi-Project Deal With Audible (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/viola-davis-podcast-ashe-audio-ventures-audible-1235501926/|work=Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=24 July 2023}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ike (esotericism) * Itutu * Manitou == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Bascom, WR 1960. "Echiche ndị Yoruba nke mkpụrụ obi." Na ''Ndị ikom na Omenala'' . AFC Wallace deziri ya. Berkeley: Mahadum California Press: 408. * Onyeisi, R. 1960. "Akọcha, ihe ọhụrụ na ahụike uche n'etiti ndị Yoruba." ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara mmụọ nke Canada'' 5 (2): 66. * Verger, P. 1864. "Chineke Elu Yoruba - Nyochaa Isi mmalite." Akwụkwọ ewepụtara na ''ọgbakọ nke Chineke dị elu n’Africa'', Mahadum nke Ife: 15–19. * Ayoade, JAA 1979. "Echiche nke Essence dị n'ime na ọgwụ ọdịnala Yoruba." Na ''Usoro ọgwụgwọ Africa'' . Onye deziri ZA Ademuwagun, et al. Waltham, Mas.: Crossroad Press: 51. * Fagg, WB, na J. Permberton 3rd. 1982. ''Ihe oyiyi Yoruba nke West Africa'' . New York: Alfred A. Knopf: 52ff. * Drewal, MT, na HJ Drewal. 1983. ''Gelede: Ọmụmụ nka na ike nwanyị n'etiti ndị Yoruba'' . Bloomington: Mahadum Indiana Press: 5–6, 73ff. * Jones, Omi Osun Joni L. 2015. ''Jazz ihe nkiri: Arụmọrụ, Àse, na ike nke oge dị ugbu a'' . Columbus: Ohio State University Press: 215–243. b2061dee05zc5r5rtlwu2fsa1wpnh9q 0 45075 674200 514590 2026-07-08T17:34:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674200 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Michael C. Carlos Museum.JPG|thumb|Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Michael C. Carlos]]<ref name="georgiaencyclopedia.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=/TheArts/VisualArts/ArtMuseums&id=h-2570|title=Michael C. Carlos Museum of Art|work=New Georgia Encyclopedia|accessdate=16 April 2018|archivedate=21 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021101315/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=/TheArts/VisualArts/ArtMuseums&id=h-2570}}</ref>The Michael C. Carlos Museum bụ nka nka dị na Atlanta na okpukpe ihe mere eme quadrangle nke Emory University's isi campus.  Ndị dike ihe ngosi nka nke Carlos nwere ihe ngosi nka ochie na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa, [1] asị ihe sitere na Egypt oge ochie, Greece, Rome, Near East, Africa na America oge ochie.  A na-edobe mkpokọta ndị a n'iche a haziri nke Michael Graves nke na-agụ ọha na eze == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Pre-Columbian_incense_burner,_Costa_Rica_(Carlos_Museum).jpg|thumb|412x412px| Ihe nsure ọkụ na-esi ísì ụtọ tupu Colombia nke nwere mkpuchi agụ iyi (500 - 1350 OA), site na nnukwu nchịkọta ihe osise Central America nke Carlos Museum.]] <ref name="georgiaencyclopedia.org"/>Otu n'ime ụlọ ihe ngosi mgbe ochie ochie na Georgia, nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka ngosi na 1876, mgbe e hiwere ụlọ ihe ngosi mgbe ochie maara dị ka Emory College Museum na Mahadum Emory mbụ na Oxford, Georgia.  Mgbe a kwagara mahadum ahụ n'Atlanta, obere mịdi ndị prọfesọ hiwere ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Mahadum Emory na 1919. A na-edobe ma mkpokọta ndị ahụ n'iche dị iche iche na gburugburu ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emory.edu/EMORY_MAGAZINE/winter2003/precis_carlos.html|title=Remembering Museum Benefactor Michael C. Carlos|author=Emory Magazine, Winter 2003|accessdate=August 7, 2006|archivedate=September 23, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923024225/http://www.emory.edu/EMORY_MAGAZINE/winter2003/precis_carlos.html}}</ref>N'ime afọ gafeworonụ, onye ọchụnta ego n'Atlanta bụ Michael C. Carlos nyere ihe nna nde $20 iji ebe obibi na-adịgide maka ihe ngosi nka, nke meghere na 1985. A kpọnyere ụlọ ngozi ihe nka ọzọ na  Emory University Museum of Art and Archaeology ma ndị American Alliance of Museums akwụkwọ ya n'ihu ọha dị ka ụlọ ngosi mgbe ochie na nka mara mma.  Carlos nwụrụ na Disemba 2002 mgbe ọ dị afọ 75. Nnukwu mgbasawanye na 1993 gbanwere ụlọ ngosi nka ka ọ bụrụ otu ụlọ ọrụ nka kacha elu nke Atlanta. Mgbe e meghere ụlọ ọhụrụ ahụ, a bịara mara ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ dị ka Michael C. Carlos Museum, nke aha ya bụ onye na-akwado ya kacha emesapụ aka. Na June 2022, a mara ọkwa na Henry Kim ga-abụ onye ọhụrụ osote osote provost na onye nduzi nke Museum malite August 22, 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Henry S. Kim selected as new director of Emory's Michael C. Carlos Museum {{!}} Emory University {{!}} Atlanta GA|url=https://news.emory.edu/stories/2022/06/upress_carlos_museum_director_henry_kim_23-06-2022/story.html|accessdate=2022-06-24|work=news.emory.edu|language=en}}</ref> == Mkpokọta na ihe omume == Nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka nwere ihe karịrị ọrụ 25,000, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vice Provost for Libraries and Museum – Emory University {{!}} Association of Academic Museums and Galleries|url=https://www.aamg-us.org/vice-provost-for-libraries-and-museum-emory-university/|accessdate=2021-11-18|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118220325/https://www.aamg-us.org/vice-provost-for-libraries-and-museum-emory-university/}}</ref> na akụrụngwa na-adọta ndị ọbịa 120,000 kwa afọ. Na mgbakwunye na ihe ngosi na-adịgide adịgide na nwa oge, ụlọ ihe ngosi nka bụ isi iyi nke mmemme mmụta, na-enye nkuzi, symposia, ogbako, ngosi, na ememme. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Carlos na-arụkwa ụlọ nyocha nkuzi na ebe nchekwa, ma na-ebipụta katalọgụ ndị ọkà mmụta. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na-ebute nka, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na nkà mmụta ihe ochie na klas nke ụmụaka Georgia site na mmemme mgbasa ozi ya, Art Odyssey. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Carlos na-ejikwa Odyssey Online, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ maka ụmụaka toro akwụkwọ na-enyocha omenala dị iche iche na-egosipụta na mkpokọta ihe ngosi nka. <ref name="georgiaencyclopedia.org"/> Ejikwa ụlọ ihe ngosi nke Egypt na-adịgide ochie site na ọrụ 145 sitere na Niagara Falls Museum nke Canada na 1999.  nke Ijipt.  Ọzọkwa na 1999, Carlos nyere onyinye $10 nde kpọmkwem maka ihe nrụpụta Greek na Rom oge ochie.  N'ihi ya, ụlọ ihe mgbe ochie nwere ugbu a ma, ihe ngosi ngosi mma nke eze ukwu Rom bụ Taịbiriọs na otu n'ime ihe atụ kacha mma nke mba ahụ nke ọkpụkpụ ndị Gris, ihe ngosi nke Terpshore, ihe ngosi egwu.  nke Gris.  Ngụkọta nke ọrụ nkà 450 ka a na-egosi ugbu a n'ihu ihe ngosi ihe e debere maka nka Grik na ndị Rom <ref name="georgiaencyclopedia.org"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/25/us/a-journey-back-to-egypt-for-a-mummy-thought-to-be-a-pharaoh.html|title=A Journey Back to Egypt for a Mummy Thought to be a Pharaoh|work=The New York Times|date=25 October 2003|author=Hart|first=Ariel}}</ref>N'afọ 1999, Ndị dike ihe ngosi nka Carlos akpụkpọ ahụ otu nwoke a na-egosi ama nke ụfọdụ ndị chere na ọ ịbụ Fero nwa ọhụrụ.  Site na egwuregwu na ndị na-ekiri fim Emory, ndị ọrụ ihe ngosi nka ike mata mummy dị ka pharaoh Ramesses I.  .  [1] [2] A na- akara ozu ya na-adịgide adịgide na igbe plexiglass na Luxor Museum . <ref>{{Cite news|first=Giovanna|author=Dell'orto|title=Museum to Reunite Venus Statue With Head|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/13/AR2006061301599.html|quote=For the first time in possibly 170 years, a Roman marble statue of Venus will be reunited with its head as both are coming to the Michael C. Carlos Museum at Emory University, where conservators will piece them back together.|publisher=[[Associated Press]] in [[Washington Post]]|date=June 13, 2006|accessdate=2008-04-13}}</ref>Na June 6, 2006 ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke ihe oyiyi Venus na-enye isi, maka $968,000 na ọrụ Sotheby na New York.  Otu onye na-anakọta onwe ya na Houston, Texas, ihe ịre onye ọ ALA hụrụra ahụ, isi ya, bụ nke e dekọrọ na ahụ na 1836. E rere isi ya maka $50,000 ọzọ. N'afọ 2023, n'okpuru nrụgide, Emory jiri nwayọ weghachite ihe ochie ise e kwakọọrọ na Italy. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lee|first=Stephanie M.|date=November 1, 2023|title=Under Pressure, Emory’s Art Museum Admits Some of Its Antiquities ‘Were Looted’|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/under-pressure-emorys-art-museum-admits-some-of-its-antiquities-were-looted|accessdate=November 2, 2023|work=Chronicle of Higher Education}}</ref> Opekempe, ihe osise 562 dị na mkpokọta ihe ngosi nka ka amaara na ndị ọchịchị jikọtara ndị na-ere ahịa na ahia ihe ochie na-akwadoghị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lee|first=Stephanie M.|date=August 23, 2023|title=The Little Museum's Big Score: Emory University Wanted Only the Finest Antiquities. It Didn't Ask a Lot of Questions|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-little-museums-big-score|accessdate=November 2, 2023|work=Chronicle of Higher Education}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://carlos.emory.edu/ Michael C. Carlos Museum] rz0vt9c5oja7xmbxcpdo2d7s81o6730 0 45148 674288 167441 2026-07-08T21:01:36Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 674288 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Ansel-adams-monolith-the-face-of-half-dome.jpg|thumb| . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/262595|title=Monolith, the Face of Half Dome, Yosemite National Park, California|work=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=March 5, 2019}}</ref>Monolith, ihu Half Dome, Yosemite National Park, California (1927)]] Monolith, ihu Half Dome, Yosemite National Park, California bụ foto ojii na ọcha nke Ansel Adams sere na 1927 nke na-egosi ihu mmalite nke Half Dome na Yosemite, California .  N'ihu nke foto ahụ, ndị na-ekiri na-enwe ike ịhụ na ekere nke nkume yana ahụ ala nke osisi pine na Tenaya Peak .  [1] Ndị Sierra Club na-eji Monolith mee ihe dị ka ihe na-ahụ anya maka mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ bụkwa foto mbụ Adams mere nke na-egosipụta na ike, echiche ọ ga-akpa àgwà dị ka anya ma kpalie ya aka ike  nkata .  [1] [2] Onyonyo a guzoro dị ka ihe na-egosi siri ike Adams nwere na mpaghara Yosemite, ebe ọrụ ya bụ nke kacha mara site n'ịse akwụkwọ ahụ.  Monolith atachiwokwa anya n'ule oge n'ụzọ anụ ahụ ka efere iko mbụ mma ka na-emebi emebi ma na-akpa ya.  [3] Foto a bụ nke Pọtụfoliyo Parmelian Prints of the High Sierras, ewepụtara na 1927. == Ebe == .N’April 17, 1927, Ansel Adams na ndị enyi ya anọ, Cedric Wright, Charles Michael, Arnold Williams, na enyi ya Virginia Best, mere njem ọkara ụbọchị gaa na "Diving Board", ebe e si na Monolith wepụta.  [1] The "Dving Board" bụ nnukwu nkume nke na-agbapụ n'elu mba Yosemite, puku a anọ n'okpuru ihu ike, na-enye echiche zuru oke nke Half Dome .  [1] N'akpa ya Adams nwere a  Igwefoto ele Korona, lenses dị iche iche na nzacha, efere iko panchromatic ikiri iri na abụọ, yana nnukwu osisi.  Ọ bụghị naanị na o nwere ibu dị arọ, o yikwara snịịka ikike basketball nke na-agbasi mbọ ike ịzọ ụkwụ n'ala snow juru.  [2] Ozugbo rutere n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri "Diving Board" Adams mara na ọ na-ehila ebe zuru oke nke nkume ahụ nke na-adaba na three-quarters of a mile (1,200 m) ogologo na four-th tenths of a mile (  640 m) gbara mgba marị 13 acres (5.3 ha) .  Mgbe mbụ o rutere n'etiti ehihie, ìhè adịghị mma, n'ihi ya, ọ chere ihe egwu awa abụọ ji n'aka na ìhè ahụ na-akụ ihu nke ọma, ebe ọ na-eche na nkume ahụ ga-abụ nke ọma.  ọkara na ọkara na ìhè.  [2] Adams were ọtụtụ ihe onyonyo ndị ọzọ na ịrị elu na mgbe ọ na-eche, a na-eri efere iko abụọ iji weghara foto Half Dome zuru oke.  [1] N'iburu n'uche ndị nke ndu nlegharị anya, ọ dị mfe oghere oghere ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa, na ikuku nke ikuku nwere ike ibu foto.  Ihe isi ike a na-agwa nka na ebumnobi Adams ka ọka Monolith n'otu agba.  [3] N'elekere 2:30 nke ehihie ka efere iko abụọ, Adams dị njọ ịse foto Half Dome nke o cheburu n'uche ya == Usoro mmepe na usoro == . <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Ansel Adams : divine performance|author=Hammond, Anne.|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-09241-5|oclc=48123487}}</ref>Iji jide Monolith, Ansel Adams jiri usoro a kapịrị ọnụ na nke ọhụrụ mee ihe iji me foto ahụ iji ihe oyiyi oyiyi o nwere n'uche ya.  Adams maara usoro foto fotogenia, nke bụ omume nke kpachapụrụ anya na ọkụ ọkụ, i ele, na ibipụta iji ihe ọ rụpụtara.  [1] N'iburu fotogenia n'uche, ọ pụtara iwere m mbụ nke Half Dome site na iji K2 Yellow filter .  [2] Ngwaahịa ahụ bụ Half Dome na K2 Yellow Filter, 1927, ma Adams ndekọ egosi na nke ahụ nọ na-eme dị egwu.  Site na nzacha edo edo, mbara igwe ka ga-adị ọkụ, a ga-enwekwa uwe dịịrị.  [1] Adams kpebisiri ike imegharị foto nke eserese otu ahụ na- atụ nke ọ chere na ọ guzo na "Boọdụ mmiri mmiri" na-ele anya Half Dome n'ehihie ahụ.  Emulsion foto adịghị enwe nke ọkụ ọkụ na-acha uhie uhie, ya mere foto nke uhie na-agba mgbochi ma na- LEDre ya.  [1] Adams nke iji ihe nzacha na-acha uhie uhie uhie ihu igwe na-ihu ka ọ bụrụ ebe ojii gbara mgba.  [1] Ụda siri ike na ịrị dị n'etiti snow na-acha ọcha na mbara igwe ojii na-eme ka mkpa dị nta doo anya ihe, na anya na-ama-na ihe ndị a na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè.  Monolith bụ oge mbụ Adam na-achịkwa onye na-ekiri foto ya ma bụrụ oge mbụ ya na-eji ngwaọrụ foto na-ama ma nụchaa n'akwa ya mechara mechara. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Frost|first=James|title=Modernism and a New Picturesque: The Environmental Rhetoric of Ansel Adams|journal=Technical Communication, Deliberative Rhetoric, and Environmental Discourse: Connections and Directions|pages=117}}</ref> == Visualization na usoro mpaghara == ''Monolith'' kpaliri Adams ka o wepụta okwu a "nhụpụta anya". ''Monolith'' mebiri site na foto kwụ ọtọ wee webata "visualization" dị ka usoro nke onye na-ese foto si mara otú ha chọrọ ka foto ahụ dị, ma jiri nlezianya na-achịkwa akụkụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ, emulsion, filter, na usoro mmepe iji mepụta kpọmkwem "nhụjuanya". <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Ansel Adams|author=Alinder|first=Mary|publisher=Henry Holt and Company, Inc.|year=1996|location=Canada|pages=57–60}}</ref> Adams kwuru, "Ahụla m ebipụta platinum m mechara n'elu iko ala n'ime àgwà niile ọ chọrọ, tupu m kpughee". <ref name=":3" /> Site na ''Monolith'', nhụta anya bụ ihe dị mkpa maka okike ya. N'ihe banyere foto a, Adams kwuru, "Amalitere m iche echiche banyere ka mbipụta ahụ ga-esi pụta, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-ebufe mmetụta ọ bụla nke ọdịdị dị egwu n'ihu m n'ihe gbasara àgwà ngosipụta ya. Achọpụtara m na ọ bụ naanị ihe nzacha na-acha uhie uhie ga-enye m ihe ọ bụla na-abịaru nso mmetụta mmetụta uche m. " <ref name=":1" /> Ọzọkwa, Mpaghara Sistemụ Adams kere ụzọ ahaziri ahazi ndị na-ese foto nwere ike iji usoro ime ụlọ gbara ọchịchịrị na usoro mmepe iji nweta anya ha. "Sistemụ mpaghara" na-arụ ọrụ iji nlezianya chịkwaa ikpughe na mmepe nke ihe na-adịghị mma, na-akwalite iji ụlọ gbara ọchịchịrị. na usoro nhazi iji kpalite ahụmịhe anya <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.savannahnow.com/article/20071014/NEWS/310149848|title=America the Beautiful|author=Hersh|first=Allison|work=Savannah Morning News|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-05}}</ref> . Adams kere mpaghara iri dị iche iche iji kọwaa ọnụọgụgụ foto kacha ọcha ruo foto ojii. Onye na-ese foto nwere ike iji anya nke uche hụ ka ha chọrọ ka mbipụta si dị, họrọ nọmba kwekọrọ na mpaghara mpaghara, wee soro ụzọ ikpughe, imepụta na ibipụta na-esote iji mepụta ụda achọrọ. <ref name=":1" /> == Mkpa na-adịgide adịgide == Ihe na-ekweghị ekwe na gbara Monolith gburugburu dị oke mkpa maka ịrụ foto ọgbara ọhụrụ, ihe gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọrụ foto na ngwaọrụ ngwaọrụ.  Nkesa na mgbasa nke ndị na-ege ntĩ bụ ihe na-eme ka ọrụ Monolith na Ansel Adams dị mkpa.  Ọ gbawara foto ya na fotomurals,eke, akwụkwọ mmado, akwụkwọ "kọfị-kọfị", mgbasa ozi na-adị mfe mfe ndị òtù niile.  [1] Monolith bụ ihe oyiyi maka akwụkwọ ya kacha , Yosemite Foto a dabara na ngalaba nsogbu nke United States, nke isi na ọ tụfuru ọkwa nwebiisinka dị adị, na Jenụwarị 1, 2023, n'ihi na ebipụtara ya na 1927 == Nchịkọta ọha == <ref>{{Cite web|title=Monolith, the Face of Half Dome, Yosemite National Park, California, 1927, printed 1974, Ansel Easton Adams, American photographer|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/262595|work=www.metmuseum.org|accessdate=2019-12-05}}</ref>Enwere ike, n'etiti ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi nka ndị ọzọ, na Metropolitan Museum of Art, na New York, Museum of Modern Art na New York, Museum of Fine Arts, na Boston, na San Francisco Museum of Modern Art na San Francisco <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2019/02/15/ansel-adams-environmental-photographs-boston-exhibit/|title=A New Ansel Adams Exhibit Looks at the Artist's Work Through Both Historic and Modern Perspectives|work=Fortune|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-05}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Ansel_Adams/|title=Ansel Adams · SFMOMA|work=www.sfmoma.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-05}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/60|title=Ansel Adams {{!}} MoMA|work=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-05}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * Alinder, Mary. "Monolit". Na ''Ansel Adams: akụkọ ndụ'' . New York: Bloomsbury, 2014. * Hersh, Allison. "America the Mara mma 'Ansel Adams: Ememme Genius' na-eweta ọrụ ndị na-ese foto na Telfair's Jepson Center for Arts." ''Akụkọ ụtụtụ Savannah'' (Savannah, GA), Ọktoba 14, 2007. * Frost, James. "Modernism na ihe osise ọhụrụ: Okwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke Ansel Adams." Na ''Nkwukọrịta Nkà na ụzụ, Nkwukọrịta Nkwukọrịta, na Okwu gburugburu ebe obibi: Njikọ na ntụziaka'', nke Nancy Coppola na Bill Karis deziri. Connecticut: Ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ nke Ablex, 2000. 0b4ogqr95dt9mfgbnlgf10d73l0r7dt 0 45362 674192 671847 2026-07-08T16:26:43Z Timzy D'Great 12485 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline;">Mehdi Ben Attia</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" | <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1968-08-07</span>)</span> 7 Ọgọst 1968 [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]]<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Onye nduzi ihe nkiri, onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe nkiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Mba | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Onye Tunisia |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ọrụ ndị a ma ama | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |ihe nkiri En face (1999), The String (Le Fil, 2009), na Of Skin and Men (L'Amour des hommes, 2017). <ref name="imdb">{{IMDb name|id=0069900|name=Mehdi Ben Attia}}</ref> |} '''Mehdi Ben Attia''' bụ Onye nduzi ihe nkiri nke Tunisia, Onye edemede na [[Actor|onye na-eme ihe nkiri]]. <ref name="africine">{{Cite web|url=http://www.africine.org/personne/mehdi-ben-attia/4645|accessdate=15 February 2024|work=africine.org|title=Mehdi Ben Attia Réalisateur/trice, Acteur/trice, Scénariste|language=fr|date=2020|publisher=[[Fédération africaine de la critique cinématographique]] (FACC)}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Tunis na 1968, Ben Attia gụrụ akwụkwọ na Lycée Gustave Flaubert na La Marsa, Tunisia, na 1993 nwetara French Diplôme d'études approfondies advanced degree na Sociology na Mahadum Sorbonne na Paris. Mgbe a''H'', ọ tụgharịrị gaa na edemede, mgbe mgbe na mmekorita, na ntụziaka nke ihe nkiri na usoro telivishọn maka ọwa French, dịka ọmụmaatụ H (maka Canal Plus), ''Sami'' (ihe omume atọ, M6), na Groupe Flag (ihe omume abụọ, France 2). Ihe nkiri mbụ ya bụ Le Fil (The String, akụkọ ịhụnanya nwoke na nwoke) gosipụtara Claudia Cardinale na Salim Kechiouche. O mekwara ihe nkiri anọ.<ref name="africine" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/136202/societe/cin-ma-le-r-alisateur-mehdi-ben-attia-une-fantastique-identit/|title=Cinéma : le réalisateur Mehdi Ben Attia, une fantastique identité|author=|first=|date=12 September 2013|work=jeuneafrique.com|publisher=[[Jeune Afrique]]|accessdate=15 February 2024|language=French|quote=Mehdi Ben Attia, réalisateur d’origine tunisienne, bouscule les codes et glorifie les rencontres improbables dans des films très personnels. (Translation: Tunisian-born film director Mehdi Ben Attia turns the rules upside down and celebrates improbable encounters in his very personal films.)}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == Ihe nkiri Ben Attia gụnyere:<ref name="africine" /> {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ụdị !Ọrụ !Kpakpando !Ogologo oge (min) |- |1999 |''N'ihu'' |Akụkọ ịhụnanya dị mkpirikpi |Onye nduzi na onye edemede ya na Zina Modiano na Kahéna Attia |Amel Smaoui, Mohamed Ali Cherif, na Néjia Ouji |27m |- |2001 |''Ebe Dị anya'' André Téchiné<br /> |Ihe nkiri |Onye na-ede ihe nkiri na André Téchiné na ndị ọzọ |Azabal Lubna, Brakni Rachida, na Morel Gaël |120m |- |2005 |La Vie privée nke Zina Modiano. Atụmatụ dabeere na akụkọ mkpirikpi Henry James nke 1892 The Private Life . |Ihe nkiri |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ede ihe nkiri na Zina Modiano |Ouassini Embarek na Marie Modiano |75 mita |- |2009 |Sweet home (Bent eddar) nke Fatma Chérif<br /> |Ihe omuma onyonyo |Onye na-ede ihe nkiri na Fatma Chérif |Thouraya |50 mita |- |2009 |Le Fil (Ụdọ) <br /> |Ihe omuma nke nwoke idina nwoke |Onye nduzi na onye edemede ya na Olivier Laneurie |Claudia Cardinale, Salim Kechiouche na Antonin Stahly (Vishwanadan) |93 mita |- |2011 |Les impardonables (Unforgivable) nke André Téchiné wepụtara site na akwụkwọ akụkọ 2009 nke Philippe Djian dere |Ihe na-akpali akpali |Onye na-ede ihe nkiri na André Téchiné na Philippe Djian |Carole Bouquet, André Dussollier na Mélanie Thierry |111 mita |- |2012 |''Anaghị m anwụ'' (''Anaghị m anwụ'', [[:fr:Je ne suis pas mort (film)|fr]]) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/im-not-dead-berlin-review-419614/|accessdate=15 February 2024|work=hollywoodreporter.com|title=I’m Not Dead: Berlin Review. Mehdi Dehbi and Maria de Medeiros star in writer-director Mehdi Ben Attia's sophomore feature|first=Jordan|author=Mintzer|date=February 8, 2013|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter, Penske Media Corporation}}</ref><br /> |Ihe nkiri |Onye nduzi na onye edemede |Mehdi Dehbi, Maria de Medeiros na Emmanuel Salinger |M 99 |- |2017 |Ịhụnanya nke ụmụ nwoke (Of Skin and Men) <br /> |Ihe nkiri |Onye nduzi na onye edemede ya na Martin Drouot |[[Raouf Ben Amor]] na Hafsia Herzi |105 mita |} == Onyinye == Ihe nkiri Ben Attia nwetara ihe nrite abụọ na nhọpụta atọ, dịka: {| class="wikitable" !Ihe nkiri !Ememme !Ihe nrite |- |''N'ihu'' (1999) |Emume Ihe nkiri Mba Nile nke Francophone nke Namur |2000 Onye mmeri Best Short Film of the South, ya na Zina Modiano kerịtara |- |''Akara'' (2009) |Frameline Film Festival (nke bụbu San Francisco International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival) <br /> |2010 Onye mmeri nke ndị na-ege ntị Best Feature |} == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cycystf1xb04t11yevgrzhm6arsh9yx 0 45366 674105 167798 2026-07-08T14:39:10Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ Fixed reference 674105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Inbal Eshel Cahansky<br>ענבל אשל כהנסקי|image=Inbal Eshel Cahansky - 2019 by Yair E.C.jpg|birth_place=[[Jerusalem]]|nationality=Israeli|occupation=Poet, literary editor}} {{Databox}}'''Inbal Eshel Cahansky''' (na Hibru : '''ענבל אשל כהנסקי''' ; amuru na 1977) bu onye Israel na-ede uri, onye ndezi edemede na onye na-akwado nwanyi . == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Eshel Cahansky na 1977 na [[Jerusalem]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://library.osu.edu/projects/hebrew-lexicon/01905.php|title=ענבל אשל כהנסקי (1977)|work=לקסיקון הספרות העברית החדשה|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> Na 2000, ọ gụchara BA na sayensị omume na College of Management Academic Studies . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.korebasfarim.com/2013/05/11/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A2%D7%9D-%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99/|title=השאלון עם ענבל אשל כהנסקי|author=ירין כץ|date=May 11, 2013|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}</ref> E bipụtala uri ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere ''Iton 77'', ''Carmel'', ''Social Poetry'', na ''Azụ Amụma'', yana akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ''Haaretz'', ''Maariv'', na ''Yedioth Ahronoth'' . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://judaism.walla.co.il/item/2873459|title=שיר של שבת: עם המשוררת ענבל אשל כהנסקי|author=יונתן ברג|date=July 17, 2016|work=Walla!|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/literature/poetry/.premium-1.1946258|title=שלוש משוררות מחפשות אחר האמת|author=ארז שוייצר|date=March 11, 2013|work=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}</ref> Abụ ya na-ekwu banyere ọtụtụ isi okwu: Ịbụ nne nye nwa nwanyị, na-emeso ọrịa akwara ozi. na erotica. E bipụtara mkpokọta uri mbụ ya, ''Wilds of Day'', na 2009. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4339463,00.html|title=ענבל אשל-כהנסקי: "אני לא חושבת שיש אלוהים"|author=לב-ארי|first=שירי|date=February 26, 2013|work=[[ynet]]|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}</ref> E bipụtala mkpokọta mkpokọta anọ nke abụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiebook.co.il/product-category/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99|title=ענבל אשל כהנסקי|work=אינדיבוק|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://simania.co.il/authorDetails.php?itemId=993788|title=ענבל אשל-כהנסקי|work=סימניה|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> Eshel Cahansky na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mpaghara uri Israel, na-ekere òkè n'agụ uri, ọ na-edezi uri ma na-eduzi ihe omume ịgụ uri. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke ọtụtụ otu uri, yana Gal Elgar na Hani Tsafrir, Eshel Cahansky na-elekọta ibe Facebook a ma ama "Abụ ụmụ nwanyị - abụ ụbọchị". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlife.co.il/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%94/103308/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99|title=האושיה: ענבל אשל כהנסקי|date=November 26, 2015|work=Onlife|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, yana atụmatụ mmekọrịta akụ na ụba nke a na-akpọ "Ogige nke isi na onyinyo" na Ra'anana Park. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotem.org/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99/|title=ענבל אשל כהנסקי|work=חוטם|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Eshel Cahansky amalitela ịmepụta nkà dị iche iche nke ịdọ aka ná ntị, na-elekwasị anya na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta na nkụ ọkụ. E gosila ọrụ ya n'ebe dị iche iche n'Izrel. Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya mere na Tel Aviv na Septemba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/events/235592480638610/|title=תַּעֲרוּכַת יְחִידָה 2018 – עִנְבָּל אֵשֶׁל כַּהַנְסְקִי|date=September 22, 2018|work=Facebook|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (May 2019)">nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Eshel Cahansky nwere ọnọdụ akwara ozi a na-akpọ myoclonus dị mkpa, nke ejiri hypnic jerks na stammering mara. Akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, ''Samael My Love'', na-ekwu banyere njọ nke ọnọdụ ya na ịnagide nkwarụ ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4339463,00.html|title=ענבל אשל-כהנסקי: "אני לא חושבת שיש אלוהים"|author=לב-ארי|first=שירי|date=February 26, 2013|work=[[ynet]]|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFלב-ארי2013">לב-ארי, שירי (February 26, 2013). [https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4339463,00.html "ענבל אשל-כהנסקי: "אני לא חושבת שיש אלוהים""]. ''[[ynet]]'' (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)]]</ref> Eshel Cahansky bi na Ra'anana, ya na onye ya na ndụ ya na nwa ha. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4339463,00.html|title=ענבל אשל-כהנסקי: "אני לא חושבת שיש אלוהים"|author=לב-ארי|first=שירי|date=February 26, 2013|work=[[ynet]]|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFלב-ארי2013">לב-ארי, שירי (February 26, 2013). [https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4339463,00.html "ענבל אשל-כהנסקי: "אני לא חושבת שיש אלוהים""]. ''[[ynet]]'' (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)]]</ref> == Na-arụ ọrụ == * '''פראי היום''' Carmel, 2009, Pardes, 2017 ''The Wilds of Day'' * '''Nna-ukwu''' Pardes, 2013 ''Samael M hụrụ n'anya'' * '''שואגת בלולאת-אינסוף''' Pardes, 2016 ''Na-ebigbọ n'ime oghere na-enweghị ngwụcha'' * '''במקום אחר''' ''חוץ לזמן Pardes, 2019 N'ebe ọzọ n'oge na-adịghị'' == Ntụaka == na-elekwasị anya na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta na nkụ ọkụ. E gosila ọrụ ya n'ebe dị iche iche n'Izrel. Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya mere{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5hlf5bjdkhiuvgcrirgjmesqj5a5qa6 674108 674105 2026-07-08T14:40:45Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ Fixed reference 674108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Inbal Eshel Cahansky<br>ענבל אשל כהנסקי|image=Inbal Eshel Cahansky - 2019 by Yair E.C.jpg|birth_place=[[Jerusalem]]|nationality=Israeli|occupation=Poet, literary editor}} {{Databox}}'''Inbal Eshel Cahansky''' (na Hibru : '''ענבל אשל כהנסקי''' ; amuru na 1977) bu onye Israel na-ede uri, onye ndezi edemede na onye na-akwado nwanyi . == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Eshel Cahansky na 1977 na [[Jerusalem]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://library.osu.edu/projects/hebrew-lexicon/01905.php|title=ענבל אשל כהנסקי (1977)|work=לקסיקון הספרות העברית החדשה|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> Na 2000, ọ gụchara BA na sayensị omume na College of Management Academic Studies . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.korebasfarim.com/2013/05/11/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A2%D7%9D-%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99/|title=השאלון עם ענבל אשל כהנסקי|author=ירין כץ|date=May 11, 2013|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}</ref> E bipụtala uri ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere ''Iton 77'', ''Carmel'', ''Social Poetry'', na ''Azụ Amụma'', yana akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ''Haaretz'', ''Maariv'', na ''Yedioth Ahronoth'' . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://judaism.walla.co.il/item/2873459|title=שיר של שבת: עם המשוררת ענבל אשל כהנסקי|author=יונתן ברג|date=July 17, 2016|work=Walla!|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/literature/poetry/.premium-1.1946258|title=שלוש משוררות מחפשות אחר האמת|author=ארז שוייצר|date=March 11, 2013|work=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}</ref> Abụ ya na-ekwu banyere ọtụtụ isi okwu: Ịbụ nne nye nwa nwanyị, na-emeso ọrịa akwara ozi. na erotica. E bipụtara mkpokọta uri mbụ ya, ''Wilds of Day'', na 2009. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4339463,00.html|title=ענבל אשל-כהנסקי: "אני לא חושבת שיש אלוהים"|author=לב-ארי|first=שירי|date=February 26, 2013|work=[[ynet]]|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}</ref> E bipụtala mkpokọta mkpokọta anọ nke abụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiebook.co.il/product-category/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99|title=ענבל אשל כהנסקי|work=אינדיבוק|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://simania.co.il/authorDetails.php?itemId=993788|title=ענבל אשל-כהנסקי|work=סימניה|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> Eshel Cahansky na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mpaghara uri Israel, na-ekere òkè n'agụ uri, ọ na-edezi uri ma na-eduzi ihe omume ịgụ uri. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke ọtụtụ otu uri, yana Gal Elgar na Hani Tsafrir, Eshel Cahansky na-elekọta ibe Facebook a ma ama "Abụ ụmụ nwanyị - abụ ụbọchị". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlife.co.il/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%94/103308/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99|title=האושיה: ענבל אשל כהנסקי|date=November 26, 2015|work=Onlife|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, yana atụmatụ mmekọrịta akụ na ụba nke a na-akpọ "Ogige nke isi na onyinyo" na Ra'anana Park. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotem.org/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99/|title=ענבל אשל כהנסקי|work=חוטם|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Eshel Cahansky amalitela ịmepụta nkà dị iche iche nke ịdọ aka ná ntị, na-elekwasị anya na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta na nkụ ọkụ. E gosila ọrụ ya n'ebe dị iche iche n'Izrel. Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya mere na Tel Aviv na Septemba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/events/235592480638610/|title=תַּעֲרוּכַת יְחִידָה 2018 – עִנְבָּל אֵשֶׁל כַּהַנְסְקִי|date=September 22, 2018|work=Facebook|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (May 2019)">nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Eshel Cahansky nwere ọnọdụ akwara ozi a na-akpọ myoclonus dị mkpa, nke ejiri hypnic jerks na stammering mara. Akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, ''Samael My Love'', na-ekwu banyere njọ nke ọnọdụ ya na ịnagide nkwarụ ya. Eshel Cahansky bi na Ra'anana, ya na onye ya na ndụ ya na nwa ha. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4339463,00.html|title=ענבל אשל-כהנסקי: "אני לא חושבת שיש אלוהים"|author=לב-ארי|first=שירי|date=February 26, 2013|work=[[ynet]]|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFלב-ארי2013">לב-ארי, שירי (February 26, 2013). [https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4339463,00.html "ענבל אשל-כהנסקי: "אני לא חושבת שיש אלוהים""]. ''[[ynet]]'' (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)]]</ref> == Na-arụ ọrụ == * '''פראי היום''' Carmel, 2009, Pardes, 2017 ''The Wilds of Day'' * '''Nna-ukwu''' Pardes, 2013 ''Samael M hụrụ n'anya'' * '''שואגת בלולאת-אינסוף''' Pardes, 2016 ''Na-ebigbọ n'ime oghere na-enweghị ngwụcha'' * '''במקום אחר''' ''חוץ לזמן Pardes, 2019 N'ebe ọzọ n'oge na-adịghị'' == Ntụaka == na-elekwasị anya na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta na nkụ ọkụ. E gosila ọrụ ya n'ebe dị iche iche n'Izrel. Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya mere{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2svb1q250ehos5qnbwfdltkw09t1sq2 674110 674108 2026-07-08T14:41:34Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ Fixed reference 674110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Inbal Eshel Cahansky<br>ענבל אשל כהנסקי|image=Inbal Eshel Cahansky - 2019 by Yair E.C.jpg|birth_place=[[Jerusalem]]|nationality=Israeli|occupation=Poet, literary editor}} {{Databox}}'''Inbal Eshel Cahansky''' (na Hibru : '''ענבל אשל כהנסקי''' ; amuru na 1977) bu onye Israel na-ede uri, onye ndezi edemede na onye na-akwado nwanyi . == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Eshel Cahansky na 1977 na [[Jerusalem]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://library.osu.edu/projects/hebrew-lexicon/01905.php|title=ענבל אשל כהנסקי (1977)|work=לקסיקון הספרות העברית החדשה|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> Na 2000, ọ gụchara BA na sayensị omume na College of Management Academic Studies . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.korebasfarim.com/2013/05/11/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A2%D7%9D-%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99/|title=השאלון עם ענבל אשל כהנסקי|author=ירין כץ|date=May 11, 2013|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}</ref> E bipụtala uri ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere ''Iton 77'', ''Carmel'', ''Social Poetry'', na ''Azụ Amụma'', yana akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ''Haaretz'', ''Maariv'', na ''Yedioth Ahronoth'' . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://judaism.walla.co.il/item/2873459|title=שיר של שבת: עם המשוררת ענבל אשל כהנסקי|author=יונתן ברג|date=July 17, 2016|work=Walla!|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/literature/poetry/.premium-1.1946258|title=שלוש משוררות מחפשות אחר האמת|author=ארז שוייצר|date=March 11, 2013|work=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}</ref> Abụ ya na-ekwu banyere ọtụtụ isi okwu: Ịbụ nne nye nwa nwanyị, na-emeso ọrịa akwara ozi. na erotica. E bipụtara mkpokọta uri mbụ ya, ''Wilds of Day'', na 2009. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4339463,00.html|title=ענבל אשל-כהנסקי: "אני לא חושבת שיש אלוהים"|author=לב-ארי|first=שירי|date=February 26, 2013|work=[[ynet]]|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}</ref> E bipụtala mkpokọta mkpokọta anọ nke abụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiebook.co.il/product-category/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99|title=ענבל אשל כהנסקי|work=אינדיבוק|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://simania.co.il/authorDetails.php?itemId=993788|title=ענבל אשל-כהנסקי|work=סימניה|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> Eshel Cahansky na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mpaghara uri Israel, na-ekere òkè n'agụ uri, ọ na-edezi uri ma na-eduzi ihe omume ịgụ uri. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke ọtụtụ otu uri, yana Gal Elgar na Hani Tsafrir, Eshel Cahansky na-elekọta ibe Facebook a ma ama "Abụ ụmụ nwanyị - abụ ụbọchị". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlife.co.il/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%94/103308/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99|title=האושיה: ענבל אשל כהנסקי|date=November 26, 2015|work=Onlife|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, yana atụmatụ mmekọrịta akụ na ụba nke a na-akpọ "Ogige nke isi na onyinyo" na Ra'anana Park. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotem.org/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99/|title=ענבל אשל כהנסקי|work=חוטם|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Eshel Cahansky amalitela ịmepụta nkà dị iche iche nke ịdọ aka ná ntị, na-elekwasị anya na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta na nkụ ọkụ. E gosila ọrụ ya n'ebe dị iche iche n'Izrel. Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya mere na Tel Aviv na Septemba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/events/235592480638610/|title=תַּעֲרוּכַת יְחִידָה 2018 – עִנְבָּל אֵשֶׁל כַּהַנְסְקִי|date=September 22, 2018|work=Facebook|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}</ref> </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (May 2019)">nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Eshel Cahansky nwere ọnọdụ akwara ozi a na-akpọ myoclonus dị mkpa, nke ejiri hypnic jerks na stammering mara. Akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, ''Samael My Love'', na-ekwu banyere njọ nke ọnọdụ ya na ịnagide nkwarụ ya. Eshel Cahansky bi na Ra'anana, ya na onye ya na ndụ ya na nwa ha. == Na-arụ ọrụ == * '''פראי היום''' Carmel, 2009, Pardes, 2017 ''The Wilds of Day'' * '''Nna-ukwu''' Pardes, 2013 ''Samael M hụrụ n'anya'' * '''שואגת בלולאת-אינסוף''' Pardes, 2016 ''Na-ebigbọ n'ime oghere na-enweghị ngwụcha'' * '''במקום אחר''' ''חוץ לזמן Pardes, 2019 N'ebe ọzọ n'oge na-adịghị'' == Ntụaka == na-elekwasị anya na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta na nkụ ọkụ. E gosila ọrụ ya n'ebe dị iche iche n'Izrel. Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya mere{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] innvudtaobykugpx5dukwutvkxdqqga 0 45507 674088 631506 2026-07-08T14:30:42Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Art */ 674088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mohammed Khadda''' (Arabic: محمد الخدة; 14 Maachị 1930 - 4 Mee 1991) bụ onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, na onye edemede. A na-ewere Khadda dị ka otu n'ime ndị malitere ihe osise Algeria nke oge a na otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke "ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama.", dị ka aha ya bụ "peintre du signe" nke Jean Sénac nyere. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Algeria, Democratic and Popular Republic of|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000001793|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Grove Art Online|date=2003|language=en|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T001793}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Zoom Into Mohammed Khadda's Abstracts|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/zoom-into-mohammed-khadda-s-abstracts/RwVBrccG_BZN2g|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na 1960. Mmetụta ya gụnyere Cubism na calligraphy Arabic. O lekwasịrị anya n'ihe na-abụghị ihe atụ ma ọ bụ nke nkịtị. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Aresu|first=Bernard|date=2010|title=Mémoire de signes: l'abstraction chez Jean-Michel Atlan et Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636|journal=The French Review|volume=83|issue=6|pages=1272–1287|issn=0016-111X}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Ham|first=Anthony|url=http://archive.org/details/algeria00anth|title=Algeria|date=2007|publisher=Footscray, Vic. ; London : Lonely Planet|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-74179-099-3}}</ref> Ọ nọchitere anya ọgbọ nke ndị na-ese ihe Algeria bụ ndị jikọtara echiche nke ihe nketa calligraphic na asụsụ nkịtị nke ederede Western site na abstraction Western site na 1950s. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Mohammed Khadda na 1930 na Mostaganem, mgbe Algeria ka nọ n'okpuru ọrụ [[France]]. Ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụaka ise, ndị abụọ n'ime ha nwụrụ mgbe ha ka bụ ụmụ ọhụrụ. A mụrụ nna ya, Bendehiba Khadda, na 1912 na obodo Mina ma kwaga Mostaganem mgbe ọ dị obere. N'agbanyeghị na Bendehiba mụrụ kpuru ìsì, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche dị ka onye na-agba blọk na onye na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri. Nne Khadda, Nebi El Ghali mụrụ na 1911 na Zemora, Algeria, obodo dị nso na Tiaret. Mgbe ọ bụ obere nwa agbọghọ, otu ebo ndị bi na nso ebe o bi gburu nne na nna ya. Ya onwe ya, dịka nna Mohammed, kpurukwa ìsì, mana ọ jisiri ike gbanwee. Benedehiba na Nebi zutere na Mostaganem ma lụọ na 1929. === Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ọkachamara === [[Usòrò:Mohammed_KHADDA_c._1982.jpg|thumb| Mohammed Khadda, ihe dịka 1982]] Na 1936, Mohammed Khadda gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Tigditt, Mostaganem na mpaghara Arab. Na 1942, ya na ezinụlọ ya aghaghị ịhapụ Mostaganem n'ihi ụnwụ nri n'ógbè ahụ. Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Tiaret ma ha na nwanne nne ya kwagara. Ọ nweghị ike ịgụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'oge a. Ọ jọgburu onwe ya n'ebe ahụ n'ihi na nwanne nne ha enweghị ike igbo mkpa ha n'ihi afọ ndụ ya. Ọnwa atọ ka e mesịrị, ọ laghachiri na Mostaganem wee laghachi akwụkwọ. Na 1944, o nwetara diplọma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Nna ya chọrọ ka ọ nweta ọrụ ozugbo o nwetara diplọma ya, ma otu n’ime ndị nkụzi ya nyere ya ezumike otu afọ n’ihi ya, ọ gaghị etinye aka n’ọrụ ọ na-adịghị amasị ya. Na 1944, Khadda nwetara ọrụ n’otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ, nke dị n’ógbè Ain Sefra. N'ehihie, ọ na-ese ụkpụrụ, mgbe ahụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ na eserese ya n'abalị. Ọzọkwa, o kpebiri iwere ọrụ nke abụọ na mgbede, na-ejikọta akwụkwọ maka ndị edemede dị iche iche dị ka Omar Khayyam, Abdou Mohammed, Taha Hussein, Hafid, Jami, André Gide, André Breton, na Jean Cocteau . A kụziiri ya ise ihe, mgbe ọ na-aga klas nke onye isi ya na-akwụ ụgwọ. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda "MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists"]. ''Dalloul Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Pouillon|first=François|date=2002|title=150 Years of Algerian Painting: Relevance for Understanding the Postcolonial Situation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843236|journal=French Politics, Culture & Society|volume=20|issue=2|pages=141–158|doi=10.3167/153763702782369731|issn=1537-6370}}</ref> N'afọ 1948, ya na enyi ya Abdallah Benanteur, Mohammed Khadda nyochara nchịkọta nka dị iche iche ewepụtara na Musée des Beaux-Arts na isi obodo Algiers, bụ ebe ọ nwere ike ịchọta mkpali mbụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'ọdịnihu. Ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ịhụnanya bụ Eugène Delacroix, ma ọ bụ Théodore Chassériau na-emetụtakarị ya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda "MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists"]. ''Dalloul Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'ime afọ nke iguzogide ndị France, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe gụnyere Khadda gara agha maka National Liberation Army . Mgbe o mechara ndị agha ahụ, ọ kwụsịrị na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe ji nwayọọ nwayọọ malite. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda "MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists"]. ''Dalloul Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Ndụ na Paris === Na mmalite 1950s, ka nguzogide Algeria na-arịwanye elu, Khadda nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ya na Paris, yana Benanteur. Mohammed Khadda gara Académie de la Grande Chaumière . Mgbe ọ na-amụtakwu banyere nka, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ụlọ ahịa ebipụta dị iche iche, na-enyocha omenala Paris. Khadda mechara tinye aka na ntọhapụ nke obodo ya, wee sonye na otu ndị Kọmunist nke France ka ọ kwado nnwere onwe nke Algeria, na 1953. Mgbe ọ na-ebi na Paris, e kpughere ya na omenala, obodo, omenala dị iche iche, nke mere ka anya nkà ya dị nkọ. Ewebatara ya na mmegharị nka nke Eurocentric dị ka Abstract Art, yana “ ihe osise Africa na ọrụ ink East-Asia ”, <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> nyere Pluriculturalism nke obodo. Khadda sokwa na " Circle Intellectual Circle of Algerian " mgbe ọ bi na France, ma ekwuru na ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nnwere onwe nke Algeria . Okirikiri a mekwara ka o zute ndị omenkà Algeria ndị ọzọ sitere na mpaghara dị iche iche, dịka Mustapha Kaid, Kateb Yacine na Mustapha Kateb . <ref name=":02" /> === Lọghachi na Algeria === Na 1963, ọ laghachiri Algeria, otu afọ mgbe nnwere onwe ya gasịrị, ebe o biri na Blida. Na 1964, ọ ghọrọ onye otu Union Nationale des Arts Plastiques (National Union of Plastic Arts) tọrọ ntọala na 1963, n'okpuru nkwado nke Ministry of Culture and Information, na Front de Libération Nationale (National Liberation Front). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-05-08|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda "MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists"]. ''Dalloul Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1972, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ ya, ma nyefee ihe fọdụrụ ná ndụ ya n'ise ihe. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ na ngalaba nka nka nke Ministry of Culture na 1979, wee bụrụ onye otu Conseil National de la Culture (National Council of Culture) na 1990. <ref name=":02" /> == Art == Ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na palettes nke ụda ụwa na nke na-egbuke egbuke, dị ọcha na agba, Khadda kere ihe odide na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-edepụta ederede Arabic na calligraphy n'elu akwa mkpuchi ikuku. Iji calligraphy dị ka ụdị nka dị mkpa, ebe ọ na-emewanye ihe ngosi ya na-abụkarị akụkụ nke chef d'oeuvres nka nka nke Khadda mepụtara, nke akpọrọ Hurufiyah . [[Usòrò:Atelier_de_Khadda,_1986.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ ọrụ Khadda, 1986]] Mohammed Khadda ji olu ya, na nka ya dị ka ihe eji egosipụta echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, na ịhụ na ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya ruru ọtụtụ mmadụ dịka o kwere mee. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na ọrụ nka ya, ''Elements pour un Art nouveau'', na 1966 ma bu n'obi ịkwalite nwughari nke Art na Algeria na obodo post-colonial. Ọ sonyekwara na mmegharị nka Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu), <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Llorens|first=Natasha Marie|title=WHITHER THE SIGN: MOHAMMED KHADDA IN ASSIA DJEBAR'S LA NOUBA DES FEMMES DU MONT CHENOUA|url=https://www.academia.edu/38668659|journal=CINEMA: Journal of Philosophy and the Moving Image}}</ref> nke ewelitere na 1967, ebe ndị nka ga-emepụta nka [[Berber languages|Amazigh]], nke sitere na akara ngosi ha, egbugbu ọdịnala nke obodo Amazigh na-eyi. Onyinye ya na steeti ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Algeria site na nka ya, ka bara uru ruo taa, dị ka Suheyla Takesh na Lynn Gumpert gosipụtara na ihe ngosi nka ha na 2020, " ''Na-ewere Shape: Abstraction si Arab World, 1950s-1980"'' . Ndị ọkà mmụta, dị ka Prọfesọ Dina Ramadan na Bard College, na-ejikwa nka ya dị ka ụzọ isi tụgharịa uche na mmetụta nke ịchịisi na ọha mmadụ, dịka o dere na nyocha nka ya banyere ihe ngosi Takesh na Gumpert. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s|url=http://caareviews.org/reviews/3728|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s}}</ref> Dr. Natasha Marie Llorens, onye nyocha nke doctoral lekwasịrị anya na sinima Algerian post-colonial cinema, na-akọwa n'ihu na nyocha ya, ''Ebe akara. : Mohammed Khadda na Assia Djebar's La Nouba des Femmes du Mont Chenoua'', ka a na-egosipụtakwa nkà nke Khadda na ihe nkiri Algeria dị ka ụzọ isi gosipụta "mmezi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na eserese, nke ọ chere na ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka mgbasa ozi echiche". <ref name=":12" /> Na 1947, Khadda zutere Abdallah Benanteur, onye na-ese ihe a mụrụ na Mostaganem otu afọ mgbe a mụsịrị Khadda. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Aresu|first=Bernard|date=2010|title=Mémoire de signes: l'abstraction chez Jean-Michel Atlan et Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636|journal=The French Review|volume=83|issue=6|pages=1272–1287|issn=0016-111X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAresu2010">Aresu, Bernard (2010). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636 "Mémoire de signes: l'abstraction chez Jean-Michel Atlan et Mohammed Khadda"]. ''The French Review''. '''83''' (6): 1272–1287. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0016-111X|0016-111X]]. [[JSTOR (ihe nchọpụta)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636 40650636].</cite></ref> <ref name=":2" /> Mgbe ha zutere, Khadda debanyere aha na École des Beaux-arts [College of Fine Arts] ebe ọ mụtara usoro nka dị iche iche dị ka agba mmiri, pastels, na eserese. Ọ gara n'ihu gbasaa usoro ihe osise ya site n'esere ihe ngosi nke nzukọ n'ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ na ahịa flea. N'afọ 1948, ya na Benantaur gara ileta enyi ha n'otu ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ bụ n'oge nleta a ka Khadda hụrụ Museum of Fine Arts ebe ihe osise Eugène Delacroix, Eugène Fromentin, Théodore Chassériau, na Nasreddine Dinet kpaliri ya. Ọkpụkpụ nke Auguste Rodin na Antoine Bourdelle metụtakwara ya. <ref name=":2" /> Na 1953, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe si Africa, Mohammed Khadda gara Paris, France ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya. N'oge ahụ, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Pablo Picasso wee mụta ụdị nke Cubism nke metụtara nkà ya nke ukwuu. Ọ nọrọ afọ iri na Europe tupu ọ laghachi Algeria. Mgbe ọ lọghachiri, ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji guzobe obodo nka na Algeria maka ndị na-eto eto na-achọ nka iji kwalite nkà ha nwere. Na 1964, ya na ndị ọzọ hiwere National Union of the Visual Arts. Khadda hibere ndị na-ese ihe na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara na 1967. O gosikwara akwụkwọ maka Rachid Boudjedra, Tahar Djaout, na ndị ọzọ. [[Usòrò:SignatureKhadda.jpg|thumb| Akara aka nke Mohammed Khadda]] == mmegharị dị mkpa == * Mohammed Khadda tinyere aka na ọtụtụ mmegharị nka na otu n'ime oge ọrụ ya nwere ma ga-aga n'ihu na-emetụta nka na Africa na ụwa ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a gụnyere: * National Union of the Visual Arts, 1967 * Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu) Art Movement, 1967 <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/ "Mohammed Khadda"]. ''Barjeel Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara, 1967 * "Ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama" <ref name=":5" /> * Emepụtara ihe karịrị 70 murals na 1970s * Alụso ya ọgụ na National Liberation Army n'oge French Resistance == Ụtụ == Na Maachị 14, 2020, Google jiri Google Doodle mee emume ụbọchị ọmụmụ 90 ya. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-14|title=Google honors late Algerian artist Mohammed Khadda with a doodle|url=https://arab.news/j96hf|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|author=Gillett|first=Katy|date=2020-03-14|title=Who is Mohammed Khadda? Google Doodle pays homage to Algerian artist|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/who-is-mohammed-khadda-google-doodle-pays-homage-to-algerian-artist-1.992221|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=The National|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Omenala Algeria * Cubism * Pablo Picasso * Amazigh * Art Abstract == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite web|title=Mutual Art|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Mohammed-Khadda/70D182827E51D52D/Artworks}} * {{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda's 90th Birthday Doodle - Google Doodles|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/mohammed-khaddas-90th-birthday/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=doodles.google|language=en}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f1mfpy106wi0tjbvfcdjshpzpgzgw4o 674089 674088 2026-07-08T14:31:15Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ọkachamara */ 674089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mohammed Khadda''' (Arabic: محمد الخدة; 14 Maachị 1930 - 4 Mee 1991) bụ onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, na onye edemede. A na-ewere Khadda dị ka otu n'ime ndị malitere ihe osise Algeria nke oge a na otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke "ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama.", dị ka aha ya bụ "peintre du signe" nke Jean Sénac nyere. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Algeria, Democratic and Popular Republic of|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000001793|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Grove Art Online|date=2003|language=en|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T001793}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Zoom Into Mohammed Khadda's Abstracts|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/zoom-into-mohammed-khadda-s-abstracts/RwVBrccG_BZN2g|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na 1960. Mmetụta ya gụnyere Cubism na calligraphy Arabic. O lekwasịrị anya n'ihe na-abụghị ihe atụ ma ọ bụ nke nkịtị. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Aresu|first=Bernard|date=2010|title=Mémoire de signes: l'abstraction chez Jean-Michel Atlan et Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636|journal=The French Review|volume=83|issue=6|pages=1272–1287|issn=0016-111X}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Ham|first=Anthony|url=http://archive.org/details/algeria00anth|title=Algeria|date=2007|publisher=Footscray, Vic. ; London : Lonely Planet|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-74179-099-3}}</ref> Ọ nọchitere anya ọgbọ nke ndị na-ese ihe Algeria bụ ndị jikọtara echiche nke ihe nketa calligraphic na asụsụ nkịtị nke ederede Western site na abstraction Western site na 1950s. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Mohammed Khadda na 1930 na Mostaganem, mgbe Algeria ka nọ n'okpuru ọrụ [[France]]. Ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụaka ise, ndị abụọ n'ime ha nwụrụ mgbe ha ka bụ ụmụ ọhụrụ. A mụrụ nna ya, Bendehiba Khadda, na 1912 na obodo Mina ma kwaga Mostaganem mgbe ọ dị obere. N'agbanyeghị na Bendehiba mụrụ kpuru ìsì, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche dị ka onye na-agba blọk na onye na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri. Nne Khadda, Nebi El Ghali mụrụ na 1911 na Zemora, Algeria, obodo dị nso na Tiaret. Mgbe ọ bụ obere nwa agbọghọ, otu ebo ndị bi na nso ebe o bi gburu nne na nna ya. Ya onwe ya, dịka nna Mohammed, kpurukwa ìsì, mana ọ jisiri ike gbanwee. Benedehiba na Nebi zutere na Mostaganem ma lụọ na 1929. === Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ọkachamara === [[Usòrò:Mohammed_KHADDA_c._1982.jpg|thumb| Mohammed Khadda, ihe dịka 1982]] Na 1936, Mohammed Khadda gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Tigditt, Mostaganem na mpaghara Arab. Na 1942, ya na ezinụlọ ya aghaghị ịhapụ Mostaganem n'ihi ụnwụ nri n'ógbè ahụ. Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Tiaret ma ha na nwanne nne ya kwagara. Ọ nweghị ike ịgụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'oge a. Ọ jọgburu onwe ya n'ebe ahụ n'ihi na nwanne nne ha enweghị ike igbo mkpa ha n'ihi afọ ndụ ya. Ọnwa atọ ka e mesịrị, ọ laghachiri na Mostaganem wee laghachi akwụkwọ. Na 1944, o nwetara diplọma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Nna ya chọrọ ka ọ nweta ọrụ ozugbo o nwetara diplọma ya, ma otu n’ime ndị nkụzi ya nyere ya ezumike otu afọ n’ihi ya, ọ gaghị etinye aka n’ọrụ ọ na-adịghị amasị ya. Na 1944, Khadda nwetara ọrụ n’otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ, nke dị n’ógbè Ain Sefra. N'ehihie, ọ na-ese ụkpụrụ, mgbe ahụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ na eserese ya n'abalị. Ọzọkwa, o kpebiri iwere ọrụ nke abụọ na mgbede, na-ejikọta akwụkwọ maka ndị edemede dị iche iche dị ka Omar Khayyam, Abdou Mohammed, Taha Hussein, Hafid, Jami, André Gide, André Breton, na Jean Cocteau . A kụziiri ya ise ihe, mgbe ọ na-aga klas nke onye isi ya na-akwụ ụgwọ. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda "MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists"]. ''Dalloul Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Pouillon|first=François|date=2002|title=150 Years of Algerian Painting: Relevance for Understanding the Postcolonial Situation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843236|journal=French Politics, Culture & Society|volume=20|issue=2|pages=141–158|doi=10.3167/153763702782369731|issn=1537-6370}}</ref> N'afọ 1948, ya na enyi ya Abdallah Benanteur, Mohammed Khadda nyochara nchịkọta nka dị iche iche ewepụtara na Musée des Beaux-Arts na isi obodo Algiers, bụ ebe ọ nwere ike ịchọta mkpali mbụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'ọdịnihu. Ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ịhụnanya bụ Eugène Delacroix, ma ọ bụ Théodore Chassériau na-emetụtakarị ya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda "MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists"]. ''Dalloul Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'ime afọ nke iguzogide ndị France, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe gụnyere Khadda gara agha maka National Liberation Army . Mgbe o mechara ndị agha ahụ, ọ kwụsịrị na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe ji nwayọọ nwayọọ malite. <ref name=":2" /> === Ndụ na Paris === Na mmalite 1950s, ka nguzogide Algeria na-arịwanye elu, Khadda nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ya na Paris, yana Benanteur. Mohammed Khadda gara Académie de la Grande Chaumière . Mgbe ọ na-amụtakwu banyere nka, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ụlọ ahịa ebipụta dị iche iche, na-enyocha omenala Paris. Khadda mechara tinye aka na ntọhapụ nke obodo ya, wee sonye na otu ndị Kọmunist nke France ka ọ kwado nnwere onwe nke Algeria, na 1953. Mgbe ọ na-ebi na Paris, e kpughere ya na omenala, obodo, omenala dị iche iche, nke mere ka anya nkà ya dị nkọ. Ewebatara ya na mmegharị nka nke Eurocentric dị ka Abstract Art, yana “ ihe osise Africa na ọrụ ink East-Asia ”, <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> nyere Pluriculturalism nke obodo. Khadda sokwa na " Circle Intellectual Circle of Algerian " mgbe ọ bi na France, ma ekwuru na ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nnwere onwe nke Algeria . Okirikiri a mekwara ka o zute ndị omenkà Algeria ndị ọzọ sitere na mpaghara dị iche iche, dịka Mustapha Kaid, Kateb Yacine na Mustapha Kateb . <ref name=":02" /> === Lọghachi na Algeria === Na 1963, ọ laghachiri Algeria, otu afọ mgbe nnwere onwe ya gasịrị, ebe o biri na Blida. Na 1964, ọ ghọrọ onye otu Union Nationale des Arts Plastiques (National Union of Plastic Arts) tọrọ ntọala na 1963, n'okpuru nkwado nke Ministry of Culture and Information, na Front de Libération Nationale (National Liberation Front). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-05-08|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda "MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists"]. ''Dalloul Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1972, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ ya, ma nyefee ihe fọdụrụ ná ndụ ya n'ise ihe. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ na ngalaba nka nka nke Ministry of Culture na 1979, wee bụrụ onye otu Conseil National de la Culture (National Council of Culture) na 1990. <ref name=":02" /> == Art == Ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na palettes nke ụda ụwa na nke na-egbuke egbuke, dị ọcha na agba, Khadda kere ihe odide na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-edepụta ederede Arabic na calligraphy n'elu akwa mkpuchi ikuku. Iji calligraphy dị ka ụdị nka dị mkpa, ebe ọ na-emewanye ihe ngosi ya na-abụkarị akụkụ nke chef d'oeuvres nka nka nke Khadda mepụtara, nke akpọrọ Hurufiyah . [[Usòrò:Atelier_de_Khadda,_1986.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ ọrụ Khadda, 1986]] Mohammed Khadda ji olu ya, na nka ya dị ka ihe eji egosipụta echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, na ịhụ na ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya ruru ọtụtụ mmadụ dịka o kwere mee. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na ọrụ nka ya, ''Elements pour un Art nouveau'', na 1966 ma bu n'obi ịkwalite nwughari nke Art na Algeria na obodo post-colonial. Ọ sonyekwara na mmegharị nka Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu), <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Llorens|first=Natasha Marie|title=WHITHER THE SIGN: MOHAMMED KHADDA IN ASSIA DJEBAR'S LA NOUBA DES FEMMES DU MONT CHENOUA|url=https://www.academia.edu/38668659|journal=CINEMA: Journal of Philosophy and the Moving Image}}</ref> nke ewelitere na 1967, ebe ndị nka ga-emepụta nka [[Berber languages|Amazigh]], nke sitere na akara ngosi ha, egbugbu ọdịnala nke obodo Amazigh na-eyi. Onyinye ya na steeti ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Algeria site na nka ya, ka bara uru ruo taa, dị ka Suheyla Takesh na Lynn Gumpert gosipụtara na ihe ngosi nka ha na 2020, " ''Na-ewere Shape: Abstraction si Arab World, 1950s-1980"'' . Ndị ọkà mmụta, dị ka Prọfesọ Dina Ramadan na Bard College, na-ejikwa nka ya dị ka ụzọ isi tụgharịa uche na mmetụta nke ịchịisi na ọha mmadụ, dịka o dere na nyocha nka ya banyere ihe ngosi Takesh na Gumpert. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s|url=http://caareviews.org/reviews/3728|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s}}</ref> Dr. Natasha Marie Llorens, onye nyocha nke doctoral lekwasịrị anya na sinima Algerian post-colonial cinema, na-akọwa n'ihu na nyocha ya, ''Ebe akara. : Mohammed Khadda na Assia Djebar's La Nouba des Femmes du Mont Chenoua'', ka a na-egosipụtakwa nkà nke Khadda na ihe nkiri Algeria dị ka ụzọ isi gosipụta "mmezi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na eserese, nke ọ chere na ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka mgbasa ozi echiche". <ref name=":12" /> Na 1947, Khadda zutere Abdallah Benanteur, onye na-ese ihe a mụrụ na Mostaganem otu afọ mgbe a mụsịrị Khadda. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Aresu|first=Bernard|date=2010|title=Mémoire de signes: l'abstraction chez Jean-Michel Atlan et Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636|journal=The French Review|volume=83|issue=6|pages=1272–1287|issn=0016-111X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAresu2010">Aresu, Bernard (2010). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636 "Mémoire de signes: l'abstraction chez Jean-Michel Atlan et Mohammed Khadda"]. ''The French Review''. '''83''' (6): 1272–1287. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0016-111X|0016-111X]]. [[JSTOR (ihe nchọpụta)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636 40650636].</cite></ref> <ref name=":2" /> Mgbe ha zutere, Khadda debanyere aha na École des Beaux-arts [College of Fine Arts] ebe ọ mụtara usoro nka dị iche iche dị ka agba mmiri, pastels, na eserese. Ọ gara n'ihu gbasaa usoro ihe osise ya site n'esere ihe ngosi nke nzukọ n'ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ na ahịa flea. N'afọ 1948, ya na Benantaur gara ileta enyi ha n'otu ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ bụ n'oge nleta a ka Khadda hụrụ Museum of Fine Arts ebe ihe osise Eugène Delacroix, Eugène Fromentin, Théodore Chassériau, na Nasreddine Dinet kpaliri ya. Ọkpụkpụ nke Auguste Rodin na Antoine Bourdelle metụtakwara ya. <ref name=":2" /> Na 1953, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe si Africa, Mohammed Khadda gara Paris, France ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya. N'oge ahụ, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Pablo Picasso wee mụta ụdị nke Cubism nke metụtara nkà ya nke ukwuu. Ọ nọrọ afọ iri na Europe tupu ọ laghachi Algeria. Mgbe ọ lọghachiri, ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji guzobe obodo nka na Algeria maka ndị na-eto eto na-achọ nka iji kwalite nkà ha nwere. Na 1964, ya na ndị ọzọ hiwere National Union of the Visual Arts. Khadda hibere ndị na-ese ihe na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara na 1967. O gosikwara akwụkwọ maka Rachid Boudjedra, Tahar Djaout, na ndị ọzọ. [[Usòrò:SignatureKhadda.jpg|thumb| Akara aka nke Mohammed Khadda]] == mmegharị dị mkpa == * Mohammed Khadda tinyere aka na ọtụtụ mmegharị nka na otu n'ime oge ọrụ ya nwere ma ga-aga n'ihu na-emetụta nka na Africa na ụwa ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a gụnyere: * National Union of the Visual Arts, 1967 * Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu) Art Movement, 1967 <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/ "Mohammed Khadda"]. ''Barjeel Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara, 1967 * "Ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama" <ref name=":5" /> * Emepụtara ihe karịrị 70 murals na 1970s * Alụso ya ọgụ na National Liberation Army n'oge French Resistance == Ụtụ == Na Maachị 14, 2020, Google jiri Google Doodle mee emume ụbọchị ọmụmụ 90 ya. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-14|title=Google honors late Algerian artist Mohammed Khadda with a doodle|url=https://arab.news/j96hf|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|author=Gillett|first=Katy|date=2020-03-14|title=Who is Mohammed Khadda? Google Doodle pays homage to Algerian artist|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/who-is-mohammed-khadda-google-doodle-pays-homage-to-algerian-artist-1.992221|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=The National|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Omenala Algeria * Cubism * Pablo Picasso * Amazigh * Art Abstract == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite web|title=Mutual Art|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Mohammed-Khadda/70D182827E51D52D/Artworks}} * {{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda's 90th Birthday Doodle - Google Doodles|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/mohammed-khaddas-90th-birthday/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=doodles.google|language=en}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] iml8ieirspoqffdfbmtuqp9vgt730gd 674091 674089 2026-07-08T14:31:50Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ọkachamara */ 674091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mohammed Khadda''' (Arabic: محمد الخدة; 14 Maachị 1930 - 4 Mee 1991) bụ onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, na onye edemede. A na-ewere Khadda dị ka otu n'ime ndị malitere ihe osise Algeria nke oge a na otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke "ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama.", dị ka aha ya bụ "peintre du signe" nke Jean Sénac nyere. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Algeria, Democratic and Popular Republic of|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000001793|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Grove Art Online|date=2003|language=en|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T001793}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Zoom Into Mohammed Khadda's Abstracts|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/zoom-into-mohammed-khadda-s-abstracts/RwVBrccG_BZN2g|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na 1960. Mmetụta ya gụnyere Cubism na calligraphy Arabic. O lekwasịrị anya n'ihe na-abụghị ihe atụ ma ọ bụ nke nkịtị. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Aresu|first=Bernard|date=2010|title=Mémoire de signes: l'abstraction chez Jean-Michel Atlan et Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636|journal=The French Review|volume=83|issue=6|pages=1272–1287|issn=0016-111X}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Ham|first=Anthony|url=http://archive.org/details/algeria00anth|title=Algeria|date=2007|publisher=Footscray, Vic. ; London : Lonely Planet|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-74179-099-3}}</ref> Ọ nọchitere anya ọgbọ nke ndị na-ese ihe Algeria bụ ndị jikọtara echiche nke ihe nketa calligraphic na asụsụ nkịtị nke ederede Western site na abstraction Western site na 1950s. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Mohammed Khadda na 1930 na Mostaganem, mgbe Algeria ka nọ n'okpuru ọrụ [[France]]. Ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụaka ise, ndị abụọ n'ime ha nwụrụ mgbe ha ka bụ ụmụ ọhụrụ. A mụrụ nna ya, Bendehiba Khadda, na 1912 na obodo Mina ma kwaga Mostaganem mgbe ọ dị obere. N'agbanyeghị na Bendehiba mụrụ kpuru ìsì, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche dị ka onye na-agba blọk na onye na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri. Nne Khadda, Nebi El Ghali mụrụ na 1911 na Zemora, Algeria, obodo dị nso na Tiaret. Mgbe ọ bụ obere nwa agbọghọ, otu ebo ndị bi na nso ebe o bi gburu nne na nna ya. Ya onwe ya, dịka nna Mohammed, kpurukwa ìsì, mana ọ jisiri ike gbanwee. Benedehiba na Nebi zutere na Mostaganem ma lụọ na 1929. === Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ọkachamara === [[Usòrò:Mohammed_KHADDA_c._1982.jpg|thumb| Mohammed Khadda, ihe dịka 1982]] Na 1936, Mohammed Khadda gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Tigditt, Mostaganem na mpaghara Arab. Na 1942, ya na ezinụlọ ya aghaghị ịhapụ Mostaganem n'ihi ụnwụ nri n'ógbè ahụ. Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Tiaret ma ha na nwanne nne ya kwagara. Ọ nweghị ike ịgụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'oge a. Ọ jọgburu onwe ya n'ebe ahụ n'ihi na nwanne nne ha enweghị ike igbo mkpa ha n'ihi afọ ndụ ya. Ọnwa atọ ka e mesịrị, ọ laghachiri na Mostaganem wee laghachi akwụkwọ. Na 1944, o nwetara diplọma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Nna ya chọrọ ka ọ nweta ọrụ ozugbo o nwetara diplọma ya, ma otu n’ime ndị nkụzi ya nyere ya ezumike otu afọ n’ihi ya, ọ gaghị etinye aka n’ọrụ ọ na-adịghị amasị ya. Na 1944, Khadda nwetara ọrụ n’otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ, nke dị n’ógbè Ain Sefra. N'ehihie, ọ na-ese ụkpụrụ, mgbe ahụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ na eserese ya n'abalị. Ọzọkwa, o kpebiri iwere ọrụ nke abụọ na mgbede, na-ejikọta akwụkwọ maka ndị edemede dị iche iche dị ka Omar Khayyam, Abdou Mohammed, Taha Hussein, Hafid, Jami, André Gide, André Breton, na Jean Cocteau . A kụziiri ya ise ihe, mgbe ọ na-aga klas nke onye isi ya na-akwụ ụgwọ. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda "MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists"]. ''Dalloul Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Pouillon|first=François|date=2002|title=150 Years of Algerian Painting: Relevance for Understanding the Postcolonial Situation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843236|journal=French Politics, Culture & Society|volume=20|issue=2|pages=141–158|doi=10.3167/153763702782369731|issn=1537-6370}}</ref> N'afọ 1948, ya na enyi ya Abdallah Benanteur, Mohammed Khadda nyochara nchịkọta nka dị iche iche ewepụtara na Musée des Beaux-Arts na isi obodo Algiers, bụ ebe ọ nwere ike ịchọta mkpali mbụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'ọdịnihu. Ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ịhụnanya bụ Eugène Delacroix, ma ọ bụ Théodore Chassériau na-emetụtakarị ya. <ref name=":2" /> N'ime afọ nke iguzogide ndị France, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe gụnyere Khadda gara agha maka National Liberation Army . Mgbe o mechara ndị agha ahụ, ọ kwụsịrị na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe ji nwayọọ nwayọọ malite. <ref name=":2" /> === Ndụ na Paris === Na mmalite 1950s, ka nguzogide Algeria na-arịwanye elu, Khadda nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ya na Paris, yana Benanteur. Mohammed Khadda gara Académie de la Grande Chaumière . Mgbe ọ na-amụtakwu banyere nka, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ụlọ ahịa ebipụta dị iche iche, na-enyocha omenala Paris. Khadda mechara tinye aka na ntọhapụ nke obodo ya, wee sonye na otu ndị Kọmunist nke France ka ọ kwado nnwere onwe nke Algeria, na 1953. Mgbe ọ na-ebi na Paris, e kpughere ya na omenala, obodo, omenala dị iche iche, nke mere ka anya nkà ya dị nkọ. Ewebatara ya na mmegharị nka nke Eurocentric dị ka Abstract Art, yana “ ihe osise Africa na ọrụ ink East-Asia ”, <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> nyere Pluriculturalism nke obodo. Khadda sokwa na " Circle Intellectual Circle of Algerian " mgbe ọ bi na France, ma ekwuru na ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nnwere onwe nke Algeria . Okirikiri a mekwara ka o zute ndị omenkà Algeria ndị ọzọ sitere na mpaghara dị iche iche, dịka Mustapha Kaid, Kateb Yacine na Mustapha Kateb . <ref name=":02" /> === Lọghachi na Algeria === Na 1963, ọ laghachiri Algeria, otu afọ mgbe nnwere onwe ya gasịrị, ebe o biri na Blida. Na 1964, ọ ghọrọ onye otu Union Nationale des Arts Plastiques (National Union of Plastic Arts) tọrọ ntọala na 1963, n'okpuru nkwado nke Ministry of Culture and Information, na Front de Libération Nationale (National Liberation Front). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-05-08|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda "MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists"]. ''Dalloul Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1972, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ ya, ma nyefee ihe fọdụrụ ná ndụ ya n'ise ihe. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ na ngalaba nka nka nke Ministry of Culture na 1979, wee bụrụ onye otu Conseil National de la Culture (National Council of Culture) na 1990. <ref name=":02" /> == Art == Ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na palettes nke ụda ụwa na nke na-egbuke egbuke, dị ọcha na agba, Khadda kere ihe odide na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-edepụta ederede Arabic na calligraphy n'elu akwa mkpuchi ikuku. Iji calligraphy dị ka ụdị nka dị mkpa, ebe ọ na-emewanye ihe ngosi ya na-abụkarị akụkụ nke chef d'oeuvres nka nka nke Khadda mepụtara, nke akpọrọ Hurufiyah . [[Usòrò:Atelier_de_Khadda,_1986.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ ọrụ Khadda, 1986]] Mohammed Khadda ji olu ya, na nka ya dị ka ihe eji egosipụta echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, na ịhụ na ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya ruru ọtụtụ mmadụ dịka o kwere mee. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na ọrụ nka ya, ''Elements pour un Art nouveau'', na 1966 ma bu n'obi ịkwalite nwughari nke Art na Algeria na obodo post-colonial. Ọ sonyekwara na mmegharị nka Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu), <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Llorens|first=Natasha Marie|title=WHITHER THE SIGN: MOHAMMED KHADDA IN ASSIA DJEBAR'S LA NOUBA DES FEMMES DU MONT CHENOUA|url=https://www.academia.edu/38668659|journal=CINEMA: Journal of Philosophy and the Moving Image}}</ref> nke ewelitere na 1967, ebe ndị nka ga-emepụta nka [[Berber languages|Amazigh]], nke sitere na akara ngosi ha, egbugbu ọdịnala nke obodo Amazigh na-eyi. Onyinye ya na steeti ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Algeria site na nka ya, ka bara uru ruo taa, dị ka Suheyla Takesh na Lynn Gumpert gosipụtara na ihe ngosi nka ha na 2020, " ''Na-ewere Shape: Abstraction si Arab World, 1950s-1980"'' . Ndị ọkà mmụta, dị ka Prọfesọ Dina Ramadan na Bard College, na-ejikwa nka ya dị ka ụzọ isi tụgharịa uche na mmetụta nke ịchịisi na ọha mmadụ, dịka o dere na nyocha nka ya banyere ihe ngosi Takesh na Gumpert. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s|url=http://caareviews.org/reviews/3728|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s}}</ref> Dr. Natasha Marie Llorens, onye nyocha nke doctoral lekwasịrị anya na sinima Algerian post-colonial cinema, na-akọwa n'ihu na nyocha ya, ''Ebe akara. : Mohammed Khadda na Assia Djebar's La Nouba des Femmes du Mont Chenoua'', ka a na-egosipụtakwa nkà nke Khadda na ihe nkiri Algeria dị ka ụzọ isi gosipụta "mmezi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na eserese, nke ọ chere na ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka mgbasa ozi echiche". <ref name=":12" /> Na 1947, Khadda zutere Abdallah Benanteur, onye na-ese ihe a mụrụ na Mostaganem otu afọ mgbe a mụsịrị Khadda. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Aresu|first=Bernard|date=2010|title=Mémoire de signes: l'abstraction chez Jean-Michel Atlan et Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636|journal=The French Review|volume=83|issue=6|pages=1272–1287|issn=0016-111X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAresu2010">Aresu, Bernard (2010). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636 "Mémoire de signes: l'abstraction chez Jean-Michel Atlan et Mohammed Khadda"]. ''The French Review''. '''83''' (6): 1272–1287. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0016-111X|0016-111X]]. [[JSTOR (ihe nchọpụta)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636 40650636].</cite></ref> <ref name=":2" /> Mgbe ha zutere, Khadda debanyere aha na École des Beaux-arts [College of Fine Arts] ebe ọ mụtara usoro nka dị iche iche dị ka agba mmiri, pastels, na eserese. Ọ gara n'ihu gbasaa usoro ihe osise ya site n'esere ihe ngosi nke nzukọ n'ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ na ahịa flea. N'afọ 1948, ya na Benantaur gara ileta enyi ha n'otu ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ bụ n'oge nleta a ka Khadda hụrụ Museum of Fine Arts ebe ihe osise Eugène Delacroix, Eugène Fromentin, Théodore Chassériau, na Nasreddine Dinet kpaliri ya. Ọkpụkpụ nke Auguste Rodin na Antoine Bourdelle metụtakwara ya. <ref name=":2" /> Na 1953, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe si Africa, Mohammed Khadda gara Paris, France ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya. N'oge ahụ, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Pablo Picasso wee mụta ụdị nke Cubism nke metụtara nkà ya nke ukwuu. Ọ nọrọ afọ iri na Europe tupu ọ laghachi Algeria. Mgbe ọ lọghachiri, ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji guzobe obodo nka na Algeria maka ndị na-eto eto na-achọ nka iji kwalite nkà ha nwere. Na 1964, ya na ndị ọzọ hiwere National Union of the Visual Arts. Khadda hibere ndị na-ese ihe na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara na 1967. O gosikwara akwụkwọ maka Rachid Boudjedra, Tahar Djaout, na ndị ọzọ. [[Usòrò:SignatureKhadda.jpg|thumb| Akara aka nke Mohammed Khadda]] == mmegharị dị mkpa == * Mohammed Khadda tinyere aka na ọtụtụ mmegharị nka na otu n'ime oge ọrụ ya nwere ma ga-aga n'ihu na-emetụta nka na Africa na ụwa ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a gụnyere: * National Union of the Visual Arts, 1967 * Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu) Art Movement, 1967 <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/ "Mohammed Khadda"]. ''Barjeel Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara, 1967 * "Ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama" <ref name=":5" /> * Emepụtara ihe karịrị 70 murals na 1970s * Alụso ya ọgụ na National Liberation Army n'oge French Resistance == Ụtụ == Na Maachị 14, 2020, Google jiri Google Doodle mee emume ụbọchị ọmụmụ 90 ya. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-14|title=Google honors late Algerian artist Mohammed Khadda with a doodle|url=https://arab.news/j96hf|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|author=Gillett|first=Katy|date=2020-03-14|title=Who is Mohammed Khadda? Google Doodle pays homage to Algerian artist|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/who-is-mohammed-khadda-google-doodle-pays-homage-to-algerian-artist-1.992221|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=The National|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Omenala Algeria * Cubism * Pablo Picasso * Amazigh * Art Abstract == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite web|title=Mutual Art|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Mohammed-Khadda/70D182827E51D52D/Artworks}} * {{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda's 90th Birthday Doodle - Google Doodles|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/mohammed-khaddas-90th-birthday/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=doodles.google|language=en}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4rrre2xslzng2evqw15roo1p12bzrpu 674092 674091 2026-07-08T14:32:28Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ọkachamara */ 674092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mohammed Khadda''' (Arabic: محمد الخدة; 14 Maachị 1930 - 4 Mee 1991) bụ onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, na onye edemede. A na-ewere Khadda dị ka otu n'ime ndị malitere ihe osise Algeria nke oge a na otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke "ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama.", dị ka aha ya bụ "peintre du signe" nke Jean Sénac nyere. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Algeria, Democratic and Popular Republic of|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000001793|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Grove Art Online|date=2003|language=en|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T001793}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Zoom Into Mohammed Khadda's Abstracts|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/zoom-into-mohammed-khadda-s-abstracts/RwVBrccG_BZN2g|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na 1960. Mmetụta ya gụnyere Cubism na calligraphy Arabic. O lekwasịrị anya n'ihe na-abụghị ihe atụ ma ọ bụ nke nkịtị. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Aresu|first=Bernard|date=2010|title=Mémoire de signes: l'abstraction chez Jean-Michel Atlan et Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636|journal=The French Review|volume=83|issue=6|pages=1272–1287|issn=0016-111X}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Ham|first=Anthony|url=http://archive.org/details/algeria00anth|title=Algeria|date=2007|publisher=Footscray, Vic. ; London : Lonely Planet|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-74179-099-3}}</ref> Ọ nọchitere anya ọgbọ nke ndị na-ese ihe Algeria bụ ndị jikọtara echiche nke ihe nketa calligraphic na asụsụ nkịtị nke ederede Western site na abstraction Western site na 1950s. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Mohammed Khadda na 1930 na Mostaganem, mgbe Algeria ka nọ n'okpuru ọrụ [[France]]. Ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụaka ise, ndị abụọ n'ime ha nwụrụ mgbe ha ka bụ ụmụ ọhụrụ. A mụrụ nna ya, Bendehiba Khadda, na 1912 na obodo Mina ma kwaga Mostaganem mgbe ọ dị obere. N'agbanyeghị na Bendehiba mụrụ kpuru ìsì, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche dị ka onye na-agba blọk na onye na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri. Nne Khadda, Nebi El Ghali mụrụ na 1911 na Zemora, Algeria, obodo dị nso na Tiaret. Mgbe ọ bụ obere nwa agbọghọ, otu ebo ndị bi na nso ebe o bi gburu nne na nna ya. Ya onwe ya, dịka nna Mohammed, kpurukwa ìsì, mana ọ jisiri ike gbanwee. Benedehiba na Nebi zutere na Mostaganem ma lụọ na 1929. === Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ọkachamara === [[Usòrò:Mohammed_KHADDA_c._1982.jpg|thumb| Mohammed Khadda, ihe dịka 1982]] Na 1936, Mohammed Khadda gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Tigditt, Mostaganem na mpaghara Arab. Na 1942, ya na ezinụlọ ya aghaghị ịhapụ Mostaganem n'ihi ụnwụ nri n'ógbè ahụ. Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Tiaret ma ha na nwanne nne ya kwagara. Ọ nweghị ike ịgụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'oge a. Ọ jọgburu onwe ya n'ebe ahụ n'ihi na nwanne nne ha enweghị ike igbo mkpa ha n'ihi afọ ndụ ya. Ọnwa atọ ka e mesịrị, ọ laghachiri na Mostaganem wee laghachi akwụkwọ. Na 1944, o nwetara diplọma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Nna ya chọrọ ka ọ nweta ọrụ ozugbo o nwetara diplọma ya, ma otu n’ime ndị nkụzi ya nyere ya ezumike otu afọ n’ihi ya, ọ gaghị etinye aka n’ọrụ ọ na-adịghị amasị ya. Na 1944, Khadda nwetara ọrụ n’otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ, nke dị n’ógbè Ain Sefra. N'ehihie, ọ na-ese ụkpụrụ, mgbe ahụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ na eserese ya n'abalị. Ọzọkwa, o kpebiri iwere ọrụ nke abụọ na mgbede, na-ejikọta akwụkwọ maka ndị edemede dị iche iche dị ka Omar Khayyam, Abdou Mohammed, Taha Hussein, Hafid, Jami, André Gide, André Breton, na Jean Cocteau . A kụziiri ya ise ihe, mgbe ọ na-aga klas nke onye isi ya na-akwụ ụgwọ. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Pouillon|first=François|date=2002|title=150 Years of Algerian Painting: Relevance for Understanding the Postcolonial Situation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843236|journal=French Politics, Culture & Society|volume=20|issue=2|pages=141–158|doi=10.3167/153763702782369731|issn=1537-6370}}</ref> N'afọ 1948, ya na enyi ya Abdallah Benanteur, Mohammed Khadda nyochara nchịkọta nka dị iche iche ewepụtara na Musée des Beaux-Arts na isi obodo Algiers, bụ ebe ọ nwere ike ịchọta mkpali mbụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'ọdịnihu. Ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ịhụnanya bụ Eugène Delacroix, ma ọ bụ Théodore Chassériau na-emetụtakarị ya. <ref name=":2" /> N'ime afọ nke iguzogide ndị France, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe gụnyere Khadda gara agha maka National Liberation Army . Mgbe o mechara ndị agha ahụ, ọ kwụsịrị na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe ji nwayọọ nwayọọ malite. <ref name=":2" /> === Ndụ na Paris === Na mmalite 1950s, ka nguzogide Algeria na-arịwanye elu, Khadda nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ya na Paris, yana Benanteur. Mohammed Khadda gara Académie de la Grande Chaumière . Mgbe ọ na-amụtakwu banyere nka, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ụlọ ahịa ebipụta dị iche iche, na-enyocha omenala Paris. Khadda mechara tinye aka na ntọhapụ nke obodo ya, wee sonye na otu ndị Kọmunist nke France ka ọ kwado nnwere onwe nke Algeria, na 1953. Mgbe ọ na-ebi na Paris, e kpughere ya na omenala, obodo, omenala dị iche iche, nke mere ka anya nkà ya dị nkọ. Ewebatara ya na mmegharị nka nke Eurocentric dị ka Abstract Art, yana “ ihe osise Africa na ọrụ ink East-Asia ”, <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> nyere Pluriculturalism nke obodo. Khadda sokwa na " Circle Intellectual Circle of Algerian " mgbe ọ bi na France, ma ekwuru na ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nnwere onwe nke Algeria . Okirikiri a mekwara ka o zute ndị omenkà Algeria ndị ọzọ sitere na mpaghara dị iche iche, dịka Mustapha Kaid, Kateb Yacine na Mustapha Kateb . <ref name=":02" /> === Lọghachi na Algeria === Na 1963, ọ laghachiri Algeria, otu afọ mgbe nnwere onwe ya gasịrị, ebe o biri na Blida. Na 1964, ọ ghọrọ onye otu Union Nationale des Arts Plastiques (National Union of Plastic Arts) tọrọ ntọala na 1963, n'okpuru nkwado nke Ministry of Culture and Information, na Front de Libération Nationale (National Liberation Front). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-05-08|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda "MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists"]. ''Dalloul Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1972, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ ya, ma nyefee ihe fọdụrụ ná ndụ ya n'ise ihe. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ na ngalaba nka nka nke Ministry of Culture na 1979, wee bụrụ onye otu Conseil National de la Culture (National Council of Culture) na 1990. <ref name=":02" /> == Art == Ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na palettes nke ụda ụwa na nke na-egbuke egbuke, dị ọcha na agba, Khadda kere ihe odide na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-edepụta ederede Arabic na calligraphy n'elu akwa mkpuchi ikuku. Iji calligraphy dị ka ụdị nka dị mkpa, ebe ọ na-emewanye ihe ngosi ya na-abụkarị akụkụ nke chef d'oeuvres nka nka nke Khadda mepụtara, nke akpọrọ Hurufiyah . [[Usòrò:Atelier_de_Khadda,_1986.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ ọrụ Khadda, 1986]] Mohammed Khadda ji olu ya, na nka ya dị ka ihe eji egosipụta echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, na ịhụ na ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya ruru ọtụtụ mmadụ dịka o kwere mee. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na ọrụ nka ya, ''Elements pour un Art nouveau'', na 1966 ma bu n'obi ịkwalite nwughari nke Art na Algeria na obodo post-colonial. Ọ sonyekwara na mmegharị nka Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu), <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Llorens|first=Natasha Marie|title=WHITHER THE SIGN: MOHAMMED KHADDA IN ASSIA DJEBAR'S LA NOUBA DES FEMMES DU MONT CHENOUA|url=https://www.academia.edu/38668659|journal=CINEMA: Journal of Philosophy and the Moving Image}}</ref> nke ewelitere na 1967, ebe ndị nka ga-emepụta nka [[Berber languages|Amazigh]], nke sitere na akara ngosi ha, egbugbu ọdịnala nke obodo Amazigh na-eyi. Onyinye ya na steeti ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Algeria site na nka ya, ka bara uru ruo taa, dị ka Suheyla Takesh na Lynn Gumpert gosipụtara na ihe ngosi nka ha na 2020, " ''Na-ewere Shape: Abstraction si Arab World, 1950s-1980"'' . Ndị ọkà mmụta, dị ka Prọfesọ Dina Ramadan na Bard College, na-ejikwa nka ya dị ka ụzọ isi tụgharịa uche na mmetụta nke ịchịisi na ọha mmadụ, dịka o dere na nyocha nka ya banyere ihe ngosi Takesh na Gumpert. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s|url=http://caareviews.org/reviews/3728|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s}}</ref> Dr. Natasha Marie Llorens, onye nyocha nke doctoral lekwasịrị anya na sinima Algerian post-colonial cinema, na-akọwa n'ihu na nyocha ya, ''Ebe akara. : Mohammed Khadda na Assia Djebar's La Nouba des Femmes du Mont Chenoua'', ka a na-egosipụtakwa nkà nke Khadda na ihe nkiri Algeria dị ka ụzọ isi gosipụta "mmezi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na eserese, nke ọ chere na ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka mgbasa ozi echiche". <ref name=":12" /> Na 1947, Khadda zutere Abdallah Benanteur, onye na-ese ihe a mụrụ na Mostaganem otu afọ mgbe a mụsịrị Khadda. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Aresu|first=Bernard|date=2010|title=Mémoire de signes: l'abstraction chez Jean-Michel Atlan et Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636|journal=The French Review|volume=83|issue=6|pages=1272–1287|issn=0016-111X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAresu2010">Aresu, Bernard (2010). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636 "Mémoire de signes: l'abstraction chez Jean-Michel Atlan et Mohammed Khadda"]. ''The French Review''. '''83''' (6): 1272–1287. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0016-111X|0016-111X]]. [[JSTOR (ihe nchọpụta)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636 40650636].</cite></ref> <ref name=":2" /> Mgbe ha zutere, Khadda debanyere aha na École des Beaux-arts [College of Fine Arts] ebe ọ mụtara usoro nka dị iche iche dị ka agba mmiri, pastels, na eserese. Ọ gara n'ihu gbasaa usoro ihe osise ya site n'esere ihe ngosi nke nzukọ n'ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ na ahịa flea. N'afọ 1948, ya na Benantaur gara ileta enyi ha n'otu ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ bụ n'oge nleta a ka Khadda hụrụ Museum of Fine Arts ebe ihe osise Eugène Delacroix, Eugène Fromentin, Théodore Chassériau, na Nasreddine Dinet kpaliri ya. Ọkpụkpụ nke Auguste Rodin na Antoine Bourdelle metụtakwara ya. <ref name=":2" /> Na 1953, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe si Africa, Mohammed Khadda gara Paris, France ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya. N'oge ahụ, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Pablo Picasso wee mụta ụdị nke Cubism nke metụtara nkà ya nke ukwuu. Ọ nọrọ afọ iri na Europe tupu ọ laghachi Algeria. Mgbe ọ lọghachiri, ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji guzobe obodo nka na Algeria maka ndị na-eto eto na-achọ nka iji kwalite nkà ha nwere. Na 1964, ya na ndị ọzọ hiwere National Union of the Visual Arts. Khadda hibere ndị na-ese ihe na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara na 1967. O gosikwara akwụkwọ maka Rachid Boudjedra, Tahar Djaout, na ndị ọzọ. [[Usòrò:SignatureKhadda.jpg|thumb| Akara aka nke Mohammed Khadda]] == mmegharị dị mkpa == * Mohammed Khadda tinyere aka na ọtụtụ mmegharị nka na otu n'ime oge ọrụ ya nwere ma ga-aga n'ihu na-emetụta nka na Africa na ụwa ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a gụnyere: * National Union of the Visual Arts, 1967 * Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu) Art Movement, 1967 <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/ "Mohammed Khadda"]. ''Barjeel Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara, 1967 * "Ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama" <ref name=":5" /> * Emepụtara ihe karịrị 70 murals na 1970s * Alụso ya ọgụ na National Liberation Army n'oge French Resistance == Ụtụ == Na Maachị 14, 2020, Google jiri Google Doodle mee emume ụbọchị ọmụmụ 90 ya. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-14|title=Google honors late Algerian artist Mohammed Khadda with a doodle|url=https://arab.news/j96hf|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|author=Gillett|first=Katy|date=2020-03-14|title=Who is Mohammed Khadda? Google Doodle pays homage to Algerian artist|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/who-is-mohammed-khadda-google-doodle-pays-homage-to-algerian-artist-1.992221|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=The National|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Omenala Algeria * Cubism * Pablo Picasso * Amazigh * Art Abstract == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite web|title=Mutual Art|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Mohammed-Khadda/70D182827E51D52D/Artworks}} * {{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda's 90th Birthday Doodle - Google Doodles|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/mohammed-khaddas-90th-birthday/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=doodles.google|language=en}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oz8a50xm25uebrn1zx9jwpuyjtko17p 674094 674092 2026-07-08T14:33:01Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Art */ 674094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mohammed Khadda''' (Arabic: محمد الخدة; 14 Maachị 1930 - 4 Mee 1991) bụ onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, na onye edemede. A na-ewere Khadda dị ka otu n'ime ndị malitere ihe osise Algeria nke oge a na otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke "ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama.", dị ka aha ya bụ "peintre du signe" nke Jean Sénac nyere. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Algeria, Democratic and Popular Republic of|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000001793|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Grove Art Online|date=2003|language=en|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T001793}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Zoom Into Mohammed Khadda's Abstracts|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/zoom-into-mohammed-khadda-s-abstracts/RwVBrccG_BZN2g|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na 1960. Mmetụta ya gụnyere Cubism na calligraphy Arabic. O lekwasịrị anya n'ihe na-abụghị ihe atụ ma ọ bụ nke nkịtị. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Aresu|first=Bernard|date=2010|title=Mémoire de signes: l'abstraction chez Jean-Michel Atlan et Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636|journal=The French Review|volume=83|issue=6|pages=1272–1287|issn=0016-111X}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Ham|first=Anthony|url=http://archive.org/details/algeria00anth|title=Algeria|date=2007|publisher=Footscray, Vic. ; London : Lonely Planet|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-74179-099-3}}</ref> Ọ nọchitere anya ọgbọ nke ndị na-ese ihe Algeria bụ ndị jikọtara echiche nke ihe nketa calligraphic na asụsụ nkịtị nke ederede Western site na abstraction Western site na 1950s. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Mohammed Khadda na 1930 na Mostaganem, mgbe Algeria ka nọ n'okpuru ọrụ [[France]]. Ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụaka ise, ndị abụọ n'ime ha nwụrụ mgbe ha ka bụ ụmụ ọhụrụ. A mụrụ nna ya, Bendehiba Khadda, na 1912 na obodo Mina ma kwaga Mostaganem mgbe ọ dị obere. N'agbanyeghị na Bendehiba mụrụ kpuru ìsì, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche dị ka onye na-agba blọk na onye na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri. Nne Khadda, Nebi El Ghali mụrụ na 1911 na Zemora, Algeria, obodo dị nso na Tiaret. Mgbe ọ bụ obere nwa agbọghọ, otu ebo ndị bi na nso ebe o bi gburu nne na nna ya. Ya onwe ya, dịka nna Mohammed, kpurukwa ìsì, mana ọ jisiri ike gbanwee. Benedehiba na Nebi zutere na Mostaganem ma lụọ na 1929. === Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ọkachamara === [[Usòrò:Mohammed_KHADDA_c._1982.jpg|thumb| Mohammed Khadda, ihe dịka 1982]] Na 1936, Mohammed Khadda gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Tigditt, Mostaganem na mpaghara Arab. Na 1942, ya na ezinụlọ ya aghaghị ịhapụ Mostaganem n'ihi ụnwụ nri n'ógbè ahụ. Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Tiaret ma ha na nwanne nne ya kwagara. Ọ nweghị ike ịgụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'oge a. Ọ jọgburu onwe ya n'ebe ahụ n'ihi na nwanne nne ha enweghị ike igbo mkpa ha n'ihi afọ ndụ ya. Ọnwa atọ ka e mesịrị, ọ laghachiri na Mostaganem wee laghachi akwụkwọ. Na 1944, o nwetara diplọma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Nna ya chọrọ ka ọ nweta ọrụ ozugbo o nwetara diplọma ya, ma otu n’ime ndị nkụzi ya nyere ya ezumike otu afọ n’ihi ya, ọ gaghị etinye aka n’ọrụ ọ na-adịghị amasị ya. Na 1944, Khadda nwetara ọrụ n’otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ, nke dị n’ógbè Ain Sefra. N'ehihie, ọ na-ese ụkpụrụ, mgbe ahụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ na eserese ya n'abalị. Ọzọkwa, o kpebiri iwere ọrụ nke abụọ na mgbede, na-ejikọta akwụkwọ maka ndị edemede dị iche iche dị ka Omar Khayyam, Abdou Mohammed, Taha Hussein, Hafid, Jami, André Gide, André Breton, na Jean Cocteau . A kụziiri ya ise ihe, mgbe ọ na-aga klas nke onye isi ya na-akwụ ụgwọ. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Pouillon|first=François|date=2002|title=150 Years of Algerian Painting: Relevance for Understanding the Postcolonial Situation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843236|journal=French Politics, Culture & Society|volume=20|issue=2|pages=141–158|doi=10.3167/153763702782369731|issn=1537-6370}}</ref> N'afọ 1948, ya na enyi ya Abdallah Benanteur, Mohammed Khadda nyochara nchịkọta nka dị iche iche ewepụtara na Musée des Beaux-Arts na isi obodo Algiers, bụ ebe ọ nwere ike ịchọta mkpali mbụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'ọdịnihu. Ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ịhụnanya bụ Eugène Delacroix, ma ọ bụ Théodore Chassériau na-emetụtakarị ya. <ref name=":2" /> N'ime afọ nke iguzogide ndị France, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe gụnyere Khadda gara agha maka National Liberation Army . Mgbe o mechara ndị agha ahụ, ọ kwụsịrị na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe ji nwayọọ nwayọọ malite. <ref name=":2" /> === Ndụ na Paris === Na mmalite 1950s, ka nguzogide Algeria na-arịwanye elu, Khadda nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ya na Paris, yana Benanteur. Mohammed Khadda gara Académie de la Grande Chaumière . Mgbe ọ na-amụtakwu banyere nka, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ụlọ ahịa ebipụta dị iche iche, na-enyocha omenala Paris. Khadda mechara tinye aka na ntọhapụ nke obodo ya, wee sonye na otu ndị Kọmunist nke France ka ọ kwado nnwere onwe nke Algeria, na 1953. Mgbe ọ na-ebi na Paris, e kpughere ya na omenala, obodo, omenala dị iche iche, nke mere ka anya nkà ya dị nkọ. Ewebatara ya na mmegharị nka nke Eurocentric dị ka Abstract Art, yana “ ihe osise Africa na ọrụ ink East-Asia ”, <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> nyere Pluriculturalism nke obodo. Khadda sokwa na " Circle Intellectual Circle of Algerian " mgbe ọ bi na France, ma ekwuru na ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nnwere onwe nke Algeria . Okirikiri a mekwara ka o zute ndị omenkà Algeria ndị ọzọ sitere na mpaghara dị iche iche, dịka Mustapha Kaid, Kateb Yacine na Mustapha Kateb . <ref name=":02" /> === Lọghachi na Algeria === Na 1963, ọ laghachiri Algeria, otu afọ mgbe nnwere onwe ya gasịrị, ebe o biri na Blida. Na 1964, ọ ghọrọ onye otu Union Nationale des Arts Plastiques (National Union of Plastic Arts) tọrọ ntọala na 1963, n'okpuru nkwado nke Ministry of Culture and Information, na Front de Libération Nationale (National Liberation Front). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-05-08|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda "MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists"]. ''Dalloul Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1972, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ ya, ma nyefee ihe fọdụrụ ná ndụ ya n'ise ihe. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ na ngalaba nka nka nke Ministry of Culture na 1979, wee bụrụ onye otu Conseil National de la Culture (National Council of Culture) na 1990. <ref name=":02" /> == Art == Ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na palettes nke ụda ụwa na nke na-egbuke egbuke, dị ọcha na agba, Khadda kere ihe odide na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-edepụta ederede Arabic na calligraphy n'elu akwa mkpuchi ikuku. Iji calligraphy dị ka ụdị nka dị mkpa, ebe ọ na-emewanye ihe ngosi ya na-abụkarị akụkụ nke chef d'oeuvres nka nka nke Khadda mepụtara, nke akpọrọ Hurufiyah . [[Usòrò:Atelier_de_Khadda,_1986.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ ọrụ Khadda, 1986]] Mohammed Khadda ji olu ya, na nka ya dị ka ihe eji egosipụta echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, na ịhụ na ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya ruru ọtụtụ mmadụ dịka o kwere mee. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na ọrụ nka ya, ''Elements pour un Art nouveau'', na 1966 ma bu n'obi ịkwalite nwughari nke Art na Algeria na obodo post-colonial. Ọ sonyekwara na mmegharị nka Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu), <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Llorens|first=Natasha Marie|title=WHITHER THE SIGN: MOHAMMED KHADDA IN ASSIA DJEBAR'S LA NOUBA DES FEMMES DU MONT CHENOUA|url=https://www.academia.edu/38668659|journal=CINEMA: Journal of Philosophy and the Moving Image}}</ref> nke ewelitere na 1967, ebe ndị nka ga-emepụta nka [[Berber languages|Amazigh]], nke sitere na akara ngosi ha, egbugbu ọdịnala nke obodo Amazigh na-eyi. Onyinye ya na steeti ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Algeria site na nka ya, ka bara uru ruo taa, dị ka Suheyla Takesh na Lynn Gumpert gosipụtara na ihe ngosi nka ha na 2020, " ''Na-ewere Shape: Abstraction si Arab World, 1950s-1980"'' . Ndị ọkà mmụta, dị ka Prọfesọ Dina Ramadan na Bard College, na-ejikwa nka ya dị ka ụzọ isi tụgharịa uche na mmetụta nke ịchịisi na ọha mmadụ, dịka o dere na nyocha nka ya banyere ihe ngosi Takesh na Gumpert. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s|url=http://caareviews.org/reviews/3728|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s}}</ref> Dr. Natasha Marie Llorens, onye nyocha nke doctoral lekwasịrị anya na sinima Algerian post-colonial cinema, na-akọwa n'ihu na nyocha ya, ''Ebe akara. : Mohammed Khadda na Assia Djebar's La Nouba des Femmes du Mont Chenoua'', ka a na-egosipụtakwa nkà nke Khadda na ihe nkiri Algeria dị ka ụzọ isi gosipụta "mmezi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na eserese, nke ọ chere na ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka mgbasa ozi echiche". <ref name=":12" /> Na 1947, Khadda zutere Abdallah Benanteur, onye na-ese ihe a mụrụ na Mostaganem otu afọ mgbe a mụsịrị Khadda. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":2" /> Mgbe ha zutere, Khadda debanyere aha na École des Beaux-arts [College of Fine Arts] ebe ọ mụtara usoro nka dị iche iche dị ka agba mmiri, pastels, na eserese. Ọ gara n'ihu gbasaa usoro ihe osise ya site n'esere ihe ngosi nke nzukọ n'ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ na ahịa flea. N'afọ 1948, ya na Benantaur gara ileta enyi ha n'otu ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ bụ n'oge nleta a ka Khadda hụrụ Museum of Fine Arts ebe ihe osise Eugène Delacroix, Eugène Fromentin, Théodore Chassériau, na Nasreddine Dinet kpaliri ya. Ọkpụkpụ nke Auguste Rodin na Antoine Bourdelle metụtakwara ya. <ref name=":2" /> Na 1953, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe si Africa, Mohammed Khadda gara Paris, France ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya. N'oge ahụ, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Pablo Picasso wee mụta ụdị nke Cubism nke metụtara nkà ya nke ukwuu. Ọ nọrọ afọ iri na Europe tupu ọ laghachi Algeria. Mgbe ọ lọghachiri, ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji guzobe obodo nka na Algeria maka ndị na-eto eto na-achọ nka iji kwalite nkà ha nwere. Na 1964, ya na ndị ọzọ hiwere National Union of the Visual Arts. Khadda hibere ndị na-ese ihe na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara na 1967. O gosikwara akwụkwọ maka Rachid Boudjedra, Tahar Djaout, na ndị ọzọ. [[Usòrò:SignatureKhadda.jpg|thumb| Akara aka nke Mohammed Khadda]] == mmegharị dị mkpa == * Mohammed Khadda tinyere aka na ọtụtụ mmegharị nka na otu n'ime oge ọrụ ya nwere ma ga-aga n'ihu na-emetụta nka na Africa na ụwa ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a gụnyere: * National Union of the Visual Arts, 1967 * Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu) Art Movement, 1967 <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/ "Mohammed Khadda"]. ''Barjeel Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara, 1967 * "Ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama" <ref name=":5" /> * Emepụtara ihe karịrị 70 murals na 1970s * Alụso ya ọgụ na National Liberation Army n'oge French Resistance == Ụtụ == Na Maachị 14, 2020, Google jiri Google Doodle mee emume ụbọchị ọmụmụ 90 ya. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-14|title=Google honors late Algerian artist Mohammed Khadda with a doodle|url=https://arab.news/j96hf|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|author=Gillett|first=Katy|date=2020-03-14|title=Who is Mohammed Khadda? Google Doodle pays homage to Algerian artist|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/who-is-mohammed-khadda-google-doodle-pays-homage-to-algerian-artist-1.992221|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=The National|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Omenala Algeria * Cubism * Pablo Picasso * Amazigh * Art Abstract == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite web|title=Mutual Art|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Mohammed-Khadda/70D182827E51D52D/Artworks}} * {{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda's 90th Birthday Doodle - Google Doodles|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/mohammed-khaddas-90th-birthday/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=doodles.google|language=en}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] h62wcufn6sldhzzirpukfw446ifvgqb 674095 674094 2026-07-08T14:34:10Z Senator Choko 13011 /* mmegharị dị mkpa */ 674095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mohammed Khadda''' (Arabic: محمد الخدة; 14 Maachị 1930 - 4 Mee 1991) bụ onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, na onye edemede. A na-ewere Khadda dị ka otu n'ime ndị malitere ihe osise Algeria nke oge a na otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke "ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama.", dị ka aha ya bụ "peintre du signe" nke Jean Sénac nyere. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Algeria, Democratic and Popular Republic of|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000001793|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Grove Art Online|date=2003|language=en|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T001793}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Zoom Into Mohammed Khadda's Abstracts|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/zoom-into-mohammed-khadda-s-abstracts/RwVBrccG_BZN2g|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na 1960. Mmetụta ya gụnyere Cubism na calligraphy Arabic. O lekwasịrị anya n'ihe na-abụghị ihe atụ ma ọ bụ nke nkịtị. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Aresu|first=Bernard|date=2010|title=Mémoire de signes: l'abstraction chez Jean-Michel Atlan et Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636|journal=The French Review|volume=83|issue=6|pages=1272–1287|issn=0016-111X}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Ham|first=Anthony|url=http://archive.org/details/algeria00anth|title=Algeria|date=2007|publisher=Footscray, Vic. ; London : Lonely Planet|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-74179-099-3}}</ref> Ọ nọchitere anya ọgbọ nke ndị na-ese ihe Algeria bụ ndị jikọtara echiche nke ihe nketa calligraphic na asụsụ nkịtị nke ederede Western site na abstraction Western site na 1950s. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Mohammed Khadda na 1930 na Mostaganem, mgbe Algeria ka nọ n'okpuru ọrụ [[France]]. Ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụaka ise, ndị abụọ n'ime ha nwụrụ mgbe ha ka bụ ụmụ ọhụrụ. A mụrụ nna ya, Bendehiba Khadda, na 1912 na obodo Mina ma kwaga Mostaganem mgbe ọ dị obere. N'agbanyeghị na Bendehiba mụrụ kpuru ìsì, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche dị ka onye na-agba blọk na onye na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri. Nne Khadda, Nebi El Ghali mụrụ na 1911 na Zemora, Algeria, obodo dị nso na Tiaret. Mgbe ọ bụ obere nwa agbọghọ, otu ebo ndị bi na nso ebe o bi gburu nne na nna ya. Ya onwe ya, dịka nna Mohammed, kpurukwa ìsì, mana ọ jisiri ike gbanwee. Benedehiba na Nebi zutere na Mostaganem ma lụọ na 1929. === Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ọkachamara === [[Usòrò:Mohammed_KHADDA_c._1982.jpg|thumb| Mohammed Khadda, ihe dịka 1982]] Na 1936, Mohammed Khadda gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Tigditt, Mostaganem na mpaghara Arab. Na 1942, ya na ezinụlọ ya aghaghị ịhapụ Mostaganem n'ihi ụnwụ nri n'ógbè ahụ. Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Tiaret ma ha na nwanne nne ya kwagara. Ọ nweghị ike ịgụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'oge a. Ọ jọgburu onwe ya n'ebe ahụ n'ihi na nwanne nne ha enweghị ike igbo mkpa ha n'ihi afọ ndụ ya. Ọnwa atọ ka e mesịrị, ọ laghachiri na Mostaganem wee laghachi akwụkwọ. Na 1944, o nwetara diplọma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Nna ya chọrọ ka ọ nweta ọrụ ozugbo o nwetara diplọma ya, ma otu n’ime ndị nkụzi ya nyere ya ezumike otu afọ n’ihi ya, ọ gaghị etinye aka n’ọrụ ọ na-adịghị amasị ya. Na 1944, Khadda nwetara ọrụ n’otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ, nke dị n’ógbè Ain Sefra. N'ehihie, ọ na-ese ụkpụrụ, mgbe ahụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ na eserese ya n'abalị. Ọzọkwa, o kpebiri iwere ọrụ nke abụọ na mgbede, na-ejikọta akwụkwọ maka ndị edemede dị iche iche dị ka Omar Khayyam, Abdou Mohammed, Taha Hussein, Hafid, Jami, André Gide, André Breton, na Jean Cocteau . A kụziiri ya ise ihe, mgbe ọ na-aga klas nke onye isi ya na-akwụ ụgwọ. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Pouillon|first=François|date=2002|title=150 Years of Algerian Painting: Relevance for Understanding the Postcolonial Situation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843236|journal=French Politics, Culture & Society|volume=20|issue=2|pages=141–158|doi=10.3167/153763702782369731|issn=1537-6370}}</ref> N'afọ 1948, ya na enyi ya Abdallah Benanteur, Mohammed Khadda nyochara nchịkọta nka dị iche iche ewepụtara na Musée des Beaux-Arts na isi obodo Algiers, bụ ebe ọ nwere ike ịchọta mkpali mbụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'ọdịnihu. Ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ịhụnanya bụ Eugène Delacroix, ma ọ bụ Théodore Chassériau na-emetụtakarị ya. <ref name=":2" /> N'ime afọ nke iguzogide ndị France, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe gụnyere Khadda gara agha maka National Liberation Army . Mgbe o mechara ndị agha ahụ, ọ kwụsịrị na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe ji nwayọọ nwayọọ malite. <ref name=":2" /> === Ndụ na Paris === Na mmalite 1950s, ka nguzogide Algeria na-arịwanye elu, Khadda nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ya na Paris, yana Benanteur. Mohammed Khadda gara Académie de la Grande Chaumière . Mgbe ọ na-amụtakwu banyere nka, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ụlọ ahịa ebipụta dị iche iche, na-enyocha omenala Paris. Khadda mechara tinye aka na ntọhapụ nke obodo ya, wee sonye na otu ndị Kọmunist nke France ka ọ kwado nnwere onwe nke Algeria, na 1953. Mgbe ọ na-ebi na Paris, e kpughere ya na omenala, obodo, omenala dị iche iche, nke mere ka anya nkà ya dị nkọ. Ewebatara ya na mmegharị nka nke Eurocentric dị ka Abstract Art, yana “ ihe osise Africa na ọrụ ink East-Asia ”, <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> nyere Pluriculturalism nke obodo. Khadda sokwa na " Circle Intellectual Circle of Algerian " mgbe ọ bi na France, ma ekwuru na ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nnwere onwe nke Algeria . Okirikiri a mekwara ka o zute ndị omenkà Algeria ndị ọzọ sitere na mpaghara dị iche iche, dịka Mustapha Kaid, Kateb Yacine na Mustapha Kateb . <ref name=":02" /> === Lọghachi na Algeria === Na 1963, ọ laghachiri Algeria, otu afọ mgbe nnwere onwe ya gasịrị, ebe o biri na Blida. Na 1964, ọ ghọrọ onye otu Union Nationale des Arts Plastiques (National Union of Plastic Arts) tọrọ ntọala na 1963, n'okpuru nkwado nke Ministry of Culture and Information, na Front de Libération Nationale (National Liberation Front). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-05-08|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda "MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists"]. ''Dalloul Art Foundation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1972, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ ya, ma nyefee ihe fọdụrụ ná ndụ ya n'ise ihe. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ na ngalaba nka nka nke Ministry of Culture na 1979, wee bụrụ onye otu Conseil National de la Culture (National Council of Culture) na 1990. <ref name=":02" /> == Art == Ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na palettes nke ụda ụwa na nke na-egbuke egbuke, dị ọcha na agba, Khadda kere ihe odide na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-edepụta ederede Arabic na calligraphy n'elu akwa mkpuchi ikuku. Iji calligraphy dị ka ụdị nka dị mkpa, ebe ọ na-emewanye ihe ngosi ya na-abụkarị akụkụ nke chef d'oeuvres nka nka nke Khadda mepụtara, nke akpọrọ Hurufiyah . [[Usòrò:Atelier_de_Khadda,_1986.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ ọrụ Khadda, 1986]] Mohammed Khadda ji olu ya, na nka ya dị ka ihe eji egosipụta echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, na ịhụ na ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya ruru ọtụtụ mmadụ dịka o kwere mee. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na ọrụ nka ya, ''Elements pour un Art nouveau'', na 1966 ma bu n'obi ịkwalite nwughari nke Art na Algeria na obodo post-colonial. Ọ sonyekwara na mmegharị nka Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu), <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Llorens|first=Natasha Marie|title=WHITHER THE SIGN: MOHAMMED KHADDA IN ASSIA DJEBAR'S LA NOUBA DES FEMMES DU MONT CHENOUA|url=https://www.academia.edu/38668659|journal=CINEMA: Journal of Philosophy and the Moving Image}}</ref> nke ewelitere na 1967, ebe ndị nka ga-emepụta nka [[Berber languages|Amazigh]], nke sitere na akara ngosi ha, egbugbu ọdịnala nke obodo Amazigh na-eyi. Onyinye ya na steeti ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Algeria site na nka ya, ka bara uru ruo taa, dị ka Suheyla Takesh na Lynn Gumpert gosipụtara na ihe ngosi nka ha na 2020, " ''Na-ewere Shape: Abstraction si Arab World, 1950s-1980"'' . Ndị ọkà mmụta, dị ka Prọfesọ Dina Ramadan na Bard College, na-ejikwa nka ya dị ka ụzọ isi tụgharịa uche na mmetụta nke ịchịisi na ọha mmadụ, dịka o dere na nyocha nka ya banyere ihe ngosi Takesh na Gumpert. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s|url=http://caareviews.org/reviews/3728|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s}}</ref> Dr. Natasha Marie Llorens, onye nyocha nke doctoral lekwasịrị anya na sinima Algerian post-colonial cinema, na-akọwa n'ihu na nyocha ya, ''Ebe akara. : Mohammed Khadda na Assia Djebar's La Nouba des Femmes du Mont Chenoua'', ka a na-egosipụtakwa nkà nke Khadda na ihe nkiri Algeria dị ka ụzọ isi gosipụta "mmezi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na eserese, nke ọ chere na ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka mgbasa ozi echiche". <ref name=":12" /> Na 1947, Khadda zutere Abdallah Benanteur, onye na-ese ihe a mụrụ na Mostaganem otu afọ mgbe a mụsịrị Khadda. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":2" /> Mgbe ha zutere, Khadda debanyere aha na École des Beaux-arts [College of Fine Arts] ebe ọ mụtara usoro nka dị iche iche dị ka agba mmiri, pastels, na eserese. Ọ gara n'ihu gbasaa usoro ihe osise ya site n'esere ihe ngosi nke nzukọ n'ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ na ahịa flea. N'afọ 1948, ya na Benantaur gara ileta enyi ha n'otu ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ bụ n'oge nleta a ka Khadda hụrụ Museum of Fine Arts ebe ihe osise Eugène Delacroix, Eugène Fromentin, Théodore Chassériau, na Nasreddine Dinet kpaliri ya. Ọkpụkpụ nke Auguste Rodin na Antoine Bourdelle metụtakwara ya. <ref name=":2" /> Na 1953, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe si Africa, Mohammed Khadda gara Paris, France ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya. N'oge ahụ, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Pablo Picasso wee mụta ụdị nke Cubism nke metụtara nkà ya nke ukwuu. Ọ nọrọ afọ iri na Europe tupu ọ laghachi Algeria. Mgbe ọ lọghachiri, ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji guzobe obodo nka na Algeria maka ndị na-eto eto na-achọ nka iji kwalite nkà ha nwere. Na 1964, ya na ndị ọzọ hiwere National Union of the Visual Arts. Khadda hibere ndị na-ese ihe na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara na 1967. O gosikwara akwụkwọ maka Rachid Boudjedra, Tahar Djaout, na ndị ọzọ. [[Usòrò:SignatureKhadda.jpg|thumb| Akara aka nke Mohammed Khadda]] == mmegharị dị mkpa == * Mohammed Khadda tinyere aka na ọtụtụ mmegharị nka na otu n'ime oge ọrụ ya nwere ma ga-aga n'ihu na-emetụta nka na Africa na ụwa ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a gụnyere: * National Union of the Visual Arts, 1967 * Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu) Art Movement, 1967 <ref name=":5" /> * Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara, 1967 * "Ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama" <ref name=":5" /> * Emepụtara ihe karịrị 70 murals na 1970s * Alụso ya ọgụ na National Liberation Army n'oge French Resistance == Ụtụ == Na Maachị 14, 2020, Google jiri Google Doodle mee emume ụbọchị ọmụmụ 90 ya. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-14|title=Google honors late Algerian artist Mohammed Khadda with a doodle|url=https://arab.news/j96hf|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|author=Gillett|first=Katy|date=2020-03-14|title=Who is Mohammed Khadda? Google Doodle pays homage to Algerian artist|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/who-is-mohammed-khadda-google-doodle-pays-homage-to-algerian-artist-1.992221|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=The National|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Omenala Algeria * Cubism * Pablo Picasso * Amazigh * Art Abstract == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite web|title=Mutual Art|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Mohammed-Khadda/70D182827E51D52D/Artworks}} * {{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda's 90th Birthday Doodle - Google Doodles|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/mohammed-khaddas-90th-birthday/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=doodles.google|language=en}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cq2az4ze6zepkbgr488wjqrhth19r7q 674098 674095 2026-07-08T14:35:17Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Lọghachi na Algeria */ 674098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mohammed Khadda''' (Arabic: محمد الخدة; 14 Maachị 1930 - 4 Mee 1991) bụ onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, na onye edemede. A na-ewere Khadda dị ka otu n'ime ndị malitere ihe osise Algeria nke oge a na otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke "ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama.", dị ka aha ya bụ "peintre du signe" nke Jean Sénac nyere. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Algeria, Democratic and Popular Republic of|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000001793|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Grove Art Online|date=2003|language=en|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T001793}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Zoom Into Mohammed Khadda's Abstracts|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/zoom-into-mohammed-khadda-s-abstracts/RwVBrccG_BZN2g|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na 1960. Mmetụta ya gụnyere Cubism na calligraphy Arabic. O lekwasịrị anya n'ihe na-abụghị ihe atụ ma ọ bụ nke nkịtị. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Aresu|first=Bernard|date=2010|title=Mémoire de signes: l'abstraction chez Jean-Michel Atlan et Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650636|journal=The French Review|volume=83|issue=6|pages=1272–1287|issn=0016-111X}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Ham|first=Anthony|url=http://archive.org/details/algeria00anth|title=Algeria|date=2007|publisher=Footscray, Vic. ; London : Lonely Planet|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-74179-099-3}}</ref> Ọ nọchitere anya ọgbọ nke ndị na-ese ihe Algeria bụ ndị jikọtara echiche nke ihe nketa calligraphic na asụsụ nkịtị nke ederede Western site na abstraction Western site na 1950s. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Mohammed Khadda na 1930 na Mostaganem, mgbe Algeria ka nọ n'okpuru ọrụ [[France]]. Ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụaka ise, ndị abụọ n'ime ha nwụrụ mgbe ha ka bụ ụmụ ọhụrụ. A mụrụ nna ya, Bendehiba Khadda, na 1912 na obodo Mina ma kwaga Mostaganem mgbe ọ dị obere. N'agbanyeghị na Bendehiba mụrụ kpuru ìsì, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche dị ka onye na-agba blọk na onye na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri. Nne Khadda, Nebi El Ghali mụrụ na 1911 na Zemora, Algeria, obodo dị nso na Tiaret. Mgbe ọ bụ obere nwa agbọghọ, otu ebo ndị bi na nso ebe o bi gburu nne na nna ya. Ya onwe ya, dịka nna Mohammed, kpurukwa ìsì, mana ọ jisiri ike gbanwee. Benedehiba na Nebi zutere na Mostaganem ma lụọ na 1929. === Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ọkachamara === [[Usòrò:Mohammed_KHADDA_c._1982.jpg|thumb| Mohammed Khadda, ihe dịka 1982]] Na 1936, Mohammed Khadda gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Tigditt, Mostaganem na mpaghara Arab. Na 1942, ya na ezinụlọ ya aghaghị ịhapụ Mostaganem n'ihi ụnwụ nri n'ógbè ahụ. Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Tiaret ma ha na nwanne nne ya kwagara. Ọ nweghị ike ịgụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'oge a. Ọ jọgburu onwe ya n'ebe ahụ n'ihi na nwanne nne ha enweghị ike igbo mkpa ha n'ihi afọ ndụ ya. Ọnwa atọ ka e mesịrị, ọ laghachiri na Mostaganem wee laghachi akwụkwọ. Na 1944, o nwetara diplọma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Nna ya chọrọ ka ọ nweta ọrụ ozugbo o nwetara diplọma ya, ma otu n’ime ndị nkụzi ya nyere ya ezumike otu afọ n’ihi ya, ọ gaghị etinye aka n’ọrụ ọ na-adịghị amasị ya. Na 1944, Khadda nwetara ọrụ n’otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ, nke dị n’ógbè Ain Sefra. N'ehihie, ọ na-ese ụkpụrụ, mgbe ahụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ na eserese ya n'abalị. Ọzọkwa, o kpebiri iwere ọrụ nke abụọ na mgbede, na-ejikọta akwụkwọ maka ndị edemede dị iche iche dị ka Omar Khayyam, Abdou Mohammed, Taha Hussein, Hafid, Jami, André Gide, André Breton, na Jean Cocteau . A kụziiri ya ise ihe, mgbe ọ na-aga klas nke onye isi ya na-akwụ ụgwọ. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Pouillon|first=François|date=2002|title=150 Years of Algerian Painting: Relevance for Understanding the Postcolonial Situation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843236|journal=French Politics, Culture & Society|volume=20|issue=2|pages=141–158|doi=10.3167/153763702782369731|issn=1537-6370}}</ref> N'afọ 1948, ya na enyi ya Abdallah Benanteur, Mohammed Khadda nyochara nchịkọta nka dị iche iche ewepụtara na Musée des Beaux-Arts na isi obodo Algiers, bụ ebe ọ nwere ike ịchọta mkpali mbụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'ọdịnihu. Ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ịhụnanya bụ Eugène Delacroix, ma ọ bụ Théodore Chassériau na-emetụtakarị ya. <ref name=":2" /> N'ime afọ nke iguzogide ndị France, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe gụnyere Khadda gara agha maka National Liberation Army . Mgbe o mechara ndị agha ahụ, ọ kwụsịrị na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe ji nwayọọ nwayọọ malite. <ref name=":2" /> === Ndụ na Paris === Na mmalite 1950s, ka nguzogide Algeria na-arịwanye elu, Khadda nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ya na Paris, yana Benanteur. Mohammed Khadda gara Académie de la Grande Chaumière . Mgbe ọ na-amụtakwu banyere nka, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ụlọ ahịa ebipụta dị iche iche, na-enyocha omenala Paris. Khadda mechara tinye aka na ntọhapụ nke obodo ya, wee sonye na otu ndị Kọmunist nke France ka ọ kwado nnwere onwe nke Algeria, na 1953. Mgbe ọ na-ebi na Paris, e kpughere ya na omenala, obodo, omenala dị iche iche, nke mere ka anya nkà ya dị nkọ. Ewebatara ya na mmegharị nka nke Eurocentric dị ka Abstract Art, yana “ ihe osise Africa na ọrụ ink East-Asia ”, <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KHADDA - Artists|url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/mohammed-khadda|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Dalloul Art Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> nyere Pluriculturalism nke obodo. Khadda sokwa na " Circle Intellectual Circle of Algerian " mgbe ọ bi na France, ma ekwuru na ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nnwere onwe nke Algeria . Okirikiri a mekwara ka o zute ndị omenkà Algeria ndị ọzọ sitere na mpaghara dị iche iche, dịka Mustapha Kaid, Kateb Yacine na Mustapha Kateb . <ref name=":02" /> === Lọghachi na Algeria === Na 1963, ọ laghachiri Algeria, otu afọ mgbe nnwere onwe ya gasịrị, ebe o biri na Blida. Na 1964, ọ ghọrọ onye otu Union Nationale des Arts Plastiques (National Union of Plastic Arts) tọrọ ntọala na 1963, n'okpuru nkwado nke Ministry of Culture and Information, na Front de Libération Nationale (National Liberation Front). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/mohammed-khadda/|accessdate=2024-05-08|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":02" /> N'afọ 1972, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ ya, ma nyefee ihe fọdụrụ ná ndụ ya n'ise ihe. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ na ngalaba nka nka nke Ministry of Culture na 1979, wee bụrụ onye otu Conseil National de la Culture (National Council of Culture) na 1990. <ref name=":02" /> == Art == Ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na palettes nke ụda ụwa na nke na-egbuke egbuke, dị ọcha na agba, Khadda kere ihe odide na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-edepụta ederede Arabic na calligraphy n'elu akwa mkpuchi ikuku. Iji calligraphy dị ka ụdị nka dị mkpa, ebe ọ na-emewanye ihe ngosi ya na-abụkarị akụkụ nke chef d'oeuvres nka nka nke Khadda mepụtara, nke akpọrọ Hurufiyah . [[Usòrò:Atelier_de_Khadda,_1986.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ ọrụ Khadda, 1986]] Mohammed Khadda ji olu ya, na nka ya dị ka ihe eji egosipụta echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, na ịhụ na ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya ruru ọtụtụ mmadụ dịka o kwere mee. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na ọrụ nka ya, ''Elements pour un Art nouveau'', na 1966 ma bu n'obi ịkwalite nwughari nke Art na Algeria na obodo post-colonial. Ọ sonyekwara na mmegharị nka Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu), <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Llorens|first=Natasha Marie|title=WHITHER THE SIGN: MOHAMMED KHADDA IN ASSIA DJEBAR'S LA NOUBA DES FEMMES DU MONT CHENOUA|url=https://www.academia.edu/38668659|journal=CINEMA: Journal of Philosophy and the Moving Image}}</ref> nke ewelitere na 1967, ebe ndị nka ga-emepụta nka [[Berber languages|Amazigh]], nke sitere na akara ngosi ha, egbugbu ọdịnala nke obodo Amazigh na-eyi. Onyinye ya na steeti ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Algeria site na nka ya, ka bara uru ruo taa, dị ka Suheyla Takesh na Lynn Gumpert gosipụtara na ihe ngosi nka ha na 2020, " ''Na-ewere Shape: Abstraction si Arab World, 1950s-1980"'' . Ndị ọkà mmụta, dị ka Prọfesọ Dina Ramadan na Bard College, na-ejikwa nka ya dị ka ụzọ isi tụgharịa uche na mmetụta nke ịchịisi na ọha mmadụ, dịka o dere na nyocha nka ya banyere ihe ngosi Takesh na Gumpert. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s|url=http://caareviews.org/reviews/3728|accessdate=2024-05-07|work=Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s}}</ref> Dr. Natasha Marie Llorens, onye nyocha nke doctoral lekwasịrị anya na sinima Algerian post-colonial cinema, na-akọwa n'ihu na nyocha ya, ''Ebe akara. : Mohammed Khadda na Assia Djebar's La Nouba des Femmes du Mont Chenoua'', ka a na-egosipụtakwa nkà nke Khadda na ihe nkiri Algeria dị ka ụzọ isi gosipụta "mmezi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na eserese, nke ọ chere na ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka mgbasa ozi echiche". <ref name=":12" /> Na 1947, Khadda zutere Abdallah Benanteur, onye na-ese ihe a mụrụ na Mostaganem otu afọ mgbe a mụsịrị Khadda. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":2" /> Mgbe ha zutere, Khadda debanyere aha na École des Beaux-arts [College of Fine Arts] ebe ọ mụtara usoro nka dị iche iche dị ka agba mmiri, pastels, na eserese. Ọ gara n'ihu gbasaa usoro ihe osise ya site n'esere ihe ngosi nke nzukọ n'ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ na ahịa flea. N'afọ 1948, ya na Benantaur gara ileta enyi ha n'otu ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ bụ n'oge nleta a ka Khadda hụrụ Museum of Fine Arts ebe ihe osise Eugène Delacroix, Eugène Fromentin, Théodore Chassériau, na Nasreddine Dinet kpaliri ya. Ọkpụkpụ nke Auguste Rodin na Antoine Bourdelle metụtakwara ya. <ref name=":2" /> Na 1953, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe si Africa, Mohammed Khadda gara Paris, France ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya. N'oge ahụ, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Pablo Picasso wee mụta ụdị nke Cubism nke metụtara nkà ya nke ukwuu. Ọ nọrọ afọ iri na Europe tupu ọ laghachi Algeria. Mgbe ọ lọghachiri, ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji guzobe obodo nka na Algeria maka ndị na-eto eto na-achọ nka iji kwalite nkà ha nwere. Na 1964, ya na ndị ọzọ hiwere National Union of the Visual Arts. Khadda hibere ndị na-ese ihe na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara na 1967. O gosikwara akwụkwọ maka Rachid Boudjedra, Tahar Djaout, na ndị ọzọ. [[Usòrò:SignatureKhadda.jpg|thumb| Akara aka nke Mohammed Khadda]] == mmegharị dị mkpa == * Mohammed Khadda tinyere aka na ọtụtụ mmegharị nka na otu n'ime oge ọrụ ya nwere ma ga-aga n'ihu na-emetụta nka na Africa na ụwa ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a gụnyere: * National Union of the Visual Arts, 1967 * Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu) Art Movement, 1967 <ref name=":5" /> * Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara, 1967 * "Ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama" <ref name=":5" /> * Emepụtara ihe karịrị 70 murals na 1970s * Alụso ya ọgụ na National Liberation Army n'oge French Resistance == Ụtụ == Na Maachị 14, 2020, Google jiri Google Doodle mee emume ụbọchị ọmụmụ 90 ya. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-14|title=Google honors late Algerian artist Mohammed Khadda with a doodle|url=https://arab.news/j96hf|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|author=Gillett|first=Katy|date=2020-03-14|title=Who is Mohammed Khadda? Google Doodle pays homage to Algerian artist|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/who-is-mohammed-khadda-google-doodle-pays-homage-to-algerian-artist-1.992221|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=The National|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Omenala Algeria * Cubism * Pablo Picasso * Amazigh * Art Abstract == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite web|title=Mutual Art|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Mohammed-Khadda/70D182827E51D52D/Artworks}} * {{Cite web|title=Mohammed Khadda's 90th Birthday Doodle - Google Doodles|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/mohammed-khaddas-90th-birthday/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=doodles.google|language=en}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8agjtsoj2ddtc7zva8hyfj8rtim2cd0 0 45749 674099 211771 2026-07-08T14:36:29Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Mmetụta na ntinye aka */ 674099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="482" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="911" decoding="async" height="116" resource="./File:Mohamed_LAKHDAR_HAMINA.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mohamed_LAKHDAR_HAMINA.png/220px-Mohamed_LAKHDAR_HAMINA.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mohamed_LAKHDAR_HAMINA.png/330px-Mohamed_LAKHDAR_HAMINA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mohamed_LAKHDAR_HAMINA.png/440px-Mohamed_LAKHDAR_HAMINA.png 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Mohamed_LAKHDAR_HAMINA.png|frameless]]</img> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" | <span style="display:none">( <span class="bday">1934-02-26</span> )</span> Ọnwa Abụọ 26, 1934 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(afọ&nbsp;90)</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> M'sila, Algeria</div> ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Obodo | class="infobox-data category" | Onye Algeria ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ọrụ(ọrụ) | class="infobox-data role" | Onye isi ihe nkiri na onye na-ede ihe nkiri |- class="infobox-data category" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Mara&nbsp;maka | class="infobox-data" | ''[[Chronicle of the Years of Fire|Ihe ndekọ nke afọ nke ọkụ]]'' (1975) |} '''Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina''' ( Arabic ; Amụrụ na M'sila na 1934 wee nwụọ na 23 Mee, 2025) bụ onye ntụzi ihe nkiri na onye na-ese ihe nkiri nke Algeria. A maara ya nke ọma maka ihe nkiri 1975 ya ''bụ Chronicle of the Years of Fire'', nke meriri {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]}}na 1975 Cannes Film Festival wee bụrụ ihe nkiri Arab na Africa mbụ nwetara ihe nrite ahụ. <ref name="thr">{{Cite web|date=10 May 2016|title=Cannes: All the Palme d'Or Winners, Ranked|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/cannes-palme-dor-winners-ranked-891143/the-way-1982/|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ama ama na sinima Arab nke oge a. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ na 1934 na M'Sila, Algeria, Lakhdar malitere ọmụmụ ya na obodo ya. O buru ụzọ nwee mmasị na ụwa nke sinima na Lycée Carnot na Cannes, France . Mgbe ọ malitesịrị ọmụmụ ihe gbasara [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na iwu na mahadum French, ọ gbahapụrụ ndị agha France na 1958 wee sonye na mgbochi French Algerian Resistance na [[Tunisia]], ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka gọọmentị Algeria nwa oge na mba ọzọ. Ọrụ ihe nkiri ya malitere ka ọ sonyeere ndị [[Algerian Maquis]] ( [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]] ). Na 1959, ndị Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) zigara ya Prague, ebe ọ na-agbaso ọmụmụ ihe nkiri sinima ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ cinema, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ihe nkiri na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ TV nke Academy of Performing Arts na Prague, [[Chekia|Czech]] Academy for cinema na telivishọn. Otú ọ dị, ọ kwụsịrị ọmụmụ ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na Barrandov Studios . N'afọ 1960, ọ sonyere na Cinema Service, nke gọọmentị Algeria kere na mba ọzọ. Na 1959, ozi nke ozi nke Algeria na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nyere Lakhdar-Hamina, ya na [[Djamel Chanderli]] na Pierre Chaulet ọrụ, imepụta ihe nkiri banyere nsogbu Algeria n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị France . Ihe nkiri a na-eme ihe nkiri, nke aha ya bụ ''Djazzaïrouna (Our Algeria)'', bụ iji gosipụta ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke òtù ndị agha obodo Algeria, bụ Maquis, na-achụso. Na 1961, Lakhdar-Hamina rụkọrọ ọrụ na Chanderli na ihe nkiri Yasmina, nke na-akọ akụkọ banyere nwa agbọghọ gbara ọsọ ndụ nke ga-agbapụ n'obodo ya mgbe mbibi ya gasịrị. Lakhdar-Hamina rụkọrọ ọrụ ọzọ na Chanderli na 1962 ''olu ndị mmadụ'' na 1961 ''egbe nke nnwere onwe'' . Mgbe nnwere onwe nke Algeria na 1962, ọ laghachiri n'ala nna ya ebe, ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya si na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Tunisia, ọ tọrọ ntọala ''Office des actualités algériennes'', nke ọ bụ onye nduzi site na 1963 ruo mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na 1974. Site na 1981 ruo 1984 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke [[Office National pour le Commerce et l'Industrie Cinématographique]], ụlọ ọrụ kachasị mkpa maka ịkwalite ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri French . Otu n'ime ihe nkiri ya kachasị ọhụrụ, ''Foto ikpeazụ'', bụ akụkụ nke Nhọrọ Ọchịchị na Cannes Film Festival na 1986 ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara maka Golden Palm. Nwa Lakhdar-Hamina, [[Malik Lakhdar-Hamina]], bịara mara amara mgbe ahapụchara ihe nkiri ogologo oge mbụ ya, ''Mgbụsị akwụkwọ: October na Algiers'' (1992), ihe nkiri nke na-enyocha ọgba aghara nke October 1988 site na microcosm nke ezinụlọ Algeria kewara site na a. Echiche Westernized megide Alakụba nke Algeria dị ugbu a. Nwa ya nwoke ọzọ, [[Tariq Lakhdar-Hamina]], bụ onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. == Mmetụta na ntinye aka == Site na mmalite ya, cinema Algeria jikọtara ya na arụmụka echiche na ịdị adị nke gbara agha nnwere onwe nke Algeria na ọkwa iwu obodo mgbe ọchịchị gachara. N'okwu a, ọrụ cinematographic nke Lakhdar-Hamina enyela aka na mmepe nke asụsụ ihe nkiri ọhụrụ nke ihe nkiri sinima Maghrebi nke oge a na nke kachasị nke Algeria, nke dị iche na ahụmahụ nkiri nke mba Arab ndị ọzọ na nke kachasị nke ụlọ ọrụ cinematic Egypt. . Mgbe Algeria nwesịrị nnwere onwe, sinima Algeria lekwasịrị anya n'ụdị nka ọhụrụ metụtara ịchọ njirimara mba, mana nsogbu ego na enweghị ụlọ ọrụ Algeria mere ka ọrụ a sie ike karị. Ndị na-ege ntị North America anọgidewo na-amataghị ahụmịhe cinematographic nke [[Algeria]] . N'ịgbaso mba nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Algeria na June 1969, American Motion Pictures Export Association of America ( MPEA ) kpọrọ oku ka ha kwụsị mmepụta ihe niile nke Algeria. Kemgbe mmalite ya, sinima Algeria mepụtara nguzo doro anya na-emegide ọchịchị. N'akụkụ a, ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Algerian n'ozuzu na Lakhdar-Hamina anọgidewo na-agbasi mbọ ike na ụkpụrụ echiche nke òtù na-enweghị isi na nke atọ nke ụwa . Na Disemba 1973, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Africa, Latin America na Eshia gbakọtara na Algiers maka nzukọ mbụ nke kọmitii Cinema nke ụwa nke atọ, bụ nke ghọrọ mbọ iji wuo otu sinima ụwa nke atọ nwere onwe. Ihe nkiri mbụ nke Lakhdar-Hamina na-enyocha okwu gbasara njirimara mba yana ịchọ Onwe ya n'ọnọdụ nke nnwere onwe mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị. Na 1963, o dere edemede na mkparịta ụka maka ihe nkiri [[Under Neptune's sign|n'okpuru akara Neptune]] . Na 1965 o wepụtara ihe nkiri ogologo ya nke mbụ, ''The Winds of the Aures'' . Ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara akụkọ otu nwanyị Algeria na-achọ ụmụ ya ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'oge agha nnwere onwe nke Algeria. ''The Wind of the Aures'' nwetara onyinye ọrụ mbụ kacha mma na 1966 Cannes Film Festival wee họrọ ya maka nkwụ ọla edo . A họpụtara ya maka Grand Prix na 5th Moscow International Film Festival na 1967. <ref name="Moscow1967">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1967|title=5th Moscow International Film Festival (1967)|accessdate=2012-12-09|work=MIFF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194759/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1967|archivedate=16 January 2013}}</ref> Enwere ike were ya n'onwe ya dị ka nkume ntọala nke sinima Algeria nke oge a. Na The Winds of the Aures, Lakhdar-Hamina na-akọwa n'ụzọ dị egwu n'ụzọ zuru ezu ndakpọ nke obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo mebiri site na [[Ime ihe ike|ime ihe ike arụrụ arụ]] nke ndị ọchịchị. Ihe nkiri a na-emetụta n'ụzọ doro anya na sinima Soviet na [[Aesthetics|ihe ịchọ mma]], karịsịa nke onye nduzi Soviet Ukraine bụ Alexander Dovzhenko . Onye nduzi tụgharịrị mmetụta a nke ọma ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ Algeria. ''Ifufe nke Aure'' doro ihe nkiri Algerie nsọ na mpaghara mba ụwa. Ihe nkiri Lakhdar-Hamina na-esote, [[Hassan Terro]], nyochara n'ụzọ na-atọ ọchị banyere ọdachi nke agha nnwere onwe nke Algeria site n'igosi ihe ọjọọ nke isi agwa ya, àgwà bourgeois tọrọ atọ n'etiti mgbanwe mgbanwe nke Algeria. Ihe nkiri ya nke atọ ''[[December (1972 film)|na Disemba]]'', nke ewepụtara na 1972, na-enyocha ihe gbasara ịta ahụhụ . Ihe nkiri ahụ kọrọ banyere otu onye uwe ojii France nwere nsogbu n'ihi mmekpa ahụ ndị agha France na-akpa megide ndị òtù FLN . ''Chronicle of the Years of Fire'' (1975), Otú ọ dị, bụ Lakhdar-Hamina ọrụ kasị mkpa. N'afọ 1975, ọ nwetara nkwanye ùgwù zuru ụwa ọnụ mgbe e nyere ihe nkiri ahụ {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]}}</link> na Cannes. Ihe nkiri ahụ, nke na-enye ọhụụ onwe onye nke mgbanwe mgbanwe nke Algeria, na-eme ka evolushọn nke mgbanwe mgbanwe site na 1939 ruo na mmalite nke nnupụisi 1954 megide French. Ruo taa, ''Chronicle of the Years of Fire'' ka bụ naanị ihe nkiri Africa na Arab nke enyerela {{Lang|fr|Palme D'or}}na Cannes. <ref name="thr" /> A na-ekewa ihe nkiri ahụ na ngalaba isii: "Afọ nke Ashes," "Afọ nke Embers", "Afọ nke ọkụ", "Afọ nke ụgbọ ibu", "Afọ nke ogbugbu" na "1 November 1954", ụbọchị nke na-egosi mmalite nke mgbanwe Algeria na nke agha nnwere onwe. Ọ na-akọ akụkọ banyere onye ọrụ ugbo Algeria, Ahmad, onye gbapụrụ n'obodo ya ka ọ gbanarị ụnwụ nri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. Ihe nkiri a na-egosi ime ihe ike dị ka ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na esemokwu n'etiti ndị na-achị ọchịchị na ndị ọchịchị; n'akụkụ a, Lakhdar-Hamina họọrọ ilekwasị anya na nsogbu nke obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo Algeria ma mesie ọdịiche dị na nke kewara ndị ọrụ ugbo ala Algeria na ndị ọgaranya French na-achị. Otu n'ime isi ozi ihe nkiri ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ na, dị ka ime ihe ike na-ebute ime ihe ike, otú ahụ ka a ga-esi lụso ọchịchị colonial ọgụ naanị site na ọgba aghara. Mgbanwe nke Ahmad site na onye ọrụ ugbo na-amaghị akwụkwọ gaa na onye ndu mgbanwe na-egosi maturation nke nsụhọ nke mba nweere onwe ya iji nweta nnwere onwe mba. Site n'echiche sinima, ''Chronicle'' na-eji usoro igwefoto na-emesi mmetụta nke mwepu, mwepu, na nhụjuanya nke usoro nrigbu nke colonial kpatara. N'ụzọ doro anya, Lakhdar-Hamina ahọrọla igosi arụmụka echiche gbara gburugburu owuwu nke njirimara mba n'etiti ọgụ ime ihe ike megide ọchịchị colonial site na nnọchite anya mkpokọta mba nke otu ndị dike dị ka Ahmad nọchiri anya ya, ma ọ bụ ndị dike dị ka Hassan. Terro. N'otu aka ahụ, ama ama nke ụwa ndị ọrụ ugbo na ihe nkiri Lakhdar-Hamina yiri ka ọ na-edobe ndụ ime obodo dịka otu n'ime ihe ngosi kachasị mkpa n'ịwube njirimara mba. Akụkọ ifo a nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Algeria dị ka ebe nchekwa nke nganga na nguzogide mba ga-emesị gbanwee n'ime 1980s, mgbe sinima Algeria bịara nwee nchegbu karị na agwa ndị obodo mepere emepe ma lekwasị anya na nsogbu nke esemokwu postcolonial. == Ihe nkiri ewepụtara na Cannes == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ntinye aka |- | 2014 | ''Crépuscule des ombres'' | Onye nduzi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Edemede na mkparịta ụka |- | 1992 | ''[[Automne]]'' | Onye nduzi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Edemede na mkparịta ụka |- | 1986 | ''La dernière oyiyi'' | Onye nduzi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Edemede na mkparịta ụka |- | 1982 | {{Lang|fr|[[Vent de sable]]}} | Onye nduzi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Edemede na mkparịta ụka |- | 1975 | ''Chronique des années de braise''<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ( ''Chronicle of the Years of Fire'' ) | Onye nduzi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Edemede na mkparịta ụka |- | 1967 | Le vent des Aurès<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ( ''Rih al awras'' ) | Onye nduzi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Edemede na mkparịta ụka<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Ihe nkiri sinima |- | 1963 | Aha ya bụ Neptune | Edemede na mkparịta ụka |} == Ihe nrite == * 1975: {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]}}</link> ''Ihe ndekọ nke afọ nke ọkụ'', ogologo oge <ref name="festival-cannes. com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/artist/id/4721.html|title=Festival de Cannes: Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina|accessdate=2009-03-10|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> * 1967: [[Prix de la premiere oeuvre]] ''The Wind of the Aures'', Long métrage  == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * Boudjedra, Rachid. Naissance du Cinéma Algérien – 1971 * Ọmụmụ ihe nkiri Algeria: Onye na-emegide dike. " Alif: Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Comparative Poetics, ọ dịghị. 15 (1995): 260–266 . * Hafez, Sabri. "Ngbanwe njirimara na Maghrebi Cinema: Paradigm nke Algeria." Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, no. 15 (1995): 39–80 . * Pearson, Lyle. "Afọ anọ nke ihe nkiri North Africa." Ihe nkiri nkeji iri abụọ na isii, mba. 4 (Oge ọkọchị, 1973): 18–26 . == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0482228}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2gj58tmiv83i6lv5j69h0t5nrro22le 0 45750 674101 168440 2026-07-08T14:37:43Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Atụmatụ */ fixed reference 674101 wikitext text/x-wiki   .N'ime mkpọmkpọ ebe [1] ( Egypt Arabic </link> , translit. Bain el Atlal) bụ ihe nkiri nke Egypt 1959 nke onye isi ihe nkiri Egypt bụ Ezz El-Dine Zulficar duziri wee bụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri.  Egypt Salah Zulfikar nkeji.  Ihe nkiri a gbadoro ụkwụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Yusuf Sibai dere.  Ọ na-eme ihe nkiri Faten Hamama, Emad Hamdy na Salah Zulfikar .  Hamamaihe ihe nri maka ị na-egosi ya mapụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na ihe nkiri Egypt Top 100 na 1996 <ref name="hamama">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fatenhamama.com/Arabic/films/BEIN-ALATLAL.html|title=Bain el Atlal|accessdate=2007-04-04|publisher=[[Faten Hamama]]'s official website|language=Arabic}} [[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 100 Egyptian Films (CIFF)|url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls033161709/|accessdate=2021-09-05|work=IMDb|language=en}}</ref> == Atụmatụ == Mona ( Faten Hamama ) bụ nwa akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ n'anya prọfesọ Mahmoud ( Emad Hamdy ), onye bụkwa onye edemede nwere nkà.  Mahmoud gwara Mona mana nne ya ma ụmụaka ma nwoke ọzọ wee hapụ obodo ahụ.  Ọtụtụ afọ ka e ịhụ ka ọ lụọ ọrụ, Mona na-aga eleta Mahmoud na-arịa ọrịa n' ọgwụ.  Mahmoud sere ya nye Mona ka ọ dinara n'àkwà anwụ ya.  Na nwa Mona Kamal ( Salah Zulfikar ) ebe nwa nwa Mahmoud (Sophie Tharwat) n'anya . <ref name="Ar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabicmovies.net/showcasset.asp?format=PAL&q=100197&ctg=21&cp=4|accessdate=2007-04-04|publisher=Arabic Movies|language=Arabic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040525011521/http://arabicmovies.net/showcasset.asp?format=PAL&q=100197&ctg=21&cp=4|archivedate=May 25, 2004}}</ref> <ref name="DSE">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5579|title=The 12 Greatest Romantic Movies of All Time|date=February 13, 2007|accessdate=2007-04-04|author=Fahim, Joseph|publisher=[[Daily Star (Egypt)|Daily Star]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708222400/http://www.dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5579|archivedate=2011-07-08}}</ref> == Nkedo == * Faten Hamama dị ka Mona * [[Emad Hamdy]] dị ka Mahmoud * [[Salah Zulfikar]] dị ka Kamal * [[Fouad el-Mohandes|Fouad El-Mohandes]] dị ka Abdel Moneim * Sophie Tharwat dị ka Mona Mahmoud * Rawhiyya Khaled * [[Samiha Ayoub]] == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Among the Ruins at IMDb fyp7ihuj67x9wr3zv34dnv9i9w94f1q 0 45795 674437 168526 2026-07-09T09:29:26Z Goodymeraj 16207 Fixed reference error 674437 wikitext text/x-wiki Murat Brierre ma ọ bụ Murat Briere (1938–1988) bụ otu n'ime ndị na-akpụ ola n'isi Haiti ma bụrụkwa onye a ma ama maka ime mgbanwe ihe ụfọdụ ịgbà ịbụ n'ụbigara. George Liautaud na-emetụta ya, mana ọrụ ya ụdịdị nke onwe ya, na-achọ anya anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche na ọnụ nke ọnụ, ihe ndị nwere ike dị egwu, na ụmụ e bu n'afọ.  na-ahụ anya n'ime ihe ndị buru ibu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A Collection of Haitian Iron Works|url=http://www.phylliskindgallery.com/exhibits/2006/index_031606.html|accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref>Brierre ọrụ dị ka onye na-akpụ brik, onye na-ebe ihe, onye na-ese tile, na onye na-eji oji. Amụrụ ya na Mirebalais ma ọ bụ Port-au-Prince, Haiti ma bụrụ ọkpara nke abụọ. Nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye, Edgar Brierre, bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe.  Nwanna nwoke ahụ ji aha ikpeazụ bịanye aka n'ahụ ha, na-ebute ọgba aghara n'etiti ndị nwoke ha gbasara ndị dere ọrụ ha. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=October 1990|title=Visual Arts|journal=The Crisis|volume=97|issue=8|pages=51}}</ref>Ihe ọkpụkpụ Brierre na-akpa site na ụkwụ atọ ruo isii n'ogologo ma sere Christian, Haitian Vodou, na ike ifo. Brierre bụkwa onye na-ese ihe, ma n'ikpeazụ họrọ iji njikwa ọrụ n'ihi na ọ chere na ihe ahụ na ike ime ihe. Ọ bụ usoro siri ike.   A na-akụtu ihe ihe drum ahụ n'ụzọ dị, dọba ya na ya, wee jiri agụba bee ya.   A na-ejizi chisel gbutuo mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ tupu emechaa ya na faịlụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti 1970s, ihe ọkpụkpụ Brierre mpaghara ndị a kpọpụtara akpọpụta nke gbara ogologo ahịrị mgbagha agbagọ. Ọkpụkpụ ire Brierre akwụkwọ Chien de Mer na-ekpuchi isi n'ime ahụ azụ == Ihe ngosi Solo == '''1967''' – Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Haiti, New York <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref>1968 – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;   Bradley Galleries, Milwaukee, Wisconsin;   Ndị nkiri ihe nkiri Georgetown, Washington DC;   Ndị egwu egwu Menschoff, Chicago;   John Michael Kohler Arts Center, Sheboygan, Wisconsin;   Roko Gallery, New York '''1969''' – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Ụlọ ihe ngosi ngosi, Washington DC; Otu Botolp, Boston <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1971''' – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1973''' – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1972''' – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Roko Gallery, New York <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1970''' – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1979''' – Areta Contemporary Design, Boston <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi otu == '''1969''' – Davenport Art Gallery, Iowa <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1974''' – Davenport Art Gallery, Iowa <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1978''' – Brooklyn Museum, New York (njem njem) <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1980''' – Davenport Art Gallery, Iowa <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1982''' - Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na Harlem, New York <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1983''' – Chicago Public Library Cultural Center <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1985''' – Davenport Art Gallery, Iowa <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1987''' – Musée du Panthéon National, Port-au-Prince, Haiti <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1988''' – Galeries Nationales d'Exposition du Grand Palais, Paris <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1989''' - Museum of Art, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''2006''' - Phyllis Kind Gallery na njikọ nke Outsider Art Fair, New York <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=A Collection of Haitian Iron Works|url=http://www.phylliskindgallery.com/exhibits/2006/index_031606.html|accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == '''''L'Araignée (The Spider)''' ,'' 1970, ígwè <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Davenport Museum of Art (Davenport, Iowa)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34524490|title=Tracing the spirit : ethnographic essays on Haitian art : from the collection of the Davenport Museum of Art|date=1995|publisher=The Museum|others=Brown, Karen McCarthy.|isbn=0-295-97504-0|location=Davenport, Iowa|oclc=34524490}}</ref> '''''Christ sur la Croix (Kraịst na Obe)''''', 1970, ígwè <ref name=":2" /> '''''Sirens anọ''''', 1966, ígwè <ref name=":2" /> '''''Le Sagittaire en Démon (Sagittarius na Demon)''''', enweghị ụbọchị, ígwè <ref name=":2" /> '''''Visage en Fer (Ihu dị na Iron)''''', 1965, ígwè <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Davenport Museum of Art (Davenport, Iowa)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34524490|title=Tracing the spirit : ethnographic essays on Haitian art : from the collection of the Davenport Museum of Art|date=1995|publisher=The Museum|others=Brown, Karen McCarthy.|isbn=0-295-97504-0|location=Davenport, Iowa|oclc=34524490}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDavenport_Museum_of_Art_(Davenport,_Iowa)1995">Davenport Museum of Art (Davenport, Iowa) (1995). [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34524490 ''Tracing the spirit : ethnographic essays on Haitian art : from the collection of the Davenport Museum of Art'']. Brown, Karen McCarthy. Davenport, Iowa: The Museum. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/0-295-97504-0|<bdi>0-295-97504-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34524490 34524490].</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] thxzz0pqi5nspt3ytpkjivujq4z81zl 674439 674437 2026-07-09T09:31:38Z Goodymeraj 16207 Fixed reference error 674439 wikitext text/x-wiki Murat Brierre ma ọ bụ Murat Briere (1938–1988) bụ otu n'ime ndị na-akpụ ola n'isi Haiti ma bụrụkwa onye a ma ama maka ime mgbanwe ihe ụfọdụ ịgbà ịbụ n'ụbigara. George Liautaud na-emetụta ya, mana ọrụ ya ụdịdị nke onwe ya, na-achọ anya anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche na ọnụ nke ọnụ, ihe ndị nwere ike dị egwu, na ụmụ e bu n'afọ.  na-ahụ anya n'ime ihe ndị buru ibu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A Collection of Haitian Iron Works|url=http://www.phylliskindgallery.com/exhibits/2006/index_031606.html|accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref>Brierre ọrụ dị ka onye na-akpụ brik, onye na-ebe ihe, onye na-ese tile, na onye na-eji oji. Amụrụ ya na Mirebalais ma ọ bụ Port-au-Prince, Haiti ma bụrụ ọkpara nke abụọ. Nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye, Edgar Brierre, bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe.  Nwanna nwoke ahụ ji aha ikpeazụ bịanye aka n'ahụ ha, na-ebute ọgba aghara n'etiti ndị nwoke ha gbasara ndị dere ọrụ ha. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=October 1990|title=Visual Arts|journal=The Crisis|volume=97|issue=8|pages=51}}</ref>Ihe ọkpụkpụ Brierre na-akpa site na ụkwụ atọ ruo isii n'ogologo ma sere Christian, Haitian Vodou, na ike ifo. Brierre bụkwa onye na-ese ihe, ma n'ikpeazụ họrọ iji njikwa ọrụ n'ihi na ọ chere na ihe ahụ na ike ime ihe. Ọ bụ usoro siri ike.   A na-akụtu ihe ihe drum ahụ n'ụzọ dị, dọba ya na ya, wee jiri agụba bee ya.   A na-ejizi chisel gbutuo mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ tupu emechaa ya na faịlụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti 1970s, ihe ọkpụkpụ Brierre mpaghara ndị a kpọpụtara akpọpụta nke gbara ogologo ahịrị mgbagha agbagọ. Ọkpụkpụ ire Brierre akwụkwọ Chien de Mer na-ekpuchi isi n'ime ahụ azụ == Ihe ngosi Solo == '''1967''' – Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Haiti, New York <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref>1968 – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;   Bradley Galleries, Milwaukee, Wisconsin;   Ndị nkiri ihe nkiri Georgetown, Washington DC;   Ndị egwu egwu Menschoff, Chicago;   John Michael Kohler Arts Center, Sheboygan, Wisconsin;   Roko Gallery, New York '''1969''' – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Ụlọ ihe ngosi ngosi, Washington DC; Otu Botolp, Boston <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1971''' – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1973''' – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1972''' – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Roko Gallery, New York <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1970''' – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1979''' – Areta Contemporary Design, Boston <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi otu == '''1969''' – Davenport Art Gallery, Iowa <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1974''' – Davenport Art Gallery, Iowa <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1978''' – Brooklyn Museum, New York (njem njem) <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1980''' – Davenport Art Gallery, Iowa <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1982''' - Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na Harlem, New York <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1983''' – Chicago Public Library Cultural Center <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1985''' – Davenport Art Gallery, Iowa <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1987''' – Musée du Panthéon National, Port-au-Prince, Haiti <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1988''' – Galeries Nationales d'Exposition du Grand Palais, Paris <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1989''' - Museum of Art, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''2006''' - Phyllis Kind Gallery na njikọ nke Outsider Art Fair, New York <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=A Collection of Haitian Iron Works|url=http://www.phylliskindgallery.com/exhibits/2006/index_031606.html|accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == '''''L'Araignée (The Spider)''' ,'' 1970, ígwè <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Davenport Museum of Art (Davenport, Iowa)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34524490|title=Tracing the spirit : ethnographic essays on Haitian art : from the collection of the Davenport Museum of Art|date=1995|publisher=The Museum|others=Brown, Karen McCarthy.|isbn=0-295-97504-0|location=Davenport, Iowa|oclc=34524490}}</ref> '''''Christ sur la Croix (Kraịst na Obe)''''', 1970, ígwè <ref name=":2" /> '''''Sirens anọ''''', 1966, ígwè <ref name=":2" /> '''''Le Sagittaire en Démon (Sagittarius na Demon)''''', enweghị ụbọchị, ígwè <ref name=":2" /> '''''Visage en Fer (Ihu dị na Iron)''''', 1965, ígwè <ref name=":2" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qkbah8piy5x8hhf6qmog41ldyiyukk5 0 45864 674227 168647 2026-07-08T19:27:17Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Milton Knight Jr.''' (May 12, 1962) bụ onye America na-ese ihe nkiri, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Onye na-ese akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị, onye edemede, onye na'ese ihe, na onye na-ese akụkọ / onye na-ede ihe. Ọ duziri ihe nkiri maka usoro ihe nkiri dị iche iche, gụnyere Cool World, Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, na The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat. A maara ya maka ụdị ihe nkiri Golden Age (1930s).   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Gary Groth kọwara Knight dị ka "n'ụzọ doro anya a na-ejighị n'aka, mana ọ bụ kpọmkwem n'ihi nke a ka [Groth] masịrị ya".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Spurgeon|first=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz3NCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Milton+Knight%22+animator&pg=PA92|title=We Told You So: Comics as Art|date=2016-12-14|publisher=Fantagraphics Books|isbn=978-1-60699-933-2|pages=92–93|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === I'llNa Mee 12, 1962, Milton Knight Jr. <ref name=":0" /> a mụrụ ya na Mineola, New York. Mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ, Knight malitere ise ihe, na-ese ihe, ma na-emepụta akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị na animation.<ref name="AAC">"About the Artists & Writers," ''African-American Classics, Graphic Classics'' vol. 22 (Eureka Productions, 2011).</ref> Knight chịkọtara ihe osise mmiri nke China, ihe osise, ihe nkiri Charlie Brown, na Terrytoons, nke niile kpaliri ọrụ nke ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Milton Knight|url=https://blog.pmpress.org/authors-artists-comrades/milton-knight/|accessdate=2023-02-11|work=PM Press|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-eleta ebe ngosi nka na gallery nke New York dị ka nwatakịrị, ndị na-ese ihe na-atọ ọchị na-ejikọta ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe osise dị mma masịrị Knight.[3]<ref name=":1" /> N'agbanyeghi ihe ọ na-eme, mmasị Knight na ihe osise bụ "ọ bụghị n'inweta ma ọ bụ n'ịtụle eziokwu, kama n'ịmepụta ụdị ọhụrụ na ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya ma nye ha ndụ ha pụrụ iche".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Milton Knight|url=https://blog.pmpress.org/authors-artists-comrades/milton-knight/|accessdate=2023-02-11|work=PM Press|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://blog.pmpress.org/authors-artists-comrades/milton-knight/ "Milton Knight"]. ''PM Press''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Onye na-ese onyinyo === Site na 1979 gaa n'ihu, o sere ihe osise maka magazin na akwụkwọ akụkọ mba: ''The Village Voice, Family Weekly, Nickelodeon Magazine, The Electric Company Magazine, National Lampoon, High Times, Heavy Metal,'' na ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Milton Knight|url=https://blog.pmpress.org/authors-artists-comrades/milton-knight/|accessdate=2023-02-11|work=PM Press|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://blog.pmpress.org/authors-artists-comrades/milton-knight/ "Milton Knight"]. ''PM Press''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> O mepụtara akwụkwọ ndị na-atọ ọchị, mkpuchi ndekọ, posters, swiiti, na T-shirts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Milton Knight|url=https://blog.pmpress.org/authors-artists-comrades/milton-knight/|accessdate=2023-02-11|work=PM Press|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://blog.pmpress.org/authors-artists-comrades/milton-knight/ "Milton Knight"]. ''PM Press''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Ihe na-atọ ọchị === N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1982, Mike Harris, onye maara ihe nkiri Milton Knight bụ ''Hugo'', jikọtara Knight na Kim Thompson na Gary Groth nke onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Fantagraphics. N'afọ 1982, ha bipụtara Hugo, Knight's one-shot nke akpọrọ "akụkọ ifo maka ndị okenye. " Thompson kọwara ya dị ka "echiche gbara ọchịchịrị, nke na-adịghị mma, na nke na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ doro anya nke ndụ... wụbara ''Hugo''] anụmanụ na-atọ ọchị... nke na-adọrọ mmasị. " <ref name=":0" /> Fantagraphics weghachiri aha ahụ dị ka usoro atọ na 1984-85, ma mesịa chịkọta ya dị ka akwụkwọ azụmaahịa. Knight dekwara ma dọrọ usoro iri nke Marvel Comics Mighty Mouse, nke sitere na ọrụ Ralph Bakshi The New Adventures.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2023)">when?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Ihe nkiri === Knight kwagara California na 1991, <ref name="AAC">"About the Artists & Writers," ''African-American Classics, Graphic Classics'' vol. 22 (Eureka Productions, 2011).</ref> ebe ọ ghọrọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri maka ihe nkiri TV, ọkachasị site na ịbanye dị ka onye nduzi na The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat .<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Milton Knight|url=https://blog.pmpress.org/authors-artists-comrades/milton-knight/|accessdate=2023-02-11|work=PM Press|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://blog.pmpress.org/authors-artists-comrades/milton-knight/ "Milton Knight"]. ''PM Press''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ mepụtara nka, agwa, ihe nkwado, ndabere, akụkọ, na agba nke ihe nkiri animated maka Disney TV, MGM TV, Saban, Rhythm &amp;amp; Hues, Warner Bros. Animation, HBO, na ndị ọzọ; utu aha ama ama gụnyere Ralph Bakshi's Cool World, Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, na The Twisted Tales of the Felix Cat. Knight na-akụzi nka na The Colonnade Art Gallery and Studio na Pasadena, California. <ref name="AAC">"About the Artists & Writers," ''African-American Classics, Graphic Classics'' vol. 22 (Eureka Productions, 2011).</ref> Ọ bụ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri animation maka International Animated Film Association. === Mpụ ịkpọasị === Na Febụwarị 25, 2019, Knight kọrọ na akaụntụ Facebook ya na ọ bụ onye Mpụ ịkpọasị kpụrụ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ. Ọ kọrọ na mgbe ọ na-echere bọs ahụ, otu nwoke kpasuru Knight iwe site na mkparị agbụrụ wee kụọ ya ihe ugboro ugboro n'isi mgbe Knight zutere ya, na-akpata "mkpịsị aka, imi gbajiri agbaji, na ihe ndị ọzọ" nye Knight na "mkpụkpọ gbajiri agbazu" nye onye na-eme ya nke abụọ chọrọ ụlọ ọgwụ. Knight kwuru na ya boro onye wakporo ya ebubo maka mwakpo na ịkụ ọkpọ, a tụkwara ha mkpọrọ maka ihe merenụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2019-02-28/adventures-of-sonic-the-hedgehog-animator-milton-knight-alleged-victim-of-hate-crime/.143978|title=Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog Animator Milton Knight Alleged Victim of Hate Crime|author=Morrissy|first=Kim|date=February 28, 2019|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=June 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Animation Artist Milton Knight Victim of Hate Crime Assault|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/people/animation-artist-milton-knight-victim-of-hate-crime-assault/|author=Milligan|first=Mercedes|date=March 3, 2019|work=[[Animation Magazine]]}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == === Ihe nkiri === * Cool World (Ralph Bakshi/Paramount, 1992) - onye na-ese ihe, nhazi, animation * Battletoads (ihe nkiri TV, 1992) - onye na-ese akụkọ * Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog (DIC Entertainment, 1993) - akụkọ, onye na-ese ihe nkiri, ndabere & ihe ngosi, nhazi, ihe nkiri. * The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat (Film Roman, 1995) - duziri obere ihe anọ, onye edemede * The Mouse and the Monster (Saban, 1996) - onye na-ese akụkọ, wdg. * Ebe nchekwa maka Ngalaba Mmiri nke California (Baer Animation) - onye nduzi, animator * ''Johnny Test'' (2005) - onye na-ese akụkọ - "The Return of Johnny X" * ''Klas nke 3000'' (2006) - onye na-ese akụkọ * ''Attila na Great Blue Bean'' (2007) - ihe osise * ''Ọchịchọ!'' - ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke onwe ya, emeghị ya * Popeye - Barbecue maka Abụọ: Reanimate Collab (2023) <ref>[https://twitter.com/DirkErik_Schulz/status/1441765151661776896 The "Popeye - Barbecue for Two: Reanimate Collab" got their 50 artists and can officially start production in November. Goal is April/May 2022 as a release month.]</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/MiltonKnightAr1/status/1452382814448541698 I am in on a "jam" reanimating the first, and notorious Popeye TV pilot, BARBECUE FOR TWO. (The sailor swipes petunias; will run faster on screen.)]</ref> === Ihe na-atọ ọchị === * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Murakami-Wolf-Swenson, 1990) * ''Nnukwu Ọgbaghara Betty Boop'' * Graphic Classics (Eureka Productions, 2001-2016) - usoro akwụkwọ mpịakọta; H.G. Wells, Edgar Allan Poe, na Arthur Conan Doyle adaptations * ''Harveyville Fun Times!'' * The Graphic Canon (Seven Stories Press) - "Poker!" ([[Zora Neale Hurston]] adaptation) * ''Molasses (Syrup Pirates, 2014 - 2015) - "Blackbird Pie", "Adolph"'' == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 26701a8q8ollpa9p4s7subpcyewnrdu 674228 674227 2026-07-08T19:33:29Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Milton Knight Jr.''' (May 12, 1962) bụ onye America na-ese ihe nkiri, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Onye na-ese akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị, onye edemede, onye na'ese ihe, na onye na-ese akụkọ / onye na-ede ihe. Ọ duziri ihe nkiri maka usoro ihe nkiri dị iche iche, gụnyere Cool World, Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, na The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat. A maara ya maka ụdị ihe nkiri Golden Age (1930s).   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Gary Groth kọwara Knight dị ka "n'ụzọ doro anya a na-ejighị n'aka, mana ọ bụ kpọmkwem n'ihi nke a ka [Groth] masịrị ya".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Spurgeon|first=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz3NCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Milton+Knight%22+animator&pg=PA92|title=We Told You So: Comics as Art|date=2016-12-14|publisher=Fantagraphics Books|isbn=978-1-60699-933-2|pages=92–93|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === I'llNa Mee 12, 1962, Milton Knight Jr. <ref name=":0" /> a mụrụ ya na Mineola, New York. Mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ, Knight malitere ise ihe, na-ese ihe, ma na-emepụta akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị na animation.<ref name="AAC">"About the Artists & Writers," ''African-American Classics, Graphic Classics'' vol. 22 (Eureka Productions, 2011).</ref> Knight chịkọtara ihe osise mmiri nke China, ihe osise, ihe nkiri Charlie Brown, na Terrytoons, nke niile kpaliri ọrụ nke ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Milton Knight|url=https://blog.pmpress.org/authors-artists-comrades/milton-knight/|accessdate=2023-02-11|work=PM Press|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-eleta ebe ngosi nka na gallery nke New York dị ka nwatakịrị, ndị na-ese ihe na-atọ ọchị na-ejikọta ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe osise dị mma masịrị Knight.[3]<ref name=":1" /> N'agbanyeghi ihe ọ na-eme, mmasị Knight na ihe osise bụ "ọ bụghị n'inweta ma ọ bụ n'ịtụle eziokwu, kama n'ịmepụta ụdị ọhụrụ na ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya ma nye ha ndụ ha pụrụ iche".<ref name=":1" /> === Onye na-ese onyinyo === Site na 1979 gaa n'ihu, o sere ihe osise maka magazin na akwụkwọ akụkọ mba: ''The Village Voice, Family Weekly, Nickelodeon Magazine, The Electric Company Magazine, National Lampoon, High Times, Heavy Metal,'' na ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":1" /> O mepụtara akwụkwọ ndị na-atọ ọchị, mkpuchi ndekọ, posters, swiiti, na T-shirts.<ref name=":1" /> === Ihe na-atọ ọchị === N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1982, Mike Harris, onye maara ihe nkiri Milton Knight bụ ''Hugo'', jikọtara Knight na Kim Thompson na Gary Groth nke onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Fantagraphics. N'afọ 1982, ha bipụtara Hugo, Knight's one-shot nke akpọrọ "akụkọ ifo maka ndị okenye. " Thompson kọwara ya dị ka "echiche gbara ọchịchịrị, nke na-adịghị mma, na nke na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ doro anya nke ndụ... wụbara ''Hugo''] anụmanụ na-atọ ọchị... nke na-adọrọ mmasị. " <ref name=":0" /> Fantagraphics weghachiri aha ahụ dị ka usoro atọ na 1984-85, ma mesịa chịkọta ya dị ka akwụkwọ azụmaahịa. Knight dekwara ma dọrọ usoro iri nke Marvel Comics Mighty Mouse, nke sitere na ọrụ Ralph Bakshi The New Adventures.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2023)">when?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Ihe nkiri === Knight kwagara California na 1991, <ref name="AAC">"About the Artists & Writers," ''African-American Classics, Graphic Classics'' vol. 22 (Eureka Productions, 2011).</ref> ebe ọ ghọrọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri maka ihe nkiri TV, ọkachasị site na ịbanye dị ka onye nduzi na The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat .<ref name=":1" /> Ọ mepụtara nka, agwa, ihe nkwado, ndabere, akụkọ, na agba nke ihe nkiri animated maka Disney TV, MGM TV, Saban, Rhythm &amp;amp; Hues, Warner Bros. Animation, HBO, na ndị ọzọ; utu aha ama ama gụnyere Ralph Bakshi's Cool World, Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, na The Twisted Tales of the Felix Cat. Knight na-akụzi nka na The Colonnade Art Gallery and Studio na Pasadena, California. <ref name="AAC">"About the Artists & Writers," ''African-American Classics, Graphic Classics'' vol. 22 (Eureka Productions, 2011).</ref> Ọ bụ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri animation maka International Animated Film Association. === Mpụ ịkpọasị === Na Febụwarị 25, 2019, Knight kọrọ na akaụntụ Facebook ya na ọ bụ onye Mpụ ịkpọasị kpụrụ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ. Ọ kọrọ na mgbe ọ na-echere bọs ahụ, otu nwoke kpasuru Knight iwe site na mkparị agbụrụ wee kụọ ya ihe ugboro ugboro n'isi mgbe Knight zutere ya, na-akpata "mkpịsị aka, imi gbajiri agbaji, na ihe ndị ọzọ" nye Knight na "mkpụkpọ gbajiri agbazu" nye onye na-eme ya nke abụọ chọrọ ụlọ ọgwụ. Knight kwuru na ya boro onye wakporo ya ebubo maka mwakpo na ịkụ ọkpọ, a tụkwara ha mkpọrọ maka ihe merenụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2019-02-28/adventures-of-sonic-the-hedgehog-animator-milton-knight-alleged-victim-of-hate-crime/.143978|title=Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog Animator Milton Knight Alleged Victim of Hate Crime|author=Morrissy|first=Kim|date=February 28, 2019|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=June 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Animation Artist Milton Knight Victim of Hate Crime Assault|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/people/animation-artist-milton-knight-victim-of-hate-crime-assault/|author=Milligan|first=Mercedes|date=March 3, 2019|work=[[Animation Magazine]]}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == === Ihe nkiri === * Cool World (Ralph Bakshi/Paramount, 1992) - onye na-ese ihe, nhazi, animation * Battletoads (ihe nkiri TV, 1992) - onye na-ese akụkọ * Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog (DIC Entertainment, 1993) - akụkọ, onye na-ese ihe nkiri, ndabere & ihe ngosi, nhazi, ihe nkiri. * The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat (Film Roman, 1995) - duziri obere ihe anọ, onye edemede * The Mouse and the Monster (Saban, 1996) - onye na-ese akụkọ, wdg. * Ebe nchekwa maka Ngalaba Mmiri nke California (Baer Animation) - onye nduzi, animator * ''Johnny Test'' (2005) - onye na-ese akụkọ - "The Return of Johnny X" * ''Klas nke 3000'' (2006) - onye na-ese akụkọ * ''Attila na Great Blue Bean'' (2007) - ihe osise * ''Ọchịchọ!'' - ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke onwe ya, emeghị ya * Popeye - Barbecue maka Abụọ: Reanimate Collab (2023) <ref>[https://twitter.com/DirkErik_Schulz/status/1441765151661776896 The "Popeye - Barbecue for Two: Reanimate Collab" got their 50 artists and can officially start production in November. Goal is April/May 2022 as a release month.]</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/MiltonKnightAr1/status/1452382814448541698 I am in on a "jam" reanimating the first, and notorious Popeye TV pilot, BARBECUE FOR TWO. (The sailor swipes petunias; will run faster on screen.)]</ref> === Ihe na-atọ ọchị === * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Murakami-Wolf-Swenson, 1990) * ''Nnukwu Ọgbaghara Betty Boop'' * Graphic Classics (Eureka Productions, 2001-2016) - usoro akwụkwọ mpịakọta; H.G. Wells, Edgar Allan Poe, na Arthur Conan Doyle adaptations * ''Harveyville Fun Times!'' * The Graphic Canon (Seven Stories Press) - "Poker!" ([[Zora Neale Hurston]] adaptation) * ''Molasses (Syrup Pirates, 2014 - 2015) - "Blackbird Pie", "Adolph"'' == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3gxy2jhxcuhs0ky9m6zfnvpbfbqp9wo 0 45990 674329 516753 2026-07-09T00:03:37Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674329 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:John Moore 13 November.jpg|thumb|John Moore ]]   <ref>[https://www.macleans.ca/society/this-photographer-documented-the-cruel-perilous-journey-of-migrants-to-america/ interview with macleans.ca]</ref>John Moore ( mmalite 1967) bụ onye na-ese foto America.  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka ihe oyiyi Getty n'etiti ndị ọzọ.  Ụbọchị ya enwetala ntakiri, egwu Pulitzer Prize na 2005. Foto ya nke ajụjụ dị afọ abụọ, na-ebe ákwá ka ndị ọrụ nchekwa nke US na-amalite ozugbo nne ya tupu eburu ha abụọ n'ahụ watch maka ịgafe US  na Mexico n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, bụ World Press Photo 2018 == Ndụ == John Moore akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Texas na Austin ihe iwe ihe nkiri Radio Television.  Moore ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto na mba 65, nke mbụ na Nicaragua, emesia na India, South Africa, Mexico, Egypt na Pakistan.  Na 2008, ọ la mfe na United States ma leiche anya n'ahịa anya ya bụ isi na ọrụ na mbata na nsogbu na gburugburu ebe.  Ya na foto ya bi na Stamford, Connecticut<ref>Internet source |url=https://www.worldpressphoto.org/person/1622/John%20Moore |titel=John Moore World Press Photo |retrieval=2019-04-12-</ref> == Ihe nrite == Moore meri Pulitzer Prize maka Breaking News Photography na 2005, a na-echebe ya na World Press Photo wee nata John Faber Award na Robert Capa Gold Medal site na Overseas Press Club, Onye na-ese foto nke Afọ Foto nke Afọ InternatioSony World Photography Organisation Na June 12, 2018, John Moore nke Getty Images sere foto nke ibu Honduran nke ga-aga viral dị ka ihe nke iwu mbata na ike Donald Trump .  [1] Enyere foto a onyo nturu ugo foto nke World Press maka 2018. [2] Onyonyo ya na-egosi "ụdị ime ihe ike dị iche iche bụ nke uche," ka ndị juri nke World Press Photo Award image.  [3] [4] Ihe ngosi a sere nwa dị dị afụ abụọ, na-ebe akwa ka ndị ọrụ nchekwa oke ala US na-amalite kpara nne ya, Sandra Sanchez, onye na-achọ mgbaba, tupu ewere ha abụọ n'iche.  ịga maka ịgafe oke US na Mexico n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na nso McAllen, Texas.  .  [5] [6] [7] Achụpụrụ Sanchez na mbụ na Julaị 2013 <ref name="WashPo">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/06/22/the-crying-honduran-girl-on-the-cover-of-time-was-not-separated-from-her-mother-father-says/|title=The crying Honduran girl on the cover of Time was not separated from her mother, father says|author=Schmidt|first=Samantha|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=June 22, 2018|quote=ICE said Sanchez was previously deported to Honduras in July 2013.}}</ref> Moore kwuru na ndị ọrụ nchekwa oke ala na-enyocha ndị mmadụ tupu ha ejide ha. Tupu a chọwa ya, a gwara nne ya ka ọ tụba nwa ahụ. Ọ bụ n'oge a ka nwatakịrị ahụ malitere ibe ákwá, Moore wee were ihe oyiyi dị iche iche, ọtụtụ n'ime ha gbagburu n'ogo dị elu nke nwatakịrị ahụ. <ref name="foto-viral">[https://foto.gettyimages.com/news/politics/migrant-girl-the-story-behind-the-viral-photo/ "Migrant Girl: The Story Behind the Viral Photo"], ''Getty Images FOTO'', June 18, 2018. Retrieved on June 19, 2018.</ref> <ref>Edwards, Kyle.[https://www.macleans.ca/news/world/the-story-behind-the-little-girl-photo-thats-turning-the-world-against-trumps-border-policy/ "The Story Behind the Photos of a Little Girl at the Border You're Seeing Everywhere"], ''Maclean's Magazine'', June 19, 2018.</ref> N'okwu izizi nke Moore maka foto a, o dere na "ndị ọrụ nchekwa oke ala US nwụchiri ha tupu eziga ha na ebe nhazi maka ikewapụ." <ref>{{Cite news|author=Gold|first=Hadas|url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/06/22/media/time-cover-photo-critics/index.html|title=Time cover backlash: Magazine stands by illustration of crying girl next to Trump|publisher=CNN|date=June 22, 2018|accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref> Foto ahụ nkiri ngwa ngwa, na-elele na Twitter, [1] Facebook, [2] na ọtụtụ ebe mgbasa ozi.  [3] [4] [5] Ejiri foto a dị ka ihe nleba anya maka onye na-enweta ego maka RAICES nke welitere ego ego nri ọ gbakwunye ọzọ na-eso Facebook.  [6] Nwatakịrị ahụ, ekew akara nne ya mgbe ejidere ha abụọ, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu a ama tima nke ọma n'ụbọchị e ndidi ihe onyonyo a.<ref name="WashPo"/> Onye ode mgbasa ozi nke White House Sarah Huckabee Sanders biputere na Twitter na-arụ ụka na ndị Democrats na mgbasa ozi na-eji foto ahụ eme ihe iji kwalite mmeri, [1] ebe tweet Donald Trump Jr. boro CNN ebubo na ọ  na-ekwu na nna nwa ahụ na-agha == Akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Time'' == Magazin Time wepụrụ foto ahụ iji ebe ihe atụ.  N'ebe mgbanaka na-acha uhie na-acha uhie uhie, Yanela na-ebe ákwá na- siri na Onye isi ala Trump na-ebuli ya elu.  Isi ndị, "Nnọọ America", "N'aka ekpe na obere eserese omenala. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240603155659/https://time.com/5317522/donald-trump-border-cover/ ''Time Magazine Cover''], ''Time.'' July 2, 2018.</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.instagram.com/p/Bj-Us3Fn_IS/ Foto izizi] na Instagram * [https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo/2019/38262/1/John-Moore-(2) Foto dị na webụsaịtị foto nke World Press] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 58nfbjqcfkjvxvme3goex8b5ime7yrz 0 46212 674487 169317 2026-07-09T11:29:58Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah|image=Self-portrait 1.jpg|caption=Abdallah in 2010|native_name=محمد نور الدين عبدالله|native_name_lang=ar|birth_place=[[El-Fashir]], Sudan|nationality=[[Sudan]]|education=[[Sudan University of Science and Technology]]|occupation=[[Photojournalism]]|website=[https://widerimage.reuters.com/photographer/mohamed-nureldin-abdallah Reuters]}} {{Databox}}'''Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah''' ( Arabic ) bụ onye na-ese foto [[Sudan]] . Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto bi na Reuters kemgbe 2005, ma rụọkwa ọrụ maka Agence France-Presse, Oxford Analytica na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ. Foto ya nke Sudan, na-elekwasịkarị anya na mmetụta nke agha na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ndị nkịtị, na-egosipụta n'ọtụtụ akụkọ akụkọ mba ụwa. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Abdallah na Al-Fashir, isi obodo North Darfur, Sudan, wee gụchaa akara ugo mmụta na eserese na kọleji nke Fine na Applied Arts, Mahadum Sayensị na Nkà na ụzụ Sudan . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Abdallah|first=Mohamed Nureldin|title=Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah|url=https://widerimage.reuters.com/photographer/mohamed-nureldin-abdallah|accessdate=2022-11-19|work=The Wider Image|language=en|archivedate=2022-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119201110/https://widerimage.reuters.com/photographer/mohamed-nureldin-abdallah}}</ref> Ọ mụtara foto foto na Prọfesọ Ali Muhammad Othman, onye bụbu onye isi na kọleji. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-13|title="وجود" قصة صور ضوئية إبداعية عن "عصفور السودان" {{!}} عرب22|url=https://arab22.net/%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%af-%d9%82%d8%b5%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%b6%d9%88%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%b9%d8%b5%d9%81%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84/|accessdate=2022-11-20|language=ar|archivedate=2022-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120013724/https://arab22.net/%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84/}}</ref> == Foto nta akụkọ == [[Usòrò:Nur_Self-portrait.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Abdallah na 2023 nwere ọtụtụ igwefoto]] Abdallah sonyeere Reuters na 2005 iji kpuchie ọgba aghara na ndịda dị anya nke Khartoum, nke butere ọkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii sitere n'aka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Sudan chụpụrụ tumadi na mpaghara ndịda Sudan. Ọgba aghara ahụ mechiri ihe karịrị mmadụ 17 nwụrụ na ọtụtụ merụrụ ahụ. O wee rụọ ọrụ na Darfur, na-ese foto ndị agha si African Union Mission na Sudan ndị na-etinye aka na agha obodo Darfur na-aga n'ihu n'etiti ndị agha gọọmenti na ndị a na-akpọ nnupụisi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Steele|first=Philip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9rRS1jsH1gsC&dq=%22Mohamed+Nureldin+Abdallah%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA48|title=Sudan, Darfur and the Nomadic Conflicts|date=2012-08-01|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|isbn=978-1-4488-6068-5|language=en|accessdate=2022-12-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Herlinger|first=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1g1XkMxXiZEC&q=%22Mohamed+Nureldin+Abdallah%22+-wikipedia|title=Where Mercy Fails: Darfur's Struggle to Survive|date=2009|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59627-102-9|language=en|accessdate=2022-12-04}}</ref> Agha a butere ogbugbu Darfur, nke gburu n'etiti 80,000 na 400,000 ndụ wee chụpụ ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ, o nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ahụ Abdallah site n'ịkpụzi mmasị ya ịkọ akụkọ site na foto ya. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-03-10|title=Photojournalism of the Week: March 8, 2012|url=https://www.popphoto.com/american-photo/photojournalism-week-march-8-2012/|accessdate=2022-11-19|work=Popular Photography|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119224803/https://www.popphoto.com/american-photo/photojournalism-week-march-8-2012/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-14|title=Photojournalism of the Week: April 13, 2012|url=https://www.popphoto.com/american-photo/photojournalism-week-april-13-2012/|accessdate=2022-11-19|work=Popular Photography|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119224801/https://www.popphoto.com/american-photo/photojournalism-week-april-13-2012/}}</ref> Ụfọdụ akụkọ ndị a gụnyere: * ''Achịkọta chịngọm arabic na Sudan - na foto.'' Akụkọ foto na otu ngwaahịa ugbo Sudan kacha eji eme ihe na ''The Guardian'' <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=2013-04-01|title=Harvesting gum arabic in Sudan – in pictures|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/gallery/2013/apr/01/harvesting-gum-arabic-sudan-in-pictures|accessdate=2022-12-04}}</ref> * ''Inweta okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko Sudan n'ụzọ'', na-akọwapụta ọnọdụ na-akawanye njọ nke okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko Sudan, nke bụbu netwọk okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko kacha ukwuu n'Africa, na ntute a na-atụ anya ya site na ego sitere n'aka ndị mmadụ Republic of China . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Getting Sudan's railways on track|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/getting-sudans-railways-on-track|accessdate=2022-11-19}}</ref> * ''Ndị ntorobịa nke taa na Sudan'', nke na-agagharị mmekọrịta dị n'etiti onye na-ese foto na ndị na-eto eto na Khartoum. Tupu ya ewere foto ndị na-eto eto, Abdallah kwesịrị ịmalite ntụkwasị obi n'ebe ha nọ. Na mbido, ha jụrụ “Ònye ka ị bụ? Gịnị mere ị chọrọ ịse foto anyị?" na ugboro ugboro: "Ị si na ọrụ nchekwa?" <ref>{{Cite news|author=Abdallah|first=Mohamed Nureldin|date=2015-06-11|title=Students and selfie sticks: life in Sudan's capital – in pictures|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2015/jun/11/life-in-sudan-capital-khartoum-students-in-pictures|accessdate=2022-12-04}}</ref> * ''Darfur nwere olile anya 12 afọ'', anya na 2015 na agha afọ 12 na Darfur site na foto ụmụaka 12 a mụrụ n'ogige, ndị chọrọ ịbụ engineer ụgbọ elu, ndị dọkịta, wdg. E weere foto na Dereige, Alsalam, na Aradamata. ogige na ugbu a echiche nchekwube banyere ụmụaka, n'agbanyeghị ọgba aghara na-aga n'ihu na mpaghara. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Darfur's hopeful 12-year-olds|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/darfurs-hopeful-12-year-olds|accessdate=2022-11-19}}</ref> * ''Egwu na nkwekọ nke Nile na [[Sudan]] na mmiri mmiri ọhụrụ ga-eme ka ike nke osimiri'', akụkọ foto banyere ndụ ndị na-akpụ brik na-arụ ọrụ na Tuti Island na obodo ndị ọzọ dị na Osimiri Nile, na ndị a na-atụ anya na ha ga-abụ ndị mbụ ga-enwe mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke Grand Ethiopia Renaissance Dam . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Fears at Nile's convergence in Sudan that new dam will sap river's strength|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/fears-at-niles-convergence-in-sudan-that-new-dam-will-sap-rivers-strength|accessdate=2022-11-19}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Adams|first=Thomas E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttyoBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Mohamed+Nureldin+Abdallah%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA184|title=Flood Forecasting: A Global Perspective|date=2016-04-04|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-801859-0|language=en|accessdate=2022-12-04}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Foto dị na Sudan * Darfur ogbugbu * Nkà ihe nkiri nke Sudan * Jan Broekhuijse - ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ na ethnographer Dutch (1929-2020) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah on Facebook [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] p42salnuids0mydczwos03vo5214wrr 0 46302 674053 170879 2026-07-08T12:14:05Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Egypt */ fixed reference errors 674053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:1924_bookplate_of_Moïse_Lévy_de_Benzion.jpg|thumb| Mpempe akwụkwọ nke Moïse Lévy de Benzion, c. 1924]]   '''Moïse Lévy de Benzion''' (1873-1943) bụ onye nwe ụlọ ahịa ngalaba Egypt nke wuru nchịkọta nka na ihe ochie dị mkpa. Ndị Nazi kwakọọrọ ihe ndị ahụ na France n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1000 jichie. == Egypt == Lévy de Benzion bụ onye Juu Sephardi amụrụ na Alexandria, Egypt na 1873.<ref name=ahram>[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/939/heritage.htm A happy ending with a pinch of Salt.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715200826/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/939/heritage.htm |date=2013-07-15 }} ''Al-Ahram Weekly Online'', 19-25 March 2009, No. 939. Retrieved 20 January 2015.</ref> O ketara azụmahịa ezinụlọ malitere na 1857 <ref name="Carstens">"Levy de Benzion, Moise (1873–1943)", {{Cite book|author=Carstens, Patrick Richard.|title=The Encyclopædia of Egypt during the Reign of the Mehemet Ali Dynasty 1798–1952|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y206BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA421|year=2014|publisher=Friesen Press|location=Victoria BC|isbn=978-1-4602-4898-0}}</ref> nke ọ gbasaara gụnyere nnukwu ụlọ ahịa ngalaba Grands Magasins Benzion na ụlọ ndị ọzọ na Cairo . Dị ka onye na-anakọta ihe, ihe Lévy de Benzion nwetara gụnyere nkà ndị China na nke ọwụwa anyanwụ, textiles, carpets, akwụkwọ, na nchịkọta dị mkpa nke ihe ochie ndị Ijipt. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023433/http://catalogue.mahj.org/collec.php?q=arc&o=G2O0DXgY20b2ao4l Sauf-Conduit de Moïse Lévi de Benzion, valable pour un seul déplacement pendant 15 jours Marseille, Poste de la gendarmerie Nationale, 15 mai 1941 Valable pour un an MAHJ Archives AR 776.] Musée d'art et d'histoire du Judaïsme. Retrieved 21 January 2015.</ref> Ihe ndị Ijipt ya gụnyere iberibe si n'ili Nebamun furu efu, <ref name="ahram" /> na otu n'ime ihe osise enyo mbụ ama ama, kwenyere na ọ na-egosi Amenhotep II . <ref>[http://www.cmog.org/artwork/portrait-king-amenhotep-ii?image=4 Portrait of King Amenhotep II (?)] Corning Museum of Glass. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</ref> A na-ahụ maka njikwa eserese ndị a kwakọọrọ ihe bụ Gustave Courbet 's ''Entree d'un Gave'' (1876). <ref name="drouot">[http://www.drouot.com/static/drouot_resultat_detail.html?idActu=8735 Un Tableau D'Alred Sisley Provenant de L'Anciienne Collection Moïse Levy de Benzion et Estimé 600 000 / 800 000&nbsp;€.] drouot.com Retrieved 22 January 2015.</ref> Lévy de Benzion nwetara eserese na 1919; ERR weghaara ya na 1940 wee bufee ya na nnukwu ụlọ Neuschwanstein. Na 1941 Walter Hofer nwetara ya maka mkpokọta Hermann Göring . <ref name="AL">[http://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2014/02/monuments_men.html "Monuments Man: Birmingham Museum of Art's founding director Richard Howard helped restitute Nazi-plundered art."] Michael Huebner, AL.com, 7 February 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2015.</ref> Otú ọ dị, Göring enweghị mmasị na nkà ọgbara ọhụrụ, na-ahọrọ ihe osise Old Master kama, ọrụ ahụ so na ọtụtụ ihe osise ọgbara ọhụrụ e mesịrị gbanwee maka ọrụ ochie nke Theodor Fischer 's [[Galerie Fischer]] na Lucerne. <ref>Harclerode, p. 128.</ref> <ref>[http://www.lootedart.com/MFEU4S18272 ALIU Detailed Interrogation Report: Hans WENDLAND, 18 September 1946.] lootedart.com. Retrieved 26 January 2015.</ref> Fischer rere ihe osise ahụ nye [[Willi Raeber]] nke Basel, onye n'aka ya resịkwara ya Galerie Rosenart nke Lucerne, onye rere ya Arthur Stoll . Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, Paule-Juliette Levi de Benzion nke Cairo kwuru na eserese ahụ wee degharịa ya na 1948. Mgbe ọ gbanwere aka ọtụtụ ugboro ọzọ, e rere ya na Birmingham Museum of Art na [[Alabama]] na 1999. <ref>Yeide, p. 456, D22.</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Göring Walter Hofer jidere Alfred Sisley ''Summer na Bougival'' na ERR, wee zụta ya na Fischer, onye rere ya Emil Georg Bührle na 1942. Mgbe agha ahụ gachara, Bührle ji ụgwọ iweghachi ihe osise ndị Nazi kwakọọrọ na ala Moïse Lévi de Benzion na 15 Disemba 1948, agbanyeghị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ gbapụtara Sisley n'aka nwunye Benzion di ya nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Summer at Bougival · Alfred Sisley · Stiftung Sammlung E.G. Bührle|url=https://www.buehrle.ch/en/collection/?tx_buehrlewerkliste_werkliste%5Bwerk%5D=98&tx_buehrlewerkliste_werkliste%5Baction%5D=show&cHash=cd8ba921b907470560d1a976ce6d8ed8|accessdate=2022-02-03|work=www.buehrle.ch}}</ref> N'ime ọrụ ndị ọzọ e weghaara ma mesịa weghachi bụ ihe osise Eugène Boudin, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Charles Cottet, Charles Daubigny, Claude Monet, Alfred Sisley, na [[Vincent van Gogh]] . <ref>[http://www.lootedart.com/MVI3RM469661 Post-War Reports: Art Looting Intelligence Unit (ALIU) Reports 1945–1946 and ALIU Red Flag Names List and Index.] lootedart.com. Retrieved 21 January 2015.</ref> <ref>[http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-object-page.52157.html ''On the Jetty'' c. 1869/1870.] National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 9 February 2015.</ref> == Ọnwụ == Ndị Nazi nwụchiri Lévy de Benzion na France ma nwụọ na Septemba 1943. <ref name="Carstens"/> A na-ere mkpokọta ya na okushon na Villa Benzion, 6 Rue El Amir Omar, Zamalek, Cairo, na Machị 1947 na ire ihe karịrị 900 nza. <ref>[http://arcade.nyarc.org/record=b572378~S4 ''Catalogue des tableaux, aquarelles, dessins, bronzes, objets d'art, &c.''] Brookmuse. Retrieved 21 January 2015.</ref> Villa Benzion nọ n'akụkụ Zamalek ebe ọtụtụ ndị nwe ụlọ ahịa ndị ọzọ bi, mana dịka ọtụtụ nnukwu ụlọ ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara ahụ, ọ dịghịzi adị. <ref>[http://www.egy.com/zamalek/00-09-28.php "The House That Shrunk On Zamalek's Hassan Sabry Street"] Samir Raafat, ''[http://www.cairotimes.com/ Cairo Times]'', 28 September 2000. egy.com Retrieved 22 January 2015.</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndị Juu Sephardi * Akụkọ banyere ndị Juu nọ na Egypt * Akụkọ banyere ndị Juu na France * Ezinụlọ Pallache * Pallache (aha nna) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.pdf.L13230.html/f/201/L13230-201.pdf ''Bust nke Paule-Dinah Levi de Benzion'' nke Paul Troubetzkoy] ( [https://web.archive.org/web/20150123233035/http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.pdf.L13230.html/f/201/L13230-201.pdf Edebere ebe a] ) * [http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/mosaic-glass-inlay-from-a-shrine-262678 Ugogbe mosaic ndị Ijipt webatara n'ụlọ arụsị.] [http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/mosaic-glass-inlay-from-a-shrine-262678 Nchịkọta Ex Lévy de Benzion.] ra0vyxirla773d6uqxzq8pab7btlyi0 0 46432 674054 169730 2026-07-08T12:16:40Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674054 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''''Spear''''' bụ ihe osise 2010 nke onye omenkà South Africa [[Brett Murray|bụ Brett Murray]] sitere na [[Cape Town]] . Na-etinye na ngosi ọha na eze na 2012, ọ na-egosi mgbe ahụ [[South Africa]] President Jacob Zuma, ya genitals kpughere, na a guzo pose reminiscent nke Russian mgbanwe Vladimir Lenin . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Govender|first=Peroshni|title=Presidential penis portrait riles S. Africa's ANC|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE84H07820120518|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523123827/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE84H07820120518|archivedate=23 May 2012|work=Reuters|accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref> Ihe osise a kpalitere ikpe nkwutọ sitere n'aka ndị otu Zuma, African National Congress (ANC). Mkpesa ọha nke ANC maka eserese na imebi ihe n'elu ya wetara nlebara anya obodo na mba ụwa niile na eserese ahụ, ebe ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ ga-abụ na ọ bụ obere ọrụ. == Ihe ngosi == Ihe osise a bụ otu n'ime iberibe ihe nkiri [[Brett Murray]] 's ''Hail to the Thief II'' ngosi na Goodman Gallery na Johannesburg, nke mepere na 10 Mee 2012. <ref name="Goodman" /> E nwetara mkpali sitere n'aka onye na-ese ihe Russia Viktor Semyonovich Ivanov akwụkwọ mmado ''Lenin Lived, Lenin Is Ndụ, Lenin Ga-adị ndụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The painting of President Zuma|url=http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/|work=inside-politics.org|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523023918/http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara iberibe dị iche iche na-akatọ pati na-achị Saụt Afrịka, bụ ANC, na-egosi ihe ọkpụkpụ na onyonyo na-egosi nrụrụ aka na ọchịchị ọjọọ. <ref name="Goodman">{{Cite web|title=Goodman Gallery - Hail to the Thief II|url=http://www.goodman-gallery.com/exhibitions/265|publisher=Goodman Gallery|accessdate=19 May 2012|archivedate=24 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524033055/http://www.goodman-gallery.com/exhibitions/265}}</ref> Ọrụ Murray na ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyekwara mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ mmado nnwere onwe ANC-mgbagwoju anya na akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'oge Apartheid, ụfọdụ na-egosipụta ederede " [[Nelson Mandela|Amandla]], anyị na-achọ Chivas, BMWs na ngarị ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/saturday-star/it-s-staying-up-1.1302261|title=It's staying up!|author=Sameer Naik and Kashiefa Ajam|date=22 May 2012|work=The Saturday Star|accessdate=22 May 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523173649/http://www.iol.co.za/saturday-star/it-s-staying-up-1.1302261}}</ref> == Echiche ọha Jacob Zuma == Zuma na-abụkarị ebe ihe nrịba ama na ịkwa emo, n'ihi ụdị ndụ ọ na-ebi n'alụmdi na nwunye ya na ọtụtụ ndị nwunye na ndị enyi nwanyị, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jacob Zuma - "Polygamy is part of my culture"|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/jacob-zuma-polygamy-part-my-culture|publisher=Radio Netherlands Worldwide|accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref> na okwu o kwuru n'oge ikpe mmeko nwoke na nwanyị 2006 na ịsa ahụ mgbe mmekọahụ ga-ebelata ohere nke ibute nje HIV . <ref>{{Cite news|title=SA's Zuma 'showered to avoid HIV'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4879822.stm|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref> Ụzọ ndụ ya mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama bụ onye na-ese foto [[Zapiro]], bụ onye na-egosipụtakarị Zuma na-asa ahụ n'isi, na-akwa emo okwu ndị o kwuru n'oge ikpe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nicolaides|first=Gia|title=Zapiro revives showerhead|url=http://news.iafrica.com/sa/574737.html|publisher=iafrica.com|accessdate=19 May 2012|archivedate=23 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123123546/http://news.iafrica.com/sa/574737.html}}</ref> ANC gbakwara Zapiro akwụkwọ maka nkwutọ, ebe a na-atụ anya ịnụ na Ọktoba 2012. <ref name="BBC185" /> Echiche ọha ndị a banyere Zuma nyere akụkụ nke ndabere maka eserese Brett Murray. <ref name="BBC185">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18115724|title=Jacob Zuma painting: ANC to sue South Africa's Brett Murray|date=18 May 2012|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=22 May 2012|archivedate=17 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417103146/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18115724}}</ref> Zapiro gbakwunyere ọkụ na ọkụ site n'ịme ụdị nke ya nke eserese ahụ, na-eji isi ịsa ahụ dochie akụkụ anụ ahụ. <ref name="Zapiro185">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zapiro.com/cartoon/890737-120520st|title=Published in Sunday Times on 20 May 2012|date=20 May 2012|publisher=Zapiro|accessdate=24 May 2012|archivedate=24 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524050332/http://www.zapiro.com/cartoon/890737-120520st}}</ref> Onye ọzọ pụtara ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị, na-akwa Zuma emo. <ref name="Zapiro186">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zapiro.com/cartoon/892612-120522tt|title=120522tt - President Zuma outraged at Brett Murray's Painting - Spear of the Nation|date=22 May 2012|publisher=Zapiro|accessdate=24 May 2012|archivedate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525071527/http://www.zapiro.com/cartoon/892612-120522tt}}</ref> == Nzaghachi ANC == Mgbe nyocha na foto pụtara na <nowiki><i id="mwRw">City Press</i></nowiki>, Liza Essers, onye nwe na onye nduzi nke Goodman Gallery, kwuru na ya natara oku ekwentị site n'aka Mduduzi Mbata, onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye minista nka na omenala, na-achọ ime ka echiche ya doo anya. ihe ngosi. Ọ kpọrọ ya ka ọ gaa na gallery ahụ na Tuzdee na-esote. <ref name="AiA">{{Cite web|author=Dubin|first=Steven|title=Liza Essers, Gallery Owner, on the Show that Scandalized South Africa|url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-opinion/conversations/2012-06-05/liza-essers-brent-murray-goodman-gallery/|publisher=Art in America|accessdate=7 June 2012|date=5 June 2012|archivedate=5 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105195400/http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-opinion/conversations/2012-06-05/liza-essers-brent-murray-goodman-gallery/}}</ref> Ndị ANC wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ na 17 May 2012 na-ekwupụta iwe maka eserese ahụ ma kwuo na ọ ga-emetụta Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu iji wepụ ya. Ndị ọkaiwu na-anọchite anya ANC na Zuma kwughachiri egwu a na ozi email ezigara Essers otu ụbọchị.<ref name="AiA" /> Ihe osise a nwetara nkatọ siri ike site n'aka ndị isi ANC na òtù okpukpe dị iche iche, bụ ndị hụrụ ihe osise a "ihe rụrụ arụ" na "ihe rụrụ arụ". <ref name="mosomane1">{{Cite web|author=Mosomane|first=Phuti|title=Zuma painting against Ubuntu, African morality, culture|url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/Detail.aspx?news_id=51152&cat_id=1007|publisher=The New Age|accessdate=19 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526184457/http://www.thenewage.co.za/Detail.aspx?news_id=51152&cat_id=1007|archivedate=26 May 2015}}</ref> Otu onye ndú nke Chọọchị Baptist Nazaret kpọrọ oku ka a tụgbuo onye na-ese ihe na nkume.<ref name="AiA" />Ndị ANC chọkwara ka ewetuo onyonyo a na webụsaịtị <nowiki><i id="mwUw">City Press</i></nowiki> . Onye nkwuchite ọnụ ANC bụ Jackson Mthembu kwuru maka eserese a, "Ndị otu mba Afrịka na-akpasu oke iwe ma na-akpasu iwe n'ụzọ jọgburu onwe ya na nke adịghị mma nke Brett Murray na Goodman Gallery dị na Johannesburg na-egosipụta ụdị onye comrade President Jacob Zuma". <ref>{{Cite web|title=ANC to go to court over Zuma painting|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/ANC-to-go-to-court-over-Zuma-painting-20120517|publisher=News24.com|accessdate=19 May 2012|archivedate=19 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519092637/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/ANC-to-go-to-court-over-Zuma-painting-20120517}}</ref> Zuma zara ihe osise ahụ site n'ikwu na ọ na-ese ya dị ka "onye na-akpa ọchị na onye na-akpa nwanyị". <ref>{{Cite news|title=Painting makes me a womaniser - Zuma|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/painting-makes-me-a-womaniser-zuma-1.1300191|accessdate=20 May 2012|work=Independent Online|date=20 May 2012}}</ref> Na nzaghachi maka usoro iwu na-abịanụ, ọnụ na-ekwuchitere gallery Lara Koseff kwuru na ndị ọka iwu ya azaghachila na ọ ga-anọ ruo mgbe ihe ngosi a ga-agwụ, na-ekwu maka mkpachapụ anya dị ka isi na mkpebi ikwe ka ihe ngosi ahụ gaa n'ihu. <ref name="mosomane1">{{Cite web|author=Mosomane|first=Phuti|title=Zuma painting against Ubuntu, African morality, culture|url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/Detail.aspx?news_id=51152&cat_id=1007|publisher=The New Age|accessdate=19 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526184457/http://www.thenewage.co.za/Detail.aspx?news_id=51152&cat_id=1007|archivedate=26 May 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMosomane">Mosomane, Phuti. </cite></ref> Otu ndị otu nwanyị ANC chọkwara ka a kwụsị ihe ngosi a, ma wepụ ihe onyonyo a na ịntanetị. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Painting violates president's integrity, says ANCWL|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2012/05/19/painting-violates-president-s-integrity-says-ancwl|accessdate=19 May 2012|work=Times Live|date=19 May 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Stephen|first=Grootes|title=Zuma portrait saga goes to court|url=http://www.ewn.co.za/en/2012/05/19/Zuma%20portrait%20saga%20goes%20to%20court.aspx|accessdate=19 May 2012|work=Eyewitness News|date=19 May 2012}}</ref> Brett Murray kwuru na e bughị ihe osise ya n'obi ọjọọ, kama dịka "mgbalị ịme ọchị ọchị nke ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nna ochie n'ime ihe osise ndị ọzọ na ihe ngosi na n'ime okwu South Africa sara mbara". <ref name="N24Defaced">{{Cite news|author=Pasley-Banks|first=Carrin|title=Zuma painting defaced at Goodman Gallery|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Zuma-painting-defaced-at-Goodman-Gallery-20120522|accessdate=22 May 2012|publisher=News24|date=22 May 2012|quote=The controversial painting depicting President Jacob Zuma with his genitals exposed was defaced by two men at the Goodman Gallery in Johannesburg on Tuesday.}}</ref> === Nsonaazụ === Nkatọ ọhaneze nke ANC gbasara eserese ahụ wetara nlebara anya obodo na mba ụwa niile na eserese a, ebe ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ nwere ike bụrụ na ọ bụ obere ọrụ. N'ihi nke a, a na-akọwa ihe omume na ọdịda na-esote dị ka ihe atụ nke mmetụta Streisand . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Just Hanging Out|date=18 May 2012|url=http://6000.co.za/just-hanging-out/|publisher=6000 Miles from Civilization|accessdate=19 May 2012|archivedate=20 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020034534/http://6000.co.za/just-hanging-out/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Mahere|first=Fadzayi|title=Why Zuma's Spear should stay up|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/opinion-8058-Why+Zumas+Spear+should+stay+up/opinion.aspx|accessdate=7 June 2012|work=New Zimbabwe|date=23 May 2012}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, e gosipụtara ''Spear'' na nchịkọta akụkọ na njirimara akụkọ n'ụdị mgbasa ozi ọdịnala na dijitalụ niile. === Mgbapu mgbasa ozi === Mgbe ''City Press'' jụrụ ugboro ugboro iwepu onyonyo eserese na webụsaịtị ha, ANC kpọkuru ndị otu ya na ndị na-akwado ya ka ha kwụsị itinye mgbasa ozi na, na ịzụrụ akwụkwọ kwa izu. Nkwupụta nke ANC wepụtara kwuru, sị: "Ọjụjụ ha jụrụ iwepụ ihe onyonyo a na webụsaịtị ha na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ha na-achịkwa bụ ihe na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na akwụkwọ akụkọ a esoghị n'ọgbọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ụkpụrụ anyị. N'ịzaghachi n'iwepụ akwụkwọ ahụ, onye nchịkọta akụkọ ''City Press'' Ferial Haffajee kọwara oku Nzimande kpọrọ ka ọ wepụ akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka ihe na-akpasu iwe. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Boycott 'immoral' ''City Press'', ANC urges|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Boycott-City-Press-the-paragon-of-immorality-ANC-20120524-2|accessdate=25 May 2012|work=News24.co.za|date=25 May 2012}}</ref> Ndị South African National Editors' Forum (SANEF) katọrọ ANC, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=David|title=Zuma genitals row escalates as ANC calls for boycott of newspaper|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/25/zuma-genitals-row-anc-newspaper-boycott|accessdate=7 June 2012|work=The Guardian|date=25 May 2012}}</ref> nke kwuru na "Ọ bụ ezie na anyị ghọtara ikike ANC nwere inye ndị otu ndụmọdụ ka ha na-eme mkpebi ndị ahịa ha, oku maka ịhapụ akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ. dị ka iyi egwu na iji ike eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi ... Ụdị omume a adịghị mma nke otu pati na-arụ ọrụ n'ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na karịsịa nke na-edu ọchịchị mba." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanef alarmed at call by the ANC to boycott City Press Newspaper (Press release)|url=http://sanef.org.za/news/entry/sanef_alarmed_at_the_call_by_the_anc_to_boycott_city_press_newspaper/|work=South African National Editors' Forum website|accessdate=7 June 2012|date=24 May 2012|archivedate=30 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530094924/http://sanef.org.za/news/entry/sanef_alarmed_at_the_call_by_the_anc_to_boycott_city_press_newspaper/}}</ref> International Press Institute (IPI) katọrọ mwepu nke City Press, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/may/28/southafrica-press-freedom|title=South African newspaper defies ANC boycott call|work=The Guardian|date=28 May 2012|accessdate=16 December 2016|author=Greenslade|first=Roy}}</ref> na ka ọ na-erule 28 Mee, ụbọchị iri ka akwụkwọ akụkọ bipụtara eserese ahụ na nke mbụ, echiche ndị dị na ANC kewara na ọtụtụ ndị agadi. ndị otu na-emegide mgbochi ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Greenslade|first=Roy|title=South African newspaper defies ANC boycott call|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/may/28/southafrica-press-freedom|accessdate=7 June 2012|work=Greenslade Blog - The Guardian|date=28 May 2012}}</ref> == Defacement == N'ụtụtụ ụbọchị Mee 22, 2012, ụmụ nwoke abụọ batara na gallery n'oge awa nleta wee mebie ihe osise ahụ - nke mbụ site n'esere obe na-acha uhie uhie n'elu ihe ngosi nke ihu Zuma na akụkụ akụkụ akụkụ ahụ wee site n'itinye agba ojii n'elu kwaaji. E jidere ha abụọ - Barend la Grange na Lowie Mabokela <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2012/05/painting-south-african-presidents-penis-defaced/52698/|title=Painting of South African President's Penis Defaced|author=Adam Martin|date=23 May 2012|work=The Atlantic|accessdate=24 May 2012|archivedate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525202245/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2012/05/painting-south-african-presidents-penis-defaced/52698/}}</ref> . A na-aga ikpe ụlọikpe nke ANC wetara. <ref name="N24Defaced">{{Cite news|author=Pasley-Banks|first=Carrin|title=Zuma painting defaced at Goodman Gallery|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Zuma-painting-defaced-at-Goodman-Gallery-20120522|accessdate=22 May 2012|publisher=News24|date=22 May 2012|quote=The controversial painting depicting President Jacob Zuma with his genitals exposed was defaced by two men at the Goodman Gallery in Johannesburg on Tuesday.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Zuma 'penis painting' defaced|url=http://news.iafrica.com/sa/795807.html|accessdate=22 May 2012|work=iafrica.com|date=22 May 2012}}</ref> == Nhazi == Na 22 May 2012, Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ihe nkiri na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ (FPB) nke South Africa kwupụtara na ezipụla otu ìgwè nke klas ise ka ha nyochaa ''The Spear'', <ref name="fpb20120522">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=FPB Classification of 'The Spear' Artwork as Displayed at the Goodman Gallery (PDF document)|work=FPB.gov.za|url=http://www.fpb.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=163&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=103|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=22 May 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> na-agbaso mkpesa kpọmkwem na FPB, nke bụ òtù iwu na-ahụ maka nhazi, na itinye ntụle afọ na ndụmọdụ ọdịnaya na, ọrụ ndị ebipụtara ma ọ bụ kesaa na South Africa, <ref name="fpbzaabout">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=Film and Publication Board Profile|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/profile-fpb|publisher=Film and Publication Board|accessdate=12 October 2012|archivedate=1 September 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901233037/http://www.fpb.org.za/profile-fpb}}</ref> gụnyere ihe nkiri, egwuregwu kọmputa, onyonyo nke ụdị niile, na akwụkwọ ebipụtara; <ref name="fpb20120601">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=FPB Classification of 'The Spear' Artwork (PDF document)|work=FPB.gov.za|url=http://www.fpb.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=169&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=103|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012|archivedate=15 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615011827/http://www.fpb.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=169&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=103}}</ref> : 1, 3 Otú ọ dị, "Ọ bụ nanị akwụkwọ ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ka FPB ga-ebufe tupu ha ahapụ ya n'ahịa" ebe a na-atụle ndị ọzọ na-adabere na "mkpesa ndị ọha na eze nwetara gbasara akwụkwọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ", <ref name="fpbclassification">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=Classification of Films, Games and Publications|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/classifications|publisher=Film and Publication Board|accessdate=12 October 2012|archivedate=18 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118081433/http://www.fpb.org.za/classifications}}</ref> na ikike FPB na-ewepụ kpọmkwem akwụkwọ akụkọ <ref name="fpb20120601" /> : 3 <ref name="timeslive20120529a">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title='We don't rule over City Press', says FPB|work=Sunday Times|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/05/29/we-don-t-rule-over-city-press-says-fpb|publisher=Times Live|date=29 May 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> <ref name="iol20120601">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title=Board explains Spear 16N rating|work=Independent Online|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/the-zuma-era/board-explains-spear-16n-rating-1.1309795|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, <ref name="timeslive20120529a" /> <ref name="fpbzahome">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=Home|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/|publisher=Film and Publication Board|accessdate=12 October 2012|archivedate=23 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823004720/http://www.fpb.org.za/}}</ref> nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-achịkwa. N'ihi nke a, usoro FPB nwere ike ịtụle eserese n'onwe ya, ihe ngosi ya site na gallery, na mbipụta ya ma ọ bụ mbipụta enwere ike na weebụsaịtị ma ọ bụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ikike FPB; na enweghị ike ikwu maka mbipụta nke foto ya site na akwụkwọ akụkọ ma ọ bụ ndị mgbasa ozi. <ref name="fpb20120601" /> : 3 <ref name="timeslive20120529a" /> <ref name="iol20120601" /> N'oge usoro nhazi ọkwa, e nwere ebubo na FPB na-eme ihe na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro, <ref name="timeslive20120529b">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title=Board has no right to classify "The Spear": lawyer|work=Sunday Times|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/scitech/2012/05/29/board-has-no-right-to-classify-the-spear-lawyer|publisher=Times Live|date=29 May 2012|accessdate=3 June 2012}}</ref> nakwa na ndị otu kpọmkwem emeela nkwupụta ma ọ bụ jụọ ajụjụ na-egosi na o ruru eru nyocha echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na igbochi nnwere onwe nke nnwere onwe. pịa. <ref name="mg20120530">{{Cite news|first=Phillip|author=de Wet|title='The Spear': It's classified, and now up to the ombud|work=Mail & Guardian|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-05-30-fpb-its-our-duty-to-classify-the-spear-and-suppress-criticism/|date=30 May 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> Na 1 June 2012, FPB mara ọkwa na ọkwa ọkwa e kenyere 'The Spear' jụrụ oku onye mkpesa maka eserese ahụ ka e gosiri X18 <ref name="fpb20120601">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=FPB Classification of 'The Spear' Artwork (PDF document)|work=FPB.gov.za|url=http://www.fpb.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=169&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=103|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012|archivedate=15 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615011827/http://www.fpb.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=169&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=103}}</ref> : 5 (itinye ya n'ime ụdị ọrụ ndị gba ọtọ iwu kwadoro nke ga-agaferịrị site na FPB tupu ahapụ ha n'ahịa", <ref name="fpbclassification">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=Classification of Films, Games and Publications|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/classifications|publisher=Film and Publication Board|accessdate=12 October 2012|archivedate=18 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118081433/http://www.fpb.org.za/classifications}}</ref> na nke a nwere ike kesaa naanị site na ndị nkesa nwere ikike, bụ ndị a chọrọ iji nweta ihe akaebe nke afọ <ref name="fpbzafpact2009">{{Cite journal|author=Government of the Republic of South Africa|title=Regulations - Film and Publication Act 3 of 2009|journal=Government Gazette, Republic of South Africa|volume=537|issue=33026|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/profile-fpb/2012-05-23-04-21-16/doc_details/108-regulations-fpb-amendment-act-3-of-2009|date=15 March 2010|accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> : 19 ), ma o kpebiri na a 16N rating maka mbụ, undefaced na uncensored, eserese, nke pụtara na a ga-etinye usoro iji gbochie ịnweta ya na ihe oyiyi ya site n'aka ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri na isii, na inye ndụmọdụ "nwere mmetụta. ndị na-ekiri okenye" ihe karịrị iri na isii na ọ nwere ịgba ọtọ (mana ọ bụghị ọdịnaya mmekọahụ doro anya, nke S na ọkwa ahụ ga-ahọpụtara). <ref name="fpb20120601" /> : 5 <ref name="iol20120601">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title=Board explains Spear 16N rating|work=Independent Online|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/the-zuma-era/board-explains-spear-16n-rating-1.1309795|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> <ref name="mg20120601">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title='The Spear' gets 16N rating|work=Mail & Guardian|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-01-the-spear-gets-16n-rating|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> <ref name="timeslive20120601">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title=Censors rate Spear 16N for nudity|work=Sunday Times|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/06/01/censors-rate-spear-16n-for-nudity|publisher=Times Live|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> N'ime nkwupụta mgbasa ozi ya na-ekwupụta nhazi ọkwa, FPB zoro aka ogologo oge na ikike na ọrụ iwu ya, karịsịa ọrụ ya na "ịkwalite nchekwa ụmụaka"; <ref name="fpb20120601" /> : 1 ma gọnarị ya n'ụzọ doro anya na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị emetụtawo ya ma ọ bụ mee ihe karịrị ikike ya, na-ekwu na "Anyị kwenyere na akụkọ ndị megidere ya bụ nke e mere kpọmkwem iji mebie aha Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ihe nkiri na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ, na-agbagha iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, ikike, ntụkwasị obi yana nkwenye. chepụta dị ka eziokwu ụgha echiche na steeti na-achọ ịgbachi nkịtị na censor mgbasa ozi n'ụzọ ọ bụla kwere omume na n'enweghị nkwanye ùgwù maka usoro na ụkpụrụ anabatara ". <ref name="fpb20120601" /> : 3 Na nzaghachi nye ajụjụ, onye isi ọrụ FPB Mmapula Fisha kwuru na ''Ube'' dị iche na ọrụ nka ndị ọzọ nwere ịgba ọtọ, ma kwesịkwa na nhazi 16N, n'ihi na "ihe osise ahụ amanyela ọha mmadụ ilegharị anya akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na-egbu mgbu". <ref name="iol20120601" /> Na 10 Ọktoba 2012, FPB mara ọkwa na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ihe nkiri na Mkpegharị Ọha akwadola mkpesa Goodman Gallery, wepụrụ nhazi ọkwa ahụ wee si otú ahụ wepụ ihe mgbochi niile na mbipụta na ịnweta eserese ahụ. <ref name="citypress20121010">{{Cite news|author=City Press Staff Reporter|title=Appeal tribunal declassifies The Spear|work=City Press|url=http://www.citypress.co.za/SouthAfrica/News/Appeal-tribunal-declassifies-The-Spear-20121010|date=10 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref> <ref name="witness20121011">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association & Witness Reporter|title=The Spear: Classification of painting overturned on appeal|work=Witness.co.za|url=http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=89155|date=11 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref> <ref name="timeslive20121010">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title='The Spear' declassified|work=Sunday Times|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/10/10/the-spear-declassified|publisher=Times Live|date=10 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref> E bipụtara mkpebi nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ <ref name="fpb20121007award">{{Cite web|first=Karthy|author=Govender|title=Award In re: Appeal against the classification of the painting known as The Spear and the electronic versions of it (Microsoft Word 2007 .docx document)|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/images/documents/reviewawards/The_Spear_Appeal_Award.docx|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=7 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015027/http://www.fpb.org.za/images/documents/reviewawards/The_Spear_Appeal_Award.docx}}</ref> n'otu ụbọchị ahụ. <ref name="fpb20121007pr">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=Press Statement on the award in respect of the appeal for the FPB Classification of 'The Spear' painting as displayed at the Goodman Gallery|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/media-centre-fpb/press-release|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=10 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012|archivedate=20 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120015003/http://www.fpb.org.za/media-centre-fpb/press-release}}</ref> Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ahụ kwadoro mkpebi kọmitii nhazi ọkwa mbụ na e kwesịghị ekewa ''Spear'' dị ka ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, <ref name="fpb20121007award">{{Cite web|first=Karthy|author=Govender|title=Award In re: Appeal against the classification of the painting known as The Spear and the electronic versions of it (Microsoft Word 2007 .docx document)|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/images/documents/reviewawards/The_Spear_Appeal_Award.docx|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=7 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015027/http://www.fpb.org.za/images/documents/reviewawards/The_Spear_Appeal_Award.docx}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGovender2012">Govender, Karthy (7 October 2012). </cite></ref> : 5–7 mana achọtara megide kọmitii ahụ, usoro ya na nhazi ya n'ọtụtụ ihe mgbakwasị ụkwụ. == Ntụaka == na-ese ihe Russia [[Viktor Semyonovich Ivanov]] akwụkwọ mmado ''Lenin Lived, Lenin Is Ndụ, Lenin Ga-adị ndụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The painting of President Zuma|url=http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/|work=inside-politics.org|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523023918/http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara iberibe dị iche iche na-akatọ patina-ese ihe Russia [[Viktor Semyonovich Ivanov]] akwụkwọ mmado ''Lenin Lived, Lenin Is Ndụ, Lenin Ga-adị ndụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The painting of President Zuma|url=http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/|work=inside-politics.org|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523023918/http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara iberibe dị iche iche na-akatọ patina-ese ihe Russia [[Viktor Semyonovich Ivanov]] akwụkwọ mmado ''Lenin Lived, Lenin Is Ndụ, Lenin Ga-adị ndụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The painting of President Zuma|url=http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/|work=inside-politics.org|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523023918/http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara iberibe dị iche iche na-akatọ patina-ese ihe Russia [[Viktor Semyonovich Ivanov]] akwụkwọ mmado ''Lenin Lived, Lenin Is Ndụ, Lenin Ga-adị ndụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The painting of President Zuma|url=http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/|work=inside-politics.org|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523023918/http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara iberibe dị iche iche na-akatọ pati{{Reflist}} == Hụkwa == * Mirth &amp;amp; Girth, ihe atụ atụnyere onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Chicago [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 35c906pruvqrf9xsn3qiek93pd4eyx9 674059 674054 2026-07-08T12:23:51Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674059 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''''Spear''''' bụ ihe osise 2010 nke onye omenkà South Africa [[Brett Murray|bụ Brett Murray]] sitere na [[Cape Town]] . Na-etinye na ngosi ọha na eze na 2012, ọ na-egosi mgbe ahụ [[South Africa]] President Jacob Zuma, ya genitals kpughere, na a guzo pose reminiscent nke Russian mgbanwe Vladimir Lenin . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Govender|first=Peroshni|title=Presidential penis portrait riles S. Africa's ANC|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE84H07820120518|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523123827/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE84H07820120518|archivedate=23 May 2012|work=Reuters|accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref> Ihe osise a kpalitere ikpe nkwutọ sitere n'aka ndị otu Zuma, African National Congress (ANC). Mkpesa ọha nke ANC maka eserese na imebi ihe n'elu ya wetara nlebara anya obodo na mba ụwa niile na eserese ahụ, ebe ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ ga-abụ na ọ bụ obere ọrụ. == Ihe ngosi == Ihe osise a bụ otu n'ime iberibe ihe nkiri [[Brett Murray]] 's ''Hail to the Thief II'' ngosi na Goodman Gallery na Johannesburg, nke mepere na 10 Mee 2012. <ref name="Goodman" /> E nwetara mkpali sitere n'aka onye na-ese ihe Russia Viktor Semyonovich Ivanov akwụkwọ mmado ''Lenin Lived, Lenin Is Ndụ, Lenin Ga-adị ndụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The painting of President Zuma|url=http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/|work=inside-politics.org|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523023918/http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara iberibe dị iche iche na-akatọ pati na-achị Saụt Afrịka, bụ ANC, na-egosi ihe ọkpụkpụ na onyonyo na-egosi nrụrụ aka na ọchịchị ọjọọ. <ref name="Goodman">{{Cite web|title=Goodman Gallery - Hail to the Thief II|url=http://www.goodman-gallery.com/exhibitions/265|publisher=Goodman Gallery|accessdate=19 May 2012|archivedate=24 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524033055/http://www.goodman-gallery.com/exhibitions/265}}</ref> Ọrụ Murray na ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyekwara mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ mmado nnwere onwe ANC-mgbagwoju anya na akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'oge Apartheid, ụfọdụ na-egosipụta ederede " [[Nelson Mandela|Amandla]], anyị na-achọ Chivas, BMWs na ngarị ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/saturday-star/it-s-staying-up-1.1302261|title=It's staying up!|author=Sameer Naik and Kashiefa Ajam|date=22 May 2012|work=The Saturday Star|accessdate=22 May 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523173649/http://www.iol.co.za/saturday-star/it-s-staying-up-1.1302261}}</ref> == Echiche ọha Jacob Zuma == Zuma na-abụkarị ebe ihe nrịba ama na ịkwa emo, n'ihi ụdị ndụ ọ na-ebi n'alụmdi na nwunye ya na ọtụtụ ndị nwunye na ndị enyi nwanyị, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jacob Zuma - "Polygamy is part of my culture"|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/jacob-zuma-polygamy-part-my-culture|publisher=Radio Netherlands Worldwide|accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref> na okwu o kwuru n'oge ikpe mmeko nwoke na nwanyị 2006 na ịsa ahụ mgbe mmekọahụ ga-ebelata ohere nke ibute nje HIV . <ref>{{Cite news|title=SA's Zuma 'showered to avoid HIV'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4879822.stm|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref> Ụzọ ndụ ya mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama bụ onye na-ese foto [[Zapiro]], bụ onye na-egosipụtakarị Zuma na-asa ahụ n'isi, na-akwa emo okwu ndị o kwuru n'oge ikpe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nicolaides|first=Gia|title=Zapiro revives showerhead|url=http://news.iafrica.com/sa/574737.html|publisher=iafrica.com|accessdate=19 May 2012|archivedate=23 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123123546/http://news.iafrica.com/sa/574737.html}}</ref> ANC gbakwara Zapiro akwụkwọ maka nkwutọ, ebe a na-atụ anya ịnụ na Ọktoba 2012. <ref name="BBC185" /> Echiche ọha ndị a banyere Zuma nyere akụkụ nke ndabere maka eserese Brett Murray. <ref name="BBC185">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18115724|title=Jacob Zuma painting: ANC to sue South Africa's Brett Murray|date=18 May 2012|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=22 May 2012|archivedate=17 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417103146/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18115724}}</ref> Zapiro gbakwunyere ọkụ na ọkụ site n'ịme ụdị nke ya nke eserese ahụ, na-eji isi ịsa ahụ dochie akụkụ anụ ahụ. <ref name="Zapiro185">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zapiro.com/cartoon/890737-120520st|title=Published in Sunday Times on 20 May 2012|date=20 May 2012|publisher=Zapiro|accessdate=24 May 2012|archivedate=24 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524050332/http://www.zapiro.com/cartoon/890737-120520st}}</ref> Onye ọzọ pụtara ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị, na-akwa Zuma emo. <ref name="Zapiro186">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zapiro.com/cartoon/892612-120522tt|title=120522tt - President Zuma outraged at Brett Murray's Painting - Spear of the Nation|date=22 May 2012|publisher=Zapiro|accessdate=24 May 2012|archivedate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525071527/http://www.zapiro.com/cartoon/892612-120522tt}}</ref> == Nzaghachi ANC == Mgbe nyocha na foto pụtara na <nowiki><i id="mwRw">City Press</i></nowiki>, Liza Essers, onye nwe na onye nduzi nke Goodman Gallery, kwuru na ya natara oku ekwentị site n'aka Mduduzi Mbata, onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye minista nka na omenala, na-achọ ime ka echiche ya doo anya. ihe ngosi. Ọ kpọrọ ya ka ọ gaa na gallery ahụ na Tuzdee na-esote. <ref name="AiA">{{Cite web|author=Dubin|first=Steven|title=Liza Essers, Gallery Owner, on the Show that Scandalized South Africa|url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-opinion/conversations/2012-06-05/liza-essers-brent-murray-goodman-gallery/|publisher=Art in America|accessdate=7 June 2012|date=5 June 2012|archivedate=5 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105195400/http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-opinion/conversations/2012-06-05/liza-essers-brent-murray-goodman-gallery/}}</ref> Ndị ANC wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ na 17 May 2012 na-ekwupụta iwe maka eserese ahụ ma kwuo na ọ ga-emetụta Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu iji wepụ ya. Ndị ọkaiwu na-anọchite anya ANC na Zuma kwughachiri egwu a na ozi email ezigara Essers otu ụbọchị.<ref name="AiA" /> Ihe osise a nwetara nkatọ siri ike site n'aka ndị isi ANC na òtù okpukpe dị iche iche, bụ ndị hụrụ ihe osise a "ihe rụrụ arụ" na "ihe rụrụ arụ". <ref name="mosomane1">{{Cite web|author=Mosomane|first=Phuti|title=Zuma painting against Ubuntu, African morality, culture|url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/Detail.aspx?news_id=51152&cat_id=1007|publisher=The New Age|accessdate=19 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526184457/http://www.thenewage.co.za/Detail.aspx?news_id=51152&cat_id=1007|archivedate=26 May 2015}}</ref> Otu onye ndú nke Chọọchị Baptist Nazaret kpọrọ oku ka a tụgbuo onye na-ese ihe na nkume.<ref name="AiA" />Ndị ANC chọkwara ka ewetuo onyonyo a na webụsaịtị <nowiki><i id="mwUw">City Press</i></nowiki> . Onye nkwuchite ọnụ ANC bụ Jackson Mthembu kwuru maka eserese a, "Ndị otu mba Afrịka na-akpasu oke iwe ma na-akpasu iwe n'ụzọ jọgburu onwe ya na nke adịghị mma nke Brett Murray na Goodman Gallery dị na Johannesburg na-egosipụta ụdị onye comrade President Jacob Zuma". <ref>{{Cite web|title=ANC to go to court over Zuma painting|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/ANC-to-go-to-court-over-Zuma-painting-20120517|publisher=News24.com|accessdate=19 May 2012|archivedate=19 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519092637/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/ANC-to-go-to-court-over-Zuma-painting-20120517}}</ref> Zuma zara ihe osise ahụ site n'ikwu na ọ na-ese ya dị ka "onye na-akpa ọchị na onye na-akpa nwanyị". <ref>{{Cite news|title=Painting makes me a womaniser - Zuma|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/painting-makes-me-a-womaniser-zuma-1.1300191|accessdate=20 May 2012|work=Independent Online|date=20 May 2012}}</ref> Na nzaghachi maka usoro iwu na-abịanụ, ọnụ na-ekwuchitere gallery Lara Koseff kwuru na ndị ọka iwu ya azaghachila na ọ ga-anọ ruo mgbe ihe ngosi a ga-agwụ, na-ekwu maka mkpachapụ anya dị ka isi na mkpebi ikwe ka ihe ngosi ahụ gaa n'ihu. <ref name="mosomane1" />Otu ndị otu nwanyị ANC chọkwara ka a kwụsị ihe ngosi a, ma wepụ ihe onyonyo a na ịntanetị. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Painting violates president's integrity, says ANCWL|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2012/05/19/painting-violates-president-s-integrity-says-ancwl|accessdate=19 May 2012|work=Times Live|date=19 May 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Stephen|first=Grootes|title=Zuma portrait saga goes to court|url=http://www.ewn.co.za/en/2012/05/19/Zuma%20portrait%20saga%20goes%20to%20court.aspx|accessdate=19 May 2012|work=Eyewitness News|date=19 May 2012}}</ref> Brett Murray kwuru na e bughị ihe osise ya n'obi ọjọọ, kama dịka "mgbalị ịme ọchị ọchị nke ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nna ochie n'ime ihe osise ndị ọzọ na ihe ngosi na n'ime okwu South Africa sara mbara". <ref name="N24Defaced">{{Cite news|author=Pasley-Banks|first=Carrin|title=Zuma painting defaced at Goodman Gallery|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Zuma-painting-defaced-at-Goodman-Gallery-20120522|accessdate=22 May 2012|publisher=News24|date=22 May 2012|quote=The controversial painting depicting President Jacob Zuma with his genitals exposed was defaced by two men at the Goodman Gallery in Johannesburg on Tuesday.}}</ref> === Nsonaazụ === Nkatọ ọhaneze nke ANC gbasara eserese ahụ wetara nlebara anya obodo na mba ụwa niile na eserese a, ebe ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ nwere ike bụrụ na ọ bụ obere ọrụ. N'ihi nke a, a na-akọwa ihe omume na ọdịda na-esote dị ka ihe atụ nke mmetụta Streisand . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Just Hanging Out|date=18 May 2012|url=http://6000.co.za/just-hanging-out/|publisher=6000 Miles from Civilization|accessdate=19 May 2012|archivedate=20 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020034534/http://6000.co.za/just-hanging-out/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Mahere|first=Fadzayi|title=Why Zuma's Spear should stay up|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/opinion-8058-Why+Zumas+Spear+should+stay+up/opinion.aspx|accessdate=7 June 2012|work=New Zimbabwe|date=23 May 2012}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, e gosipụtara ''Spear'' na nchịkọta akụkọ na njirimara akụkọ n'ụdị mgbasa ozi ọdịnala na dijitalụ niile. === Mgbapu mgbasa ozi === Mgbe ''City Press'' jụrụ ugboro ugboro iwepu onyonyo eserese na webụsaịtị ha, ANC kpọkuru ndị otu ya na ndị na-akwado ya ka ha kwụsị itinye mgbasa ozi na, na ịzụrụ akwụkwọ kwa izu. Nkwupụta nke ANC wepụtara kwuru, sị: "Ọjụjụ ha jụrụ iwepụ ihe onyonyo a na webụsaịtị ha na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ha na-achịkwa bụ ihe na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na akwụkwọ akụkọ a esoghị n'ọgbọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ụkpụrụ anyị. N'ịzaghachi n'iwepụ akwụkwọ ahụ, onye nchịkọta akụkọ ''City Press'' Ferial Haffajee kọwara oku Nzimande kpọrọ ka ọ wepụ akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka ihe na-akpasu iwe. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Boycott 'immoral' ''City Press'', ANC urges|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Boycott-City-Press-the-paragon-of-immorality-ANC-20120524-2|accessdate=25 May 2012|work=News24.co.za|date=25 May 2012}}</ref> Ndị South African National Editors' Forum (SANEF) katọrọ ANC, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=David|title=Zuma genitals row escalates as ANC calls for boycott of newspaper|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/25/zuma-genitals-row-anc-newspaper-boycott|accessdate=7 June 2012|work=The Guardian|date=25 May 2012}}</ref> nke kwuru na "Ọ bụ ezie na anyị ghọtara ikike ANC nwere inye ndị otu ndụmọdụ ka ha na-eme mkpebi ndị ahịa ha, oku maka ịhapụ akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ. dị ka iyi egwu na iji ike eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi ... Ụdị omume a adịghị mma nke otu pati na-arụ ọrụ n'ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na karịsịa nke na-edu ọchịchị mba." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanef alarmed at call by the ANC to boycott City Press Newspaper (Press release)|url=http://sanef.org.za/news/entry/sanef_alarmed_at_the_call_by_the_anc_to_boycott_city_press_newspaper/|work=South African National Editors' Forum website|accessdate=7 June 2012|date=24 May 2012|archivedate=30 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530094924/http://sanef.org.za/news/entry/sanef_alarmed_at_the_call_by_the_anc_to_boycott_city_press_newspaper/}}</ref> International Press Institute (IPI) katọrọ mwepu nke City Press, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/may/28/southafrica-press-freedom|title=South African newspaper defies ANC boycott call|work=The Guardian|date=28 May 2012|accessdate=16 December 2016|author=Greenslade|first=Roy}}</ref> na ka ọ na-erule 28 Mee, ụbọchị iri ka akwụkwọ akụkọ bipụtara eserese ahụ na nke mbụ, echiche ndị dị na ANC kewara na ọtụtụ ndị agadi. ndị otu na-emegide mgbochi ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Greenslade|first=Roy|title=South African newspaper defies ANC boycott call|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/may/28/southafrica-press-freedom|accessdate=7 June 2012|work=Greenslade Blog - The Guardian|date=28 May 2012}}</ref> == Defacement == N'ụtụtụ ụbọchị Mee 22, 2012, ụmụ nwoke abụọ batara na gallery n'oge awa nleta wee mebie ihe osise ahụ - nke mbụ site n'esere obe na-acha uhie uhie n'elu ihe ngosi nke ihu Zuma na akụkụ akụkụ akụkụ ahụ wee site n'itinye agba ojii n'elu kwaaji. E jidere ha abụọ - Barend la Grange na Lowie Mabokela <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2012/05/painting-south-african-presidents-penis-defaced/52698/|title=Painting of South African President's Penis Defaced|author=Adam Martin|date=23 May 2012|work=The Atlantic|accessdate=24 May 2012|archivedate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525202245/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2012/05/painting-south-african-presidents-penis-defaced/52698/}}</ref> . A na-aga ikpe ụlọikpe nke ANC wetara. <ref name="N24Defaced">{{Cite news|author=Pasley-Banks|first=Carrin|title=Zuma painting defaced at Goodman Gallery|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Zuma-painting-defaced-at-Goodman-Gallery-20120522|accessdate=22 May 2012|publisher=News24|date=22 May 2012|quote=The controversial painting depicting President Jacob Zuma with his genitals exposed was defaced by two men at the Goodman Gallery in Johannesburg on Tuesday.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Zuma 'penis painting' defaced|url=http://news.iafrica.com/sa/795807.html|accessdate=22 May 2012|work=iafrica.com|date=22 May 2012}}</ref> == Nhazi == Na 22 May 2012, Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ihe nkiri na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ (FPB) nke South Africa kwupụtara na ezipụla otu ìgwè nke klas ise ka ha nyochaa ''The Spear'', <ref name="fpb20120522">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=FPB Classification of 'The Spear' Artwork as Displayed at the Goodman Gallery (PDF document)|work=FPB.gov.za|url=http://www.fpb.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=163&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=103|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=22 May 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> na-agbaso mkpesa kpọmkwem na FPB, nke bụ òtù iwu na-ahụ maka nhazi, na itinye ntụle afọ na ndụmọdụ ọdịnaya na, ọrụ ndị ebipụtara ma ọ bụ kesaa na South Africa, <ref name="fpbzaabout">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=Film and Publication Board Profile|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/profile-fpb|publisher=Film and Publication Board|accessdate=12 October 2012|archivedate=1 September 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901233037/http://www.fpb.org.za/profile-fpb}}</ref> gụnyere ihe nkiri, egwuregwu kọmputa, onyonyo nke ụdị niile, na akwụkwọ ebipụtara; <ref name="fpb20120601">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=FPB Classification of 'The Spear' Artwork (PDF document)|work=FPB.gov.za|url=http://www.fpb.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=169&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=103|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012|archivedate=15 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615011827/http://www.fpb.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=169&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=103}}</ref> : 1, 3 Otú ọ dị, "Ọ bụ nanị akwụkwọ ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ka FPB ga-ebufe tupu ha ahapụ ya n'ahịa" ebe a na-atụle ndị ọzọ na-adabere na "mkpesa ndị ọha na eze nwetara gbasara akwụkwọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ", <ref name="fpbclassification">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=Classification of Films, Games and Publications|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/classifications|publisher=Film and Publication Board|accessdate=12 October 2012|archivedate=18 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118081433/http://www.fpb.org.za/classifications}}</ref> na ikike FPB na-ewepụ kpọmkwem akwụkwọ akụkọ <ref name="fpb20120601" /> : 3 <ref name="timeslive20120529a">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title='We don't rule over City Press', says FPB|work=Sunday Times|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/05/29/we-don-t-rule-over-city-press-says-fpb|publisher=Times Live|date=29 May 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> <ref name="iol20120601">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title=Board explains Spear 16N rating|work=Independent Online|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/the-zuma-era/board-explains-spear-16n-rating-1.1309795|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, <ref name="timeslive20120529a" /> <ref name="fpbzahome">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=Home|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/|publisher=Film and Publication Board|accessdate=12 October 2012|archivedate=23 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823004720/http://www.fpb.org.za/}}</ref> nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-achịkwa. N'ihi nke a, usoro FPB nwere ike ịtụle eserese n'onwe ya, ihe ngosi ya site na gallery, na mbipụta ya ma ọ bụ mbipụta enwere ike na weebụsaịtị ma ọ bụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ikike FPB; na enweghị ike ikwu maka mbipụta nke foto ya site na akwụkwọ akụkọ ma ọ bụ ndị mgbasa ozi. <ref name="fpb20120601" /> : 3 <ref name="timeslive20120529a" /> <ref name="iol20120601" /> N'oge usoro nhazi ọkwa, e nwere ebubo na FPB na-eme ihe na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro, <ref name="timeslive20120529b">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title=Board has no right to classify "The Spear": lawyer|work=Sunday Times|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/scitech/2012/05/29/board-has-no-right-to-classify-the-spear-lawyer|publisher=Times Live|date=29 May 2012|accessdate=3 June 2012}}</ref> nakwa na ndị otu kpọmkwem emeela nkwupụta ma ọ bụ jụọ ajụjụ na-egosi na o ruru eru nyocha echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na igbochi nnwere onwe nke nnwere onwe. pịa. <ref name="mg20120530">{{Cite news|first=Phillip|author=de Wet|title='The Spear': It's classified, and now up to the ombud|work=Mail & Guardian|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-05-30-fpb-its-our-duty-to-classify-the-spear-and-suppress-criticism/|date=30 May 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> Na 1 June 2012, FPB mara ọkwa na ọkwa ọkwa e kenyere 'The Spear' jụrụ oku onye mkpesa maka eserese ahụ ka e gosiri X18 <ref name="fpb20120601">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=FPB Classification of 'The Spear' Artwork (PDF document)|work=FPB.gov.za|url=http://www.fpb.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=169&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=103|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012|archivedate=15 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615011827/http://www.fpb.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=169&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=103}}</ref> : 5 (itinye ya n'ime ụdị ọrụ ndị gba ọtọ iwu kwadoro nke ga-agaferịrị site na FPB tupu ahapụ ha n'ahịa", <ref name="fpbclassification">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=Classification of Films, Games and Publications|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/classifications|publisher=Film and Publication Board|accessdate=12 October 2012|archivedate=18 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118081433/http://www.fpb.org.za/classifications}}</ref> na nke a nwere ike kesaa naanị site na ndị nkesa nwere ikike, bụ ndị a chọrọ iji nweta ihe akaebe nke afọ <ref name="fpbzafpact2009">{{Cite journal|author=Government of the Republic of South Africa|title=Regulations - Film and Publication Act 3 of 2009|journal=Government Gazette, Republic of South Africa|volume=537|issue=33026|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/profile-fpb/2012-05-23-04-21-16/doc_details/108-regulations-fpb-amendment-act-3-of-2009|date=15 March 2010|accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> : 19 ), ma o kpebiri na a 16N rating maka mbụ, undefaced na uncensored, eserese, nke pụtara na a ga-etinye usoro iji gbochie ịnweta ya na ihe oyiyi ya site n'aka ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri na isii, na inye ndụmọdụ "nwere mmetụta. ndị na-ekiri okenye" ihe karịrị iri na isii na ọ nwere ịgba ọtọ (mana ọ bụghị ọdịnaya mmekọahụ doro anya, nke S na ọkwa ahụ ga-ahọpụtara). <ref name="fpb20120601" /> : 5 <ref name="iol20120601">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title=Board explains Spear 16N rating|work=Independent Online|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/the-zuma-era/board-explains-spear-16n-rating-1.1309795|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> <ref name="mg20120601">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title='The Spear' gets 16N rating|work=Mail & Guardian|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-01-the-spear-gets-16n-rating|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> <ref name="timeslive20120601">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title=Censors rate Spear 16N for nudity|work=Sunday Times|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/06/01/censors-rate-spear-16n-for-nudity|publisher=Times Live|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> N'ime nkwupụta mgbasa ozi ya na-ekwupụta nhazi ọkwa, FPB zoro aka ogologo oge na ikike na ọrụ iwu ya, karịsịa ọrụ ya na "ịkwalite nchekwa ụmụaka"; <ref name="fpb20120601" /> : 1 ma gọnarị ya n'ụzọ doro anya na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị emetụtawo ya ma ọ bụ mee ihe karịrị ikike ya, na-ekwu na "Anyị kwenyere na akụkọ ndị megidere ya bụ nke e mere kpọmkwem iji mebie aha Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ihe nkiri na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ, na-agbagha iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, ikike, ntụkwasị obi yana nkwenye. chepụta dị ka eziokwu ụgha echiche na steeti na-achọ ịgbachi nkịtị na censor mgbasa ozi n'ụzọ ọ bụla kwere omume na n'enweghị nkwanye ùgwù maka usoro na ụkpụrụ anabatara ". <ref name="fpb20120601" /> : 3 Na nzaghachi nye ajụjụ, onye isi ọrụ FPB Mmapula Fisha kwuru na ''Ube'' dị iche na ọrụ nka ndị ọzọ nwere ịgba ọtọ, ma kwesịkwa na nhazi 16N, n'ihi na "ihe osise ahụ amanyela ọha mmadụ ilegharị anya akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na-egbu mgbu". <ref name="iol20120601" /> Na 10 Ọktoba 2012, FPB mara ọkwa na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ihe nkiri na Mkpegharị Ọha akwadola mkpesa Goodman Gallery, wepụrụ nhazi ọkwa ahụ wee si otú ahụ wepụ ihe mgbochi niile na mbipụta na ịnweta eserese ahụ. <ref name="citypress20121010">{{Cite news|author=City Press Staff Reporter|title=Appeal tribunal declassifies The Spear|work=City Press|url=http://www.citypress.co.za/SouthAfrica/News/Appeal-tribunal-declassifies-The-Spear-20121010|date=10 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref> <ref name="witness20121011">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association & Witness Reporter|title=The Spear: Classification of painting overturned on appeal|work=Witness.co.za|url=http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=89155|date=11 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref> <ref name="timeslive20121010">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title='The Spear' declassified|work=Sunday Times|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/10/10/the-spear-declassified|publisher=Times Live|date=10 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref> E bipụtara mkpebi nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ <ref name="fpb20121007award">{{Cite web|first=Karthy|author=Govender|title=Award In re: Appeal against the classification of the painting known as The Spear and the electronic versions of it (Microsoft Word 2007 .docx document)|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/images/documents/reviewawards/The_Spear_Appeal_Award.docx|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=7 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015027/http://www.fpb.org.za/images/documents/reviewawards/The_Spear_Appeal_Award.docx}}</ref> n'otu ụbọchị ahụ. <ref name="fpb20121007pr">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=Press Statement on the award in respect of the appeal for the FPB Classification of 'The Spear' painting as displayed at the Goodman Gallery|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/media-centre-fpb/press-release|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=10 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012|archivedate=20 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120015003/http://www.fpb.org.za/media-centre-fpb/press-release}}</ref> Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ahụ kwadoro mkpebi kọmitii nhazi ọkwa mbụ na e kwesịghị ekewa ''Spear'' dị ka ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, <ref name="fpb20121007award">{{Cite web|first=Karthy|author=Govender|title=Award In re: Appeal against the classification of the painting known as The Spear and the electronic versions of it (Microsoft Word 2007 .docx document)|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/images/documents/reviewawards/The_Spear_Appeal_Award.docx|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=7 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015027/http://www.fpb.org.za/images/documents/reviewawards/The_Spear_Appeal_Award.docx}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGovender2012">Govender, Karthy (7 October 2012). </cite></ref> : 5–7 mana achọtara megide kọmitii ahụ, usoro ya na nhazi ya n'ọtụtụ ihe mgbakwasị ụkwụ. == Ntụaka == na-ese ihe Russia [[Viktor Semyonovich Ivanov]] akwụkwọ mmado ''Lenin Lived, Lenin Is Ndụ, Lenin Ga-adị ndụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The painting of President Zuma|url=http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/|work=inside-politics.org|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523023918/http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara iberibe dị iche iche na-akatọ patina-ese ihe Russia [[Viktor Semyonovich Ivanov]] akwụkwọ mmado ''Lenin Lived, Lenin Is Ndụ, Lenin Ga-adị ndụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The painting of President Zuma|url=http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/|work=inside-politics.org|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523023918/http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara iberibe dị iche iche na-akatọ patina-ese ihe Russia [[Viktor Semyonovich Ivanov]] akwụkwọ mmado ''Lenin Lived, Lenin Is Ndụ, Lenin Ga-adị ndụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The painting of President Zuma|url=http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/|work=inside-politics.org|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523023918/http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara iberibe dị iche iche na-akatọ patina-ese ihe Russia [[Viktor Semyonovich Ivanov]] akwụkwọ mmado ''Lenin Lived, Lenin Is Ndụ, Lenin Ga-adị ndụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The painting of President Zuma|url=http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/|work=inside-politics.org|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523023918/http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara iberibe dị iche iche na-akatọ pati{{Reflist}} == Hụkwa == * Mirth &amp;amp; Girth, ihe atụ atụnyere onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Chicago [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] m2c3rz2prho07zy81ut1m8hu1yd5tmi 674063 674059 2026-07-08T12:27:20Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674063 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''''Spear''''' bụ ihe osise 2010 nke onye omenkà South Africa [[Brett Murray|bụ Brett Murray]] sitere na [[Cape Town]] . Na-etinye na ngosi ọha na eze na 2012, ọ na-egosi mgbe ahụ [[South Africa]] President Jacob Zuma, ya genitals kpughere, na a guzo pose reminiscent nke Russian mgbanwe Vladimir Lenin . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Govender|first=Peroshni|title=Presidential penis portrait riles S. Africa's ANC|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE84H07820120518|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523123827/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE84H07820120518|archivedate=23 May 2012|work=Reuters|accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref> Ihe osise a kpalitere ikpe nkwutọ sitere n'aka ndị otu Zuma, African National Congress (ANC). Mkpesa ọha nke ANC maka eserese na imebi ihe n'elu ya wetara nlebara anya obodo na mba ụwa niile na eserese ahụ, ebe ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ ga-abụ na ọ bụ obere ọrụ. == Ihe ngosi == Ihe osise a bụ otu n'ime iberibe ihe nkiri [[Brett Murray]] 's ''Hail to the Thief II'' ngosi na Goodman Gallery na Johannesburg, nke mepere na 10 Mee 2012. <ref name="Goodman" /> E nwetara mkpali sitere n'aka onye na-ese ihe Russia Viktor Semyonovich Ivanov akwụkwọ mmado ''Lenin Lived, Lenin Is Ndụ, Lenin Ga-adị ndụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The painting of President Zuma|url=http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/|work=inside-politics.org|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523023918/http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara iberibe dị iche iche na-akatọ pati na-achị Saụt Afrịka, bụ ANC, na-egosi ihe ọkpụkpụ na onyonyo na-egosi nrụrụ aka na ọchịchị ọjọọ. <ref name="Goodman">{{Cite web|title=Goodman Gallery - Hail to the Thief II|url=http://www.goodman-gallery.com/exhibitions/265|publisher=Goodman Gallery|accessdate=19 May 2012|archivedate=24 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524033055/http://www.goodman-gallery.com/exhibitions/265}}</ref> Ọrụ Murray na ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyekwara mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ mmado nnwere onwe ANC-mgbagwoju anya na akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'oge Apartheid, ụfọdụ na-egosipụta ederede " [[Nelson Mandela|Amandla]], anyị na-achọ Chivas, BMWs na ngarị ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/saturday-star/it-s-staying-up-1.1302261|title=It's staying up!|author=Sameer Naik and Kashiefa Ajam|date=22 May 2012|work=The Saturday Star|accessdate=22 May 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523173649/http://www.iol.co.za/saturday-star/it-s-staying-up-1.1302261}}</ref> == Echiche ọha Jacob Zuma == Zuma na-abụkarị ebe ihe nrịba ama na ịkwa emo, n'ihi ụdị ndụ ọ na-ebi n'alụmdi na nwunye ya na ọtụtụ ndị nwunye na ndị enyi nwanyị, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jacob Zuma - "Polygamy is part of my culture"|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/jacob-zuma-polygamy-part-my-culture|publisher=Radio Netherlands Worldwide|accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref> na okwu o kwuru n'oge ikpe mmeko nwoke na nwanyị 2006 na ịsa ahụ mgbe mmekọahụ ga-ebelata ohere nke ibute nje HIV . <ref>{{Cite news|title=SA's Zuma 'showered to avoid HIV'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4879822.stm|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref> Ụzọ ndụ ya mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama bụ onye na-ese foto [[Zapiro]], bụ onye na-egosipụtakarị Zuma na-asa ahụ n'isi, na-akwa emo okwu ndị o kwuru n'oge ikpe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nicolaides|first=Gia|title=Zapiro revives showerhead|url=http://news.iafrica.com/sa/574737.html|publisher=iafrica.com|accessdate=19 May 2012|archivedate=23 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123123546/http://news.iafrica.com/sa/574737.html}}</ref> ANC gbakwara Zapiro akwụkwọ maka nkwutọ, ebe a na-atụ anya ịnụ na Ọktoba 2012. <ref name="BBC185" /> Echiche ọha ndị a banyere Zuma nyere akụkụ nke ndabere maka eserese Brett Murray. <ref name="BBC185">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18115724|title=Jacob Zuma painting: ANC to sue South Africa's Brett Murray|date=18 May 2012|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=22 May 2012|archivedate=17 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417103146/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18115724}}</ref> Zapiro gbakwunyere ọkụ na ọkụ site n'ịme ụdị nke ya nke eserese ahụ, na-eji isi ịsa ahụ dochie akụkụ anụ ahụ. <ref name="Zapiro185">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zapiro.com/cartoon/890737-120520st|title=Published in Sunday Times on 20 May 2012|date=20 May 2012|publisher=Zapiro|accessdate=24 May 2012|archivedate=24 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524050332/http://www.zapiro.com/cartoon/890737-120520st}}</ref> Onye ọzọ pụtara ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị, na-akwa Zuma emo. <ref name="Zapiro186">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zapiro.com/cartoon/892612-120522tt|title=120522tt - President Zuma outraged at Brett Murray's Painting - Spear of the Nation|date=22 May 2012|publisher=Zapiro|accessdate=24 May 2012|archivedate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525071527/http://www.zapiro.com/cartoon/892612-120522tt}}</ref> == Nzaghachi ANC == Mgbe nyocha na foto pụtara na <nowiki><i id="mwRw">City Press</i></nowiki>, Liza Essers, onye nwe na onye nduzi nke Goodman Gallery, kwuru na ya natara oku ekwentị site n'aka Mduduzi Mbata, onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye minista nka na omenala, na-achọ ime ka echiche ya doo anya. ihe ngosi. Ọ kpọrọ ya ka ọ gaa na gallery ahụ na Tuzdee na-esote. <ref name="AiA">{{Cite web|author=Dubin|first=Steven|title=Liza Essers, Gallery Owner, on the Show that Scandalized South Africa|url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-opinion/conversations/2012-06-05/liza-essers-brent-murray-goodman-gallery/|publisher=Art in America|accessdate=7 June 2012|date=5 June 2012|archivedate=5 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105195400/http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-opinion/conversations/2012-06-05/liza-essers-brent-murray-goodman-gallery/}}</ref> Ndị ANC wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ na 17 May 2012 na-ekwupụta iwe maka eserese ahụ ma kwuo na ọ ga-emetụta Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu iji wepụ ya. Ndị ọkaiwu na-anọchite anya ANC na Zuma kwughachiri egwu a na ozi email ezigara Essers otu ụbọchị.<ref name="AiA" /> Ihe osise a nwetara nkatọ siri ike site n'aka ndị isi ANC na òtù okpukpe dị iche iche, bụ ndị hụrụ ihe osise a "ihe rụrụ arụ" na "ihe rụrụ arụ". <ref name="mosomane1">{{Cite web|author=Mosomane|first=Phuti|title=Zuma painting against Ubuntu, African morality, culture|url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/Detail.aspx?news_id=51152&cat_id=1007|publisher=The New Age|accessdate=19 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526184457/http://www.thenewage.co.za/Detail.aspx?news_id=51152&cat_id=1007|archivedate=26 May 2015}}</ref> Otu onye ndú nke Chọọchị Baptist Nazaret kpọrọ oku ka a tụgbuo onye na-ese ihe na nkume.<ref name="AiA" />Ndị ANC chọkwara ka ewetuo onyonyo a na webụsaịtị <nowiki><i id="mwUw">City Press</i></nowiki> . Onye nkwuchite ọnụ ANC bụ Jackson Mthembu kwuru maka eserese a, "Ndị otu mba Afrịka na-akpasu oke iwe ma na-akpasu iwe n'ụzọ jọgburu onwe ya na nke adịghị mma nke Brett Murray na Goodman Gallery dị na Johannesburg na-egosipụta ụdị onye comrade President Jacob Zuma". <ref>{{Cite web|title=ANC to go to court over Zuma painting|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/ANC-to-go-to-court-over-Zuma-painting-20120517|publisher=News24.com|accessdate=19 May 2012|archivedate=19 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519092637/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/ANC-to-go-to-court-over-Zuma-painting-20120517}}</ref> Zuma zara ihe osise ahụ site n'ikwu na ọ na-ese ya dị ka "onye na-akpa ọchị na onye na-akpa nwanyị". <ref>{{Cite news|title=Painting makes me a womaniser - Zuma|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/painting-makes-me-a-womaniser-zuma-1.1300191|accessdate=20 May 2012|work=Independent Online|date=20 May 2012}}</ref> Na nzaghachi maka usoro iwu na-abịanụ, ọnụ na-ekwuchitere gallery Lara Koseff kwuru na ndị ọka iwu ya azaghachila na ọ ga-anọ ruo mgbe ihe ngosi a ga-agwụ, na-ekwu maka mkpachapụ anya dị ka isi na mkpebi ikwe ka ihe ngosi ahụ gaa n'ihu. <ref name="mosomane1" />Otu ndị otu nwanyị ANC chọkwara ka a kwụsị ihe ngosi a, ma wepụ ihe onyonyo a na ịntanetị. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Painting violates president's integrity, says ANCWL|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2012/05/19/painting-violates-president-s-integrity-says-ancwl|accessdate=19 May 2012|work=Times Live|date=19 May 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Stephen|first=Grootes|title=Zuma portrait saga goes to court|url=http://www.ewn.co.za/en/2012/05/19/Zuma%20portrait%20saga%20goes%20to%20court.aspx|accessdate=19 May 2012|work=Eyewitness News|date=19 May 2012}}</ref> Brett Murray kwuru na e bughị ihe osise ya n'obi ọjọọ, kama dịka "mgbalị ịme ọchị ọchị nke ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nna ochie n'ime ihe osise ndị ọzọ na ihe ngosi na n'ime okwu South Africa sara mbara". <ref name="N24Defaced">{{Cite news|author=Pasley-Banks|first=Carrin|title=Zuma painting defaced at Goodman Gallery|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Zuma-painting-defaced-at-Goodman-Gallery-20120522|accessdate=22 May 2012|publisher=News24|date=22 May 2012|quote=The controversial painting depicting President Jacob Zuma with his genitals exposed was defaced by two men at the Goodman Gallery in Johannesburg on Tuesday.}}</ref> === Nsonaazụ === Nkatọ ọhaneze nke ANC gbasara eserese ahụ wetara nlebara anya obodo na mba ụwa niile na eserese a, ebe ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ nwere ike bụrụ na ọ bụ obere ọrụ. N'ihi nke a, a na-akọwa ihe omume na ọdịda na-esote dị ka ihe atụ nke mmetụta Streisand . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Just Hanging Out|date=18 May 2012|url=http://6000.co.za/just-hanging-out/|publisher=6000 Miles from Civilization|accessdate=19 May 2012|archivedate=20 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020034534/http://6000.co.za/just-hanging-out/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Mahere|first=Fadzayi|title=Why Zuma's Spear should stay up|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/opinion-8058-Why+Zumas+Spear+should+stay+up/opinion.aspx|accessdate=7 June 2012|work=New Zimbabwe|date=23 May 2012}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, e gosipụtara ''Spear'' na nchịkọta akụkọ na njirimara akụkọ n'ụdị mgbasa ozi ọdịnala na dijitalụ niile. === Mgbapu mgbasa ozi === Mgbe ''City Press'' jụrụ ugboro ugboro iwepu onyonyo eserese na webụsaịtị ha, ANC kpọkuru ndị otu ya na ndị na-akwado ya ka ha kwụsị itinye mgbasa ozi na, na ịzụrụ akwụkwọ kwa izu. Nkwupụta nke ANC wepụtara kwuru, sị: "Ọjụjụ ha jụrụ iwepụ ihe onyonyo a na webụsaịtị ha na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ha na-achịkwa bụ ihe na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na akwụkwọ akụkọ a esoghị n'ọgbọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ụkpụrụ anyị. N'ịzaghachi n'iwepụ akwụkwọ ahụ, onye nchịkọta akụkọ ''City Press'' Ferial Haffajee kọwara oku Nzimande kpọrọ ka ọ wepụ akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka ihe na-akpasu iwe. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Boycott 'immoral' ''City Press'', ANC urges|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Boycott-City-Press-the-paragon-of-immorality-ANC-20120524-2|accessdate=25 May 2012|work=News24.co.za|date=25 May 2012}}</ref> Ndị South African National Editors' Forum (SANEF) katọrọ ANC, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=David|title=Zuma genitals row escalates as ANC calls for boycott of newspaper|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/25/zuma-genitals-row-anc-newspaper-boycott|accessdate=7 June 2012|work=The Guardian|date=25 May 2012}}</ref> nke kwuru na "Ọ bụ ezie na anyị ghọtara ikike ANC nwere inye ndị otu ndụmọdụ ka ha na-eme mkpebi ndị ahịa ha, oku maka ịhapụ akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ. dị ka iyi egwu na iji ike eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi ... Ụdị omume a adịghị mma nke otu pati na-arụ ọrụ n'ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na karịsịa nke na-edu ọchịchị mba." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanef alarmed at call by the ANC to boycott City Press Newspaper (Press release)|url=http://sanef.org.za/news/entry/sanef_alarmed_at_the_call_by_the_anc_to_boycott_city_press_newspaper/|work=South African National Editors' Forum website|accessdate=7 June 2012|date=24 May 2012|archivedate=30 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530094924/http://sanef.org.za/news/entry/sanef_alarmed_at_the_call_by_the_anc_to_boycott_city_press_newspaper/}}</ref> International Press Institute (IPI) katọrọ mwepu nke City Press, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/may/28/southafrica-press-freedom|title=South African newspaper defies ANC boycott call|work=The Guardian|date=28 May 2012|accessdate=16 December 2016|author=Greenslade|first=Roy}}</ref> na ka ọ na-erule 28 Mee, ụbọchị iri ka akwụkwọ akụkọ bipụtara eserese ahụ na nke mbụ, echiche ndị dị na ANC kewara na ọtụtụ ndị agadi. ndị otu na-emegide mgbochi ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Greenslade|first=Roy|title=South African newspaper defies ANC boycott call|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/may/28/southafrica-press-freedom|accessdate=7 June 2012|work=Greenslade Blog - The Guardian|date=28 May 2012}}</ref> == Defacement == N'ụtụtụ ụbọchị Mee 22, 2012, ụmụ nwoke abụọ batara na gallery n'oge awa nleta wee mebie ihe osise ahụ - nke mbụ site n'esere obe na-acha uhie uhie n'elu ihe ngosi nke ihu Zuma na akụkụ akụkụ akụkụ ahụ wee site n'itinye agba ojii n'elu kwaaji. E jidere ha abụọ - Barend la Grange na Lowie Mabokela <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2012/05/painting-south-african-presidents-penis-defaced/52698/|title=Painting of South African President's Penis Defaced|author=Adam Martin|date=23 May 2012|work=The Atlantic|accessdate=24 May 2012|archivedate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525202245/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2012/05/painting-south-african-presidents-penis-defaced/52698/}}</ref> . A na-aga ikpe ụlọikpe nke ANC wetara. <ref name="N24Defaced">{{Cite news|author=Pasley-Banks|first=Carrin|title=Zuma painting defaced at Goodman Gallery|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Zuma-painting-defaced-at-Goodman-Gallery-20120522|accessdate=22 May 2012|publisher=News24|date=22 May 2012|quote=The controversial painting depicting President Jacob Zuma with his genitals exposed was defaced by two men at the Goodman Gallery in Johannesburg on Tuesday.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Zuma 'penis painting' defaced|url=http://news.iafrica.com/sa/795807.html|accessdate=22 May 2012|work=iafrica.com|date=22 May 2012}}</ref> == Nhazi == Na 22 May 2012, Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ihe nkiri na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ (FPB) nke South Africa kwupụtara na ezipụla otu ìgwè nke klas ise ka ha nyochaa ''The Spear'', <ref name="fpb20120522">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=FPB Classification of 'The Spear' Artwork as Displayed at the Goodman Gallery (PDF document)|work=FPB.gov.za|url=http://www.fpb.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=163&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=103|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=22 May 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> na-agbaso mkpesa kpọmkwem na FPB, nke bụ òtù iwu na-ahụ maka nhazi, na itinye ntụle afọ na ndụmọdụ ọdịnaya na, ọrụ ndị ebipụtara ma ọ bụ kesaa na South Africa, <ref name="fpbzaabout">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=Film and Publication Board Profile|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/profile-fpb|publisher=Film and Publication Board|accessdate=12 October 2012|archivedate=1 September 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901233037/http://www.fpb.org.za/profile-fpb}}</ref> gụnyere ihe nkiri, egwuregwu kọmputa, onyonyo nke ụdị niile, na akwụkwọ ebipụtara; <ref name="fpb20120601">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=FPB Classification of 'The Spear' Artwork (PDF document)|work=FPB.gov.za|url=http://www.fpb.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=169&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=103|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012|archivedate=15 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615011827/http://www.fpb.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=169&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=103}}</ref> : 1, 3 Otú ọ dị, "Ọ bụ nanị akwụkwọ ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ka FPB ga-ebufe tupu ha ahapụ ya n'ahịa" ebe a na-atụle ndị ọzọ na-adabere na "mkpesa ndị ọha na eze nwetara gbasara akwụkwọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ", <ref name="fpbclassification">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=Classification of Films, Games and Publications|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/classifications|publisher=Film and Publication Board|accessdate=12 October 2012|archivedate=18 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118081433/http://www.fpb.org.za/classifications}}</ref> na ikike FPB na-ewepụ kpọmkwem akwụkwọ akụkọ <ref name="fpb20120601" /> : 3 <ref name="timeslive20120529a">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title='We don't rule over City Press', says FPB|work=Sunday Times|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/05/29/we-don-t-rule-over-city-press-says-fpb|publisher=Times Live|date=29 May 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> <ref name="iol20120601">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title=Board explains Spear 16N rating|work=Independent Online|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/the-zuma-era/board-explains-spear-16n-rating-1.1309795|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, <ref name="timeslive20120529a" /> <ref name="fpbzahome">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=Home|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/|publisher=Film and Publication Board|accessdate=12 October 2012|archivedate=23 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823004720/http://www.fpb.org.za/}}</ref> nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-achịkwa. N'ihi nke a, usoro FPB nwere ike ịtụle eserese n'onwe ya, ihe ngosi ya site na gallery, na mbipụta ya ma ọ bụ mbipụta enwere ike na weebụsaịtị ma ọ bụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ikike FPB; na enweghị ike ikwu maka mbipụta nke foto ya site na akwụkwọ akụkọ ma ọ bụ ndị mgbasa ozi. <ref name="fpb20120601" /> : 3 <ref name="timeslive20120529a" /> <ref name="iol20120601" /> N'oge usoro nhazi ọkwa, e nwere ebubo na FPB na-eme ihe na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro, <ref name="timeslive20120529b">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title=Board has no right to classify "The Spear": lawyer|work=Sunday Times|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/scitech/2012/05/29/board-has-no-right-to-classify-the-spear-lawyer|publisher=Times Live|date=29 May 2012|accessdate=3 June 2012}}</ref> nakwa na ndị otu kpọmkwem emeela nkwupụta ma ọ bụ jụọ ajụjụ na-egosi na o ruru eru nyocha echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na igbochi nnwere onwe nke nnwere onwe. pịa. <ref name="mg20120530">{{Cite news|first=Phillip|author=de Wet|title='The Spear': It's classified, and now up to the ombud|work=Mail & Guardian|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-05-30-fpb-its-our-duty-to-classify-the-spear-and-suppress-criticism/|date=30 May 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> Na 1 June 2012, FPB mara ọkwa na ọkwa ọkwa e kenyere 'The Spear' jụrụ oku onye mkpesa maka eserese ahụ ka e gosiri X18 <ref name="fpb20120601">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=FPB Classification of 'The Spear' Artwork (PDF document)|work=FPB.gov.za|url=http://www.fpb.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=169&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=103|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012|archivedate=15 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615011827/http://www.fpb.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=169&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=103}}</ref> : 5 (itinye ya n'ime ụdị ọrụ ndị gba ọtọ iwu kwadoro nke ga-agaferịrị site na FPB tupu ahapụ ha n'ahịa", <ref name="fpbclassification">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=Classification of Films, Games and Publications|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/classifications|publisher=Film and Publication Board|accessdate=12 October 2012|archivedate=18 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118081433/http://www.fpb.org.za/classifications}}</ref> na nke a nwere ike kesaa naanị site na ndị nkesa nwere ikike, bụ ndị a chọrọ iji nweta ihe akaebe nke afọ <ref name="fpbzafpact2009">{{Cite journal|author=Government of the Republic of South Africa|title=Regulations - Film and Publication Act 3 of 2009|journal=Government Gazette, Republic of South Africa|volume=537|issue=33026|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/profile-fpb/2012-05-23-04-21-16/doc_details/108-regulations-fpb-amendment-act-3-of-2009|date=15 March 2010|accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> : 19 ), ma o kpebiri na a 16N rating maka mbụ, undefaced na uncensored, eserese, nke pụtara na a ga-etinye usoro iji gbochie ịnweta ya na ihe oyiyi ya site n'aka ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri na isii, na inye ndụmọdụ "nwere mmetụta. ndị na-ekiri okenye" ihe karịrị iri na isii na ọ nwere ịgba ọtọ (mana ọ bụghị ọdịnaya mmekọahụ doro anya, nke S na ọkwa ahụ ga-ahọpụtara). <ref name="fpb20120601" /> : 5 <ref name="iol20120601">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title=Board explains Spear 16N rating|work=Independent Online|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/the-zuma-era/board-explains-spear-16n-rating-1.1309795|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> <ref name="mg20120601">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title='The Spear' gets 16N rating|work=Mail & Guardian|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-01-the-spear-gets-16n-rating|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> <ref name="timeslive20120601">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title=Censors rate Spear 16N for nudity|work=Sunday Times|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/06/01/censors-rate-spear-16n-for-nudity|publisher=Times Live|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> N'ime nkwupụta mgbasa ozi ya na-ekwupụta nhazi ọkwa, FPB zoro aka ogologo oge na ikike na ọrụ iwu ya, karịsịa ọrụ ya na "ịkwalite nchekwa ụmụaka"; <ref name="fpb20120601" /> : 1 ma gọnarị ya n'ụzọ doro anya na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị emetụtawo ya ma ọ bụ mee ihe karịrị ikike ya, na-ekwu na "Anyị kwenyere na akụkọ ndị megidere ya bụ nke e mere kpọmkwem iji mebie aha Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ihe nkiri na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ, na-agbagha iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, ikike, ntụkwasị obi yana nkwenye. chepụta dị ka eziokwu ụgha echiche na steeti na-achọ ịgbachi nkịtị na censor mgbasa ozi n'ụzọ ọ bụla kwere omume na n'enweghị nkwanye ùgwù maka usoro na ụkpụrụ anabatara ". <ref name="fpb20120601" /> : 3 Na nzaghachi nye ajụjụ, onye isi ọrụ FPB Mmapula Fisha kwuru na ''Ube'' dị iche na ọrụ nka ndị ọzọ nwere ịgba ọtọ, ma kwesịkwa na nhazi 16N, n'ihi na "ihe osise ahụ amanyela ọha mmadụ ilegharị anya akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na-egbu mgbu". <ref name="iol20120601" /> Na 10 Ọktoba 2012, FPB mara ọkwa na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ihe nkiri na Mkpegharị Ọha akwadola mkpesa Goodman Gallery, wepụrụ nhazi ọkwa ahụ wee si otú ahụ wepụ ihe mgbochi niile na mbipụta na ịnweta eserese ahụ. <ref name="citypress20121010">{{Cite news|author=City Press Staff Reporter|title=Appeal tribunal declassifies The Spear|work=City Press|url=http://www.citypress.co.za/SouthAfrica/News/Appeal-tribunal-declassifies-The-Spear-20121010|date=10 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref> <ref name="witness20121011">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association & Witness Reporter|title=The Spear: Classification of painting overturned on appeal|work=Witness.co.za|url=http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=89155|date=11 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref> <ref name="timeslive20121010">{{Cite news|author=South African Press Association|title='The Spear' declassified|work=Sunday Times|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/10/10/the-spear-declassified|publisher=Times Live|date=10 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref> E bipụtara mkpebi nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ <ref name="fpb20121007award">{{Cite web|first=Karthy|author=Govender|title=Award In re: Appeal against the classification of the painting known as The Spear and the electronic versions of it (Microsoft Word 2007 .docx document)|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/images/documents/reviewawards/The_Spear_Appeal_Award.docx|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=7 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015027/http://www.fpb.org.za/images/documents/reviewawards/The_Spear_Appeal_Award.docx}}</ref> n'otu ụbọchị ahụ. <ref name="fpb20121007pr">{{Cite web|author=Film and Publication Board (South Africa)|title=Press Statement on the award in respect of the appeal for the FPB Classification of 'The Spear' painting as displayed at the Goodman Gallery|work=FPB.org.za|url=http://www.fpb.org.za/media-centre-fpb/press-release|publisher=Film and Publication Board|date=10 October 2012|accessdate=11 October 2012|archivedate=20 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120015003/http://www.fpb.org.za/media-centre-fpb/press-release}}</ref> Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ahụ kwadoro mkpebi kọmitii nhazi ọkwa mbụ na e kwesịghị ekewa ''Spear'' dị ka ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, <ref name="fpb20121007award" /> : 5–7 mana achọtara megide kọmitii ahụ, usoro ya na nhazi ya n'ọtụtụ ihe mgbakwasị ụkwụ. == Ntụaka == na-ese ihe Russia [[Viktor Semyonovich Ivanov]] akwụkwọ mmado ''Lenin Lived, Lenin Is Ndụ, Lenin Ga-adị ndụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The painting of President Zuma|url=http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/|work=inside-politics.org|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523023918/http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara iberibe dị iche iche na-akatọ patina-ese ihe Russia [[Viktor Semyonovich Ivanov]] akwụkwọ mmado ''Lenin Lived, Lenin Is Ndụ, Lenin Ga-adị ndụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The painting of President Zuma|url=http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/|work=inside-politics.org|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523023918/http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara iberibe dị iche iche na-akatọ patina-ese ihe Russia [[Viktor Semyonovich Ivanov]] akwụkwọ mmado ''Lenin Lived, Lenin Is Ndụ, Lenin Ga-adị ndụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The painting of President Zuma|url=http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/|work=inside-politics.org|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523023918/http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara iberibe dị iche iche na-akatọ patina-ese ihe Russia [[Viktor Semyonovich Ivanov]] akwụkwọ mmado ''Lenin Lived, Lenin Is Ndụ, Lenin Ga-adị ndụ'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The painting of President Zuma|url=http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/|work=inside-politics.org|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|archivedate=23 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523023918/http://inside-politics.org/2012/05/17/the-painting-of-president-zuma/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara iberibe dị iche iche na-akatọ pati{{Reflist}} == Hụkwa == * Mirth &amp;amp; Girth, ihe atụ atụnyere onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Chicago [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ewc67m9foxsukbmuly20xr147nu3z2b 0 46678 674323 207225 2026-07-08T23:49:50Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674323 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:The Blade-Tribune, Martin Puryear 1984 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Martin Puryear]]   Martin L. Puryear (amuru May 23, 1941) bu omenkà Afro-Amerika mara maka nraranye ya na nka omenaala.  Na-arụ ọrụ n'ụdị mgbasa ozi dị iche, mana nke bụ isi osisi, usoro mweghachi ya na ụzọ ntụgharị uche na-agbagha oke anụ ahụ na uri nke ihe ya.  [1] : 54–57 Ihe ngosi nke onwe/Liberta nke onye na-ese ihe nọchiri anya United States na Venice Biennale 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnews.com/2018/08/15/source-martin-puryear-will-represent-united-states-2019-venice-biennale/|title=Editors: Confirmed: Martin Puryear Will Represent United States at 2019 Venice Biennale|author=|date=2018-08-15|work=ARTnews|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Cotter">{{Cite news|author=Cotter|first=Holland|title=Martin Puryear, Citizen-Sculptor|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/03/arts/martin-puryear-venice-biennale.html|accessdate=2019-05-05|work=The New York Times|date=3 May 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ ==   A ese na 1941 na Washington, DC, Martin Puryear Ikiri usoro nka omenala n'oge mmetụta ya, na-achọ ngwá ọrụ, ụgbọ mmiri, ngwá ngwá, na ngwá ụlọ.  [1] Mgbe ọ na-emesịrị BA na Fine Art site na Mahadum nke America na 1963, Puryear mmetụta afọ dị ka onye ọrụ afọ Peace Corps na Sierra Leone.  [2] : 168–197 Site na 1966 – 1968, ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Royal Swedish Academy of Arts na Stockholm, abụghị na United States iji debanye aha na mmemme ọmụmụ akwụkwọ maka ihe ọmụmụ Mahadum Yale.  [3] : 128–130 Ọ bụ ebe na ọ tara Minimalism n'oge mgbaàmà na ya, Puryear ga-emesị jụ akara na-acha ya. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị MFA ya na Yale, Puryear malitere nkuzi na Mahadum Fisk na Nashville na Mahadum Maryland na College Park. Na 1977, na-eso ọkụ na-agbawa agbawa na studio Brooklyn, Puryear kwagara Chicago wee malite nkuzi na Mahadum Illinois. <ref name="Elderfield">Elderfield, John, and Michael Auping, ''Martin Puryear''. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2007</ref> : 168–197  Ma 1979 na 1981, na ọzọ na 1989, ọrụ ya na Whitney Biennial na Whitney Museum of American Art na New York City.  Ọ gara Japan na 1982 site na Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship ebe ọ nyọchare ụlọ ụlọ na ime ụlọ.  [1] : 128–130 Na 1989, e nyere ya MacArthur Foundation Fellowship ma nọchite anya United States na São Paulo Bienal, Brazil.  [2] [3] ihe ngosi nka nke ọgba ọhụrụ haziri ihe ngosi na 2007 nke gara na Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, TX, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC na San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, CA.  [4] Na 2012 Onye isi ala Obama nyere ya nrite mba nke Arts na 2019 ọ nọchitere United States na Venice Biennale. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-13|title=Remarks by the President at the 2011 National Medals of Arts and Humanities Ceremony|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/02/13/remarks-president-2011-national-medals-arts-and-humanities-ceremony|accessdate=2023-12-21|work=whitehouse.gov|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Cotter"/> == Ihe osise == Ihe osise nke Martin Puryear bụ ngwaahịa a na-ahụ anya na-arụ ọrụ nka siri ike na iji ihe dị ọcha; Ụdị ya bụ ngwakọta nke organic na geometric. Enwere ike ịkọwa usoro ya dị ka mbelata, na-achọ iweta ọrụ na ihe onwunwe nso na ọnọdụ mbụ ya na ịmepụta ezi uche na ọrụ ọ bụla sitere na onye na-emepụta na ime ihe. Nke a bụ ihe Puryear na-akpọ "enweghị atụ", ma ọ bụ "uju nke ịnọ n'ime oke" na-akọwa ọrụ. <ref name="exxon">Shearer, Linda. ''Young American Artists 1978 Exxon National Exhibition''. New York: The Solomon Guggenheim Museum, 1978</ref> : 54–57  Ọtụtụ mgbe na-azụ ya na Minimalism na ihe ọkpụkpụ Formalist, Puryear na-ajụ na ọrụ ya bụ mgbe ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mkpa na ya ma ọ bụ ebumnobi.  Ụdị echiche dị na nke ziri ezi ezi site n'iji nka omenaala eme ihe bụ ihe nlegharị anya na uri, yana n'onwe ya.  N'anya, ha na-ezute ndị ihe mere eme nke ihe na-eme ihe mere eme nke ha na-eme, na-atụ aro ndị na-esogbu na eze na nke onwe onye nke onye na-ese ihe, eme, na-eme ihe, na ike  .  [1] A na- nọmba ma na-anakọta ọrụ ya na United States na mba ụwa. Ọ bụrụ na ihe mmụta nke nta ka ọ afụ afọ iri ise, Puryear kere ọrụ ndị na-iche sculptural ya iche n'ibu nnukwu.  Site na ọrụ mbụ n'ụdị Artpark, na Lewistown, New York, na 1977 ruo ọhụrụ 2023 na-adịgide adịgide Commission maka Storm King Art Center, ihe ọkpụkpụ Puryear na site sitere n'aka onye na-ese ihe,  ma ọ bụ saịtị na ike ma ọ bụ na ụdị nke ahụ.  onye na-ese ihe na-ese ma ọ bụ ejiji site na mperi osisi <ref>{{Cite web|title=Storm King : Exhibition : Martin Puryear: Process and Scale [EXH.152]|url=https://collections.stormking.org/Detail/occurrences/207|accessdate=2023-12-21|work=collections.stormking.org}}</ref> === ''Nchekwa'' (2023) === Na 2023, Puryear mezuru ''Lookout'', ihe ọkpụkpụ mbụ ya buru ibu nke e ji brik mee, na Storm King Art Center na Ndagwurugwu Hudson nke New York. <ref name="Dizikes2023">{{Cite web|author=Dizikes|first=Peter|title=A marvel in masonry shows the art of the possible|url=https://news.mit.edu/2023/marvel-masonry-lookout-sculpture-1027|work=MIT News|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|accessdate=2023-11-05|language=en|date=27 October 2023}}</ref> <ref name="Valentine">{{Cite web|author=Valentine|first=Victoria L.|title=A Feat of Engineering and Craftsmanship, Martin Puryear's First Brick Sculpture Was a Decade in the Making: 'It's Been an Adventure and a Challenge'|url=https://www.culturetype.com/2023/09/26/a-feat-of-engineering-and-craftsmanship-martin-puryears-first-brick-sculpture-was-a-decade-in-the-making-its-been-an-adventure-and-a-challenge/|work=Culture Type|publisher=Culture Type, LLC|accessdate=2023-11-05|date=26 September 2023}}</ref> <ref name="Cortez">{{Cite web|author=Cortez|first=Benjamin|title=Storm King Art Center Unveils "Lookout" Sculpture: A Fusion of Art and Engineering by Martin Puryear and MIT Collaborators|url=https://hoodline.com/2023/10/storm-king-art-center-unveils-lookout-sculpture-a-fusion-of-art-and-engineering-by-martin-puryear-and-mit-collaborators/|work=Hoodline|publisher=SFist LLC|accessdate=2023-11-05|date=October 29, 2023}}</ref> Ihe osise a bụ shei domed gbagọrọ agbagọ, nke oghere okirikiri 90 nke nha dị iche iche tụrụ ya. Ndị ọbịa nwere ike ịgagharị na n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ, na-anụ ụtọ echiche nke mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Loos|first=Ted|date=2023-09-14|title=Brick by Brick, a Sculpture at Storm King, by Way of Africa|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/14/arts/design/storm-king-puryear-brick-sculpture.html|accessdate=2023-12-21}}</ref> Ihe oru ngo a aburula ihe mgbagwoju anya rue nzuko n’aho 2019 n’etiti onye omenka na prọfesọ MIT na onye injinia nhazi John Ochsendorf mepere uzo. Ochesendorf emechaala nyocha nke ọma oge ochie na teknụzụ owuwu ụlọ, ọkachasị ebe nchekwa na ụlọ. Nzukọ ha rụpụtara atụmatụ imekọ ihe ọnụ nso ngwa ngwa nke jikọtara ụkpụrụ nke Nubian vaulting, usoro ụlọ ochie nke Ochsendorf na Puryear maara nke ọma. Silman Associates, Structural Engineers nyere ọrụ injinia. <ref name="Dizikes2023"/> Na Storm King bụ Lara Davis (Limaçon Design), onye ọkachamara na-ahụ maka nchekwa na onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-eduzi ihe owuwu ahụ. Mgbe emechara nhọrọ ihe na ịkọwapụta usoro ihe owuwu, Davis jikọtara ya na Puryear Studio iji wuo ihe ọkpụkpụ. Emechara ọrụ ahụ n'ime oge okpomọkụ abụọ. <ref name="Dizikes2023"/> Puryear na-ewere ''Lookout'' ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkpụkpụ kachasị dị mgbagwoju anya nke ọ rụchara ruo taa. <ref name="Valentine"/> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * <span class="portalbox-image">[[File:WPVA-khamsa.svg|alt=icon|class=noviewer|28x28px]]</span></img> <span class="portalbox-link">[[Portal:Visual Arts|Portal Arts Visual]]</span> * <span class="portalbox-image">[[File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg|link=|alt=flag|border|class=noviewer|32x32px]]</span></img> <span class="portalbox-link">[[Portal:United States|Portal United States]]</span> * <span class="portalbox-image">[[File:P_vip.svg|link=|alt=|class=noviewer|28x28px]]</span></img> <span class="portalbox-link">[[Portal:Biography|Portal biography]]</span> * [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/02/arts/design/02pury.html Edemede Roberta Smith na NYT], Nov. 2, 2007 * [https://www.matthewmarks.com/artists/martin-puryear Martin Puryear na Matthew Marks Gallery], New York. * [http://brooklynrail.org/2007/11/art/martin-puryear-with-david-levi-strauss Ajụjụ ọnụ David Levi-Strauss na Martin Puryear] sitere na Brooklyn Rail, Nọvemba 2007 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001312/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artists/bios/1197 Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Puryear's Guggenheim] * [http://mckeegallery.com/artists/martin-puryear/ Martin Puryear na McKee Gallery] Martin Puryear na McKee Gallery, New York * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200813005111/https://www.sfmoma.org/exhibitions/334/ Martin Puryear nlegharị anya] na San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 2008–2009 [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e4t5bzvk71dd8r6z6yp2osjhd0ie9vy 0 46763 674384 170228 2026-07-09T07:03:23Z Goodymeraj 16207 674384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mahomet Thomas Phillips''' (1 June 1876 - 7 June 1943) bụ onye na-ese okwute na Bekee-Congo . Ọrụ ya pụtara na katidral na ụka dị na England na karịa, gụnyere na ncheta Edith Cavell na Peterborough Cathedral, na redos maka Katidral St John the Baptist na St John's, Newfoundland na Canada. Ya na ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ a ma ama gụnyere Temple Moore, Sir Giles Gilbert Scott na Sir Charles Nicholson rụkọrọ ọrụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Phillips na 1 June 1876 na Banana, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], ma bụrụ nwa nke atọ nke onye na-azụ ahịa Bekee aha ya bụ Richard Cobden Phillips na Nené Bassa nke a makwaara dị ka Menina Barros, nwanyị ojii si Cabinda. Ma ya na nwanne ya nwoke gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ dị na Mukinvika. Oge ụfọdụ na 1880s Mahomet na nwanne ya nwanyị nke obere Nene gara England. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Heather|date=17 October 2022|title=Mahomet Thomas Phillips Part 1|url=https://reimagininglincs.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/2022/10/17/mahomet-thomas-phillips-part-1/|work=University of Lincoln}}</ref> Na 1891 Mahomet bi na Salford ya na nna ya na ụmụnne ya abụọ Paul na Ernest John Harrison . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Heather|date=17 October 2022|title=Mahomet Thomas Phillips Part 2|url=https://reimagininglincs.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/2022/10/17/mahomet-thomas-phillips-part-2/|work=University of Lincoln}}</ref> Site na 1896 ruo 1909 Phillips gụrụ akwụkwọ ma rụọ ọrụ n'okpuru George Walker Milburn na York School of Science & Art. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Heather|date=17 October 2022|title=Mahomet Thomas Phillips Part 2|url=https://reimagininglincs.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/2022/10/17/mahomet-thomas-phillips-part-2/|work=University of Lincoln}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Hughes, Heather; Waddington, Rob (17 October 2022). [https://reimagininglincs.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/2022/10/17/mahomet-thomas-phillips-part-2/ "Mahomet Thomas Phillips Part 2"]. ''University of Lincoln''.</cite></ref> Ọ gafere ule mbụ ya ebe ahụ na 1896. <ref>{{Cite news|date=29 August 1896|title=York School of Science and Art: Pass List|pages=6|work=Yorkshire Gazette|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18960829/048/0006}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya klas nke abụọ na 'ịse ihe ochie'. <ref>{{Cite news|date=14 October 1905|title=St Leonard's School of Art|work=Driffield Times|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001065/19051014/101/0003}}</ref> N'oge a ọ zutere nwunye ya Mary Ann Morley; ha wee mụọ ụmụ atọ - Nene (1900), Lancelot Barros (1902) na Francisco Morley (1904). <ref name=":1" /> [[Usòrò:Interior_of_The_Cathedral_Church_of_St_Peter,_St_Paul_and_St_Andrew,_Peterborough_-_geograph.org.uk_-_468617.jpg|thumb| Ememe ncheta nke Edith Cavell na Peterborough Katidral]] Na 1911 Phillips na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Tottenham . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Heather|date=17 October 2022|title=Mahomet Thomas Phillips Part 2|url=https://reimagininglincs.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/2022/10/17/mahomet-thomas-phillips-part-2/|work=University of Lincoln}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Hughes, Heather; Waddington, Rob (17 October 2022). [https://reimagininglincs.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/2022/10/17/mahomet-thomas-phillips-part-2/ "Mahomet Thomas Phillips Part 2"]. ''University of Lincoln''.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1913, ekpughere ihe mkpuchi ụlọ na St Chad's na Dunholme, Lincolnshire. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Pevsner|first=Nikolaus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQqV7kdX1Y0C&dq=%22Mahomet+Phillips%22&pg=PA260|title=Lincolnshire|date=1989-01-01|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-09620-0|pages=260|language=en}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 1916 ezinụlọ ahụ bi na Peterborough, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka onye na-ewu ụlọ na onye na-ewu nkume J. Thompson & Sons. <ref name=":1" /> N'ebe ahụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ncheta nke Temple Moore mere ka Edith Cavell dị na Peterborough Cathedral . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Edith Louisa Cavell|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/46481|accessdate=2022-10-21|work=Imperial War Museums|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1916, e debanyere ya n'òtù ndị agha Britain. O tinyere akwụkwọ n'Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Agha, ikekwe n'ihi na ọ nọ nso na njedebe afọ elu, ma nye ya obere oge; A kọwara ya na ''Peterborough Express'' dị ka onye na-ese osisi, nkume na mabụl. <ref>{{Cite news|date=21 June 1916|title=City Tribunals|pages=3|work=Peterborough Express|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004075/19160621/061/0003}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ ihe mgbaàmà </link> na Royal Field Artillery, na-erute ọkwa nke corporal. <ref name=":1" /> Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, Phillips laghachiri n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe; Otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ ya bụ ncheta agha na Sleaford, Lincolnshire, nke ekpughere na 1922. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Hereford War Memorial n'otu afọ ahụ. Na 1923 ọ kpụrụ ọtụtụ grotesques gụnyere falcon na unicorn maka St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Heather|date=17 October 2022|title=Mahomet Thomas Phillips Part 2|url=https://reimagininglincs.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/2022/10/17/mahomet-thomas-phillips-part-2/|work=University of Lincoln}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Hughes, Heather; Waddington, Rob (17 October 2022). [https://reimagininglincs.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/2022/10/17/mahomet-thomas-phillips-part-2/ "Mahomet Thomas Phillips Part 2"]. ''University of Lincoln''.</cite></ref> N'otu afọ ahụ ya na nwa ya nwoke Lancelot, dechara redos maka Katidral St John the Baptist na St John's na Newfoundland . O were ha awa 2,779 imepụta. <ref name=":1" /> Site na 1920s ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka Bowman & Sons na Stamford . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Heather|date=17 October 2022|title=Mahomet Thomas Phillips Part 2|url=https://reimagininglincs.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/2022/10/17/mahomet-thomas-phillips-part-2/|work=University of Lincoln}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Hughes, Heather; Waddington, Rob (17 October 2022). [https://reimagininglincs.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/2022/10/17/mahomet-thomas-phillips-part-2/ "Mahomet Thomas Phillips Part 2"]. ''University of Lincoln''.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-29|title=Uncovering the mystery of the carved wings on an Easton house|url=https://www.stamfordmercury.co.uk/news/uncovering-the-mystery-of-the-carved-wings-on-an-easton-house-9057950/|accessdate=2022-10-22|work=Stamford Mercury|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1920, o so ha rụọ ọrụ na ncheta agha Grantham na ogige ụlọ ụka St Wulfram . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Grantham|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/20574|accessdate=2022-10-21|work=Imperial War Museums|language=en}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi na-akpụ akpụ na Bowman & Sons ma bụrụ onye a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ọrụ na katidral Bradford, Chelmsford, Southwark, Manchester na Peterborough. <ref name=":1" /> Na 1925 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ncheta na Silverdale, Lancashire, nye Helen Currer Briggs, onye bụbu Lady Mayoress nke Leeds, onye kpalitere Leeds Poor Children's Holiday Camp Association . <ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 1925|title=Leeds Poor Children's Holiday Camp|pages=11|work=Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/19250706/209/0011}}</ref> Na 1926 Phillips haziri ma kụọ ihuenyo ọhụrụ na St Martin's Church, Stamford . <ref name=":1" /> Phillips nwụrụ na 7 June 1943 wee lie ya na nwunye ya Mary na Stamford Cemetery. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Heather|date=17 October 2022|title=Mahomet Thomas Phillips Part 2|url=https://reimagininglincs.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/2022/10/17/mahomet-thomas-phillips-part-2/|work=University of Lincoln}}</ref> == Ihe nketa == Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, George na dragọn ahụ ọ pịrị apị ka etinyere na ncheta Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ ekpughere na St George's Church, Stamford na 1949. <ref>{{Cite news|date=8 April 1949|title=Stamford Church's Celebrations|pages=4|work=Stamford Mercury|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000237/19490408/139/0004}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=29 April 1949|title=Stamford Church's Quincentenary|pages=5|work=Stamford Mercury|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000237/19490429/112/0005}}</ref> N'October 2022 Mahadum Lincoln ekpughere ihe ngosi na ọba akwụkwọ mahadum raara nye ndụ Phillips. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black History Month events – Staff News|url=https://staffnews.lincoln.ac.uk/2022/10/06/black-history-month-events-2/|accessdate=2022-10-21|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Osisi ọrụ == <gallery> Usòrò:War_Memorial,_Sleaford.JPG|alt=Sleaford War Memorial|Agha Ncheta Sleaford Usòrò:War_memorial,_St_Owens_Street,_Hereford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_320230.jpg|Hereford War Memorial Usòrò:St_Wulfram's,_Grantham_-_war_memorial.jpg|Grantham War Memorial Usòrò:Font_Cover,_Southwark_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2315495.jpg|alt=Font cover, Southwark Cathedral|Mkpuchi Font,Katidral Southwark Usòrò:St_John_the_Baptist,_Peterborough_-_Sanctuary_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2219300.jpg|alt=St John the Baptist Church, Peterborough - Sanctuary (showing reredos)| St John Baptist Church, Peterborough- Ebe nsọ (na-egosi redos) </gallery> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8bv4vlyd0u0wmlotsri88iyxgj05i5m 674388 674384 2026-07-09T07:06:02Z Goodymeraj 16207 Fixed reference error 674388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mahomet Thomas Phillips''' (1 June 1876 - 7 June 1943) bụ onye na-ese okwute na Bekee-Congo . Ọrụ ya pụtara na katidral na ụka dị na England na karịa, gụnyere na ncheta Edith Cavell na Peterborough Cathedral, na redos maka Katidral St John the Baptist na St John's, Newfoundland na Canada. Ya na ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ a ma ama gụnyere Temple Moore, Sir Giles Gilbert Scott na Sir Charles Nicholson rụkọrọ ọrụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Phillips na 1 June 1876 na Banana, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], ma bụrụ nwa nke atọ nke onye na-azụ ahịa Bekee aha ya bụ Richard Cobden Phillips na Nené Bassa nke a makwaara dị ka Menina Barros, nwanyị ojii si Cabinda. Ma ya na nwanne ya nwoke gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ dị na Mukinvika. Oge ụfọdụ na 1880s Mahomet na nwanne ya nwanyị nke obere Nene gara England. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Heather|date=17 October 2022|title=Mahomet Thomas Phillips Part 1|url=https://reimagininglincs.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/2022/10/17/mahomet-thomas-phillips-part-1/|work=University of Lincoln}}</ref> Na 1891 Mahomet bi na Salford ya na nna ya na ụmụnne ya abụọ Paul na Ernest John Harrison . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Heather|date=17 October 2022|title=Mahomet Thomas Phillips Part 2|url=https://reimagininglincs.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/2022/10/17/mahomet-thomas-phillips-part-2/|work=University of Lincoln}}</ref> Site na 1896 ruo 1909 Phillips gụrụ akwụkwọ ma rụọ ọrụ n'okpuru George Walker Milburn na York School of Science & Art. <ref name=":1" /> Ọ gafere ule mbụ ya ebe ahụ na 1896. <ref>{{Cite news|date=29 August 1896|title=York School of Science and Art: Pass List|pages=6|work=Yorkshire Gazette|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18960829/048/0006}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya klas nke abụọ na 'ịse ihe ochie'. <ref>{{Cite news|date=14 October 1905|title=St Leonard's School of Art|work=Driffield Times|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001065/19051014/101/0003}}</ref> N'oge a ọ zutere nwunye ya Mary Ann Morley; ha wee mụọ ụmụ atọ - Nene (1900), Lancelot Barros (1902) na Francisco Morley (1904). <ref name=":1" /> [[Usòrò:Interior_of_The_Cathedral_Church_of_St_Peter,_St_Paul_and_St_Andrew,_Peterborough_-_geograph.org.uk_-_468617.jpg|thumb| Ememe ncheta nke Edith Cavell na Peterborough Katidral]] Na 1911 Phillips na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Tottenham . <ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1913, ekpughere ihe mkpuchi ụlọ na St Chad's na Dunholme, Lincolnshire. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Pevsner|first=Nikolaus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQqV7kdX1Y0C&dq=%22Mahomet+Phillips%22&pg=PA260|title=Lincolnshire|date=1989-01-01|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-09620-0|pages=260|language=en}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 1916 ezinụlọ ahụ bi na Peterborough, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka onye na-ewu ụlọ na onye na-ewu nkume J. Thompson & Sons. <ref name=":1" /> N'ebe ahụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ncheta nke Temple Moore mere ka Edith Cavell dị na Peterborough Cathedral . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Edith Louisa Cavell|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/46481|accessdate=2022-10-21|work=Imperial War Museums|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1916, e debanyere ya n'òtù ndị agha Britain. O tinyere akwụkwọ n'Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Agha, ikekwe n'ihi na ọ nọ nso na njedebe afọ elu, ma nye ya obere oge; A kọwara ya na ''Peterborough Express'' dị ka onye na-ese osisi, nkume na mabụl. <ref>{{Cite news|date=21 June 1916|title=City Tribunals|pages=3|work=Peterborough Express|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004075/19160621/061/0003}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ ihe mgbaàmà </link> na Royal Field Artillery, na-erute ọkwa nke corporal. <ref name=":1" /> Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, Phillips laghachiri n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe; Otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ ya bụ ncheta agha na Sleaford, Lincolnshire, nke ekpughere na 1922. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Hereford War Memorial n'otu afọ ahụ. Na 1923 ọ kpụrụ ọtụtụ grotesques gụnyere falcon na unicorn maka St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle . <ref name=":1" /> N'otu afọ ahụ ya na nwa ya nwoke Lancelot, dechara redos maka Katidral St John the Baptist na St John's na Newfoundland . O were ha awa 2,779 imepụta. <ref name=":1" /> Site na 1920s ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka Bowman & Sons na Stamford . <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-29|title=Uncovering the mystery of the carved wings on an Easton house|url=https://www.stamfordmercury.co.uk/news/uncovering-the-mystery-of-the-carved-wings-on-an-easton-house-9057950/|accessdate=2022-10-22|work=Stamford Mercury|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1920, o so ha rụọ ọrụ na ncheta agha Grantham na ogige ụlọ ụka St Wulfram . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Grantham|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/20574|accessdate=2022-10-21|work=Imperial War Museums|language=en}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi na-akpụ akpụ na Bowman & Sons ma bụrụ onye a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ọrụ na katidral Bradford, Chelmsford, Southwark, Manchester na Peterborough. <ref name=":1" /> Na 1925 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ncheta na Silverdale, Lancashire, nye Helen Currer Briggs, onye bụbu Lady Mayoress nke Leeds, onye kpalitere Leeds Poor Children's Holiday Camp Association . <ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 1925|title=Leeds Poor Children's Holiday Camp|pages=11|work=Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/19250706/209/0011}}</ref> Na 1926 Phillips haziri ma kụọ ihuenyo ọhụrụ na St Martin's Church, Stamford . <ref name=":1" /> Phillips nwụrụ na 7 June 1943 wee lie ya na nwunye ya Mary na Stamford Cemetery. <ref name=":1" /> == Ihe nketa == Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, George na dragọn ahụ ọ pịrị apị ka etinyere na ncheta Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ ekpughere na St George's Church, Stamford na 1949. <ref>{{Cite news|date=8 April 1949|title=Stamford Church's Celebrations|pages=4|work=Stamford Mercury|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000237/19490408/139/0004}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=29 April 1949|title=Stamford Church's Quincentenary|pages=5|work=Stamford Mercury|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000237/19490429/112/0005}}</ref> N'October 2022 Mahadum Lincoln ekpughere ihe ngosi na ọba akwụkwọ mahadum raara nye ndụ Phillips. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black History Month events – Staff News|url=https://staffnews.lincoln.ac.uk/2022/10/06/black-history-month-events-2/|accessdate=2022-10-21|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Osisi ọrụ == <gallery> Usòrò:War_Memorial,_Sleaford.JPG|alt=Sleaford War Memorial|Agha Ncheta Sleaford Usòrò:War_memorial,_St_Owens_Street,_Hereford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_320230.jpg|Hereford War Memorial Usòrò:St_Wulfram's,_Grantham_-_war_memorial.jpg|Grantham War Memorial Usòrò:Font_Cover,_Southwark_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2315495.jpg|alt=Font cover, Southwark Cathedral|Mkpuchi Font,Katidral Southwark Usòrò:St_John_the_Baptist,_Peterborough_-_Sanctuary_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2219300.jpg|alt=St John the Baptist Church, Peterborough - Sanctuary (showing reredos)| St John Baptist Church, Peterborough- Ebe nsọ (na-egosi redos) </gallery> == Ebemsidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] llbuxe1a27dudrlu041ozfjgcpny0pi 0 46814 674466 496137 2026-07-09T09:53:32Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674466 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Abdelaziz Baraka Sakin 01.jpg|thumb|Abdelaziz Baraka Sakin]]   '''Abdelaziz Baraka Sakin''' ([[Arabic]]:[[:ar:عبد العزيز بركة ساكن|عبد العزيز بركة ساكن]], a mụrụ na Kassala, Sudan, na 1963) bụ onye edemede akụkọ ifo nke Sudan nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na Darfur na ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan, onye a machibidoro akwụkwọ ya na Sudan na 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sudan bans my books: Novelist Sakin charges – Arab – Books|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/18/107/55341/Books/Arab/Sudan-bans-my-books-Novelist-Sakin-charges.aspx|accessdate=26 June 2020|work=Ahram Online|language=en}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2012, ọ bi na [[Austria]] ma mesịa biri na France. A maara ya nke ọma maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The Messiah of Darfur na The ''Jungo'', nke a sụgharịrị site na Arabic mbụ gaa na French, E[[Arabic]], Spanish na German.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kleinezeitung.at/kultur/6240487/Interview-mit-Grazer-Stadtschreiber_Ein-Ort-ist-noch-keine-Heimat|title=Interview mit Grazer Stadtschreiber: "Ein Ort ist noch keine Heimat" &#124; Kleine Zeitung|date=19 January 2023|work=www.kleinezeitung.at}}</ref> Dị ka onye nkatọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudan Lemya Shammat si kwuo, "Sakin atụgharịala uche ugboro ugboro na mgbagwoju anya nke ahụmahụ mmadụ n'oge esemokwu, na-egosipụta oke egwu nke esemokwu nke agha na-eweta." == Ndụ na ọrụ edemede == A mụrụ Baraka Sakin n'obodo Kassala nke dị na Sudan nke dị nso n'ókè ya na Eritrea, mana mgbọrọgwụ ezinụlọ ya laghachiri Darfur na ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nchịkwa azụmahịa na Mahadum Assiut na Egypt, ma rụọ ọrụ ọkachamara dị iche iche n'oge ndụ ya: dị ka onye ọrụ aka, onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, onye ndụmọdụ maka UNICEF na Darfur, ma ọ bụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ na NGO mba ụwa maka ikike ụmụaka. Akwụkwọ edemede ya nke na-ekwu maka ndị a na-akpachapụ anya na agha, na-ekwu maka mgbukpọ Darfur na ọchịchị aka ike na Sudan n'okpuru Omar al-Bashir, ka e bipụtara na Arabic na Egypt. Ọ na-ewu ewu na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ Sudan, bụ ndị na-ebubata akwụkwọ ya n'obodo ha mgbe ha kwụsịrị na 2009.[1] Onye ode akwụkwọ Sudan bụ Ayman Bik kpọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ Mesaịa nke Darfur "ezigbo nzọpụ ụkwụ na-aga n'ihu, maka ntọhapụ na njikọ akụkọ ihe mere eme anyị gbasara mpaghara Darfur, yana gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mgbuchapụ ndị e mere na mpaghara ahụ". N'afọ 2011, Baraka Sakin natara Al-Tayeb Salih Prize for Creative Writing na Khartoum book fair maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The Jungo - Stakes of the Earth, nke na-ekwu maka ọnọdụ dị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị na El-Gadarif n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Sudan. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, ndị ọchịchị Sudan weghaara ma machibido akwụkwọ ya iwu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lynx Qualey|first=Marcia|date=22 April 2017|title=Abdelaziz Baraka Sakin Wins 'Committed Book Prize' for Novel Seized at Recent Khartoum Book Fair|url=https://arablit.org/2017/04/22/abdelaziz-baraka-sakin-wins-committed-book-prize-for-novel-seized-at-recent-khartoum-book-fair/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=26 June 2020|work=ArabLit & ArabLit Quarterly|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, Baraka Sakin hapụrụ Sudan, na-achọ ebe a chụgara ya na Austria, ebe ọ bi kemgbe afọ 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-06|title='I experience a new type of fear every time I write'—Lebohang Mojapelo interviews exiled Sudanese author Abdelaziz Baraka Sakin|url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2020/02/06/i-experience-a-new-type-of-fear-every-time-i-write-lebohang-mojapelo-interviews-exiled-sudanese-author-abdelaziz-baraka-sakin/|accessdate=2021-03-08|author=Lebohang Mojapelo|work=[[The Johannesburg Review of Books]]|language=en-US}}</ref> === Nsụgharị na nnabata === Na-esochi mbipụta izizi ya, e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The Jungo – Stakes of the Earth na ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee na French. Akụkọ ya dị mkpirikpi Otu nwanyị si Kampo Kadees so na anthology Nouvelles du Soudan na 2010. Ntụgharị asụsụ French nke Mesaịa nke Darfur meriri Prix Les Afriques na 2017. Na France, o bipụtakwara akwụkwọ ụmụaka dị ka mbipụta ọtụtụ asụsụ na Arabic, Bekee na French. Ọtụtụ n'ime akụkọ mkpirisi ya ka onye odee Sudanese-Austrian Ishraga Mustafa tụgharịrị n'asụsụ German.[1] Na Septemba 2016, a kpọrọ ya òkù na Berlin dị ka onye so na Ememme International for Literature, [2] na na 2019 na ememe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Africa na-agafe na Cologne, Germany.[3] E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The Messiah of Darfur na ntụgharị German n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2021. Na ntụleghachi nke German online portal Qantara, onye ode akwụkwọ ibe ya bụ Volker Kaminski dere maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ: <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kaminski|first=Volker|date=2022-04-14|title=Abdelaziz Baraka Sakin's "The Messiah of Darfur": A peacemaker in times of war|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/abdelaziz-baraka-sakins-the-messiah-of-darfur-a-peacemaker-in-times-of-war|accessdate=2022-04-17|work=Qantara.de – Dialogue with the Islamic World|language=en}}</ref>   E nyere Baraka Sakin BBC Short Story Prize maka Arab World maka A Woman site na Kampo Kadees na 1993, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Abdelaziz Baraka Sakin|url=https://www.emirateslitfest.com/authors/abdelaziz-baraka-sakin/|accessdate=2021-08-13|work=www.emirateslitfest.com|language=en|archivedate=3 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803143915/https://www.emirateslitfest.com/authors/abdelaziz-baraka-sakin/}}</ref> na 2020, Arab Literature Prize site na Institut du Monde Arabe (IMA) na Paris maka nsụgharị French nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The Jungo - Stakes of the Earth . N'ikwu okwu banyere onyinye a, o kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ: "...Ihe nrite a bịara n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi na akwụkwọ akụkọ m na-ekwu maka nnagide okpukpe, ịhụnanya na mmadụ, ebe anyị bi ugbu a n'ụwa nke agha nke njirimara kewara ekewa, na-agafe ihe yiri esemokwu nke mmepeanya.”<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-11|title=Sudanese writer wins 2020 Institut du Monde Arabe's prize {{!}}|url=http://thearabweekly.com/sudanese-writer-wins-2020-institut-du-monde-arabes-prize|accessdate=2021-08-13|work=thearabweekly.com|language=en}}</ref> Baraka Sakin dere maka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Arabic: Al Arabi magazine (Kuweit), Al Naqid (London), Nazwa magazine (Oman), Journal of Palestine Studies (Paris, na French), Doha Magazine (UAE), Banipal (London). ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Dastoor (London).   Na ngwụcha Ọgọstụ 2022, obodo Graz nke Ọstrịa mara ọkwa na ahọpụtara Baraka Sakin maka onyinye agụmagụ Stadtschreiber von Graz (onye ode akwụkwọ obodo Graz) maka 2022/23. Ndị juri ahụ ji okwu ndị a kọwara ihe nrite ahụ: "N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, Abdelaziz Baraka Sakin gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka onye na-ekiri ihe gbasara akụ na ụba na, n'ikpeazụ ma ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ, onye nyocha na-ekwenye ekwenye nke akụkọ ifo na echiche. usoro nkà na ụzụ na-ewepụ enweghị uche site n'iche ọchị, satire na ọchị ojii." Na 2022, ebipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya La Princesse de Zanzibar (The Princess of Zanzibar) na French. Akụkọ dị iche iche dabere na eziokwu akụkọ ihe mere eme ahọpụtara, akụkọ na-ekwu maka sultanate Omani, ịgba ohu na mgbanwe mgbanwe 1964 na Zanzibar. Ọzọkwa, ọ nwere ọtụtụ nkọwa gbasara mmegbu nke ndị bi n'agwaetiti ahụ dị n'Africa yana ndụ mmekọahụ nke Sultan ma mechaa machibido ya na Oman na Kuwait. Na Nọvemba 2023, e nyere akwụkwọ akụkọ a Prix BaoBaB dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ Africa kacha mma nke afọ na Maison d'Afrique Mandingo na Montréal, Canada. N'afọ 2023, ndị ọrụ omenaala French nyere Baraka Sakin mma Chevalier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters) n'ihi ntinye aka ya na akwụkwọ. == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == (Aha Arabic niile e nyere na nsụgharị) ; Akwụkwọ akụkọ * The Mills, Vision Publishing, Cairo, 2000 * The Water Ashes, Vision Publishing, Cairo, 2001 * ''Di nke Nwanyị Mgbọ'' na ''Nwa m nwanyị mara mma'', Vision Publishing, Cairo, 2003 * The Bedouin Lover, Vision Publishing, Cairo, 2010 * The Jungo - Stakes of the Earth, Awraq Publishing House, Cairo, 2009 * ''Mezaịa nke Darfur'', Awraq Publishing House, Cairo, 2012 * Kandarees, Awraq Publishing House, Cairo, 2012 * ''Gbaghara m'', Cairo, 2018 * ''Oriri Ndị Ohu'', 2020 * ''Ekpere nke Anụ'', 2020 * ''Cloning nke onye sabo, 2020'' ; Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi * Na Peripheries of Sidewalks, Awraq Publishing House, Cairo, 2005 * A Woman from Kampo Kadees, Awraq Publishing House, Cairo, 2005 French translation: Une femme du camp de Kadis, in Nouvelles du Soudan, Magellan & Cie, 2010 English translation in Literary Sudans. ''Ndị Sudan na-ede akwụkwọ. Akwụkwọ edemede sitere na Sudan na South Sudan'', 2016 * Ihe fọdụrụ kwa ụbọchị nke abalị ahụ, Awraq Publishing House, Cairo, 2010 * ''Egwú nke Ọkpụkpụ'', Awraq Publishing House, Cairo, 2011 ; N'asụsụ Bekee * ''Jungo: Ogwe nke Ụwa. (2015).'' Africa World Press/The Red Sea Press, Inc., Trenton, NJ, USA. ISBN 97815690249  * The Butcher's Daughter, na The Book of Khartoum, akụkọ mkpirikpi, Comma Press, UK 2016 * ''Ọmụmụ'' (akụkọ ahọpụtara), bipụtara n'onwe ya, 2020   ; N'asụsụ French * ''Les Jango'', Éditions Zulma, Paris, France, 2020, {{ISBN|978-2-84304-846-3|}} * ''Le Messie du Darfour,'' Éditions Zulma, Paris, France, 2016, {{ISBN|9782843047794}} * ''La Princesse de Zanzibar'', Éditions Zulma, Paris, France, 2022, ISBN 9791038701052 === N'asụsụ German === * ''Alkchandris: Wer hat Angst vor Osman Bushra?'' (akụkọ dị mkpirikpi) 2012 * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] '''N'asụsụ Spanish''' * ''Mesaịa nke Darfur'', Armænia<ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=El Mesías de Darfur|url=https://epubdescargas.net/product/el-mesias-de-darfurbaraka-sakin-abdelaziz/|accessdate=2021-08-13|work=epubdescargas.net|language=es}}</ref> === Ihe nrite === * 2011 Al-Tayeb-Salih Award for Creative Writing im Sudan * 2013 Stories on Air Prize, nke BBC na Al Arabi Magazine nyereMagazin Al Arabi * 2016 Prix du Live d'Humour de Resistance, nke La Maison du Laire et de l'Humours nke Cluny, France nyere<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Le Messie du Darfour|work=www.zulma.fr|publisher=|url=https://www.zulma.fr/livre/le-messie-du-darfour-3/|format=|accessdate=2021-10-07|archiveurl=|archivedate=|author=Editions Zulma|date=|year=|language=fr|pages=|quote=}}</ref> * 2017 Prix Les Afriques, La Cène Littéraire, Switzerland<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prix Les Afriques 2017|publisher=|url=https://lacenelitteraire.com/prix-litteraire-les-afriques/prix-les-afriques-2017/|format=|accessdate=2021-10-07|archiveurl=|archivedate=|author=|date=|year=|language=fr|pages=|quote=}}</ref> * 2017 Prix Littérature-Monde, Académie française de Développement, France[1]<ref name=":2" /> * 2020 Prix de la littérature arabe (Award for Arabic literature), Institut du monde arabe na Jean-Luc Lagardère Foundation, France<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Sudanese writer wins 2020 Institut du Monde Arabe's prize {{!}}|publisher=|url=http://thearabweekly.com/sudanese-writer-wins-2020-institut-du-monde-arabes-prize|format=|accessdate=2021-10-07|archiveurl=|archivedate=|author=|date=|year=|language=en|pages=|quote=}}</ref> * 2022/23 ''Stadtschreiber von Graz'', Austria * 2023 Knight nke Order of Arts and Letters site na Ministry of Culture nke France * 2023 Ihe nrite BaoBaB, [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]] == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Akụkọ sitere na Sudan'' Paris: Magellan & Cie.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9782350741604|9782350741604]] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akwụkwọ nke Khartoum. Obodo na Akụkọ Akụkọ Dị Mkpirikpi. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781905583720|9781905583720]]  * Magazin Banipal [http://www.banipal.co.uk/back_issues/93/issue-55/ Akwụkwọ Sudan taa.] 2016 * {{Cite book|author=Shringarpure|first=Bhakti|title=Literary Sudans: an anthology of literature from Sudan and South Sudan|date=2016|isbn=978-1-56902-434-8|oclc=958449678}} * Nnyocha nke Mesaịa nke Darfur na Around the World na 180 Akwụkwọ, 2017 == Hụkwa == * Akwụkwọ Sudan * Ndepụta nke ndị edemede Sudan * Akwụkwọ Arabic nke oge a == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://arablit.org/2021/11/22/fiction-from-sudan-abdelaziz-baraka-sakins-a-veteran-warrior/ Akụkọ mkpirikpi nke Abdelaziz Baraka Sakin 'A Veteran Warrior'], nke Adil Babikir sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Bekee * [https://commapress.co.uk/authors/abdel-aziz-baraka-sakin Abdelaziz Baraka Sakin] na ndị na-ebipụta Commapress * Abdelaziz Baraka Sakin na-eme ihe n'ụzọ dị mmaGoodreads [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Sakin, Abdelaziz Baraka}} 7qhxoyeppr775vxzuvjlm32enqiq6o7 0 46920 674381 213791 2026-07-09T07:01:58Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674381 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Joe Casely-Hayford.jpg|thumb|Joe Casely-Hayford]] '''Joseph Ephraim Casely-Hayford''' OBE (24 Mee 1956 - 3 Jenụwarị 2019) bụ onye nrụpụta ejiji Britain. Malite n'etiti 1980s o guzobere aha mba ụwa dị ka otu n'ime ndị UK kacha asọpụrụ na ndị na-emepụta uwe ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị. A họpụtara ya onye isi nke Order nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain, maka ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ejiji, na 2007 Birthday Honors . == Ndụ onwe onye == Na 1976 Casely-Hayford zutere Maria Stevens na Saint Martin's School of Art . Ha lụrụ na 1980, bụrụkwa ndị mmekọ ndụ na azụmaahịa ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na mbido 2019. N'afọ 2008 The Black Power List <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.powerlist.co.uk/|title=Powerlist|work=powerlist.co.uk|accessdate=24 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923002928/http://www.powerlist.co.uk/|archivedate=23 September 2017}}</ref> kpọrọ ezinụlọ Casely-Hayford ezinụlọ ndị ojii kacha emetụta na UK. Na 2006 nwanne ya nwanyị, Dr Margaret Casely-Hayford CBE, ghọrọ Onye ndụmọdụ General, Director of Legal Services na Waitrose - John Lewis Partnership, ụlọ ọrụ nwere ndị ọrụ 70,000. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research//stocks/private/person.asp?personId=113976992&privcapId=3433747&previousCapId=25255892&previousTitle=Bathstore.com+Ltd.|title=Margaret Casely-Hayford: Executive Profile & Biography|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|accessdate=24 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127091424/https://www.bloomberg.com/research//stocks/private/person.asp?personId=113976992&privcapId=3433747&previousCapId=25255892&previousTitle=Bathstore.com+Ltd.|archivedate=27 January 2018}}</ref> Na 2014, a họpụtara ya onye isi oche nke ActionAid UK. Na July 2017, a kpọrọ ya Chancellor nke Mahadum Coventry . Na February 2018 a mara ọkwa ya dị ka oche nke bọọdụ Shakespeare's Globe, na-eweghara n'aka Lord Bichard . Ọ bụ nwanne onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme omenala na onye nduzi nke Smithsonian Institution 's [[National Museum of African Art]], [[Gus Casely-Hayford|Dr Gus Casely-Hayford OBE]], na Peter Casely-Hayford, onye ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri ya, Twenty Twenty mere ụfọdụ n'ime mmemme telivishọn kachasị ewu ewu na UK., dị ka ''The Choir'', ''Brat Camp'' na ''Mbụ Ụbọchị'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.duedil.com/company/gb/03231683/twenty-twenty-productions-limited|title=Twenty Twenty Productions Limited|work=DueDil|accessdate=24 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923050654/https://www.duedil.com/company/gb/03231683/twenty-twenty-productions-limited|archivedate=23 September 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa Victor Casely-Hayford, onye ndekọ ego zụrụ azụ dị ka onye ọka iwu, ma bụrụ nwa nwa na aha nke onye ọka iwu ama ama JE Casely Hayford, [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]], onye akwụkwọ akụkọ 1911 ''Etiopia Unbound'' bụ otu n'ime ha. akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke onye isi ojii ebipụta na bekee, na-emetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Pan-African na ndị isi na-akwado ikike obodo n'oge ya. Joe Casely-Hayford nwere ụmụ abụọ: [[Charlie Casely-Hayford]], onye mmebe na stylist, na Alice Casely-Hayford, Digital Editor of British <nowiki><i id="mwPQ">Vogue</i></nowiki> magazine. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.responsesource.com/bulletin/news/alice-casely-hayford-promoted-refinery29-uk/|title=Alice Casely-Hayford promoted at Refinery29 (UK)|first=Oswin|author=Knuckles|date=8 September 2017|work=ResponseSource|accessdate=24 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921103239/http://www.responsesource.com/bulletin/news/alice-casely-hayford-promoted-refinery29-uk/|archivedate=21 September 2017}}</ref> == Ọzụzụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Ọzụzụ izizi nke Casely-Hayford malitere na Tailor and Cutter Academy na [[London]] (1974–75), ebe a kuziri ụmụakwụkwọ ka ha na-akpụpụta na ịrụ uwe site na ọkọ. Ọ nọrọ oge n'ụlọ ọrụ nke akwa akwa akwa Mount Street Douglas Hayward tupu ọ gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ nka nke Saint Martin na 1975. Ọ mechaa nkuzi Diana Weir's History of Art na ICA, ebe ọ gụrụ nka na akụkọ ihe mere eme Europe (1979–81). == Ọrụ == Casely-Hayford malitere iwepụta mkpokọta na 1983 n'okpuru akara aha KIT, na-eresị obere ụlọ ahịa ejiji ndị ọkachamara na London dị ka Demob na Beak Street, Axiom na New Masters na King Road, Chelsea. Ihe nchịkọta nke mbụ ya bụ site na ụlọ ntu ndị agha WWII arụgharịrị arụgharị nke ewepụrụ wee bee n'ime jaket, uwe ogologo ọkpa, uwe mwụda na n'elu. Mgbe e wuchara, a ga-asacha uwe ndị a na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na-emepụta ọdịdị na-eyi na nhụjuanya. Nke a anya bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma; Otú ọ dị, ime uwe site na ụlọikwuu ndị e ji eme ihe na-akpa ike. Casely-Hayford chọtara igwe igwe R&J Partington na Manchester bụ ndị na-akpa uwe akwa siri ike na-enweghị atụ. Ọ malitere ime uwe elu site na akwa ákwà a. Uwe elu meghere n'ihu na azụ ghọrọ ihe ịga nke ọma ozugbo wee wepụta akara Joe Casely-Hayford kwesịrị ekwesị na 1984. Ugbu a na-eresị ụlọ ahịa ndị nrụpụta mba ụwa dịka Jones, Joseph na Crolla na [[London]] . nakwa Susanne Bartsch, Charivari na Bloomingdale's na [[New York City]] . N'oge opupu ihe ubi/Summer 2009, ọ malitere ụdị uwe nwoke okomoko ọhụrụ akpọrọ Casely-Hayford, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.casely-hayford.com/|title=Casely-Hayford – British Luxury Menswear & Womenswear|work=casely-hayford.com|accessdate=24 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914141724/http://casely-hayford.com/|archivedate=14 September 2017}}</ref> na mmekorita ya na nwa ya nwoke [[Charlie Casely-Hayford]] . Nkà ihe ọmụma ika a na-egosipụta mmụọ Casely-Hayford nwere ihe abụọ dị n'isi ya, na-ejikọta "ihe nketa bekee" na "mgbagha Britain", usoro ịkwa akwa Savile Row na uwe egwuregwu ọgbara ọhụrụ. Ọ bụ oge mbụ n'ụdị ejiji dị elu ebe nna na nwa nwoke na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na okpu ihe okike. A na-ere nchịkọta ahụ site na ụlọ ahịa ndị ọkachamara ọkachamara n'ụwa na ụlọ ahịa dị ka Selfridges, Dover Street Market, Harvey Nichols, Liberty (ụlọ ahịa ngalaba), United Arrows, na Barneys New York Japan. Magazin ''iD'' kwuru banyere mwepụta nke mkpokọta ahụ: "Nchịkọta London kacha arụzu nke ọma: Ndị mmadụ ga-ahụrịrị". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/7xvvzb/casely-hayford-have-dream-genes|title=casely-hayford autumn/winter 14 menswear|date=10 January 2014|accessdate=27 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927172940/https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/7xvvzb/casely-hayford-have-dream-genes|archivedate=27 September 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rizzoliusa.com/book.php?isbn=9780847858668|title=London Sartorial Written by Dylan Jones – Rizzoli New York – Rizzoli New York|work=rizzoliusa.com|accessdate=27 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928005538/http://www.rizzoliusa.com/book.php?isbn=9780847858668|archivedate=28 September 2017}}</ref> Na June 2014, a họpụtara Joe Casely-Hayford ka ọ bụrụ onye nleta nleta nke Mahadum Arts London . Na Jenụwarị 2015, akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Vogue'' gụnyere Casely-Hayford na ndepụta nke "ndị mmadụ 25 kachasị mkpa na uwe nwoke ugbu a". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/influential-people-mens-fashion|author=Johnson, Noah|title=The 25 People Who Matter Most in Menswear Right Now|work=Vogue|date=10 January 2015|accessdate=27 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927155754/https://www.vogue.com/article/influential-people-mens-fashion|archivedate=27 September 2017}}</ref> Na 2016, akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Financial Times'' ''Otu esi emefu O'' kwuru na "ole na ole ndị Britain na-emepụta uwe nwoke na-ere London n'ụwa karịa Joe na Charlie Casely-Hayford". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://howtospendit.ft.com/mens-style/105381-casely-hayford|title=Casely-Hayford|first=Mark C.|author=O'Flaherty|date=24 April 2016|work=Finanical Times|accessdate=27 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927161827/https://howtospendit.ft.com/mens-style/105381-casely-hayford|archivedate=27 September 2017}}</ref> == Ntụaka == 2018 a mara ọkwa ya dị ka oche nke bọọdụ Shakespeare's Globe, na-eweghara n'aka Lord Bichard . Ọ bụ nwanne onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme omenala na onye nduzi nke Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of African Art, Dr Gus Casely-Hayford OBE{{Reflist}} * Joe Casely-Hayford at FMD gntr4wlyr7sp2362vhu4wb5k6yh001b 0 47036 674230 170681 2026-07-08T19:37:36Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ndụ */ 674230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Minder Pettway Coleman''' (October 11, 1903 &#x2013; Mee 16, 1999) bụ onye omenkà America. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe mkpuchi [[Quilts of Gee's Bend|Gee's Bend]], yana nwanne ya nwanyị tọrọ [[Delia Bennett]] na nwa ya nwanyị [[Minnie Sue Coleman]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/minder-coleman|title=Minder Coleman|work=Souls Grown Deep Foundation|accessdate=2019-04-20}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o57mBjxyVHEC|title=Gee's Bend: The Women and Their Quilts|author=Beardsley|first=John|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=9780971910409|language=en}}</ref> [3] == Ndụ == A mụrụ Oriakụ Coleman na Wilcox County, Alabama n'October 1903, ma bie nanị otu maịl site na [[Quilts of Gee's Bend|Gee's Bend]] ama ama na ụbọchị hay Freedom Quilting Bee . Coleman bụ nwa amaala na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Gee's Bend, Alabama. Minder mụtara ịkwa akwa mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya ọ ghọtara na ọ nwere nkà maka nkà. Oriakụ Coleman bụ onye ọrụ ugbo n'oge ndụ ya niile, ma nọrọkwa afọ ole na ole na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ akwa akwa, ma mesịa rụọ ụlọ ọrụ okra. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọ na-achịkọta ihe ndị a tụfuru ekpofu, ma chekwaa ha maka iji ya mee ihe. Ọ na-ejikarị akwa akpa ntụ ọka na fatịlaịza eme ihe n'akpa uwe ya. Ozugbo ọ sonyeere Freedom Quilting Bee, o nyere ndị na-ese ihe na-eme mkpọtụ ndị ọ chịkọtara. Ụdị ihe eji agba agba agba ama nke Minder bụ mgbanaka agbamakwụkwọ abụọ; o mekwara ụkpụrụ nke ya nke yiri eggplant abụọ jikọtara ọnụ. Ọ bụụrụ onye isi oche nke ngalaba ọrụ ugbo Gee's Bend Farms, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alabamapioneers.com/gees-bend-wilcox-county-alabama-2/|title=These vintage photographs from 1939 show how busy the cooperative store and mill in Gee's Bend were in 1939|work=Alabama Pioneers|accessdate=2019-06-12}}</ref> nke Farm Security Administration hibere na 1930s, bụrụkwa osote onye isi oche nke Freedom Quilting Bee, hiwere na 1966. Ọ bụkwa onye otu n'ime nkwado ịkpa akwa Gee's Bend na 1930s. <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == Quilters kparịtara ụka ma rụkọọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ụlọ Coleman tupu e hiwe Freedom Quilting Bee, yabụ na ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na Coleman rụrụ ọrụ ebe ahụ oge niile site na 1966-1978. Tinyere Mattie Ross na Patsy Mosely, Coleman kpara akwa akwa dị sentimita 76 n'obosara na sentimita 250 n'ogologo maka Roosevelt White House. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/minder-coleman|title=Minder Coleman|work=Souls Grown Deep Foundation|accessdate=2019-04-20}}</ref> Ọ kpara akwa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na nke na-acha ọcha maka uwe maka Franklin Delano Roosevelt, nke akụkọ obodo na-ekwu na e liri ya. <ref name=":0" /> Oriakụ Coleman anataghị ụgwọ maka ọrụ ya maka Freedom Quilting Bee Co-operative, ma ọ bụ nataghị ego maka ire ihe mkpuchi ya. Kama, o nyere ego ahụ na Quilting Bee ka e jiri ya mepụta ebe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-agba mmiri. Oriakụ Coleman gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ oge niile maka Bee ruo 1978 mgbe di ya dara ọrịa, ma mesịa nwụọ n'ime otu afọ ahụ. [5] == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist}} == Ntụaka == Coleman bụ onye ọrụ ugbo n'oge ndụ ya niile, ma nọrọkwa afọ ole na ole na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ nche Coleman bụ onye ọrụ * {{Cite book|author=Callahan|first=Nancy|title=Freedom Quilting Bee|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=2005|origyear=1987|isbn=0817352473|location=Tuscaloosa|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4aHFBAAAQBAJ}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == *   *   *   itpjoyt5d2dp3k085ja45eomv0ajg54 0 47389 674358 171443 2026-07-09T06:11:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674358 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Flo Ngala</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1537" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="1500" decoding="async" height="225" resource="./File:Flo_Ngala_website.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flo_Ngala_website.jpg/220px-Flo_Ngala_website.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flo_Ngala_website.jpg/330px-Flo_Ngala_website.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flo_Ngala_website.jpg/440px-Flo_Ngala_website.jpg 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Flo_Ngala_website.jpg|frameless]]</img> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> Florence Ngala</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Harlem]], New York City, New York, Njikota Obodo Amerika</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Agụmakwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" | [[Horace Mann School|Ụlọ akwụkwọ Horace Mann]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" | Onye na-ese foto |} '''Florence "Flo" Ngala''' bụ onye America na-ese foto na onye na-ese foto mara maka okporo ụzọ ya, onye ama ama na foto foto . E gosipụtara ọrụ Ngala n'ihu mkpuchi nke ''New York Times'', ''Billboard (magazine)'' na ''Essence (magazine)'' . Na 2022, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị ojii mbụ nke Vogue (akwụkwọ akụkọ) nyere ikike ka o see MET Gala. Ngala eseela [[Stacey Abrams]], Sarah Jessica Parker, [[Method Man]], na [[Wizkid]] ; wee malite ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese foto na Cardi B. Ọ bụ Forbes 30 n'okpuru 30 2023 nnata maka Art & Style. == Ndụ mbido == Amụrụ na Harlem, NY, Ngala bụ otu n'ime ụmụ anọ Thomas na Tina Ngala. Nne na nna ya sitere na [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]], ma na-agba ọsọ ntutu isi ha na ebe a na-edozi mma na Harlem site na 90s ruo 2000s. Ngala kwadoro mkpughe n'oge na "ịzụ ahịa… mara mma nka na ọkaibe ojii" na Harlem dị ka isi mkpali maka mbido mbụ ya na foto. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Penrose|first=Nerisha|title=An Intimate Look at How Photographer Flo Ngala Prepared to Be the First Black Woman to Shoot Inside the Met Gala|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/g39903894/flo-ngala-photographer-met-gala-getting-ready/|work=Elle.com|publisher=Elle Magazine|accessdate=May 4, 2022}}</ref> === Ihe nkiri Skating na Harlem === Site na afọ 6 ruo mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, onye Ngala skated na Harlem na-abụghị uru, Figure Skating na Harlem. Ọ ghọrọ onye ọchịagha nke otu asọmpi izizi nke ndị anaghị akwụ ụgwọ. Mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ, Ngala sere foto ndị otu ya na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri ka e mesịrị na ọrụ foto ya gara n'ihu weghara Figure Skating na Harlem na foto edemede maka New York Times. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gyarkye|first=Lovia|title=When I Skate It Just Feels Free|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/05/style/figure-skating-harlem-women-of-color.html|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=Jan 5, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Elfman|first=Lois|title=Flo Ngala - Picture This|url=https://usfigureskatingfanzone.com/news/2020/2/20/general-flo-ngala-picture-this.aspx|work=usfigureskatingfanzone.com|publisher=U.S. Figure Skating Fan Zone|accessdate=February 20, 2020}}</ref> === Foto nke onwe === Mgbalị foto mbụ nke Ngala na agụmakwụkwọ nyochara ihe onyonyo onwe ya. "Otu akụkụ nke ịghọta ka esi eji igwefoto - na ịchọpụta ihe (ọ) masịrị ya maka usoro mgbasa ozi - na-eme onwe ya." Site n'ịkọwa okwu na nkwudo okwu, Ngala “mụtara ka e si agba ndị ọzọ agba site n'isere onwe ya foto.” <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sargent|first=Antwaun|title=Nigerian-Cameroonian Photographer Flo Ngala's Stunning Self-Portraits in Spring Fashion|url=https://garage.vice.com/en/article/wj4ep4/nigerian-photographer-flo-ngalas-stunning-self-portraits-in-spring-fashion|work=garage.vice.com|publisher=GARAGE Magazine|accessdate=Feb 12, 2018}}</ref> === Agụmakwụkwọ === Ngala gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Horace Mann site na 2008 ruo 2013. N'ebe a, mgbe ọ dị afọ 13, ọ sonyere na klas foto mbụ ya. Na Horace Mann o mepụtara foto onwe ya na foto okporo ámá, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na Ọkachamara na Anya Arts Award. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Danquah|first=Beverly|title=Behind the Lens with the Celebrity Photographer Flo Ngala|url=http://nyc18.nytimes-institute.com/2018/06/01/behind-the-lens-with-the-celebrity-photographer-flo-ngala/|publisher=The New York Times Student Journalism Institute|date=1 June 2018}}</ref> Iji Tumblr mee ihe n'oge mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na-emetụta uto ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ "ịnọ na ya dịka nwata nyeere m aka ịghọ onye na-ese foto ... Anọ m na-atụgharị na nnukwu ọrụ dị mma. " <ref>{{Cite web|author=Danquah|first=Beverly|title=Behind the Lens with the Celebrity Photographer Flo Ngala|url=http://nyc18.nytimes-institute.com/2018/06/01/behind-the-lens-with-the-celebrity-photographer-flo-ngala/|publisher=The New York Times Student Journalism Institute|date=1 June 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, ihe osise nke oge mbụ malitere malitere na saịtị ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=stuff i see|url=https://flongala.tumblr.com/post/113745433128/stuntandstayglorious-home|work=Tumblr}}</ref> Mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gasịrị, Ngala gara City College of New York wee gụchaa Cum Laude na Bachelor's of Science in Communications. Mgbe ị debanyere aha na CCNY, a họpụtara Ngala dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Schomburg maka Nnyocha na Black Culture . N'ebe a, e nyere onye na-ese ihe ohere ịnweta ihe oyiyi dị iche iche dị mkpa na omenala site na akụkọ ihe mere eme Black na ohere izute ndị ọkà mmụta nyere aka na ha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Frederick|first=Candice|title=Learn More about this Semester's Schomburg Center Pre-Professionals|url=https://www.nypl.org/blog/2016/11/18/pre-professionals|work=The New York Public Library|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, e nyere Pọtụfoliyo foto ya ihe nrite mbụ na asọmpi mba wee bute ya na Droga5 na New York City. Ọnwa ole na ole n'ime ụlọ ọrụ, na 22, Ngala kpebiri ịmalite ịchụso ọrụ oge niile na foto. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kail|first=Ellyn|date=31 July 2018|title=One Young Photographer on Reshaping the World Through Powerful Images (Sponsored)|url=https://www.featureshoot.com/2018/07/one-young-photographer-on-reshaping-the-world-through-powerful-images-sponsored/|work=Feature Shoot}}</ref> === Egwu === ==== Gucci Mane ==== Gig mbụ nke onye na-ese foto na egwu bịara ka ọ pụtachara dị ka mgbakwunye na vidiyo egwu maka " All the Way Up (Fat Joe na Remy Ma song) ". Onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri vidiyo hụrụ ya n'azụ ihe onyonyo onyonyo na setịpụrụ wee jikọta Ngala na akara Atlantic Records na-eduga ọrụ na onye egwu Gucci Mane na New York mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Duthiers|first=Vladimir|title=26-year-old rising photographer Flo Ngala shifts her focus from artist to journalist|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvs6XoUly-c&ab_channel=CBSMornings|publisher=CBS News|language=en}}</ref> ==== Kadị B ==== N'afọ 2017, e nyere Ngala ọrụ ka o see foto Cardi B mbụ na-arụ ọrụ telivishọn na 2017 BET Awards. Ọ gara n'ihu bụrụ onye na-ese foto maka onye rapper na mmalite nke ọrụ ya. Ihe oyiyi dị n'azụ nke Cardi na-akwado maka Met Gala, na-egosi ihe ngosi, na na setịpụ vidiyo na-agbaji dị ka " Elu " na " WAP ft. Megan Thee Stallion " gụnyere na mkpuchi Ngala. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://flongala.com/home|work=f/l.o ngala}}</ref> ==== Ndị ọzọ ama ama ==== Ọrụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama gụnyere onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Stacey Abrams maka Rolling Stone, Onye òtù Wu-Tang Method Man for Essence, na ndị na-egwu egwu dị ka [[Drake]], [[Burna Boy]], Tierra Whack, Nas, Busta Rhymes, City Girls, Lil Uzi Vert, na The Weeknd . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stuart|first=Tessa|title=Stacey Abrams Is Building a New Kind of Political Machine in the Deep South|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/stacey-abrams-census-voting-rights-vice-president-953173/|work=Rolling Stone|date=1 March 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wells|first=Veronica|title=Digital Cover – Method Man|url=https://www.essence.com/methodman/|work=Essence|accessdate=2024-06-08|archivedate=2024-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615125238/https://www.essence.com/methodman/}}</ref> === Foto nta akụkọ === ==== "Mgbe m na-agba ọsọ ọ na-enwere onwe ya" / New York Times ==== N'afọ 2018, Ngala laghachiri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, Figure Skating In Harlem, iji depụta edemede foto chiri anya maka New York Times. Ngala weghaara ụmụ nwanyị skaters nke agba maka edemede foto nke pụtara n'ihu ihu nke New York Times. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ngala|first=Flo|title=‘When I Skate It Just Feels Free’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/05/style/figure-skating-harlem-women-of-color.html|work=The New York Times|date=5 January 2019}}</ref> A ga-egosiputa foto ndị a na ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya, '''Harlem Ice: The Select Folders''' na Compére Collective Gallery na New York City. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Elfman|first=Lois|title=Former skater showcases FSH in photography show|url=https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2019/10/17/former-skater-showcases-fsh-photography-show/|work=New York Amsterdam News|date=17 October 2019}}</ref> ==== "Ihe mere anyị ji eme ngagharị iwe" / Rolling Stone ==== Na-esochi ogbugbu nke George Floyd na 2020, Ngala sonyeere ngagharị iwe na New York City na-eme mkpesa banyere obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii na-achọ mgbanwe n'ụwa niile. ahọpụtara onyonyo nke ya n'ofe akwụkwọ dị ka Rolling Stone <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lotz|first=Griffin|title='Why We Protest': Photographs by Flo Ngala|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-pictures/black-lives-matter-george-floyd-protest-flo-ngala-1011217/|work=Rolling Stone|date=8 June 2020}}</ref> The New York Times, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burke|first=Siobhan|title=Dancing Bodies That Proclaim: Black Lives Matter|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/arts/dance/dancing-protests-george-floyd.html|work=The New York Times|date=9 June 2020}}</ref> GQ . <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Movement, Not a Moment|url=https://www.gq.com/story/voices-of-the-blm-nyc-protests|work=GQ|date=2 July 2020}}</ref> Na soshal midia, Ngala nọkwa na-ekerịta ozi na foto ya: "Gịnị ga-eme mgbe anyị onwe anyị yiri ka o kwesịrị ntaramahụhụ n'aka ndị uwe ojii? Na-arịọ maka ndị enyi nde di na nwunye. " <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ngala|first=Flo|title=George Floyd Protests|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CBBdjGFJ1GP/|accessdate=June 4, 2020}}</ref> ==== N'ime Met Gala ==== Na 2022 na 2023, Vogue kpọrọ Ngala ka o see foto nke MET Gala kwa afọ wee bụrụ nwanyị ojii mbụ mere ya na akụkọ afọ 74. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Inside the 2022 Met Gala|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/inside-the-met-gala-2022|work=Vogue|date=3 May 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Penrose|first=Nerisha|title=An Intimate Look at How Photographer Flo Ngala Prepared to Be the First Black Woman to Shoot Inside the Met Gala|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/g39903894/flo-ngala-photographer-met-gala-getting-ready/|work=ELLE|date=4 May 2022}}</ref> === Azụmahịa na Editorial === Ngala esere foto Simone Biles maka Athleta, Cardi B maka Reebok, Nike Pride na Black History mkpọsa, yana ọrụ maka Adidas, Bank of America na ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2020, Ngala sere foto ndị mepụtara Netflix docu-usoro ''nke Onwe Mere'' : ''Ndụ Madame CJ Walker sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ'' . O mechara see foto nnukwu nwa nwa nwanyị Madame CJ Walker, [[A'Lelia Bundles|A'Leila Bundles]] . Na 2022, Ngala sere foto onye mmebe uwe Kerby Jean-Raymond's, Pyer Moss couture show na estate nke Madame CJ Walker, mba mbụ mere onwe ya nwanyị Black nwanyị nde. == Mgbasa ozi == Ngala bụ onye na-eweta ihe ngosi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ekwukarị maka ịse foto, ụlọ ọrụ na nkwado maka nwanyị nwere agba na ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ. A na-akpọ ụdị agbapụ ya “Flo On the Wall”. Na 2022 Netflix docu-usoro ''Strong Black Lens'', ọ na-ekwu, sị, "Echere m na otú e si akọwa ndị mmadụ na agba bụ nnukwu ihe kpatara na ịbụ onye nwere agba nke nwere oghere, nke nwere ohere iji jide eziokwu ahụ, jide. na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na-enye ike n'ezie.” <ref>{{Cite web|title=STRONG BLACK LENS {{!}} Ep 2: Finding Our Light {{!}} Strong Black Lead|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3EVCWsClF0&ab_channel=StillWatchingNetflix|language=en}}</ref> The aesthetic style nke foto ya gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na Ngala si kpọmkwem ụzọ ịhụ ụwa na okwu nke ọkụ na otú ọkụ dị oké mkpa na akada ebu pụta ụwa ìhè nke a isiokwu akpụkpọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=That Harlem Hustle: Meet Flo Ngala, the Young Photographer Behind Some of Cardi B’s Most Iconic Moments|url=https://www.theroot.com/that-harlem-hustle-meet-flo-ngala-the-young-photograp-1833203033|work=The Root|language=en|date=12 March 2019}}</ref> '''''Foto dị ịrịba ama''''' * Sasha Obama na Cardi B na Offset na 2018 Broccoli Fest. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Thomas|first=Helen Meriel|title=Cardi B and Offset hung out with Sasha Obama backstage at Broccoli City this weekend|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/sasha-obama-cardi-b-offset-broccoli-city-festival-washington-dc-2305873|work=NME|date=30 April 2018}}</ref> * Stacey Abrams maka Rolling Stone. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stuart|first=Tessa|title=Stacey Abrams Is Building a New Kind of Political Machine in the Deep South|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/stacey-abrams-census-voting-rights-vice-president-953173/|work=Rolling Stone|date=1 March 2020}}</ref> * Method Man for Essence. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Cover – Method Man|url=https://www.essence.com/methodman/|work=Essence|accessdate=2024-06-08|archivedate=2024-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615125238/https://www.essence.com/methodman/}}</ref> * Ihe nrite Grammy nke mbụ Burna Boy. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Burna Boy's First Grammys|url=https://flongala.com/grammy-weekend-burna-boy|work=f/l.o ngala}}</ref> * [[Kim Kardashian]], Kendall Jenner, na Kylie Jenner na Met Gala. <ref>{{Cite web|title=An Exclusive Look Inside the 2023 Met Gala|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/an-exclusive-look-inside-the-2023-met-gala|work=Vogue|date=2 May 2023}}</ref> '''''FOTO egosipụtara na:''''' Black Futures '','' nke Jenna Wortham & [[Kimberly Drew]], onye mbipụta One World, 2020, ISBN 039918113X ''Ice Cold,'' nke [[Vikki Tobak]], onye nkwusa TASCHEN, 2022, ISBN 3836584972 '''''Ngosipụta''''' '''Harlem Ice''' <ref>{{Cite web|author=Terrell|first=Kellee|title=Meet The Artist Capturing The Beauty Of Young Black Ice Skaters|url=https://www.essence.com/feature/meet-the-artist-capturing-the-beauty-of-young-black-ice-skaters/|work=Essence|date=23 October 2019}}</ref> na Compere Collective, 2019 '''Ejiji Africa''' na V&A Museum, 2022 '''Ahụrụ''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Been Seen {{!}} The New York Public Library|url=https://www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/been-seen|work=www.nypl.org|language=en}}</ref> Schomburg Center, 2022 Na 2022 Ngala nwetara onyinye nturu ugo Culture Creators Visual Arts. Na Jenụwarị 2022, akpọrọ Ngala aha '''nturu ugo nturuugo nke abụọ nke Foot Locker Sole List''' na-asọpụrụ "Ndị na-ese foto ojii nke ọrụ ha gosipụtara ezigbo onyonyo." Forbes 30 n'okpuru 30 Ndepụta 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Forbes 30 Under 30 2023: Art & Style|url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2023/art-style|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == agụsị akwụkwọ na Ọkachamara na Anya Arts Award. Iji Tumblr mee ihe n'oge mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na-emetụta uto ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ "ịnọ na ya dịka nwata nyeere m aka ịghọ onye na-ese foto ... Anọ m na-atụgharị na nnukwu ọrụ dị mma. " N'afọ 2015, ihe osise nke oge mbụ malitere malitere dịozi ọha na eze na-emetụta uto ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ "ịnọ na ya dịka nwata nyeere m aka ịghọ{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dvg14qwjamqd47qgersvgqow5wzbvrz 0 47431 674067 638156 2026-07-08T12:45:36Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 674067 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joe Ray''' (amụrụ 1944) bụ onye omenkà America dabere na Los Angeles. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Ọrụ ya kwagara n'etiti abstraction na nnọchite anya na ndị na-ajụ ase gụnyere eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, nka ọrụ na foto. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na mmalite 1960s wee so na ọtụtụ obodo nka ama ama na Los Angeles, gụnyere Light na Space ije; <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị na-ese ihe nkedo nke mbụ, gụnyere Larry Bell ; <ref name="Schad11" /> na 1970 na-enwe mmetụta nke African-American mkpokọta, [[Senga Nengudi|Studio Z]], nke ọ bụ onye ntọala ya na ndị na-ese ihe dịka David Hammons, [[Senga Nengudi]] na [[Houston Conwill]] . Onye nkatọ Catherine Wagley kọwara Ray dị ka "onye na-ese ihe na-agbasi mbọ ike ịghọta ụdị ọkụ na ohere niile (igwe, mmụọ, ime mmụọ na mpaghara) karịa ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ọ bụla." - ọchịchọ nke ya na ndị ọzọ tụrụ aro dugara ya. a na-aghọtaghị. <ref name="Dambrot19" /> <ref name="Dambrot19">Dambrot, Shana Nys. "The Galleries of the Hollywood Media District: Diane Rosenstein," ''LA Weekly'', August 16–22, 2019.</ref> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray egosila na Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, na Museum of African-American Art na Los Angeles, na ebe ndị ọzọ. Ihe osise ya bụ nke mkpokọta ọha nke LACMA na Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art . <ref name="NEHMA">Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art. [https://artmuseum-collection.usu.edu/artist-maker/info/1549?artistName=Joe%20Ray Joe Ray], Artist-Maker. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Amụrụ Ray na Beaumont, Texas na 1944 wee tolite na Alexandria, Louisiana . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nkà na egwu, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nkà na nkà mmụta sayensị na Mahadum Southwestern Louisiana, otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ole na ole na kọleji dịpụrụ adịpụ na mbụ. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1963, o jiri ụgbọ ala gaa Los Angeles ma n'oge na-adịghị anya sonye na ihe ngosi nka dị iche iche nke na-akọwapụtabeghị. <ref name="Schad11" /> Edebanyere ya na US Army wee ziga ya ije ozi na Vietnam na 1965, izu abụọ ka nnupụisi Watts gasịrị. <ref name="Schad11" /> <ref name="CACNO" /> Mgbe o si Vietnam lọta na 1967, Ray biri na mpaghara Leimert Park nke Los Angeles, bụ ebe na-eto eto nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a na omenala ndị Africa na America, wee malite ịnwale ihe ọkpụkpụ resin na ndị ọzọ dị ka Larry Bell, Doug Edge na Terry. O'Shea. <ref name="Wagley21" /> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray mbụ gosipụtara ihe osise ya na 1969 4th Annual Watts Summer Festival Art ngosi, ma mesịa nweta nkwanye ùgwù site na ihe ngosi otu na SFMOMA, Oakland Museum of California, Long Beach Museum of Art, na LACMA ("24 Young Los Angeles Artists," 1971; "Afọ 10 nke Nnweta Council Art Contemporary," 1973). <ref name="Tuchman73">Tuchman, Maurice. ''Ten Years of Contemporary Art Council Acquisitions: Inaugurating The New Contemporary Art Galleries'', Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1973.</ref> Mgbe ọ natachara onyinye nturu ugo na-eto eto sitere na LACMA na 1970, o debanyere aha na klas mbụ na California Institute of Arts ọhụrụ, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na John Baldessari, Allan Kaprow na Nam June Paik . <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ nwalere arụmọrụ, foto na nka vidiyo wee gụchaa ya na BFA na klas mmalite nke 1973. N'agbata 1978 na 1980, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu izizi iri na ise nke MOCA Los Angeles Artists Advisory Council, yana Vija Celmins, Robert Irwin na ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Schad11" /> N'ime ọrụ ya mechara, Ray gụnyere na ihe ngosi LACMA, "Emere na California: Art, Image and Identity (1900-2000)," nyocha ihe ngosi nka "LA Object & David Hammons Body Prints" (2007, Tilton Gallery, New York; Roberts & Tilton, Los Angeles), <ref name="Rogers11">Rogers Tilton, Connie and Lindsay Charlwood (eds). [https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_972664 ''L.A. Object & David Hammons Body Prints''], New York/Los Angeles: Jack Tilton Gallery/ Roberts & Tilton Gallery, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> "The Artist's Museum" (MOCA LA, 2010), na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Na 2017, nyocha nke afọ 50 nke ọrụ ya, "Constellation Complexion," mere na Diane Rosenstein Gallery na Los Angeles. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> == Ọrụ na nnabata == Ọrụ Ray na 1960s na 1970s sitere na ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo-resin na-adịghị ahụkebe ruo na foto ndị yiri akwụkwọ na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ. Ndị nkatọ na-atụ aro na ụdị ọrụ abụọ ikpeazụ a na-ekwu maka ihe njirimara nke mebiela omume ya na-abụghị nke ihe atụ ma kewapụ ya na ndị na-ese ihe nkedo-resin na Light na Space. <ref name="Krull96">Krull, Craig, ''Photographing the L.A. Art Scene 1955-1975'', Santa Monica, CA: Smart Art Press, 1996. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Malite na ngwụcha 1970s, o lekwasịrị anya karịa na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta ihe atụ nke na-enyocha oghere ime na mpụta yana okwu metụtara njirimara agbụrụ na ahaghị nhata. Onye nkatọ Shana Nys Dambrot edewo na ihe ngosi pụtara ìhè nke omume Ray "n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-edepụta eriri nke echiche na ọmarịcha gestalt nke jikọtara ọrụ ya niile na-aga n'ihu nke ìhè, agba, ngwa anya / ihe mgbagwoju anya, na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nghọta, eserese, arụmọrụ, na abstraction. " <ref name="Dambrot17" /> === Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin === N'etiti 1960s, Ray malitere inyocha ihe nkedo na resin, ihe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-ese ihe na-tinyere ìhè-bịara iji kọwaa Light na Space ije. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị a na-akpụ akpụ, gụnyere Ray, nabatara ma sayensị, akụkụ teknụzụ nke ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esoteric, echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe, dị ka ikike nke inwe ụdị siri ike ma mee ka ọkụ na-agafe agafe na gburugburu ya. Ọkpụkpụ resin mbụ nke Ray na-atụgharị ma were ọdịdị bụ isi: spheres pristine, ọkara okirikiri, arcs na mgbanaka. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Ọ gbakwunyere ha pigmenti-n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ agba swiiti ( ''Two Arcs and Half-Sphere'', 1969) na ndị ọzọ ụkpụrụ ojii na ọcha, dị ka na ''New Eye'' (1969). <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> <ref name="Schad" /> Ọrụ nke ikpeazụ jikọtara ya na ndị na-ese ihe na Light na Space na-ya na tubes ojii na nke ọcha na-akọwa okwu agbụrụ-na ụzọ ọzọ, ụwa nkà nke Africa-American n'ebe ndịda nke Freeway 10, gbadoro ụkwụ na Leimert Park, [[Alonzo Davis]] 's Brockman Gallery, na Osisi 32. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Rogers11"/> Ọrụ resin Ray na-egosipụta mmasị ya na sayensị na mmụọ, echiche euphoric, ahụ mmadụ n'otu n'otu na sistemu ya, na cosmos. ''Ihe mgbanaka'' ya na-esote (1980–3) ka akọwara dị ka ọrụ nka nka na-egbu mgbu nke mgbanaka mgbanaka asaa dị omimi, mgbanaka na okirikiri etinyere n'akụkụ n'akụkụ conjure ọtụtụ ihe atụ. <ref name="NEHMA"/> Curator Ed Schad dere, ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ "na-adọta ahịrị ụmụ mmadụ site na ụwa na-enweghị njedebe nke oghere atomiki site na nhazi nke obi mmadụ na usoro nke kpakpando na usoro mbara igwe," ya na njikọ asaa ya na-ejikọta na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ "ihe omimi na ọnụọgụgụ pụtara., na-agbakwunye ihu nzuzo." <ref name="Schad" /> === Foto na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ === Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-esetịpụ foto Ray's 1970s n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ndekọ ndụ obodo kwa ụbọchị yana mmekọrịta na-adịghị ahụkebe mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ha. Na 1970, ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya Louisiana wee sere ụmụaka, ndị okenye, ụlọ egbe egbe na okporo ámá ebe ahụ. Ihe onyonyo a na-akwụwa aka ọtọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ-dị ka ihe osise-31 ojii na-acha ọcha, mbipụta gelatin-ọlaọcha-gụnyere usoro “Untitled” (1970–2), nke gosipụtara mmetụta ya gbasara agbataobi na ndụ ya, ebe ọ na-akọwapụta oke nke ya. trajectory n'oge na ebe. <ref name="Fox00" /> Ndị dịkọrọ ndụ n'usoro isiokwu ahụ bụ ọrụ nka ọnụ ọnụ nke Ray—ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị na ihe omume ndị a na-eme ndụ ndị a na-edekarị na foto na vidiyo. Ndị a gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịsacha ụgbọ ala mmadụ, nke ya na ndị enyi ya na-eji ejiji dị ka nnukwu, brushes floppy ma kpuchie onwe ha na ụfụfụ na-acha ọcha, na mgbada na-agbadata na eriri site na ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ elu n'oge egwu egwu. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1971, Ray, Terry O'Shea na Doug Edge gosipụtara na ngosi mmeghe nke Market Street Programme (1971-3), ọrụ mmalite, nka na nke ọha mmadụ na-akwado nke Walter Hopps na Robert Irwin. <ref name="Shipper95">Shipper, Merle. "The Market Street Program," ''ArtScene'', September 1995.</ref> <ref name="Simms15">Simms, Matthew. ''Mapping the Los Angeles Art Underground: The Market Street Program 1971-1973'', Archives of American Art Journal, Smithsonian Institution, 2015.</ref> Kama igosi ihe osise resin nke onwe ha, ha họọrọ ịnwale dị ka atọ na echiche echiche na foto na-enyocha clichés ndị a ma ama banyere ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a-dị ka dandy, onye ọzọ, libertine ma ọ bụ ịhụnanya-na-edepụta nsonaazụ, "The Fantasy Show." <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Shipper95" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> Onyonyo ha gụnyere oriri na-atọ ụtọ, Buñuel - dị ka black-tie oriri maka atọ; ihe na-adịghị mma, na-enweghị uwe mwụda biker scenario spoofing machismo; na egwuregwu poker na Ray na ụmụ nwanyị atọ, na-ezo aka na foto Duchamp 1963 a ma ama nke onwe ya na-egwu chess na Pasadena Art Museum . <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> === Ihe osise === N'afọ ndị 1990, Ray kere ihe osise nke na-enyocha ihe gbasara njirimara, ikpe ziri ezi nke agbụrụ na nsonye site na iji ihe oyiyi eme ihe - dị ka akara na ihe ndị nkịtị - nke mebiri echiche ọjọọ na agbụrụ agbụrụ. Otu afọ mgbe ọgba aghara Los Angeles kpalitere site na ikpe obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii Rodney King na ntọhapụ, ọ dechara usoro gụnyere ọrụ ''US'' na ''Blue Spade'' (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; [[Kente cloth|akwa kente]], akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi yiri ka ọ na-esi na kọmpat na-eto; mkpọsa nke agba ojii na-atụ aro n'akụkụ ụzọ obodo mepere emepe nwere ntụpọ, iwe ma ọ bụ Nkwuwapụta Abstract; ụtarị na-acha ọcha, obe na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ụdị spade na-eme ka agbụrụ agbụrụ, egwuregwu kaadị na ngwá ọrụ. <ref name="LACMA2" /> <ref name="McCash14" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Na 2014, e gosipụtara usoro ahụ na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, na-esote Michael Brown agbapụ ; Na nyocha ''New Orleans Times-Picayune'', Doug McCash dere, sị, "Ịhụta ihe osise Ray na ịgụ akụkọ ha n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 2014 bụ ahụmahụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke mesiri ike nkà nwere akara oge ... ma ọ bụ oge." == Ntụaka == Blue Spade (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; akwa kente, akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://dianerosenstein.com/artists/37-joe-ray/overview/ Joe Ray], Diane Rosenstein Gallery * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240609081236/https://collections.lacma.org/node/169482 Joe Ray], Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Los Angeles County, mkpokọta [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cum0j0ye3nxrjuzeqqsr9go8ha76emm 674068 674067 2026-07-08T12:47:09Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin */ 674068 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joe Ray''' (amụrụ 1944) bụ onye omenkà America dabere na Los Angeles. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Ọrụ ya kwagara n'etiti abstraction na nnọchite anya na ndị na-ajụ ase gụnyere eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, nka ọrụ na foto. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na mmalite 1960s wee so na ọtụtụ obodo nka ama ama na Los Angeles, gụnyere Light na Space ije; <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị na-ese ihe nkedo nke mbụ, gụnyere Larry Bell ; <ref name="Schad11" /> na 1970 na-enwe mmetụta nke African-American mkpokọta, [[Senga Nengudi|Studio Z]], nke ọ bụ onye ntọala ya na ndị na-ese ihe dịka David Hammons, [[Senga Nengudi]] na [[Houston Conwill]] . Onye nkatọ Catherine Wagley kọwara Ray dị ka "onye na-ese ihe na-agbasi mbọ ike ịghọta ụdị ọkụ na ohere niile (igwe, mmụọ, ime mmụọ na mpaghara) karịa ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ọ bụla." - ọchịchọ nke ya na ndị ọzọ tụrụ aro dugara ya. a na-aghọtaghị. <ref name="Dambrot19" /> <ref name="Dambrot19">Dambrot, Shana Nys. "The Galleries of the Hollywood Media District: Diane Rosenstein," ''LA Weekly'', August 16–22, 2019.</ref> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray egosila na Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, na Museum of African-American Art na Los Angeles, na ebe ndị ọzọ. Ihe osise ya bụ nke mkpokọta ọha nke LACMA na Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art . <ref name="NEHMA">Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art. [https://artmuseum-collection.usu.edu/artist-maker/info/1549?artistName=Joe%20Ray Joe Ray], Artist-Maker. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Amụrụ Ray na Beaumont, Texas na 1944 wee tolite na Alexandria, Louisiana . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nkà na egwu, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nkà na nkà mmụta sayensị na Mahadum Southwestern Louisiana, otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ole na ole na kọleji dịpụrụ adịpụ na mbụ. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1963, o jiri ụgbọ ala gaa Los Angeles ma n'oge na-adịghị anya sonye na ihe ngosi nka dị iche iche nke na-akọwapụtabeghị. <ref name="Schad11" /> Edebanyere ya na US Army wee ziga ya ije ozi na Vietnam na 1965, izu abụọ ka nnupụisi Watts gasịrị. <ref name="Schad11" /> <ref name="CACNO" /> Mgbe o si Vietnam lọta na 1967, Ray biri na mpaghara Leimert Park nke Los Angeles, bụ ebe na-eto eto nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a na omenala ndị Africa na America, wee malite ịnwale ihe ọkpụkpụ resin na ndị ọzọ dị ka Larry Bell, Doug Edge na Terry. O'Shea. <ref name="Wagley21" /> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray mbụ gosipụtara ihe osise ya na 1969 4th Annual Watts Summer Festival Art ngosi, ma mesịa nweta nkwanye ùgwù site na ihe ngosi otu na SFMOMA, Oakland Museum of California, Long Beach Museum of Art, na LACMA ("24 Young Los Angeles Artists," 1971; "Afọ 10 nke Nnweta Council Art Contemporary," 1973). <ref name="Tuchman73">Tuchman, Maurice. ''Ten Years of Contemporary Art Council Acquisitions: Inaugurating The New Contemporary Art Galleries'', Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1973.</ref> Mgbe ọ natachara onyinye nturu ugo na-eto eto sitere na LACMA na 1970, o debanyere aha na klas mbụ na California Institute of Arts ọhụrụ, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na John Baldessari, Allan Kaprow na Nam June Paik . <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ nwalere arụmọrụ, foto na nka vidiyo wee gụchaa ya na BFA na klas mmalite nke 1973. N'agbata 1978 na 1980, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu izizi iri na ise nke MOCA Los Angeles Artists Advisory Council, yana Vija Celmins, Robert Irwin na ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Schad11" /> N'ime ọrụ ya mechara, Ray gụnyere na ihe ngosi LACMA, "Emere na California: Art, Image and Identity (1900-2000)," nyocha ihe ngosi nka "LA Object & David Hammons Body Prints" (2007, Tilton Gallery, New York; Roberts & Tilton, Los Angeles), <ref name="Rogers11">Rogers Tilton, Connie and Lindsay Charlwood (eds). [https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_972664 ''L.A. Object & David Hammons Body Prints''], New York/Los Angeles: Jack Tilton Gallery/ Roberts & Tilton Gallery, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> "The Artist's Museum" (MOCA LA, 2010), na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Na 2017, nyocha nke afọ 50 nke ọrụ ya, "Constellation Complexion," mere na Diane Rosenstein Gallery na Los Angeles. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> == Ọrụ na nnabata == Ọrụ Ray na 1960s na 1970s sitere na ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo-resin na-adịghị ahụkebe ruo na foto ndị yiri akwụkwọ na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ. Ndị nkatọ na-atụ aro na ụdị ọrụ abụọ ikpeazụ a na-ekwu maka ihe njirimara nke mebiela omume ya na-abụghị nke ihe atụ ma kewapụ ya na ndị na-ese ihe nkedo-resin na Light na Space. <ref name="Krull96">Krull, Craig, ''Photographing the L.A. Art Scene 1955-1975'', Santa Monica, CA: Smart Art Press, 1996. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Malite na ngwụcha 1970s, o lekwasịrị anya karịa na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta ihe atụ nke na-enyocha oghere ime na mpụta yana okwu metụtara njirimara agbụrụ na ahaghị nhata. Onye nkatọ Shana Nys Dambrot edewo na ihe ngosi pụtara ìhè nke omume Ray "n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-edepụta eriri nke echiche na ọmarịcha gestalt nke jikọtara ọrụ ya niile na-aga n'ihu nke ìhè, agba, ngwa anya / ihe mgbagwoju anya, na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nghọta, eserese, arụmọrụ, na abstraction. " <ref name="Dambrot17" /> === Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin === N'etiti 1960s, Ray malitere inyocha ihe nkedo na resin, ihe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-ese ihe na-tinyere ìhè-bịara iji kọwaa Light na Space ije. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị a na-akpụ akpụ, gụnyere Ray, nabatara ma sayensị, akụkụ teknụzụ nke ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esoteric, echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe, dị ka ikike nke inwe ụdị siri ike ma mee ka ọkụ na-agafe agafe na gburugburu ya. Ọkpụkpụ resin mbụ nke Ray na-atụgharị ma were ọdịdị bụ isi: spheres pristine, ọkara okirikiri, arcs na mgbanaka. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Ọ gbakwunyere ha pigmenti-n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ agba swiiti ( ''Two Arcs and Half-Sphere'', 1969) na ndị ọzọ ụkpụrụ ojii na ọcha, dị ka na ''New Eye'' (1969). <ref name="Wagley17" /><ref name="Schad" /> Ọrụ nke ikpeazụ jikọtara ya na ndị na-ese ihe na Light na Space na-ya na tubes ojii na nke ọcha na-akọwa okwu agbụrụ-na ụzọ ọzọ, ụwa nkà nke Africa-American n'ebe ndịda nke Freeway 10, gbadoro ụkwụ na Leimert Park, [[Alonzo Davis]] 's Brockman Gallery, na Osisi 32. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Rogers11"/> Ọrụ resin Ray na-egosipụta mmasị ya na sayensị na mmụọ, echiche euphoric, ahụ mmadụ n'otu n'otu na sistemu ya, na cosmos. ''Ihe mgbanaka'' ya na-esote (1980–3) ka akọwara dị ka ọrụ nka nka na-egbu mgbu nke mgbanaka mgbanaka asaa dị omimi, mgbanaka na okirikiri etinyere n'akụkụ n'akụkụ conjure ọtụtụ ihe atụ. <ref name="NEHMA"/> Curator Ed Schad dere, ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ "na-adọta ahịrị ụmụ mmadụ site na ụwa na-enweghị njedebe nke oghere atomiki site na nhazi nke obi mmadụ na usoro nke kpakpando na usoro mbara igwe," ya na njikọ asaa ya na-ejikọta na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ "ihe omimi na ọnụọgụgụ pụtara., na-agbakwunye ihu nzuzo." <ref name="Schad" /> === Foto na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ === Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-esetịpụ foto Ray's 1970s n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ndekọ ndụ obodo kwa ụbọchị yana mmekọrịta na-adịghị ahụkebe mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ha. Na 1970, ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya Louisiana wee sere ụmụaka, ndị okenye, ụlọ egbe egbe na okporo ámá ebe ahụ. Ihe onyonyo a na-akwụwa aka ọtọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ-dị ka ihe osise-31 ojii na-acha ọcha, mbipụta gelatin-ọlaọcha-gụnyere usoro “Untitled” (1970–2), nke gosipụtara mmetụta ya gbasara agbataobi na ndụ ya, ebe ọ na-akọwapụta oke nke ya. trajectory n'oge na ebe. <ref name="Fox00" /> Ndị dịkọrọ ndụ n'usoro isiokwu ahụ bụ ọrụ nka ọnụ ọnụ nke Ray—ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị na ihe omume ndị a na-eme ndụ ndị a na-edekarị na foto na vidiyo. Ndị a gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịsacha ụgbọ ala mmadụ, nke ya na ndị enyi ya na-eji ejiji dị ka nnukwu, brushes floppy ma kpuchie onwe ha na ụfụfụ na-acha ọcha, na mgbada na-agbadata na eriri site na ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ elu n'oge egwu egwu. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1971, Ray, Terry O'Shea na Doug Edge gosipụtara na ngosi mmeghe nke Market Street Programme (1971-3), ọrụ mmalite, nka na nke ọha mmadụ na-akwado nke Walter Hopps na Robert Irwin. <ref name="Shipper95">Shipper, Merle. "The Market Street Program," ''ArtScene'', September 1995.</ref> <ref name="Simms15">Simms, Matthew. ''Mapping the Los Angeles Art Underground: The Market Street Program 1971-1973'', Archives of American Art Journal, Smithsonian Institution, 2015.</ref> Kama igosi ihe osise resin nke onwe ha, ha họọrọ ịnwale dị ka atọ na echiche echiche na foto na-enyocha clichés ndị a ma ama banyere ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a-dị ka dandy, onye ọzọ, libertine ma ọ bụ ịhụnanya-na-edepụta nsonaazụ, "The Fantasy Show." <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Shipper95" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> Onyonyo ha gụnyere oriri na-atọ ụtọ, Buñuel - dị ka black-tie oriri maka atọ; ihe na-adịghị mma, na-enweghị uwe mwụda biker scenario spoofing machismo; na egwuregwu poker na Ray na ụmụ nwanyị atọ, na-ezo aka na foto Duchamp 1963 a ma ama nke onwe ya na-egwu chess na Pasadena Art Museum . <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> === Ihe osise === N'afọ ndị 1990, Ray kere ihe osise nke na-enyocha ihe gbasara njirimara, ikpe ziri ezi nke agbụrụ na nsonye site na iji ihe oyiyi eme ihe - dị ka akara na ihe ndị nkịtị - nke mebiri echiche ọjọọ na agbụrụ agbụrụ. Otu afọ mgbe ọgba aghara Los Angeles kpalitere site na ikpe obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii Rodney King na ntọhapụ, ọ dechara usoro gụnyere ọrụ ''US'' na ''Blue Spade'' (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; [[Kente cloth|akwa kente]], akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi yiri ka ọ na-esi na kọmpat na-eto; mkpọsa nke agba ojii na-atụ aro n'akụkụ ụzọ obodo mepere emepe nwere ntụpọ, iwe ma ọ bụ Nkwuwapụta Abstract; ụtarị na-acha ọcha, obe na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ụdị spade na-eme ka agbụrụ agbụrụ, egwuregwu kaadị na ngwá ọrụ. <ref name="LACMA2" /> <ref name="McCash14" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Na 2014, e gosipụtara usoro ahụ na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, na-esote Michael Brown agbapụ ; Na nyocha ''New Orleans Times-Picayune'', Doug McCash dere, sị, "Ịhụta ihe osise Ray na ịgụ akụkọ ha n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 2014 bụ ahụmahụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke mesiri ike nkà nwere akara oge ... ma ọ bụ oge." == Ntụaka == Blue Spade (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; akwa kente, akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://dianerosenstein.com/artists/37-joe-ray/overview/ Joe Ray], Diane Rosenstein Gallery * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240609081236/https://collections.lacma.org/node/169482 Joe Ray], Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Los Angeles County, mkpokọta [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 893es55lbex994dpja7rffssmgz7fkc 674069 674068 2026-07-08T12:48:50Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin */ 674069 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joe Ray''' (amụrụ 1944) bụ onye omenkà America dabere na Los Angeles. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Ọrụ ya kwagara n'etiti abstraction na nnọchite anya na ndị na-ajụ ase gụnyere eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, nka ọrụ na foto. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na mmalite 1960s wee so na ọtụtụ obodo nka ama ama na Los Angeles, gụnyere Light na Space ije; <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị na-ese ihe nkedo nke mbụ, gụnyere Larry Bell ; <ref name="Schad11" /> na 1970 na-enwe mmetụta nke African-American mkpokọta, [[Senga Nengudi|Studio Z]], nke ọ bụ onye ntọala ya na ndị na-ese ihe dịka David Hammons, [[Senga Nengudi]] na [[Houston Conwill]] . Onye nkatọ Catherine Wagley kọwara Ray dị ka "onye na-ese ihe na-agbasi mbọ ike ịghọta ụdị ọkụ na ohere niile (igwe, mmụọ, ime mmụọ na mpaghara) karịa ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ọ bụla." - ọchịchọ nke ya na ndị ọzọ tụrụ aro dugara ya. a na-aghọtaghị. <ref name="Dambrot19" /> <ref name="Dambrot19">Dambrot, Shana Nys. "The Galleries of the Hollywood Media District: Diane Rosenstein," ''LA Weekly'', August 16–22, 2019.</ref> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray egosila na Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, na Museum of African-American Art na Los Angeles, na ebe ndị ọzọ. Ihe osise ya bụ nke mkpokọta ọha nke LACMA na Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art . <ref name="NEHMA">Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art. [https://artmuseum-collection.usu.edu/artist-maker/info/1549?artistName=Joe%20Ray Joe Ray], Artist-Maker. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Amụrụ Ray na Beaumont, Texas na 1944 wee tolite na Alexandria, Louisiana . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nkà na egwu, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nkà na nkà mmụta sayensị na Mahadum Southwestern Louisiana, otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ole na ole na kọleji dịpụrụ adịpụ na mbụ. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1963, o jiri ụgbọ ala gaa Los Angeles ma n'oge na-adịghị anya sonye na ihe ngosi nka dị iche iche nke na-akọwapụtabeghị. <ref name="Schad11" /> Edebanyere ya na US Army wee ziga ya ije ozi na Vietnam na 1965, izu abụọ ka nnupụisi Watts gasịrị. <ref name="Schad11" /> <ref name="CACNO" /> Mgbe o si Vietnam lọta na 1967, Ray biri na mpaghara Leimert Park nke Los Angeles, bụ ebe na-eto eto nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a na omenala ndị Africa na America, wee malite ịnwale ihe ọkpụkpụ resin na ndị ọzọ dị ka Larry Bell, Doug Edge na Terry. O'Shea. <ref name="Wagley21" /> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray mbụ gosipụtara ihe osise ya na 1969 4th Annual Watts Summer Festival Art ngosi, ma mesịa nweta nkwanye ùgwù site na ihe ngosi otu na SFMOMA, Oakland Museum of California, Long Beach Museum of Art, na LACMA ("24 Young Los Angeles Artists," 1971; "Afọ 10 nke Nnweta Council Art Contemporary," 1973). <ref name="Tuchman73">Tuchman, Maurice. ''Ten Years of Contemporary Art Council Acquisitions: Inaugurating The New Contemporary Art Galleries'', Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1973.</ref> Mgbe ọ natachara onyinye nturu ugo na-eto eto sitere na LACMA na 1970, o debanyere aha na klas mbụ na California Institute of Arts ọhụrụ, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na John Baldessari, Allan Kaprow na Nam June Paik . <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ nwalere arụmọrụ, foto na nka vidiyo wee gụchaa ya na BFA na klas mmalite nke 1973. N'agbata 1978 na 1980, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu izizi iri na ise nke MOCA Los Angeles Artists Advisory Council, yana Vija Celmins, Robert Irwin na ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Schad11" /> N'ime ọrụ ya mechara, Ray gụnyere na ihe ngosi LACMA, "Emere na California: Art, Image and Identity (1900-2000)," nyocha ihe ngosi nka "LA Object & David Hammons Body Prints" (2007, Tilton Gallery, New York; Roberts & Tilton, Los Angeles), <ref name="Rogers11">Rogers Tilton, Connie and Lindsay Charlwood (eds). [https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_972664 ''L.A. Object & David Hammons Body Prints''], New York/Los Angeles: Jack Tilton Gallery/ Roberts & Tilton Gallery, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> "The Artist's Museum" (MOCA LA, 2010), na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Na 2017, nyocha nke afọ 50 nke ọrụ ya, "Constellation Complexion," mere na Diane Rosenstein Gallery na Los Angeles. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> == Ọrụ na nnabata == Ọrụ Ray na 1960s na 1970s sitere na ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo-resin na-adịghị ahụkebe ruo na foto ndị yiri akwụkwọ na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ. Ndị nkatọ na-atụ aro na ụdị ọrụ abụọ ikpeazụ a na-ekwu maka ihe njirimara nke mebiela omume ya na-abụghị nke ihe atụ ma kewapụ ya na ndị na-ese ihe nkedo-resin na Light na Space. <ref name="Krull96">Krull, Craig, ''Photographing the L.A. Art Scene 1955-1975'', Santa Monica, CA: Smart Art Press, 1996. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Malite na ngwụcha 1970s, o lekwasịrị anya karịa na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta ihe atụ nke na-enyocha oghere ime na mpụta yana okwu metụtara njirimara agbụrụ na ahaghị nhata. Onye nkatọ Shana Nys Dambrot edewo na ihe ngosi pụtara ìhè nke omume Ray "n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-edepụta eriri nke echiche na ọmarịcha gestalt nke jikọtara ọrụ ya niile na-aga n'ihu nke ìhè, agba, ngwa anya / ihe mgbagwoju anya, na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nghọta, eserese, arụmọrụ, na abstraction. " <ref name="Dambrot17" /> === Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin === N'etiti 1960s, Ray malitere inyocha ihe nkedo na resin, ihe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-ese ihe na-tinyere ìhè-bịara iji kọwaa Light na Space ije. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị a na-akpụ akpụ, gụnyere Ray, nabatara ma sayensị, akụkụ teknụzụ nke ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esoteric, echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe, dị ka ikike nke inwe ụdị siri ike ma mee ka ọkụ na-agafe agafe na gburugburu ya. Ọkpụkpụ resin mbụ nke Ray na-atụgharị ma were ọdịdị bụ isi: spheres pristine, ọkara okirikiri, arcs na mgbanaka. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Ọ gbakwunyere ha pigmenti-n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ agba swiiti ( ''Two Arcs and Half-Sphere'', 1969) na ndị ọzọ ụkpụrụ ojii na ọcha, dị ka na ''New Eye'' (1969). <ref name="Schad" /><ref name="Wagley17" /> Ọrụ nke ikpeazụ jikọtara ya na ndị na-ese ihe na Light na Space na-ya na tubes ojii na nke ọcha na-akọwa okwu agbụrụ-na ụzọ ọzọ, ụwa nkà nke Africa-American n'ebe ndịda nke Freeway 10, gbadoro ụkwụ na Leimert Park, [[Alonzo Davis]] 's Brockman Gallery, na Osisi 32. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Rogers11"/> Ọrụ resin Ray na-egosipụta mmasị ya na sayensị na mmụọ, echiche euphoric, ahụ mmadụ n'otu n'otu na sistemu ya, na cosmos. ''Ihe mgbanaka'' ya na-esote (1980–3) ka akọwara dị ka ọrụ nka nka na-egbu mgbu nke mgbanaka mgbanaka asaa dị omimi, mgbanaka na okirikiri etinyere n'akụkụ n'akụkụ conjure ọtụtụ ihe atụ. <ref name="NEHMA"/> Curator Ed Schad dere, ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ "na-adọta ahịrị ụmụ mmadụ site na ụwa na-enweghị njedebe nke oghere atomiki site na nhazi nke obi mmadụ na usoro nke kpakpando na usoro mbara igwe," ya na njikọ asaa ya na-ejikọta na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ "ihe omimi na ọnụọgụgụ pụtara., na-agbakwunye ihu nzuzo." <ref name="Schad" /> === Foto na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ === Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-esetịpụ foto Ray's 1970s n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ndekọ ndụ obodo kwa ụbọchị yana mmekọrịta na-adịghị ahụkebe mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ha. Na 1970, ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya Louisiana wee sere ụmụaka, ndị okenye, ụlọ egbe egbe na okporo ámá ebe ahụ. Ihe onyonyo a na-akwụwa aka ọtọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ-dị ka ihe osise-31 ojii na-acha ọcha, mbipụta gelatin-ọlaọcha-gụnyere usoro “Untitled” (1970–2), nke gosipụtara mmetụta ya gbasara agbataobi na ndụ ya, ebe ọ na-akọwapụta oke nke ya. trajectory n'oge na ebe. <ref name="Fox00" /> Ndị dịkọrọ ndụ n'usoro isiokwu ahụ bụ ọrụ nka ọnụ ọnụ nke Ray—ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị na ihe omume ndị a na-eme ndụ ndị a na-edekarị na foto na vidiyo. Ndị a gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịsacha ụgbọ ala mmadụ, nke ya na ndị enyi ya na-eji ejiji dị ka nnukwu, brushes floppy ma kpuchie onwe ha na ụfụfụ na-acha ọcha, na mgbada na-agbadata na eriri site na ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ elu n'oge egwu egwu. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1971, Ray, Terry O'Shea na Doug Edge gosipụtara na ngosi mmeghe nke Market Street Programme (1971-3), ọrụ mmalite, nka na nke ọha mmadụ na-akwado nke Walter Hopps na Robert Irwin. <ref name="Shipper95">Shipper, Merle. "The Market Street Program," ''ArtScene'', September 1995.</ref> <ref name="Simms15">Simms, Matthew. ''Mapping the Los Angeles Art Underground: The Market Street Program 1971-1973'', Archives of American Art Journal, Smithsonian Institution, 2015.</ref> Kama igosi ihe osise resin nke onwe ha, ha họọrọ ịnwale dị ka atọ na echiche echiche na foto na-enyocha clichés ndị a ma ama banyere ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a-dị ka dandy, onye ọzọ, libertine ma ọ bụ ịhụnanya-na-edepụta nsonaazụ, "The Fantasy Show." <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Shipper95" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> Onyonyo ha gụnyere oriri na-atọ ụtọ, Buñuel - dị ka black-tie oriri maka atọ; ihe na-adịghị mma, na-enweghị uwe mwụda biker scenario spoofing machismo; na egwuregwu poker na Ray na ụmụ nwanyị atọ, na-ezo aka na foto Duchamp 1963 a ma ama nke onwe ya na-egwu chess na Pasadena Art Museum . <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> === Ihe osise === N'afọ ndị 1990, Ray kere ihe osise nke na-enyocha ihe gbasara njirimara, ikpe ziri ezi nke agbụrụ na nsonye site na iji ihe oyiyi eme ihe - dị ka akara na ihe ndị nkịtị - nke mebiri echiche ọjọọ na agbụrụ agbụrụ. Otu afọ mgbe ọgba aghara Los Angeles kpalitere site na ikpe obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii Rodney King na ntọhapụ, ọ dechara usoro gụnyere ọrụ ''US'' na ''Blue Spade'' (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; [[Kente cloth|akwa kente]], akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi yiri ka ọ na-esi na kọmpat na-eto; mkpọsa nke agba ojii na-atụ aro n'akụkụ ụzọ obodo mepere emepe nwere ntụpọ, iwe ma ọ bụ Nkwuwapụta Abstract; ụtarị na-acha ọcha, obe na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ụdị spade na-eme ka agbụrụ agbụrụ, egwuregwu kaadị na ngwá ọrụ. <ref name="LACMA2" /> <ref name="McCash14" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Na 2014, e gosipụtara usoro ahụ na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, na-esote Michael Brown agbapụ ; Na nyocha ''New Orleans Times-Picayune'', Doug McCash dere, sị, "Ịhụta ihe osise Ray na ịgụ akụkọ ha n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 2014 bụ ahụmahụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke mesiri ike nkà nwere akara oge ... ma ọ bụ oge." == Ntụaka == Blue Spade (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; akwa kente, akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://dianerosenstein.com/artists/37-joe-ray/overview/ Joe Ray], Diane Rosenstein Gallery * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240609081236/https://collections.lacma.org/node/169482 Joe Ray], Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Los Angeles County, mkpokọta [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 60xxifuwp9xfye7k3ipa9wryrzdrbtc 674070 674069 2026-07-08T12:52:12Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin */ 674070 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joe Ray''' (amụrụ 1944) bụ onye omenkà America dabere na Los Angeles. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Ọrụ ya kwagara n'etiti abstraction na nnọchite anya na ndị na-ajụ ase gụnyere eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, nka ọrụ na foto. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na mmalite 1960s wee so na ọtụtụ obodo nka ama ama na Los Angeles, gụnyere Light na Space ije; <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị na-ese ihe nkedo nke mbụ, gụnyere Larry Bell ; <ref name="Schad11" /> na 1970 na-enwe mmetụta nke African-American mkpokọta, [[Senga Nengudi|Studio Z]], nke ọ bụ onye ntọala ya na ndị na-ese ihe dịka David Hammons, [[Senga Nengudi]] na [[Houston Conwill]] . Onye nkatọ Catherine Wagley kọwara Ray dị ka "onye na-ese ihe na-agbasi mbọ ike ịghọta ụdị ọkụ na ohere niile (igwe, mmụọ, ime mmụọ na mpaghara) karịa ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ọ bụla." - ọchịchọ nke ya na ndị ọzọ tụrụ aro dugara ya. a na-aghọtaghị. <ref name="Dambrot19" /> <ref name="Dambrot19">Dambrot, Shana Nys. "The Galleries of the Hollywood Media District: Diane Rosenstein," ''LA Weekly'', August 16–22, 2019.</ref> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray egosila na Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, na Museum of African-American Art na Los Angeles, na ebe ndị ọzọ. Ihe osise ya bụ nke mkpokọta ọha nke LACMA na Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art . <ref name="NEHMA">Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art. [https://artmuseum-collection.usu.edu/artist-maker/info/1549?artistName=Joe%20Ray Joe Ray], Artist-Maker. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Amụrụ Ray na Beaumont, Texas na 1944 wee tolite na Alexandria, Louisiana . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nkà na egwu, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nkà na nkà mmụta sayensị na Mahadum Southwestern Louisiana, otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ole na ole na kọleji dịpụrụ adịpụ na mbụ. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1963, o jiri ụgbọ ala gaa Los Angeles ma n'oge na-adịghị anya sonye na ihe ngosi nka dị iche iche nke na-akọwapụtabeghị. <ref name="Schad11" /> Edebanyere ya na US Army wee ziga ya ije ozi na Vietnam na 1965, izu abụọ ka nnupụisi Watts gasịrị. <ref name="Schad11" /> <ref name="CACNO" /> Mgbe o si Vietnam lọta na 1967, Ray biri na mpaghara Leimert Park nke Los Angeles, bụ ebe na-eto eto nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a na omenala ndị Africa na America, wee malite ịnwale ihe ọkpụkpụ resin na ndị ọzọ dị ka Larry Bell, Doug Edge na Terry. O'Shea. <ref name="Wagley21" /> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray mbụ gosipụtara ihe osise ya na 1969 4th Annual Watts Summer Festival Art ngosi, ma mesịa nweta nkwanye ùgwù site na ihe ngosi otu na SFMOMA, Oakland Museum of California, Long Beach Museum of Art, na LACMA ("24 Young Los Angeles Artists," 1971; "Afọ 10 nke Nnweta Council Art Contemporary," 1973). <ref name="Tuchman73">Tuchman, Maurice. ''Ten Years of Contemporary Art Council Acquisitions: Inaugurating The New Contemporary Art Galleries'', Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1973.</ref> Mgbe ọ natachara onyinye nturu ugo na-eto eto sitere na LACMA na 1970, o debanyere aha na klas mbụ na California Institute of Arts ọhụrụ, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na John Baldessari, Allan Kaprow na Nam June Paik . <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ nwalere arụmọrụ, foto na nka vidiyo wee gụchaa ya na BFA na klas mmalite nke 1973. N'agbata 1978 na 1980, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu izizi iri na ise nke MOCA Los Angeles Artists Advisory Council, yana Vija Celmins, Robert Irwin na ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Schad11" /> N'ime ọrụ ya mechara, Ray gụnyere na ihe ngosi LACMA, "Emere na California: Art, Image and Identity (1900-2000)," nyocha ihe ngosi nka "LA Object & David Hammons Body Prints" (2007, Tilton Gallery, New York; Roberts & Tilton, Los Angeles), <ref name="Rogers11">Rogers Tilton, Connie and Lindsay Charlwood (eds). [https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_972664 ''L.A. Object & David Hammons Body Prints''], New York/Los Angeles: Jack Tilton Gallery/ Roberts & Tilton Gallery, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> "The Artist's Museum" (MOCA LA, 2010), na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Na 2017, nyocha nke afọ 50 nke ọrụ ya, "Constellation Complexion," mere na Diane Rosenstein Gallery na Los Angeles. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> == Ọrụ na nnabata == Ọrụ Ray na 1960s na 1970s sitere na ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo-resin na-adịghị ahụkebe ruo na foto ndị yiri akwụkwọ na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ. Ndị nkatọ na-atụ aro na ụdị ọrụ abụọ ikpeazụ a na-ekwu maka ihe njirimara nke mebiela omume ya na-abụghị nke ihe atụ ma kewapụ ya na ndị na-ese ihe nkedo-resin na Light na Space. <ref name="Krull96">Krull, Craig, ''Photographing the L.A. Art Scene 1955-1975'', Santa Monica, CA: Smart Art Press, 1996. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Malite na ngwụcha 1970s, o lekwasịrị anya karịa na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta ihe atụ nke na-enyocha oghere ime na mpụta yana okwu metụtara njirimara agbụrụ na ahaghị nhata. Onye nkatọ Shana Nys Dambrot edewo na ihe ngosi pụtara ìhè nke omume Ray "n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-edepụta eriri nke echiche na ọmarịcha gestalt nke jikọtara ọrụ ya niile na-aga n'ihu nke ìhè, agba, ngwa anya / ihe mgbagwoju anya, na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nghọta, eserese, arụmọrụ, na abstraction. " <ref name="Dambrot17" /> === Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin === N'etiti 1960s, Ray malitere inyocha ihe nkedo na resin, ihe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-ese ihe na-tinyere ìhè-bịara iji kọwaa Light na Space ije. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị a na-akpụ akpụ, gụnyere Ray, nabatara ma sayensị, akụkụ teknụzụ nke ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esoteric, echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe, dị ka ikike nke inwe ụdị siri ike ma mee ka ọkụ na-agafe agafe na gburugburu ya. Ọkpụkpụ resin mbụ nke Ray na-atụgharị ma were ọdịdị bụ isi: spheres pristine, ọkara okirikiri, arcs na mgbanaka. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Ọ gbakwunyere ha pigmenti-n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ agba swiiti ( ''Two Arcs and Half-Sphere'', 1969) na ndị ọzọ ụkpụrụ ojii na ọcha, dị ka na ''New Eye'' (1969). <ref name="Schad" /><ref name="Schad" /><ref name="Wagley17" /> Ọrụ nke ikpeazụ jikọtara ya na ndị na-ese ihe na Light na Space na-ya na tubes ojii na nke ọcha na-akọwa okwu agbụrụ-na ụzọ ọzọ, ụwa nkà nke Africa-American n'ebe ndịda nke Freeway 10, gbadoro ụkwụ na Leimert Park, [[Alonzo Davis]] 's Brockman Gallery, na Osisi 32. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Rogers11"/> Ọrụ resin Ray na-egosipụta mmasị ya na sayensị na mmụọ, echiche euphoric, ahụ mmadụ n'otu n'otu na sistemu ya, na cosmos. ''Ihe mgbanaka'' ya na-esote (1980–3) ka akọwara dị ka ọrụ nka nka na-egbu mgbu nke mgbanaka mgbanaka asaa dị omimi, mgbanaka na okirikiri etinyere n'akụkụ n'akụkụ conjure ọtụtụ ihe atụ. <ref name="NEHMA"/> Curator Ed Schad dere, ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ "na-adọta ahịrị ụmụ mmadụ site na ụwa na-enweghị njedebe nke oghere atomiki site na nhazi nke obi mmadụ na usoro nke kpakpando na usoro mbara igwe," ya na njikọ asaa ya na-ejikọta na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ "ihe omimi na ọnụọgụgụ pụtara., na-agbakwunye ihu nzuzo." <ref name="Schad" /> === Foto na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ === Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-esetịpụ foto Ray's 1970s n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ndekọ ndụ obodo kwa ụbọchị yana mmekọrịta na-adịghị ahụkebe mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ha. Na 1970, ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya Louisiana wee sere ụmụaka, ndị okenye, ụlọ egbe egbe na okporo ámá ebe ahụ. Ihe onyonyo a na-akwụwa aka ọtọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ-dị ka ihe osise-31 ojii na-acha ọcha, mbipụta gelatin-ọlaọcha-gụnyere usoro “Untitled” (1970–2), nke gosipụtara mmetụta ya gbasara agbataobi na ndụ ya, ebe ọ na-akọwapụta oke nke ya. trajectory n'oge na ebe. <ref name="Fox00" /> Ndị dịkọrọ ndụ n'usoro isiokwu ahụ bụ ọrụ nka ọnụ ọnụ nke Ray—ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị na ihe omume ndị a na-eme ndụ ndị a na-edekarị na foto na vidiyo. Ndị a gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịsacha ụgbọ ala mmadụ, nke ya na ndị enyi ya na-eji ejiji dị ka nnukwu, brushes floppy ma kpuchie onwe ha na ụfụfụ na-acha ọcha, na mgbada na-agbadata na eriri site na ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ elu n'oge egwu egwu. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1971, Ray, Terry O'Shea na Doug Edge gosipụtara na ngosi mmeghe nke Market Street Programme (1971-3), ọrụ mmalite, nka na nke ọha mmadụ na-akwado nke Walter Hopps na Robert Irwin. <ref name="Shipper95">Shipper, Merle. "The Market Street Program," ''ArtScene'', September 1995.</ref> <ref name="Simms15">Simms, Matthew. ''Mapping the Los Angeles Art Underground: The Market Street Program 1971-1973'', Archives of American Art Journal, Smithsonian Institution, 2015.</ref> Kama igosi ihe osise resin nke onwe ha, ha họọrọ ịnwale dị ka atọ na echiche echiche na foto na-enyocha clichés ndị a ma ama banyere ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a-dị ka dandy, onye ọzọ, libertine ma ọ bụ ịhụnanya-na-edepụta nsonaazụ, "The Fantasy Show." <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Shipper95" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> Onyonyo ha gụnyere oriri na-atọ ụtọ, Buñuel - dị ka black-tie oriri maka atọ; ihe na-adịghị mma, na-enweghị uwe mwụda biker scenario spoofing machismo; na egwuregwu poker na Ray na ụmụ nwanyị atọ, na-ezo aka na foto Duchamp 1963 a ma ama nke onwe ya na-egwu chess na Pasadena Art Museum . <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> === Ihe osise === N'afọ ndị 1990, Ray kere ihe osise nke na-enyocha ihe gbasara njirimara, ikpe ziri ezi nke agbụrụ na nsonye site na iji ihe oyiyi eme ihe - dị ka akara na ihe ndị nkịtị - nke mebiri echiche ọjọọ na agbụrụ agbụrụ. Otu afọ mgbe ọgba aghara Los Angeles kpalitere site na ikpe obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii Rodney King na ntọhapụ, ọ dechara usoro gụnyere ọrụ ''US'' na ''Blue Spade'' (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; [[Kente cloth|akwa kente]], akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi yiri ka ọ na-esi na kọmpat na-eto; mkpọsa nke agba ojii na-atụ aro n'akụkụ ụzọ obodo mepere emepe nwere ntụpọ, iwe ma ọ bụ Nkwuwapụta Abstract; ụtarị na-acha ọcha, obe na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ụdị spade na-eme ka agbụrụ agbụrụ, egwuregwu kaadị na ngwá ọrụ. <ref name="LACMA2" /> <ref name="McCash14" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Na 2014, e gosipụtara usoro ahụ na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, na-esote Michael Brown agbapụ ; Na nyocha ''New Orleans Times-Picayune'', Doug McCash dere, sị, "Ịhụta ihe osise Ray na ịgụ akụkọ ha n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 2014 bụ ahụmahụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke mesiri ike nkà nwere akara oge ... ma ọ bụ oge." == Ntụaka == Blue Spade (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; akwa kente, akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://dianerosenstein.com/artists/37-joe-ray/overview/ Joe Ray], Diane Rosenstein Gallery * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240609081236/https://collections.lacma.org/node/169482 Joe Ray], Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Los Angeles County, mkpokọta [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3hn9e6viv4l3mveoc7ajgbe1im722lm 674071 674070 2026-07-08T12:55:25Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin */ 674071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joe Ray''' (amụrụ 1944) bụ onye omenkà America dabere na Los Angeles. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Ọrụ ya kwagara n'etiti abstraction na nnọchite anya na ndị na-ajụ ase gụnyere eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, nka ọrụ na foto. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na mmalite 1960s wee so na ọtụtụ obodo nka ama ama na Los Angeles, gụnyere Light na Space ije; <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị na-ese ihe nkedo nke mbụ, gụnyere Larry Bell ; <ref name="Schad11" /> na 1970 na-enwe mmetụta nke African-American mkpokọta, [[Senga Nengudi|Studio Z]], nke ọ bụ onye ntọala ya na ndị na-ese ihe dịka David Hammons, [[Senga Nengudi]] na [[Houston Conwill]] . Onye nkatọ Catherine Wagley kọwara Ray dị ka "onye na-ese ihe na-agbasi mbọ ike ịghọta ụdị ọkụ na ohere niile (igwe, mmụọ, ime mmụọ na mpaghara) karịa ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ọ bụla." - ọchịchọ nke ya na ndị ọzọ tụrụ aro dugara ya. a na-aghọtaghị. <ref name="Dambrot19" /> <ref name="Dambrot19">Dambrot, Shana Nys. "The Galleries of the Hollywood Media District: Diane Rosenstein," ''LA Weekly'', August 16–22, 2019.</ref> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray egosila na Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, na Museum of African-American Art na Los Angeles, na ebe ndị ọzọ. Ihe osise ya bụ nke mkpokọta ọha nke LACMA na Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art . <ref name="NEHMA">Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art. [https://artmuseum-collection.usu.edu/artist-maker/info/1549?artistName=Joe%20Ray Joe Ray], Artist-Maker. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Amụrụ Ray na Beaumont, Texas na 1944 wee tolite na Alexandria, Louisiana . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nkà na egwu, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nkà na nkà mmụta sayensị na Mahadum Southwestern Louisiana, otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ole na ole na kọleji dịpụrụ adịpụ na mbụ. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1963, o jiri ụgbọ ala gaa Los Angeles ma n'oge na-adịghị anya sonye na ihe ngosi nka dị iche iche nke na-akọwapụtabeghị. <ref name="Schad11" /> Edebanyere ya na US Army wee ziga ya ije ozi na Vietnam na 1965, izu abụọ ka nnupụisi Watts gasịrị. <ref name="Schad11" /> <ref name="CACNO" /> Mgbe o si Vietnam lọta na 1967, Ray biri na mpaghara Leimert Park nke Los Angeles, bụ ebe na-eto eto nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a na omenala ndị Africa na America, wee malite ịnwale ihe ọkpụkpụ resin na ndị ọzọ dị ka Larry Bell, Doug Edge na Terry. O'Shea. <ref name="Wagley21" /> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray mbụ gosipụtara ihe osise ya na 1969 4th Annual Watts Summer Festival Art ngosi, ma mesịa nweta nkwanye ùgwù site na ihe ngosi otu na SFMOMA, Oakland Museum of California, Long Beach Museum of Art, na LACMA ("24 Young Los Angeles Artists," 1971; "Afọ 10 nke Nnweta Council Art Contemporary," 1973). <ref name="Tuchman73">Tuchman, Maurice. ''Ten Years of Contemporary Art Council Acquisitions: Inaugurating The New Contemporary Art Galleries'', Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1973.</ref> Mgbe ọ natachara onyinye nturu ugo na-eto eto sitere na LACMA na 1970, o debanyere aha na klas mbụ na California Institute of Arts ọhụrụ, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na John Baldessari, Allan Kaprow na Nam June Paik . <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ nwalere arụmọrụ, foto na nka vidiyo wee gụchaa ya na BFA na klas mmalite nke 1973. N'agbata 1978 na 1980, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu izizi iri na ise nke MOCA Los Angeles Artists Advisory Council, yana Vija Celmins, Robert Irwin na ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Schad11" /> N'ime ọrụ ya mechara, Ray gụnyere na ihe ngosi LACMA, "Emere na California: Art, Image and Identity (1900-2000)," nyocha ihe ngosi nka "LA Object & David Hammons Body Prints" (2007, Tilton Gallery, New York; Roberts & Tilton, Los Angeles), <ref name="Rogers11">Rogers Tilton, Connie and Lindsay Charlwood (eds). [https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_972664 ''L.A. Object & David Hammons Body Prints''], New York/Los Angeles: Jack Tilton Gallery/ Roberts & Tilton Gallery, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> "The Artist's Museum" (MOCA LA, 2010), na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Na 2017, nyocha nke afọ 50 nke ọrụ ya, "Constellation Complexion," mere na Diane Rosenstein Gallery na Los Angeles. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> == Ọrụ na nnabata == Ọrụ Ray na 1960s na 1970s sitere na ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo-resin na-adịghị ahụkebe ruo na foto ndị yiri akwụkwọ na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ. Ndị nkatọ na-atụ aro na ụdị ọrụ abụọ ikpeazụ a na-ekwu maka ihe njirimara nke mebiela omume ya na-abụghị nke ihe atụ ma kewapụ ya na ndị na-ese ihe nkedo-resin na Light na Space. <ref name="Krull96">Krull, Craig, ''Photographing the L.A. Art Scene 1955-1975'', Santa Monica, CA: Smart Art Press, 1996. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Malite na ngwụcha 1970s, o lekwasịrị anya karịa na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta ihe atụ nke na-enyocha oghere ime na mpụta yana okwu metụtara njirimara agbụrụ na ahaghị nhata. Onye nkatọ Shana Nys Dambrot edewo na ihe ngosi pụtara ìhè nke omume Ray "n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-edepụta eriri nke echiche na ọmarịcha gestalt nke jikọtara ọrụ ya niile na-aga n'ihu nke ìhè, agba, ngwa anya / ihe mgbagwoju anya, na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nghọta, eserese, arụmọrụ, na abstraction. " <ref name="Dambrot17" /> === Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin === N'etiti 1960s, Ray malitere inyocha ihe nkedo na resin, ihe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-ese ihe na-tinyere ìhè-bịara iji kọwaa Light na Space ije. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị a na-akpụ akpụ, gụnyere Ray, nabatara ma sayensị, akụkụ teknụzụ nke ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esoteric, echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe, dị ka ikike nke inwe ụdị siri ike ma mee ka ọkụ na-agafe agafe na gburugburu ya. Ọkpụkpụ resin mbụ nke Ray na-atụgharị ma were ọdịdị bụ isi: spheres pristine, ọkara okirikiri, arcs na mgbanaka. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Ọ gbakwunyere ha pigmenti-n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ agba swiiti ( ''Two Arcs and Half-Sphere'', 1969) na ndị ọzọ ụkpụrụ ojii na ọcha, dị ka na ''New Eye'' (1969). <ref name="Schad" /><ref name="Wagley17" /> Ọrụ nke ikpeazụ jikọtara ya na ndị na-ese ihe na Light na Space na-ya na tubes ojii na nke ọcha na-akọwa okwu agbụrụ-na ụzọ ọzọ, ụwa nkà nke Africa-American n'ebe ndịda nke Freeway 10, gbadoro ụkwụ na Leimert Park, [[Alonzo Davis]] 's Brockman Gallery, na Osisi 32. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Rogers11"/> Ọrụ resin Ray na-egosipụta mmasị ya na sayensị na mmụọ, echiche euphoric, ahụ mmadụ n'otu n'otu na sistemu ya, na cosmos. ''Ihe mgbanaka'' ya na-esote (1980–3) ka akọwara dị ka ọrụ nka nka na-egbu mgbu nke mgbanaka mgbanaka asaa dị omimi, mgbanaka na okirikiri etinyere n'akụkụ n'akụkụ conjure ọtụtụ ihe atụ. <ref name="NEHMA"/> Curator Ed Schad dere, ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ "na-adọta ahịrị ụmụ mmadụ site na ụwa na-enweghị njedebe nke oghere atomiki site na nhazi nke obi mmadụ na usoro nke kpakpando na usoro mbara igwe," ya na njikọ asaa ya na-ejikọta na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ "ihe omimi na ọnụọgụgụ pụtara., na-agbakwunye ihu nzuzo." <ref name="Schad" /> === Foto na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ === Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-esetịpụ foto Ray's 1970s n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ndekọ ndụ obodo kwa ụbọchị yana mmekọrịta na-adịghị ahụkebe mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ha. Na 1970, ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya Louisiana wee sere ụmụaka, ndị okenye, ụlọ egbe egbe na okporo ámá ebe ahụ. Ihe onyonyo a na-akwụwa aka ọtọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ-dị ka ihe osise-31 ojii na-acha ọcha, mbipụta gelatin-ọlaọcha-gụnyere usoro “Untitled” (1970–2), nke gosipụtara mmetụta ya gbasara agbataobi na ndụ ya, ebe ọ na-akọwapụta oke nke ya. trajectory n'oge na ebe. <ref name="Fox00" /> Ndị dịkọrọ ndụ n'usoro isiokwu ahụ bụ ọrụ nka ọnụ ọnụ nke Ray—ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị na ihe omume ndị a na-eme ndụ ndị a na-edekarị na foto na vidiyo. Ndị a gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịsacha ụgbọ ala mmadụ, nke ya na ndị enyi ya na-eji ejiji dị ka nnukwu, brushes floppy ma kpuchie onwe ha na ụfụfụ na-acha ọcha, na mgbada na-agbadata na eriri site na ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ elu n'oge egwu egwu. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1971, Ray, Terry O'Shea na Doug Edge gosipụtara na ngosi mmeghe nke Market Street Programme (1971-3), ọrụ mmalite, nka na nke ọha mmadụ na-akwado nke Walter Hopps na Robert Irwin. <ref name="Shipper95">Shipper, Merle. "The Market Street Program," ''ArtScene'', September 1995.</ref> <ref name="Simms15">Simms, Matthew. ''Mapping the Los Angeles Art Underground: The Market Street Program 1971-1973'', Archives of American Art Journal, Smithsonian Institution, 2015.</ref> Kama igosi ihe osise resin nke onwe ha, ha họọrọ ịnwale dị ka atọ na echiche echiche na foto na-enyocha clichés ndị a ma ama banyere ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a-dị ka dandy, onye ọzọ, libertine ma ọ bụ ịhụnanya-na-edepụta nsonaazụ, "The Fantasy Show." <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Shipper95" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> Onyonyo ha gụnyere oriri na-atọ ụtọ, Buñuel - dị ka black-tie oriri maka atọ; ihe na-adịghị mma, na-enweghị uwe mwụda biker scenario spoofing machismo; na egwuregwu poker na Ray na ụmụ nwanyị atọ, na-ezo aka na foto Duchamp 1963 a ma ama nke onwe ya na-egwu chess na Pasadena Art Museum . <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> === Ihe osise === N'afọ ndị 1990, Ray kere ihe osise nke na-enyocha ihe gbasara njirimara, ikpe ziri ezi nke agbụrụ na nsonye site na iji ihe oyiyi eme ihe - dị ka akara na ihe ndị nkịtị - nke mebiri echiche ọjọọ na agbụrụ agbụrụ. Otu afọ mgbe ọgba aghara Los Angeles kpalitere site na ikpe obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii Rodney King na ntọhapụ, ọ dechara usoro gụnyere ọrụ ''US'' na ''Blue Spade'' (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; [[Kente cloth|akwa kente]], akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi yiri ka ọ na-esi na kọmpat na-eto; mkpọsa nke agba ojii na-atụ aro n'akụkụ ụzọ obodo mepere emepe nwere ntụpọ, iwe ma ọ bụ Nkwuwapụta Abstract; ụtarị na-acha ọcha, obe na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ụdị spade na-eme ka agbụrụ agbụrụ, egwuregwu kaadị na ngwá ọrụ. <ref name="LACMA2" /> <ref name="McCash14" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Na 2014, e gosipụtara usoro ahụ na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, na-esote Michael Brown agbapụ ; Na nyocha ''New Orleans Times-Picayune'', Doug McCash dere, sị, "Ịhụta ihe osise Ray na ịgụ akụkọ ha n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 2014 bụ ahụmahụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke mesiri ike nkà nwere akara oge ... ma ọ bụ oge." == Ntụaka == Blue Spade (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; akwa kente, akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://dianerosenstein.com/artists/37-joe-ray/overview/ Joe Ray], Diane Rosenstein Gallery * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240609081236/https://collections.lacma.org/node/169482 Joe Ray], Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Los Angeles County, mkpokọta [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 60xxifuwp9xfye7k3ipa9wryrzdrbtc 674072 674071 2026-07-08T12:57:45Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin */ 674072 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joe Ray''' (amụrụ 1944) bụ onye omenkà America dabere na Los Angeles. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Ọrụ ya kwagara n'etiti abstraction na nnọchite anya na ndị na-ajụ ase gụnyere eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, nka ọrụ na foto. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na mmalite 1960s wee so na ọtụtụ obodo nka ama ama na Los Angeles, gụnyere Light na Space ije; <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị na-ese ihe nkedo nke mbụ, gụnyere Larry Bell ; <ref name="Schad11" /> na 1970 na-enwe mmetụta nke African-American mkpokọta, [[Senga Nengudi|Studio Z]], nke ọ bụ onye ntọala ya na ndị na-ese ihe dịka David Hammons, [[Senga Nengudi]] na [[Houston Conwill]] . Onye nkatọ Catherine Wagley kọwara Ray dị ka "onye na-ese ihe na-agbasi mbọ ike ịghọta ụdị ọkụ na ohere niile (igwe, mmụọ, ime mmụọ na mpaghara) karịa ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ọ bụla." - ọchịchọ nke ya na ndị ọzọ tụrụ aro dugara ya. a na-aghọtaghị. <ref name="Dambrot19" /> <ref name="Dambrot19">Dambrot, Shana Nys. "The Galleries of the Hollywood Media District: Diane Rosenstein," ''LA Weekly'', August 16–22, 2019.</ref> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray egosila na Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, na Museum of African-American Art na Los Angeles, na ebe ndị ọzọ. Ihe osise ya bụ nke mkpokọta ọha nke LACMA na Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art . <ref name="NEHMA">Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art. [https://artmuseum-collection.usu.edu/artist-maker/info/1549?artistName=Joe%20Ray Joe Ray], Artist-Maker. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Amụrụ Ray na Beaumont, Texas na 1944 wee tolite na Alexandria, Louisiana . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nkà na egwu, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nkà na nkà mmụta sayensị na Mahadum Southwestern Louisiana, otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ole na ole na kọleji dịpụrụ adịpụ na mbụ. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1963, o jiri ụgbọ ala gaa Los Angeles ma n'oge na-adịghị anya sonye na ihe ngosi nka dị iche iche nke na-akọwapụtabeghị. <ref name="Schad11" /> Edebanyere ya na US Army wee ziga ya ije ozi na Vietnam na 1965, izu abụọ ka nnupụisi Watts gasịrị. <ref name="Schad11" /> <ref name="CACNO" /> Mgbe o si Vietnam lọta na 1967, Ray biri na mpaghara Leimert Park nke Los Angeles, bụ ebe na-eto eto nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a na omenala ndị Africa na America, wee malite ịnwale ihe ọkpụkpụ resin na ndị ọzọ dị ka Larry Bell, Doug Edge na Terry. O'Shea. <ref name="Wagley21" /> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray mbụ gosipụtara ihe osise ya na 1969 4th Annual Watts Summer Festival Art ngosi, ma mesịa nweta nkwanye ùgwù site na ihe ngosi otu na SFMOMA, Oakland Museum of California, Long Beach Museum of Art, na LACMA ("24 Young Los Angeles Artists," 1971; "Afọ 10 nke Nnweta Council Art Contemporary," 1973). <ref name="Tuchman73">Tuchman, Maurice. ''Ten Years of Contemporary Art Council Acquisitions: Inaugurating The New Contemporary Art Galleries'', Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1973.</ref> Mgbe ọ natachara onyinye nturu ugo na-eto eto sitere na LACMA na 1970, o debanyere aha na klas mbụ na California Institute of Arts ọhụrụ, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na John Baldessari, Allan Kaprow na Nam June Paik . <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ nwalere arụmọrụ, foto na nka vidiyo wee gụchaa ya na BFA na klas mmalite nke 1973. N'agbata 1978 na 1980, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu izizi iri na ise nke MOCA Los Angeles Artists Advisory Council, yana Vija Celmins, Robert Irwin na ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Schad11" /> N'ime ọrụ ya mechara, Ray gụnyere na ihe ngosi LACMA, "Emere na California: Art, Image and Identity (1900-2000)," nyocha ihe ngosi nka "LA Object & David Hammons Body Prints" (2007, Tilton Gallery, New York; Roberts & Tilton, Los Angeles), <ref name="Rogers11">Rogers Tilton, Connie and Lindsay Charlwood (eds). [https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_972664 ''L.A. Object & David Hammons Body Prints''], New York/Los Angeles: Jack Tilton Gallery/ Roberts & Tilton Gallery, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> "The Artist's Museum" (MOCA LA, 2010), na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Na 2017, nyocha nke afọ 50 nke ọrụ ya, "Constellation Complexion," mere na Diane Rosenstein Gallery na Los Angeles. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> == Ọrụ na nnabata == Ọrụ Ray na 1960s na 1970s sitere na ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo-resin na-adịghị ahụkebe ruo na foto ndị yiri akwụkwọ na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ. Ndị nkatọ na-atụ aro na ụdị ọrụ abụọ ikpeazụ a na-ekwu maka ihe njirimara nke mebiela omume ya na-abụghị nke ihe atụ ma kewapụ ya na ndị na-ese ihe nkedo-resin na Light na Space. <ref name="Krull96">Krull, Craig, ''Photographing the L.A. Art Scene 1955-1975'', Santa Monica, CA: Smart Art Press, 1996. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Malite na ngwụcha 1970s, o lekwasịrị anya karịa na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta ihe atụ nke na-enyocha oghere ime na mpụta yana okwu metụtara njirimara agbụrụ na ahaghị nhata. Onye nkatọ Shana Nys Dambrot edewo na ihe ngosi pụtara ìhè nke omume Ray "n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-edepụta eriri nke echiche na ọmarịcha gestalt nke jikọtara ọrụ ya niile na-aga n'ihu nke ìhè, agba, ngwa anya / ihe mgbagwoju anya, na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nghọta, eserese, arụmọrụ, na abstraction. " <ref name="Dambrot17" /> === Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin === N'etiti 1960s, Ray malitere inyocha ihe nkedo na resin, ihe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-ese ihe na-tinyere ìhè-bịara iji kọwaa Light na Space ije. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị a na-akpụ akpụ, gụnyere Ray, nabatara ma sayensị, akụkụ teknụzụ nke ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esoteric, echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe, dị ka ikike nke inwe ụdị siri ike ma mee ka ọkụ na-agafe agafe na gburugburu ya. Ọkpụkpụ resin mbụ nke Ray na-atụgharị ma were ọdịdị bụ isi: spheres pristine, ọkara okirikiri, arcs na mgbanaka. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Ọ gbakwunyere ha pigmenti-n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ agba swiiti ( ''Two Arcs and Half-Sphere'', 1969) na ndị ọzọ ụkpụrụ ojii na ọcha, dị ka na ''New Eye'' (1969). <ref name="Schad" /><ref name="Wagley17" /> Ọrụ nke ikpeazụ jikọtara ya na ndị na-ese ihe na Light na Space na-ya na tubes ojii na nke ọcha na-akọwa okwu agbụrụ-na ụzọ ọzọ, ụwa nkà nke Africa-American n'ebe ndịda nke Freeway 10, gbadoro ụkwụ na Leimert Park, [[Alonzo Davis]] 's Brockman Gallery, na Osisi 32. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Rogers11"/> Ọrụ resin Ray na-egosipụta mmasị ya na sayensị na mmụọ, echiche euphoric, ahụ mmadụ n'otu n'otu na sistemu ya, na cosmos. ''Ihe mgbanaka'' ya na-esote (1980–3) ka akọwara dị ka ọrụ nka nka na-egbu mgbu nke mgbanaka mgbanaka asaa dị omimi, mgbanaka na okirikiri etinyere n'akụkụ n'akụkụ conjure ọtụtụ ihe atụ. <ref name="NEHMA"/> Curator Ed Schad dere, ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ "na-adọta ahịrị ụmụ mmadụ site na ụwa na-enweghị njedebe nke oghere atomiki site na nhazi nke obi mmadụ na usoro nke kpakpando na usoro mbara igwe," ya na njikọ asaa ya na-ejikọta na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ "ihe omimi na ọnụọgụgụ pụtara., na-agbakwunye ihu nzuzo." <ref name="Schad" /> === Foto na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ === Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-esetịpụ foto Ray's 1970s n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ndekọ ndụ obodo kwa ụbọchị yana mmekọrịta na-adịghị ahụkebe mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ha. Na 1970, ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya Louisiana wee sere ụmụaka, ndị okenye, ụlọ egbe egbe na okporo ámá ebe ahụ. Ihe onyonyo a na-akwụwa aka ọtọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ-dị ka ihe osise-31 ojii na-acha ọcha, mbipụta gelatin-ọlaọcha-gụnyere usoro “Untitled” (1970–2), nke gosipụtara mmetụta ya gbasara agbataobi na ndụ ya, ebe ọ na-akọwapụta oke nke ya. trajectory n'oge na ebe. <ref name="Fox00" /> Ndị dịkọrọ ndụ n'usoro isiokwu ahụ bụ ọrụ nka ọnụ ọnụ nke Ray—ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị na ihe omume ndị a na-eme ndụ ndị a na-edekarị na foto na vidiyo. Ndị a gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịsacha ụgbọ ala mmadụ, nke ya na ndị enyi ya na-eji ejiji dị ka nnukwu, brushes floppy ma kpuchie onwe ha na ụfụfụ na-acha ọcha, na mgbada na-agbadata na eriri site na ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ elu n'oge egwu egwu. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1971, Ray, Terry O'Shea na Doug Edge gosipụtara na ngosi mmeghe nke Market Street Programme (1971-3), ọrụ mmalite, nka na nke ọha mmadụ na-akwado nke Walter Hopps na Robert Irwin. <ref name="Shipper95">Shipper, Merle. "The Market Street Program," ''ArtScene'', September 1995.</ref> <ref name="Simms15">Simms, Matthew. ''Mapping the Los Angeles Art Underground: The Market Street Program 1971-1973'', Archives of American Art Journal, Smithsonian Institution, 2015.</ref> Kama igosi ihe osise resin nke onwe ha, ha họọrọ ịnwale dị ka atọ na echiche echiche na foto na-enyocha clichés ndị a ma ama banyere ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a-dị ka dandy, onye ọzọ, libertine ma ọ bụ ịhụnanya-na-edepụta nsonaazụ, "The Fantasy Show." <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Shipper95" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> Onyonyo ha gụnyere oriri na-atọ ụtọ, Buñuel - dị ka black-tie oriri maka atọ; ihe na-adịghị mma, na-enweghị uwe mwụda biker scenario spoofing machismo; na egwuregwu poker na Ray na ụmụ nwanyị atọ, na-ezo aka na foto Duchamp 1963 a ma ama nke onwe ya na-egwu chess na Pasadena Art Museum . <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> === Ihe osise === N'afọ ndị 1990, Ray kere ihe osise nke na-enyocha ihe gbasara njirimara, ikpe ziri ezi nke agbụrụ na nsonye site na iji ihe oyiyi eme ihe - dị ka akara na ihe ndị nkịtị - nke mebiri echiche ọjọọ na agbụrụ agbụrụ. Otu afọ mgbe ọgba aghara Los Angeles kpalitere site na ikpe obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii Rodney King na ntọhapụ, ọ dechara usoro gụnyere ọrụ ''US'' na ''Blue Spade'' (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; [[Kente cloth|akwa kente]], akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi yiri ka ọ na-esi na kọmpat na-eto; mkpọsa nke agba ojii na-atụ aro n'akụkụ ụzọ obodo mepere emepe nwere ntụpọ, iwe ma ọ bụ Nkwuwapụta Abstract; ụtarị na-acha ọcha, obe na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ụdị spade na-eme ka agbụrụ agbụrụ, egwuregwu kaadị na ngwá ọrụ. <ref name="LACMA2" /> <ref name="McCash14" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Na 2014, e gosipụtara usoro ahụ na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, na-esote Michael Brown agbapụ ; Na nyocha ''New Orleans Times-Picayune'', Doug McCash dere, sị, "Ịhụta ihe osise Ray na ịgụ akụkọ ha n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 2014 bụ ahụmahụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke mesiri ike nkà nwere akara oge ... ma ọ bụ oge." == Ntụaka == Blue Spade (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; akwa kente, akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://dianerosenstein.com/artists/37-joe-ray/overview/ Joe Ray], Diane Rosenstein Gallery * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240609081236/https://collections.lacma.org/node/169482 Joe Ray], Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Los Angeles County, mkpokọta [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tm2uhkiu73clyhf6yiy6hpt9z0iaw3n 674472 674072 2026-07-09T10:04:21Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin */ 674472 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joe Ray''' (amụrụ 1944) bụ onye omenkà America dabere na Los Angeles. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Ọrụ ya kwagara n'etiti abstraction na nnọchite anya na ndị na-ajụ ase gụnyere eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, nka ọrụ na foto. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na mmalite 1960s wee so na ọtụtụ obodo nka ama ama na Los Angeles, gụnyere Light na Space ije; <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị na-ese ihe nkedo nke mbụ, gụnyere Larry Bell ; <ref name="Schad11" /> na 1970 na-enwe mmetụta nke African-American mkpokọta, [[Senga Nengudi|Studio Z]], nke ọ bụ onye ntọala ya na ndị na-ese ihe dịka David Hammons, [[Senga Nengudi]] na [[Houston Conwill]] . Onye nkatọ Catherine Wagley kọwara Ray dị ka "onye na-ese ihe na-agbasi mbọ ike ịghọta ụdị ọkụ na ohere niile (igwe, mmụọ, ime mmụọ na mpaghara) karịa ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ọ bụla." - ọchịchọ nke ya na ndị ọzọ tụrụ aro dugara ya. a na-aghọtaghị. <ref name="Dambrot19" /> <ref name="Dambrot19">Dambrot, Shana Nys. "The Galleries of the Hollywood Media District: Diane Rosenstein," ''LA Weekly'', August 16–22, 2019.</ref> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray egosila na Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, na Museum of African-American Art na Los Angeles, na ebe ndị ọzọ. Ihe osise ya bụ nke mkpokọta ọha nke LACMA na Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art . <ref name="NEHMA">Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art. [https://artmuseum-collection.usu.edu/artist-maker/info/1549?artistName=Joe%20Ray Joe Ray], Artist-Maker. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Amụrụ Ray na Beaumont, Texas na 1944 wee tolite na Alexandria, Louisiana . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nkà na egwu, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nkà na nkà mmụta sayensị na Mahadum Southwestern Louisiana, otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ole na ole na kọleji dịpụrụ adịpụ na mbụ. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1963, o jiri ụgbọ ala gaa Los Angeles ma n'oge na-adịghị anya sonye na ihe ngosi nka dị iche iche nke na-akọwapụtabeghị. <ref name="Schad11" /> Edebanyere ya na US Army wee ziga ya ije ozi na Vietnam na 1965, izu abụọ ka nnupụisi Watts gasịrị. <ref name="Schad11" /> <ref name="CACNO" /> Mgbe o si Vietnam lọta na 1967, Ray biri na mpaghara Leimert Park nke Los Angeles, bụ ebe na-eto eto nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a na omenala ndị Africa na America, wee malite ịnwale ihe ọkpụkpụ resin na ndị ọzọ dị ka Larry Bell, Doug Edge na Terry. O'Shea. <ref name="Wagley21" /> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray mbụ gosipụtara ihe osise ya na 1969 4th Annual Watts Summer Festival Art ngosi, ma mesịa nweta nkwanye ùgwù site na ihe ngosi otu na SFMOMA, Oakland Museum of California, Long Beach Museum of Art, na LACMA ("24 Young Los Angeles Artists," 1971; "Afọ 10 nke Nnweta Council Art Contemporary," 1973). <ref name="Tuchman73">Tuchman, Maurice. ''Ten Years of Contemporary Art Council Acquisitions: Inaugurating The New Contemporary Art Galleries'', Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1973.</ref> Mgbe ọ natachara onyinye nturu ugo na-eto eto sitere na LACMA na 1970, o debanyere aha na klas mbụ na California Institute of Arts ọhụrụ, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na John Baldessari, Allan Kaprow na Nam June Paik . <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ nwalere arụmọrụ, foto na nka vidiyo wee gụchaa ya na BFA na klas mmalite nke 1973. N'agbata 1978 na 1980, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu izizi iri na ise nke MOCA Los Angeles Artists Advisory Council, yana Vija Celmins, Robert Irwin na ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Schad11" /> N'ime ọrụ ya mechara, Ray gụnyere na ihe ngosi LACMA, "Emere na California: Art, Image and Identity (1900-2000)," nyocha ihe ngosi nka "LA Object & David Hammons Body Prints" (2007, Tilton Gallery, New York; Roberts & Tilton, Los Angeles), <ref name="Rogers11">Rogers Tilton, Connie and Lindsay Charlwood (eds). [https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_972664 ''L.A. Object & David Hammons Body Prints''], New York/Los Angeles: Jack Tilton Gallery/ Roberts & Tilton Gallery, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> "The Artist's Museum" (MOCA LA, 2010), na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Na 2017, nyocha nke afọ 50 nke ọrụ ya, "Constellation Complexion," mere na Diane Rosenstein Gallery na Los Angeles. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> == Ọrụ na nnabata == Ọrụ Ray na 1960s na 1970s sitere na ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo-resin na-adịghị ahụkebe ruo na foto ndị yiri akwụkwọ na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ. Ndị nkatọ na-atụ aro na ụdị ọrụ abụọ ikpeazụ a na-ekwu maka ihe njirimara nke mebiela omume ya na-abụghị nke ihe atụ ma kewapụ ya na ndị na-ese ihe nkedo-resin na Light na Space. <ref name="Krull96">Krull, Craig, ''Photographing the L.A. Art Scene 1955-1975'', Santa Monica, CA: Smart Art Press, 1996. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Malite na ngwụcha 1970s, o lekwasịrị anya karịa na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta ihe atụ nke na-enyocha oghere ime na mpụta yana okwu metụtara njirimara agbụrụ na ahaghị nhata. Onye nkatọ Shana Nys Dambrot edewo na ihe ngosi pụtara ìhè nke omume Ray "n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-edepụta eriri nke echiche na ọmarịcha gestalt nke jikọtara ọrụ ya niile na-aga n'ihu nke ìhè, agba, ngwa anya / ihe mgbagwoju anya, na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nghọta, eserese, arụmọrụ, na abstraction. " <ref name="Dambrot17" /> === Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin === N'etiti 1960s, Ray malitere inyocha ihe nkedo na resin, ihe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-ese ihe na-tinyere ìhè-bịara iji kọwaa Light na Space ije. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị a na-akpụ akpụ, gụnyere Ray, nabatara ma sayensị, akụkụ teknụzụ nke ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esoteric, echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe, dị ka ikike nke inwe ụdị siri ike ma mee ka ọkụ na-agafe agafe na gburugburu ya. Ọkpụkpụ resin mbụ nke Ray na-atụgharị ma were ọdịdị bụ isi: spheres pristine, ọkara okirikiri, arcs na mgbanaka. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Ọ gbakwunyere ha pigmenti-n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ agba swiiti ( ''Two Arcs and Half-Sphere'', 1969) na ndị ọzọ ụkpụrụ ojii na ọcha, dị ka na ''New Eye'' (1969). <ref name="Schad" /><ref name="Wagley17" /> Ọrụ nke ikpeazụ jikọtara ya na ndị na-ese ihe na Light na Space na-ya na tubes ojii na nke ọcha na-akọwa okwu agbụrụ-na ụzọ ọzọ, ụwa nkà nke Africa-American n'ebe ndịda nke Freeway 10, gbadoro ụkwụ na Leimert Park, [[Alonzo Davis]] 's Brockman Gallery, na Osisi 32. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Rogers11"/> Ọrụ resin Ray na-egosipụta mmasị ya na sayensị na mmụọ, echiche euphoric, ahụ mmadụ n'otu n'otu na sistemu ya, na cosmos. ''Ihe mgbanaka'' ya na-esote (1980–3) ka akọwara dị ka ọrụ nka nka na-egbu mgbu nke mgbanaka mgbanaka asaa dị omimi, mgbanaka na okirikiri etinyere n'akụkụ n'akụkụ conjure ọtụtụ ihe atụ. <ref name="NEHMA"/> Curator Ed Schad dere, ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ "na-adọta ahịrị ụmụ mmadụ site na ụwa na-enweghị njedebe nke oghere atomiki site na nhazi nke obi mmadụ na usoro nke kpakpando na usoro mbara igwe," ya na njikọ asaa ya na-ejikọta na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ "ihe omimi na ọnụọgụgụ pụtara., na-agbakwunye ihu nzuzo." <ref name="Schad" /> === Foto na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ === Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-esetịpụ foto Ray's 1970s n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ndekọ ndụ obodo kwa ụbọchị yana mmekọrịta na-adịghị ahụkebe mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ha. Na 1970, ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya Louisiana wee sere ụmụaka, ndị okenye, ụlọ egbe egbe na okporo ámá ebe ahụ. Ihe onyonyo a na-akwụwa aka ọtọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ-dị ka ihe osise-31 ojii na-acha ọcha, mbipụta gelatin-ọlaọcha-gụnyere usoro “Untitled” (1970–2), nke gosipụtara mmetụta ya gbasara agbataobi na ndụ ya, ebe ọ na-akọwapụta oke nke ya. trajectory n'oge na ebe. <ref name="Fox00" /> Ndị dịkọrọ ndụ n'usoro isiokwu ahụ bụ ọrụ nka ọnụ ọnụ nke Ray—ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị na ihe omume ndị a na-eme ndụ ndị a na-edekarị na foto na vidiyo. Ndị a gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịsacha ụgbọ ala mmadụ, nke ya na ndị enyi ya na-eji ejiji dị ka nnukwu, brushes floppy ma kpuchie onwe ha na ụfụfụ na-acha ọcha, na mgbada na-agbadata na eriri site na ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ elu n'oge egwu egwu. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1971, Ray, Terry O'Shea na Doug Edge gosipụtara na ngosi mmeghe nke Market Street Programme (1971-3), ọrụ mmalite, nka na nke ọha mmadụ na-akwado nke Walter Hopps na Robert Irwin. <ref name="Shipper95">Shipper, Merle. "The Market Street Program," ''ArtScene'', September 1995.</ref> <ref name="Simms15">Simms, Matthew. ''Mapping the Los Angeles Art Underground: The Market Street Program 1971-1973'', Archives of American Art Journal, Smithsonian Institution, 2015.</ref> Kama igosi ihe osise resin nke onwe ha, ha họọrọ ịnwale dị ka atọ na echiche echiche na foto na-enyocha clichés ndị a ma ama banyere ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a-dị ka dandy, onye ọzọ, libertine ma ọ bụ ịhụnanya-na-edepụta nsonaazụ, "The Fantasy Show." <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Shipper95" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> Onyonyo ha gụnyere oriri na-atọ ụtọ, Buñuel - dị ka black-tie oriri maka atọ; ihe na-adịghị mma, na-enweghị uwe mwụda biker scenario spoofing machismo; na egwuregwu poker na Ray na ụmụ nwanyị atọ, na-ezo aka na foto Duchamp 1963 a ma ama nke onwe ya na-egwu chess na Pasadena Art Museum . <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> === Ihe osise === N'afọ ndị 1990, Ray kere ihe osise nke na-enyocha ihe gbasara njirimara, ikpe ziri ezi nke agbụrụ na nsonye site na iji ihe oyiyi eme ihe - dị ka akara na ihe ndị nkịtị - nke mebiri echiche ọjọọ na agbụrụ agbụrụ. Otu afọ mgbe ọgba aghara Los Angeles kpalitere site na ikpe obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii Rodney King na ntọhapụ, ọ dechara usoro gụnyere ọrụ ''US'' na ''Blue Spade'' (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; [[Kente cloth|akwa kente]], akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi yiri ka ọ na-esi na kọmpat na-eto; mkpọsa nke agba ojii na-atụ aro n'akụkụ ụzọ obodo mepere emepe nwere ntụpọ, iwe ma ọ bụ Nkwuwapụta Abstract; ụtarị na-acha ọcha, obe na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ụdị spade na-eme ka agbụrụ agbụrụ, egwuregwu kaadị na ngwá ọrụ. <ref name="LACMA2" /> <ref name="McCash14" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Na 2014, e gosipụtara usoro ahụ na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, na-esote Michael Brown agbapụ ; Na nyocha ''New Orleans Times-Picayune'', Doug McCash dere, sị, "Ịhụta ihe osise Ray na ịgụ akụkọ ha n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 2014 bụ ahụmahụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke mesiri ike nkà nwere akara oge ... ma ọ bụ oge." == Ntụaka == Blue Spade (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; akwa kente, akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://dianerosenstein.com/artists/37-joe-ray/overview/ Joe Ray], Diane Rosenstein Gallery * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240609081236/https://collections.lacma.org/node/169482 Joe Ray], Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Los Angeles County, mkpokọta [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] b60n0vtcxrfbwk1bjb81m1pec270vot 0 47437 674060 540780 2026-07-08T12:24:39Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ndụ mmalite, ịgba ohu, na agụmakwụkwọ */ fixed reference errors 674060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Attributed_to_Raphaelle_Peale,_Moses_Williams,_cutter_of_profiles._(2919836425).jpg|thumb| Silhouette nke Moses Williams]] {{Databox}}'''Moses Williams''' (1777–c.1825) bụ onye omenkà na-ahụ anya nke Africa-America nke amaara nke ọma dị ka onye na-emepụta silhouettes . Ọ bụbu onye omenkà Charles Willson Peale gbara ya ohu . == Ndụ mmalite, ịgba ohu, na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Moses Williams na 1777 na Philadelphia, [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]], nye Scarborough na Lucy Peale, bụ ndị onye ama ama na-ese ihe na onye nwe ihe ngosi nka Charles Willson Peale gbara ohu.<ref name="Gwendolyn">{{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Gwendolyn DuBois |date=March 2005 |title=“Moses Williams, Cutter of Profiles”: Silhouettes and African American Identity in the Early Republic |url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/proceedings/490102ed.pdf |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] |volume=149 |issue=1 |pages=22-39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501080720/http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/proceedings/490102ed.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-01 |access-date=2025-09-22}}</ref> A kwenyere na nne na nna Williams malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Peale n'oge dị n'agbata 1769 na 1775. <ref name="Gwendolyn" /> Na 1786, Peale megburu nne na nna Williams, nna Williams, Scarborough, gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ John Williams wee nyefee nwa ya nwoke aha ikpeazụ ya. <ref name="Gwendolyn" /> Ọ bụ ezie na nne na nna Williams nwere onwe ha, iwu nyere iwu ka Moses dị afọ itoolu nọgide na-eje ozi Peale ruo ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya nke iri abụọ na asaa, ya mere Williams tolitere na ezinụlọ Peale n'etiti ọtụtụ ụmụ Peale nka, gụnyere Rembrandt Peale, Raphaelle Peale, Franklin Peale na Titian Ramsay Peale . == Onye na-eme silhouette == N'ịbụ onye tolitere na ezinụlọ Peale, a kụziiri Williams nkà ndị ga-enyere ya aka ịrụ ọrụ na Peale's Philadelphia Museum, gụnyere taxidermy, ihe ngosi ihe, na ime silhouette. N'ịbụ ohu, a kụzirighị ya "nkà dị elu" nke eserese. <ref name="Gwendolyn" /> Mgbe o gosichara nka n'ime silhouette, e nyere Williams igwe physiognotrace iji mee silhouettes, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ngosi nka Peale dị ka onye nweere onwe ya na onye na-ese ihe na-ese silhouette ọkachamara bụ onye mere silhouettes akwụkwọ ojii na-acha ọcha maka ndị ọbịa nke ụlọ ngosi nka. Williams mekwara silhouettes nke ezinụlọ Peale, gụnyere Charles Willson Peale na nwunye ya, Elizabeth. <ref>Farago, Jason. [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jan/16/represent-african-american-art-review "Represent: 200 Years of African American Art review"], ''The Guardian'', Retrieved 28 March 2015.</ref> Williams mere ihe karịrị 8,000 silhouettes n'ime afọ mbụ ya na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Peale. <ref>[http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/jefferson-portrait-raphaelle-peale-silhouette "Jefferson Portrait by Raphaelle Peale"], Monticello, Retrieved 28 March 2015.</ref> Ọ nwetara ihe dị ka cents 6 na 8 maka silhouette ọ bụla ọ bepụrụ. Site n'ego Williams nwetara ime silhouettes, ọ zụtara ụlọ ma lụọ. Ka ọ na-erule 1823, ịcha silhouette dị ka ọrụ na-ada ada, Williams wee ree ụlọ ya. Dị ka akwụkwọ edemede nke onye edemede na ''Ebe nsi'', akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere Moses Williams, e depụtara ya na akwụkwọ ndekọ aha obodo dị ka onye na-emepụta profaịlụ ruo 1833. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_nAB1VWbDRgC&q=1833&pg=PA160 "Author's Note" The Poison Place: A Novel, by Mary E. Lyons], Retrieved 29 Oct 2019.</ref> == Ụlọ ọrụ ọha == Enwere ike ịhụ silhouette nke Williams n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere ndị a: * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210925152637/https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/results.html?searchTxt=&bSuggest=1&searchNameID=40497 "Collections : Artist/Maker's Name: Moses Williams"], Philadelphia Museum of Art, Retrieved 28 March 2015.</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Fine Arts, Houston * Ụlọ ọrụ Library nke Philadelphia <ref>[https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/digitool%3A130124?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=1c67001cecc8d730f42b&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=0 <nowiki>"Moses Williams, Cutter of Profiles [graphic]."</nowiki>], Library Company of Philadelphia, Retrieved 14 August 2018.</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} g9n9och6wdyol5db4kamey7nlkcsk2k 0 47857 674422 172373 2026-07-09T09:14:20Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=<!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] -->|caption=}} {{Databox}}'''Naima Ramos-Chapman''' bụ onye nduzi America, onye ode akwụkwọ na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ na-eduzi ihe nkiri abụọ dị mkpirikpi nke na-ekwu banyere ime ihe ike metụtara nwoke na nwanyị, ''Ọ dịghịkwa ihe mere'' na 2016, na ''Piu Piu'' na 2018. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> == Ndụ na ọrụ == A zụlitere Ramos-Chapman na Flatbush, Brooklyn. <ref name=":2" /> O sitere na Puerto Rican na nwa ojii. <ref name=":4" /> Ọ mụtara ịgba egwu site na nwata wee gaa Alvin Ailey School for Dance. Ramos-Chapman gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji Brooklyn . <ref name=":5" /> Ihe nkiri mbụ Ramos-Chapman dere ma duzie ya bụ 2016 mkpụmkpụ ''Ma Ọ dịghị Ihe mere'' . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturedmag.com/naima-ramos-chapman/|title=Filmmaker Naima Ramos-Chapman Subverts Expectations|date=2019-02-18|work=Cultured Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-25}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.culturedmag.com/naima-ramos-chapman/ "Filmmaker Naima Ramos-Chapman Subverts Expectations"]. ''Cultured Magazine''. 2019-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> O jiri Kickstarter rụọ ọrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ iji kwado ihe nkiri ahụ. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.essence.com/culture/naima-ramos-chapman-and-nothing-happened-filmmaker-kickstarter/|title=How Filmmaker Naima Ramos-Chapman Used Kickstarter to Fund Her Debut Short Film|work=Essence|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-25}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.essence.com/culture/naima-ramos-chapman-and-nothing-happened-filmmaker-kickstarter/ "How Filmmaker Naima Ramos-Chapman Used Kickstarter to Fund Her Debut Short Film"]. ''Essence''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ihe nkiri a, nke o mere na ya, sitere n'ọhụhụ ya kpatara mwakpo mmekọahụ. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://nylon.com/articles/naima-ramos-chapman-random-acts-flyness-interview|title=Naima Ramos-Chapman Wants Men To Take Responsibility For Themselves|date=2018-09-04|work=NYLON|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-25}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://nylon.com/articles/naima-ramos-chapman-random-acts-flyness-interview "Naima Ramos-Chapman Wants Men To Take Responsibility For Themselves"]. ''NYLON''. 2018-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> O kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ''Essence'', "Ọ bụghị naanị ihe otu onye na-adị ndụ - mwakpo mmekọahụ bụ ihe ezinụlọ dum, obodo, mba na-adị ndụ na ruo mgbe anyị ghọtara na anyị enweghị ike ihu ya n'ezie. Ọ bụ ya mere m ji mee ''ma ọ dịghị ihe mere'' . " <ref name=":5" /> Na 2018, Ramos-Chapman dere ma duzie ''Piu Piu'', "psycho surrealist" dị mkpirikpi nke malitere na 2018 [[Emume ihe nkiri BlackStar|BlackStar Film Festival]] . <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> ''Piu Piu'' dabere na ahụmịhe Ramos-Chapman onye ọbịbịa chụpụrụ ya n'ihu ọha. <ref name=":4" /> Ramos-Chapman bụ onye edemede, onye nduzi, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri maka HBO's ''Random Acts of Flyness'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/05/random-acts-of-flyness-naima-ramos-chapman-on-directing-writing-and-editing-for-hbo-1202145569/|title='Random Acts of Flyness': Naima Ramos-Chapman on Directing, Writing, and Editing for HBO|author=Travers|first=Ben|date=2019-05-30|work=IndieWire|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-25}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTravers2019">Travers, Ben (2019-05-30). [https://www.indiewire.com/2019/05/random-acts-of-flyness-naima-ramos-chapman-on-directing-writing-and-editing-for-hbo-1202145569/ "'Random Acts of Flyness': Naima Ramos-Chapman on Directing, Writing, and Editing for HBO"]. ''IndieWire''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ na-edezi ma na-arụ ọrụ mmepụta maka usoro. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecut.com/2018/10/they-seem-cool-filmmaker-naima-ramos-chapman.html|title=The Filmmaker With Empathy for Cersei Lannister|first=Diana|author=Tsui|date=2018-10-18|work=The Cut|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-25}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTsuiSpellings2018">Tsui, Diana; Spellings, Sarah (2018-10-18). [https://www.thecut.com/2018/10/they-seem-cool-filmmaker-naima-ramos-chapman.html "The Filmmaker With Empathy for Cersei Lannister"]. ''The Cut''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> Na Julaị 24, 2019, a mara ọkwa na Ramos-Chapman zubere iduzi usoro ihe ngosi a na-akpọ ''otu esi eme ịhụnanya nye nwanyị ojii (Onye nwere ike na-arụ ọrụ site na ụfọdụ Sh*t),'' onye isi nke Lena Waithe mepụtara ma Casallina dere ya. "Cathy" Kisakye. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/naima-ramos-chapman-to-direct-showtime-pilot-how-to-make-love-to-a-black-woman-1202652501/|title=Naima Ramos-Chapman To Direct Showtime Pilot 'How To Make Love To A Black Woman'|author=Petski|first=Denise|date=2019-07-24|work=Deadline|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-25}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPetski2019">Petski, Denise (2019-07-24). [https://deadline.com/2019/07/naima-ramos-chapman-to-direct-showtime-pilot-how-to-make-love-to-a-black-woman-1202652501/ "Naima Ramos-Chapman To Direct Showtime Pilot 'How To Make Love To A Black Woman'"]. ''Deadline''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> Na February 2020, a mara ọkwa na Showtime agaghịzi aga n'ihu na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu. <ref>{{Cite web|title='How To Make Love To A Black Woman' Comedy Anthology Pilot Not Going Forward At Showtime|url=https://deadline.com/2020/02/how-to-make-love-to-a-black-woman-comedy-anthology-pilot-not-going-forward-dead-showtime-1202868822/|author=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=2020-02-26|work=Deadline|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-22}}</ref> Na 2021, Ramos-Chapman ka akpọrọ onye otu ndị nka na United States (USA). <ref>{{Cite web|title=United States Artists » Naima Ramos-Chapman|url=https://www.unitedstatesartists.org/fellow/naima-ramos-chapman/|accessdate=2023-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ nọ na mmekọrịta ya na [[Terence Nance]], onye ọ zutere mgbe ọ na-agba ya ajụjụ maka Saint Heron, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Solange Knowles nwere. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Filmmaker With Empathy for Cersei Lannister Meet Naima Ramos-Chapman|date=18 October 2018|url=https://www.thecut.com/2018/10/they-seem-cool-filmmaker-naima-ramos-chapman.html|accessdate=2024-03-09|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntụaka == ''ike na-arụ ọrụ site na ụfọdụ Sh*t),'' onye isi nke [[Lena Waithe]] mepụtara ma Casallina dere ya. "Cathy" Kisakye. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/naima-ramos-chapman-to-direct-showtime-pilot-how-to-make-love-to-a-black-woman-1202652501/|title=Naima Ramos-Chapman To Direct Showtime Pilot 'How To Make Love To A Black Woman'|author=Petski|first=Denise|date=2019-07-24|work=Deadline|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-25}}</ref> Na February 2020,{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|5774032|Naima Ramos-Chapman}} * [https://www.naimaramoschapman.com/ Official website] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0iofgyx3chnx3v1jg6mak2fux2gzwya 0 47881 674197 172404 2026-07-08T16:53:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Earl Ofari Hutchinson''' (amuru Ọktoba 8, 1945) <ref name="THM">[http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/earl-ofari-hutchinson-41 "Media Makers: Earl Ofari Hutchinson"], [[The HistoryMakers]].</ref> bu onye odee America na onye nkatọ mgbasa ozi. <ref>Sheryl Gay Stolberg, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/09/us/politics/09race.html "For Obama, Nuance on Race Invites Questions"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 8, 2010.</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Nna ya, Earl Hutchinson Sr., bụ onye ndu ode akwụkwọ nke ''Njem Mmadụ Agba Site na 20th Century Segregated America'' bipụtara Middle Passage Press. <ref>Myrna Oliver, [http://articles.latimes.com/2004/feb/17/local/me-hutchinson17 "Earl Hutchinson Sr., 100; Considered Oldest Black American to Pen Memoirs"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', February 17, 2004.</ref> Nwa ya nwanyị Sikivu Hutchinson bụ onye odee na onye na-ekwu okwu na mba niile. Nwa ya nwoke Fanon Hutchinson bụ onye na-ese foto na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri ama ama. Amụrụ ya na [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], <ref name="THM"/> wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Katọlik na Mt. Carmel High School. Ọ kwagara Los Angeles na 1961, gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Dorsey . <ref>Earl Ofari Hutchinson, [http://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-oew-hicks-hutchinson11-2008aug11-story.html#page=1 "Serving South L.A."], ''Los Angeles Times'', August 11, 2008.</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum California State, Los Angeles na BA na Sociology.Ọ nwetara MA <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">na</span>]]''</sup> California State University, Dominguez Hills . == Ọrụ == Onye na-akọwa okwu na-aga n'ihu, Hutchinson bụ onye dere akwụkwọ karịrị 10 gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agbụrụ agbụrụ na America. <ref name="LAT" /> Ọ bụ onye na-enye aka na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na isiokwu dị iche iche gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agbụrụ, <ref name="LAT">[http://articles.latimes.com/1995-01-15/news/ci-20446_1_rights-movement "King's Legacy Is at Risk: Earl Ofari Hutchinson calls for a concerted effort to reverse the backward movement"], ''Los Angeles Times'', January 15, 1995.</ref> <ref name="HP1">Earl Ofari Hutchinson, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/earl-ofari-hutchinson/the-indictment-of-james-f_b_39602.html "The Indictment of James Ford Seale"], ''The Huffington Post'', May 25, 2011.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hutchinson|first=Earl Ofari|title=The Assassination of the Black Male Image|year=1996|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-684-83100-7}}</ref> na a na-agbakwa ya ajụjụ ọnụ maka mbipụta dị iche iche na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi. <ref>Thomas Fields-Meyer, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080518192145/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1806968,00.html "Black vs. Brown at LA School"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', May 15, 2008.</ref> <ref>Earl Ofari Hutchinson, [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5022757 "Clemency for Tookie a Signal to Black Youth"], NPR, November 22, 2005.</ref> Ọ na-akwado mmemme oku na-ebi ndụ ''The Hutchinson Report'' na Pacifica Radio outlet KPFK-FM redio na Los Angeles na-egosipụta nkọwa ya na olu ndị na-ege ntị, yana KTYM-Radio na Los Angeles. Ọ pụtara ugboro ugboro dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu ọbịa na ọtụtụ mmemme telivishọn netwọkụ US kemgbe 1990s, na-enye echiche ya na-enwekarị ezi uche na nke a na-enyo enyo na ọ na-ewekarị oge na akụkọ akụkọ, na-agbasa na arụmụka. Akwụkwọ Hutchinson's 1996 ''Betrayed: The Presidential Failure to Chebe Black Lives'' mere ka ìhè na igbu ọchụ nke 1964 nke Ku Klux Klansman na-eto eto abụọ ndị America America. Akwụkwọ ya ''sitere na King to Obama: Ịgba akaebe maka akụkọ ihe mere eme'' bụ ileba anya n'onwe ya na isi ihe omume na ụdị mmadụ nke ọkara narị afọ site na 1960 ruo na iri afọ mbụ nke narị afọ nke 21st. Akwụkwọ atọ ya kacha ọhụrụ bụ: ''Olee otú Obama meriri'' ; ''Ndị isi oche nke agbụrụ: Kedu ka agbụrụ si ekpebi agbụrụ na White House'' ; ''Ihe ịma aka Latino na Black America'' . Hutchinson edeela ọtụtụ ihe gbasara agbụrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ''Los Angeles Times'', ''Newsday'', ''Washington Post'', ''Christian Science Monitor'', ''Chicago Tribune'', na ''Baltimore Sun.'' Ajụjụ ọnụ ya egosipụtara na nkọwa gbasara agbụrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị apụtala na ''Oge'', ''Newsweek'', ''The New York Times'', ABC's ''[[ABC World News Tonight|World News Tonight]]'' . Ọ bụ onye na-enyocha ndị ọbịa ugboro ugboro na Fox News ''John Gibson Show'', ''O'Reilly Show'', ''Hannity &amp;amp; Colmes'', ''Glenn Beck Show'', PBS ''Lehrer Report'', NPR's ''Talk of the Nation'', ihe ngosi akụkọ CNN dị iche iche, ''New Nation'' MSNBC . Ọ bụ onye edemede ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba maka New America Media na onye na-enye aka mgbe niile na ''Huffington Post'', grio-MSNBC, na Examiner.com . Ọ na-akwado ihe omume ọha na eze abụọ syndicated na okwu redio na-egosi na KTYM Radio na KPFK Pacifica Network Radio Los Angeles, na ''akụkọ Hutchinson'', Newsmaker Network. Netwọk ahụ jikọtara ''akụkọ Hutchinson'' na ihe karịrị obodo iri ise yana Washington DC na mba. == Ndụ onwe onye == Nwa ya nwanyị bụ Sikivu Hutchinson bụ onye na-akwado nwanyị na onye edemede, onye akwụkwọ ya gụnyere ''Imagining Transit: Race, Gender and Transportation Politics na Los Angeles'' na ''Chineke na-enweghị Chineke Americana: Race and Religious Rebels'' . <ref>Maryam Moosan-Clark, [https://web.archive.org/web/20240613192029/https://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/03/sikivu-hutchinsons-latest-book-relevant-angry-romani-ex-muslim/ "Why Sikivu Hutchinson's Latest Book Is Relevant To an Angry Romani Ex-Muslim"], ''The Feminist Wire'', March 10, 2014.</ref> Nwa ya nwoke Fanon Hutchinson na-arụ ọrụ na mgbasa ozi maka American Forces Network ma bụrụ onye na-ese foto / onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi. Hutchinson kwadoro onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi Democratic bụ Hillary Clinton na ntinye aka maka ntuli aka onye isi ala US 2016. <ref>Ofari Hutchinson, E. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/earl-ofari-hutchinson/saying-no-to-hillary-is-saying-yes-to-thomas_b_10065444.html The Huffington Post] May 20, 2016.</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * ''Echiche Ụgha nke Black Capitalism'' (1970, dị ka Earl Ofari);  * ''Ka ụkpụrụ gị bụrụ Nguzogide: Ndụ na echiche nke Henry Highland Garnett'' (1972, dị ka Earl Ofari);  * ''Mgbochi nke Black America'' (1991)  * ''Ojii Nna: Nduzi maka ịzụ ụmụ nwoke'' (1994);  * ''Ojii Nna II: Ụmụnwaanyị Oji Na-ekwu Banyere Ndị ikom Ha'' (1994);  * ''Ndị ojii na ndị na-acha uhie uhie: agbụrụ na klaasị na esemokwu, 1919–1990'' (1994);  * ''Na-agafe OJ: Ọsọ, Mmekọahụ na klaasị Maka America'' (1996);  * ''Ararara nye: Akụkọ banyere ọdịda onye isi ala na-echebe ndụ ndị ojii'' (1996);  * ''Ogbugbu nke onyonyo nwoke ojii'' (1997);  * ''Nsogbu dị na Oji na Oji'' (1998);  * ''Njem njem mmadụ nwere agba site na narị afọ nke 20 kewapụrụ America'' (2000);  * ''Ọpụpụ nke Ọchịchị ojii'' (2000);  * ''Ndị GOP Black Emerging'' (2006);  * ''Ihe ịma aka Latino maka Black America: Maka mkparịta ụka n'etiti ndị America America na ndị Hispanik'' (2007);  * ''Ndị isi oche agbụrụ: Otu agbụrụ si ekpebi agbụrụ ahụ gaa na White House'' (2008);  * ''Kedu ka GOP nwere ike isi debe White House, ka ndị Democrats nwere ike weghachite ya azụ'' (2008);  * ''Kedu ka Obama meriri'' (2009);  == Ntụaka == Hutchinson bụ onye odee na onye na-ekwu okwu na mba niile. Nwa ya nwoke Fanon Hutchinson maka akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ ileba anya n'onwe ya na isi ihe omume na ụdị mmadụ nke{{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://earlofarihutchinson.blogspot.com/ ''Akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Hutchinson''] * {{IMDb name|1631167}} * Earl Ofari Hutchinson </img> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0fh64ga0u8wdo402f5syqtn605z3pp1 0 48249 674304 174773 2026-07-08T21:48:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Elizabeth P. Benson''' (May 13, 1924 - Maachị 19, 2018) bụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka nke America, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na onye ọkà mmụta, mara maka nnukwu onyinye ya n'ime ogologo ọrụ ya na ọmụmụ ihe nka tupu Colombia, ọkachasị nke Mesoamerica na Andes . Onye bụbu "Andrew S. Keck Distinguished Visiting Prọfesọ nke Art History" na Mahadum America dị na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], Benson nwekwara mmekọrịta dị ogologo na Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, ebe ọ jere ozi ma dịka onye nduzi nke ọmụmụ Pre-Columbian na dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mkpokọta ụlọ ọrụ nke ihe osise Pre-Columbian. A mụrụ Benson na Mee 1924 wee nwụọ na Washington DC na Machị 2018 mgbe ọ dị afọ 93. <ref>{{Cite web|title=OBIT: Elizabeth P. Benson|url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/167994/discussions/1696246/obit-elizabeth-p-benson|publisher=networks.h-net|accessdate=10 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ mmụta mahadum na Wellesley, Benson laghachiri na Washington DC Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe yana onye edemede, na-ebipụta ọrụ uri na akụkọ ifo nchọpụta na-egosipụta eserese ya na veranda mpaghara. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Andean Past volume 13 article 2|url=https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1202&context=andean_past|accessdate=19 August 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1202&context=andean_past "Andean Past volume 13 article 2"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Dị ka onye na-ese ihe ọ pụrụ iche na mbara ala n'agbanyeghị na ọ mekwara ihe osise na-adịghị ahụkebe ma mụọ maka otu okpomọkụ n'okpuru onye na-ese ihe Hans Hofmann . <ref name=":0" /> Mmasị ya na nka mere ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị iche iche na National Gallery of Art, mechara rute n'ọkwa onye na-edeba aha onye enyemaka na 1954. <ref name=":2">National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, Gallery Archives. RG32A, National Gallery of Art Oral History Transcripts. [https://www.worldcat.org/title/77723947 Interview with Elizabeth Benson conducted by Anne G. Ritchie on February 19, 1991.]</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na National Gallery ọ maara nke ọma nchịkọta ihe osise Pre-Columbian Robert Woods Bliss, otu n'ime ndị guzobere Dumbarton Oaks. Tupu e wuo Pavilion Pre-Columbian na Dumbarton Oaks, Mr. Bliss gbazitere nchịkọta ya maka ngosi na Gallery <ref>{{Cite web|title=Indigenous Art of the Americas|url=https://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/1950/indigenous_americas_3.html|accessdate=2022-09-09|work=www.nga.gov}}</ref> wee mepụta mmekọrịta nke onwe ya na Benson mgbe ọ ga-akwụsị site n'iweta ihe ọhụrụ a ga-egosi. Benson chetara nleta ya na akụkọ ọnụ ya na Dumbarton Oaks, na-ekwu na ọ ga-abịa na gallery "mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-eji obere ihe n'akpa ya, otu jed ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla, ọ ga-asị, 'Achọrọ m ka ị hụ ihe ọhụrụ m. ọnwụnwa,' ma ọ bụ ihe dị otú ahụ." <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=|title=Dumbarton Oaks Oral History Interview with Elizabeth P. Benson|url=https://www.doaks.org/research/library-archives/dumbarton-oaks-archives/historical-records/oral-history-project/elizabeth-p.-benson|accessdate=September 1, 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.doaks.org/research/library-archives/dumbarton-oaks-archives/historical-records/oral-history-project/elizabeth-p.-benson "Dumbarton Oaks Oral History Interview with Elizabeth P. Benson"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ na National Gallery, ọ kwagara New York nwa oge ka ọ lekwasị anya ọzọ na ọrụ ya dị ka onye edemede na onye na-ese ihe. <ref name=":0" /> N'ime oge a, Robert Woods Bliss na Mildred Bliss nọ na-eme atụmatụ mgbakwunye na Dumbarton Oaks nke ga-agụnye oghere gallery ọhụrụ, nke Philip Johnson mere, iji nweta Mr. Bliss 'nchịkọta nke nkà Pre-Columbian. Mgbe ụlọ ahụ dị nso na-agwụ agwụ, Mr. Bliss n'onwe ya kwadoro Benson ka ọ bụrụ onye nlekọta nke nchịkọta na ilekọta ntinye nke gallery ọhụrụ ahụ, na-edepụta n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara ọkà mmụta ihe ochie bụ Samuel Lothrop na Benson maara nchịkọta ahụ "fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dị ka m maara. !" <ref>{{Cite web|author=Archives|first=Dumbarton Oaks|title=The Pre-Columbian Gallery at Dumbarton Oaks|url=https://www.doaks.org/research/library-archives/dumbarton-oaks-archives/historical-records/75th-anniversary/blog/pre-columbian-gallery-at-dumbarton-oaks|accessdate=2022-09-06|work=Dumbarton Oaks|language=en|archivedate=2022-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913143930/https://www.doaks.org/research/library-archives/dumbarton-oaks-archives/historical-records/75th-anniversary/blog/pre-columbian-gallery-at-dumbarton-oaks}}</ref> Benson nabatara onyinye ahụ nke malitere ọrụ na-ewe afọ iri abụọ na Dumbarton Oaks, malite dị ka onye enyemaka Curator maka mkpokọta Pre-Columbian na 1962 wee kwaga Curator na 1965, ọnọdụ ọ nọrọ ruo 1980. Site na 1972 ruo 1978 ọ nwere ọrụ abụọ dị ka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ izizi nke ọmụmụ Pre-Columbian. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Who Was Who at Dumbarton Oaks, 1940-2015|url=https://www.doaks.org/research/library-archives/dumbarton-oaks-archives/historical-records/who-was-who-at-dumbarton-oaks-194020132015|accessdate=September 1, 2022}}</ref> == Na-arụ ọrụ na Dumbarton Oaks == [[Usòrò:Garden_view_of_Johnson_Pavilion_-_Dumbarton_Oaks,_3101_R_Street,_Northwest,_Washington,_District_of_Columbia,_DC_HABS_DC,GEO,234-11.tif|thumb| Mpụga nke Pre-Columbian Pavilion na Dumbarton Oaks]] Benson malitere mgbanwe nke nchịkọta Bliss nke ihe Pre-Columbian site n'ịdepụta ihe ndị a ka na-edebe na National Gallery. Ya na onye isi Dumbarton Oaks John Thacher rụkọrọ ọrụ iji kpebie ụzọ kacha mma isi gosipụta ha na Pavilion Pre-Columbian nke ọgbara ọhụrụ emebere. N'ịbụ ndị nwere ọnụ ụlọ gbara gburugburu kpamkpam, Benson chetara ịgagharị ebe ọhụrụ ahụ wee na-agwa Thacher: "Ọ bụ ụlọ mara mma. Kedu otu esi etinye ihe ọ bụla na ya?" <ref name=":1"/> Ya na Thacher na James Mayo, onye ọrụ na Smithsonian, Benson chepụtara usoro ikpe plexiglass nke ga-egosipụta ihe ndị ahụ dị ka a ga-asị na ha na-ese n'elu ikuku. <ref name=":1" /> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya na-elekọta mkpokọta ihe Pre-Columbian, Benson bụkwa onye isi na nguzobe nke mmemme mmụta mmụta Pre-Columbian na Dumbarton Oaks. Ọ kpọrọ Yale prọfesọ mmụta gbasara mmadụ Michael Coe ka ọ nye nkuzi ọha nke e mechara bipụta wee bụrụ olu mmalite na usoro ''Dumbarton Oaks Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology'' . <ref name=":1" /> Ọ malitere mbụ Pre-Columbian Studies Symposium na 1967 na isiokwu nke Olmec, ma jee ozi dị ka onye nhazi maka 12 symposia na mkpokọta site na 60s na 70s na isiokwu sitere na usoro ederede ruo n'àjà ememe iji metallurgy. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=Scholarly Activities in Pre-Columbian Studies|url=https://www.doaks.org/research/pre-columbian/scholarly-activities|accessdate=2022-09-09|work=Dumbarton Oaks|language=en|archivedate=2022-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909193826/https://www.doaks.org/research/pre-columbian/scholarly-activities}}</ref> == Mbipụta == Betty Benson bipụtara ma dezie ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ime oge ndụ ya, sitere na abụ uri ruo ihe omimi ruo n'akwụkwọ ndị ọkà mmụta, na-aga n'ihu na-ebipụta ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ. O dere usoro akụkọ omimi nke edobere na Maine nke e bipụtara na ''Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine'' na ''Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine'' . O mere ọtụtụ ihe omimi ya n'ime ụlọ ezumike nke ọ zụtara na 1960 na Sunset, Maine ma jiri pseudonym Augusta Hancock mee ihe dị ka isi obodo steeti ahụ. <ref name=":0"/> N'ihe ọmụmụ Pre-Columbian o dere ọtụtụ akụkọ na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara isiokwu ndị dị ka nchịkọta Bliss nke nkà Pre-Columbian, isiokwu anụmanụ na Andean na Mesoamerican iconography, na Moche, omenala Andean nke narị afọ nke abụọ-8. CE. Akwụkwọ ya ''bụ The Mochica: A Culture of Peru'' bụ monograph nke mbụ zuru oke nke a raara nye Moche. <ref name=":0" /> == Ntụaka == na-ebipụta ọrụ uri na akụkọ ifo nchọpụta na-egosipụta eserese ya na veranda mpaghara. Dị ka onye na-ese ihe ọ pụrụ iche na mbara ala n'agbanyeghị na ọ mekwara ihe osise na-adịghị ahụkebe ma mụọ maka otu ụbọchịeserese ya na veranda mpaghara. Dị ka onyePre-Columbian Robert Woods Bliss, otu n'ime ndị guzobere Dumbarton Oaks. Tupu e wuo Pavilion{{Reflist}} 0jy4236f1dha0haq43fn0mfzzls6k9t 0 48792 674373 444458 2026-07-09T06:57:58Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674373 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Judge Paul Farthing.png|thumb|Paul Farthing]] '''Paul Farthing''' (April 12, 1887 - December 2, 1976) bụ onye ọka iwu America. Amuru ya na Odin, Illinois, Farthing kpuru isi na Ihe mbere de nke okporo uzo mgbe odi afo iri na abuo. O mechara nweta nzere bachelọ ya na Mahadum McKendree na 1909 na nzere iwu ya na Machịum Illinois Law School. Farthing rụrụ ọrụ iwu na East St. Louis, Illinois.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wieck|first=Agnes Burns|date=1928-10-26|title=A Blind Man's Plea|pages=2|work=The American Guardian|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104962995/a-blind-mans-pleaagnes-burns-wieck/|accessdate=2022-07-04}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi na chancery nke ụlọ ikpe obodo na East St. Louis, Illinois na dị ka onye ọka ikpe St. Clair County, Illinois. Site na 1933 ruo 1942, Farthing jere ozi na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Illinois ma site na 1937 ruo 1938, jere ozi dị ka onye isi ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasụ Elu nke Illinois. Farthing nwụrụ na Belleville, Illinois.<ref>[http://www.illinoiscourts.gov/supremecourt/JusticeArchive/Bio_Farthing.asp Illinois Supreme Court-Justice Paul Farthing]</ref><ref>'Undaunted by Blindness,' second edition, Clifford E. Olstrom, Perkins School for the Blind: 2011, Biographical Sketch of Paul Farthing</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Farthing, Paul}} [[Òtù:Living people]] [[Òtù:Visibilizing disabilities in Nigeria (1.0)]] [[Òtù:WikiforMiniorities]] 9td0f2l7rfly07ukhwmhzzyzq74a85j 0 49476 674139 178256 2026-07-08T14:58:29Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674139 wikitext text/x-wiki Bamboo engineered bụ usoro ihe mejupụtara ihe ndị e ji achara mepụta. E mere ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-anọchi anya osisi <ref>{{Cite book|title=Modern bamboo structures: proceedings of First International Conference on Modern Bamboo Structures|author=Yan Xiao|year=2008|isbn=978-0415475976|publisher=CRC Press}}</ref> ma ọ bụ osisi injinia, mana a na-eji ya eme ihe naanị mgbe achọrọghị ike ibu dị elu <ref name="Birmingham">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/101916202/Going-Green-A-Handbook-of-Sustainable-Housing-Practices-in-Developing-Countries|author=Wan Tarmeze Wan Ariffin|publisher=[[University of Birmingham]]|title=Numerical Analysis of Bamboo and Laminated Bamboo Strip Lumber (PhD paper)|date=March 2005|accessdate=2012-04-03}}</ref> n'ihi na ndị na-achịkwa anaghị ekwenye na ụkpụrụ ụlọ maka ụdị ojiji a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inbar.int/Board.asp?BoardID=147|title=Sustainable building: Building Codes|publisher=International Network for Bamboo and Rattan|accessdate=2012-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130063112/http://www.inbar.int/Board.asp?BoardID=147|archivedate=2012-01-30}}</ref> Bamboo engineered na-abịa n'ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere bamboo scrimber na laminated bamboo, nke nwere okpukpu atọ nkè ikike na ịsa ahụ na-erizi mmụta ikike nhazi dị ka osisi nkịtị ma kọwaa ya ma chịkwaa ya site na ASTM International Standards.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Engineered bamboo: state of the art|author=B. Sharma|date=October 2014|journal=Proceedings of the ICE - Construction Materials|doi=10.1680/coma.14.00020|volume=168|issue=2|pages=57–67}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.architerials.com/2010/03/my-boo-lamboo/|author=Wu Xing|accessdate=May 28, 2013|date=March 31, 2010|publisher=Architerials|title=My Boo (Lamboo)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609112532/http://www.architerials.com/2010/03/my-boo-lamboo/|archivedate=June 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.woodworkingnetwork.com/news/woodworking-industry-trends-press-releases/Lamboo-Inc-Recognized-Within-ASTM-International-Standards-191449271.html?view=all#sthash.0Nn2aAt2.dpbs|title=Lamboo Inc. Recognized Within ASTM International Standards|accessdate=July 23, 2013|date=August 16, 2012|work=Woodworking Network}}</ref> A na-eji achara eme ihe dị ka paneling, àkwà ụgbọ ala, ihe owuwu simenti, <ref name="Birmingham" /> ụlọ dị mfe <ref>{{Cite book|title=Structural Adequacy of Traditional Bamboo Housing in Latin America|author=Jorge A. Gutiérrez|publisher=National Laboratory for Materials and Structural Models, Civil Engineering Department, University of Costa Rica|year=2000|isbn=8186247440}}</ref> na ọbụna maka ebe mgbaba mgbe tsunami nke afọ 2004 gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4527640.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=18 December 2005|author=Subir Bhaumik|title=Andaman tsunami victims still homeless|accessdate=2012-04-03}}</ref> N'iji ya tụnyere osisi na ili nke ọbọdọ ndị a na-eji eme ihe n'ọdịnala, a chọpụtala ọtụtụ uru na ọghọm. Ọnụ ego dị ala, ọkachasị mgbe ị na-anọchi osisi na ahụ na-erizi nke a gaara ebubata, bụ isi uru.<ref name="ACIAR">{{Cite book|title=Silvicultural management of bamboo in the Philippines and Australia for shoots and timber|publisher=Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research|author=Merlyn Carmelita N. Rivera}}</ref> Uru ndị ọzọ gụnyere ike ka ukwuu na njigide ọdịdị, ọkachasị na okpomọkụ dị elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bamboo composites: Material of the future|author=Bansal, Arun K.|volume=1|year=2002|pages=119–130|journal=Journal of Bamboo and Rattan|doi=10.1163/156915902760181595}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, achara anaghị adị ike dị ka ọtụtụ osisi ma ga-emebi ngwa ngwa karịa osisi ndị ọzọ ma nwéré ochá na ahụ ọ bụrụ na ejighị ihe na-echekwa ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Preservation of bamboo structures|journal=Ghana Journal of Forestry|volume=15|year=2004|author=W Liese}}</ref> A ghaghị ịmepụta usoro iwu ụlọ ọhụrụ maka achara a rụrụ arụ n'ihu afia na ihe onwunwe ya dị iche iche, ma mee ka usoro ọrụ osisi nkịtị ọkọlọtọ nke nke ejiri achara (na-abụghị nke injinia) ghara ịdị mma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=\"Work in Progress – Pushover Test of Bamboo Portal Frame Structure\"|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228451834|author=Bhavna Sharma|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]}}</ref> Iji merie ọnwụ nke ike achara na-eme mgbe a na-agbanye ya mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị, e mepụtara usoro nke ọbọdọ na ọzọ iji merie nke a. Nchịkọta tupu owuwe ihe ubi nke achara na zig-zags, na-enye na ahụ ohere ka achara mepụta Warren truss.<ref> Cassandra Adams. [http://www.networkearth.org/naturalbuilding/bamboo.html "Bamboo Architecture and Construction with Oscar Hidalgo"]. </ref> Alexander Vittouris atụwo aro ọdịdị 2D S-bending dị mfe karị, nke - mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị, na n'ọtụtụ zuru ezu - nwere ike ijikọta ya n'ụdị 3D dị ichè nke ọbọdọ ynke na iche. Usoro a na-eji eme ihe iji mee ka ọdịdị abụọ ahụ yie Ọdịdị osisi, ma na-akpata akụkụ ndị yiri ikpere osisi. <ref> Kimberley Mok. [http://www.treehugger.com/bikes/ajiro-bamboo-velobike-a-grown-vehicle-thats-farmed-not-factory-made.html "Ajiro Bamboo Velobike: A "Grown Vehicle" That's Farmed, Not Factory-Made"]. 2011. </ref> <ref> Brit Liggett. [http://inhabitat.com/the-ajiro-bamboo-bike-is-grown-straight-from-the-ground/ "The Ajiro Bamboo Bike is Grown From the Ground Up"]. 2011. </ref><ref> Stephen Cauchi. [http://www.theage.com.au/national/bamboozled-give-it-a-grow-20110716-1hj0w.html "Bamboozled? Give it a grow"] 2011. </ref> == Nrutuaka == {{Reflist|2}} 7qwll9fj41y7xqz7hvq4pd7ld6nrnrv 0 49710 674173 179215 2026-07-08T15:28:49Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674173 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).jpg|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi ojii]]'''Blackberry''' bụ mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri nke ọtụtụ ụdị ''Rubus'' n'ụkpụrụ Rosaceae, ngwakọta ụdị ndị a n'ime subgenus ''Rubus'', na ngwakọta n"etiti subgenera ''Rubus'' na ''Idaeobatus''. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ na-agbagwoju anya taxonomy nke blackberries n'ihi ngwakọta na apomixis, nke mere na a na-ejikọkarị ụdị dị iche iche ọnụ ma kpọọ ụdị dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ subgenus ''Rubus'' dum Rubus aggregate, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ụdị ''R. fruticosus'' dị ka otu ihe na ''R. plicatus''.<ref name="Jarvis">{{Cite journal|author=Jarvis, C.E.|year=1992|title=Seventy-Two Proposals for the Conservation of Types of Selected Linnaean Generic Names, the Report of Subcommittee 3C on the Lectotypification of Linnaean Generic Names|journal=Taxon|volume=41|issue=3|pages=552–583|doi=10.2307/1222833}}</ref> Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry jupụtara na 20,000 pound (9,100 kg) kwa 1 acre (0.40 hectare) nwere ike, na-eme ka osisi a bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị.<ref name="carroll">{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}</ref> ''Rubus armeniacus'' ("Himalayan" blackberry) a na-ewere dị ka ahịhịa na-egbu egbu na ụdị na-awakpo n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke Pacific Northwest nke Canada na United States, ebe ọ na-eto n'enweghị nchịkwa na ogige ntụrụndụ na ọhịa.<ref name="iscbc">{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}</ref><ref name="king">{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ihe na-eme ka blackberry dị iche na ndị ikwu ya bụ ma torus (ihe nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi) "na-eji" (ya bụ, nnọkọlata ọ nụ ) mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Mgbe ị na-ewere mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, torus na-anọnyere mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Na raspberry, torus na-anọgide na osisi ahụ, na-ahapụ oghere n'ime mkpụrụ osisi raspberry.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gina Fernandez|title=Fruit development|url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development|publisher=North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref>   Okwu ''bramble'', okwu na-arụtụta aka n'ọhịa ogwu ọ bụla a na-apụghị ịbanye, ejirila okirikiri ya tinye blackberry kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ya, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|edition=6th|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0199206872}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na mba United Steeti ọ na-emetụta ndị niile so na ngalaba ''Rubus''. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ mba US, a na-eji okwu ''caneberry'' eme ihe iji zoo aka na blackberries na raspberries dị ka otu karịa okwu bramble. A pụrụ iji ''Briar'' ma ọ bụ ''brier'' mee ihe ịrụtụ aka na osisi vaịn ndị siri ike nke osisi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji aha a eme ihe maka osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ogwu (dị ka ''Smilax'') n'otu aka áhù. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Harrison|first=Les|title=Wicked weeds: A tangled tale of thorny smilax|url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/home-garden/2016/12/29/wicked-weeds-tangled-tale-thorny-smilax/95874480/|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=Tallahassee Democrat|language=en-US}}</ref> mkpụrụ osisi na-eji oji anaghị abụkarị mkpụrụ osisi n'echiche botanical, dịka a na-akpọ ya botanical dị ka mkpụrụ osisi, nke nwere obere Drupelets. Ọ bụ otu ìgwè a ma ama nke ihe karịrị 375 ụdị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na apomictic microspecies nke dị na mba Europe, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ mba Afrịka, n'etiti ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Eshia na ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda anyanwu mba Amerika.<ref name="rhs">{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}</ref> === Osisi === [[Usòrò:PRubus_primocanes_and_floricanes.jpg|thumb|Afọ nke abụọ na-agbasa okooko osisi, na-amị mkpụrụPrimcans n'aka ekpe. Afọ nke mbụ na-enweghị okooko osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi na-eto n'aka nri.]] Blackberries bụ ''osisi'' na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ogwe osisi abụọ (nke a na-akpọ canes) site na mgbọrọgwụ ha.<ref name="uga">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}</ref> N'afọ nke mbụ ya, ogwe osisi ọhụrụ, primocane, na-eru ihe dị ka mita atọ rue isii (9.8-19.7 ụkwụ) na-agbadata n'ala ma na-enwe nnukwu akwụkwọ palmate nwere akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ise rue asaa; ọ naghị amị okooko osisi ọ bụla.<ref name="uga">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}</ref> N'afọ nke abụọ ya, okpete bụ ''floricane'' nwere ogwe osisi na-adịghị eto.<ref name="uga" /> Osisi ndị dị n'akụkụ na-emeghe iji mepụta okooko osisi n'akụkụ.<ref name="uga" /> Mkpụrụ osisi nke afọ mbụ na nke abụọ na-amịpụta ogwu dị nkenke, dị nkọ.<ref name="uga" /> E mepụtara ụdị na-enweghị ogwu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu .<ref name="uga" /><ref name="usda18">{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}</ref> Osisi ndị a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-agbakọta n'ọtụtụ ogwe osisi na alaka, <ref name="king">{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}</ref> nke enwere ike ịchịkwa n'ogige ma ọ bụ ugbo site na iji trellises. <ref name="carroll">{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}</ref><ref name="uga">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}</ref> Osisi Blackberry nwere ike ịnagide ala na-adịghị mma, na-agbasa ngwa ngwa n'ala tọgbọrọ n'efu, ọwara, na n'akụkụ ụzọ. <ref name="king" /> <ref name="rhs">{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}</ref><ref name="blamey">{{Cite book|author=Blamey|first=Marjorie|title=The illustrated flora of Britain and northern Europe|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|year=1989|isbn=978-0-340-40170-5|oclc=41355268}}</ref> [[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-ama ifuru na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi na mmalite oge okpomọkụ n'elu alaka osisi.<ref name="rhs">{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}</ref><ref name="uga">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}</ref> Okooko osisi ọ bụla dị ihe dị ka -ignore="true">2-3 sentimita (- sentimita) n'obosara, nwere okooko osisi ise na-acha ọcha na-acha pinki pinki.<ref name="rhs" /><ref name="uga" />  Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-etolite naanị gburugburu àkwá nke nwoke na-eme site na mkpụrụ ntụ ọka.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara àkwá ndị na-etolitebeghị bụ nleta ezughi oke nke pollinator.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blackberry Pollination Images|work=The Pollination Home Page|url=http://www.pollinator.com/blackberry.htm|author=Green, David L.}}</ref> Mmepe drupelet na-ezughị ezu nwere ike igosi ọrịa na nje raspberry bushy dwarf virus. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  [[Usòrò:2020_year._Herbarium._Blackberries._img-011.jpg|thumb|194x194px|Akwụkwọ: akụkụ ''adaxial'']] E depụtara ebe ndị na-achịkwa mkpụrụ osisi primocane na F Loci, na LG7, ebe e depụtara ogwu / ogwu na-enweghị ogwu na LG4. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Castro|first=P.|date=16 July 2013|title=Genetic map of the primocane-fruiting and thornless traits of tetraploid blackberry|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|volume=126|issue=10|pages=2521–2532|doi=10.1007/s00122-013-2152-3|pmid=23856741}}</ref> Nghọta ka mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bara uru maka nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ nke cross-breds, na maka ebumnuche injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Bee_pollinating_Blackberry.jpg|thumb|Osisi bumblebee '' (Bombus hypnorum) '' na-eme ntụ ọka blackberry]] Akwụkwọ Blackberry bụ nri maka ụfọdụ igurube; ụfọdụ anụ na-ata nri, ọkachasị mgbada, na-enwekwa mmasị na akwụkwọ a. A chọtawo caterpillars nke ụgbala na-ekpuchi ala ''Alabonia geoffrella'' na-eri nri n'ime osisi blackberry nwụrụ anwụ. Mgbe ha tozuru, ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na-eri mkpụrụ ha, dị ka red fox, American black bear na Eurasian badger, yana obere nnụnụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fedriani|first=José M.|title=Functional diversity in fruit-frugivore interactions: a field experiment with Mediterranean mammals|journal=Ecography|volume=32|issue=6|year=2009|pages=983–992|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05925.x}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Basket_of_wild_blackberries.JPG|thumb|Owuwe ihe ubi blackberry ọhịa ]] Blackberries na-eto n'ọhịa n'ọtụtụ ebe na Europe. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ mba, na owuwe ihe ubi mkpụrụ osisi bụ ihe ntụrụndụ a na-ahụkarị. Otú ọ dị, uto ha siri ike na ọchịchọ ha itolite n'enweghị mgbochi ma ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nke ọma pụtara na a na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị ka ahịhịa, na-eziga mgbọrọgwụ site na alaka ndị na-emetụ n'ala, ma na-ezipụ ndị na-amị mkpụrụ site na mgbọrọgwụ. N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa, dị ka Australia, Chile, New Zealand, na Pacific Northwest nke North America, ụfọdụ ụdị blackberry, ọkachasị ''Rubus armeniacus'' (Himalayan blackberry) na ''Rubus laciniatus'' (evergreen blackberry), bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị ma were ha dị ka ụdị na-awakpo na ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ. <ref name="iscbc">{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}</ref><ref name="king">{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="rhs">{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}</ref> Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry na-acha ọbara ọbara mgbe ha na-etozubeghị, na-eduga n'okwu ochie na "blackberry na-agba ọbara mgbe ha bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ". <ref>{{Cite book|author=Palmatier|first=Robert Allen|date=30 August 2000|title=Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]]|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|url=https://archive.org/details/fooddictionaryof00palm|accessdate=17 March 2018|isbn=9780313314360}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Marrone|first=Teresa|title=Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio wild berries & fruits|publisher=Teresa Marrone|year=2011|pages=272}}</ref> == Ịkọ ugbo == N'ụwa niile, mba Ndị na-emepụta blackberry, ebe a na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ niile maka mbupụ n'ahịa ndị dị ọhụrụ na ọdịda anyanwụ mba Amerika na mba Europe.<ref name="perry">{{Cite web|author=Perry, Mark J.|date=7 October 2017|title=Mexico's berry bounty fuels trade dispute – U.S. consumers dismiss U.S. berry farmers' complaints as 'sour berries'|url=http://www.aei.org/publication/mexicos-berry-bounty-fuels-trade-dispute-u-s-consumers-dismiss-u-s-berry-farmers-complaints-as-sour-berries/|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC}}</ref> Ruo n'afọ 2018, ahịa Mexico fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dabere kpamkpam na 'Tupy' (nke a na-akpọuta 'Tupi', mana mmemme EMBRAPA na mba Brazil nke a tọhapụrụ ya na-ahọrọ 'Tupy', mana Tupy enweghị mmasị na mpaghara ụfọdụ na-eto eto na mba Mexico.<ref name="tupy">{{Cite web|date=10 May 2018|title=Tupy blackberry, at risk due to lack of interest in its production|url=https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621162401/https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=FreshPlaza}}</ref> Na mba US, [[Oregon]] bụ onye na-emepụta blackberry, na-emepụta kilogram Nde iri na iteghete na puku narị atọ (pounds Nde iri anọ na abụọ n'akụkụ narị isii) na hekta puku abụọ na narị ise( acres puku isii na nári atọ) na afọ 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Press Release June 27, 2018|url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002859/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archivedate=20 February 2019|accessdate=19 February 2019|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northwest Regional Field Office}}</ref><ref name="amrc">{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=Blackberries|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center}}</ref> A họrọla ọtụtụ ụdị maka ịzụ ahịa na ịzụlite ndị netolite etolite na mba Europe na mba United Steeti. <ref name="carroll">{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}</ref> <ref name="usda18" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Evergreen blackberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004042656/http://www.oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archivedate=4 October 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-emepụta ngwakọta n'ụzọ dị mfe, enwere ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ihe karịrị otu ụdị na oge nna nna ha.<ref name="usda18" /> === Akụkọ ihe mere eme === Ngwakọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na mmepe cultivar mere ọkachasị na US. N'afọ 1880, otu onye ọka ikpe America na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, James Harvey Logan malitere ịmepụta blackberry-raspberry ngwakọ aha ya bụ loganberry na Santa Cruz, California . E mepụtara otu n'ime ụdị ndị mbụ na-enweghị ogwu na 1921, ma mkpụrụ osisi ndị ahụ tụfuru ọtụtụ ụtọ ha. Ugbo ndị na-enweghị ogwu na-etokarị site na 1990 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke 21 site na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States mere ka igwe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-ewe ihe ubi, mkpụrụ dị elu, mkpụrụ buru ibu na nke siri ike, na ekpomeekpo dị mma, gụnyere ''Triple Crown'', <ref name="gg">{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 February 1998|title='Triple Crown' thornless blackberry|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=89162|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}</ref> ''Black Diamond'' . ''Pearl ojii'', na ''n'abalị'', a marionberry . <ref name="usda18">{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/ "Thornless processing blackberry cultivars"]. US Department of Agriculture. 26 June 2018. Archived from [https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/ the original] on 21 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> === Mgbakọ === [[Usòrò:Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg|thumb|Blackberry Butte Oji]] 'Marion' (nke a na-ere dị ka "marionberry") bụ mkpụrụ osisi dị mkpa nke a họọrọ site na mkpụrụ osisi site na ngwakọta dị n'etiti 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' (nke A na-akpọkarị "Olallieberry"). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Marionberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919230407/http://www.oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archivedate=19 September 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}</ref> 'Olallie' n'aka nke ya bụ ngwakọta dị n'etiti loganberry na youngberry. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' bụ naanị atọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị blackberry na-esote nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke mba United Steeti (USDA-ARS) mepụtara usoro ịzụlite blackberry na Mahadum Oregon Steeti na Corvallis, Oregon. <ref name="usda18">{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}</ref> Ugbo kacha ọhụrụ ewepụtara na mmemme a bụ ahịhịa na-enweghị ogwu 'Black Diamond', 'Black Pearl', na 'Nightfall' yana 'Obsidian' na 'Metolius' na-eto n'oge. 'Black diamond' bụ ugbu a na-eduga cultivar a na-akụ na Pacific Northwest. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ sitere na mmemme a bụ 'Newberry', 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'Black Butte', 'Kotata', 'Pacific', na 'Cascade'.[7] .<ref name="usda18">{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}</ref> A na-akụ ụdị dị iche iche nwere ezigbo njirimara azụmahịa mepụtara na [[Arkinsọ|Arkansas]] n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndi ọhụrụ na [[Oklahoma]].<ref name="carroll">{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}</ref> Ụdị mkpụrụ osisi blackberry dị mfe itolite, ma nwee ike ịmị mkpụrụ ruo afọ iri ma ọ bụ karịa.<ref name="carroll" /> Ụdị ndị a nwere ụtọ dịgasị iche iche site na ihe na-atọ ụtọ ruo tart.<ref name="carroll" /> === Ịga n'ihu === Blackberry ndị na-esote na-adị ike ma na-emepụta okpueze, na-achọ trellis maka nkwado, ma na-adịchaghị ike zuru okè karịa blackberry kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ nke n' esote nke kwụ ọtọ. Na mgbakwunye na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ pacific ụdị ndị a na-eme nke ọma na ihu igwe yiri ya, dị ka mba United Kingdom, mba New Zealand, mba Chile, na mba Mediterenian.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Enweghị ogwu === Ebu ụzọ mepụta blackberries nke nwere ọkara kwụ ọtọ, nke enweghị prickle na John Innes Center dị na Norwich, UK, yana USDA-ARS na Beltsville, Maryland mechaa. Ndị a na-akpụ okpueze ma na-agbasi ike ma chọọ trellis maka nkwado. Cultivars gụnyere 'Black Satin', 'Chester Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', 'Hull Thornless', 'Loch Maree', 'Loch Ness', 'Loch Tay', 'Merton Thornless', 'Smoothstem' na 'Triple Crown '. 'Loch Ness' na 'Loch Tay' enwetala RHS's Award of Garden Merit. Azụlitela ahịhịa 'Cacanska Bestrna' (nke a na-akpọkwa 'Cacak Thornless') na Serbia ma kụọ ya n'ọtụtụ puku hectare ebe ahụ. === Ịkwụ ọtọ === Mahadum nke Arkansas emeela ụdị osisi blackberry. Ụdị ndị a adịghị ike karịa ụdị ndị kwụ ọtọ ma na-emepụta osisi ọhụrụ site na mbido mgbọrọgwụ (ya mere ha na-agbasa n'okpuru ala dị ka raspberries). E nwere ụdị na-enweghị ntụpọ site na mmemme a, gụnyere 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'Cherokee', 'Apache', 'Arapaho', na 'Kiowa'. <ref name="ge71">{{Cite book|author=Folta|first=Kevin M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buzRBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|title=Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Berries|publisher=CRC Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1578087075|authorlink=Kevin Folta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Fernandez|first=Gina|title=Growing blackberries in North Carolina|url=http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108073141/http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archivedate=8 January 2016|accessdate=9 October 2015|publisher=North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina University Press}}</ref> Ha bụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ịzụlite mkpụrụ osisi blackberry na-amị mkpụrụ dịka 'Prime-Jan' na 'Prime' . <ref name="ge71" /> === Ụgbọ okporo ígwè === Na raspberries, a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a bụ mkpụrụ osisi primocane, na-amị mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ na-amị mkpụrụ mgbe niile. Mahadum Arkansas tọhapụrụ 'Prime-Jim' na 'Prime-Jan' n'afọ 2004 ma bụrụkwa mkpụrụ osisi mbụ nke blackberry fruiting primocane. Ha na-eto nke ukwuu dị ka ndị ọzọ cultivars kwụ ọtọ akọwara n'elu; Otú ọ dị, okpete ndị na-apụta n'oge opupu ihe ubi ga-ama ifuru n'etiti oge okpomọkụ na mkpụrụ n'oge okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda. Ihe ubi ọdịda nwere àgwà ya kachasị elu mgbe ọ na-eto na ihu igwe dị jụụ dị ka California ma ọ bụ Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=J.R.|date=2012|title=Progress and challenges in primocane-fruiting blackberry breeding and cultural management|journal=Acta Horticulturae|volume=926|issue=926|pages=387–392|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.926.54}}</ref> 'Illini Hardy', nke mahadum nke Illinois webatara, bụ ahịhịa siri ike na mpaghara ise, ebe mmepụta blackberry na-enwekarị nsogbu, ebe ọ bụ na okpete anaghị adị ndụ n'oge oyi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Mexico na Chile === Mmepụta blackberry na Mexico gbasara nke ukwuu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu.<ref name="perry">{{Cite web|author=Perry, Mark J.|date=7 October 2017|title=Mexico's berry bounty fuels trade dispute – U.S. consumers dismiss U.S. berry farmers' complaints as 'sour berries'|url=http://www.aei.org/publication/mexicos-berry-bounty-fuels-trade-dispute-u-s-consumers-dismiss-u-s-berry-farmers-complaints-as-sour-berries/|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPerry,_Mark_J.2017">Perry, Mark J. (7 October 2017). [http://www.aei.org/publication/mexicos-berry-bounty-fuels-trade-dispute-u-s-consumers-dismiss-u-s-berry-farmers-complaints-as-sour-berries/ "Mexico's berry bounty fuels trade dispute – U.S. consumers dismiss U.S. berry farmers' complaints as 'sour berries'"]. American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="amrc">{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=Blackberries|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries "Blackberries"]. US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center. 1 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2017, Mexico nwere pacenti iri iteghete na asaa nke ahịa maka blackberry ọhụrụ ebubata na United States, ebe Chile nwere pacenti iri isii na atọ nke òkè ahịa maka mbubata Amerika nke blackberries oyi kpọnwụrụ. <ref name="amrc" /> Ọ bụ ezie na otu oge dabere na cultivar 'Brazos', otu osisi blackberry cultivar ochie mepere emepe na Texas na 1959, ụlọ ọrụ Mexico na-achị ugbu a bụ 'Tupy' nke Brazil wepụtara na 1990. 'Tupy' nwere blackberry 'Comanche' nke kwụ ọtọ, yana " blackberry Uruguayan ọhịa" dịka nne na nna. <ref name="antunes">{{Cite journal|author=Antunes, L.E.C.|year=2004|title=Aspectos Técnicos da Cultura da Amora-Preta|journal=Pelotas: Embrapa Clima Temperado|language=pt|issn=1516-8840}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị mkpụrụ osisi ojii na Uruguay, ihe a na-enyo enyo bụ na ' Boysenberry ' toro ebe niile bụ nne na nna nwoke. Iji mepụta blackberries ndị a na mpaghara Mexico ebe enweghị oyi oyi na-atụ iji kpalite mmepe ifuru ifuru, a na-eji kemịkalụ defoliation na ngwa nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto na-eme ka osisi na-eto eto. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Ọrịa na pests === [[Usòrò:Blackberry_flower_(2).jpg|thumb| Blackberry na-acha odo odo na-acha odo odo]] N'ihi na blackberry bụ otu ụdị mkpụrụ osisi raspberries, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bradley|first=Fern Marshall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcWQQKJX1xEC&q=Blackberry+disease&pg=PA51|title=The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control: A Complete Guide to Maintaining a Healthy Garden and Yard the Earth-Friendly Way|publisher=[[Rodale, Inc.]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1605296777|accessdate=12 November 2012}}</ref> ha na-ekerịta otu ọrịa, gụnyere anthracnose, nke nwere ike ime ka beri nwee ntozu na-enweghị isi. Enwere ike belata eruba sap. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Growing Raspberries & Blackberries|url=http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/BUL/BUL0812.pdf|accessdate=2012-11-13|publisher=cals.uidaho.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTuJryWEY64C&q=dwarfing+raspberry+blackberry&pg=PA5|title=Controlling diseases of raspberries and blackberries|publisher=United States. Science and Education Administration|year=1980|accessdate=12 November 2012}}</ref> Ha na-ekekwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ, gụnyere ngwakọta Bordeaux, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Waite|first=Merton Benway|url=https://archive.org/details/CAT87201664|title=Fungicides and their use in preventing diseases of fruits|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture|year=1906|quote=blackberry disease.|accessdate=12 November 2012}}</ref> ngwakọta nke wayo, mmiri na ọla kọpa (II) sulfate . <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2010|title=Bordeaux Mixture|url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7481.html|accessdate=13 November 2012|publisher=ucdavis.edu}}</ref> ahịrị dị n'etiti osisi blackberry ga-abụ nke enweghị ahịhịa, ndị na-aṅụ blackberry na ahịhịa, nke nwere ike ibute pests ma ọ bụ ọrịa. <ref name="a-ensminger">{{Cite book|author=Ensminger|first=Audrey H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3UD2iL4sAAC&q=blackberry+disease&pg=PA215|title=Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia: A-H|publisher=CRC Press|year=1994|isbn=9780849389818|accessdate=12 November 2012}}</ref> Ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ahọrọ mgbe ha na-akụ osisi blackberry n'ihi na blackberry ọhịa nwere ike ibute ọrịa, <ref name="a-ensminger" /> na ndị na-elekọta ubi ka akwadoro ịzụta naanị osisi ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Shrock|first=Denny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVHanXD-5-IC&q=Purchase+only+blackberries+Gardeners&pg=PA352|title=Home Gardener's Problem Solver: Symptoms and Solutions for More Than 1,500 Garden Pests and Plant Ailments|publisher=Meredith Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0897215046|accessdate=12 November 2012}}</ref> Drosophila na-ahụ anya-nku, ''Drosophila suzukii'', bụ ajọ ahụhụ nke blackberries. <ref name="dwalsh-wsu">{{Cite web|author=Walsh, Doug|title=Spotted Wing Drosophila Could Pose Threat For Washington Fruit Growers|url=http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806161628/http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archivedate=6 August 2010|accessdate=12 November 2012|publisher=sanjuan.WSU.edu}}</ref> N'adịghị ka ndị ikwu ya mmanya mmanya, bụ ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-ere ere ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi fermented, ''D. suzukii'' na-awakpo mkpụrụ ọhụrụ, mfri eke site n'itinye akwa n'okpuru akpụkpọ anụ dị nro. Larvae na-apụta ma na-eto n'ime mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, na-ebibi uru azụmahịa nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. <ref name="dwalsh-wsu" /> Ọrịa ọzọ bụ ''Amphorophora rubi'', nke a maara dị ka blackberry aphid, nke na-eri ọ bụghị naanị blackberries kamakwa raspberries. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hill|first=Dennis S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-w8AAAAIAAJ&q=Blackberry+pests&pg=PA228|title=Agricultural Insect Pests of Temperate Regions and Their Control|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1987|isbn=978-0521240130|accessdate=12 November 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puO2UjrlUkAC&q=Amphorophora+rubi+blackberry&pg=PA539|title=The Review of Applied Entomology: Agricultural, Volume 18|publisher=[[CAB International]]|year=1931|accessdate=12 November 2012}}</ref> ''Byturus tomentosus'' ( ebe raspberry ), ''Lampronia corticella'' (nla rasberi) na ''Anthonomus rubi'' (strawberry blossom weevil) ka amarakwa na ha na-ebute blackberries.   == Na-eji == === Ihe oriri === Blackberry agwaghi àkà pacenti iri asatọ na asatọ carbohydrates pacenti iri, protein 1% na abụba 0.5% (tebụl). Na grams Otu narị (atọ mara ise oz) ego ntụaka, blackberries a kụrụ nke ọma na-enye calorie iri anọ na atọ na ọdịnaya bara ụba (pacenti iri abụo na asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị (DV) nke eriri nri, manganese (pacenti iri atọ DV), vitamin C (pacenti iri abụo na ise DV), na vitamin K (pacenti iri na iteghete DV) (tebụl). ==== Ngwakọta mkpụrụ ==== Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu mkpụrụ nke ndị na-azụ ahịa anaghị amasị mgbe niile. Mkpụrụ ahụ nwere mmanụ bara ụba na omega-3 ( alpha-linolenic acid ) na omega-6 ( linoleic acid ) abụba yana protein, eriri nri, carotenoids, ellagitannins, na ellagic acid . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chemical composition of caneberry (Rubus spp.) seeds and oils and their antioxidant potential|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=52|issue=26|pages=7982–7|date=December 2004|pmid=15612785|doi=10.1021/jf049149a}}</ref> === Ojiji nri === A na-ejikarị mkpụrụ osisi chara acha na ọzara, jams, jelii, wine and liqueurs . Enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na tomato na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ maka pies na crumbles . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Dowling|first=Tim|date=2023-08-28|title=Berry good! 17 wonderful ways with blackberries – from crumbles and cakes to mousses and muffins|url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2023/aug/28/berry-good-17-wonderful-ways-with-blackberries-from-crumbles-and-cakes-to-mousses-and-muffins|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Nnyocha phytochemical === Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ phytochemicals gụnyere polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, na eriri . <ref name="Nutritiondata">{{Cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1848/2|year=2012|work=Nutritiondata.com|title=Nutrition facts for raw blackberries|publisher=Conde Nast}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf011097r|author=Sellappan|first=S.|title=Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown blueberries and blackberries|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=50|issue=8|pages=2432–2438|year=2002|pmid=11929309}}</ref> Anthocyanins na blackberries na-ahụ maka agba ọchịchịrị ha bara ụba. Otu akụkọ debere blackberry n'elu ihe karịrị 1,000 nri bara ụba polyphenol a na-eri na United Steeti, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=84|issue=1|pages=95–135|date=July 2006|pmid=16825686|doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.1.95}}</ref> mana echiche a nke uru ahụike sitere na iri nri ndị gbara ọchịchịrị dị ka blackberry ka enyochabeghị nke sayensị na anabataghị ya maka nkwupụta ahụike na nri. aha. === Ojiji akụkọ ihe mere eme === Otu n'ime oge izizi nke oriri blackberry sitere na foduru nke Nwanyị Haraldskær, ozu ozu nke nwanyị Danish nke malitere n'ihe dịka afọ puku abụọ na narị ise gara aga. Ihe akaebe gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ hụrụ blackberries n'ime afọ ya, n'etiti nri ndị ọzọ. Edere iji blackberry eme mmanya na cordials na London Pharmacopoeia na 1696. <ref name="gg">{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHarding,_Deborah">Harding, Deborah. [https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html "The History of the Blackberry Fruit"]. ''gardenguides.com''. Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Na ụwa nri nri, blackberry nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme eji ya na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ na-eme pies, jellies na jams. <ref name="gg" /> Ndị Gris, ndị Europe ndị ọzọ na ndị Amerika bụ ndị ji osisi blackberry emee ọgwụ ọdịnala . <ref name="gg">{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHarding,_Deborah">Harding, Deborah. [https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html "The History of the Blackberry Fruit"]. ''gardenguides.com''. Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Akwụkwọ nke 1771 kọwara n'ịme akwụkwọ blackberry, azuokokoosisi, na ogbugbo maka ọnya afọ . <ref name="gg" /> A na-eji mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, akwụkwọ ya na ịhịa aka na-esiji ákwà na ntutu isi. Ọbụna a mara ụmụ amaala America ka ha na-eji osisi eme ụdọ. A na-ejikwa osisi ndị ahụ mee ihe mgbochi gburugburu ụlọ, ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ. Osisi ọhịa nwere prickles dị nkọ, nke na-enye nchebe ụfọdụ megide ndị iro na anụmanụ buru ibu. <ref name="gg">{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHarding,_Deborah">Harding, Deborah. [https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html "The History of the Blackberry Fruit"]. ''gardenguides.com''. Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Na omenala == Folklore na United Kingdom na Ireland na-agwa na a gaghị ewere blackberry mgbe Old Michaelmas Day mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọctoba dị ka ekwensu (ma ọ bụ Púca ) mere ka ha ghara ịdị mma iri nri site n'itinye ụkwụ, ịgbasa ma ọ bụ mebie ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|title=Michaelmas Traditions|date=7 October 2010|work=BlackCountryBugle.co.uk|accessdate=13 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330072655/http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|archivedate=30 March 2012}}</ref> Enwere uru ụfọdụ n'akụkọ akụkọ a n'ihi na mmiri oyi na oyi na-atụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na-emekarị ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bute ọrịa site na ụdị dị iche iche dị ka ''Botryotinia'' nke na-enye mkpụrụ osisi ahụ ọdịdị na-adịghị mma ma nwee ike na-egbu egbu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Michaelmas.htm|title=Michaelmas, 29th September, and the customs and traditions associated with Michaelmas Day|work=www.Historic-UK.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> Dị ka ụfọdụ omenala si kwuo, agba odo odo nke blackberry na-anọchi anya ọbara Jizọs na okpueze nke ogwu bụ nke e ji ogwu mee, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Watts|first=D.C.|title=Dictionary of Plant Lore|date=2007|publisher=Academic|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-12-374086-1|edition=Rev.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Alexander|first=Courtney|title=Berries As Symbols and in Folklore|url=http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/berryfolklore.pdf|work=Cornell Fruit|accessdate=11 August 2015}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na osisi ndị ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka ''Crataegus'' (hawthorn) na ''Euphorbia milii'' (okpueze nke ogwu)., a tụrụ aro dị ka ihe maka okpueze. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrXNAAAAMAAJ&q=encyclopedia+britannica+hawthorn+crown+thorns&pg=PA536|title=Hawthorn|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 11; R.S. Peale|year=1891}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/crown_of_thorns.htm|title=Crown of thorns|author=Ombrello T|publisher=Union County College, Department of Biology, Cranford, NJ|date=2015|accessdate=18 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917022506/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/crown_of_thorns.htm|archivedate=17 September 2009}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Rubus plicatus, ụdị blackberry a na-ahụkarị na Europe * Elmleaf blackberry, ụdị blackberry ọzọ na Europe * Blackberry Pacific, ụdị blackberry nke North America * Rubus fruticosus, aha na-enweghị isi nke Carl Linnaeus ji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụdị. * Mulberry, ọdịdị mkpụrụ osisi yiri ya, mana osisi karịa osisi ogwu * Redberry mite, ahụhụ a na-ahụkarị nke ihe ọkụkụ blackberry North America == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jrvdaueblx6hwm9xcz9m6g9u7x9cn4p 0 49769 674219 179358 2026-07-08T18:50:49Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674219 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Los_Llanos,_Venezuela_(12832335223).jpg|alt=|147x147px]]</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg|alt=|137x137px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden">[[File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_1898_Testing_Sheep_for_Methane_Production.jpg|alt=|147x147px]]</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden">[[File:NRCSNC00012_-_North_Carolina_(5133)(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).jpg|alt=|137x137px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Ihe ọmụma atụ nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọrụ ụgbo anụmanụ: Mmepụta anụ bụ isi ihe n'akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa na [[Venezuela]]; [[Pig|Ezì]] na ọrụ ụgbọ siri ike; Ịnwale atụrụ mba Australia maka mmepụta methane iji belata gas n'ekpo ọkụ site n'ọrụ ụgbọ; Ụgbọ n'agbanye nsị anụmanụ ha ozugbo n'ime nnukwu ọdọ mmiri, nke nwere mmetụta gburugburu ebe ahụ.</div></div></div></div>'''Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] anụmanụ''' dịgasị iche n'ihi ọtụtụ ọrụ ụgbọ a n'eji gburugburu ụwa. N'agbanyeghị nke a, achọpụtala na ọrụ ụgbọ niile nwere [[Environmental impact of agriculture|mmetụta dịgasị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi]] rụọ n'ókè ụfọdụ. Ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ, ọkachasị [[Ikpa anumanu|Mmepụta anụ]], nwere ike ịkpata [[mmetọ]], ikuku n'ekpo ọkụ, ọnwụ nke ụdị dị iche iche, ọrịa, na oriri dị ukwuu nke ala, nri, na mmiri. A na-enweta anụ site na ụzọ dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ọrụ ụgbọ, Ọrụ ugbo n'efu, mmepụta anụ ụlọ siri ike, na ọrụ ugbo. Ngalaba anụ ụlọ n'agụnyekwa ajị anụ, àkwá na mmepụta mmiri ara ehi, anụ ụlọ eji arụ Ịkụ ugbo, na ịzụ azụ. Ọrụ ụgbọ anụmanụ bụ ihe dị mkpa n'enye aka na ikuku n'ekpo ọkụ. Ehi, atụrụ, na anụ ndị ọzọ n'eri nri n'agbari nri ha site na fermentation enteric, na burps ha bụ isi ihe n'eme ka ikuku methane si n'iji ala eme ihe, mgbanwe ala, na ọhịa. Tinyere methane na nitrous oxide sitere na nsị, nke a n'eme ka anụ ụlọ bụrụ isi iyi nke gas n'ekpo ọkụ site na ọrụ ụgbọ. Mbelata dị ịrịba ama n'ihe oriri anụ dị mkpa iji belata mgbanwe ịhụ igwe, ọkachasị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'abawanye site na ijeri 2.3 site n'etiti narị afọ.<ref name="Carrington-2018">{{Cite news|author=Carrington|first=Damian|date=October 10, 2018|title=Huge reduction in meat-eating 'essential' to avoid climate breakdown|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/10/huge-reduction-in-meat-eating-essential-to-avoid-climate-breakdown|accessdate=October 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Eisen-2022">{{Cite journal|author=Eisen|first=Michael B.|date=2022-02-01|title=Rapid global phaseout of animal agriculture has the potential to stabilize greenhouse gas levels for 30 years and offset 68 percent of {{CO2}} emissions this century|journal=PLOS Climate|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=e0000010|doi=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000010|issn=2767-3200}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Cereals_allocated_to_food,_animal_feed_and_fuel,_World.png|thumb|Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke iji ọka eme ihe na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ihe ọkụkụ eji eme ihe dị ka nri]] Ọtụtụ nnyocha achọpụtala na mmụba nke oriri anụ n'ejikọta ugbụa na mmụwanye nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mmụcha nke ego onye ọ bụla ma ọ bụ GDP, ya mere, mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepụta anụ na oriri ga-abawanye ma ọ bụrụ na omume ugbu a gbanwere.<ref name="10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340">{{Cite journal|author=Parlasca|first=Martin C.|title=Meat Consumption and Sustainability|journal=Annual Review of Resource Economics|date=5 October 2022|volume=14|pages=17–41|doi=10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340|issn=1941-1340}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Devlin|first=Hannah|date=July 19, 2018|title=Rising global meat consumption 'will devastate environment'|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/19/rising-global-meat-consumption-will-devastate-environment|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Godfray|first=H. Charles J.|date=2018|title=Meat consumption, health, and the environment|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cc174e1d-0e3e-43ce-9d3b-ad7e204d0845|journal=Science|volume=361|issue=6399|pages=|doi=10.1126/science.aam5324|pmid=30026199}}</ref><ref name="Carrington-2018" /> Mgbanwe na ọchịchọ maka anụ ga na-emepụta, si otú a n'agbanwe mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepụta anụ. E mere atụmatụ na oriri anụ zụrụ ụwa ọnụ nwere ike okpụkpụ abụọ site n'afọ 2000 ruo n'afọ 2050, nke kachasị n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụwa, kamakwa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi ịrị elu nke oriri anụ kwa onye (nke ọtụtụ n'ime mmụba oriri kwa onye n'eme na mba ndị n'emepe emepe). <ref name="FAOGPU2006">FAO. 2006. World agriculture: towards 2030/2050. Prospects for food, nutrition, agriculture and major commodity groups. Interim report. Global Perspectives Unit, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 71 pp.</ref> A n'atụ anya na Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ga-eto rụọ ijeri 9 ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2050, a n'atụkwa anya na mmepụta anụ ga-abawanye site na pasent 40.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Nibert|first=David|editor=Steven Best|authorlink=David Nibert|date=2011|title=The Global Industrial Complex: Systems of Domination|chapter=Origins and Consequences of the Animal Industrial Complex|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780739136973/The-Global-Industrial-Complex-Systems-of-Domination|isbn=978-0739136980}}</ref> Mmepụta zụrụ ụwa ọnụ na oriri nke anụ ọkụkọ anọwo n'eto n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na ihe karịrị 5% kwa afọ.<ref name="FAOGPU2006" /> Nri anụ n'abawanye ka ndị mmadụ na mba n'aba ọgaranya.<ref name="Meat and Dairy Production">{{Cite journal|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah|date=2017-08-25|title=Meat and Dairy Production|url=https://ourworldindata.org/meat-production|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> Omume n'adịgasị iche n'etiti ngalaba anụ ụlọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, oriri ezì zụrụ ụwa ọnụ maka otu onye amụbaala n'oge n'adịbeghị anya (ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbanwe na oriri n'ime China), ebe oriri ezì kwa onye n'eri anụ n'ebelata.<ref name="FAOGPU2006" /> [[Usòrò:Per_capita_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png|thumb|Onye ọ bụla na-eri anụ kwa afọ site na mpaghara <ref name="10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340">{{Cite journal|author=Parlasca|first=Martin C.|title=Meat Consumption and Sustainability|journal=Annual Review of Resource Economics|date=5 October 2022|volume=14|pages=17–41|doi=10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340|issn=1941-1340}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFParlascaQaim2022">Parlasca, Martin C.; Qaim, Matin (5 October 2022). [[doi:10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340|"Meat Consumption and Sustainability"]]. ''Annual Review of Resource Economics''. '''14''': 17–41. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340|10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340]]</span>. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1941-1340|1941-1340]].</cite></ref>]] For every 100 kilograms of food made for humans from crops, 37 kilograms byproducts unsuitable for direct human consumption are generated. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fadel|first=J. G|date=1999-06-30|title=Quantitative analyses of selected plant by-product feedstuffs, a global perspective|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377840199000310|journal=Animal Feed Science and Technology|language=en|volume=79|issue=4|pages=255–268|doi=10.1016/S0377-8401(99)00031-0|issn=0377-8401}}</ref> Many countries then repurpose these human-inedible crop byproducts as livestock feed for cattle.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schingoethe|first=David J.|date=1991-07-01|title=Byproduct Feeds: Feed Analysis and Interpretation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749072015307878|journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=577–584|doi=10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30787-8|pmid=1654177|issn=0749-0720}}</ref> Raising animals for human consumption accounts for approximately 40% of total agricultural output in industrialized nations. Moreover, the efficiency of meat production varies depending on the specific production system, as well as the type of feed. It may require anywhere from 0.9 and 7.9 kilograms of grain to produce 1 kilogram of beef, between 0.1 to 4.3 kilograms of grain to produce 1 kilogram of pork, and 0 to 3.5 kilograms of grains to produce 1 kilogram of chicken.<ref name="Gerber, P.-2022">{{Cite book|author=Mottet, A.|url=https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cc3134en|title=More fuel for the food/feed debate|publisher=FAO|year=2022}}</ref><ref name="Mottet-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Mottet|first=Anne|date=2017-09-01|title=Livestock: On our plates or eating at our table? A new analysis of the feed/food debate|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211912416300013|journal=Global Food Security|language=en|volume=14|pages=1–8|doi=10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.001|issn=2211-9124}}</ref> avmnjdat2z34uz43ezae7qlv9yzocem 674220 674219 2026-07-08T18:52:06Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674220 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Los_Llanos,_Venezuela_(12832335223).jpg|alt=|147x147px]]</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg|alt=|137x137px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden">[[File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_1898_Testing_Sheep_for_Methane_Production.jpg|alt=|147x147px]]</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden">[[File:NRCSNC00012_-_North_Carolina_(5133)(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).jpg|alt=|137x137px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Ihe ọmụma atụ nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọrụ ụgbo anụmanụ: Mmepụta anụ bụ isi ihe n'akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa na [[Venezuela]]; [[Pig|Ezì]] na ọrụ ụgbọ siri ike; Ịnwale atụrụ mba Australia maka mmepụta methane iji belata gas n'ekpo ọkụ site n'ọrụ ụgbọ; Ụgbọ n'agbanye nsị anụmanụ ha ozugbo n'ime nnukwu ọdọ mmiri, nke nwere mmetụta gburugburu ebe ahụ.</div></div></div></div>'''Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] anụmanụ''' dịgasị iche n'ihi ọtụtụ ọrụ ụgbọ a n'eji gburugburu ụwa. N'agbanyeghị nke a, achọpụtala na ọrụ ụgbọ niile nwere [[Environmental impact of agriculture|mmetụta dịgasị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi]] rụọ n'ókè ụfọdụ. Ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ, ọkachasị [[Ikpa anumanu|Mmepụta anụ]], nwere ike ịkpata [[mmetọ]], ikuku n'ekpo ọkụ, ọnwụ nke ụdị dị iche iche, ọrịa, na oriri dị ukwuu nke ala, nri, na mmiri. A na-enweta anụ site na ụzọ dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ọrụ ụgbọ, Ọrụ ugbo n'efu, mmepụta anụ ụlọ siri ike, na ọrụ ugbo. Ngalaba anụ ụlọ n'agụnyekwa ajị anụ, àkwá na mmepụta mmiri ara ehi, anụ ụlọ eji arụ Ịkụ ugbo, na ịzụ azụ. Ọrụ ụgbọ anụmanụ bụ ihe dị mkpa n'enye aka na ikuku n'ekpo ọkụ. Ehi, atụrụ, na anụ ndị ọzọ n'eri nri n'agbari nri ha site na fermentation enteric, na burps ha bụ isi ihe n'eme ka ikuku methane si n'iji ala eme ihe, mgbanwe ala, na ọhịa. Tinyere methane na nitrous oxide sitere na nsị, nke a n'eme ka anụ ụlọ bụrụ isi iyi nke gas n'ekpo ọkụ site na ọrụ ụgbọ. Mbelata dị ịrịba ama n'ihe oriri anụ dị mkpa iji belata mgbanwe ịhụ igwe, ọkachasị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'abawanye site na ijeri 2.3 site n'etiti narị afọ.<ref name="Carrington-2018">{{Cite news|author=Carrington|first=Damian|date=October 10, 2018|title=Huge reduction in meat-eating 'essential' to avoid climate breakdown|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/10/huge-reduction-in-meat-eating-essential-to-avoid-climate-breakdown|accessdate=October 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Eisen-2022">{{Cite journal|author=Eisen|first=Michael B.|date=2022-02-01|title=Rapid global phaseout of animal agriculture has the potential to stabilize greenhouse gas levels for 30 years and offset 68 percent of {{CO2}} emissions this century|journal=PLOS Climate|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=e0000010|doi=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000010|issn=2767-3200}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Cereals_allocated_to_food,_animal_feed_and_fuel,_World.png|thumb|Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke iji ọka eme ihe na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ihe ọkụkụ eji eme ihe dị ka nri]] Ọtụtụ nnyocha achọpụtala na mmụba nke oriri anụ n'ejikọta ugbụa na mmụwanye nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mmụcha nke ego onye ọ bụla ma ọ bụ GDP, ya mere, mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepụta anụ na oriri ga-abawanye ma ọ bụrụ na omume ugbu a gbanwere.<ref name="10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340">{{Cite journal|author=Parlasca|first=Martin C.|title=Meat Consumption and Sustainability|journal=Annual Review of Resource Economics|date=5 October 2022|volume=14|pages=17–41|doi=10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340|issn=1941-1340}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Devlin|first=Hannah|date=July 19, 2018|title=Rising global meat consumption 'will devastate environment'|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/19/rising-global-meat-consumption-will-devastate-environment|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Godfray|first=H. Charles J.|date=2018|title=Meat consumption, health, and the environment|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cc174e1d-0e3e-43ce-9d3b-ad7e204d0845|journal=Science|volume=361|issue=6399|pages=|doi=10.1126/science.aam5324|pmid=30026199}}</ref><ref name="Carrington-2018" /> Mgbanwe na ọchịchọ maka anụ ga na-emepụta, si otú a n'agbanwe mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepụta anụ. E mere atụmatụ na oriri anụ zụrụ ụwa ọnụ nwere ike okpụkpụ abụọ site n'afọ 2000 ruo n'afọ 2050, nke kachasị n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụwa, kamakwa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi ịrị elu nke oriri anụ kwa onye (nke ọtụtụ n'ime mmụba oriri kwa onye n'eme na mba ndị n'emepe emepe). <ref name="FAOGPU2006">FAO. 2006. World agriculture: towards 2030/2050. Prospects for food, nutrition, agriculture and major commodity groups. Interim report. Global Perspectives Unit, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 71 pp.</ref> A n'atụ anya na Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ga-eto rụọ ijeri 9 ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2050, a n'atụkwa anya na mmepụta anụ ga-abawanye site na pasent 40.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Nibert|first=David|editor=Steven Best|authorlink=David Nibert|date=2011|title=The Global Industrial Complex: Systems of Domination|chapter=Origins and Consequences of the Animal Industrial Complex|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780739136973/The-Global-Industrial-Complex-Systems-of-Domination|isbn=978-0739136980}}</ref> Mmepụta zụrụ ụwa ọnụ na oriri nke anụ ọkụkọ anọwo n'eto n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na ihe karịrị 5% kwa afọ.<ref name="FAOGPU2006" /> Nri anụ n'abawanye ka ndị mmadụ na mba n'aba ọgaranya.<ref name="Meat and Dairy Production">{{Cite journal|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah|date=2017-08-25|title=Meat and Dairy Production|url=https://ourworldindata.org/meat-production|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> Omume n'adịgasị iche n'etiti ngalaba anụ ụlọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, oriri ezì zụrụ ụwa ọnụ maka otu onye amụbaala n'oge n'adịbeghị anya (ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbanwe na oriri n'ime China), ebe oriri ezì kwa onye n'eri anụ n'ebelata.<ref name="FAOGPU2006" /> [[Usòrò:Per_capita_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png|thumb|Onye ọ bụla na-eri anụ kwa afọ site na mpaghara <ref name="10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340" />]] For every 100 kilograms of food made for humans from crops, 37 kilograms byproducts unsuitable for direct human consumption are generated. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fadel|first=J. G|date=1999-06-30|title=Quantitative analyses of selected plant by-product feedstuffs, a global perspective|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377840199000310|journal=Animal Feed Science and Technology|language=en|volume=79|issue=4|pages=255–268|doi=10.1016/S0377-8401(99)00031-0|issn=0377-8401}}</ref> Many countries then repurpose these human-inedible crop byproducts as livestock feed for cattle.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schingoethe|first=David J.|date=1991-07-01|title=Byproduct Feeds: Feed Analysis and Interpretation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749072015307878|journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=577–584|doi=10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30787-8|pmid=1654177|issn=0749-0720}}</ref> Raising animals for human consumption accounts for approximately 40% of total agricultural output in industrialized nations. Moreover, the efficiency of meat production varies depending on the specific production system, as well as the type of feed. It may require anywhere from 0.9 and 7.9 kilograms of grain to produce 1 kilogram of beef, between 0.1 to 4.3 kilograms of grain to produce 1 kilogram of pork, and 0 to 3.5 kilograms of grains to produce 1 kilogram of chicken.<ref name="Gerber, P.-2022">{{Cite book|author=Mottet, A.|url=https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cc3134en|title=More fuel for the food/feed debate|publisher=FAO|year=2022}}</ref><ref name="Mottet-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Mottet|first=Anne|date=2017-09-01|title=Livestock: On our plates or eating at our table? A new analysis of the feed/food debate|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211912416300013|journal=Global Food Security|language=en|volume=14|pages=1–8|doi=10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.001|issn=2211-9124}}</ref> 0zp0j4fvu9yw8wn2wzxs78ocvgsfk53 0 49919 674460 670972 2026-07-09T09:48:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674460 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Vesuvio_Bien_Vee_-_Paso_Fino_Bellas_Formas_National_Champion_3_Year_Old_Gelding_in_2001;_photo_taken_in_May_of_2006.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Nwa agbọghọ dị afọ atọ]] Gelding bụ ịnyịnya nwoke a chụpụrụ agbapụ ma ọ bụ equine ndị ọzọ, dị ka inyinya, ịnyịnya ibu ma ọ bụ inyinya mule. A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ na ụfọdụ anụmanụ na anụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ, dị ka kamel anụ ụlọ. N'iji ya atụnyere, okwu nhata maka ehi a chụpụrụ achụpụ ga-abụ onye isi (ma ọ bụ oke ehi), na oyi maka atụrụ na ewu. Nkedo na-enye ohere ka nwoke na-enwekwu obi iru ala, na-akpa àgwà ka mma, na-enwechaghị ike inwe mmekọahụ, ma na-anabata mgbalị ọzụzụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, a maara ya maka ime ka anụ ahụ dị jụụ, dị nro na n'ozuzu ya dabara adaba dị ka anụmanụ na-arụ ọrụ kwa ụbọchị, ma ọ bụ ọbụna dị ka anụ ụlọ (n'ihe gbasara anụmanụ ndị enyi).[1] The gerund na participle "gelding" na enweghi ngwụcha "to geld" na-ezo aka na usoro nkedo n'onwe ya. == Okwu mmalite == Ngwaa "to geld" sitere na Old Norse {{Lang|non|gelda}}, site na adjective {{Lang|non|geldr}} 'barren'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1971|isbn=978-0198611172|editor=Murray|edition=Third|url=https://archive.org/details/compacteditionof03robe}}</ref> Aha "gelding" sitere na Old Norse {{Lang|non|geldingr}} . <ref name=":0" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A na-eche na ndị Sitia so na ndị mbụ na-anya ịnyịnya ha, [1] [2] ka ha ji ịnyịnya agha ndị dị jụụ na ndị na-adịghị echebe onwe ha kpọrọ ihe, yana ọ dị mfe idobe n'ìgwè na o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ ókèala, na-enweghị ọnwụnwa nke ịmụ nwa / mating agụụ. A na-ekwu na Aristotle kwuru banyere gelding n'oge dị ka 350 BC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesprucepets.com/definition-of-gelding-1886645#:~:text=Gelding%20has%20been%20carried%20out,carried%20out%20by%20a%20veterinarian.|title=What is a Gelding?|author=Blocksdorf, Katherine|date=10 October 2018|work=TheSprucePets|quote=Gelding has been carried out for centuries, and written work by '''Aristotle''' mentions gelding as early as '''350''' B.C.E.|accessdate=24 July 2024|archivedate=18 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718055549/https://www.thesprucepets.com/definition-of-gelding-1886645#:~:text=Gelding%20has%20been%20carried%20out,carried%20out%20by%20a%20veterinarian.}}</ref> == Ihe mere e ji mee ka a na-akwa iko == A na-agbakarị ịnyịnya nwoke iji mee ka ọ na-akpa àgwà ka mma na mfe ịchịkwa ya. Gelding nwekwara ike wepụ anụmanụ ndị na-adịchaghị mma na ọdọ mmiri mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.[1] Iji kwe ka naanị anụmanụ kacha mma na-amụba, ebe a na-echekwa ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke, ọ bụ naanị obere pasentị nke ịnyịnya nwoke niile kwesịrị ịbụ nnukwu anụ. Isi mmalite na-edobe pasenti nke nnukwu ụlọ ahịa ekwesịrị idobe dị ka ngwaahịa ọmụmụ n'ihe dị ka 10%, [2] ebe echiche dị oke egwu na-ekwu na ọ bụ naanị 0.5% nke ụmụ nwoke niile kwesịrị ịzụ.[3] N'ime anụ ọhịa, a na-echekwa oke 10% n'ụzọ nkịtị, n'ihi na otu nnukwu anụ ụlọ na-echebe ma na-amụba ìgwè ehi nke na-adịkarịghị karịa 10 ma ọ bụ 12 mares, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere ike ikwe ka obere ọdụ ụgbọ elu na-ebi ndụ na nsọtụ nke anụ ọhịa. igwe.[4] Enwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwoke karịa naanị anụ ụlọ, yabụ, ịnyịnya nwoke na-ejikọtaghị ọnụ maka nchebe na obere ụmụ nwoke "bachelor herrds", ebe, na enweghị nne, ha na-eme omume dị ka geldings.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Davies Morel|first=Mina C. G.|title=Equine Reproductive Physiology, Breeding, and Stud Management|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=lUtXot0_h4oC&q=bachelor+herd+horse&pg=PA254|accessdate=April 14, 2008|year=2003|publisher=CABI Publishing|isbn=978-0-85199-643-1|chapter=Stallion Management}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Win_win_relationship.JPG|thumb|Ịgba ịnyịnya nwoke nwere ike belata esemokwu nwere ike ime n'ime ìgwè ịnyịnya.]] Geldings are preferred over stallions for working purposes because they are calmer, easier to handle, and more tractable. Geldings are therefore a favorite for many equestrians. In some horse shows,{{which|date=June 2015}} due to the dangers inherent in handling stallions, which require experienced handlers,{{Citation needed|reason=What are the inherent dangers? Why do they require experienced handlers? Sources, please?|date=June 2015}} youth exhibitors are not permitted to show stallions in classes limited to just those riders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wpcs.uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WPCS-Judging-and-showing-handbook_web3.pdf|title=Welsh Pony and Cob Society –|publisher=Wpcs.uk.com|accessdate=May 16, 2021|archivedate=September 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924052833/https://wpcs.uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WPCS-Judging-and-showing-handbook_web3.pdf}}</ref> A na-ahọrọ Geldings karịa nne, n'ihi na ụfọdụ nne na-ewe iwe mgbe ha na-ekpo ọkụ na ojiji nke nne nwere ike ịbụ nke a kpaara ókè n'oge ọnwa ndị ọzọ nke ime na mgbe ha na'ilekọta nwa. N'ọsọ ịnyịnya, a pụrụ iwere ịkpụ ịnyịnya dị ka ihe bara uru ma ọ bụrụ na ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ dọpụ uche anụ ahụ n'ụzọ dị mfe, siri ike ijikwa ya, ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ ọ gaghị agba ọsọ ruo n'ókè o nwere n'ihi nsogbu omume. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a pụtara na ịnyịnya ahụ na-efunahụ uru ọ bụla, ọrụ ịgba ọsọ na-aga nke ọma nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-akwalite uru nke ịnyịnya nke mụrụ gelding. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-achụpụ ịnyịnya a na-eji amụ nwa mgbe e mesịrị, ikekwe n'ihi enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, ma ọ bụ n'ihi na ụmụ ịnyịnya ahụ anaghị eme ihe a tụrụ anya ya, ma ọ bụkwa n'ihi naanị n'ihi ete anaghị eji ịnyịnya ahụ eme ihe maka ịzụlite, n'ihi mgbanwe ejiji na pedigree ma ọ bụ phenotype. Castration nwere ike ikwe ka ịnyịnya na ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ biri n'udo, na-enye ohere ibi ndụ dị mma.<ref name="horsekeeping1">{{Cite web|author=Richard Klimesh|url=http://www.horsekeeping.com/horse_health_care/gelding_and_aftercare.htm|title=Horse Gelding the Male Horse and Aftercare by Cherry Hill|publisher=Horsekeeping|accessdate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> N'okpuru iwu British National Hunt racing (ya bụ Steeplechase), iji belata ihe ize ndụ ahụike na nchekwa, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ịnyịnya niile na-ekere òkè na-agbaji. N'aka nke ọzọ, n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Europe, a na-ewepu castrings n'ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị larịị kachasị mma gụnyere Classics na Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe (ma e wezụga na ọ bụ French classic Prix Royal-Oak, meghere maka castrings kemgbe 1986). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.france-galop.com/All-the-races.233+M52087573ab0.0.html?&course_id=9129&no_cache=1&numero_id=24|title=All the races: Prix Royal-Oak|publisher=France Galop|accessdate=February 8, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022236/http://www.france-galop.com/All-the-races.233+M52087573ab0.0.html?&course_id=9129&no_cache=1&numero_id=24|archivedate=December 3, 2013}}</ref> Na asọmpi agbụrụ nke North America, a na-ekwe ka ndị na-agba ọsọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ha eruola site na afọ, mmeri, ma ọ bụ ahụmịhe, na agbụrụ ndị a na-emeghe maka ụmụ nwoke. Otu ihe ahụ na-emetụta Australia. === Nchegbu banyere castration === Ọdịbendị ụfọdụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme anaghị eme ma ka na-adịkarịghị eme ịnyịnya nwoke, ọkachasị Ndị Arab, bụ ndị na-ejikarị ịnyịnya maka ọrụ kwa ụbọchị na agha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/arabianhorse.htm|title=Tales from "Sport in Egypt": The Arabian Horse|publisher=Touregypt.net|accessdate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> N'ọdịbendị ndị a, a ka na-ejighị ọtụtụ ịnyịnya ibu eme ihe maka ịzụlite, naanị ndị kachasị mma. Mgbe a na-eji ha eme ihe dị ka anụmanụ na-agba ịnyịnya, a na-edebe ha naanị na ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ nwoke n'ọnọdụ "nwoke", nke na-emekarị ka ha dị jụụ, na-adịchaghị ka àgwà ịnyịnya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Campfield|first=Jeremy|url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=9681#reflection|title=Working with Morocco's Horses: Journey's End|publisher=TheHorse.com|date=June 25, 2007|accessdate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ihe kpatara okpukpe maka omume ndị a dị; dịka ọmụmaatụ, a machibidoro ịkpụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ n'ụzọ doro anya na Bible Hibru ma machibido ya Iwu ndị Juu. Ọ bụ ezie na ịkpụ ahụ na-enwekarị nsogbu ole na ole, enwere ihe ize ndụ. Castration nwere ike ịnwe nsogbu, dị ka ọzịza, ọbara ọgbụgba ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụrụ mgbe ịwa ahụ gasịrị, ọrịa, na eventration. Ọ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru izu isii maka testosterone fọdụrụ iji wepụ usoro gelding ọhụrụ ma ọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-egosipụta omume dị ka ịnyịnya n'oge ahụ. Maka ihe ndị na-edochaghị anya mgbe niile, ihe dị ka pasent iri atọ nke ndị niile na-agba ịnyịnya ka nwere ike igosi ụzọ dị ka nke ịnyịnya, ụfọdụ n'ihi testicle cryptorchid e debere na ịnyịnya, ndị ọzọ n'ihi omume a mụtara na mbụ, mana ụfọdụ n'enweghị ihe doro anya. Ọzụzụ iji kpochapụ omume ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ozuzu. Ihe ize ndụ ọzọ bụ maka dọkịta anụmanụ, ọ bụrụ na a na-eme nchara na-eguzo ọtọ, ọ ga-ekwe omume ka ịnyịnya ahụ merụọ dọkịta ụmụ anụmanụ ahụ ahụ n'oge usoro ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na nsogbu bilitere, a ghaghị ime ka ịnyịnya na-akụnwụ ahụ ozugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cable|first=Christina S.|url=http://www.thehorse.com/articles/10024/castration-in-the-horse|title=Castration In The Horse|publisher=TheHorse.com|date=April 1, 2001|accessdate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> Castration anaghị agbanwe omume ọjọọ na omume ọjọọ na-akpaghị aka. A ghaghị ime nke a site na ọzụzụ kwesịrị ekwesị. <ref name="horsekeeping1" /> == Oge nke gelding == Enwere ike ịkpụ ịnyịnya n'afọ ọ bụla; Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na onye nwe ya bu n'obi ịkpụ otu nwa, a na-ewere ya ugbu a dị ka ihe kachasị mma ịkpụ ịta ịnyịnya ahụ tupu ọ bụrụ nwa otu afọ, na n'ezie tupu ya eruo oke mmekọahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a tụrụ aro ka ị chere ruo mgbe ịnyịnya na-eto eto karịrị otu afọ, ọbụlagodi abụọ, nke a bụ ihe fọdụrụ n'ụbọchị ndị a na-eme nchara na-enweghị anesthesia ma bụrụ ihe na-echegbu anụmanụ ahụ. Usoro ọgwụgwọ anụmanụ nke oge a nwere ike imezu castration na obere nrụgide na obere ahụ erughị ala, ọ bụrụhaala na a na-eji ọgwụ mgbu kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref>R Eager (2002) "Evaluation of pain and discomfort associated with equine castration" UFAW Publications</ref> Ndị nwe ịnyịnya ole na ole na-egbu oge ịkpụ ịnyịnya n'ihi na Testosterone a na-enweta site na ikwe ka ọ ruo ntozu oke mmekọahụ ga-eme ka ọ dịkwuo ukwuu. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha ndị na-adịbeghị anya egosila na nke a abụghị otú ahụ: ọ bụla a na-ahụ anya nke a na-enweta naanị site na ọnụnọ nke homonụ ga-efu ka oge na-aga mgbe ịnyịnya ahụ nwụsịrị, ma ka ọ dị ugbu a, ike a na-emefu na-eto eto nwere ike iwepụ ike ịnyịnya ahụ nwere ike itinye ya na uto ọkpụkpụ ọ nweghị mmetụta na ọnụego uto (ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ịbawanye oke abụba ịnyịnya ahụ).<ref>Seong, PN; Lee, CE, and Oh, WY; et al. (2005). [http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=DMJGDA_2005_v47n3_391 Effects of castration on growth and meat quality in finishing male Jeju horses]. ''Journal of Animal Science and Technology'' 47.3:391–396.</ref> Ọtụtụ ịnyịnya ndị toro eto, ndị a na-ejighịzi eme ihe na stud n'ihi afọ ndụ ma ọ bụ enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, nwere ike irite uru site na ịbụ ndị a na'ahụ. Usoro ọgwụgwọ anụmanụ nke oge a na-eme ka ịkpụ nwa ịnyịnya meworo agadi bụrụ usoro dị ala, <ref name="mason">Mason, BJ, Newton, JR &#x26; Payne, RJ, et al. (2005). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2746/042516405774479988/full Costs and complications of equine castration: a UK practice-based study comparing 'standing nonsutured' and 'recumbent sutured' techniques]. ''Equine Veterinary Journal'' 37.5:468–472.</ref> na ịnyịnya ahụ nwere uru nke inwe ike ịpị ya na ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ n'enweghị nsogbu ma kwe ka ọ dịrị ndụ dị ala karịa ka e kwere ka ọ bụrụ nwa ịnyịnya. == Nlekọta pụrụ iche nke geldings == Ndị nwe ịnyịnya ndị nwoke, ma ndị na-agba ịnyịnya na ndị na-eme ịnyịnya, kwesịrị mgbe ụfọdụ ịlele mkpuchi ịnyịnya, akpa akpụkpọ ahụ nke na-echebe penis nke ịnyịnya mgbe a na-ejighị ya maka nsị (ma ọ bụ, n'ihe banyere ịnyịnya, ịzụlite). Geldings na-enwekarị smegma na ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu karịa stallions, ma eleghị anya n'ihi na geldings anaghị emebi penis kpamkpam, ya mere unyi na smegma gbakọta na mkpokoro akpụkpọ ahụ.<ref name="Horse Journal">"Cut Through Smegma". ''Horse Journal'', August 2007, p. 19-20.</ref> == Usoro nke ịkpụcha == [[Usòrò:Castration_horse.jpg|thumb|A na-eme ịkpụ ahụ n'elu ịnyịnya n'okpuru ọgwụ anaesthesia ketamine]] E nwere usoro abụọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ịkpụ ịnyịnya, otu na-achọ naanị anesthesia mpaghara na nke ọzọ na-achọ anesthesia n'ozuzu. Usoro ọ bụla nwere uru na ọghọm. === Ịkpụ ọkpụkpụ na-adịgide adịgide === Standing castration bụ usoro ebe a na-eme ka ịnyịnya dị jụụ ma na-enye ọgwụ anesthesia mpaghara, na-enweghị ịtụba ịnyịnya ahụ n'ala ma ọ bụ tinye ya kpamkpam "n'okpuru". Ọ nwere uru na ọ dịghị mkpa ka a na-akụnwụ ahụ (GA). A na-akwado usoro a maka usoro dị mfe n'ihi na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ maka GA na ịnyịnya na ụlọ ọgwụ nke oge a dị ala, ihe dịka otu ma ọ bụ abụọ na 1000. Ọnwụ n'ọhịa (ebe a na-eme ọtụtụ ịnyịnya) nwere ike ịdị elu, n'ihi ụlọ ọrụ ndị dara ogbenye.<ref name="periop">Bidwell, Lori A., DVM; Bramlage, Larry R., DVM MS; and Rood, William A., DVM (2007). "[http://www.vaajournal.org/article/S1467-2987(16)30902-3/fulltext Equine perioperative fatalities associated with general anaesthesia at a private practice—a retrospective case series]". ''Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia'' 34.1:23–30.</ref> Maka ịkpụ ahụ guzo ọtọ, a na-etinye nwa ehi ma ọ bụ nwa ehi ahụ, na-ejikarị detomidine ma ọ bụ na-enweghị butorphanol, ma na-ejikwa ya eme ihe. A na-agbanye Ọgwụ na-akụnwụ ahụ n'ime parenchyma nke testicles abụọ ahụ. A na-eme oghere site na scrotum ma wepụ testicles, mgbe ahụ a na-egbutu eriri spermatic, nke a na-ejikarị ma ọ bụ ligatures ma ọ bụ emasculators, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. A na-etinye emasculators maka nkeji abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, wee wepụ ya, a na-elepụtakwa ya nke ọma maka ihe ịrịba ama nke ọbara ọgbụgba. N'iburu n'uche na ọbara ọgbụgba dịkarịa ala, a na-akpụ akụkụ nke ọzọ n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta anụmanụ na-ewepụ testicles ndị "n'ụzọ siri ike" (ma ọ bụ nso n'ahụ) site na uru ahụ na-ebu ụzọ, iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke ịnyịnya iwepụ ya ruo n'ókè ebe ọ na-enweghị ike iru. A na-ekwe ka ịnyịnya ahụ, nke bụzi gelding, gbakee. Enwere ike ịme ịkpụ ahụ na-eguzo ọtọ n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya. Ụfọdụ ndị isi akọwaala usoro maka iwepụ testicles ndị dị n'afọ site na anụmanụ cryptorchid, <ref>Hanrath, M., and Rodgerson, D.H. (2002). "[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jvet.31049/full Laparoscopic Cryptorchidectomy Using Electrosurgical Instrumentation in Standing Horses]". ''Veterinary Surgery'' 31.2:117–124.</ref> mana ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ ka na-akwado usoro na-ehi ụra, dịka akọwapụtara n'okpuru. <ref>Sedrish, Steven A. MS, DVM, Diplomate ACVS, and Leonard, John M. VMD (2001). "[http://www.ivis.org/sites/default/files/library/aaep/2001/91010100423.pdf How to Perform a Primary Closure Castration Using an Inguinal Incision]". ''AAEP Proceedings'' 47:423–425. Accessed on July 17, 2007. </ref> Isi ihe na-adịghị mma na ịkpụ ahụ guzo ọtọ bụ ihe ize ndụ nke, ọbụlagodi na sedation na njide, ịnyịnya nwere ike ịjụ usoro ahụ ma kụọ ma ọ bụ merụọ onye na-arụ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Equine Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction|author=Mair|first=Tim|year=1998|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|isbn=978-0-7020-1725-4}}</ref> === Ịkpụ ọkpụkpụ n'ala === [[Usòrò:Mule_castration_emasculator_during_haemostasis.jpg|thumb|Ịchụ ahụ n'ala, gụnyere iji emasculatorsndị na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ ghara ịdị]] Ụfọdụ ndị dọkịta na-ahụ maka anụmanụ na-ahọrọ itinye ịnyịnya n'okpuru anesthesia n'ozuzu ya n'ihi na "ịga ahụ na-akawanye mma ma na-ebu obere ihe ize ndụ (n'ozuzu) maka dọkịta ịwa ahụ na onye ọrịa".<ref name="searle">Searle, D, Dart, AJ &amp; Dart, CM, et al. (1999). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060827091210/http://www.ava.com.au/avj/9907/99070428.pdf Equine castration: Review of anatomy, approaches, techniques and complications in normal, cryptorchid and monorchid horses]". {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827091210/http://www.ava.com.au/avj/9907/99070428.pdf |date=August 27, 2006 }}. ''Australian Veterinary Journal'' 77.7:428–434, p. 430. Accessed July 17, 2007.</ref> Maka castration dị mfe nke anụmanụ ndị dị mma, uru nke castration na-ehi ụra bụ na ịnyịnya ahụ nwere ike, enwere ike idebe asepsis ka mma (ebe a na-adịghị emebi emebi), na haemostasis ka mma (nchịkwa ọbara ọgbụgba) ga-ekwe omume. Na mgbakwunye, enwere obere ihe ize ndụ nke ịwa ahụ ma ọ bụ ndị enyemaka ka a kụọ ya. N'ọnọdụ dị mgbagwoju anya karị dị ka castration nke anụmanụ cryptorchid, ọwa inguinal dị mfe ịnweta. E nwere ọtụtụ usoro dị iche iche (dị ka "emeghe", "mechiri emechi", na "nke mechiri emechi") nke enwere ike iji, mana ịwa ahụ bụ otu ihe ahụ. Otú ọ dị, anesthesia n'ozuzu ya enweghị ihe ize ndụ, gụnyere post-anaesthetic myopathy (mbibi nke uru ahụ) na neuropathy (mbi nke akwara), nsogbu iku ume (V / Q mismatch), na ịda mbà n'obi. Nsogbu ndị a na-eme ugboro ugboro nke na castration nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ.<ref name="periop"/> Iji belata nchegbu ndị a, ntuziaka British Equine Veterinary Association na-atụ aro ka ndị dọkịta abụọ na-awa ahụ anụmanụ nọrọ mgbe a na-eme anesthesia n'ozuzu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beva.org.uk/|title=Home|publisher=BEVA|accessdate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> === Nlekọta mgbe e mesịrị === Site na usoro abụọ a, a ga-edebe ọnyá ahụ ọcha ma kwe ka ọ pụọ n'enweghị nsogbu iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke mmepụta hematoma, ma ọ bụ mmepe nke abscess. Ojiji nke tetanus antitoxin na analgesics (ihe na-egbu mgbu) dị mkpa ma na-enyekarị ọgwụ nje. A na-ejikarị ịnyịnya ahụ agagharị n'aka ruo ụbọchị ole na ole iji belata mmepe nke ọzịza.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansci.wisc.edu/jjp1/equine/lab/male_anat/castration2.pdf|title=Castration Concerns for the Equine Owner|work=Department of Animal Sciences - University of Wisconsin-Madison|publisher=The Boards of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System|accessdate=June 1, 2019}}</ref> === Nsogbu ndị nwere ike ịdị === Nsogbu ndị dị nta na-esochi nkedo bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, ebe nsogbu ndị siri ike dị ụkọ. Dịka otu nyocha siri dị, maka nkedo kwụ ọtọ, ọnụọgụ mgbagwoju anya bụ 22%, ebe maka nkedo nkwụghachi azụ bụ 6% (ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-anwụ 1%).[1] Nsogbu ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ: * Ọzịza mgbe a wasịrị ya (edema) - obere na nke a na-ahụkarị <ref name="InPractice">Railton, D. (1999). "Complications associated with castration in the horse". ''In Practice'' 1999 21: 298–307</ref> * Mmetụta Scrotal / incisional - mmepụta seroma / abscess dị n'ógbè ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, mgbe akpụkpọ ahụ na-emechi tupu akpa miri emi enwe oge iji mechie. Nke a chọrọ imeghe akpụkpọ ahụ, iji guzobe mmiri zuru oke. Iji gbochie ọnyá ahụ imechi ngwa ngwa, ọ dị mkpa ka a na-emega ịnyịnya ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro kwa ụbọchị mgbe usoro ahụ gasịrị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị iji ọgwụ na-egbochi ọzịza na-abụghị steroid gwọọ ịnyịnya iji belata ọzịza ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ dị mkpa inye ọgwụ nje.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Liberty M. Getman|title=Review of castration complications: strategies for treatment in the field|url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20103149629|publisher=Proceedings of the 55th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners|accessdate=December 25, 2022|pages=374–378|format=Conference paper|date=2009}}</ref> * Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala na-eduga na '''eriri schirrous''' - mmepụta nke granuloma na ebe a na-ebibi ya, nke nwere ike ọ gaghị apụta ìhè maka ọnwa ma ọ bụ ọbụna afọ * Evisceration, ọnọdụ ebe akụkụ afọ "na-ada" site na ịwa ahụ, bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, na mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị ndụ bụ 85-100% ma ọ bụrụ na a gwọọ ha ozugbo, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ dị elu maka ndị a na-emeghị ozugbo. <ref name="searle" /> == Hụkwa == * Onye ọnaozi, onye na-agba ịnyịnya, onye na onye na-akwa ịnyịnyaịnyịnya ibu * Spaying na neutering (maka ụmụ anụmanụ) == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cvbk8j4zslbj9iy5p8d87gemsw84y0p 0 49978 674143 538499 2026-07-08T15:00:17Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674143 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:OG2024-eventing-Balazs-Kaizinger-2.jpg|thumb|Balázs Kaizinger]] Balázs Kaizinger ( ndị na-eso 13 Juun 1979 na Zalaegerszeg, Hungary) bụ onye na-agba egwuregwu Hungarian Olympic.  [1] Ɔ gbara n'asɔmpi mba ụwa nke 2022 na Italy <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://riderline.hu/magazin/2023/kaizinger-balazs-harmadik-maarsbergenben|title=Kaizinger Balázs harmadik Maarsbergenben|work=Riderline|date=3 July 2023|language=Hungarian}}</ref> Na 2024 ọ gbara na Summer Olympics 2024 na Paris. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/balazs-kaizinger|title=Balazs KAIZINGER|work=Olympics.com|accessdate=28 July 2024|language=English}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaizinger, Balázs}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0ola7ramxlzpabju14weisusqbjq8xf 0 50737 674134 182643 2026-07-08T14:55:44Z Ennydavids 13406 /* Usoro mmebi */ Fix reference error 674134 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Apple_mango_and_cross_section_edit1.jpg|thumb|Foto nke otu mango zuru oke na otu mango kewara ekewa na-egosi mkpụrụ ya, nke bụ ihe dịka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ dum]] Mkpụrụ ndị na-atụgharị uche bụ mkpụrụ ndị na-adịghị adị ndụ ihicha na oyi n'oge nchekwa ebe obibi.[1] N'ozuzu, mkpụrụ ndị a enweghị ike iguzogide mmetụta nke ihicha ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ na-erughị 10 Celsius (50 ° F); ya mere, a pụghị ịchekwa ha ogologo oge dịka mkpụrụ osisi orthodox n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịkwụsị ike ha. Osisi ndị na-amị mkpụrụ ndị na-atụgharị uche gụnyere ube oyibo, mango, mangosteen, lychee, koko, osisi rọba, ụfọdụ osisi horticultural, [2] osisi mmiri dị ka Nymphaea caerulea[3], na ọtụtụ osisi ndị a na-eji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ ọdịnala, dị ka ụdị Virola na. Pentaclethra. N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọsụ ụzọ ebe okpomọkụ nwere mkpụrụ nke ọdịnala mana ọtụtụ ụdị njedebe nwere mkpụrụ osisi na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ nke etiti.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Flores|first=E.M.|title=Ch 1. Seed Biology|work=Tropical Tree Seed Manual|publisher=USDA Forest Service|url=http://www.rngr.net/publications/ttsm/chapter-1-pages-1-30-seed-biology/|format=PDF|accessdate=2011-12-24|archivedate=2017-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712081940/https://rngr.net/publications/ttsm/chapter-1-pages-1-30-seed-biology}}</ref> == Usoro mmebi == [[Usòrò:Litchi_root.jpg|thumb|Mkpụrụ lychee na-epulite na mgbọrọgwụ ya]] Ụzọ abụọ bụ isi na-emebi mkpụrụ osisi recalcitrant bụ mmetụta desiccation na akụkụ intracellular na mmebi nke metabolic site na nhazi nke kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu dị ka free radicals. A ga-ahụ ihe atụ nke ụdị mmebi nke mbụ na ụfọdụ mkpụrụ osisi hardwood na-adịghị ekpo ọkụ, karịsịa acorns nke osisi oak, nke nwere ike ịchekwa na steeti na-adịghị oyi kpọnwụrụ ruo afọ abụọ ma ọ bụrụhaala na a na-akpachara anya megide ihicha. Mkpụrụ ndị a na-egosi nrụrụ aka nke lipids na protein n'ime cell membrane mgbe ihicha ihe dị ka ụbọchị 3-4. Mkpụrụ ndị ọzọ na-atụgharị uche, dị ka nke chestnut dị ụtọ ( Castanea sativa), na-egosi mmebi oxidative nke sitere na metabolism na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-eme n'oge usoro ihicha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leprince|first=Olivier|title=Axes and cotyledons of recalcitrant seeds of Castanea sativa Mill. exhibit contrasting responses of respiration to drying in relation to desiccation sensitivity|journal=J. Exp. Bot.|volume=50|pages=1515–1524|year=1999|doi=10.1093/jexbot/50.338.1515|issue=338}}</ref> == Ebe a na-echekwa ihe == Nchebe nke mkpụrụ ndị na-adịghị mma ka bụ nnwale. Ụzọ ụfọdụ gụnyere: * Wepụ nwa e bu n'afọ n'ime maka cryopreservation (nitrogen mmiri). <ref name="CPC">{{Cite web|title=Orthodox, Intermediate, and Recalcitrant Seed|url=https://saveplants.org/best-practices/difference-between-orthodox-intermediate-and-recalcitrant-seed/|work=Center for Plant Conservation}}</ref> * Cryopreservation nke mkpụrụ ahụ dum na ihe ngwọta na-egbochi oyi.<ref name="freezing-nymph">{{Cite book|author=Lee|first=Chung-Hao|url=https://lch99310.github.io/files/Cryopreservation%20of%20seeds%20of%20blue%20waterlily%20-Nymphaea%20caerulea-%20using%20glutathione%20adding%20plant%20vitrification%20solution%2C%20PVS%2B.pdf|title=Cryopreservation of seeds of blue waterlily (Nymphaea caerulea) using glutathione adding plant vitrification solution, PVS+ / 埃及藍睡蓮種子的冷凍保存 — 使用添加穀胱甘肽的植物抗凍配方|publisher=National Tsing Hua University|year=2016|language=English}}</ref> '''EMkpụrụ ndị dị n'etiti''' dị n'agbata mkpụrụ orthodox na nke na-adịghị mma na ndụ ha. A na-amata ha na mbụ site na enweghị ike ha ịlanarị nchekwa oyi na-ekpo ọkụ mgbe ha nwere ike ịlanarị cryopreservation n'ozuzu. Ntuziaka nchekwa bụ itinye ha na friji na 45-65% RH, maka afọ ise.<ref name="CPC" /> == Hụkwa == * Mgbasawanye dị nta * [[Mkpụrụ Ọtọdọks]] * Mgbasa nke osisi * Ebe a na-echekwa mkpụrụ == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist|25em}} lmppnyim54zy8g710qwpo4hsdvonbab 0 51214 674100 185028 2026-07-08T14:37:20Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọnwụ */ 674100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mohammed Shahid''' (14 Eprel 1960 - 20 Julaị 2016) bụ onye egwuregwu hockey nke India n'ihu. A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị mma India na-egwu egwuregwu <ref>{{Cite news|author=Misra|first=Sundeep|title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html|accessdate=18 July 2016|work=Firstpost|date=4 July 2016}}</ref> ma mara ya maka nkà dribbling ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Shahid Profile|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/hockey/players/mohammed-shahid.html|publisher=iloveindia|accessdate=31 August 2013|archivedate=26 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226013447/http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/hockey/players/mohammed-shahid.html}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị India meriri ihe nrite ọla edo na 1980 Olympic Games na Moscow. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/mohammed-shahid-the-master-dribbler-who-played-hockey-with-a-painters-brush-2904572.html|title=Mohammed Shahid, the master dribbler who played hockey with a painter's brush – Firstpost|date=2016-07-20|language=en-US|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=1 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042539/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/mohammed-shahid-the-master-dribbler-who-played-hockey-with-a-painters-brush-2904572.html}}</ref> Enyere ya Award Arjuna na 1980–1981 na Padma Shri na 1986. <ref name="Misra 2016">{{Cite web|author=Misra|first=Sundeep|title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey|work=Firstpost|date=2016-07-04|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=30 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530141531/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A mụrụ Shahid na 14 Eprel 1960 na Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Indian-hockey-wizard-Mohammed-Shahid-dies-aged-56/articleshow/53296836.cms|title=Indian hockey wizard Mohammed Shahid dies aged 56 – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-20}}</ref> O mere ihe ngosi izizi ya maka India na otu obere obere na 1979 na Junior World Cup na France. Shahid mere ka ndị otu egwuregwu mbụ ya pụta n'otu afọ ahụ na asọmpi mba anọ na Kuala Lumpur n'okpuru onye isi nke Vasudevan Baskaran, mgbe o tinyechara ya n'òtù ahụ na-esote ọmarịcha ọrụ ya na Aga Khan Cup. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/|title=Mohammed Shahid: The legend of dribble is no more|author=|first=|date=2016-07-20|work=Indian Express|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-21|archivedate=21 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721211720/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/}}</ref> N'oge ụbọchị egwuregwu ya, a maara Shahid maka ikike ịgba ọsọ ya, na-akụ bọl <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/|title=Mohammed Shahid: The legend of dribble is no more|author=|first=|date=2016-07-20|work=Indian Express|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-21|archivedate=21 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721211720/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/ "Mohammed Shahid: The legend of dribble is no more"]. ''Indian Express''. 20 July 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160721211720/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/ Archived] from the original on 21 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> na ịkwanye nke dị ngwa ngwa dị ka ihe siri ike. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Remembering and honouring the golden greats who made India proud|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/remembering-and-honouring-the-golden-greats-who-made-india-proud/article3566448.ece|work=The Hindu|date=22 August 2012|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref> Mmekọrịta ọgụ ya na Zafar Iqbal mara nke ọma n'ọhịa. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Mohammed Shahid: The genius of dribble|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/top-stories/Mohammed-Shahid-The-genius-of-dribble/articleshow/5623032.cms|work=The Times of India|date=27 February 2010|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref><blockquote>"Zafar nọ n'aka ekpe na Shahid nọ n'ọnọdụ aka nri wee banye n'ime ihe nchebe kachasị mma gburugburu ụwa site na nghọta ha dị egwu na ịfefe bọọlụ. Zafar kwukwara na Shahid nyere aka na V. Baskaran na-edu India. "Shahid rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka India n'egwuregwu Olympic ahụ, ma ọ bụghị ya, anyị gaara enwe ihe isi ike," Zafar, onye so na otu ahụ kwuru. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro|author=|first=|date=|work=Outlook India|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=29 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074}}</ref></blockquote>Enyere ya onye ọkpụkpọ 'Kachasị Mma n'ihu' na 1980 Champions Trophy na Karachi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro|author=|first=|date=|work=Outlook India|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=29 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 "Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro"]. ''Outlook India''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 Archived] from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị meriri ọla edo na 1980 Summer Olympics na Moscow, ọlaọcha na 1982 Eshia Games na ọla na 1986 Asian Games . Ọ gbakwara egwu na World Cup na Mumbai (mgbe ahụ Bombay) na 1981–82, Egwuregwu Olympic Los Angeles na 1984 na Egwuregwu Seoul na 1988. <ref name=":1" /> Nkà ya na ikike ya na 1986 Seoul Asian Games mere ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ na ndị egwuregwu Asia All-Star na 1986. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro|author=|first=|date=|work=Outlook India|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=29 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 "Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro"]. ''Outlook India''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 Archived] from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asian-women-magazine.com/pakistan/hockey/mohammad-shahid-an-indian-hockey-star.php|title=Mohammad Shahid – an Indian Hockey Star|publisher=asianwomenmagazine|accessdate=31 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819133846/http://www.asian-women-magazine.com/pakistan/hockey/mohammad-shahid-an-indian-hockey-star.php|archivedate=19 August 2014}}</ref> Ọ chịburu ndị otu ndị India n'oge 1985–86. <ref name="India 2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/20/8-facts-about-mohammed-shahids-glorious-hockey-career/|title=8 Things You Need To Know About Mohammed Shahid's Glorious Hockey Career|date=2016-07-20|work=Huffington Post India|author=India|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=2 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001003/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/20/8-facts-about-mohammed-shahids-glorious-hockey-career/}}</ref> O kwuputara ịla ezumike nka na hockey mba ụwa na Jenụwarị 1989. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Philar|first=Anand|title=Shahid — one of a kind|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19890107&printsec=frontpage|accessdate=28 April 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=7 January 1989}}</ref> Ihe kacha enye aka na egwuregwu hockey ubi bụ 'ọkara push- ọkara hit'- ọrịa strok o ji jiri otu njide ahụ na-akụ bọọlụ ahụ. N'iji aka ekpe n'elu aka na ọkara aka nri gbadara gburugburu etiti osisi ahụ, ọ na-eji obere azụ elu opekempe na-edepụta égbè a wee kụọ bọl ahụ n'ebe onye otu ya na-emekọ ihe iji mee njem n'oge na nke ziri ezi. Otu strok ahụ gbanwere site n'aka onye nọchiri ya Dhanraj Pillay, onye bụ onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi nke maestro. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Mohammed-Shahids-death-a-great-loss-for-Indian-hockey-Sreejesh-Dhanraj/articleshow/53299885.cms|title=Mohammed Shahid's death 'a great loss' for Indian hockey: Sreejesh, Dhanraj – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-21}}</ref> Shahid bụ ngwaahịa sitere na kọleji egwuregwu Lucknow sitere na kpakpando ole na ole ndị ọzọ nke 1980 dị ka Ravinder Pal Singh, onye otu ya na Moscow Olympic (1980), Rajinder Singh Rawat onye gbara bọọlụ na Los Angeles Olympics (1984) na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ gara n'ihu inye agba agba nke mba na obere na ọkwa mba ụwa. Ụlọ akwụkwọ egwuregwu na ụlọ mbikọ bụ echiche nke kpakpando ọzọ a ma ama nke 1950s Kunwar Digvijay Singh "Babu".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye ọrụ egwuregwu na Indian Railways na Varanasi. == Ndụ onwe onye == Shahid nwere ụmụnne isii na ụmụnne nwanyị atọ (ọ bụ nwanne nke ọdụdụ), nna ya na-agbakwa obere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na Ardali Bazar mpaghara Varanasi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-shahid-was-colossus-of-reverse-flick-14351173.html|title=King of reverse flick, Mohammed Shahid (रिवर्स फ्लिक के बादशाह थे हाकी के जादूगर मोहम्मद शाहिद)|author=|first=|date=|work=www.jagran.com|publisher=|language=hi|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=19 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419180328/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-shahid-was-colossus-of-reverse-flick-14351173.html}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Parvin na 1990, ma nwee ejima (nwa nwoke Saif na nwa nwanyị Hina) site na alụmdi na nwunye ahụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro|author=|first=|date=|work=Outlook India|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=29 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 "Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro"]. ''Outlook India''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 Archived] from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":0" /> === Ọnwụ === Na June 2016, a nabatara Shahid n'ụlọ ọgwụ Medanta, Gurgaon mgbe ọ na-arịa ọrịa imeju siri ike. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammad-shahid-passes-away-2925098/|title=Hockey legend Mohammed Shahid passes away|author=|first=|date=2016-07-20|work=Indian Express|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-21|archivedate=11 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111094832/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammad-shahid-passes-away-2925098/}}</ref> E bugara ya n'ụgbọelu site na Varanasi gaa Gurgaon mgbe o leghaara ọrịa jaundice anya. Ọnọdụ ya gara n'ihu na-akawanye njọ site na imeju na akụrụ na-ebelata. <ref name=":2" /> Ọ nwụrụ na 20 Julaị na Gurgaon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/260994-hockey-superstar-of-the-eighties-mohammed-shahid-dies|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Superstar of The Eighties, Dies Aged 56|author=NDTVSports|work=NDTVSports.com|accessdate=2016-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802223323/http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/260994-hockey-superstar-of-the-eighties-mohammed-shahid-dies|archivedate=2 August 2016}}</ref> E mere olili ozu ya na obodo Varanasi n'echi ya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Hockey-wizard-Mohammed-Shahid-laid-to-rest/articleshow/53322506.cms|title=Hockey wizard Mohammed Shahid laid to rest – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-22}}</ref> Ndị isi, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo nke obodo ahụ na ndị Olympia gụnyere Zafar Iqbal, Ashok Kumar, Sujit Kumar, RP Singh, Shaqil Ahmed na Sardar Singh bịara olili ya. <ref name=":3" /> == Ihe nrite na nnabata == * Ihe nrite Arjuna (1980–81) * Padma Shri (1986) <ref name="Misra 2016">{{Cite web|author=Misra|first=Sundeep|title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey|work=Firstpost|date=2016-07-04|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=30 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530141531/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html}}</ref> * Onye ọkpụkpọ kacha mma 1986 iko ụwa nke Hockey ụmụ nwoke == Ntụaka == ọrịa jaundice anya. Ọnọdụ ya gara n'ihu na-akawanye njọ site na imeju na akụrụ na-ebelata. [2] Ọ nwụrụ na 20 na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị mma India na Julaị na {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t8lkqmdahlynw8l3yaumvur0zcc0762 674102 674100 2026-07-08T14:37:51Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrụ */ 674102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mohammed Shahid''' (14 Eprel 1960 - 20 Julaị 2016) bụ onye egwuregwu hockey nke India n'ihu. A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị mma India na-egwu egwuregwu <ref>{{Cite news|author=Misra|first=Sundeep|title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html|accessdate=18 July 2016|work=Firstpost|date=4 July 2016}}</ref> ma mara ya maka nkà dribbling ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Shahid Profile|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/hockey/players/mohammed-shahid.html|publisher=iloveindia|accessdate=31 August 2013|archivedate=26 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226013447/http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/hockey/players/mohammed-shahid.html}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị India meriri ihe nrite ọla edo na 1980 Olympic Games na Moscow. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/mohammed-shahid-the-master-dribbler-who-played-hockey-with-a-painters-brush-2904572.html|title=Mohammed Shahid, the master dribbler who played hockey with a painter's brush – Firstpost|date=2016-07-20|language=en-US|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=1 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042539/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/mohammed-shahid-the-master-dribbler-who-played-hockey-with-a-painters-brush-2904572.html}}</ref> Enyere ya Award Arjuna na 1980–1981 na Padma Shri na 1986. <ref name="Misra 2016">{{Cite web|author=Misra|first=Sundeep|title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey|work=Firstpost|date=2016-07-04|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=30 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530141531/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A mụrụ Shahid na 14 Eprel 1960 na Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Indian-hockey-wizard-Mohammed-Shahid-dies-aged-56/articleshow/53296836.cms|title=Indian hockey wizard Mohammed Shahid dies aged 56 – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-20}}</ref> O mere ihe ngosi izizi ya maka India na otu obere obere na 1979 na Junior World Cup na France. Shahid mere ka ndị otu egwuregwu mbụ ya pụta n'otu afọ ahụ na asọmpi mba anọ na Kuala Lumpur n'okpuru onye isi nke Vasudevan Baskaran, mgbe o tinyechara ya n'òtù ahụ na-esote ọmarịcha ọrụ ya na Aga Khan Cup. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/|title=Mohammed Shahid: The legend of dribble is no more|author=|first=|date=2016-07-20|work=Indian Express|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-21|archivedate=21 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721211720/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/}}</ref> N'oge ụbọchị egwuregwu ya, a maara Shahid maka ikike ịgba ọsọ ya, na-akụ bọl <ref name=":2" /> na ịkwanye nke dị ngwa ngwa dị ka ihe siri ike. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Remembering and honouring the golden greats who made India proud|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/remembering-and-honouring-the-golden-greats-who-made-india-proud/article3566448.ece|work=The Hindu|date=22 August 2012|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref> Mmekọrịta ọgụ ya na Zafar Iqbal mara nke ọma n'ọhịa. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Mohammed Shahid: The genius of dribble|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/top-stories/Mohammed-Shahid-The-genius-of-dribble/articleshow/5623032.cms|work=The Times of India|date=27 February 2010|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref><blockquote>"Zafar nọ n'aka ekpe na Shahid nọ n'ọnọdụ aka nri wee banye n'ime ihe nchebe kachasị mma gburugburu ụwa site na nghọta ha dị egwu na ịfefe bọọlụ. Zafar kwukwara na Shahid nyere aka na V. Baskaran na-edu India. "Shahid rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka India n'egwuregwu Olympic ahụ, ma ọ bụghị ya, anyị gaara enwe ihe isi ike," Zafar, onye so na otu ahụ kwuru. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro|author=|first=|date=|work=Outlook India|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=29 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074}}</ref></blockquote>Enyere ya onye ọkpụkpọ 'Kachasị Mma n'ihu' na 1980 Champions Trophy na Karachi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro|author=|first=|date=|work=Outlook India|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=29 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 "Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro"]. ''Outlook India''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 Archived] from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị meriri ọla edo na 1980 Summer Olympics na Moscow, ọlaọcha na 1982 Eshia Games na ọla na 1986 Asian Games . Ọ gbakwara egwu na World Cup na Mumbai (mgbe ahụ Bombay) na 1981–82, Egwuregwu Olympic Los Angeles na 1984 na Egwuregwu Seoul na 1988. <ref name=":1" /> Nkà ya na ikike ya na 1986 Seoul Asian Games mere ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ na ndị egwuregwu Asia All-Star na 1986. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro|author=|first=|date=|work=Outlook India|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=29 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 "Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro"]. ''Outlook India''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 Archived] from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asian-women-magazine.com/pakistan/hockey/mohammad-shahid-an-indian-hockey-star.php|title=Mohammad Shahid – an Indian Hockey Star|publisher=asianwomenmagazine|accessdate=31 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819133846/http://www.asian-women-magazine.com/pakistan/hockey/mohammad-shahid-an-indian-hockey-star.php|archivedate=19 August 2014}}</ref> Ọ chịburu ndị otu ndị India n'oge 1985–86. <ref name="India 2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/20/8-facts-about-mohammed-shahids-glorious-hockey-career/|title=8 Things You Need To Know About Mohammed Shahid's Glorious Hockey Career|date=2016-07-20|work=Huffington Post India|author=India|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=2 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001003/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/20/8-facts-about-mohammed-shahids-glorious-hockey-career/}}</ref> O kwuputara ịla ezumike nka na hockey mba ụwa na Jenụwarị 1989. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Philar|first=Anand|title=Shahid — one of a kind|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19890107&printsec=frontpage|accessdate=28 April 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=7 January 1989}}</ref> Ihe kacha enye aka na egwuregwu hockey ubi bụ 'ọkara push- ọkara hit'- ọrịa strok o ji jiri otu njide ahụ na-akụ bọọlụ ahụ. N'iji aka ekpe n'elu aka na ọkara aka nri gbadara gburugburu etiti osisi ahụ, ọ na-eji obere azụ elu opekempe na-edepụta égbè a wee kụọ bọl ahụ n'ebe onye otu ya na-emekọ ihe iji mee njem n'oge na nke ziri ezi. Otu strok ahụ gbanwere site n'aka onye nọchiri ya Dhanraj Pillay, onye bụ onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi nke maestro. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Mohammed-Shahids-death-a-great-loss-for-Indian-hockey-Sreejesh-Dhanraj/articleshow/53299885.cms|title=Mohammed Shahid's death 'a great loss' for Indian hockey: Sreejesh, Dhanraj – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-21}}</ref> Shahid bụ ngwaahịa sitere na kọleji egwuregwu Lucknow sitere na kpakpando ole na ole ndị ọzọ nke 1980 dị ka Ravinder Pal Singh, onye otu ya na Moscow Olympic (1980), Rajinder Singh Rawat onye gbara bọọlụ na Los Angeles Olympics (1984) na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ gara n'ihu inye agba agba nke mba na obere na ọkwa mba ụwa. Ụlọ akwụkwọ egwuregwu na ụlọ mbikọ bụ echiche nke kpakpando ọzọ a ma ama nke 1950s Kunwar Digvijay Singh "Babu".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye ọrụ egwuregwu na Indian Railways na Varanasi. == Ndụ onwe onye == Shahid nwere ụmụnne isii na ụmụnne nwanyị atọ (ọ bụ nwanne nke ọdụdụ), nna ya na-agbakwa obere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na Ardali Bazar mpaghara Varanasi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-shahid-was-colossus-of-reverse-flick-14351173.html|title=King of reverse flick, Mohammed Shahid (रिवर्स फ्लिक के बादशाह थे हाकी के जादूगर मोहम्मद शाहिद)|author=|first=|date=|work=www.jagran.com|publisher=|language=hi|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=19 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419180328/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-shahid-was-colossus-of-reverse-flick-14351173.html}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Parvin na 1990, ma nwee ejima (nwa nwoke Saif na nwa nwanyị Hina) site na alụmdi na nwunye ahụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro|author=|first=|date=|work=Outlook India|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=29 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 "Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro"]. ''Outlook India''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 Archived] from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":0" /> === Ọnwụ === Na June 2016, a nabatara Shahid n'ụlọ ọgwụ Medanta, Gurgaon mgbe ọ na-arịa ọrịa imeju siri ike. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammad-shahid-passes-away-2925098/|title=Hockey legend Mohammed Shahid passes away|author=|first=|date=2016-07-20|work=Indian Express|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-21|archivedate=11 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111094832/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammad-shahid-passes-away-2925098/}}</ref> E bugara ya n'ụgbọelu site na Varanasi gaa Gurgaon mgbe o leghaara ọrịa jaundice anya. Ọnọdụ ya gara n'ihu na-akawanye njọ site na imeju na akụrụ na-ebelata. <ref name=":2" /> Ọ nwụrụ na 20 Julaị na Gurgaon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/260994-hockey-superstar-of-the-eighties-mohammed-shahid-dies|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Superstar of The Eighties, Dies Aged 56|author=NDTVSports|work=NDTVSports.com|accessdate=2016-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802223323/http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/260994-hockey-superstar-of-the-eighties-mohammed-shahid-dies|archivedate=2 August 2016}}</ref> E mere olili ozu ya na obodo Varanasi n'echi ya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Hockey-wizard-Mohammed-Shahid-laid-to-rest/articleshow/53322506.cms|title=Hockey wizard Mohammed Shahid laid to rest – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-22}}</ref> Ndị isi, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo nke obodo ahụ na ndị Olympia gụnyere Zafar Iqbal, Ashok Kumar, Sujit Kumar, RP Singh, Shaqil Ahmed na Sardar Singh bịara olili ya. <ref name=":3" /> == Ihe nrite na nnabata == * Ihe nrite Arjuna (1980–81) * Padma Shri (1986) <ref name="Misra 2016">{{Cite web|author=Misra|first=Sundeep|title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey|work=Firstpost|date=2016-07-04|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=30 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530141531/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html}}</ref> * Onye ọkpụkpọ kacha mma 1986 iko ụwa nke Hockey ụmụ nwoke == Ntụaka == ọrịa jaundice anya. Ọnọdụ ya gara n'ihu na-akawanye njọ site na imeju na akụrụ na-ebelata. [2] Ọ nwụrụ na 20 na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị mma India na Julaị na {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] l94vwaflnfvhhouvxqcnl4cqbr0sc76 674103 674102 2026-07-08T14:38:23Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 674103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mohammed Shahid''' (14 Eprel 1960 - 20 Julaị 2016) bụ onye egwuregwu hockey nke India n'ihu. A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị mma India na-egwu egwuregwu <ref>{{Cite news|author=Misra|first=Sundeep|title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html|accessdate=18 July 2016|work=Firstpost|date=4 July 2016}}</ref> ma mara ya maka nkà dribbling ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Shahid Profile|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/hockey/players/mohammed-shahid.html|publisher=iloveindia|accessdate=31 August 2013|archivedate=26 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226013447/http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/hockey/players/mohammed-shahid.html}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị India meriri ihe nrite ọla edo na 1980 Olympic Games na Moscow. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/mohammed-shahid-the-master-dribbler-who-played-hockey-with-a-painters-brush-2904572.html|title=Mohammed Shahid, the master dribbler who played hockey with a painter's brush – Firstpost|date=2016-07-20|language=en-US|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=1 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042539/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/mohammed-shahid-the-master-dribbler-who-played-hockey-with-a-painters-brush-2904572.html}}</ref> Enyere ya Award Arjuna na 1980–1981 na Padma Shri na 1986. <ref name="Misra 2016">{{Cite web|author=Misra|first=Sundeep|title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey|work=Firstpost|date=2016-07-04|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=30 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530141531/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A mụrụ Shahid na 14 Eprel 1960 na Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Indian-hockey-wizard-Mohammed-Shahid-dies-aged-56/articleshow/53296836.cms|title=Indian hockey wizard Mohammed Shahid dies aged 56 – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-20}}</ref> O mere ihe ngosi izizi ya maka India na otu obere obere na 1979 na Junior World Cup na France. Shahid mere ka ndị otu egwuregwu mbụ ya pụta n'otu afọ ahụ na asọmpi mba anọ na Kuala Lumpur n'okpuru onye isi nke Vasudevan Baskaran, mgbe o tinyechara ya n'òtù ahụ na-esote ọmarịcha ọrụ ya na Aga Khan Cup. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/|title=Mohammed Shahid: The legend of dribble is no more|author=|first=|date=2016-07-20|work=Indian Express|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-21|archivedate=21 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721211720/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/}}</ref> N'oge ụbọchị egwuregwu ya, a maara Shahid maka ikike ịgba ọsọ ya, na-akụ bọl <ref name=":2" /> na ịkwanye nke dị ngwa ngwa dị ka ihe siri ike. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Remembering and honouring the golden greats who made India proud|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/remembering-and-honouring-the-golden-greats-who-made-india-proud/article3566448.ece|work=The Hindu|date=22 August 2012|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref> Mmekọrịta ọgụ ya na Zafar Iqbal mara nke ọma n'ọhịa. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Mohammed Shahid: The genius of dribble|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/top-stories/Mohammed-Shahid-The-genius-of-dribble/articleshow/5623032.cms|work=The Times of India|date=27 February 2010|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref><blockquote>"Zafar nọ n'aka ekpe na Shahid nọ n'ọnọdụ aka nri wee banye n'ime ihe nchebe kachasị mma gburugburu ụwa site na nghọta ha dị egwu na ịfefe bọọlụ. Zafar kwukwara na Shahid nyere aka na V. Baskaran na-edu India. "Shahid rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka India n'egwuregwu Olympic ahụ, ma ọ bụghị ya, anyị gaara enwe ihe isi ike," Zafar, onye so na otu ahụ kwuru. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro|author=|first=|date=|work=Outlook India|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=29 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074}}</ref></blockquote>Enyere ya onye ọkpụkpọ 'Kachasị Mma n'ihu' na 1980 Champions Trophy na Karachi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro|author=|first=|date=|work=Outlook India|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=29 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 "Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro"]. ''Outlook India''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 Archived] from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị meriri ọla edo na 1980 Summer Olympics na Moscow, ọlaọcha na 1982 Eshia Games na ọla na 1986 Asian Games . Ọ gbakwara egwu na World Cup na Mumbai (mgbe ahụ Bombay) na 1981–82, Egwuregwu Olympic Los Angeles na 1984 na Egwuregwu Seoul na 1988. <ref name=":1" /> Nkà ya na ikike ya na 1986 Seoul Asian Games mere ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ na ndị egwuregwu Asia All-Star na 1986. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro|author=|first=|date=|work=Outlook India|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=29 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 "Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro"]. ''Outlook India''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 Archived] from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asian-women-magazine.com/pakistan/hockey/mohammad-shahid-an-indian-hockey-star.php|title=Mohammad Shahid – an Indian Hockey Star|publisher=asianwomenmagazine|accessdate=31 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819133846/http://www.asian-women-magazine.com/pakistan/hockey/mohammad-shahid-an-indian-hockey-star.php|archivedate=19 August 2014}}</ref> Ọ chịburu ndị otu ndị India n'oge 1985–86. <ref name="India 2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/20/8-facts-about-mohammed-shahids-glorious-hockey-career/|title=8 Things You Need To Know About Mohammed Shahid's Glorious Hockey Career|date=2016-07-20|work=Huffington Post India|author=India|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=2 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001003/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/20/8-facts-about-mohammed-shahids-glorious-hockey-career/}}</ref> O kwuputara ịla ezumike nka na hockey mba ụwa na Jenụwarị 1989. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Philar|first=Anand|title=Shahid — one of a kind|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19890107&printsec=frontpage|accessdate=28 April 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=7 January 1989}}</ref> Ihe kacha enye aka na egwuregwu hockey ubi bụ 'ọkara push- ọkara hit'- ọrịa strok o ji jiri otu njide ahụ na-akụ bọọlụ ahụ. N'iji aka ekpe n'elu aka na ọkara aka nri gbadara gburugburu etiti osisi ahụ, ọ na-eji obere azụ elu opekempe na-edepụta égbè a wee kụọ bọl ahụ n'ebe onye otu ya na-emekọ ihe iji mee njem n'oge na nke ziri ezi. Otu strok ahụ gbanwere site n'aka onye nọchiri ya Dhanraj Pillay, onye bụ onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi nke maestro. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Mohammed-Shahids-death-a-great-loss-for-Indian-hockey-Sreejesh-Dhanraj/articleshow/53299885.cms|title=Mohammed Shahid's death 'a great loss' for Indian hockey: Sreejesh, Dhanraj – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-21}}</ref> Shahid bụ ngwaahịa sitere na kọleji egwuregwu Lucknow sitere na kpakpando ole na ole ndị ọzọ nke 1980 dị ka Ravinder Pal Singh, onye otu ya na Moscow Olympic (1980), Rajinder Singh Rawat onye gbara bọọlụ na Los Angeles Olympics (1984) na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ gara n'ihu inye agba agba nke mba na obere na ọkwa mba ụwa. Ụlọ akwụkwọ egwuregwu na ụlọ mbikọ bụ echiche nke kpakpando ọzọ a ma ama nke 1950s Kunwar Digvijay Singh "Babu".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye ọrụ egwuregwu na Indian Railways na Varanasi. == Ndụ onwe onye == Shahid nwere ụmụnne isii na ụmụnne nwanyị atọ (ọ bụ nwanne nke ọdụdụ), nna ya na-agbakwa obere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na Ardali Bazar mpaghara Varanasi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-shahid-was-colossus-of-reverse-flick-14351173.html|title=King of reverse flick, Mohammed Shahid (रिवर्स फ्लिक के बादशाह थे हाकी के जादूगर मोहम्मद शाहिद)|author=|first=|date=|work=www.jagran.com|publisher=|language=hi|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=19 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419180328/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-shahid-was-colossus-of-reverse-flick-14351173.html}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Parvin na 1990, ma nwee ejima (nwa nwoke Saif na nwa nwanyị Hina) site na alụmdi na nwunye ahụ. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> === Ọnwụ === Na June 2016, a nabatara Shahid n'ụlọ ọgwụ Medanta, Gurgaon mgbe ọ na-arịa ọrịa imeju siri ike. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammad-shahid-passes-away-2925098/|title=Hockey legend Mohammed Shahid passes away|author=|first=|date=2016-07-20|work=Indian Express|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-21|archivedate=11 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111094832/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammad-shahid-passes-away-2925098/}}</ref> E bugara ya n'ụgbọelu site na Varanasi gaa Gurgaon mgbe o leghaara ọrịa jaundice anya. Ọnọdụ ya gara n'ihu na-akawanye njọ site na imeju na akụrụ na-ebelata. <ref name=":2" /> Ọ nwụrụ na 20 Julaị na Gurgaon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/260994-hockey-superstar-of-the-eighties-mohammed-shahid-dies|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Superstar of The Eighties, Dies Aged 56|author=NDTVSports|work=NDTVSports.com|accessdate=2016-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802223323/http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/260994-hockey-superstar-of-the-eighties-mohammed-shahid-dies|archivedate=2 August 2016}}</ref> E mere olili ozu ya na obodo Varanasi n'echi ya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Hockey-wizard-Mohammed-Shahid-laid-to-rest/articleshow/53322506.cms|title=Hockey wizard Mohammed Shahid laid to rest – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-22}}</ref> Ndị isi, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo nke obodo ahụ na ndị Olympia gụnyere Zafar Iqbal, Ashok Kumar, Sujit Kumar, RP Singh, Shaqil Ahmed na Sardar Singh bịara olili ya. <ref name=":3" /> == Ihe nrite na nnabata == * Ihe nrite Arjuna (1980–81) * Padma Shri (1986) <ref name="Misra 2016">{{Cite web|author=Misra|first=Sundeep|title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey|work=Firstpost|date=2016-07-04|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=30 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530141531/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html}}</ref> * Onye ọkpụkpọ kacha mma 1986 iko ụwa nke Hockey ụmụ nwoke == Ntụaka == ọrịa jaundice anya. Ọnọdụ ya gara n'ihu na-akawanye njọ site na imeju na akụrụ na-ebelata. [2] Ọ nwụrụ na 20 na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị mma India na Julaị na {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0bqtjgd2lglo8kf9jryl5csuqsc3jlf 674104 674103 2026-07-08T14:39:07Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrụ */ 674104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mohammed Shahid''' (14 Eprel 1960 - 20 Julaị 2016) bụ onye egwuregwu hockey nke India n'ihu. A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị mma India na-egwu egwuregwu <ref>{{Cite news|author=Misra|first=Sundeep|title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html|accessdate=18 July 2016|work=Firstpost|date=4 July 2016}}</ref> ma mara ya maka nkà dribbling ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Shahid Profile|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/hockey/players/mohammed-shahid.html|publisher=iloveindia|accessdate=31 August 2013|archivedate=26 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226013447/http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/hockey/players/mohammed-shahid.html}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị India meriri ihe nrite ọla edo na 1980 Olympic Games na Moscow. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/mohammed-shahid-the-master-dribbler-who-played-hockey-with-a-painters-brush-2904572.html|title=Mohammed Shahid, the master dribbler who played hockey with a painter's brush – Firstpost|date=2016-07-20|language=en-US|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=1 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042539/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/mohammed-shahid-the-master-dribbler-who-played-hockey-with-a-painters-brush-2904572.html}}</ref> Enyere ya Award Arjuna na 1980–1981 na Padma Shri na 1986. <ref name="Misra 2016">{{Cite web|author=Misra|first=Sundeep|title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey|work=Firstpost|date=2016-07-04|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=30 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530141531/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A mụrụ Shahid na 14 Eprel 1960 na Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Indian-hockey-wizard-Mohammed-Shahid-dies-aged-56/articleshow/53296836.cms|title=Indian hockey wizard Mohammed Shahid dies aged 56 – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-20}}</ref> O mere ihe ngosi izizi ya maka India na otu obere obere na 1979 na Junior World Cup na France. Shahid mere ka ndị otu egwuregwu mbụ ya pụta n'otu afọ ahụ na asọmpi mba anọ na Kuala Lumpur n'okpuru onye isi nke Vasudevan Baskaran, mgbe o tinyechara ya n'òtù ahụ na-esote ọmarịcha ọrụ ya na Aga Khan Cup. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/|title=Mohammed Shahid: The legend of dribble is no more|author=|first=|date=2016-07-20|work=Indian Express|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-21|archivedate=21 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721211720/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/}}</ref> N'oge ụbọchị egwuregwu ya, a maara Shahid maka ikike ịgba ọsọ ya, na-akụ bọl <ref name=":2" /> na ịkwanye nke dị ngwa ngwa dị ka ihe siri ike. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Remembering and honouring the golden greats who made India proud|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/remembering-and-honouring-the-golden-greats-who-made-india-proud/article3566448.ece|work=The Hindu|date=22 August 2012|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref> Mmekọrịta ọgụ ya na Zafar Iqbal mara nke ọma n'ọhịa. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Mohammed Shahid: The genius of dribble|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/top-stories/Mohammed-Shahid-The-genius-of-dribble/articleshow/5623032.cms|work=The Times of India|date=27 February 2010|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref><blockquote>"Zafar nọ n'aka ekpe na Shahid nọ n'ọnọdụ aka nri wee banye n'ime ihe nchebe kachasị mma gburugburu ụwa site na nghọta ha dị egwu na ịfefe bọọlụ. Zafar kwukwara na Shahid nyere aka na V. Baskaran na-edu India. "Shahid rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka India n'egwuregwu Olympic ahụ, ma ọ bụghị ya, anyị gaara enwe ihe isi ike," Zafar, onye so na otu ahụ kwuru. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro|author=|first=|date=|work=Outlook India|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=29 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074}}</ref></blockquote>Enyere ya onye ọkpụkpọ 'Kachasị Mma n'ihu' na 1980 Champions Trophy na Karachi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro|author=|first=|date=|work=Outlook India|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=29 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 "Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro"]. ''Outlook India''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 Archived] from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị meriri ọla edo na 1980 Summer Olympics na Moscow, ọlaọcha na 1982 Eshia Games na ọla na 1986 Asian Games . Ọ gbakwara egwu na World Cup na Mumbai (mgbe ahụ Bombay) na 1981–82, Egwuregwu Olympic Los Angeles na 1984 na Egwuregwu Seoul na 1988. <ref name=":1" /> Nkà ya na ikike ya na 1986 Seoul Asian Games mere ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ na ndị egwuregwu Asia All-Star na 1986. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asian-women-magazine.com/pakistan/hockey/mohammad-shahid-an-indian-hockey-star.php|title=Mohammad Shahid – an Indian Hockey Star|publisher=asianwomenmagazine|accessdate=31 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819133846/http://www.asian-women-magazine.com/pakistan/hockey/mohammad-shahid-an-indian-hockey-star.php|archivedate=19 August 2014}}</ref> Ọ chịburu ndị otu ndị India n'oge 1985–86. <ref name="India 2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/20/8-facts-about-mohammed-shahids-glorious-hockey-career/|title=8 Things You Need To Know About Mohammed Shahid's Glorious Hockey Career|date=2016-07-20|work=Huffington Post India|author=India|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=2 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001003/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/20/8-facts-about-mohammed-shahids-glorious-hockey-career/}}</ref> O kwuputara ịla ezumike nka na hockey mba ụwa na Jenụwarị 1989. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Philar|first=Anand|title=Shahid — one of a kind|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19890107&printsec=frontpage|accessdate=28 April 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=7 January 1989}}</ref> Ihe kacha enye aka na egwuregwu hockey ubi bụ 'ọkara push- ọkara hit'- ọrịa strok o ji jiri otu njide ahụ na-akụ bọọlụ ahụ. N'iji aka ekpe n'elu aka na ọkara aka nri gbadara gburugburu etiti osisi ahụ, ọ na-eji obere azụ elu opekempe na-edepụta égbè a wee kụọ bọl ahụ n'ebe onye otu ya na-emekọ ihe iji mee njem n'oge na nke ziri ezi. Otu strok ahụ gbanwere site n'aka onye nọchiri ya Dhanraj Pillay, onye bụ onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi nke maestro. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Mohammed-Shahids-death-a-great-loss-for-Indian-hockey-Sreejesh-Dhanraj/articleshow/53299885.cms|title=Mohammed Shahid's death 'a great loss' for Indian hockey: Sreejesh, Dhanraj – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-21}}</ref> Shahid bụ ngwaahịa sitere na kọleji egwuregwu Lucknow sitere na kpakpando ole na ole ndị ọzọ nke 1980 dị ka Ravinder Pal Singh, onye otu ya na Moscow Olympic (1980), Rajinder Singh Rawat onye gbara bọọlụ na Los Angeles Olympics (1984) na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ gara n'ihu inye agba agba nke mba na obere na ọkwa mba ụwa. Ụlọ akwụkwọ egwuregwu na ụlọ mbikọ bụ echiche nke kpakpando ọzọ a ma ama nke 1950s Kunwar Digvijay Singh "Babu".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye ọrụ egwuregwu na Indian Railways na Varanasi. == Ndụ onwe onye == Shahid nwere ụmụnne isii na ụmụnne nwanyị atọ (ọ bụ nwanne nke ọdụdụ), nna ya na-agbakwa obere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na Ardali Bazar mpaghara Varanasi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-shahid-was-colossus-of-reverse-flick-14351173.html|title=King of reverse flick, Mohammed Shahid (रिवर्स फ्लिक के बादशाह थे हाकी के जादूगर मोहम्मद शाहिद)|author=|first=|date=|work=www.jagran.com|publisher=|language=hi|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=19 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419180328/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-shahid-was-colossus-of-reverse-flick-14351173.html}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Parvin na 1990, ma nwee ejima (nwa nwoke Saif na nwa nwanyị Hina) site na alụmdi na nwunye ahụ. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> === Ọnwụ === Na June 2016, a nabatara Shahid n'ụlọ ọgwụ Medanta, Gurgaon mgbe ọ na-arịa ọrịa imeju siri ike. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammad-shahid-passes-away-2925098/|title=Hockey legend Mohammed Shahid passes away|author=|first=|date=2016-07-20|work=Indian Express|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-21|archivedate=11 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111094832/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammad-shahid-passes-away-2925098/}}</ref> E bugara ya n'ụgbọelu site na Varanasi gaa Gurgaon mgbe o leghaara ọrịa jaundice anya. Ọnọdụ ya gara n'ihu na-akawanye njọ site na imeju na akụrụ na-ebelata. <ref name=":2" /> Ọ nwụrụ na 20 Julaị na Gurgaon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/260994-hockey-superstar-of-the-eighties-mohammed-shahid-dies|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Superstar of The Eighties, Dies Aged 56|author=NDTVSports|work=NDTVSports.com|accessdate=2016-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802223323/http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/260994-hockey-superstar-of-the-eighties-mohammed-shahid-dies|archivedate=2 August 2016}}</ref> E mere olili ozu ya na obodo Varanasi n'echi ya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Hockey-wizard-Mohammed-Shahid-laid-to-rest/articleshow/53322506.cms|title=Hockey wizard Mohammed Shahid laid to rest – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-22}}</ref> Ndị isi, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo nke obodo ahụ na ndị Olympia gụnyere Zafar Iqbal, Ashok Kumar, Sujit Kumar, RP Singh, Shaqil Ahmed na Sardar Singh bịara olili ya. <ref name=":3" /> == Ihe nrite na nnabata == * Ihe nrite Arjuna (1980–81) * Padma Shri (1986) <ref name="Misra 2016">{{Cite web|author=Misra|first=Sundeep|title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey|work=Firstpost|date=2016-07-04|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=30 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530141531/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html}}</ref> * Onye ọkpụkpọ kacha mma 1986 iko ụwa nke Hockey ụmụ nwoke == Ntụaka == ọrịa jaundice anya. Ọnọdụ ya gara n'ihu na-akawanye njọ site na imeju na akụrụ na-ebelata. [2] Ọ nwụrụ na 20 na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị mma India na Julaị na {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hba3vhu1kgqn5fg24jxc3i5rk3yco0h 674106 674104 2026-07-08T14:40:13Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrụ */ 674106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mohammed Shahid''' (14 Eprel 1960 - 20 Julaị 2016) bụ onye egwuregwu hockey nke India n'ihu. A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị mma India na-egwu egwuregwu <ref>{{Cite news|author=Misra|first=Sundeep|title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html|accessdate=18 July 2016|work=Firstpost|date=4 July 2016}}</ref> ma mara ya maka nkà dribbling ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Shahid Profile|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/hockey/players/mohammed-shahid.html|publisher=iloveindia|accessdate=31 August 2013|archivedate=26 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226013447/http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/hockey/players/mohammed-shahid.html}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị India meriri ihe nrite ọla edo na 1980 Olympic Games na Moscow. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/mohammed-shahid-the-master-dribbler-who-played-hockey-with-a-painters-brush-2904572.html|title=Mohammed Shahid, the master dribbler who played hockey with a painter's brush – Firstpost|date=2016-07-20|language=en-US|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=1 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042539/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/mohammed-shahid-the-master-dribbler-who-played-hockey-with-a-painters-brush-2904572.html}}</ref> Enyere ya Award Arjuna na 1980–1981 na Padma Shri na 1986. <ref name="Misra 2016">{{Cite web|author=Misra|first=Sundeep|title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey|work=Firstpost|date=2016-07-04|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=30 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530141531/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A mụrụ Shahid na 14 Eprel 1960 na Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Indian-hockey-wizard-Mohammed-Shahid-dies-aged-56/articleshow/53296836.cms|title=Indian hockey wizard Mohammed Shahid dies aged 56 – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-20}}</ref> O mere ihe ngosi izizi ya maka India na otu obere obere na 1979 na Junior World Cup na France. Shahid mere ka ndị otu egwuregwu mbụ ya pụta n'otu afọ ahụ na asọmpi mba anọ na Kuala Lumpur n'okpuru onye isi nke Vasudevan Baskaran, mgbe o tinyechara ya n'òtù ahụ na-esote ọmarịcha ọrụ ya na Aga Khan Cup. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/|title=Mohammed Shahid: The legend of dribble is no more|author=|first=|date=2016-07-20|work=Indian Express|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-21|archivedate=21 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721211720/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/}}</ref> N'oge ụbọchị egwuregwu ya, a maara Shahid maka ikike ịgba ọsọ ya, na-akụ bọl <ref name=":2" /> na ịkwanye nke dị ngwa ngwa dị ka ihe siri ike. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Remembering and honouring the golden greats who made India proud|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/remembering-and-honouring-the-golden-greats-who-made-india-proud/article3566448.ece|work=The Hindu|date=22 August 2012|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref> Mmekọrịta ọgụ ya na Zafar Iqbal mara nke ọma n'ọhịa. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Mohammed Shahid: The genius of dribble|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/top-stories/Mohammed-Shahid-The-genius-of-dribble/articleshow/5623032.cms|work=The Times of India|date=27 February 2010|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref><blockquote>"Zafar nọ n'aka ekpe na Shahid nọ n'ọnọdụ aka nri wee banye n'ime ihe nchebe kachasị mma gburugburu ụwa site na nghọta ha dị egwu na ịfefe bọọlụ. Zafar kwukwara na Shahid nyere aka na V. Baskaran na-edu India. "Shahid rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka India n'egwuregwu Olympic ahụ, ma ọ bụghị ya, anyị gaara enwe ihe isi ike," Zafar, onye so na otu ahụ kwuru. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro|author=|first=|date=|work=Outlook India|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=29 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074}}</ref></blockquote>Enyere ya onye ọkpụkpọ 'Kachasị Mma n'ihu' na 1980 Champions Trophy na Karachi. <ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị meriri ọla edo na 1980 Summer Olympics na Moscow, ọlaọcha na 1982 Eshia Games na ọla na 1986 Asian Games . Ọ gbakwara egwu na World Cup na Mumbai (mgbe ahụ Bombay) na 1981–82, Egwuregwu Olympic Los Angeles na 1984 na Egwuregwu Seoul na 1988. <ref name=":1" /> Nkà ya na ikike ya na 1986 Seoul Asian Games mere ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ na ndị egwuregwu Asia All-Star na 1986. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asian-women-magazine.com/pakistan/hockey/mohammad-shahid-an-indian-hockey-star.php|title=Mohammad Shahid – an Indian Hockey Star|publisher=asianwomenmagazine|accessdate=31 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819133846/http://www.asian-women-magazine.com/pakistan/hockey/mohammad-shahid-an-indian-hockey-star.php|archivedate=19 August 2014}}</ref> Ọ chịburu ndị otu ndị India n'oge 1985–86. <ref name="India 2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/20/8-facts-about-mohammed-shahids-glorious-hockey-career/|title=8 Things You Need To Know About Mohammed Shahid's Glorious Hockey Career|date=2016-07-20|work=Huffington Post India|author=India|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=2 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001003/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/20/8-facts-about-mohammed-shahids-glorious-hockey-career/}}</ref> O kwuputara ịla ezumike nka na hockey mba ụwa na Jenụwarị 1989. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Philar|first=Anand|title=Shahid — one of a kind|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19890107&printsec=frontpage|accessdate=28 April 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=7 January 1989}}</ref> Ihe kacha enye aka na egwuregwu hockey ubi bụ 'ọkara push- ọkara hit'- ọrịa strok o ji jiri otu njide ahụ na-akụ bọọlụ ahụ. N'iji aka ekpe n'elu aka na ọkara aka nri gbadara gburugburu etiti osisi ahụ, ọ na-eji obere azụ elu opekempe na-edepụta égbè a wee kụọ bọl ahụ n'ebe onye otu ya na-emekọ ihe iji mee njem n'oge na nke ziri ezi. Otu strok ahụ gbanwere site n'aka onye nọchiri ya Dhanraj Pillay, onye bụ onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi nke maestro. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Mohammed-Shahids-death-a-great-loss-for-Indian-hockey-Sreejesh-Dhanraj/articleshow/53299885.cms|title=Mohammed Shahid's death 'a great loss' for Indian hockey: Sreejesh, Dhanraj – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-21}}</ref> Shahid bụ ngwaahịa sitere na kọleji egwuregwu Lucknow sitere na kpakpando ole na ole ndị ọzọ nke 1980 dị ka Ravinder Pal Singh, onye otu ya na Moscow Olympic (1980), Rajinder Singh Rawat onye gbara bọọlụ na Los Angeles Olympics (1984) na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ gara n'ihu inye agba agba nke mba na obere na ọkwa mba ụwa. Ụlọ akwụkwọ egwuregwu na ụlọ mbikọ bụ echiche nke kpakpando ọzọ a ma ama nke 1950s Kunwar Digvijay Singh "Babu".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye ọrụ egwuregwu na Indian Railways na Varanasi. == Ndụ onwe onye == Shahid nwere ụmụnne isii na ụmụnne nwanyị atọ (ọ bụ nwanne nke ọdụdụ), nna ya na-agbakwa obere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na Ardali Bazar mpaghara Varanasi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-shahid-was-colossus-of-reverse-flick-14351173.html|title=King of reverse flick, Mohammed Shahid (रिवर्स फ्लिक के बादशाह थे हाकी के जादूगर मोहम्मद शाहिद)|author=|first=|date=|work=www.jagran.com|publisher=|language=hi|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=19 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419180328/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-shahid-was-colossus-of-reverse-flick-14351173.html}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Parvin na 1990, ma nwee ejima (nwa nwoke Saif na nwa nwanyị Hina) site na alụmdi na nwunye ahụ. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> === Ọnwụ === Na June 2016, a nabatara Shahid n'ụlọ ọgwụ Medanta, Gurgaon mgbe ọ na-arịa ọrịa imeju siri ike. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammad-shahid-passes-away-2925098/|title=Hockey legend Mohammed Shahid passes away|author=|first=|date=2016-07-20|work=Indian Express|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-21|archivedate=11 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111094832/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammad-shahid-passes-away-2925098/}}</ref> E bugara ya n'ụgbọelu site na Varanasi gaa Gurgaon mgbe o leghaara ọrịa jaundice anya. Ọnọdụ ya gara n'ihu na-akawanye njọ site na imeju na akụrụ na-ebelata. <ref name=":2" /> Ọ nwụrụ na 20 Julaị na Gurgaon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/260994-hockey-superstar-of-the-eighties-mohammed-shahid-dies|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Superstar of The Eighties, Dies Aged 56|author=NDTVSports|work=NDTVSports.com|accessdate=2016-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802223323/http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/260994-hockey-superstar-of-the-eighties-mohammed-shahid-dies|archivedate=2 August 2016}}</ref> E mere olili ozu ya na obodo Varanasi n'echi ya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Hockey-wizard-Mohammed-Shahid-laid-to-rest/articleshow/53322506.cms|title=Hockey wizard Mohammed Shahid laid to rest – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-22}}</ref> Ndị isi, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo nke obodo ahụ na ndị Olympia gụnyere Zafar Iqbal, Ashok Kumar, Sujit Kumar, RP Singh, Shaqil Ahmed na Sardar Singh bịara olili ya. <ref name=":3" /> == Ihe nrite na nnabata == * Ihe nrite Arjuna (1980–81) * Padma Shri (1986) <ref name="Misra 2016">{{Cite web|author=Misra|first=Sundeep|title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey|work=Firstpost|date=2016-07-04|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=30 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530141531/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html}}</ref> * Onye ọkpụkpọ kacha mma 1986 iko ụwa nke Hockey ụmụ nwoke == Ntụaka == ọrịa jaundice anya. Ọnọdụ ya gara n'ihu na-akawanye njọ site na imeju na akụrụ na-ebelata. [2] Ọ nwụrụ na 20 na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị mma India na Julaị na {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ef6nbvmzu0qhk0tgl6awyxdfdjc2vof 0 51392 674311 186879 2026-07-08T22:02:04Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674311 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Asongu-pic.jpg|thumb|Januarius Jingwa Asongu]]    '''Januarius Jingwa (JJ) Asongu''' bụ onye ọkà ihe ọmụma mba Amerika, ọkà mmụta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=FE8EXpQAAAAJ&hl=en|title=JJ Asongu - Google Scholar Citations|accessdate=2017-04-09}}</ref> onye nta akụkọ, onye edemede, onye ọchụnta ego, na onye n'eme ihe ike. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bahru Zewde|title=Society, State and Identity in African History: Bahru Zewde: 9789994450251: Amazon.com: Books|year=2008|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9994450251}}</ref> A mụrụ ya n'obodo Lewoh, nke dị na mba British Southern Cameroon, [[Afrịka]], ọ kwagara na mba [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] n'etiti afọ 1990 wee ghọọ nwa amaala. Na mba [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye n'ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blccarchives.org/files/2000_concerned_cameroonians.pdf|title=UNILATERAL PRIVATIZATION OF THE CDC WITHOUT PROPER CONSULTATION OF THE PEOPLE CANNOT PROVIDE A VIABLE AND SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION TO CAMEROON'S ECONOMIC PROBLEMS|author=Horst Koehler|work=Blccarchives.org|accessdate=2017-04-10}}</ref> Ọ n'arụkwa ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ, n'akụzi azụmahịa na ọtụtụ mahadum. N'afọ 2012, o guzobere mahadum mba ụwa nke mba Amerika na Kameroon nke a n'akpọ Mahadum Saint Monica (SMU). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smuedu.org/history|title=Saint Monica University|work=Smuedu.org|accessdate=9 April 2017|archivedate=6 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206022124/https://www.smuedu.org/history}}</ref> N'inwe isi ụlọ ọrụ na mba [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], SMU nwere ugbu a ụlọ akwụkwọ na Kameroon na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị n'abịanụ na Cambodia, [[Equatorial Guinea]] na mba Nigeria. == Ọmụmụ na mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Januarius Asongu n'ezinụlọ nọ n'etiti na West [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] (nke bụbu British Cameroons) n'afọ 1970 dị ka nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ asaa (nwaanyị anọ na ụmụ nwoke atọ). Nne na nna ya, Nicholas Jingwa na Monique Nkengbeza, bụ Ndị Kraịst Katọlik n'anụ ọkụ n'obi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/what-we-believe/catholic-social-teaching/seven-themes-of-catholic-social-teaching.cfm|title=Seven themes of Catholic Social Teaching|publisher=Usccb.org|accessdate=2017-04-09}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye ndú nke Young Christian Students (YCS) n'obodo Kumbo Diocese mgbe ọ nọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na sekọndị. Asongu gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọrịtandrị na Goomentị uloakwukwo dị elụ Kumbo (nke bụzi Government Bilingual High School Kumpo) site n'afọ 1982 rụọ n'afọ 1989. Ọ malitere ọzụzụ ụkọchukwu ya na Bishop Rogan College, Soppo, Buea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://birocol-com.webs.com/|title=Bishop Rogan College - Minor Seminary|publisher=Birocol-com.webs.com|accessdate=2017-04-09|archivedate=2017-04-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408005908/http://birocol-com.webs.com/}}</ref> Agụmakwụkwọ mahadụm ya malitere na St. Thomas Aquinas Major Seminary, Bambui, ụlọ ọrụ jikọtara ya na Mahadum Pontifical Urbanian , Rome, ebe ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor of Philosophy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leffortcamerounais.com/2013/10/st-thomas-aquinas-major-seminary-bambui-announces-ruby-jubilee-celebrations.html|title=L'Effort Camerounais (English Version): St. Thomas Aquinas' Major Seminary Bambui Announces Ruby Jubilee Celebrations|publisher=Leffortcamerounais.com|date=2013-10-09|accessdate=2017-04-09|archivedate=2017-05-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503022427/http://www.leffortcamerounais.com/2013/10/st-thomas-aquinas-major-seminary-bambui-announces-ruby-jubilee-celebrations.html}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị seminarị ahụ, ọ malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na mba ofesi na omenala nke onye nduzi ya, Prọfesọ Bernard Fonlon nwụrụ anwụ, onye bụkwa onye seminarị na onye mbụ si Kameroon iji nweta PhD. Asonge nwetara asambodo na akwụkwọ akụkọ na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] n'afọ 1995 na PhD n'akwụkwọ akụkọ n'afọ 1998 na mba United Steetị. Ọ bụ onye mbụ si Kameroons ka e nyere ya Press Fellowship na Wolfson College, Mahadum Cambridge site na Nuffield Foundation n'mba [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wolfson.cam.ac.uk/applying/press/|title=Press Fellowship &#124; Wolfson College Cambridge|publisher=Wolfson.cam.ac.uk|accessdate=2017-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/|title=Nuffield Foundation -|work=Nuffieldfoundation.org|accessdate=9 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225143544/https://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/|archivedate=25 December 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, o nwetara nzere Master of Science na njikwa teknụzụ ozi na Mahadum Maryland University College, n'afọ 2011 PhD na nchịkwa azụmahịa na Mahadum Charisma. == Akụkọ ọrụ dị mkpirikpi == Ọrụ mbụ Asongu bụ nke onye nkuzi nke akwụkwọ Bekee, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na azụmahịa na Bishop Rogan College, Buea (1989/90). N'afọ 1993/94, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye seminarị na St. John's Katholic Parish, Kumba, na St. Luke's Parish, Nyandong. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ na Kameroons, ebe o dere maka akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche ma soro n'akwado mmemme Katọlik na CRTV. Ihe odide ya mere ka ya na nchịkwa nwee esemokwu, ma n'afọ 1997 ọ hapụrụ mba ahụ gaa mba [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]. Ọrụ mbụ ya na mba US bụ ọrụ odeakụkọ, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na The Houston Chronicle dị ka onye Alfred Friendly Press Fellow. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chron.com|title=Houston News, Sports, Business, and Entertainment - The Houston Chronicle at Chron.com - Houston Chronicle|publisher=Chron.com|accessdate=2017-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://presspartners.org/|title=Alfred Friendly Press Partners|publisher=Presspartners.org|accessdate=2017-04-09}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye mbụ si na Kameroons iji nweta mkpakọrịta a site na Alfred Friendly Foundation E nyere ya Press Fellowship na Wolfson College, Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wolfson.cam.ac.uk/applying/press/|title=Press Fellowship &#124; Wolfson College Cambridge|publisher=Wolfson.cam.ac.uk|date=2017-03-06|accessdate=2017-04-09}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri na mba US site na mba UK, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin dị iche iche ma kụzie obere oge n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. N'afọ 1999, ọ banyere na mmekọrịta ọha na eze ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa. Asongu akụziwo na ọtụtụ mahadum na mba United States gụnyere Mahadum Rockford, Rockford, IL; Mahadum Herzing, Milwaukee, WI; Mahadum Fort Hays State, Hays, KS; Mahadim Embry-Riddle Aeronautical, Rockford Campus; Mahadum Franklin, Columbus, OH.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọ malitekwara ọtụtụ obere azụmaahịa na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na Cameroon. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] sk6vuggwdbypwj7hvsslbq3dzjaq6ox 0 51431 674076 187264 2026-07-08T14:15:06Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 674076 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:Mariopandrade.jpg|thumb|Mário Pinto de Andrade]] '''Mário Coelho Pinto de Andrade''' (21 Ọgọst 1928 - 26 Ọgọust 1990) bụ onye [[Angola]] na-ede uri na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Golungo Alto, na Portuguese Angola, ma mụọ nkà ihe ọmụma na Mahadum Lisbon na sociology na Sorbonne na Paris. Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ malitere imegide ọchịchị ndị Pọtugal nke Angola, wee dee abụ mgbochi ọchịchị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Obituary|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/27/obituaries/mario-de-andrade-62-a-founder-of-angola-s-governing-movement.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 1955, o tinyere aka na ntọhapụ nke otu ndị Kọmunist Angola. Na 1956, ọ bụ onye guzobere Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) ma bụrụ onye isi ala mbụ ya na 1960.[1] Nwanne ya nwoke, Joaquim Pinto de Andrade, ka emere onye isi oche nkwanye ugwu mbụ nke MPLA. Ọ lụrụ onye France na-eme ihe nkiri Sarah Maldoror ma soro ya rụọ ọrụ na ''[[Sambizanga (ihe nkiri)|Sambizanga]]'', ihe nkiri 1972 banyere nnwere onwe nke Angola.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sayre|first=Nora|title=Movie Review - Sambizanga (1973)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9904EFDA1F3CE13BBC4A51DFB7678388669EDE|accessdate=29 January 2016|work=The New York Times|date=November 22, 1973}}</ref> (Sarah na Mário ga-enwe ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, Henda Ducados Pinto de Andrade na Annouchka de Andrade.) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarah Maldoror, Prémio de Cultura e Artes 2020 de Angola|url=https://www.voaportugues.com/a/sarah-maldoror-prémio-de-cultura-e-artes-/5672847.html|accessdate=2021-09-13|work=VOA|language=pt}}</ref> Ya na onye nọchiri ya, Agostinho Neto, sere okwu, na 1974 guzobere otu a na-akpọ Revolta Activa (Active Revolt) n'ime MPLA. Angola nwetara nnwere onwe na Nọvemba 11, 1975, mana Andrade gara n'ihu na-ebi na [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Cape Verde]] na [[Mozambique]]. Ọ nwụrụ na [[London]] na 1990.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Obituary|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/27/obituaries/mario-de-andrade-62-a-founder-of-angola-s-governing-movement.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=21 August 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/27/obituaries/mario-de-andrade-62-a-founder-of-angola-s-governing-movement.html "Obituary"]. ''The New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> Akwụkwọ ya gụnyere akwụkwọ edemede Letteratura Negra (1961) na La Poésie Africaine d'Espression Portugaise (1969). <ref>Keith A. P. Sandiford, ''A Black Studies Primer: Heroes and Heroines of the African Diaspora'', Hansib Publications, 2008, p. 42.</ref> == Ebem si dee == dlhf1p2xw52qoronwvx1uzgk87zwpax 674077 674076 2026-07-08T14:16:17Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 674077 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:Mariopandrade.jpg|thumb|Mário Pinto de Andrade]] '''Mário Coelho Pinto de Andrade''' (21 Ọgọst 1928 - 26 Ọgọust 1990) bụ onye [[Angola]] na-ede uri na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Golungo Alto, na Portuguese Angola, ma mụọ nkà ihe ọmụma na Mahadum Lisbon na sociology na Sorbonne na Paris. Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ malitere imegide ọchịchị ndị Pọtugal nke Angola, wee dee abụ mgbochi ọchịchị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Obituary|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/27/obituaries/mario-de-andrade-62-a-founder-of-angola-s-governing-movement.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 1955, o tinyere aka na ntọhapụ nke otu ndị Kọmunist Angola. Na 1956, ọ bụ onye guzobere Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) ma bụrụ onye isi ala mbụ ya na 1960.[1] Nwanne ya nwoke, Joaquim Pinto de Andrade, ka emere onye isi oche nkwanye ugwu mbụ nke MPLA. Ọ lụrụ onye France na-eme ihe nkiri Sarah Maldoror ma soro ya rụọ ọrụ na ''[[Sambizanga (ihe nkiri)|Sambizanga]]'', ihe nkiri 1972 banyere nnwere onwe nke Angola.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sayre|first=Nora|title=Movie Review - Sambizanga (1973)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9904EFDA1F3CE13BBC4A51DFB7678388669EDE|accessdate=29 January 2016|work=The New York Times|date=November 22, 1973}}</ref> (Sarah na Mário ga-enwe ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, Henda Ducados Pinto de Andrade na Annouchka de Andrade.) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarah Maldoror, Prémio de Cultura e Artes 2020 de Angola|url=https://www.voaportugues.com/a/sarah-maldoror-prémio-de-cultura-e-artes-/5672847.html|accessdate=2021-09-13|work=VOA|language=pt}}</ref> Ya na onye nọchiri ya, Agostinho Neto, sere okwu, na 1974 guzobere otu a na-akpọ Revolta Activa (Active Revolt) n'ime MPLA. Angola nwetara nnwere onwe na Nọvemba 11, 1975, mana Andrade gara n'ihu na-ebi na [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Cape Verde]] na [[Mozambique]]. Ọ nwụrụ na [[London]] na 1990. Akwụkwọ ya gụnyere akwụkwọ edemede Letteratura Negra (1961) na La Poésie Africaine d'Espression Portugaise (1969). <ref>Keith A. P. Sandiford, ''A Black Studies Primer: Heroes and Heroines of the African Diaspora'', Hansib Publications, 2008, p. 42.</ref> == Ebem si dee == 8rgmqj467m72rrmtvxj876378ver7ux 674400 674077 2026-07-09T07:16:32Z Ebube Clara 43871 674400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mário Coelho Pinto de Andrade''' (21 Ọgọst 1928 - 26 Ọgọust 1990) bụ onye [[Angola]] na-ede uri na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Golungo Alto, na Portuguese Angola, ma mụọ nkà ihe ọmụma na Mahadum Lisbon na sociology na Sorbonne na Paris. Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ malitere imegide ọchịchị ndị Pọtugal nke Angola, wee dee abụ mgbochi ọchịchị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Obituary|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/27/obituaries/mario-de-andrade-62-a-founder-of-angola-s-governing-movement.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 1955, o tinyere aka na ntọhapụ nke otu ndị Kọmunist Angola. Na 1956, ọ bụ onye guzobere Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) ma bụrụ onye isi ala mbụ ya na 1960.[1] Nwanne ya nwoke, Joaquim Pinto de Andrade, ka emere onye isi oche nkwanye ugwu mbụ nke MPLA. Ọ lụrụ onye France na-eme ihe nkiri Sarah Maldoror ma soro ya rụọ ọrụ na ''[[Sambizanga (ihe nkiri)|Sambizanga]]'', ihe nkiri 1972 banyere nnwere onwe nke Angola.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sayre|first=Nora|title=Movie Review - Sambizanga (1973)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9904EFDA1F3CE13BBC4A51DFB7678388669EDE|accessdate=29 January 2016|work=The New York Times|date=November 22, 1973}}</ref> (Sarah na Mário ga-enwe ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, Henda Ducados Pinto de Andrade na Annouchka de Andrade.) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarah Maldoror, Prémio de Cultura e Artes 2020 de Angola|url=https://www.voaportugues.com/a/sarah-maldoror-prémio-de-cultura-e-artes-/5672847.html|accessdate=2021-09-13|work=VOA|language=pt}}</ref> Ya na onye nọchiri ya, Agostinho Neto, sere okwu, na 1974 guzobere otu a na-akpọ Revolta Activa (Active Revolt) n'ime MPLA. Angola nwetara nnwere onwe na Nọvemba 11, 1975, mana Andrade gara n'ihu na-ebi na [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Cape Verde]] na [[Mozambique]]. Ọ nwụrụ na [[London]] na 1990. Akwụkwọ ya gụnyere akwụkwọ edemede Letteratura Negra (1961) na La Poésie Africaine d'Espression Portugaise (1969). <ref>Keith A. P. Sandiford, ''A Black Studies Primer: Heroes and Heroines of the African Diaspora'', Hansib Publications, 2008, p. 42.</ref> == Edensibia == 8dztqmnp679rdg56s1lvxipl0vv22yz 0 51435 674075 187265 2026-07-08T14:11:24Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 674075 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:Marcio Vieira.jpg|thumb|Márcio Vieira]] '''Márcio Vieira de Vasconcelos''' (amụrụ 10 Ọktoba 1984), nke a maara dị ka '''Vieira''', bụ [[Footbọl|onye egwuregwu bọọlụ]] Andorran na-egwu egwu dị ka onye ọkpọ egwuregwu bọọlụ Portuguese AD Marco 09. == Ọrụ klọb == A mụrụ na Andorra la Vella na ndị nne na nna Portuguese bụ ndị si na Marco de Canaveses, Porto District, <ref name="TS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamegasousa.pt/marco-andorra-convoca-jogador-com-descendencia-marcuense-para-defrontar-portugal/|title=MARCO: Andorra convoca jogador com ascendência marcuense para defrontar Portugal|publisher=Tâmega Sousa|first=Miguel|author=Ângelo|language=pt|date=7 October 2016|accessdate=22 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527063335/https://www.tamegasousa.pt/marco-andorra-convoca-jogador-com-descendencia-marcuense-para-defrontar-portugal/|archivedate=27 May 2021}}</ref> Vieira rụzuru dị ka ọkachamara pụtara maka FC Marco na oge abụọ nke Portuguese nke abụọ n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-egwu naanị ngụkọta nke 15 egwuregwu, niile. n'afọ 2005-06 . Ọ nọrọ oge fọdụrụ n'ọrụ ya na football amateur Spanish, klọb mbụ ya bụ SE Eivisa-Ibiza . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.heraldo.es/aficion/noticias/marcio-vieira-jugar-barbastro-jugar-ronaldo/|title=Marcio Vieira igual juega contra el Barbastro que contra la Portugal de Ronaldo|work=[[Heraldo de Aragón]]|language=es|date=10 October 2016|accessdate=22 March 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/aficion/2017/02/23/real-zaragoza-atletico-monzon-fraga-reciben-dinero-la-uefa.html|title=El Real Zaragoza, el Atlético de Monzón y el Fraga reciben dinero de la UEFA|work=Heraldo de Aragón|first=Emilio|author=Ralla|language=es|date=23 February 2017|accessdate=26 March 2021}}</ref> Vieira bịanyere aka na Atlético Monzón n'oge okpomọkụ 2008, na-anọgide na Aragon maka afọ 15. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/futebol-internacional/marcio-vieira-chegou100a-internacionalizacao-por-andorra_d1276568|title=Márcio Vieira {{sic|nolink=y|chegou100.ª}} internacionalização por Andorra|publisher=[[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal]]|language=pt|date=19 November 2020|accessdate=28 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418072843/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/futebol-internacional/marcio-vieira-chegou100a-internacionalizacao-por-andorra_d1276568|archivedate=18 April 2023}}</ref> <ref name="Elite">{{Cite news|url=https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/deportes/futbol/2021/03/25/marcio-vieira-de-tercera-division-a-codearse-con-la-elite-mundial-1480334.html|title=Marcio Vieira, de Tercera División a codearse con la élite mundial|work=Heraldo de Aragón|first=Emilio|author=Ralla|language=es|date=25 March 2021|accessdate=28 March 2023}}</ref> Onye dị afọ 38 laghachiri na Portugal na 27 Julaị 2023, sonyeere ndị amateur AD Marco 09 onye bilitere na ntụ nke klọb mbụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamegasousa.pt/internacional-andorrano-marcio-vieira-e-reforco-do-marco-09/|title=Internacional andorrano Márcio Vieira é reforço do Marco-09|publisher=Tâmega Sousa|first=Luís|author=Nogueira|language=pt|date=27 July 2023|accessdate=4 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804131623/https://www.tamegasousa.pt/internacional-andorrano-marcio-vieira-e-reforco-do-marco-09/|archivedate=4 August 2023}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Vieira meriri okpu mbụ ya maka otu mba Andorra na 12 October 2005, na-amalite ma dochie ya n'isi mmalite nke ọkara nke abụọ nke mmeri 0-3 n'ụlọ megide Armenia maka 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://espndeportes-assets.espn.com/futbol/cronica?id=178874|title=Pasó sin pena ni gloria|publisher=[[ESPN Deportes]]|language=es|date=12 October 2005|accessdate=22 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035611/http://espndeportes-assets.espn.go.com/futbol/cronica?id=178874|archivedate=9 September 2018}}</ref> <ref name="TS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamegasousa.pt/marco-andorra-convoca-jogador-com-descendencia-marcuense-para-defrontar-portugal/|title=MARCO: Andorra convoca jogador com ascendência marcuense para defrontar Portugal|publisher=Tâmega Sousa|first=Miguel|author=Ângelo|language=pt|date=7 October 2016|accessdate=22 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527063335/https://www.tamegasousa.pt/marco-andorra-convoca-jogador-com-descendencia-marcuense-para-defrontar-portugal/|archivedate=27 May 2021}}</ref> Ọ gbara mba ụwa 100th ya na 17 Nọvemba 2020, na mmeri 5 – 0 meriri Latvia maka 2020 – 21 UEFA Nations League . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/futebol-internacional/marcio-vieira-chegou100a-internacionalizacao-por-andorra_d1276568|title=Márcio Vieira chegou 100.ª internacionalização por Andorra|publisher=[[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal]]|language=pt|date=19 November 2020|accessdate=26 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126155014/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/futebol-internacional/marcio-vieira-chegou100a-internacionalizacao-por-andorra_d1276568|archivedate=26 November 2020}}</ref> === Ebumnuche mba ụwa === : ''Akara na rịzọlt ga-ebu ụzọ depụta akara goolu Andorra.'' {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !Mba ! Ụbọchị ! Ebe ! Onye mmegide ! Akara ! Nsonaazụ ! Asọmpi |- | 1. | 14 Juun 2022 | Stadiumlọ egwuregwu Zimbru, Chișinău, Moldova |</img> Moldova | align="center" | '''1-1''' | align="center" | 1–2 | 2022–23 UEFA Nations League <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.faf.ad/pnfg/NNws_ShwNewDup?codigo=1008479&cod_primaria=3000301&cod_secundaria=3000301|title=Andorra es queda sense premi a Moldàvia en el quart partit de la Nations League|publisher=[[Andorran Football Federation]]|first=Iván|author=Moure|language=ca|date=14 June 2022|accessdate=24 June 2022}}</ref> |- | 2. | 16 Juun 2023 | Estadi Nacional, Andorra la Vella, [[Andorra]] |</img>  Switzerland | align="center" | '''1-2''' | align="center" | 1–2 | Ntozu UEFA Euro 2024 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/alle-news-in-kuerze/drittes-spiel--dritter-sieg-fuer-die-schweiz-in-der-em-qualifikation/48597876|title=Drittes Spiel, dritter Sieg für die Schweiz in der EM-Qualifikation|publisher=[[Swissinfo]]|language=de|date=16 June 2023|accessdate=17 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617165918/https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/alle-news-in-kuerze/drittes-spiel--dritter-sieg-fuer-die-schweiz-in-der-em-qualifikation/48597876|archivedate=17 June 2023}}</ref> |- |} == Ndụ onwe onye == Vieira rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahazi egwuregwu bọọlụ n'oge ọ na-egwu egwuregwu. <ref name="Elite">{{Cite news|url=https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/deportes/futbol/2021/03/25/marcio-vieira-de-tercera-division-a-codearse-con-la-elite-mundial-1480334.html|title=Marcio Vieira, de Tercera División a codearse con la élite mundial|work=Heraldo de Aragón|first=Emilio|author=Ralla|language=es|date=25 March 2021|accessdate=28 March 2023}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ nwoke nwere 100 ma ọ bụ karịa mba ụwa == Ntụaka == .{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] i7r6a8n2tatz30adeoxw8azalle182v 674395 674075 2026-07-09T07:14:13Z Ebube Clara 43871 674395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Márcio Vieira de Vasconcelos''' (amụrụ 10 Ọktoba 1984), nke a maara dị ka '''Vieira''', bụ [[Footbọl|onye egwuregwu bọọlụ]] Andorran na-egwu egwu dị ka onye ọkpọ egwuregwu bọọlụ Portuguese AD Marco 09. == Ọrụ klọb == A mụrụ na Andorra la Vella na ndị nne na nna Portuguese bụ ndị si na Marco de Canaveses, Porto District, <ref name="TS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamegasousa.pt/marco-andorra-convoca-jogador-com-descendencia-marcuense-para-defrontar-portugal/|title=MARCO: Andorra convoca jogador com ascendência marcuense para defrontar Portugal|publisher=Tâmega Sousa|first=Miguel|author=Ângelo|language=pt|date=7 October 2016|accessdate=22 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527063335/https://www.tamegasousa.pt/marco-andorra-convoca-jogador-com-descendencia-marcuense-para-defrontar-portugal/|archivedate=27 May 2021}}</ref> Vieira rụzuru dị ka ọkachamara pụtara maka FC Marco na oge abụọ nke Portuguese nke abụọ n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-egwu naanị ngụkọta nke 15 egwuregwu, niile. n'afọ 2005-06 . Ọ nọrọ oge fọdụrụ n'ọrụ ya na football amateur Spanish, klọb mbụ ya bụ SE Eivisa-Ibiza . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.heraldo.es/aficion/noticias/marcio-vieira-jugar-barbastro-jugar-ronaldo/|title=Marcio Vieira igual juega contra el Barbastro que contra la Portugal de Ronaldo|work=[[Heraldo de Aragón]]|language=es|date=10 October 2016|accessdate=22 March 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/aficion/2017/02/23/real-zaragoza-atletico-monzon-fraga-reciben-dinero-la-uefa.html|title=El Real Zaragoza, el Atlético de Monzón y el Fraga reciben dinero de la UEFA|work=Heraldo de Aragón|first=Emilio|author=Ralla|language=es|date=23 February 2017|accessdate=26 March 2021}}</ref> Vieira bịanyere aka na Atlético Monzón n'oge okpomọkụ 2008, na-anọgide na Aragon maka afọ 15. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/futebol-internacional/marcio-vieira-chegou100a-internacionalizacao-por-andorra_d1276568|title=Márcio Vieira {{sic|nolink=y|chegou100.ª}} internacionalização por Andorra|publisher=[[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal]]|language=pt|date=19 November 2020|accessdate=28 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418072843/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/futebol-internacional/marcio-vieira-chegou100a-internacionalizacao-por-andorra_d1276568|archivedate=18 April 2023}}</ref> <ref name="Elite">{{Cite news|url=https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/deportes/futbol/2021/03/25/marcio-vieira-de-tercera-division-a-codearse-con-la-elite-mundial-1480334.html|title=Marcio Vieira, de Tercera División a codearse con la élite mundial|work=Heraldo de Aragón|first=Emilio|author=Ralla|language=es|date=25 March 2021|accessdate=28 March 2023}}</ref> Onye dị afọ 38 laghachiri na Portugal na 27 Julaị 2023, sonyeere ndị amateur AD Marco 09 onye bilitere na ntụ nke klọb mbụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamegasousa.pt/internacional-andorrano-marcio-vieira-e-reforco-do-marco-09/|title=Internacional andorrano Márcio Vieira é reforço do Marco-09|publisher=Tâmega Sousa|first=Luís|author=Nogueira|language=pt|date=27 July 2023|accessdate=4 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804131623/https://www.tamegasousa.pt/internacional-andorrano-marcio-vieira-e-reforco-do-marco-09/|archivedate=4 August 2023}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Vieira meriri okpu mbụ ya maka otu mba Andorra na 12 October 2005, na-amalite ma dochie ya n'isi mmalite nke ọkara nke abụọ nke mmeri 0-3 n'ụlọ megide Armenia maka 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://espndeportes-assets.espn.com/futbol/cronica?id=178874|title=Pasó sin pena ni gloria|publisher=[[ESPN Deportes]]|language=es|date=12 October 2005|accessdate=22 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035611/http://espndeportes-assets.espn.go.com/futbol/cronica?id=178874|archivedate=9 September 2018}}</ref> <ref name="TS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamegasousa.pt/marco-andorra-convoca-jogador-com-descendencia-marcuense-para-defrontar-portugal/|title=MARCO: Andorra convoca jogador com ascendência marcuense para defrontar Portugal|publisher=Tâmega Sousa|first=Miguel|author=Ângelo|language=pt|date=7 October 2016|accessdate=22 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527063335/https://www.tamegasousa.pt/marco-andorra-convoca-jogador-com-descendencia-marcuense-para-defrontar-portugal/|archivedate=27 May 2021}}</ref> Ọ gbara mba ụwa 100th ya na 17 Nọvemba 2020, na mmeri 5 – 0 meriri Latvia maka 2020 – 21 UEFA Nations League . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/futebol-internacional/marcio-vieira-chegou100a-internacionalizacao-por-andorra_d1276568|title=Márcio Vieira chegou 100.ª internacionalização por Andorra|publisher=[[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal]]|language=pt|date=19 November 2020|accessdate=26 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126155014/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/futebol-internacional/marcio-vieira-chegou100a-internacionalizacao-por-andorra_d1276568|archivedate=26 November 2020}}</ref> === Ebumnuche mba ụwa === : ''Akara na rịzọlt ga-ebu ụzọ depụta akara goolu Andorra.'' {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !Mba ! Ụbọchị ! Ebe ! Onye mmegide ! Akara ! Nsonaazụ ! Asọmpi |- | 1. | 14 Juun 2022 | Stadiumlọ egwuregwu Zimbru, Chișinău, Moldova |</img> Moldova | align="center" | '''1-1''' | align="center" | 1–2 | 2022–23 UEFA Nations League <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.faf.ad/pnfg/NNws_ShwNewDup?codigo=1008479&cod_primaria=3000301&cod_secundaria=3000301|title=Andorra es queda sense premi a Moldàvia en el quart partit de la Nations League|publisher=[[Andorran Football Federation]]|first=Iván|author=Moure|language=ca|date=14 June 2022|accessdate=24 June 2022}}</ref> |- | 2. | 16 Juun 2023 | Estadi Nacional, Andorra la Vella, [[Andorra]] |</img>  Switzerland | align="center" | '''1-2''' | align="center" | 1–2 | Ntozu UEFA Euro 2024 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/alle-news-in-kuerze/drittes-spiel--dritter-sieg-fuer-die-schweiz-in-der-em-qualifikation/48597876|title=Drittes Spiel, dritter Sieg für die Schweiz in der EM-Qualifikation|publisher=[[Swissinfo]]|language=de|date=16 June 2023|accessdate=17 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617165918/https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/alle-news-in-kuerze/drittes-spiel--dritter-sieg-fuer-die-schweiz-in-der-em-qualifikation/48597876|archivedate=17 June 2023}}</ref> |- |} == Ndụ onwe onye == Vieira rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahazi egwuregwu bọọlụ n'oge ọ na-egwu egwuregwu. <ref name="Elite">{{Cite news|url=https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/deportes/futbol/2021/03/25/marcio-vieira-de-tercera-division-a-codearse-con-la-elite-mundial-1480334.html|title=Marcio Vieira, de Tercera División a codearse con la élite mundial|work=Heraldo de Aragón|first=Emilio|author=Ralla|language=es|date=25 March 2021|accessdate=28 March 2023}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ nwoke nwere 100 ma ọ bụ karịa mba ụwa == Edensibia == .{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c81vm8q3taaumdnbpbhm96z2davptqg 0 51616 674392 364044 2026-07-09T07:10:32Z Goodymeraj 16207 Fixed reference error 674392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder||website=}} Mukul Manda Sangma (amụrụ 20 Eprel 1965) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na dibịa India bụ onye isi nke iri na otu nke Meghalaya site na 2010 ruo 2018 ma bụrụkwa onye ndu ndị mmegide na Meghalaya Legislative Assembly kemgbe 2018. Sangma rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote Chief Minister nke Meghalaya sitere na 2009 ruo 2010, 2007 ruo 2008 na 2005 ruo 2005. Ọ bụbu onye otu All India Trinamool Congress kemgbe Nọvemba 2021; na mbụ, ọ bụbu onye otu National Congress nke India ogologo oge. == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Sangma na 20 Eprel 1965, nwa ndị nkuzi Binoy Bhushan M. Marak na Roshanara Begum na Ampatigiri, ugbu a isi ụlọ ọrụ South West Garo Hills district. Na 1990, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na Regional Institute of Medical Sciences na Imphal na 1990, wee sonye na Zikzak Public Health Center dị ka onye ọrụ ahụike na ahụike na 1991. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://meghalaya.gov.in/megportal/government/keycontact/14795|title=Meghalaya State Portal|work=meghalaya.gov.in|language=en|accessdate=2018-01-16}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Na 1993, a họpụtara Sangma na Meghalaya Legislative Assembly site na Ampatigiri dị ka onye nọọrọ onwe ya, na-esote nke a họpụtara ya onye isi oche nke Meghalaya Transport Corporation. A họpụtara Sangma ọzọ na Meghalaya Legislative Assembly na 1998, 2003, 2008, 2013, 2018 dị ka onye nnọchiteanya nke Indian National Congress.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/cover-story/194-year-2017/october-2017-issue/3558-profile-of-cm-mukul-sangma|title=The UPS and DOWN of MUKUL SANGMA|author=Panorama|first=Eastern|work=Eastern Panorama|accessdate=2018-01-16|language=en-gb}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ omeiwu maka Gọọmentị Meghalaya n'etiti afọ 1996 na 1998. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/mukul-sangma.html|title=Mukul Sangma, Mukul Sangma Biography|work=www.elections.in|accessdate=2018-01-16}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, ọ ghọrọ minista ụlọ na agụmakwụkwọ na gọọmentị D. D. Lapang nke Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/latest-news/mukul-sangma-sworn-in-as-meghalaya-chief-minister-for-second-straight-term/|title=Mukul Sangma sworn in as Meghalaya chief minister for second straight term|date=2013-03-05|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=2018-01-16|language=en-US}}</ref> A họpụtakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi minista nke Meghalaya n'afọ 2005. <ref name=":3" /> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2009, ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi minista nke Meghalaya, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị Meghalaya United Alliance (MUA) nke Indian National Congress na-eduzi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2010, Sangma ṅụrụ iyi dị ka onye isi minista nke iri na otu nke Meghalaya, mgbe DD Lapang gbara arụkwaghịm. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Mukul-Sangma-sworn-in-as-Chief-Minister/article16023763.ece|title=Mukul Sangma sworn in as Chief Minister|date=2010-04-21|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2018-01-16|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/D-D-Lapang-resigns-as-Meghalaya-chief-minister/articleshow/2880008.cms|title=D D Lapang resigns as Meghalaya chief minister - Times of India|work=The Times of India|accessdate=2018-01-16}}</ref> A ṅụrụ ya iyi maka oge nke abụọ n'usoro na Machị 2013. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mukul-sangma-sworn-in-chief-minister-for-second-straight-term-in-meghalaya/article4478542.ece|title=Mukul Sangma sworn in Chief Minister for second straight term in Meghalaya|date=2013-03-05|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2018-01-16|language=en-IN}}</ref> A kpọrọ Sangma aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-azọ ọkwa maka ntuli aka 2018 Assembly na Meghalaya, na-asọ mpi oche sitere na mpaghara Songsak na Ampati nke ọ meriri ha abụọ. Ugbu a, ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndú nke ndị mmegide na Nzukọ Ndị Ome Iwu Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-implementing-rss-agenda-mukul-sangma/articleshow/62384402.cms|title=BJP implementing RSS' agenda: Mukul Sangma|date=2018|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=2018-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-assembly-polls-cm-mukul-sangma-to-contest-from-2-seats/story-4vESHCnAPviUhyitQDhxNO.html|title=Meghalaya assembly polls: CM Mukul Sangma to contest from 2 seats|date=2018-01-23|work=hindustantimes.com/|accessdate=2018-02-06|language=en}}</ref> Onye nọchiri ya dị ka Chief Minister na 2018 bụ Conrad Sangma, onye na-enweghị njikọ ya. Mukul Sangma na ndị MLA 11 ndị ọzọ sonyeere All India Trinamool Congress (TMC) na Nọvemba 2021, na-eme ka TMC bụrụ isi otu mmegide na steeti ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Karmakar|first=Sumir|date=2021-12-04|title=Shillong surprise: A new party for Mukul Sangma|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/shillong-surprise-a-new-party-for-mukul-sangma-1057608.html|accessdate=2021-12-18|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en}}</ref> == Atụmatụ na Atụmatụ Ndị Dị Mkpa == Na 2015, Sangma malitere Meghalaya Health Insurance Scheme, atụmatụ iji nye ezinụlọ ndị nọ n'okpuru ịda ogbenye mkpuchi ahụike. Ọ malitere usoro nke abụọ na 2015, bụ nke bu n'obi inye ụmụ amaala steeti ahụ mkpuchi ahụike zuru oke.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/component/content/article/104-2013/may15/2424-meghalayas-megha-health-insurance-scheme-is-lack-of-focus-on-details-going-to-doom-this-laudable-effort|title=Meghalaya’s Megha Health Insurance Scheme Is lack of focus on details going to doom this laudable effort?|author=Panorama|first=Eastern|work=Eastern Panorama|accessdate=2018-01-16|language=en-gb}}</ref> Sangma ewepụtala ọtụtụ mmemme enyemaka mmekọrịta ọha na eze, gụnyere atụmatụ enyemaka agbamakwụkwọ pụrụ iche maka ụmụ agbọghọ ụmụ mgbei karịrị afọ iri na asatọ na mmemme maka inye ndị nne nanị ha na-azụ ụmụ na ụmụ agbọghọ mgbe mgbe. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/meghalaya-cm-launches-chief-minister-s-wedding-assistance-114121001076_1.html|title=Meghalaya CM launches Chief Minister's Wedding Assistance|date=2014-12-10|work=Business Standard India|accessdate=2018-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehillstimes.in/sangma-announces-skill-programme-for-single-mothers-of-meghalaya/|title=Sangma announces skill programme for single mothers of Meghalaya|date=2017-08-31|work=The Hills Times|accessdate=2018-01-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2017, Sangma weputara Mmemme Ndụ (Ndụmọdụ Ndụ na Ịkwado nke Ịzụ ahịa), nke ezubere ime ka ndị mmadụ nwee ike maka ọganihu akụ na ụba. Ọ tọrọ ntọala maka Shillong Government College of Engineering, kọleji mbụ nke injinịa na steeti Meghalaya, sochiri kọleji abụọ ọzọ na Malwai na Tura. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/meghalaya-to-get-its-first-engineering-college/articleshow/60053817.cms|title=Meghalaya to get its first engineering college - Times of India|work=The Times of India|accessdate=2018-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/two-engineering-colleges-to-come-up-in-meghalaya-1733222|title=Two Engineering Colleges To Come Up In Meghalaya|work=NDTV.com|accessdate=2018-02-06}}</ref> Ọ malitere "Mission Football", atụmatụ ịkwalite egwuregwu na Meghalaya ma zụlite egwuregwu na ọkwa dị ala. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.meghalayatimes.info/index.php/front-page/28105-mukul-announces-mission-football-for-meghalaya|title=Mukul announces ‘Mission Football’ for Meghalaya|work=Meghalaya Times|accessdate=2018-02-06|language=en-gb}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, ọ malitere mmemme nduzi ọrụ iji nye nkwado nkuzi pụrụ iche maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.meghalayatimes.info/index.php/front-page/23735-chief-minister-s-guidance-program-reaches-out-to-under-privileged|title=Chief Minister's Guidance Program reaches out to under privileged|work=Meghalaya Times|accessdate=2018-01-16|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ ndị e nwere == * A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu Meghalaya na 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2013, 2018 na 2023. * Odeakwụkwọ omeiwu nke Gọọmentị Meghalaya n'etiti afọ 1996 na 1998. * Minista nke ụlọ na agụmakwụkwọ nke Meghalaya na 2003. * Onye isi minista nke Meghalaya na 2005 na 2009. * Chief Minister nke Meghalaya site na 2010 ruo 2018 == Ndụ onwe onye == Sangma lụrụ '''Dikkanchi D. Shira''', onye bụ M.L.A., ma nwee ụmụ anọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160422/jsp/frontpage/story_81518.jsp|title=It's Dikkanchi for Tura battle|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=2018-02-06}}</ref> Nwa ya nwanyị nke okenye, Miani D. Shira,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2018/06/05/miani-d-shira-takes-oath-as-mla/|title=Miani D Shira takes oath as MLA|work=The Shillong Times|accessdate=2018-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref> na nwanne ya nwoke, Zenith Sangma, bụkwa ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. == Edensibịa == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rtnsiswdwzfei5fadymo3cifnn9rzly 0 51746 674226 364120 2026-07-08T19:22:33Z IfyClassique 20717 /* */ 674226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|name=Mimi Chakraborty|image=|caption=Mimi Chakraborty|image_size=|office=[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]|constituency=[[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]|term_start=23 May 2019|term_end=4 June 2024|predecessor=[[Sugata Bose]]|successor=[[Saayoni Ghosh]]|alt=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|11 February 1989}}|birth_place=[[Jalpaiguri]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]|birth_name=|education=|alma_mater=[[Asutosh College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|occupation={{hlist|Actress|model|politician|singer}}|net_worth=|party=[[Trinamool Congress]] (2019–2024)|term=|awards=|website=<!-- {{URL|Example.com}} -->|signature=}} Mimi Chakraborty (amụrụ 11 Febụwarị 1989) bụ onye omere, onye na-agụ egwú na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[1] A maara ya maka ọrụ ya na sinima Bengali na telivishọn.[2] Ihe nkiri mpụta mbụ ya bụ Bapi Bari Jaa nke ọ kpọrọ onye isi nwanyị, Dola. Edepụtara ya dị ka nwanyị a na-achọsi ike na ndepụta Calcutta Times nke ụmụ nwanyị kachasị amasị 2016 na 2020. Chakraborty bụ Onye omeiwu na Lok Sabha nke iri na asaa site na mpaghara Jadavpur site na 2019 ruo 2024. <ref name="dob1" /> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Chakraborty na 11 February 1989.[5][6][7] O sitere na Jalpaiguri, obodo dị na steeti India nke West Bengal.[5][8] Ọ nọrọ na nwata ya na Arunachal Pradesh na Deomali, obodo dị na Tirap district, mana emesia ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ nna ya na Jalpaiguri City[5] ya na ezinụlọ ya. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Holy Child School, Jalpaiguri na emesịa na St. James' School, Binnaguri. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ nke Arts na 2011 na kọleji Asutosh dị na Kolkata.[7] Ndị mụrụ ya bi na Siliguri. <ref name="dob1">{{Cite web|title=hi Chakraborty celebrates ĺlbirthday in orphanage|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Mimi-Chakraborty-celebrates-birthday-in-orphanage/articleshow/30227232.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=9 July 2016|date=11 February 2014|archivedate=30 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430093024/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Mimi-Chakraborty-celebrates-birthday-in-orphanage/articleshow/30227232.cms}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mimi Chakraborty bụ ihe nlereanya tupu ọ malite ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya. O sonyere na Femina Miss India . Oge izizi ya na-eme ihe nkiri bụ na Champion.<ref name="nag">{{Cite news|author=Nag|first=Kushali|title=I miss the lights and camera|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110707/jsp/entertainment/story_14205151.jsp|accessdate=6 December 2012|work=The Telegraph India|date=7 July 2011}}</ref> Ọrụ ya nke abụọ bụ usoro ihe onyonyo TV Gaaner Oparey, nke Ideas Creations mepụtara. Ọ aired na Star Jalsha si 28 June 2010 ka 16 April 2011. Echiche Creations, mmepụta ụlọ nke Prosenjit Chatterjee ọnụ na Star Jalsha ulo oru mega-serial Gaaner Oparey iji kwụọ Rabindranath Tagore ụtụ na 150th ncheta nke ọmụmụ ya. Ihe dị ka Rituparno Ghosh (onye bụbu onye edemede mbụ nke Gaaner Oparey), Debojyoti Mishra (onye isi egwu), na ndị ọzọ ama ama sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri tinyere aka na ọrụ ahụ.<ref name="sound">{{Cite news|title=The sound of music The lead pair of STAR Jalsha's mega Gaaner Oparey.|accessdate=4 December 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=25 June 2012|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100625/jsp/entertainment/story_12602609.jsp}}</ref> E wepụtara ihe nkiri izizi ya bụ ''Bapi Bari Jaa'' na 7 Disemba 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 December 2012|title=Bapi Bari Ja|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/bapi-bari-jaa/movie-review/17544499.cms|accessdate=27 June 2024|work=Indiatimes.com}}</ref> === ''Ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri'' === Gaaner Oparey, bụ njem egwu n'etiti ndị omenkà abụọ, Bohemian Gora na Pupe ọdịnala na ịhụnanya ha na n'ime usoro dum na-emegharị "egwu" Tagore. Akụkọ ahụ gbasara nwa agbọghọ a na-akpọ Pupe sitere n'ezinụlọ na-efe ofufe Tagore na Gora, nwa okorobịa nwere nkà ma ọ bụ onye na-enweghị nchegbu, nke na-aga n'ihu na-anwale Rabindra Sangeet. Ihe ngosi TV a na-egosi mmalite nke ememe otu afọ nke ncheta ọmụmụ nke 150 nke Kabiguru Rabindranath Tagore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ganer Opare Serial Songs, Casting|url=http://www.bhalobasa.in/articles/122114/Ganer-Opare-Serial-Songs,-Casting|publisher=bhalobasa.in|accessdate=11 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205000621/http://www.bhalobasa.in/articles/122114/Ganer-Opare-Serial-Songs%2C-Casting|archivedate=5 December 2012}}</ref> Chakraborty gosipụtara ọrụ Pupe, onye na-agụ egwú nke nwere nkà, nke sitere n'ezinụlọ orthodox Tagore na-efe ofufe, onye na'ịbụ Rabindra Sangeet n'ụdị ọdịnala n'ikwekọ na ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ ya. Ọ bụ onye nwere ọgụgụ isi na mmetụta niile ma mee ka Pupe bụrụ ihe ngosi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ganguly|first=Ruman|title=Pupé injured|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JS00vMjAxMS8wMy8xNyNBcjAyODAz&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|accessdate=6 December 2012|work=The Times Of India Kolkata|date=17 March 2011}}</ref> === ''Bapi Bari Jaa'' === Ihe nkiri izizi nke Chakraborty bụ na ''Bapi Bari Jaa'' ebe ọ na-eme ka nwanyị, Dola. Ọ bụ ụlọ mmepụta ihe nkiri Prosenjit Chatterjee, Ideas Creations mepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ. Ihe nkiri ahụ bụkwa ihe ngosi ọlaọcha nke Arjun Chakrabarty (nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Gora, nwoke na-eme ihe nkiri site na ''Gaaner Opaarey'') onye rụrụ ọrụ Bapi, nwoke na'ihu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DHAMAKA JODI! Now catch Pupe and Gora — Mimi Chakraborty and Arjun Chakrabarty — in film from Prosenjit's production house|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIKM%2F2011%2F10%2F04&PageLabel=25&EntityId=Ar02501&ViewMode=HTML|accessdate=4 December 2012|work=Times of India|date=4 October 2011}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'afọ 2019, ọ sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị wee sonye na Jadavpur Loksabha Constituency na ntuli aka nke India n'afọ 2019 dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa Trinamool Congress.<ref>{{Cite news|title=West Bengal MPs to heighten glam factor in Lok Sabha|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/may/24/west-bengal-mps-to-heighten-glam-factor-in-lok-sabha-1981297.html|accessdate=15 April 2021|work=The New Indian Express|date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nair|first=Sangeeta|date=24 May 2019|url=https://m.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/tollywood-stars-contesting-in-lok-sabha-election-2019-babul-supriyo-moonmoon-sen-nusrat-jahan-1558576013-1|title=Tollywood Stars contesting in Lok Sabha Election 2019: Babul Supriyo, Dev, Nusrat Jahan, Mimi Chakraborty, Satabdi Roy script huge victories in their constituencies|work=Jagran|accessdate=15 April 2021}}</ref> Ọ bụ Onye omeiwu na Lok Sabha nke iri na asaa site na mpaghara Jadavpur. Chakraborty gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya na 15 Febụwarị 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Politics not my cup of tea': Mimi Chakraborty resigns as TMC MP|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/lok-sabha-polls-tmc-mimi-chakraborty-resigns-as-mp-west-bengal-mamata-banerjee-11707995085948.html|work=Mint|date=15 February 2024|accessdate=15 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="=&quot;ET_Jun2024&quot;">{{Cite news|title=Jadavpur Lok Sabha Election Results 2024: Saayoni Ghosh vs Anirban Ganguly, who's winning in this TMC bastion?|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/west-bengal/jadavpur-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-saayoni-ghosh-vs-anirban-ganguly-whos-winning-in-this-tmc-bastion/articleshow/110654158.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=3 June 2024|accessdate=5 June 2024}}</ref> == Uwe ejiji == Chakraborty abụwo akụkụ nke Fame Fashion and Creative Excellence (FFACE) n'ụzọ dị iche iche. N'afọ 2014, ọ kpughere mbipụta 1 nke kalenda FFACE na Tantra, Park Hotel Kolkata. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ bụ akụkụ nke kaadị ekele echiche nke FFACE mepụtara dị ka FFACE nke DURGA na-akwalite ike ụmụ nwanyị.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" | style="background:#ffc;" | |Ọ na-egosi ihe nkiri ndị a na-ewepụtabeghị |} {| class="wikitable sortable" | scope="col" |'''Afọ''' | scope="col" |'''Ihe nkiri''' | scope="col" |'''Ọrụ''' | class="unsortable" scope="col" |'''Ihe edeturu''' | class="unsortable" |'''Ref(s)''' |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |''Bapi Bari Jaa'' |Dola |Ihe nkiri izizi |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-16/news-interviews/33232216_1_guest-appearance-usha-uthup-sudeshna-roy|accessdate=27 September 2012|title=Kolkata applauds Bapi Bari Jaa's first look|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 August 2012}}</ref> |- |''Bojhena Shey Bojhena'' |Riya | |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/movie-reviews/bojhena-shey-bojhena/movie-review/17856356.cms|title=Bojhena Shey Bojhena Movie Review|date=17 May 2016|work=The Times of India|accessdate=26 August 2015}}</ref> |- |2013 |''Nkwupụta'' |Durga | |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Acharya|first=Anindita|title=I am ready to work with Raj in the future: Mimi Chakraborty|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/i-am-ready-to-work-with-raj-in-the-future-mimi-chakraborty/story-QEHWrTwm5Nv6VfnNQ9uOJM.html|accessdate=9 February 2021|work=Hindustan Times|date=28 September 2016|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2014 |''Bangali Babu English Mem'' |Riya | |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/dreams-fulfilled-2/|title=Dreams fulfilled|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=20 February 2014|date=21 February 2014}}</ref> |- |''Ọwara Oké Osimiri Holeo Shotti'' |Anu | |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know-/Mimi-is-afraid-of-ghosts/articleshow/37835150.cms|title=Mimi is afraid of ghosts!|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=5 July 2014|date=5 July 2014}}</ref> |- |''Yoddha: Onye Agha'' |Rajkumari Durga / Nandini | |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/dev-mimi-shoot-for-yoddha-durga-puja-song/Dev-Mimi-Chakraborty-Mimi-Raj-Chakrtabarty-Raj-Chakraborty-Yoddha-Durga-Puja-Lahabari/photostory/43158374.cms|title=Dev, Mimi shoot for Yoddha Durga Puja song|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=22 September 2014}}</ref> |- |''Khaad'' |Punam | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/khaad-bengali-a-gripping-portrayal-of-crisis/|title=Khaad (Bengali) / A gripping portrayal of crisis|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=27 November 2014|date=14 November 2014|archivedate=18 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118102147/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/khaad-bengali-a-gripping-portrayal-of-crisis/}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2015 |''Jamai 420'' |Tina | |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/If-Big-B-and-SRK-can-share-screen-why-not-us-Paayel-and-Mimi/articleshow/47352679.cms|title="If Big B and SRK can share screen, why not us?": Paayel and Mimi|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=12 January 2017}}</ref> |- |''Katmundu'' |Rai | |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/multi-starrers-are-the-flavour-of-the-season-in-bengali-film-industry/story-LF6mpjbokPjN6yM3XGqBeN.html|title=Multi-starrers are the flavour of the season in Bengali film industry|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> |- |''Shudhu Tomari Jonyo'' |Koli | |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Mimi-Srabanti-Dev-in-Birsas-next-film/articleshow/47442099.cms|title=Mimi, Srabanti, Dev in Birsa's next film|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=12 January 2017}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Ki Kore Toke Bolbo'' |Anjali | |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/in-pics-mimi-and-ankushs-striking-chemistry/photostory/50805606.cms|title=Ankush and Mimi's striking chemistry|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref> |- |''Kelor Kirti'' |Reema | |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ganguly|first=Ruman|date=12 January 2017|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Mimi-Nusrat-Sayantika-and-Koushani-have-a-laugh-riot/articleshow/52957065.cms|title=Mimi, Nusrat, Sayantika and Koushani have a laugh riot!|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=12 January 2017}}</ref> |- |''Onye omekome'' |Ruhi | |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ganguly|first=Ruman|date=12 January 2017|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Yash-Dasgupta-to-woo-Mimi-in-debut-film/articleshow/52791618.cms|title=Yash Dasgupta to woo Mimi in debut film|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=12 January 2017}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2017 |''Ebe a na-etinye akwụkwọ'' |Sushmita | |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Acharya|first=Anindita|title=Shiboprosad and Nandita's next Bengali film is on parenting|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/shiboprosad-and-nandita-s-next-bengali-film-is-on-parenting/story-9TAhbNkzZRU75WjtMA9IAN.html|accessdate=15 April 2021|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=11 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> |- |''Amar Aponjon'' |Mkpụrụ osisi |Ọdịdị Cameo | |- |''Dhananjoy'' |Kavya Sinha | | |- | rowspan="4" |2018 |''Ngụkọta Dadagiri'' |Jonaki | | |- |''Uma'' |Ya onwe ya |Ọdịdị pụrụ iche na Dev na Nusrat Jahan | |- |''Nsogbu'' |Iwe | | |- |''Onye ọjọọ'' |Rya | | |- | rowspan="1" |2019 |''Jaane Na m'' |Pari Banu | | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Drakula Sir'' |Manjari | |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/frist-look-poster-of-dracula-sir-starring-anirban-and-mimi-out-now-31584021153784.html|title=বাঙালি ড্রাকুলার গল্পে মিমি-অনির্বাণ জুটি,প্রকাশ্যে এল ড্রাকুলা স্যারের পোস্টার|date=12 March 2020|accessdate=14 March 2020|language=bn|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> |- |''SOS Kolkata'' |Sanjana | | |- |2021 |''Baazi'' |Kyra | | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Obere Obere'' |Titli | | |- |''Khela Jawkhon'' |Urmi Chowdhury | |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ghosh|first=Sankha|title='Khela Jokhon' takes a back seat for now: Arindam Sil on his long-awaited thriller|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/khela-jokhon-takes-a-back-seat-for-now-arindam-sil-on-his-long-awaited-thriller/articleshow/77061734.cms|accessdate=8 July 2022|work=The Times of India|date=20 July 2020}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |''Raktabeej'' |Sanjukta Mitra | |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Abir- Mimi New Film: প্রথমবার জুটিতে আবির- মিমি, পুজোয় আসছে নন্দিতা- শিবপ্রসাদের ছবি|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/abir-chatterjee-mimi-chakraborty-to-pair-for-the-first-time-nandita-roy-shiboprasad-mukherjee-new-bangla-film-to-release-on-durga-puja-2023-shooting-starts-soon-soc-521064-2023-03-02|accessdate=2 March 2023|work=Aaj Tak বাংলা|language=bn|date=2 March 2023}}</ref> |- |''Mgbukpọ Virudh Mgbukgba'' |Mallika | | |- | rowspan="3" |2024 |''Palasher Biye'' |Shalini | | |- |''Alaap'' |Aditi Mitra | | |- |''Toofan'' |Suchona |Ihe nkiri Bangladesh | |- |} == Telivishọn == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Usoro !Omume !Ọwa Mmiri !Ihe odide !Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta |- |2008 |''Onye mmeri'' |Diya |Akash Bangla | |Echiche Ndị E Kere Eke |- |2010-11 |''Ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri'' |Sohini Deb |Kpakpando Jalsha | |Echiche Ndị E Kere Eke |- |2013 |''Didi No. 1 Oge 5'' |Onye na-asọ mpi |Zee Bangla | |Zee Bangla Productions |- |2019 |''Didi No. 1 Oge 8'' |Onye mmeri |Zee Bangla | |Zee Bangla Productions |- |2020 |''Durga Durgotinashini'' |Devi Mahamaya na Devi Mahisasurmardini |Kpakpando Jalsha |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ghosal|first=Sharmistha|title=Actor Mimi Chakraborty reveals her look as Goddess Durga for this Mahalaya|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2020/aug/25/actor-mimi-chakraborty-reveals-her-look-as-goddess-durga-for-this-mahalaya-27634.html|accessdate=30 April 2022|work=Indian Express|date=25 August 2020|language=en}}</ref> |Ihe Ndị E Mepụtara Anya |- |2022 |''Didi No. 1 Oge 9'' |Onye na-asọ mpi |Zee Bangla |<ref>{{Cite news|title=রবিবার বিশেষ ধামাকা দিদি নম্বর ১-এর মঞ্চে, উপস্থিত মিমি চক্রবর্তী থেকে সোমলতা|url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-reality-show-didi-number-1-season-9-sunday-special-dhamaka-with-mimi-chakraborty-rachana-banerjee-absc-ratt53|accessdate=21 May 2022|work=Asianet|date=24 April 2022|language=bn}}</ref> |Zee Bangla Productions |- |2024 |''[[Jaha Bolibo Shotto Bolibo]]'' |Pritha Roy |[[Hoichoi]] | |Hoichoi |- |} == Nkọwapụta == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Onye na-abụ abụ !Onye nduzi !Ihe odide !Ihe odide |- |2019 |''Anjana'' |Mimi Chakrabarty |Baba Yadav |Single Mbụ |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/anjana-mimi-chakrabortys-new-song-143584/|accessdate=23 September 2019|title=Mimi's dream come true, first singles 'Anjana'|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=22 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/first-song-of-the-music-album-dreams-by-mimi-chakraborty_278535.html|title=আনজানা, নিজের গাওয়া প্রথম সিঙ্গলসে মন কাড়লেন মিমি|date=22 September 2019|work=Zee News|accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> |- |2019 |''Pal'' |Mimi Chakrabarty |Baba Yadav | | |- |2020 |''Pari Hun Main'' |Mimi Chakraborty |Baba Yadav | | |- |2020 |''Amaro Porano Jaha Chay'' |Mimi Chakraborty | |Rabindra Sangeet | |- |2020 |''Tomar Khola Hawa'' |Mimi Chakraborty | |Rabindra Sangeet | |- |2022 |''Ka anyị gaa 1xbat'' | | | | |} == Onyinye == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Onyinye !Ụdị !Ihe nkiri !Nsonaazụ |- |2011 |''Tele Samman'' |Telekonya |Gaaner Opaarey| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Ihe nrite Big Bangla Rising Star'' |Rising Star (Nwanyị) <ref>{{Cite web|title=BIG Bangla Rising Star Awards 2011|url=http://frontierindia.org/big-bangla-rising-star-awards-2011/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130414193618/http://frontierindia.org/big-bangla-rising-star-awards-2011/|archivedate=14 April 2013|publisher=Frontier India Portal|accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref> |Bapi Bari Ja| {{Won}} |- |''Ihe nrite BFJA nke 71 kwa afọ'' |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Bapi Bari Ja| {{Won}} |} == Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fpy8roote20qnfs7yq3mggba5mbnf4w 0 51844 674371 187621 2026-07-09T06:56:09Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Humayun Kabir | office = [[17th West Bengal Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] | constituency = [[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|69 - Bharatpur, Murshidabad]] | predecessor = Kamalesh Chatterjee | term_start = 7 May 2021 | termstart2 = 24 May 2011 | termend2 = 21 November 2012 | predecessor2 = ''seat established'' | successor2 = Rabiul Alam Chowdhury | constituency2 = [[Rejinagar Assembly constituency|70 - Rejinagar, Murshidabad]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|01|03|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Beldanga II|Narkelbari]], [[West Bengal]], India | party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (since 2013)<br> | residence = [[Rejinagar]] | children = 2 | otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (until 2013) | spouse = Mira Sultana | image = File:Humayun Kabir - Kolkata 2023-03-29 4908.jpg | caption = Humayun Kabir }} Humayun Kabir (amụrụ 3 Jenụwarị 1963) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India sitere na West Bengal, onye bụ onye otu West Bengal Assembly (MLA) sitere na mpaghara Bharatpur kemgbe 2021. Onye otu Trinamool Congress, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye minista na-ahụ maka minista n'oge Ministry of First Banerjee. [1] N'oge ọrụ ya dị ka Congress, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye omebe iwu na Rejinagar site na 2011 [2] ruo mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2012. == Ọrụ == Na 2015, a chụpụrụ ya na Trinamool maka afọ 6 maka ime ihe omume mgbochi.[3] Ọ gbara aka dị ka onye nọọrọ onwe ya na ntuli aka 2016 iji jide oche Rejinagar n'aka onye bu ya ụzọ Rabiul Chowdhury mana ọ tụfuru. Ọ sonyeere Bharatiya Janata Party na 2018 wee zọọ n'oche Jangipur n'oge ntuli aka izugbe India nke 2019 mana TMC meriri.[4] [5] Ka o mechara nchụpụ afọ isii, ọ sonyeere TMC wee merie dị ka onye nnọchi anya oche Bharatpur. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-23|title=TMC leader lashes out at top cop|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/tmc-leader-lashes-out-at-top-cop/articleshow/27762241.cms|accessdate=2023-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Police register criminal case against TMC MLA Humayun Kabir for alleged murder threat|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/police-register-criminal-case-against-tmc-mla-humayun-kabir-for-alleged-murder-threat/cid/1952149|accessdate=2023-12-17|work=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en}}</ref> == Arụmụka == Ka ọ na-eme mkpọsa maka ntuli aka izugbe nke India na 2024, onye omebe iwu Trinamool Congress Humayun Kabir kwuru na ya ga-atụba ndị na-eso ụzọ BJP n'ime osimiri Bhagirathi, ngalaba Ganges na West Bengal, n'ime awa abụọ ka emechara mmeri, ebe ndị Alakụba mejupụtara 70% ndị bi na Murshidabad. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mishra|first=Anupam|title=Trinamool MLA threatens to 'throw BJP supporters in Ganga' in 2 hours, sparks row|work=India Today|date=2 May 2024|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/humayun-kabir-trinamool-congress-mla-murshidabad-bjp-supporters-2534491-2024-05-02|accessdate=5 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Jaiswal|first=Arushi|title=TMC MLA Humayun Kabir creates stir, threatens to drown Hindus in Bhagirathi river|work=VIDEO – India TV|date=2 May 2024|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/west-bengal/kolkata-lok-sabha-elections-2024-tmc-mla-humayun-kabir-threatens-to-drown-hindus-in-bhagirathi-river-video-latest-updates-2024-05-02-929122|accessdate=5 May 2024}}</ref> == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9fheab6wc9761e9zfsio4b5s4j7mhid 0 52200 674456 188445 2026-07-09T09:44:07Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674456 wikitext text/x-wiki Nandipaku Venkataswamy bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India sitere na Bharatiya Janata Party onye jere ozi dị ka onye otu 13th Lok Sabha sitere na mpaghara Tirupati Lok Sabha[1] na onye isi oche steeti Bharatiya Janta Party nke Andhra Pradesh.[2] Ọ bụ naanị onye mmeri nke Bharatiya Janata Party sitere na mpaghara Tirupati Lok Sabha.[3][4] Na 1999 ntuli aka izugbe nke India na Andhra Pradesh, ọ meriri Indian National Congress site na obere oke.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-23|title=Tirupati Lok Sabha Election Result 2019|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/tirupati-lok-sabha-election-result-2019-live-updates-party-candidate-constituency-wise-winner-loser-leading-trailing-6666911.html|accessdate=2022-10-17|work=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref> '''Nandipaku Venkataswamy''' is an Indian politician from Bharatiya Janata Party who served as Member of 13th Lok Sabha from Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thirteenth Lok Sabha State wise Details Andhra Pradesh|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Andhra+Pradesh&lsno=13|accessdate=2022-10-17|work=Lok Sabha}}</ref> and State Vice President of Bharatiya Janta Party of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":0" /> He is the only winner of Bharatiya Janata Party from Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-31|title=How the BJP is trying to make inroads into Andhra with the Tirupati bye-poll|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-bjp-trying-make-inroads-andhra-tirupati-bye-poll-146273|accessdate=2022-10-17|work=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Dara|first=Gopi|title=Jagan Mohan Reddy meets party leaders on Tirupati bypoll|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/jagan-meets-party-leaders-on-tirupati-bypoll/articleshow/79309516.cms|accessdate=2023-03-30|work=The Times of India|date=20 November 2020|language=en}}</ref> In 1999 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh, he defeated Indian National Congress by a thin margin.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-23|title=Tirupati Lok Sabha Election Result 2019|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/tirupati-lok-sabha-election-result-2019-live-updates-party-candidate-constituency-wise-winner-loser-leading-trailing-6666911.html|accessdate=2022-10-17|work=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya na 5 June 1931 na Chittoor ma lụọ D. Savithri na 15 May 1963. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Thirteenth Lok Sabha Members Bio Profile Venkataswamy, Dr. Nandipaku|url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=503&lastls=13|accessdate=2022-10-17|work=Lok Sabha}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://loksabhaph.nic.in/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=503&lastls=13 "Thirteenth Lok Sabha Members Bio Profile Venkataswamy, Dr. Nandipaku"]. ''Lok Sabha''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2zqemu8l4x9pyup6gl567sl3ebhc68w 0 52565 674343 656800 2026-07-09T02:13:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674343 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}}'''Eugénie Anne Claudine Le Sommer-Dariel''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onefootball.com/es/noticias/warum-hat-eugenie-le-sommer-ein-d-auf-dem-trikot-37911750|title=Warum hat Eugenie Le Sommer ein D auf dem Trikot?|date=8 August 2023|work=OneFootball}}</ref> (amụrụ 18 Mee 1989) bụ [[Footbọl|onye egwuregwu bọọlụ]] France nke na-egwu egwuregwu n'ihu maka klọb French Lyon na otu mba France . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sounderatheart.com/seattle-reign/2021/5/12/22421516/eugenie-le-sommer-ol-reign-lyon-loan|title=One of the world's best attackers is joining OL Reign|first=Susie|author=Rantz|date=12 May 2021|work=Sounderatheart.com|accessdate=8 November 2021|archivedate=25 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525154837/https://www.sounderatheart.com/seattle-reign/2021/5/12/22421516/eugenie-le-sommer-ol-reign-lyon-loan}}</ref> Ọ na-egwuri egwu dị ka onye ọkpọ ọkpọ ọkpọ ihe okike na ọkpọ aka ekpe, mana ọ gbakwara egwu dị ka onye ọkpọ nke abụọ maka obodo ya. Le Sommer bụ otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu a kacha chọọ mma n'egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị ọgbara ọhụrụ wee nwetagoro ihe mgbaru ọsọ France karịa onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Bleues-eugenie-le-sommer-egale-le-record-de-buts-en-equipe-de-france-de-marinette-pichon/1174851|title=Bleues : Eugénie Le Sommer dépasse le record de buts en équipe de France de Marinette Pichon|work=lequipe.fr|language=fr|date=22 September 2020}}</ref> Ọ meriri otu egwuregwu bọọlụ French iri na atọ na ọ bụ otu n'ime naanị ndị egwuregwu atọ meriri ndị Lyon na asọmpi asatọ European Cup . == Ndụ mbido == Le Sommer bụ otu n'ime ụmụaka asaa, ụmụ nwanyị ise na ụmụ nwoke abụọ. Nna ya, Thierry, bụ onye uwe ojii lara ezumike nká. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=6/news=family-support-spurs-on-le-sommer-2652948.html|title=Family support spurs on Le Sommer|author=FIFA.com|date=1 January 1900|work=FIFA.com|accessdate=5 March 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> Nne ya na-agba bọọlụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata. <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ klọb == Le Sommer malitere ịgba bọọlụ mgbe ọ dị afọ ise ịbanye na ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị nke Trélissac FC . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/news/newsid=967849.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623151441/http://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/news/newsid%3D967849.html|title=Le Sommer ready to make history|archivedate=23 June 2009|accessdate=8 November 2021}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọsịrị afọ anọ na klọb ahụ, ọ sonyeere AS Guermeur na mpaghara Brittany . O mechara gwuo egwu n'otu n'ime nnukwu klọb na mpaghara, FC Lorient, wee nweta ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ na ngalaba ntorobịa nke klọb na-enyere ndị ntorobịa ya aka imeri ''Coupe Fédérale 16 ans'' na 2005 na ''Mozaïc Foot Challenge'' na 2006, na nke ikpeazụ. A na-eme ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ mmuta Clairefontaine a ma ama. Le Sommer mechara họrọ ịga CNFE Clairefontaine, ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mmuta Clairefontaine. Mgbe obere oge gasịrị, ọ sonyeere D1 Féminine club Stade Briochin . N'ime oge mpụta mbụ ya na Saint-Brieuc, Le Sommer pụtara na asọmpi 22 niile na-ebute ihe mgbaru ọsọ anọ. Oge 2008–09 hụrụ akara ya ihe mgbaru ọsọ iri na egwuregwu 22. Maka mgbalị ya, a họpụtara ya maka UNFP Female Player of the Year na-efunahụ onye ọkpụkpọ Lyon Louisa Necib . == Ndụ onwe onye == Le Sommer lụrụ Florian Dariel, onye ọrụ Olympique Lyonnais, na Brittany na 11 Ọgọst 2020, ụbọchị abụọ ka o meriri 2019-20 Coupe de France féminine. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-12|title=Eugénie Le Sommer : la star des Bleues s'est mariée et partage un sublime cliché de la noce - Closer|url=https://www.closermag.fr/people/eugenie-le-sommer-la-star-des-bleues-s-est-mariee-et-partage-un-sublime-cliche-d-1158724|accessdate=2020-08-16|work=Closer Magazine|language=fr}}</ref> Ndị otu egwuregwu ugbu a na ndị mbụ dịka [[Ada Hegerberg]] na Corine Franco gara emume a. == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb ===   {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Stade Briochin |2007–08 | rowspan="3" |Division 1 Féminine |22 |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 |23 |4 |- |2008–09 |21 |10 |3 |2 |0 |0 |24 |12 |- |2009–10 |22 |19 |2 |3 |0 |0 |24 |22 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !65 !33 !6 !5 !0 !0 !71 !38 |- | rowspan="15" |Lyon |2010–11 | rowspan="14" |Division 1 Féminine |20 |17 |4 |6 |9 |5 |33 |28 |- |2011–12 |21 |22 |5 |5 |9 |9 |35 |36 |- |2012–13 |20 |20 |6 |10 |9 |1 |35 |31 |- |2013–14 |20 |15 |5 |1 |4 |1 |26 |17 |- |2014–15 |22 |29 |5 |4 |4 |5 |31 |38 |- |2015–16 |18 |10 |5 |9 |9 |5 |32 |24 |- |2016–17 |19 |20 |4 |3 |9 |6 |32 |29 |- |2017–18 |20 |17 |6 |12 |8 |4 |34 |33 |- |2018–19 |18 |13 |5 |2 |8 |6 |31 |21 |- |2019–20 |11 |5 |3 |2 |6 |5 |20 |12 |- |2020–21 |18 |7 |1 |0 |3 |0 |22 |7 |- |2021–22 |7 |2 |2 |0 |3 |0 |12 |2 |- |2022–23 |17 |7 |6 |2 |7 |0 |30 |9 |- |2023-24 |15 |10 |3 |4 |6 |1 |13 |9 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !245 !194 !61 !60 !94 !48 !400 !302 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !301 !223 !62 !65 !94 !48 !457 !336 |} === Mba ụwa === N'ime oge mpụta mbụ ya na Saint-Brieuc, Le Sommer pụtara na asọmpi 22 niile na-ebute ihe mgbaru ọsọ anọ. Oge 2008–09 hụrụ akara ya ihe mgbaru ọsọ iri na{{Reflist}} [[Usòrò:Eugenie-France2013.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|355x355px| Le Sommer na-egwuri egwu maka France na 2013.]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mpụta na ebumnuche site na otu mba na afọ ! Otu mba ! Afọ ! Ngwa ! Ebumnuche |- | rowspan="15" | France | 2008–09 | 16 | 3 |- | 2009–10 | 11 | 5 |- | 2010–11 | 20 | 7 |- | 2011–12 | 20 | 10 |- | 2012–13 | 16 | 10 |- | 2013–14 | 14 | 4 |- | 2014–15 | 19 | 13 |- | 2015–16 | 14 | 6 |- | 2016–17 | 17 | 6 |- | 2017–18 | 9 | 9 |- | 2018–19 | 11 | 7 |- | 2019-20 | 7 | 6 |- | 2020–21 | 1 | 0 |- | 2021–22 | 0 | 0 |- | 2022–23 | 7 | 6 |- ! colspan="2" | Mkpokọta ! 182 ! 92 |} == Nkwanye ugwu == '''Lyon''' * Nkeji 1 Féminine : 2010–11 2–​​​​​​ ​23, 2023–24 <ref>{{Cite web|title=LYON GARDE SA COURONNE|url=https://www.fff.fr/article/12515-lyon-garde-sa-couronne.html|language=fr|date=17 May 2023|accessdate=18 May 2024|archivedate=25 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725110152/https://www.fff.fr/article/12515-lyon-garde-sa-couronne.html}}</ref> * Coupe de France Féminine : 2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2022-23 <ref>{{Cite web|title=ET DE 10 POUR LYON|url=https://www.fff.fr/article/10256-et-de-10-pour-lyon.html|language=fr|date=13 May 2023|accessdate=18 May 2024|archivedate=7 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103321/https://www.fff.fr/article/10256-et-de-10-pour-lyon.html}}</ref> * Trophée des Championnes : 2019, <ref>{{Cite web|title=ET À LA FIN, C'EST LYON QUI GAGNE|url=https://www.fff.fr/article/39-et-a-la-fin-c-est-lyon-qui-gagne.html|date=21 September 2019|accessdate=18 May 2024|archivedate=7 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091239/https://www.fff.fr/article/39-et-a-la-fin-c-est-lyon-qui-gagne.html}}</ref> 2022, <ref>{{Cite web|title=LYON DOUBLE LA MISE|url=https://www.fff.fr/article/7958-lyon-double-la-mise.html|date=28 August 2022|accessdate=18 May 2024|archivedate=16 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616133327/https://www.fff.fr/article/7958-lyon-double-la-mise.html}}</ref> 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Trophée des Championnes 2023 - Finale - Lyon (D1)-PSG (D1) 2-0|url=https://www.statsfootofeminin.fr/match.php?id=33036|accessdate=18 May 2024}}</ref> * Uefa Champions League ụmụ nwanyị : 2010–11, 2011–12, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22 '''France''' * UEFA Women's Nations League onye gbara ọsọ: 2023–24 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Spain 2-0 France: World champions win Women's Nations League final|url=https://www.uefa.com/womensnationsleague/news/028a-1a4aba27d661-5b0816d2dceb-1000--spain-seal-nations-league-crown/|date=28 February 2024|accessdate=18 May 2024}}</ref> * Iko Saịprọs : 2012, 2014 * SheBelieves Cup : 2017 '''Onye''' * Bọọlụ ọla nke ụmụ nwanyị U-20 nke mba ụwa : 2008 * UNFP Player nke Afọ : 2009–10, 2014–15 * Otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị FIFA : 2015 * Ngosipụta ihe nrite ụmụnwaanyị nke afọ kacha elu: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18 * Egwuregwu Algarve kacha mma: 2015 * Onye mmeri kacha mma nke mba France: 2009–10, 2011–12, 2016–17 * Uefa Champions League ụmụ nwanyị kacha mma: 2011–12 * Otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị UEFA : 2013 * FIFPro : FIFA FIFPro World XI 2015, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fifpro.org/news/first-ever-women-s-world-xi-revealed/en/|work=2015 FIFPro Award|title=First Women's World XI Revealed|date=18 February 2016|accessdate=8 June 2019|publisher=[[FIFPro]] World Players' Union}}</ref> 2016 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fifpro.org/noticias/las-mejores-futbolistas-del-mundo-el-once-mundial/es/|work=2016 FIFPro Award|title=Las mejores futbolistas: el once mundial|date=8 March 2017|accessdate=8 June 2019|language=es|publisher=[[FIFPro]] World Players' Union}}</ref> * NWSL XI kacha mma : 2021 <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 17, 2021|title=NWSL Announces the Winners of Mastercard Inaugural 2021 Best XI Awards|url=https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/nwsl-announces-the-winners-of-mastercard-inaugural-2021-best-xi-awards|accessdate=January 10, 2022}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere okpu 100 ma ọ bụ karịa == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s3lnrknvf7s86qs86ry902a8cjmnqst 0 52794 674445 189751 2026-07-09T09:34:54Z Goodymeraj 16207 Fixed reference error 674445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Victoria Christopher Murray''' bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ America na onye dere akwụkwọ karịrị 30, nwere "ihe karịrị otu nde akwụkwọ na-ebipụta." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Victoria Christopher Murray|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/2204029/victoria-christopher-murray|accessdate=2022-05-30|work=Penguin Random House|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Murray na Queens, New York . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Author|url=https://victoriachristophermurray.com/author/|accessdate=2022-05-30|work=Victoria Christopher Murray|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts na nsogbu nzikọrịta ozi site na Mahadum Hampton <ref name=":1" /> na [[Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa|Master of Business Administration]] si New York University Stern School of Business . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Reid|first=Calvin|date=2014-02-03|title=Authors Launch Brown Girls Publishing|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/content-and-e-books/article/60900-two-authors-launch-brown-girls-publishing.html|accessdate=2022-05-30|work=Publishers Weekly|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Delta Sigma Theta . <ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ == Mgbe Murray rụchara ọrụ azụmaahịa afọ iri, ọ malitere ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ego maka Aegon, USA, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ itoolu. Murray bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ''Ọnwụnwa'', na 1997. Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ, ọ bịara mara ya maka akụkọ ifo Ndị Kraịst nke na-elekwasị anya na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ America America, ọ bụ ezie na ụdị ahụ adịghị adị mgbe ọ bipụtara ''Ọnwụnwa'' . Murray kwuru, sị, "Amaara m na m chọrọ ide akwụkwọ na-atọ ụtọ, na-akpali akpali ma tinye Chineke n'etiti ma ka nwere akwụkwọ ahụ bụrụ onye na-atụgharị ibe." <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2006-07-24|title=Murray Wins Wheatley|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=251|accessdate=2022-05-30|work=Shelf Awareness}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, Murray kọwara na ọ kpọrọ "akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo nke Ndị Kraịst asị," na-asị, "Echere m na ọ na-egbochi ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ anyị ... Anaghị m ede akwụkwọ maka ndị nọbu na chọọchị. Ọ bụrụ na m ga-ekwu ndị m na-agbalị inweta, ọ bụ ndị na-abanyeghị n’ọgbakọ. " <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ers|first=Joshunda S.|date=2011-12-09|title=Christian Fiction for African-Americans: A Dilemma|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/religion/article/49826-christian-fiction-for-african-americans-a-dilemma.html|accessdate=2022-05-30|work=Publishers Weekly|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibịa == nzikọrịta ozi site na Mahadum Hampton [1] na M akpali ma tinye Chineke n'etiti ma ka nwere akwụkwọ{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Murray, Victoria}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] k0b52okh2ye50tklkcr3z2ibmhcvrci 0 52851 674078 189822 2026-07-08T14:18:05Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 674078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mónica Martínez Pascual''' (amuru 16 Eprel 1975) bu onye nta akuko Spanish, ihe nlere na ihe ngosi onyonyo. Ọ malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya na-egosi ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mmemme ntorobịa mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ma gosipụta mmemme telivishọn na Antena 3, Cuatro, Intereconomía TV, Real Madrid TV, RTVE na Telecinco netwọk na Spain. Martínez bụ onye mgbasa ozi egwuregwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Antena 3 Noticias'' ''Antena 3 Noticias 2'' site na Septemba 2009 ruo Febụwarị 2010, yana wepụta oge abụọ nke mmemme telivishọn eziokwu ''Adam and Eve [ s ]'' na 2014 na 2015. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Na 16 Eprel 1975, a mụrụ Martínez na Madrid. <ref name="ZelebEntry">{{Cite web|title=Mónica Martínez|url=https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/|publisher=Zeleb|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170124/https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Charles III nke Madrid nwere akara ugo mmụta na Journalism wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na Nkwukọrịta Audiovisual na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid . <ref name="ElCat2013">{{Cite news|author=Jiménez|first=Roberto|title=Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, <ref name="DiezMinutos2021">{{Cite news|author=Carande|first=Daniel I.|title=Mónica Martínez: "Echo de menos la tele porque es lo que me gusta desde los quince años"|url=https://www.diezminutos.es/famosos-corazon/famosos-espanoles/a38146599/monica-martinez-entrevista-libro-hijos/|work=[[Diez Minutos]]|language=es|date=7 November 2021|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eweta mmemme ntorobịa Telecinco ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mgbe ekwenyechara nkwekọrịta na netwọkụ. <ref name="ElCat2013">{{Cite news|author=Jiménez|first=Roberto|title=Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJiménez2013">Jiménez, Roberto (23 September 2013). [https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076 "Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez joins Intereconomy to present sports&#x5D;. ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170122/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076 Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez mekwara ihe nlegharị anya na Osaka na Tokyo, abụọ na Japan, ma o dekwara banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere catwalk n'akwụkwọ ''El revés de la moda.'' ''La aventura de una modelo en Japón'' . <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="ABC2013" /> O gosikwara ''Telecupón [ es ]'' na 1999 na Telecinco. Na 2000, o gosipụtara oge nke asaa nke ihe ngosi Televisión Española (TVE) ''¿Qué apostamos?'' n'akụkụ Ramón García mgbe ọ gbanwere na netwọk telivishọn. <ref name="ABC2013" /> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html "El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro"] &#x5B;The Top 10 of Mónica Martínez: from a sexy icon on Antena 3 to a matchmaker from 'Adán y Eva' on Cuatro&#x5D; (in Spanish). Vertele. 9 December 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170148/https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Na 2001, Martínez kwagara na netwọk Antena 3 wee nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 2011 ebe ọ na-ewepụta mmemme maka ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ. <ref name="ElCat2013">{{Cite news|author=Jiménez|first=Roberto|title=Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJiménez2013">Jiménez, Roberto (23 September 2013). [https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076 "Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez joins Intereconomy to present sports&#x5D;. ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170122/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076 Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html "Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez, new signing for the sports section of Intereconomía&#x5D;. ''[[ABC (akwụkwọ akụkọ)|ABC]]'' (in Spanish). 23 September 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203043947/http://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html Archived] from the original on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Maka oge 2001/02, <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html "El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro"] &#x5B;The Top 10 of Mónica Martínez: from a sexy icon on Antena 3 to a matchmaker from 'Adán y Eva' on Cuatro&#x5D; (in Spanish). Vertele. 9 December 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170148/https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> ọ kwadoro mmemme egwu ''[[El show de los récords]]'' n'akụkụ Mar Saura na Manu Carreño . <ref name="ElCat2013" /> Martínez jikọtara asọmpi ''Hoy es tu Día'' na Alonso Caparrós n'otu netwọkụ yana mmemme pụrụ iche ''La Noche Más Wapa/Sexy de la Publicidad'' na Saura na El Gran Test n'akụkụ Carreño. <ref name="Vertele2014" /> N'oge oge telivishọn 2003/04, ya na Jaime Cantizano kwadoro ''Diario de una Boda'', bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na nkwadebe nke agbamakwụkwọ eze nke Eze Felipe VI n'ọdịnihu na Letizia Ortiz . <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Na 2004, Martínez bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iji sonye ndị otu mgbasa ozi abalị dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye ngosi na Real Madrid TV . <ref name="ABC2013" /> Ọ nọrọ na ọwa otu afọ na ọkara tupu ọ laghachi Antena 3. <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="FTVBlog">{{Cite web|title=¿Qué ha pasado con Mónica Martínez?|url=https://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez/|publisher=Formula TV|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321025030/http://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez}}</ref> Site na Julaị 2006 gaa n'ihu, Martínez kwadoro Carlos Sobera ''El Gran Test de la Conducción'' nke gosipụtara ndị sonyere na-anwale na ihe ọmụma ha gbasara nchekwa na iwu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Carlos Sobera y Mónica Martínez presentan 'El gran test de la conducción'|url=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia-carlos-sobera-monica-martinez-presentan-gran-test-conduccion-20060701134620.html|publisher=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|language=es|date=1 July 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<br /><br />{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez regresa a Antena 3 con "El Gran Test de la Conducción"|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-gran-conduccion_1_7782329.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=22 June 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kemgbe 2009, ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu bụ Fernando Timón onye na-arụ ọrụ maka Telemadrid na RTVE. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 "La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez"] &#x5B;The great 'sinner' Mónica Martínez&#x5D;. ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' (in Spanish). 15 September 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170123/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 287j65igxwten9k9p3kiba2rlfjpp2i 674079 674078 2026-07-08T14:19:22Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 674079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mónica Martínez Pascual''' (amuru 16 Eprel 1975) bu onye nta akuko Spanish, ihe nlere na ihe ngosi onyonyo. Ọ malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya na-egosi ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mmemme ntorobịa mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ma gosipụta mmemme telivishọn na Antena 3, Cuatro, Intereconomía TV, Real Madrid TV, RTVE na Telecinco netwọk na Spain. Martínez bụ onye mgbasa ozi egwuregwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Antena 3 Noticias'' ''Antena 3 Noticias 2'' site na Septemba 2009 ruo Febụwarị 2010, yana wepụta oge abụọ nke mmemme telivishọn eziokwu ''Adam and Eve [ s ]'' na 2014 na 2015. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Na 16 Eprel 1975, a mụrụ Martínez na Madrid. <ref name="ZelebEntry">{{Cite web|title=Mónica Martínez|url=https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/|publisher=Zeleb|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170124/https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Charles III nke Madrid nwere akara ugo mmụta na Journalism wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na Nkwukọrịta Audiovisual na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid . <ref name="ElCat2013">{{Cite news|author=Jiménez|first=Roberto|title=Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, <ref name="DiezMinutos2021">{{Cite news|author=Carande|first=Daniel I.|title=Mónica Martínez: "Echo de menos la tele porque es lo que me gusta desde los quince años"|url=https://www.diezminutos.es/famosos-corazon/famosos-espanoles/a38146599/monica-martinez-entrevista-libro-hijos/|work=[[Diez Minutos]]|language=es|date=7 November 2021|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eweta mmemme ntorobịa Telecinco ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mgbe ekwenyechara nkwekọrịta na netwọkụ. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez mekwara ihe nlegharị anya na Osaka na Tokyo, abụọ na Japan, ma o dekwara banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere catwalk n'akwụkwọ ''El revés de la moda.'' ''La aventura de una modelo en Japón'' . <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="ABC2013" /> O gosikwara ''Telecupón [ es ]'' na 1999 na Telecinco. Na 2000, o gosipụtara oge nke asaa nke ihe ngosi Televisión Española (TVE) ''¿Qué apostamos?'' n'akụkụ Ramón García mgbe ọ gbanwere na netwọk telivishọn. <ref name="ABC2013" /> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html "El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro"] &#x5B;The Top 10 of Mónica Martínez: from a sexy icon on Antena 3 to a matchmaker from 'Adán y Eva' on Cuatro&#x5D; (in Spanish). Vertele. 9 December 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170148/https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Na 2001, Martínez kwagara na netwọk Antena 3 wee nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 2011 ebe ọ na-ewepụta mmemme maka ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ. <ref name="ElCat2013">{{Cite news|author=Jiménez|first=Roberto|title=Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJiménez2013">Jiménez, Roberto (23 September 2013). [https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076 "Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez joins Intereconomy to present sports&#x5D;. ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170122/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076 Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html "Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez, new signing for the sports section of Intereconomía&#x5D;. ''[[ABC (akwụkwọ akụkọ)|ABC]]'' (in Spanish). 23 September 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203043947/http://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html Archived] from the original on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Maka oge 2001/02, <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html "El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro"] &#x5B;The Top 10 of Mónica Martínez: from a sexy icon on Antena 3 to a matchmaker from 'Adán y Eva' on Cuatro&#x5D; (in Spanish). Vertele. 9 December 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170148/https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> ọ kwadoro mmemme egwu ''[[El show de los récords]]'' n'akụkụ Mar Saura na Manu Carreño . <ref name="ElCat2013" /> Martínez jikọtara asọmpi ''Hoy es tu Día'' na Alonso Caparrós n'otu netwọkụ yana mmemme pụrụ iche ''La Noche Más Wapa/Sexy de la Publicidad'' na Saura na El Gran Test n'akụkụ Carreño. <ref name="Vertele2014" /> N'oge oge telivishọn 2003/04, ya na Jaime Cantizano kwadoro ''Diario de una Boda'', bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na nkwadebe nke agbamakwụkwọ eze nke Eze Felipe VI n'ọdịnihu na Letizia Ortiz . <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Na 2004, Martínez bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iji sonye ndị otu mgbasa ozi abalị dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye ngosi na Real Madrid TV . <ref name="ABC2013" /> Ọ nọrọ na ọwa otu afọ na ọkara tupu ọ laghachi Antena 3. <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="FTVBlog">{{Cite web|title=¿Qué ha pasado con Mónica Martínez?|url=https://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez/|publisher=Formula TV|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321025030/http://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez}}</ref> Site na Julaị 2006 gaa n'ihu, Martínez kwadoro Carlos Sobera ''El Gran Test de la Conducción'' nke gosipụtara ndị sonyere na-anwale na ihe ọmụma ha gbasara nchekwa na iwu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Carlos Sobera y Mónica Martínez presentan 'El gran test de la conducción'|url=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia-carlos-sobera-monica-martinez-presentan-gran-test-conduccion-20060701134620.html|publisher=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|language=es|date=1 July 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<br /><br />{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez regresa a Antena 3 con "El Gran Test de la Conducción"|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-gran-conduccion_1_7782329.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=22 June 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kemgbe 2009, ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu bụ Fernando Timón onye na-arụ ọrụ maka Telemadrid na RTVE. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 "La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez"] &#x5B;The great 'sinner' Mónica Martínez&#x5D;. ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' (in Spanish). 15 September 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170123/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6mjspbd8jk3xzw5x491wzf7wg1uwoy6 674080 674079 2026-07-08T14:21:07Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 674080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mónica Martínez Pascual''' (amuru 16 Eprel 1975) bu onye nta akuko Spanish, ihe nlere na ihe ngosi onyonyo. Ọ malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya na-egosi ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mmemme ntorobịa mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ma gosipụta mmemme telivishọn na Antena 3, Cuatro, Intereconomía TV, Real Madrid TV, RTVE na Telecinco netwọk na Spain. Martínez bụ onye mgbasa ozi egwuregwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Antena 3 Noticias'' ''Antena 3 Noticias 2'' site na Septemba 2009 ruo Febụwarị 2010, yana wepụta oge abụọ nke mmemme telivishọn eziokwu ''Adam and Eve [ s ]'' na 2014 na 2015. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Na 16 Eprel 1975, a mụrụ Martínez na Madrid. <ref name="ZelebEntry">{{Cite web|title=Mónica Martínez|url=https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/|publisher=Zeleb|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170124/https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Charles III nke Madrid nwere akara ugo mmụta na Journalism wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na Nkwukọrịta Audiovisual na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid . <ref name="ElCat2013">{{Cite news|author=Jiménez|first=Roberto|title=Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, <ref name="DiezMinutos2021">{{Cite news|author=Carande|first=Daniel I.|title=Mónica Martínez: "Echo de menos la tele porque es lo que me gusta desde los quince años"|url=https://www.diezminutos.es/famosos-corazon/famosos-espanoles/a38146599/monica-martinez-entrevista-libro-hijos/|work=[[Diez Minutos]]|language=es|date=7 November 2021|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eweta mmemme ntorobịa Telecinco ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mgbe ekwenyechara nkwekọrịta na netwọkụ. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez mekwara ihe nlegharị anya na Osaka na Tokyo, abụọ na Japan, ma o dekwara banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere catwalk n'akwụkwọ ''El revés de la moda.'' ''La aventura de una modelo en Japón'' . <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="ABC2013" /> O gosikwara ''Telecupón [ es ]'' na 1999 na Telecinco. Na 2000, o gosipụtara oge nke asaa nke ihe ngosi Televisión Española (TVE) ''¿Qué apostamos?'' n'akụkụ Ramón García mgbe ọ gbanwere na netwọk telivishọn. <ref name="ABC2013" /> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html "El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro"] &#x5B;The Top 10 of Mónica Martínez: from a sexy icon on Antena 3 to a matchmaker from 'Adán y Eva' on Cuatro&#x5D; (in Spanish). Vertele. 9 December 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170148/https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Na 2001, Martínez kwagara na netwọk Antena 3 wee nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 2011 ebe ọ na-ewepụta mmemme maka ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html "Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez, new signing for the sports section of Intereconomía&#x5D;. ''[[ABC (akwụkwọ akụkọ)|ABC]]'' (in Spanish). 23 September 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203043947/http://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html Archived] from the original on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Maka oge 2001/02, <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html "El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro"] &#x5B;The Top 10 of Mónica Martínez: from a sexy icon on Antena 3 to a matchmaker from 'Adán y Eva' on Cuatro&#x5D; (in Spanish). Vertele. 9 December 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170148/https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> ọ kwadoro mmemme egwu ''[[El show de los récords]]'' n'akụkụ Mar Saura na Manu Carreño . <ref name="ElCat2013" /> Martínez jikọtara asọmpi ''Hoy es tu Día'' na Alonso Caparrós n'otu netwọkụ yana mmemme pụrụ iche ''La Noche Más Wapa/Sexy de la Publicidad'' na Saura na El Gran Test n'akụkụ Carreño. <ref name="Vertele2014" /> N'oge oge telivishọn 2003/04, ya na Jaime Cantizano kwadoro ''Diario de una Boda'', bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na nkwadebe nke agbamakwụkwọ eze nke Eze Felipe VI n'ọdịnihu na Letizia Ortiz . <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Na 2004, Martínez bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iji sonye ndị otu mgbasa ozi abalị dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye ngosi na Real Madrid TV . <ref name="ABC2013" /> Ọ nọrọ na ọwa otu afọ na ọkara tupu ọ laghachi Antena 3. <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="FTVBlog">{{Cite web|title=¿Qué ha pasado con Mónica Martínez?|url=https://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez/|publisher=Formula TV|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321025030/http://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez}}</ref> Site na Julaị 2006 gaa n'ihu, Martínez kwadoro Carlos Sobera ''El Gran Test de la Conducción'' nke gosipụtara ndị sonyere na-anwale na ihe ọmụma ha gbasara nchekwa na iwu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Carlos Sobera y Mónica Martínez presentan 'El gran test de la conducción'|url=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia-carlos-sobera-monica-martinez-presentan-gran-test-conduccion-20060701134620.html|publisher=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|language=es|date=1 July 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<br /><br />{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez regresa a Antena 3 con "El Gran Test de la Conducción"|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-gran-conduccion_1_7782329.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=22 June 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kemgbe 2009, ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu bụ Fernando Timón onye na-arụ ọrụ maka Telemadrid na RTVE. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 "La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez"] &#x5B;The great 'sinner' Mónica Martínez&#x5D;. ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' (in Spanish). 15 September 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170123/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9bcglrgwq9il9sj2lhtmc5zb9zmwkrd 674081 674080 2026-07-08T14:22:58Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 674081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mónica Martínez Pascual''' (amuru 16 Eprel 1975) bu onye nta akuko Spanish, ihe nlere na ihe ngosi onyonyo. Ọ malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya na-egosi ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mmemme ntorobịa mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ma gosipụta mmemme telivishọn na Antena 3, Cuatro, Intereconomía TV, Real Madrid TV, RTVE na Telecinco netwọk na Spain. Martínez bụ onye mgbasa ozi egwuregwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Antena 3 Noticias'' ''Antena 3 Noticias 2'' site na Septemba 2009 ruo Febụwarị 2010, yana wepụta oge abụọ nke mmemme telivishọn eziokwu ''Adam and Eve [ s ]'' na 2014 na 2015. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Na 16 Eprel 1975, a mụrụ Martínez na Madrid. <ref name="ZelebEntry">{{Cite web|title=Mónica Martínez|url=https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/|publisher=Zeleb|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170124/https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Charles III nke Madrid nwere akara ugo mmụta na Journalism wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na Nkwukọrịta Audiovisual na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid . <ref name="ElCat2013">{{Cite news|author=Jiménez|first=Roberto|title=Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, <ref name="DiezMinutos2021">{{Cite news|author=Carande|first=Daniel I.|title=Mónica Martínez: "Echo de menos la tele porque es lo que me gusta desde los quince años"|url=https://www.diezminutos.es/famosos-corazon/famosos-espanoles/a38146599/monica-martinez-entrevista-libro-hijos/|work=[[Diez Minutos]]|language=es|date=7 November 2021|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eweta mmemme ntorobịa Telecinco ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mgbe ekwenyechara nkwekọrịta na netwọkụ. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez mekwara ihe nlegharị anya na Osaka na Tokyo, abụọ na Japan, ma o dekwara banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere catwalk n'akwụkwọ ''El revés de la moda.'' ''La aventura de una modelo en Japón'' . <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="ABC2013" /> O gosikwara ''Telecupón [ es ]'' na 1999 na Telecinco. Na 2000, o gosipụtara oge nke asaa nke ihe ngosi Televisión Española (TVE) ''¿Qué apostamos?'' n'akụkụ Ramón García mgbe ọ gbanwere na netwọk telivishọn. <ref name="ABC2013" /> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html "El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro"] &#x5B;The Top 10 of Mónica Martínez: from a sexy icon on Antena 3 to a matchmaker from 'Adán y Eva' on Cuatro&#x5D; (in Spanish). Vertele. 9 December 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170148/https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Na 2001, Martínez kwagara na netwọk Antena 3 wee nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 2011 ebe ọ na-ewepụta mmemme maka ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html "Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez, new signing for the sports section of Intereconomía&#x5D;. ''[[ABC (akwụkwọ akụkọ)|ABC]]'' (in Spanish). 23 September 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203043947/http://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html Archived] from the original on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Maka oge 2001/02, <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html "El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro"] &#x5B;The Top 10 of Mónica Martínez: from a sexy icon on Antena 3 to a matchmaker from 'Adán y Eva' on Cuatro&#x5D; (in Spanish). Vertele. 9 December 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170148/https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> ọ kwadoro mmemme egwu ''[[El show de los récords]]'' n'akụkụ Mar Saura na Manu Carreño . Martínez jikọtara asọmpi ''Hoy es tu Día'' na Alonso Caparrós n'otu netwọkụ yana mmemme pụrụ iche ''La Noche Más Wapa/Sexy de la Publicidad'' na Saura na El Gran Test n'akụkụ Carreño. <ref name="Vertele2014" /> N'oge oge telivishọn 2003/04, ya na Jaime Cantizano kwadoro ''Diario de una Boda'', bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na nkwadebe nke agbamakwụkwọ eze nke Eze Felipe VI n'ọdịnihu na Letizia Ortiz . <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Na 2004, Martínez bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iji sonye ndị otu mgbasa ozi abalị dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye ngosi na Real Madrid TV . <ref name="ABC2013" /> Ọ nọrọ na ọwa otu afọ na ọkara tupu ọ laghachi Antena 3. <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="FTVBlog">{{Cite web|title=¿Qué ha pasado con Mónica Martínez?|url=https://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez/|publisher=Formula TV|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321025030/http://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez}}</ref> Site na Julaị 2006 gaa n'ihu, Martínez kwadoro Carlos Sobera ''El Gran Test de la Conducción'' nke gosipụtara ndị sonyere na-anwale na ihe ọmụma ha gbasara nchekwa na iwu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Carlos Sobera y Mónica Martínez presentan 'El gran test de la conducción'|url=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia-carlos-sobera-monica-martinez-presentan-gran-test-conduccion-20060701134620.html|publisher=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|language=es|date=1 July 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<br /><br />{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez regresa a Antena 3 con "El Gran Test de la Conducción"|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-gran-conduccion_1_7782329.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=22 June 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kemgbe 2009, ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu bụ Fernando Timón onye na-arụ ọrụ maka Telemadrid na RTVE. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 "La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez"] &#x5B;The great 'sinner' Mónica Martínez&#x5D;. ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' (in Spanish). 15 September 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170123/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] p49scckl34dppl7y349mw3483cll51e 674082 674081 2026-07-08T14:24:57Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 674082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mónica Martínez Pascual''' (amuru 16 Eprel 1975) bu onye nta akuko Spanish, ihe nlere na ihe ngosi onyonyo. Ọ malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya na-egosi ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mmemme ntorobịa mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ma gosipụta mmemme telivishọn na Antena 3, Cuatro, Intereconomía TV, Real Madrid TV, RTVE na Telecinco netwọk na Spain. Martínez bụ onye mgbasa ozi egwuregwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Antena 3 Noticias'' ''Antena 3 Noticias 2'' site na Septemba 2009 ruo Febụwarị 2010, yana wepụta oge abụọ nke mmemme telivishọn eziokwu ''Adam and Eve [ s ]'' na 2014 na 2015. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Na 16 Eprel 1975, a mụrụ Martínez na Madrid. <ref name="ZelebEntry">{{Cite web|title=Mónica Martínez|url=https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/|publisher=Zeleb|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170124/https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Charles III nke Madrid nwere akara ugo mmụta na Journalism wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na Nkwukọrịta Audiovisual na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid . <ref name="ElCat2013">{{Cite news|author=Jiménez|first=Roberto|title=Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, <ref name="DiezMinutos2021">{{Cite news|author=Carande|first=Daniel I.|title=Mónica Martínez: "Echo de menos la tele porque es lo que me gusta desde los quince años"|url=https://www.diezminutos.es/famosos-corazon/famosos-espanoles/a38146599/monica-martinez-entrevista-libro-hijos/|work=[[Diez Minutos]]|language=es|date=7 November 2021|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eweta mmemme ntorobịa Telecinco ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mgbe ekwenyechara nkwekọrịta na netwọkụ. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez mekwara ihe nlegharị anya na Osaka na Tokyo, abụọ na Japan, ma o dekwara banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere catwalk n'akwụkwọ ''El revés de la moda.'' ''La aventura de una modelo en Japón'' . <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="ABC2013" /> O gosikwara ''Telecupón [ es ]'' na 1999 na Telecinco. Na 2000, o gosipụtara oge nke asaa nke ihe ngosi Televisión Española (TVE) ''¿Qué apostamos?'' n'akụkụ Ramón García mgbe ọ gbanwere na netwọk telivishọn. <ref name="ABC2013" /> Na 2001, Martínez kwagara na netwọk Antena 3 wee nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 2011 ebe ọ na-ewepụta mmemme maka ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html "Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez, new signing for the sports section of Intereconomía&#x5D;. ''[[ABC (akwụkwọ akụkọ)|ABC]]'' (in Spanish). 23 September 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203043947/http://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html Archived] from the original on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Maka oge 2001/02, <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html "El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro"] &#x5B;The Top 10 of Mónica Martínez: from a sexy icon on Antena 3 to a matchmaker from 'Adán y Eva' on Cuatro&#x5D; (in Spanish). Vertele. 9 December 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170148/https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> ọ kwadoro mmemme egwu ''[[El show de los récords]]'' n'akụkụ Mar Saura na Manu Carreño . Martínez jikọtara asọmpi ''Hoy es tu Día'' na Alonso Caparrós n'otu netwọkụ yana mmemme pụrụ iche ''La Noche Más Wapa/Sexy de la Publicidad'' na Saura na El Gran Test n'akụkụ Carreño. <ref name="Vertele2014" /> N'oge oge telivishọn 2003/04, ya na Jaime Cantizano kwadoro ''Diario de una Boda'', bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na nkwadebe nke agbamakwụkwọ eze nke Eze Felipe VI n'ọdịnihu na Letizia Ortiz . <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Na 2004, Martínez bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iji sonye ndị otu mgbasa ozi abalị dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye ngosi na Real Madrid TV . <ref name="ABC2013" /> Ọ nọrọ na ọwa otu afọ na ọkara tupu ọ laghachi Antena 3. <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="FTVBlog">{{Cite web|title=¿Qué ha pasado con Mónica Martínez?|url=https://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez/|publisher=Formula TV|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321025030/http://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez}}</ref> Site na Julaị 2006 gaa n'ihu, Martínez kwadoro Carlos Sobera ''El Gran Test de la Conducción'' nke gosipụtara ndị sonyere na-anwale na ihe ọmụma ha gbasara nchekwa na iwu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Carlos Sobera y Mónica Martínez presentan 'El gran test de la conducción'|url=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia-carlos-sobera-monica-martinez-presentan-gran-test-conduccion-20060701134620.html|publisher=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|language=es|date=1 July 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<br /><br />{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez regresa a Antena 3 con "El Gran Test de la Conducción"|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-gran-conduccion_1_7782329.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=22 June 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kemgbe 2009, ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu bụ Fernando Timón onye na-arụ ọrụ maka Telemadrid na RTVE. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 "La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez"] &#x5B;The great 'sinner' Mónica Martínez&#x5D;. ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' (in Spanish). 15 September 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170123/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] t0quzin76lmijb6op6hxvj2ivxk5kw0 674083 674082 2026-07-08T14:25:45Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 674083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mónica Martínez Pascual''' (amuru 16 Eprel 1975) bu onye nta akuko Spanish, ihe nlere na ihe ngosi onyonyo. Ọ malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya na-egosi ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mmemme ntorobịa mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ma gosipụta mmemme telivishọn na Antena 3, Cuatro, Intereconomía TV, Real Madrid TV, RTVE na Telecinco netwọk na Spain. Martínez bụ onye mgbasa ozi egwuregwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Antena 3 Noticias'' ''Antena 3 Noticias 2'' site na Septemba 2009 ruo Febụwarị 2010, yana wepụta oge abụọ nke mmemme telivishọn eziokwu ''Adam and Eve [ s ]'' na 2014 na 2015. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Na 16 Eprel 1975, a mụrụ Martínez na Madrid. <ref name="ZelebEntry">{{Cite web|title=Mónica Martínez|url=https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/|publisher=Zeleb|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170124/https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Charles III nke Madrid nwere akara ugo mmụta na Journalism wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na Nkwukọrịta Audiovisual na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid . <ref name="ElCat2013">{{Cite news|author=Jiménez|first=Roberto|title=Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, <ref name="DiezMinutos2021">{{Cite news|author=Carande|first=Daniel I.|title=Mónica Martínez: "Echo de menos la tele porque es lo que me gusta desde los quince años"|url=https://www.diezminutos.es/famosos-corazon/famosos-espanoles/a38146599/monica-martinez-entrevista-libro-hijos/|work=[[Diez Minutos]]|language=es|date=7 November 2021|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eweta mmemme ntorobịa Telecinco ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mgbe ekwenyechara nkwekọrịta na netwọkụ. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez mekwara ihe nlegharị anya na Osaka na Tokyo, abụọ na Japan, ma o dekwara banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere catwalk n'akwụkwọ ''El revés de la moda.'' ''La aventura de una modelo en Japón'' . <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="ABC2013" /> O gosikwara ''Telecupón [ es ]'' na 1999 na Telecinco. Na 2000, o gosipụtara oge nke asaa nke ihe ngosi Televisión Española (TVE) ''¿Qué apostamos?'' n'akụkụ Ramón García mgbe ọ gbanwere na netwọk telivishọn. <ref name="ABC2013" /> Na 2001, Martínez kwagara na netwọk Antena 3 wee nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 2011 ebe ọ na-ewepụta mmemme maka ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html "Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez, new signing for the sports section of Intereconomía&#x5D;. ''[[ABC (akwụkwọ akụkọ)|ABC]]'' (in Spanish). 23 September 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203043947/http://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html Archived] from the original on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Maka oge 2001/02, ọ kwadoro mmemme egwu ''[[El show de los récords]]'' n'akụkụ Mar Saura na Manu Carreño . Martínez jikọtara asọmpi ''Hoy es tu Día'' na Alonso Caparrós n'otu netwọkụ yana mmemme pụrụ iche ''La Noche Más Wapa/Sexy de la Publicidad'' na Saura na El Gran Test n'akụkụ Carreño. <ref name="Vertele2014" /> N'oge oge telivishọn 2003/04, ya na Jaime Cantizano kwadoro ''Diario de una Boda'', bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na nkwadebe nke agbamakwụkwọ eze nke Eze Felipe VI n'ọdịnihu na Letizia Ortiz . <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Na 2004, Martínez bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iji sonye ndị otu mgbasa ozi abalị dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye ngosi na Real Madrid TV . <ref name="ABC2013" /> Ọ nọrọ na ọwa otu afọ na ọkara tupu ọ laghachi Antena 3. <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="FTVBlog">{{Cite web|title=¿Qué ha pasado con Mónica Martínez?|url=https://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez/|publisher=Formula TV|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321025030/http://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez}}</ref> Site na Julaị 2006 gaa n'ihu, Martínez kwadoro Carlos Sobera ''El Gran Test de la Conducción'' nke gosipụtara ndị sonyere na-anwale na ihe ọmụma ha gbasara nchekwa na iwu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Carlos Sobera y Mónica Martínez presentan 'El gran test de la conducción'|url=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia-carlos-sobera-monica-martinez-presentan-gran-test-conduccion-20060701134620.html|publisher=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|language=es|date=1 July 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<br /><br />{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez regresa a Antena 3 con "El Gran Test de la Conducción"|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-gran-conduccion_1_7782329.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=22 June 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kemgbe 2009, ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu bụ Fernando Timón onye na-arụ ọrụ maka Telemadrid na RTVE. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 "La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez"] &#x5B;The great 'sinner' Mónica Martínez&#x5D;. ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' (in Spanish). 15 September 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170123/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3lbymv9dulmwr1dpeua6a1ek95g6cf6 674084 674083 2026-07-08T14:27:13Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 674084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mónica Martínez Pascual''' (amuru 16 Eprel 1975) bu onye nta akuko Spanish, ihe nlere na ihe ngosi onyonyo. Ọ malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya na-egosi ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mmemme ntorobịa mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ma gosipụta mmemme telivishọn na Antena 3, Cuatro, Intereconomía TV, Real Madrid TV, RTVE na Telecinco netwọk na Spain. Martínez bụ onye mgbasa ozi egwuregwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Antena 3 Noticias'' ''Antena 3 Noticias 2'' site na Septemba 2009 ruo Febụwarị 2010, yana wepụta oge abụọ nke mmemme telivishọn eziokwu ''Adam and Eve [ s ]'' na 2014 na 2015. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Na 16 Eprel 1975, a mụrụ Martínez na Madrid. <ref name="ZelebEntry">{{Cite web|title=Mónica Martínez|url=https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/|publisher=Zeleb|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170124/https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Charles III nke Madrid nwere akara ugo mmụta na Journalism wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na Nkwukọrịta Audiovisual na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid . <ref name="ElCat2013">{{Cite news|author=Jiménez|first=Roberto|title=Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, <ref name="DiezMinutos2021">{{Cite news|author=Carande|first=Daniel I.|title=Mónica Martínez: "Echo de menos la tele porque es lo que me gusta desde los quince años"|url=https://www.diezminutos.es/famosos-corazon/famosos-espanoles/a38146599/monica-martinez-entrevista-libro-hijos/|work=[[Diez Minutos]]|language=es|date=7 November 2021|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eweta mmemme ntorobịa Telecinco ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mgbe ekwenyechara nkwekọrịta na netwọkụ. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez mekwara ihe nlegharị anya na Osaka na Tokyo, abụọ na Japan, ma o dekwara banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere catwalk n'akwụkwọ ''El revés de la moda.'' ''La aventura de una modelo en Japón'' . <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> O gosikwara ''Telecupón [ es ]'' na 1999 na Telecinco. Na 2000, o gosipụtara oge nke asaa nke ihe ngosi Televisión Española (TVE) ''¿Qué apostamos?'' n'akụkụ Ramón García mgbe ọ gbanwere na netwọk telivishọn. <ref name="ABC2013" /> Na 2001, Martínez kwagara na netwọk Antena 3 wee nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 2011 ebe ọ na-ewepụta mmemme maka ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html "Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez, new signing for the sports section of Intereconomía&#x5D;. ''[[ABC (akwụkwọ akụkọ)|ABC]]'' (in Spanish). 23 September 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203043947/http://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html Archived] from the original on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Maka oge 2001/02, ọ kwadoro mmemme egwu ''[[El show de los récords]]'' n'akụkụ Mar Saura na Manu Carreño . Martínez jikọtara asọmpi ''Hoy es tu Día'' na Alonso Caparrós n'otu netwọkụ yana mmemme pụrụ iche ''La Noche Más Wapa/Sexy de la Publicidad'' na Saura na El Gran Test n'akụkụ Carreño. <ref name="Vertele2014" /> N'oge oge telivishọn 2003/04, ya na Jaime Cantizano kwadoro ''Diario de una Boda'', bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na nkwadebe nke agbamakwụkwọ eze nke Eze Felipe VI n'ọdịnihu na Letizia Ortiz . <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Na 2004, Martínez bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iji sonye ndị otu mgbasa ozi abalị dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye ngosi na Real Madrid TV . <ref name="ABC2013" /> Ọ nọrọ na ọwa otu afọ na ọkara tupu ọ laghachi Antena 3. <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="FTVBlog">{{Cite web|title=¿Qué ha pasado con Mónica Martínez?|url=https://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez/|publisher=Formula TV|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321025030/http://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez}}</ref> Site na Julaị 2006 gaa n'ihu, Martínez kwadoro Carlos Sobera ''El Gran Test de la Conducción'' nke gosipụtara ndị sonyere na-anwale na ihe ọmụma ha gbasara nchekwa na iwu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Carlos Sobera y Mónica Martínez presentan 'El gran test de la conducción'|url=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia-carlos-sobera-monica-martinez-presentan-gran-test-conduccion-20060701134620.html|publisher=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|language=es|date=1 July 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<br /><br />{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez regresa a Antena 3 con "El Gran Test de la Conducción"|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-gran-conduccion_1_7782329.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=22 June 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kemgbe 2009, ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu bụ Fernando Timón onye na-arụ ọrụ maka Telemadrid na RTVE. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 "La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez"] &#x5B;The great 'sinner' Mónica Martínez&#x5D;. ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' (in Spanish). 15 September 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170123/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8iaay1bevscqdya2vp4l72jv2lucqgg 674085 674084 2026-07-08T14:27:51Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Ọrụ */ fixed reference 674085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mónica Martínez Pascual''' (amuru 16 Eprel 1975) bu onye nta akuko Spanish, ihe nlere na ihe ngosi onyonyo. Ọ malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya na-egosi ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mmemme ntorobịa mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ma gosipụta mmemme telivishọn na Antena 3, Cuatro, Intereconomía TV, Real Madrid TV, RTVE na Telecinco netwọk na Spain. Martínez bụ onye mgbasa ozi egwuregwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Antena 3 Noticias'' ''Antena 3 Noticias 2'' site na Septemba 2009 ruo Febụwarị 2010, yana wepụta oge abụọ nke mmemme telivishọn eziokwu ''Adam and Eve [ s ]'' na 2014 na 2015. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Na 16 Eprel 1975, a mụrụ Martínez na Madrid. <ref name="ZelebEntry">{{Cite web|title=Mónica Martínez|url=https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/|publisher=Zeleb|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170124/https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Charles III nke Madrid nwere akara ugo mmụta na Journalism wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na Nkwukọrịta Audiovisual na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid . <ref name="ElCat2013">{{Cite news|author=Jiménez|first=Roberto|title=Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, <ref name="DiezMinutos2021">{{Cite news|author=Carande|first=Daniel I.|title=Mónica Martínez: "Echo de menos la tele porque es lo que me gusta desde los quince años"|url=https://www.diezminutos.es/famosos-corazon/famosos-espanoles/a38146599/monica-martinez-entrevista-libro-hijos/|work=[[Diez Minutos]]|language=es|date=7 November 2021|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eweta mmemme ntorobịa Telecinco ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mgbe ekwenyechara nkwekọrịta na netwọkụ. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez mekwara ihe nlegharị anya na Osaka na Tokyo, abụọ na Japan, ma o dekwara banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere catwalk n'akwụkwọ ''El revés de la moda.'' ''La aventura de una modelo en Japón'' . <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> O gosikwara ''Telecupón [ es ]'' na 1999 na Telecinco. Na 2000, o gosipụtara oge nke asaa nke ihe ngosi Televisión Española (TVE) ''¿Qué apostamos?'' n'akụkụ Ramón García mgbe ọ gbanwere na netwọk telivishọn. Na 2001, Martínez kwagara na netwọk Antena 3 wee nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 2011 ebe ọ na-ewepụta mmemme maka ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html "Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez, new signing for the sports section of Intereconomía&#x5D;. ''[[ABC (akwụkwọ akụkọ)|ABC]]'' (in Spanish). 23 September 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203043947/http://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html Archived] from the original on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Maka oge 2001/02, ọ kwadoro mmemme egwu ''[[El show de los récords]]'' n'akụkụ Mar Saura na Manu Carreño . Martínez jikọtara asọmpi ''Hoy es tu Día'' na Alonso Caparrós n'otu netwọkụ yana mmemme pụrụ iche ''La Noche Más Wapa/Sexy de la Publicidad'' na Saura na El Gran Test n'akụkụ Carreño. <ref name="Vertele2014" /> N'oge oge telivishọn 2003/04, ya na Jaime Cantizano kwadoro ''Diario de una Boda'', bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na nkwadebe nke agbamakwụkwọ eze nke Eze Felipe VI n'ọdịnihu na Letizia Ortiz . <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Na 2004, Martínez bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iji sonye ndị otu mgbasa ozi abalị dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye ngosi na Real Madrid TV . <ref name="ABC2013" /> Ọ nọrọ na ọwa otu afọ na ọkara tupu ọ laghachi Antena 3. <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="FTVBlog">{{Cite web|title=¿Qué ha pasado con Mónica Martínez?|url=https://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez/|publisher=Formula TV|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321025030/http://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez}}</ref> Site na Julaị 2006 gaa n'ihu, Martínez kwadoro Carlos Sobera ''El Gran Test de la Conducción'' nke gosipụtara ndị sonyere na-anwale na ihe ọmụma ha gbasara nchekwa na iwu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Carlos Sobera y Mónica Martínez presentan 'El gran test de la conducción'|url=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia-carlos-sobera-monica-martinez-presentan-gran-test-conduccion-20060701134620.html|publisher=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|language=es|date=1 July 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<br /><br />{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez regresa a Antena 3 con "El Gran Test de la Conducción"|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-gran-conduccion_1_7782329.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=22 June 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kemgbe 2009, ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu bụ Fernando Timón onye na-arụ ọrụ maka Telemadrid na RTVE. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 "La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez"] &#x5B;The great 'sinner' Mónica Martínez&#x5D;. ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' (in Spanish). 15 September 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170123/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kf5t3kcul4x3ku5ludbvuetry37qx6o 674086 674085 2026-07-08T14:28:31Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Ọrụ */ fixed reference 674086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mónica Martínez Pascual''' (amuru 16 Eprel 1975) bu onye nta akuko Spanish, ihe nlere na ihe ngosi onyonyo. Ọ malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya na-egosi ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mmemme ntorobịa mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ma gosipụta mmemme telivishọn na Antena 3, Cuatro, Intereconomía TV, Real Madrid TV, RTVE na Telecinco netwọk na Spain. Martínez bụ onye mgbasa ozi egwuregwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Antena 3 Noticias'' ''Antena 3 Noticias 2'' site na Septemba 2009 ruo Febụwarị 2010, yana wepụta oge abụọ nke mmemme telivishọn eziokwu ''Adam and Eve [ s ]'' na 2014 na 2015. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Na 16 Eprel 1975, a mụrụ Martínez na Madrid. <ref name="ZelebEntry">{{Cite web|title=Mónica Martínez|url=https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/|publisher=Zeleb|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170124/https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Charles III nke Madrid nwere akara ugo mmụta na Journalism wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na Nkwukọrịta Audiovisual na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid . <ref name="ElCat2013">{{Cite news|author=Jiménez|first=Roberto|title=Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, <ref name="DiezMinutos2021">{{Cite news|author=Carande|first=Daniel I.|title=Mónica Martínez: "Echo de menos la tele porque es lo que me gusta desde los quince años"|url=https://www.diezminutos.es/famosos-corazon/famosos-espanoles/a38146599/monica-martinez-entrevista-libro-hijos/|work=[[Diez Minutos]]|language=es|date=7 November 2021|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eweta mmemme ntorobịa Telecinco ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mgbe ekwenyechara nkwekọrịta na netwọkụ. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez mekwara ihe nlegharị anya na Osaka na Tokyo, abụọ na Japan, ma o dekwara banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere catwalk n'akwụkwọ ''El revés de la moda.'' ''La aventura de una modelo en Japón'' . <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> O gosikwara ''Telecupón [ es ]'' na 1999 na Telecinco. Na 2000, o gosipụtara oge nke asaa nke ihe ngosi Televisión Española (TVE) ''¿Qué apostamos?'' n'akụkụ Ramón García mgbe ọ gbanwere na netwọk telivishọn. Na 2001, Martínez kwagara na netwọk Antena 3 wee nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 2011 ebe ọ na-ewepụta mmemme maka ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ. Maka oge 2001/02, ọ kwadoro mmemme egwu ''[[El show de los récords]]'' n'akụkụ Mar Saura na Manu Carreño . Martínez jikọtara asọmpi ''Hoy es tu Día'' na Alonso Caparrós n'otu netwọkụ yana mmemme pụrụ iche ''La Noche Más Wapa/Sexy de la Publicidad'' na Saura na El Gran Test n'akụkụ Carreño. <ref name="Vertele2014" /> N'oge oge telivishọn 2003/04, ya na Jaime Cantizano kwadoro ''Diario de una Boda'', bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na nkwadebe nke agbamakwụkwọ eze nke Eze Felipe VI n'ọdịnihu na Letizia Ortiz . <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Na 2004, Martínez bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iji sonye ndị otu mgbasa ozi abalị dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye ngosi na Real Madrid TV . <ref name="ABC2013" /> Ọ nọrọ na ọwa otu afọ na ọkara tupu ọ laghachi Antena 3. <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="FTVBlog">{{Cite web|title=¿Qué ha pasado con Mónica Martínez?|url=https://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez/|publisher=Formula TV|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321025030/http://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez}}</ref> Site na Julaị 2006 gaa n'ihu, Martínez kwadoro Carlos Sobera ''El Gran Test de la Conducción'' nke gosipụtara ndị sonyere na-anwale na ihe ọmụma ha gbasara nchekwa na iwu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Carlos Sobera y Mónica Martínez presentan 'El gran test de la conducción'|url=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia-carlos-sobera-monica-martinez-presentan-gran-test-conduccion-20060701134620.html|publisher=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|language=es|date=1 July 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<br /><br />{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez regresa a Antena 3 con "El Gran Test de la Conducción"|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-gran-conduccion_1_7782329.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=22 June 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kemgbe 2009, ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu bụ Fernando Timón onye na-arụ ọrụ maka Telemadrid na RTVE. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 "La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez"] &#x5B;The great 'sinner' Mónica Martínez&#x5D;. ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' (in Spanish). 15 September 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170123/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] plu1kzzjte64vf4008wixqc1nq97po2 674087 674086 2026-07-08T14:29:32Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Ọrụ */ fixed reference 674087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mónica Martínez Pascual''' (amuru 16 Eprel 1975) bu onye nta akuko Spanish, ihe nlere na ihe ngosi onyonyo. Ọ malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya na-egosi ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mmemme ntorobịa mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ma gosipụta mmemme telivishọn na Antena 3, Cuatro, Intereconomía TV, Real Madrid TV, RTVE na Telecinco netwọk na Spain. Martínez bụ onye mgbasa ozi egwuregwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Antena 3 Noticias'' ''Antena 3 Noticias 2'' site na Septemba 2009 ruo Febụwarị 2010, yana wepụta oge abụọ nke mmemme telivishọn eziokwu ''Adam and Eve [ s ]'' na 2014 na 2015. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Na 16 Eprel 1975, a mụrụ Martínez na Madrid. <ref name="ZelebEntry">{{Cite web|title=Mónica Martínez|url=https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/|publisher=Zeleb|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170124/https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Charles III nke Madrid nwere akara ugo mmụta na Journalism wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na Nkwukọrịta Audiovisual na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid . <ref name="ElCat2013">{{Cite news|author=Jiménez|first=Roberto|title=Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, <ref name="DiezMinutos2021">{{Cite news|author=Carande|first=Daniel I.|title=Mónica Martínez: "Echo de menos la tele porque es lo que me gusta desde los quince años"|url=https://www.diezminutos.es/famosos-corazon/famosos-espanoles/a38146599/monica-martinez-entrevista-libro-hijos/|work=[[Diez Minutos]]|language=es|date=7 November 2021|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eweta mmemme ntorobịa Telecinco ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mgbe ekwenyechara nkwekọrịta na netwọkụ. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez mekwara ihe nlegharị anya na Osaka na Tokyo, abụọ na Japan, ma o dekwara banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere catwalk n'akwụkwọ ''El revés de la moda.'' ''La aventura de una modelo en Japón'' . <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> O gosikwara ''Telecupón [ es ]'' na 1999 na Telecinco. Na 2000, o gosipụtara oge nke asaa nke ihe ngosi Televisión Española (TVE) ''¿Qué apostamos?'' n'akụkụ Ramón García mgbe ọ gbanwere na netwọk telivishọn. Na 2001, Martínez kwagara na netwọk Antena 3 wee nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 2011 ebe ọ na-ewepụta mmemme maka ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ. Maka oge 2001/02, ọ kwadoro mmemme egwu ''[[El show de los récords]]'' n'akụkụ Mar Saura na Manu Carreño . Martínez jikọtara asọmpi ''Hoy es tu Día'' na Alonso Caparrós n'otu netwọkụ yana mmemme pụrụ iche ''La Noche Más Wapa/Sexy de la Publicidad'' na Saura na El Gran Test n'akụkụ Carreño. <ref name="Vertele2014" /> N'oge oge telivishọn 2003/04, ya na Jaime Cantizano kwadoro ''Diario de una Boda'', bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na nkwadebe nke agbamakwụkwọ eze nke Eze Felipe VI n'ọdịnihu na Letizia Ortiz . <ref name="ElCat2013" /> Na 2004, Martínez bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iji sonye ndị otu mgbasa ozi abalị dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye ngosi na Real Madrid TV . <ref name="ABC2013" /> Ọ nọrọ na ọwa otu afọ na ọkara tupu ọ laghachi Antena 3. <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="FTVBlog">{{Cite web|title=¿Qué ha pasado con Mónica Martínez?|url=https://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez/|publisher=Formula TV|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321025030/http://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez}}</ref> Site na Julaị 2006 gaa n'ihu, Martínez kwadoro Carlos Sobera ''El Gran Test de la Conducción'' nke gosipụtara ndị sonyere na-anwale na ihe ọmụma ha gbasara nchekwa na iwu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Carlos Sobera y Mónica Martínez presentan 'El gran test de la conducción'|url=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia-carlos-sobera-monica-martinez-presentan-gran-test-conduccion-20060701134620.html|publisher=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|language=es|date=1 July 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<br /><br />{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez regresa a Antena 3 con "El Gran Test de la Conducción"|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-gran-conduccion_1_7782329.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=22 June 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kemgbe 2009, ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu bụ Fernando Timón onye na-arụ ọrụ maka Telemadrid na RTVE. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlabarrieta2020">Olabarrieta, Ane (24 July 2020). [https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html "Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros"] &#x5B;Mónica Martínez becomes a 'coach': she teaches you to speak in front of the camera for 79 euros&#x5D;. ''[[El Español]]'' (in Spanish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010756/https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 "La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez"] &#x5B;The great 'sinner' Mónica Martínez&#x5D;. ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' (in Spanish). 15 September 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170123/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ho16ftlsiiaov74km1b2sfxvyeppm1l 674090 674087 2026-07-08T14:31:35Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ Fixed reference 674090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mónica Martínez Pascual''' (amuru 16 Eprel 1975) bu onye nta akuko Spanish, ihe nlere na ihe ngosi onyonyo. Ọ malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya na-egosi ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mmemme ntorobịa mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ma gosipụta mmemme telivishọn na Antena 3, Cuatro, Intereconomía TV, Real Madrid TV, RTVE na Telecinco netwọk na Spain. Martínez bụ onye mgbasa ozi egwuregwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Antena 3 Noticias'' ''Antena 3 Noticias 2'' site na Septemba 2009 ruo Febụwarị 2010, yana wepụta oge abụọ nke mmemme telivishọn eziokwu ''Adam and Eve [ s ]'' na 2014 na 2015. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Na 16 Eprel 1975, a mụrụ Martínez na Madrid. <ref name="ZelebEntry">{{Cite web|title=Mónica Martínez|url=https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/|publisher=Zeleb|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170124/https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Charles III nke Madrid nwere akara ugo mmụta na Journalism wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na Nkwukọrịta Audiovisual na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid . <ref name="ElCat2013">{{Cite news|author=Jiménez|first=Roberto|title=Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, <ref name="DiezMinutos2021">{{Cite news|author=Carande|first=Daniel I.|title=Mónica Martínez: "Echo de menos la tele porque es lo que me gusta desde los quince años"|url=https://www.diezminutos.es/famosos-corazon/famosos-espanoles/a38146599/monica-martinez-entrevista-libro-hijos/|work=[[Diez Minutos]]|language=es|date=7 November 2021|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eweta mmemme ntorobịa Telecinco ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mgbe ekwenyechara nkwekọrịta na netwọkụ. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez mekwara ihe nlegharị anya na Osaka na Tokyo, abụọ na Japan, ma o dekwara banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere catwalk n'akwụkwọ ''El revés de la moda.'' ''La aventura de una modelo en Japón'' . <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> O gosikwara ''Telecupón [ es ]'' na 1999 na Telecinco. Na 2000, o gosipụtara oge nke asaa nke ihe ngosi Televisión Española (TVE) ''¿Qué apostamos?'' n'akụkụ Ramón García mgbe ọ gbanwere na netwọk telivishọn. Na 2001, Martínez kwagara na netwọk Antena 3 wee nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 2011 ebe ọ na-ewepụta mmemme maka ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ. Maka oge 2001/02, ọ kwadoro mmemme egwu ''[[El show de los récords]]'' n'akụkụ Mar Saura na Manu Carreño . Martínez jikọtara asọmpi ''Hoy es tu Día'' na Alonso Caparrós n'otu netwọkụ yana mmemme pụrụ iche ''La Noche Más Wapa/Sexy de la Publicidad'' na Saura na El Gran Test n'akụkụ Carreño. <ref name="Vertele2014" /> N'oge oge telivishọn 2003/04, ya na Jaime Cantizano kwadoro ''Diario de una Boda'', bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na nkwadebe nke agbamakwụkwọ eze nke Eze Felipe VI n'ọdịnihu na Letizia Ortiz . <ref name="ElCat2013" /> Na 2004, Martínez bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iji sonye ndị otu mgbasa ozi abalị dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye ngosi na Real Madrid TV . <ref name="ABC2013" /> Ọ nọrọ na ọwa otu afọ na ọkara tupu ọ laghachi Antena 3. <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="FTVBlog">{{Cite web|title=¿Qué ha pasado con Mónica Martínez?|url=https://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez/|publisher=Formula TV|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321025030/http://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez}}</ref> Site na Julaị 2006 gaa n'ihu, Martínez kwadoro Carlos Sobera ''El Gran Test de la Conducción'' nke gosipụtara ndị sonyere na-anwale na ihe ọmụma ha gbasara nchekwa na iwu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Carlos Sobera y Mónica Martínez presentan 'El gran test de la conducción'|url=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia-carlos-sobera-monica-martinez-presentan-gran-test-conduccion-20060701134620.html|publisher=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|language=es|date=1 July 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<br /><br />{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez regresa a Antena 3 con "El Gran Test de la Conducción"|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-gran-conduccion_1_7782329.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=22 June 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kemgbe 2009, ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu bụ Fernando Timón onye na-arụ ọrụ maka Telemadrid na RTVE. Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 "La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez"] &#x5B;The great 'sinner' Mónica Martínez&#x5D;. ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' (in Spanish). 15 September 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170123/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555 Archived] from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c105mmlobqkxn6i2s6aop0d6jxro5d6 674093 674090 2026-07-08T14:32:46Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 674093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mónica Martínez Pascual''' (amuru 16 Eprel 1975) bu onye nta akuko Spanish, ihe nlere na ihe ngosi onyonyo. Ọ malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya na-egosi ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mmemme ntorobịa mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ma gosipụta mmemme telivishọn na Antena 3, Cuatro, Intereconomía TV, Real Madrid TV, RTVE na Telecinco netwọk na Spain. Martínez bụ onye mgbasa ozi egwuregwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Antena 3 Noticias'' ''Antena 3 Noticias 2'' site na Septemba 2009 ruo Febụwarị 2010, yana wepụta oge abụọ nke mmemme telivishọn eziokwu ''Adam and Eve [ s ]'' na 2014 na 2015. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Na 16 Eprel 1975, a mụrụ Martínez na Madrid. <ref name="ZelebEntry">{{Cite web|title=Mónica Martínez|url=https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/|publisher=Zeleb|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170124/https://zeleb.publico.es/noticia/people-tv-series/monica-martinez/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Charles III nke Madrid nwere akara ugo mmụta na Journalism wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na Nkwukọrịta Audiovisual na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid . <ref name="ElCat2013">{{Cite news|author=Jiménez|first=Roberto|title=Mónica Martínez se incorpora a Intereconomía para presentar los deportes|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20130923/monica-martinez-incorpora-intereconomia-presentar-6867076|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Vertele2014">{{Cite news|title=El Top 10 de Mónica Martínez: de icono sexy en Antena 3 a celestina de 'Adán y Eva' en Cuatro|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-adan-eva_1_7628731.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, <ref name="DiezMinutos2021">{{Cite news|author=Carande|first=Daniel I.|title=Mónica Martínez: "Echo de menos la tele porque es lo que me gusta desde los quince años"|url=https://www.diezminutos.es/famosos-corazon/famosos-espanoles/a38146599/monica-martinez-entrevista-libro-hijos/|work=[[Diez Minutos]]|language=es|date=7 November 2021|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez malitere ọrụ telivishọn ya. <ref name="ABC2013">{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez, nuevo fichaje para la sección de deportes de Intereconomía|url=https://www.abc.es/tv/20130923/abci-monica-martinez-fichaje-intereconomia-201309231320.html|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es|date=23 September 2013|accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eweta mmemme ntorobịa Telecinco ''La quinta marcha [ es ]'' mgbe ekwenyechara nkwekọrịta na netwọkụ. <ref name="ElEspanol2020">{{Cite news|author=Olabarrieta|first=Ane|title=Mónica Martínez se convierte en 'coach': te enseña a hablar ante la cámara por 79 euros|url=https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/television/20200724/monica-martinez-convierte-coach-ensena-hablar-camara/507449570_0.html|work=[[El Español]]|language=es|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Martínez mekwara ihe nlegharị anya na Osaka na Tokyo, abụọ na Japan, ma o dekwara banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere catwalk n'akwụkwọ ''El revés de la moda.'' ''La aventura de una modelo en Japón'' . <ref name="ElCat2015">{{Cite news|title=La gran 'pecadora' Mónica Martínez|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/gente/20150915/gran-pecadora-monica-martinez-4510555|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=es|date=15 September 2015|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> O gosikwara ''Telecupón [ es ]'' na 1999 na Telecinco. Na 2000, o gosipụtara oge nke asaa nke ihe ngosi Televisión Española (TVE) ''¿Qué apostamos?'' n'akụkụ Ramón García mgbe ọ gbanwere na netwọk telivishọn. Na 2001, Martínez kwagara na netwọk Antena 3 wee nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 2011 ebe ọ na-ewepụta mmemme maka ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ. Maka oge 2001/02, ọ kwadoro mmemme egwu ''[[El show de los récords]]'' n'akụkụ Mar Saura na Manu Carreño . Martínez jikọtara asọmpi ''Hoy es tu Día'' na Alonso Caparrós n'otu netwọkụ yana mmemme pụrụ iche ''La Noche Más Wapa/Sexy de la Publicidad'' na Saura na El Gran Test n'akụkụ Carreño. <ref name="Vertele2014" /> N'oge oge telivishọn 2003/04, ya na Jaime Cantizano kwadoro ''Diario de una Boda'', bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na nkwadebe nke agbamakwụkwọ eze nke Eze Felipe VI n'ọdịnihu na Letizia Ortiz . <ref name="ElCat2013" /> Na 2004, Martínez bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iji sonye ndị otu mgbasa ozi abalị dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye ngosi na Real Madrid TV . <ref name="ABC2013" /> Ọ nọrọ na ọwa otu afọ na ọkara tupu ọ laghachi Antena 3. <ref name="ElCat2013" /> <ref name="FTVBlog">{{Cite web|title=¿Qué ha pasado con Mónica Martínez?|url=https://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez/|publisher=Formula TV|language=es|accessdate=19 April 2022|archivedate=21 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321025030/http://blogs.formulatv.com/tv-enchufados/que-ha-pasado-con-monica-martinez}}</ref> Site na Julaị 2006 gaa n'ihu, Martínez kwadoro Carlos Sobera ''El Gran Test de la Conducción'' nke gosipụtara ndị sonyere na-anwale na ihe ọmụma ha gbasara nchekwa na iwu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Carlos Sobera y Mónica Martínez presentan 'El gran test de la conducción'|url=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia-carlos-sobera-monica-martinez-presentan-gran-test-conduccion-20060701134620.html|publisher=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|language=es|date=1 July 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}<br /><br />{{Cite news|title=Mónica Martínez regresa a Antena 3 con "El Gran Test de la Conducción"|url=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/monica-martinez-antena-gran-conduccion_1_7782329.html|publisher=Vertele|language=es|date=22 June 2006|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kemgbe 2009, ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu bụ Fernando Timón onye na-arụ ọrụ maka Telemadrid na RTVE. Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9gvyn1etx9dkp3izsebpiayzoku1gbu 0 53155 674259 671972 2026-07-08T20:28:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674259 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Marie_Mejzlíková_1922.jpg|thumb|199x199px| Marie Mejzlíková nke Abụọ]] [[Usòrò:Mary_Lines_1921b.jpg|thumb|199x199px| Mary Lines]] [[Usòrò:Lucie_Bréard_1920_(cropped).jpg|thumb|106x106px| Lucie Bréard]] [[Usòrò:Camille_Sabie_1922.jpg|thumb|198x198px| Camille Sabie]] [[Usòrò:Hilda_Hatt_1922.jpg|thumb|217x217px| Hilda Hatt]] [[Usòrò:Francesca_Pianzola_1922.jpg|thumb|129x129px| Francesca Pianzola]] [[Usòrò:Lucile_Godbold_1922.jpg|thumb|157x157px| Lucile Godbold]] '''Egwuregwu ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị afọ 1922''' (French '''Jeux Olympiques Féminin''', nakwa "Egwuregwu Olimpik nke Ụmụ nwanyị") bụ egwuregwu mba ụwa nke mbụ mgbe niile na asọmpi Track na ubi mbụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Emere asọmpi a n'otu ụbọchị na ọnwa Ọgọst iri abuo, afọ 1922. na Pershing Stadium na Paris . == Ihe omume == Egwuregwu ndị ahụ bụ nke Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale haziri n'okpuru Alice Milliat<ref name="A">{{Cite journal|author=Kidd|first=Bruce|title=The Women's Olympic Games: Important Breakthrough Obscured By Time|journal=CAAWS Action Bulletin|year=1994|url=http://www.caaws-womenatthegames.ca/olympics/2004/history/womens_games.cfm|accessdate=10 December 2013}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKidd1994">Kidd, Bruce (1994). . ''CAAWS Action Bulletin''. Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women and Sport and Physical Activity. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222439/http://www.caaws-womenatthegames.ca/olympics/2004/history/womens_games.cfm the original] on 2 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="B">[https://books.google.com/books?id=9gzLNx0cqzcC&dq=Monte+Carlo+1921+Olympiades+Feminines&pg=PA97 Laurence Prudhomme-Poncet], "Histoire du football féminin au XXe siècle" L'Harmattan 2003, page 99, Retrieved 10 December 2013</ref> dịka nzaghachi maka ịjụ nke Olimpik Kọmitii mba uwa itinye ihe omume ụmụ nwanyị na Egwuregwu Olimpik nke afọ 1924. Ndị iri asaa na asaa sonyere egwuregwu a sitere na mba ise <ref name="B"/> Czechoslovakia, France (ndị egwuregwu iri atọ na abụọ), Great Britain, Switzerland na USA (ndị egwuregwu iri na atọ). Ndị otu America bụ: Kathryn Agar, Florieda Batson, Maybelle Gilliland, Lucile Godbold, [[Esther Green]], Anne Harwick, [[Frances Mead]], Maud Rosenbaum, Camille Sabie, [[Janet Snow]], Elizabeth Stine, [[Louise Voorhees]] na Nancy Voorhees . Ndị na-eme egwuregwu ahụ sonyere n'ihe omume iri na otu: <ref name="B"/> na-agba ọsọ (100 mita, 100 yad, 300 mita, 1000 mita, 4 x 110 yad relay na mgbochi 100 yad), elu elu, ogologo ịwụli elu, iguzo ogologo ịwụli elu, nke ana kpo javelin ya na ịgba tinye.<ref name="G">[http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/fsfi.htm ''FSFI Women's World Games''] GBR Athletics, Retrieved 10 December 2013</ref> E ji Ememe egwuregwu Olimpik meghee asọmpi ahụ. Egwuregwu ahụ dọtara ndị na-ekiri 20,000 na ndekọ ụwa 18 ka e debere. == Nchịkọta nrite == 7v858av9on5ullsnn296q9zzz1ctdgm 0 53187 674216 190301 2026-07-08T18:47:28Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674216 wikitext text/x-wiki   Nkontakịrị ndị mmadụ maara bụ idina mmadụ n'ike nke onye maara onye e merụrụ ahụ na-eme. Ọmụmaatụ nke ndị maara na-agụnye onye ọ na-akpa, nwa klas ya, onye ọrụ ibe, onye were gị n'ọrụ, onye òtù ezinụlọ, di ma ọ bụ nwunye, onye ndụmọdụ, onye na-agwọ ọrịa, onye ọrụ okpukpe, ma ọ bụ dọkịta.[1][2][3] Mmata ndina n'ike gụnyere ngalaba nke ihe omume akpọrọ mmeko nwoke ụbọchị nke metụtara ndị na-enwe mmekọrịta ịhụnanya ma ọ bụ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị.[4][5][6][7] Mgbe nwa akwụkwọ kọleji mere n'ike n'ike n'ahụ nwa akwụkwọ ọzọ, a na-eji okwu mmeko ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ike mgbe ụfọdụ. Ọtụtụ ndị idina mmadụ n'ike bụ onye ama ama. Agbanyeghị, idina ndị mmadụ maara adịchaghị ka a ga-akọ karịa idina mmadụ n'ike. N'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ mpụ na-eledakarị n'ike n'ike n'ike n'ike n'ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere nyocha mba. Nsonaazụ iwu sitere n'idina ndị enyi ha bụ otu ihe maka idina mmadụ n'ike. == Mmalite nke okwu ahụ == Nnyocha e ji amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndina n'ike n'ike na nke onye onye ahụ a na-emegbu mara na-aga azụ na 1950s, mgbe nnyocha nyochara faịlụ ndị uwe ojii America n'ike n'ike sitere na 1958 na 1960 chọpụtara na ihe dị ka ọkara bụ ndị eboro ebubo na ndị ikom maara ndị ha metụtara mere. Onye edemede nwanyị na onye ndọrọndọrọ Diana Russell ji nkebi ahịrịokwu ahụ amata idina n'ike bụ nke mbụ e bipụtara na 1982.[1]: 395  O ji ya dị ka okwu nche anwụ kpuchiri mmeko nwoke niile metụtara ndị maara ibe ha, n'akwụkwọ nyocha ya. nke ụmụ nwanyị 930 nọ na San Francisco ebe ọ chọpụtara na 35% kwuru na ha enwetala mmeko nwoke ma ọ bụ nwara idina mmadụ n'ike, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 11% ndị kwuru na ndị bịara abịa na-edina ha n'ike. N'afọ 1988, onye edemede nwanyị America bụ Robin Warshaw bipụtara I Never Called It Rape, akwụkwọ mbụ na-ekwu banyere ndina n'ike.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=A Woman Scorned: Acquaintance Rape on Trial|author=Reeves Sanday|first=Peggy|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0520210929|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgZk6SSYmKgC|pages=186–194}}</ref> == Mgbasawanye == Ọ bụ onye onye a na-ahụkarị n'ike ka onye ahụ e dinara n'ike maara. Na United States, Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) kọrọ na pasent 45 nke mwakpo mmekọahụ bụ nke onye ọ maara na pasent 25 ọzọ site n'aka onye mmekọ ugbu a ma ọ bụ nke mbụ.<ref name="Finley 2018">{{Cite book|author=Finley|first=Laura|editor=Smith|title=Encyclopedia of Rape and Sexual Violence, Volume 1|date=2018|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-44-084489-8|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SJWDwAAQBAJ&q=%22acquaintance+rape%22|chapter=Acquaintance rape}}</ref> Nnyocha 2004-05 nke mba 30 kachasị na Europe site na United Nations Research Institute chọpụtara na ihe dị ka ọkara nke ndị e dinara n'ike maara ndị dinara ha n'ike, ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ site n'aha. 17% bụ onye ọrụ ibe ma ọ bụ onye isi, 16% bụ ezigbo enyi, 11% bụ onye mmekọ mbụ, na 7% bụ onye mmekọ ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://unicri.us/services/library_documentation/publications/icvs/publications/ICVS2004_05report.pdf|title=Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective: Key findings from the 2004-2005 ICVS and EU ICS|author=van Dijk|first=Jan|date=2007|accessdate=13 June 2014|isbn=978-90-5454-965-9|pages=77–79}}</ref> N'ime nnukwu nnyocha nke European Commission na 2009 banyere ikpe ndina n'ike na Europe, a chọpụtara na 67% nke ndị dinara n'ike maara onye ahụ e dinara, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị mmekọ ugbu a ma ọ bụ nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://kunskapsbanken.nck.uu.se/nckkb/nck/publik/fil/visa/197/different|title=Different systems, similar outcomes? Tracking attrition in reported rape cases across Europe|author=Lovett|first=Jo|date=2009|accessdate=13 June 2014|isbn=978-0-9544803-9-4}}</ref> Na Europe, ebe a na-edina mmadụ n'ike bụ n'ụlọ onye e dinara n'ike.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Defining Rape: Emerging Obligations for States under International Law? (The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Human Rights Library)|author=Eriksson|first=Maria|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|year=2011|isbn=978-9004202634|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nHUzZTElEC|pages=157–158, 166}}</ref> Na US, ndina n'ike nke ndị maara ihe na-ewere ụdị ndina n'ime nwanyị ma ọ bụ ndina n'obi nke ìgwè. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 1987 maka ụmụ akwụkwọ 7,000 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iri abụọ na ise chọpụtara na otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ e dinara n'ike ma ọ bụ nwara idina ha n'ike, na pasentị iri asatọ na anọ n'ime ha maara onye wakporo ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women and the Law: Leaders, Cases, and Documents|author=Kuersten|first=Ashlyn K.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2003|isbn=978-0874368789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnKGWlZG_ncC|pages=143–144}}</ref> Otu nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na 16% nke ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke kwetara na ha dinara n'ike, na 10% kwetara na-anwa ya, kwuru na ha anọghị naanị ha. N'afọ 1985, Association of American Colleges bipụtara akụkọ na-akọwa ihe a na-akpọ "ụgbọ oloko" mgbe ahụ, ebe ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke dinara nwanyị na-enweghị ike ọgwụ ọjọọ ma ọ bụ mmanya. N'ime nnyocha e mere n'ihe gbasara iri abụọ na anọ e dere ede nke a kọrọ na ndị otu kọleji dinara mmadụ n'ike n'afọ ndị 1980, ndị otu fraternity mere iri na atọ, itoolu site n'aka ndị otu egwuregwu, na abụọ site n'etiti ndị ikom na-esoghị n'òtù iwu kwadoro.<ref name=":0" /> Na U.S. National Women's Study, a kọwara 20% nke ndị dinara mmadụ n'ike dị ka ndị enyi, 16% dị ka di, 14% dị ka ụmụ nwoke, na 9% ndị na-abụghị ndị ikwu dị ka ndị ọrụ aka, ndị ọrụ ibe na ndị agbata obi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Bad Men Do what Good Men Dream: A Forensic Psychiatrist Illuminates the Darker Side of Human Behavior|author=Simon|first=Robert|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.|year=2008|isbn=9781585622948|url=https://archive.org/details/badmendowhatgood0000simo|pages=[https://archive.org/details/badmendowhatgood0000simo/page/n78 59]}}</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 1992 banyere ndina n'ike a kọrọ n'ime obodo na n'akụkụ Johannesburg, South Africa chọpụtara na 80% nke ndina n'ime ụmụ nwanyị toro eto bụ nke ndị ọ na-amaghị mere, mgbe mgbe site n'aka ndị ikom na-eji égbè tọọrọ ha n'ụzọ ha na-aga ọrụ ma ọ bụ banye n'ụlọ ha. Otú ọ dị, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndina n'ike ụmụ agbọghọ na-erubeghị afọ iri na isii bụ ndị ha maara, na-abụkarị ndị ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ ndị enyi, na mgbe ụfọdụ ndị òtù.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Violence Against Women in South Africa: State Responses to Domestic Violence and Rape|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=1995|isbn=978-1564321626|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM6IQBcCDzoC|pages=53}}</ref> Na [[Ndia|India]], mkpọsa megide ndina n'ike na-elekwasị anya na "ike n'ike": ya bụ, ndina n'ime nwanyị site n'aka nwoke nọ n'ọkwá dị elu karịa nke ya, dị ka onye nwe ụlọ, onye uwe ojii, ma ọ bụ onye were ya n'ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women of India: Their Status Since the Vedic Times|author=Kumbhare|first=Arun R.|publisher=iUniverse|year=2009|isbn=978-1440156007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2dUR4mwBBAC|pages=136}}</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2005 nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ahụ Ike Ụwa chọpụtara na n'Etiopia, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ime ihe ike nile bụ di ma ọ bụ enyi nwoke nke onye ahụ metụtara..<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/summary_report/summary_report_English2.pdf|title=WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women: Initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses|date=2005|journal=World Health Organization|accessdate=13 June 2014}}</ref> == Ụdị == Nkontakịrị ndị enyi bụ ngalaba sara mbara nke gụnyere mmeko nwoke niile ma ewezuga nke ndị mmadụ na-amabughị onye e dinara n'ike mere. Nkowa mmeko nwoke n'ike n'ike gụnyere mmeko nwoke niile n'ụbọchị na n'alụmdi na nwunye na mmeko nwoke n'ime ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ, yana mmeko nwoke nke ndị mmadụ dịka ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe, ndị ọrụ ibe, ndị enyi, ndị agbata obi, na ndị na-azụ ahịa, ọrụ ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta nlekọta. Ndina n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ndina otu òtù, mmeko ụmụaka n'ike na idina n'ike n'iwu na-abụkarịkwa ụdị mmeko nwoke nke ndị maara. Mmeko nwoke n'ike na mmeko nwoke n'ike n'ike na-adaba n'ụdị idina mmadụ n'ike ma ọ bụrụ na ndị otu ahụ ezutela tupu e dinara n'ike a. A kọọrọ na ndị were ha n'ọrụ dinara ndị ọrụ ụlọ na ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ n'ọtụtụ mba gụnyere Kuwait, <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Overcoming Violence against Women and Girls: The International Campaign to Eradicate a Worldwide Problem|author=Nardos|first=Rahel|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2003|isbn=978-0742525009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfpCY3PdpDoC|pages=75–76}}</ref>#mwt123" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw="{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-19","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite journal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_journal&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/k/kuwait/kuwait928.pdf&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Punishing the Victim: Rape and Mistreatment of Asian Maids in Kuwait&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;August 1992&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;13 June 2014&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Middle East Watch Women's Rights Project (Human Rights Watch) Vol. 4 Issue 8&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAZc\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt119\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" id=\"mwAZg\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/k/kuwait/kuwait928.pdf\" id=\"mwAZk\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Punishing the Victim: Rape and Mistreatment of Asian Maids in Kuwait\"</a></nowiki> <nowiki><span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"mwAZo\">(PDF)</span></nowiki>. Middle East Watch Women's Rights Project (Human Rights Watch) Vol. 4 Issue 8. August 1992<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAZs\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAZw\">13 June</span></nowiki> 2014<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki><nowiki><span about=\"#mwt119\" id=\"mwAZ4\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"> </span></nowiki><nowiki><span about=\"#mwt119\" class=\"cs1-visible-error citation-comment\" id=\"mwAZ8\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"><code class=\"cs1-code\" id=\"mwAaA\">{{<a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"524\" href=\"./Template:Cite_journal\" id=\"mwAaE\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Template:Cite journal\">cite journal</a>}}</nowiki><nowiki></code></nowiki>: <nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about=\"#mwt119\" class=\"cs1-visible-error citation-comment\" id=\"mwAaI\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Cite journal requires <code class=\"cs1-code\" id=\"mwAaM\"><span id=\"mwAaQ\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">|</span></nowiki>journal=<nowiki></code></nowiki> (<nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"525\" href=\"./Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical\" id=\"mwAaU\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Help:CS1 errors\">help</a></nowiki>)<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><link about=\"#mwt119\" href=\"./Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical\" id=\"mwAaY\" rel=\"mw:PageProp/Category\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-19" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Acquaintance_rape#cite_note-19 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] United Arab Emirates, <ref>{{Cite book|title="As If I Am Not Human": Abuses Against Asian Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=2008|isbn=978-1564323514|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcoXLeo0rWcC|pages=68–71}}</ref> Saudi Arabia, [3] Malaysia, <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.humantrafficking.org/uploads/publications/wrd0706webwcover.pdf|title=Swept Under the Rug: Abuses Against Domestic Workers Around the World|date=July 2006|journal=Human Rights Watch|volume=18|issue=7|accessdate=13 June 2014}}</ref> Singapore [4] na Indonesia [4] === Ihe nlele kọleji === Ọ bụ ezie na ndina n'ike bụ akụkụ nke ndina n'ime ndị enyi, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ e mere na ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji gụnyere ma ndị enyi na ndị mmekọ na otu ụdị ahụ. Nnyocha niile na-esonụ banyere ndina n'ike n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị kọleji a kpọtụrụ aha na ngalaba a gụnyere ndị na-abụghị ndị enyi (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ezinụlọ, ndị enyi, ma ọ bụ ụmụ klas) yana ndị mmekọ (dị ka ndị enyi nwoke) na ajụjụ ha banyere njirimara nke onye dinara mmadụ n'ike. Nnyocha ụfọdụ emeela atụmatụ na 90% nke ndina n'ike e mere megide ụmụ nwanyị nọ na kọleji bụ ndina n'ime mmadụ (Crawford et al. 2008; Fisher et al. 2000). Nnyocha 2007 nke National Crime Victims Research & Treatment Center nke nyochara ihe nnọchi anya mba nke ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 5,000, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị kọleji 3,000, chọpụtara na, n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị kọلji, ihe karịrị 50% nke ndina n'ike na ihe dị ka 70% nke ndina n"ike ọgwụ ọjọọ ma ọ bụ nke na-enweghị ike bụ nke onye maara (Kilpatrick et al. 2007). === Ihe Nlereanya Obodo === National Crime Victims Research & Treatment Center jiri ọnụ ọgụgụ ndina n'ike nke ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji na ụmụ nwanyị obodo tụnyere. (Kilpatrick et al. 2007) Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ozuzu ha nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndina n'ike (18% vs 12%) na ndina n'ikike (15% vs 6%). National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey nke Centers for Disease Control (CDC) mere chọpụtara na 41% nke ụmụ nwanyị na-edina n'ike n'oge ndụ ha niile bụ ndị onye ha maara wakporo, na ihe karịrị ọkara (51%) bụ ndị onye mmekọ dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ nke gara aga dinara n'ike (Black et al. 2011). N'etiti ndina n'ike nke mmanya ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ọjọọ ndị ọzọ mere ka onye ahụ ghara inwe ike ịkwa iko, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ikpe niile (93%) bụ nke onye ọ maara ma ọ bụ ezigbo onye mmekọ mere. Nnyocha a gụnyekwara ndị ikom zaghachiri. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụọgụ zuru oke nke ndina n'ike dị ala maka ụmụ nwoke karịa ụmụ nwanyị (1 n'ime 71, ma ọ bụ 1.4%, ụmụ nwoke vs 1 n'ime 5, ma ọ bụ 18%, ụmụ nwanyị), n'otu aka ahụ ọkara nke ndina n"ike nke ụmụ nwoke metụtara ndị maara (52%) na 15.1% site n'aka onye ọ na-amaghị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Black, M.C.|year=2011|url=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf|title=The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 Summary Report|publisher=National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ndị na-edina nwoke n'ike bụ ndị ikom ndị ọzọ. == Ihe Ndị Na-akpali ya == Ịhụnanya n'ike bụ ụdị sara mbara, ya mere ebumnuche nke ndị na-edina mmadụ n'ike dịgasị iche. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na ndị na-edina mmadụ n'ike na-enwekarị otu njirimara: ikike inwe mmekọahụ ọbụlagodi na onye mmanya na-egbu, na-ebe ákwá, na-arịọ arịrịọ, na-eguzogide, na-agbọ agbọ na / ma ọ bụ na-amaghị onwe ya, yana mmetụta gabigara ókè nke ikike na enweghị obi amamikpe, nchegharị, ọmịiko na ọmịiko maka ndị ọzọ. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na isi ihe na-akpali ndị na-edina mmadụ n'ike bụ afọ ojuju mmekọahụ, nakwa na ha na-ahụkarị omume ha dị ka ịrata mmadụ, ọ bụghị ndina n'ike.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Investigating Sexual Assault Cases (Jones & Bartlett Learning Guides to Law Enforcement Investigation)|author=Chancellor|first=Arthur S.|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|year=2012|isbn=978-1449648695|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMF9bzaVVY8C|pages=167}}</ref> Nnyocha nke ndị America iri na ise na-abụghị ndị mba ọzọ na-edina mmadụ n'ike chọpụtara na ọtụtụ ndị kọwara nna ha dị ka ndị na-anọghị n'ahụ na n'ụzọ mmetụta uche, ma gosipụta ibu iro megide ụmụ nwanyị na ọchịchọ ịchịkwa ha, ma nwee àgwà nwoke. Otu onye nchọpụta kwuru na ndị ikom nwere mmekọrịta dị mma na ndị nna ha nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe mkpa ịkọwa onwe ha na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị ma ghara inwe mmasị "igosi oke nwoke nke ịdị elu nwoke" <ref>{{Cite book|title=Confronting Rape and Sexual Assault (The Worlds of Women Series)|author=Clay-Warner|first=Jody|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2013|isbn=978-0842025997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYj_woVgA3EC|pages=150–159}}</ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na ọ bụ ọchịchọ igosi onwe ha, ịbụ akụkụ nke otu, ma ọ bụ egwu nke ịbụ ndị ikom ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwoke ndị ọzọ na-achụpụ ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha esonyeghị.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Recovery: How to Survive Sexual Assault for Women, Men, Teenagers and their Families|author=Benedict|first=Helen|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0231096751|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79kJd2eYWmQC|pages=8}}</ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na ndina n'ike n'alụmdi na nwunye abụghị maka mmekọahụ kama ọ bụ maka njikwa, ike, ime ihe ike na mmechuihu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Domestic Crimes, Family Violence and Child Abuse: A Study of Contemporary American Society|author=Flowers|first=R. Barri|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2000|isbn=978-0786408238|url=https://archive.org/details/domesticcrimesfa0000flow_x6e8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/domesticcrimesfa0000flow_x6e8/page/85 85]}}</ref> == Mmetụta == Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị e dinara n'ike anaghị enwe mmerụ ahụ ma e wezụga ịbanye n'ime ya n'onwe ya. N'adịghị ka ihe a na-eche mgbe niile, ndina n'ike onye ọ na-amaghị nwere ike ọ gaghị akpata mmerụ ahụ karịa ndina n'ime ndị ọ maara, ọkachasị ndina n'ahụ site n'aka onye ọ maara ugbu a ma ọ bụ onye bụbu onye ya na ya na-edina n'ike: 24% nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị onye ọ na ya na ya dina na-edide na ha ọzọ na-enwe mmerụ ahụ ọzọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 40-50% nke ụmụ nwanyị dinara site n'otu onye ọ bụ onye ọ bụbu ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Defining Rape: Emerging Obligations for States under International Law? (The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Human Rights Library)|author=Eriksson|first=Maria|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|year=2011|isbn=978-9004202634|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nHUzZTElEC|pages=157–158, 166}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEriksson2011">Eriksson, Maria (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nHUzZTElEC ''Defining Rape: Emerging Obligations for States under International Law? (The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Human Rights Library)'']. Martinus Nijhoff. pp.&nbsp;157–158, 166. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-9004202634|<bdi>978-9004202634</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Akụkọ == Ọnọdụ nke ndina n'ike na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti onye ahụ e dinara na onye na-eme ya anaghị agbanwe nkọwa iwu nke ndina n"ike. Ọ bụ ezie na ndina n'ike nke ndị maara ihe na-anọchite anya nke ọma n'etiti ndina n'ime mmadụ nke a na-akọwara ndị ọchịchị, nyocha na-egosi na ha nwere ike karịa ndina n'obi nke ndị ọzọ ka a ghara ịkọ akụkọ. Otu nnyocha ndị America chọpụtara na ihe na-erughị 2% nke ndị e dinara n'ike n'aka ndị enyi ha kọọrọ ndị uwe ojii ndina n'ike ha, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 21% nke ndị onye ọ na-amaghị dinara n"ike.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Intimate Betrayal: Understanding and Responding to the Trauma of Acquaintance Rape|author=Wiehe|first=Vernon R.|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=1995|isbn=978-0803973619|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZs5DQAAQBAJ|pages=3–4, 30}}</ref> A na-akpọ ikpe ndị metụtara ndị enyi na-adịghị egosipụta na ọnụ ọgụgụ mpụ ndina n'ike zoro ezo (Koss et al. 1988). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu nnyocha mba nke ụmụ nwanyị kọleji gosipụtara na 29% nke ndina n'ike ndị ọ na-amaghị na 3% nke ndina n"ike ndị enyi ka a kọọrọ ndị uwe ojii. Nchọpụta ndị ahụ yiri n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị obodo ebe a na-akọ 34% nke ndina n'ike ndị ọzọ na 13% nke ndina n"ike ndị enyi (Kilpatrick et al. 2007). Otu n'ime ihe ndị mere na a pụghị ịkọ akụkọ banyere ndina n'ike bụ na ndị a na-edina n'ike anaghị akpọ onwe ha ndị e dinara n'ike. Ịghara ịghọta ma ọ bụ ịhọrọ ile ndina n'ike anya na ahụmahụ nke gụnyere ike ma ọ bụ mmanya na-aba n'anya / ọgwụ ọjọọ na-eme ka ọ banye mgbe enweghị ike ikwenye a kpọrọ ndina n'ime mmadụ na-enweghị nkwenye. Ọ bụ nchọpụta a nabatara nke ọma nke mbụ a kọrọ na ngwụcha afọ 1980 (Koss et al., 1988) kwughachiri na mbido afọ 2000 (Fisher et al., 2003) na nso nso a nke Kilpatrick et al. mere. ndina n'ike a na-amaghị ama bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji ndị ndị ha maara (23%) dinara ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọ na-amagye (55%). N'etiti ụmụ nwanyị obodo, ndị kwetara na ihe omume ahụ bụ ndina n'ike nwere ike ịkọ akụkọ karịa ndị na-adịghị (21% vs 6%). Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-aṅụ mmanya ma ọ bụ na-ahapụ ọgwụ ọjọọ n'oge ndina n'ike nwere ike ọ gaghị agwa ndị ọchịchị ahụmahụ ahụ (Kilpatrick et al. 2007; Fisher et al. 2003). Ihe ndị ọzọ mere na ndị e dinara n'ike bụ ndị onye a ma ama dinara n"ike nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ịkọ akụkọ bụ mmetụta ihere, ịta onwe gị ụta maka ndina n'ike, egwu nke a na-ekweghị, na-achọghị ịkpali esemokwu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ, na-enweghị ọchịchọ ime ka ndị ha mara na nsogbu (Kilpatrick et al. 2007). Mmetụta ndị a niile na-akwalite akụkọ ifo ọdịnala nke ndina n'ike nke na-eme ka echiche ahụ dị na ndina n'ime mmadụ abụghị ndina n'anya "ezigbo" (Estrich, 1987). == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] a5giyie4fd27xt61hqza0k0ydfghyxn 674217 674216 2026-07-08T18:48:35Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674217 wikitext text/x-wiki   Nkontakịrị ndị mmadụ maara bụ idina mmadụ n'ike nke onye maara onye e merụrụ ahụ na-eme. Ọmụmaatụ nke ndị maara na-agụnye onye ọ na-akpa, nwa klas ya, onye ọrụ ibe, onye were gị n'ọrụ, onye òtù ezinụlọ, di ma ọ bụ nwunye, onye ndụmọdụ, onye na-agwọ ọrịa, onye ọrụ okpukpe, ma ọ bụ dọkịta.[1][2][3] Mmata ndina n'ike gụnyere ngalaba nke ihe omume akpọrọ mmeko nwoke ụbọchị nke metụtara ndị na-enwe mmekọrịta ịhụnanya ma ọ bụ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị.[4][5][6][7] Mgbe nwa akwụkwọ kọleji mere n'ike n'ike n'ahụ nwa akwụkwọ ọzọ, a na-eji okwu mmeko ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ike mgbe ụfọdụ. Ọtụtụ ndị idina mmadụ n'ike bụ onye ama ama. Agbanyeghị, idina ndị mmadụ maara adịchaghị ka a ga-akọ karịa idina mmadụ n'ike. N'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ mpụ na-eledakarị n'ike n'ike n'ike n'ike n'ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere nyocha mba. Nsonaazụ iwu sitere n'idina ndị enyi ha bụ otu ihe maka idina mmadụ n'ike. == Mmalite nke okwu ahụ == Nnyocha e ji amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndina n'ike n'ike na nke onye onye ahụ a na-emegbu mara na-aga azụ na 1950s, mgbe nnyocha nyochara faịlụ ndị uwe ojii America n'ike n'ike sitere na 1958 na 1960 chọpụtara na ihe dị ka ọkara bụ ndị eboro ebubo na ndị ikom maara ndị ha metụtara mere. Onye edemede nwanyị na onye ndọrọndọrọ Diana Russell ji nkebi ahịrịokwu ahụ amata idina n'ike bụ nke mbụ e bipụtara na 1982.[1]: 395  O ji ya dị ka okwu nche anwụ kpuchiri mmeko nwoke niile metụtara ndị maara ibe ha, n'akwụkwọ nyocha ya. nke ụmụ nwanyị 930 nọ na San Francisco ebe ọ chọpụtara na 35% kwuru na ha enwetala mmeko nwoke ma ọ bụ nwara idina mmadụ n'ike, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 11% ndị kwuru na ndị bịara abịa na-edina ha n'ike. N'afọ 1988, onye edemede nwanyị America bụ Robin Warshaw bipụtara I Never Called It Rape, akwụkwọ mbụ na-ekwu banyere ndina n'ike.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=A Woman Scorned: Acquaintance Rape on Trial|author=Reeves Sanday|first=Peggy|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0520210929|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgZk6SSYmKgC|pages=186–194}}</ref> == Mgbasawanye == Ọ bụ onye onye a na-ahụkarị n'ike ka onye ahụ e dinara n'ike maara. Na United States, Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) kọrọ na pasent 45 nke mwakpo mmekọahụ bụ nke onye ọ maara na pasent 25 ọzọ site n'aka onye mmekọ ugbu a ma ọ bụ nke mbụ.<ref name="Finley 2018">{{Cite book|author=Finley|first=Laura|editor=Smith|title=Encyclopedia of Rape and Sexual Violence, Volume 1|date=2018|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-44-084489-8|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SJWDwAAQBAJ&q=%22acquaintance+rape%22|chapter=Acquaintance rape}}</ref> Nnyocha 2004-05 nke mba 30 kachasị na Europe site na United Nations Research Institute chọpụtara na ihe dị ka ọkara nke ndị e dinara n'ike maara ndị dinara ha n'ike, ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ site n'aha. 17% bụ onye ọrụ ibe ma ọ bụ onye isi, 16% bụ ezigbo enyi, 11% bụ onye mmekọ mbụ, na 7% bụ onye mmekọ ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://unicri.us/services/library_documentation/publications/icvs/publications/ICVS2004_05report.pdf|title=Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective: Key findings from the 2004-2005 ICVS and EU ICS|author=van Dijk|first=Jan|date=2007|accessdate=13 June 2014|isbn=978-90-5454-965-9|pages=77–79}}</ref> N'ime nnukwu nnyocha nke European Commission na 2009 banyere ikpe ndina n'ike na Europe, a chọpụtara na 67% nke ndị dinara n'ike maara onye ahụ e dinara, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị mmekọ ugbu a ma ọ bụ nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://kunskapsbanken.nck.uu.se/nckkb/nck/publik/fil/visa/197/different|title=Different systems, similar outcomes? Tracking attrition in reported rape cases across Europe|author=Lovett|first=Jo|date=2009|accessdate=13 June 2014|isbn=978-0-9544803-9-4}}</ref> Na Europe, ebe a na-edina mmadụ n'ike bụ n'ụlọ onye e dinara n'ike.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Defining Rape: Emerging Obligations for States under International Law? (The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Human Rights Library)|author=Eriksson|first=Maria|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|year=2011|isbn=978-9004202634|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nHUzZTElEC|pages=157–158, 166}}</ref> Na US, ndina n'ike nke ndị maara ihe na-ewere ụdị ndina n'ime nwanyị ma ọ bụ ndina n'obi nke ìgwè. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 1987 maka ụmụ akwụkwọ 7,000 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iri abụọ na ise chọpụtara na otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ e dinara n'ike ma ọ bụ nwara idina ha n'ike, na pasentị iri asatọ na anọ n'ime ha maara onye wakporo ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women and the Law: Leaders, Cases, and Documents|author=Kuersten|first=Ashlyn K.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2003|isbn=978-0874368789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnKGWlZG_ncC|pages=143–144}}</ref> Otu nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na 16% nke ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke kwetara na ha dinara n'ike, na 10% kwetara na-anwa ya, kwuru na ha anọghị naanị ha. N'afọ 1985, Association of American Colleges bipụtara akụkọ na-akọwa ihe a na-akpọ "ụgbọ oloko" mgbe ahụ, ebe ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke dinara nwanyị na-enweghị ike ọgwụ ọjọọ ma ọ bụ mmanya. N'ime nnyocha e mere n'ihe gbasara iri abụọ na anọ e dere ede nke a kọrọ na ndị otu kọleji dinara mmadụ n'ike n'afọ ndị 1980, ndị otu fraternity mere iri na atọ, itoolu site n'aka ndị otu egwuregwu, na abụọ site n'etiti ndị ikom na-esoghị n'òtù iwu kwadoro.<ref name=":0" /> Na U.S. National Women's Study, a kọwara 20% nke ndị dinara mmadụ n'ike dị ka ndị enyi, 16% dị ka di, 14% dị ka ụmụ nwoke, na 9% ndị na-abụghị ndị ikwu dị ka ndị ọrụ aka, ndị ọrụ ibe na ndị agbata obi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Bad Men Do what Good Men Dream: A Forensic Psychiatrist Illuminates the Darker Side of Human Behavior|author=Simon|first=Robert|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.|year=2008|isbn=9781585622948|url=https://archive.org/details/badmendowhatgood0000simo|pages=[https://archive.org/details/badmendowhatgood0000simo/page/n78 59]}}</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 1992 banyere ndina n'ike a kọrọ n'ime obodo na n'akụkụ Johannesburg, South Africa chọpụtara na 80% nke ndina n'ime ụmụ nwanyị toro eto bụ nke ndị ọ na-amaghị mere, mgbe mgbe site n'aka ndị ikom na-eji égbè tọọrọ ha n'ụzọ ha na-aga ọrụ ma ọ bụ banye n'ụlọ ha. Otú ọ dị, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndina n'ike ụmụ agbọghọ na-erubeghị afọ iri na isii bụ ndị ha maara, na-abụkarị ndị ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ ndị enyi, na mgbe ụfọdụ ndị òtù.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Violence Against Women in South Africa: State Responses to Domestic Violence and Rape|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=1995|isbn=978-1564321626|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM6IQBcCDzoC|pages=53}}</ref> Na [[Ndia|India]], mkpọsa megide ndina n'ike na-elekwasị anya na "ike n'ike": ya bụ, ndina n'ime nwanyị site n'aka nwoke nọ n'ọkwá dị elu karịa nke ya, dị ka onye nwe ụlọ, onye uwe ojii, ma ọ bụ onye were ya n'ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women of India: Their Status Since the Vedic Times|author=Kumbhare|first=Arun R.|publisher=iUniverse|year=2009|isbn=978-1440156007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2dUR4mwBBAC|pages=136}}</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2005 nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ahụ Ike Ụwa chọpụtara na n'Etiopia, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ime ihe ike nile bụ di ma ọ bụ enyi nwoke nke onye ahụ metụtara..<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/summary_report/summary_report_English2.pdf|title=WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women: Initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses|date=2005|journal=World Health Organization|accessdate=13 June 2014}}</ref> == Ụdị == Nkontakịrị ndị enyi bụ ngalaba sara mbara nke gụnyere mmeko nwoke niile ma ewezuga nke ndị mmadụ na-amabughị onye e dinara n'ike mere. Nkowa mmeko nwoke n'ike n'ike gụnyere mmeko nwoke niile n'ụbọchị na n'alụmdi na nwunye na mmeko nwoke n'ime ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ, yana mmeko nwoke nke ndị mmadụ dịka ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe, ndị ọrụ ibe, ndị enyi, ndị agbata obi, na ndị na-azụ ahịa, ọrụ ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta nlekọta. Ndina n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ndina otu òtù, mmeko ụmụaka n'ike na idina n'ike n'iwu na-abụkarịkwa ụdị mmeko nwoke nke ndị maara. Mmeko nwoke n'ike na mmeko nwoke n'ike n'ike na-adaba n'ụdị idina mmadụ n'ike ma ọ bụrụ na ndị otu ahụ ezutela tupu e dinara n'ike a. A kọọrọ na ndị were ha n'ọrụ dinara ndị ọrụ ụlọ na ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ n'ọtụtụ mba gụnyere Kuwait, <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Overcoming Violence against Women and Girls: The International Campaign to Eradicate a Worldwide Problem|author=Nardos|first=Rahel|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2003|isbn=978-0742525009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfpCY3PdpDoC|pages=75–76}}</ref>#mwt123" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw="{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-19","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite journal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_journal&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/k/kuwait/kuwait928.pdf&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Punishing the Victim: Rape and Mistreatment of Asian Maids in Kuwait&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;August 1992&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;13 June 2014&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Middle East Watch Women's Rights Project (Human Rights Watch) Vol. 4 Issue 8&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAZc\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt119\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" id=\"mwAZg\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/k/kuwait/kuwait928.pdf\" id=\"mwAZk\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Punishing the Victim: Rape and Mistreatment of Asian Maids in Kuwait\"</a></nowiki> <nowiki><span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"mwAZo\">(PDF)</span></nowiki>. Middle East Watch Women's Rights Project (Human Rights Watch) Vol. 4 Issue 8. August 1992<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAZs\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAZw\">13 June</span></nowiki> 2014<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki><nowiki><span about=\"#mwt119\" id=\"mwAZ4\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"> </span></nowiki><nowiki><span about=\"#mwt119\" class=\"cs1-visible-error citation-comment\" id=\"mwAZ8\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"><code class=\"cs1-code\" id=\"mwAaA\">{{<a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"524\" href=\"./Template:Cite_journal\" id=\"mwAaE\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Template:Cite journal\">cite journal</a>}}</nowiki><nowiki></code></nowiki>: <nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about=\"#mwt119\" class=\"cs1-visible-error citation-comment\" id=\"mwAaI\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Cite journal requires <code class=\"cs1-code\" id=\"mwAaM\"><span id=\"mwAaQ\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">|</span></nowiki>journal=<nowiki></code></nowiki> (<nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"525\" href=\"./Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical\" id=\"mwAaU\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Help:CS1 errors\">help</a></nowiki>)<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><link about=\"#mwt119\" href=\"./Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical\" id=\"mwAaY\" rel=\"mw:PageProp/Category\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-19" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Acquaintance_rape#cite_note-19 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] United Arab Emirates, <ref>{{Cite book|title="As If I Am Not Human": Abuses Against Asian Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=2008|isbn=978-1564323514|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcoXLeo0rWcC|pages=68–71}}</ref> Saudi Arabia, [3] Malaysia, <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.humantrafficking.org/uploads/publications/wrd0706webwcover.pdf|title=Swept Under the Rug: Abuses Against Domestic Workers Around the World|date=July 2006|journal=Human Rights Watch|volume=18|issue=7|accessdate=13 June 2014}}</ref> Singapore [4] na Indonesia [4] === Ihe nlele kọleji === Ọ bụ ezie na ndina n'ike bụ akụkụ nke ndina n'ime ndị enyi, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ e mere na ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji gụnyere ma ndị enyi na ndị mmekọ na otu ụdị ahụ. Nnyocha niile na-esonụ banyere ndina n'ike n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị kọleji a kpọtụrụ aha na ngalaba a gụnyere ndị na-abụghị ndị enyi (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ezinụlọ, ndị enyi, ma ọ bụ ụmụ klas) yana ndị mmekọ (dị ka ndị enyi nwoke) na ajụjụ ha banyere njirimara nke onye dinara mmadụ n'ike. Nnyocha ụfọdụ emeela atụmatụ na 90% nke ndina n'ike e mere megide ụmụ nwanyị nọ na kọleji bụ ndina n'ime mmadụ (Crawford et al. 2008; Fisher et al. 2000). Nnyocha 2007 nke National Crime Victims Research & Treatment Center nke nyochara ihe nnọchi anya mba nke ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 5,000, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị kọleji 3,000, chọpụtara na, n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị kọلji, ihe karịrị 50% nke ndina n'ike na ihe dị ka 70% nke ndina n"ike ọgwụ ọjọọ ma ọ bụ nke na-enweghị ike bụ nke onye maara (Kilpatrick et al. 2007). === Ihe Nlereanya Obodo === National Crime Victims Research & Treatment Center jiri ọnụ ọgụgụ ndina n'ike nke ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji na ụmụ nwanyị obodo tụnyere. (Kilpatrick et al. 2007) Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ozuzu ha nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndina n'ike (18% vs 12%) na ndina n'ikike (15% vs 6%). National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey nke Centers for Disease Control (CDC) mere chọpụtara na 41% nke ụmụ nwanyị na-edina n'ike n'oge ndụ ha niile bụ ndị onye ha maara wakporo, na ihe karịrị ọkara (51%) bụ ndị onye mmekọ dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ nke gara aga dinara n'ike (Black et al. 2011). N'etiti ndina n'ike nke mmanya ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ọjọọ ndị ọzọ mere ka onye ahụ ghara inwe ike ịkwa iko, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ikpe niile (93%) bụ nke onye ọ maara ma ọ bụ ezigbo onye mmekọ mere. Nnyocha a gụnyekwara ndị ikom zaghachiri. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụọgụ zuru oke nke ndina n'ike dị ala maka ụmụ nwoke karịa ụmụ nwanyị (1 n'ime 71, ma ọ bụ 1.4%, ụmụ nwoke vs 1 n'ime 5, ma ọ bụ 18%, ụmụ nwanyị), n'otu aka ahụ ọkara nke ndina n"ike nke ụmụ nwoke metụtara ndị maara (52%) na 15.1% site n'aka onye ọ na-amaghị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Black, M.C.|year=2011|url=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf|title=The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 Summary Report|publisher=National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ndị na-edina nwoke n'ike bụ ndị ikom ndị ọzọ. == Ihe Ndị Na-akpali ya == Ịhụnanya n'ike bụ ụdị sara mbara, ya mere ebumnuche nke ndị na-edina mmadụ n'ike dịgasị iche. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na ndị na-edina mmadụ n'ike na-enwekarị otu njirimara: ikike inwe mmekọahụ ọbụlagodi na onye mmanya na-egbu, na-ebe ákwá, na-arịọ arịrịọ, na-eguzogide, na-agbọ agbọ na / ma ọ bụ na-amaghị onwe ya, yana mmetụta gabigara ókè nke ikike na enweghị obi amamikpe, nchegharị, ọmịiko na ọmịiko maka ndị ọzọ. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na isi ihe na-akpali ndị na-edina mmadụ n'ike bụ afọ ojuju mmekọahụ, nakwa na ha na-ahụkarị omume ha dị ka ịrata mmadụ, ọ bụghị ndina n'ike.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Investigating Sexual Assault Cases (Jones & Bartlett Learning Guides to Law Enforcement Investigation)|author=Chancellor|first=Arthur S.|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|year=2012|isbn=978-1449648695|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMF9bzaVVY8C|pages=167}}</ref> Nnyocha nke ndị America iri na ise na-abụghị ndị mba ọzọ na-edina mmadụ n'ike chọpụtara na ọtụtụ ndị kọwara nna ha dị ka ndị na-anọghị n'ahụ na n'ụzọ mmetụta uche, ma gosipụta ibu iro megide ụmụ nwanyị na ọchịchọ ịchịkwa ha, ma nwee àgwà nwoke. Otu onye nchọpụta kwuru na ndị ikom nwere mmekọrịta dị mma na ndị nna ha nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe mkpa ịkọwa onwe ha na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị ma ghara inwe mmasị "igosi oke nwoke nke ịdị elu nwoke" <ref>{{Cite book|title=Confronting Rape and Sexual Assault (The Worlds of Women Series)|author=Clay-Warner|first=Jody|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2013|isbn=978-0842025997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYj_woVgA3EC|pages=150–159}}</ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na ọ bụ ọchịchọ igosi onwe ha, ịbụ akụkụ nke otu, ma ọ bụ egwu nke ịbụ ndị ikom ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwoke ndị ọzọ na-achụpụ ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha esonyeghị.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Recovery: How to Survive Sexual Assault for Women, Men, Teenagers and their Families|author=Benedict|first=Helen|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0231096751|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79kJd2eYWmQC|pages=8}}</ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na ndina n'ike n'alụmdi na nwunye abụghị maka mmekọahụ kama ọ bụ maka njikwa, ike, ime ihe ike na mmechuihu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Domestic Crimes, Family Violence and Child Abuse: A Study of Contemporary American Society|author=Flowers|first=R. Barri|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2000|isbn=978-0786408238|url=https://archive.org/details/domesticcrimesfa0000flow_x6e8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/domesticcrimesfa0000flow_x6e8/page/85 85]}}</ref> == Mmetụta == Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị e dinara n'ike anaghị enwe mmerụ ahụ ma e wezụga ịbanye n'ime ya n'onwe ya. N'adịghị ka ihe a na-eche mgbe niile, ndina n'ike onye ọ na-amaghị nwere ike ọ gaghị akpata mmerụ ahụ karịa ndina n'ime ndị ọ maara, ọkachasị ndina n'ahụ site n'aka onye ọ maara ugbu a ma ọ bụ onye bụbu onye ya na ya na-edina n'ike: 24% nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị onye ọ na ya na ya dina na-edide na ha ọzọ na-enwe mmerụ ahụ ọzọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 40-50% nke ụmụ nwanyị dinara site n'otu onye ọ bụ onye ọ bụbu ya.<ref name=":1" /> == Akụkọ == Ọnọdụ nke ndina n'ike na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti onye ahụ e dinara na onye na-eme ya anaghị agbanwe nkọwa iwu nke ndina n"ike. Ọ bụ ezie na ndina n'ike nke ndị maara ihe na-anọchite anya nke ọma n'etiti ndina n'ime mmadụ nke a na-akọwara ndị ọchịchị, nyocha na-egosi na ha nwere ike karịa ndina n'obi nke ndị ọzọ ka a ghara ịkọ akụkọ. Otu nnyocha ndị America chọpụtara na ihe na-erughị 2% nke ndị e dinara n'ike n'aka ndị enyi ha kọọrọ ndị uwe ojii ndina n'ike ha, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 21% nke ndị onye ọ na-amaghị dinara n"ike.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Intimate Betrayal: Understanding and Responding to the Trauma of Acquaintance Rape|author=Wiehe|first=Vernon R.|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=1995|isbn=978-0803973619|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZs5DQAAQBAJ|pages=3–4, 30}}</ref> A na-akpọ ikpe ndị metụtara ndị enyi na-adịghị egosipụta na ọnụ ọgụgụ mpụ ndina n'ike zoro ezo (Koss et al. 1988). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu nnyocha mba nke ụmụ nwanyị kọleji gosipụtara na 29% nke ndina n'ike ndị ọ na-amaghị na 3% nke ndina n"ike ndị enyi ka a kọọrọ ndị uwe ojii. Nchọpụta ndị ahụ yiri n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị obodo ebe a na-akọ 34% nke ndina n'ike ndị ọzọ na 13% nke ndina n"ike ndị enyi (Kilpatrick et al. 2007). Otu n'ime ihe ndị mere na a pụghị ịkọ akụkọ banyere ndina n'ike bụ na ndị a na-edina n'ike anaghị akpọ onwe ha ndị e dinara n'ike. Ịghara ịghọta ma ọ bụ ịhọrọ ile ndina n'ike anya na ahụmahụ nke gụnyere ike ma ọ bụ mmanya na-aba n'anya / ọgwụ ọjọọ na-eme ka ọ banye mgbe enweghị ike ikwenye a kpọrọ ndina n'ime mmadụ na-enweghị nkwenye. Ọ bụ nchọpụta a nabatara nke ọma nke mbụ a kọrọ na ngwụcha afọ 1980 (Koss et al., 1988) kwughachiri na mbido afọ 2000 (Fisher et al., 2003) na nso nso a nke Kilpatrick et al. mere. ndina n'ike a na-amaghị ama bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji ndị ndị ha maara (23%) dinara ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọ na-amagye (55%). N'etiti ụmụ nwanyị obodo, ndị kwetara na ihe omume ahụ bụ ndina n'ike nwere ike ịkọ akụkọ karịa ndị na-adịghị (21% vs 6%). Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-aṅụ mmanya ma ọ bụ na-ahapụ ọgwụ ọjọọ n'oge ndina n'ike nwere ike ọ gaghị agwa ndị ọchịchị ahụmahụ ahụ (Kilpatrick et al. 2007; Fisher et al. 2003). Ihe ndị ọzọ mere na ndị e dinara n'ike bụ ndị onye a ma ama dinara n"ike nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ịkọ akụkọ bụ mmetụta ihere, ịta onwe gị ụta maka ndina n'ike, egwu nke a na-ekweghị, na-achọghị ịkpali esemokwu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ, na-enweghị ọchịchọ ime ka ndị ha mara na nsogbu (Kilpatrick et al. 2007). Mmetụta ndị a niile na-akwalite akụkọ ifo ọdịnala nke ndina n'ike nke na-eme ka echiche ahụ dị na ndina n'ime mmadụ abụghị ndina n'anya "ezigbo" (Estrich, 1987). == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0num07ryw2cra5grkq67ocfnj7a7bvl 0 53414 674175 639394 2026-07-08T15:31:20Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674175 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Haslina Taib</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="5601" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="3735" decoding="async" height="330" resource="./File:Puan_Haslina_Taib.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Puan_Haslina_Taib.jpg/220px-Puan_Haslina_Taib.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Puan_Haslina_Taib.jpg/330px-Puan_Haslina_Taib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Puan_Haslina_Taib.jpg/440px-Puan_Haslina_Taib.jpg 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" | </img><div class="infobox-caption"> Haslina na 2023</div> |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> Haslina</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Brunei]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Alma&nbsp;nne | class="infobox-data" | [[Harvard University|Mahadum Harvard]] ( [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] )<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> [[Cranfield University|Mahadum Cranfield]] ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" | [[Businessperson|Onye ọchụnta ego]] ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ihe nrite | class="infobox-data" | [[Haslina Taib#Recognition and awards|''Lee ebe a'']] |} [[Faịlụ:Haslina Taib.jpg|thumb|Haslina Taib]] '''Haslina Taib''' bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego Brune nke bụ onye isi njikwa nke Dynamik Teknụzụ, ụlọ ọrụ IT dabere na Brunei Darussalam, kemgbe Eprel 2007. A makwaara Haslina maka ije ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke ASEAN Business Advisory Council (ASEAN BAC). Tupu ọ jide ọkwa a, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Council maka APEC Business Advisory Council (2010–2016). == Agụmakwụkwọ == Haslina nwere [[Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa|Masters na Business Administration]] na Mahadum Harvard na Mahadum Cranfield . Ọ bụkwa onye otu nke Association of Chartered Certified Accountants . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ASEAN BAC Brunei Haslina Taib|url=https://www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn/web/content/1119?unique=43fba61ec499058babc81c97a9065f99a58f6c43|work=ASEAN BAC Brunei}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu ịbanye Dynamik Teknụzụ, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bakar|first=Rasidah Hj Abu|date=2018-10-31|title=BAG Networks rebrands as Dynamik Technologies after buyout|url=http://thescoop.co/2018/10/31/bag-networks-rebrands-as-dynamik-technologies-after-buyout/|accessdate=|work=The Scoop|language=en-GB}}</ref> Haslina sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka KPMG, Panel Kerr Foster, Andersen, WPP, Hill Knowlton Europe, na Dorchester Group of Companies na Europe na North America. <ref name=":0"/> === Dynamik Teknụzụ === N'okpuru Dynamik Teknụzụ, Haslina eduzila ịnyefe ọtụtụ ọrụ mgbanwe dijitalụ nke mba, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-30|title=Haslina Taib, CEO, BAG Networks: Interview - Asia 2014 - Oxford Business Group|url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/articles-interviews/obg-talks-to-haslina-taib-ceo-bag-networks-interview|accessdate=|language=en-US}}</ref> wee webata AKREDI, ASEAN Digital Credentials Platform, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Azahari|first=Izah|date=September 15, 2022|title=Regional digital credentials one step closer to reality|work=Borneo Bulletin|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/regional-digital-credentials-one-step-closer-to-reality/}}</ref> na kwadoro teknụzụ na-apụta dị ka fintech, blockchain, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kon|first=James|date=June 20, 2021|title=Talk discusses way forward to formalise blockchain community|work=Borneo Bulletin|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/talk-discusses-way-forward-to-formalise-blockchain-community/}}</ref> na obere koodu <ref>{{Cite news|date=June 19, 2021|title=Promoting low-code development through competition|work=Borneo Bulletin|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/promoting-low-code-development-through-competition/}}</ref> na Brunei Darussalam. Na mgbakwunye, Haslina etinyela aka n'ịzụlite ụlọ ọrụ ICT nke mba site na ọzụzụ nka na ngalaba nkeonwe, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rosli|first=Sobrina|date=27 February 2008|title=Skills development, private-public partnership vital for Brunei ICT growth|work=Brunei Times|url=https://btarchive.org/news/national/2008/02/27/skills_development_private_public_partnership_vital_for_brunei_ict_growth}}</ref> na-emepe emepe ụlọ ọrụ dị njikere gụsịrị akwụkwọ, <ref>{{Cite news|first=|date=September 10, 2021|title=2 Mahasiswi UBD Ikuti Headstart Program|work=Pelita Brunei|url=https://www.brudirect.com/news.php?id=127351}}</ref> na ịgba ume agụmakwụkwọ STEM na ndị ntorobịa nwere mmemme dị ka “Kids Can Code”. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Brunei Kids Can Code {{!}} Our Communities {{!}} Dynamik Technologies|url=https://www.dynamiktechnologies.com.bn/our-communities/brunei-kids-can-code/|accessdate=|work=Dynamik Home {{!}} Dynamik Technologies Sdn Bhd|language=en-US}}</ref> === Mmemme ndị ọzọ === Haslina nọchitere Brunei dị ka Onye isi oche nke ASEAN Business na Investment Summit 2021 dị ka onye so na ASEAN Business Advisory Council. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kon|first=James|date=March 20, 2022|title=ASEAN-BAC urges concrete action|work=Borneo Bulletin|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/asean-bac-urges-concrete-action/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Azahari|first=Izah|date=September 23, 2022|title=Meeting harmonises work streams: ASEAN-BAC Brunei chair|work=Borneo Bulletin|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/meeting-harmonises-work-streams-asean-bac-brunei-chair/}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu Universiti Brunei Darussalam Council, Brunei Darussalam Accounting Standards Council, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Brunei Darussalam Accounting Standards Council Members|url=https://bdasc.mofe.gov.bn/SitePages/Council-Members.aspx|work=Brunei Darussalam Accounting Standards Council|accessdate=2024-10-15|archivedate=2024-09-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916025401/https://bdasc.mofe.gov.bn/SitePages/Council-Members.aspx}}</ref> na Onye isi oche nke ASEAN Digital Transformation Working Group. <ref>{{Cite news|date=September 16, 2022|title=ASEAN Economic Ministers' Meeting|work=RTB News|url=https://www.brudirect.com/news.php?id=153085}}</ref> == Nkwenye na onyinye == * Nzukọ Ụmụ nwanyị Brunei Ndị inyom nwetara mmeri na ngalaba ụlọọrụ (2010) <ref>{{Cite news|author=Thien|first=Rachel|date=August 6, 2010|title=Four Bruneian Women Honoured for Achievements|work=Brunei Times|url=https://asiaincforum.com/press-release-four-bruneian-women-honoured-for-achievements/}}</ref> * Ihe nrite ndị ọchụnta ego pụtara ìhè maka nrite ụlọ ọrụ Asia Pacific Enterprise (2010) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Pacific Enterprise Awards Hall of Fame 2010|url=https://apea.asia/brunei/hall-of-fame-br-2010/|work=Asia Pacific Enterprise Awards|accessdate=2024-10-15|archivedate=2024-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205032330/https://apea.asia/brunei/hall-of-fame-br-2010/}}</ref> * 50 nke ụmụ nwanyị Brunei kacha emetụta Brunei site na Inspire (2014) <ref>{{Cite web|title=50 Most Influential Women Brunei by Inspire|url=https://inspirebn.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/inspire-2nd-issue-lr.pdf|work=Inspire Magazine Brunei}}</ref> * Akara ngosi LinkedIn 50 kacha akpali akpali nke Brunei (2021) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Brunei's 50 Most Inspiring LinkedIn Icons of 2021|url=https://thebruneian.news/2022/01/03/bruneis-50-most-inspiring-linkedin-icons-2021/|work=The Bruneian News|accessdate=2024-10-15|archivedate=2024-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416175654/https://thebruneian.news/2022/01/03/bruneis-50-most-inspiring-linkedin-icons-2021/}}</ref> * Onye ndu ụmụ nwanyị Asia (Ọgọst 2022) * Ihe nrite pụrụiche Cambodia (November 2022) * Onye isi na-akpali akpali nke Eshia (2022) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Haslina Taib Wins Asia's Most Inspiring Executives 2022 {{!}} ACES Awards|url=https://www.acesawards.com/stories/leadership/haslina-taib/|accessdate=|work=www.acesawards.com|archivedate=2024-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241013064352/https://www.acesawards.com/stories/leadership/haslina-taib/}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s565nc52eglh9ququbwwo1winrnvyip 0 53826 674328 193630 2026-07-09T00:01:42Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674328 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Alda Facio.jpg|thumb|Alda Facio]] '''Alda Facio Montejo''' (amụrụ na 26 Jenụwarị 1948) bụ onye ọka iwu Costa Rican, onye edemede, onye nkuzi na ọkachamara mba ụwa na okike na ikike mmadụ na Latin America. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Women's Caucus for Gender Justice na International Criminal Court . <ref name="uno">{{Cite web|title=Alda Facio|url=https://justassociates.org/en/bio/alda-facio|work=justassociates.org|publisher=JASS (Just Associates)|accessdate=28 November 2017}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1991, ọ bụ onye nduzi nke Women, Justice and Gender, mmemme n'ime United Nations Latin American Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (ILANUD) na osote onye isi oche nke Justice and Gendar Foundation.Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala Ventana na 1970s, otu n'ime òtù mbụ nke nwanyị na obodo Costa Rica.[1] Na 2014, ahọpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị nta akụkọ pụrụ iche nke United Nations ise maka otu na-arụ ọrụ megide ịkpa oke megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị.[2][3] Oge ya ruru wee kwụsị na 2020 ma Dorothy Estrada-Tanck nọchiri ya. <ref name="current">{{Cite web|date=1 May 2024|title=Current and former mandate holders|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures-human-rights-council/current-and-former-mandate-holders-existing-mandates|accessdate=26 June 2024|work=OHCHR}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Alda Facio na New York City na United States of America na 26 Jenụwarị 1948 n'aka onye ọka iwu, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nnọchi anya mba ọzọ Gonzalo Facio Segreda (1918-2018) na nwunye mbụ ya María Lilia Montejo Ortuño . <ref name="gob">{{Cite web|title=Amelia Barquero, Thelma Curling y Alda Facio fueron premiadas por el Inamu en la edición 2015 de este reconocimiento|url=http://gobierno.cr/tres-luchadoras-de-los-derechos-fueron-incluidas-en-galeria-de-las-mujeres/|work=gobierno.cr|publisher=[[Costa Rica]]|accessdate=28 November 2017|language=es|date=16 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003124611/http://gobierno.cr/tres-luchadoras-de-los-derechos-fueron-incluidas-en-galeria-de-las-mujeres/|archivedate=3 October 2017}}</ref> O nwere nwanne nwanyị, Sandra na nwanne nwoke, Rómulo. O nwekwara ụmụnne nwanyị atọ dị obere site na alụmdi na nwunye nke abụọ nna ya: Giannina, Ana Catalina na Carla (nne ha bụ Ana Franco Calzia). N'ime afọ 1960, mgbe ọ dị afọ 17 ma ọ bụ 18, Facio chọtara nwanyị ma mesịa gwa ndị Carnegie Council na ihe kpatara ya ji ghọọ nwanyị bụ na "ndị inyom na ndị inyom na-enye gị ike ịmara na ị bụ akụkụ nke mmegharị zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ ihe na-eme. na-enye gị nnukwu ume ịga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Facio Montejo|first=Alda|title=How the Seed Was Planted|url=http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/archive/dialogue/2_10/articles/1049.html|work=carnegiecouncil.org|publisher=[[Carnegie Council]]|accessdate=27 July 2016|language=es}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hgcelu0cu21j4fs1oauhunk6txy73df 0 54037 674452 192155 2026-07-09T09:40:49Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nancy Shanks''' (c. 1956–2019) bụ onye ọbụ abụ America. Shanks bụ onye na-abụ abụ maka usoro izizi mana nke dị mkpụmkpụ nke otu nwanyị niile bụ Vixen mgbe ọ gbanwere aha ya na Jenesis. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ivaxen.com/vixen/history.html|title=A Brief Background of Vixen|publisher=Ivaxen.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232753/http://ivaxen.com/vixen/history.html|archivedate=March 3, 2016}}</ref> (nke bụbu Lemon Pepper), na mbụ na-akpọ egwu pop rock.<ref name="PJStar" /> A maara Vixen maka igosi onye guzobere otu ahụ bụ Jan Kuehnemund na guitar. Shanks bụrụ abụ nkwado n'ọtụtụ ọba egwu Tori Amos, dị ka Little Earthquakes<ref>{{Cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r78770|pure_url=yes}}|title=Credits: ''Little Earthquakes''|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=March 9, 2010}}</ref> na Y Kant Tori Read. Shanks mekwara abụ "Ọnwụnwa nke Obi" na ụda egwu maka ihe nkiri banyere abalị ikpeazụ ...,<ref>{{Cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r84896|pure_url=yes}}|title=Overview: ''About Last Night Soundtrack''|publisher=Allmusic|accessdate=March 9, 2010}}</ref> ma soro Danny Peck mee ihe na egwu "I Burn for You" na soundtrack maka ihe nkiri The Secret of My Success . <ref>{{Cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r84566|pure_url=yes}}|title=Overview ''Secret of My Success Soundtrack''|publisher=Allmusic|accessdate=March 9, 2010}}</ref> Shanks nwụrụ na Mee 2019 site na amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mgbe ọ dị afọ 63. <ref name="PJStar">{{Cite news|author=Knight|first=Bill|url=https://www.pjstar.com/opinion/20190516/knight-remembering-friend-and-our-need-to-belong|title=Knight: Remembering a friend and our need to belong|work=[[Journal Star (Peoria)|Journal Star]]|date=May 16, 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKnight2019">Knight, Bill (May 16, 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190517053757/https://www.pjstar.com/opinion/20190516/knight-remembering-friend-and-our-need-to-belong "Knight: Remembering a friend and our need to belong"]. ''[[Journal Star (Peoria)|Journal Star]]''. Peoria, Illinois. Archived from [https://www.pjstar.com/opinion/20190516/knight-remembering-friend-and-our-need-to-belong the original] on May 17, 2019.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} sz0d1g0pmkm8su4tipjxpirb106ouyg 0 54353 674256 192799 2026-07-08T20:25:04Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 674256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mona Khazindar''' ( Arabic Amụrụ na 1959) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2012-02-08|title=Mona Khazindar honored|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/406013|accessdate=2023-09-10|work=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> bụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka na onye na-ahụ maka nka na Saudi-America. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Institut du Monde Arabe site na 2011 ruo 2014. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Mona Khazindar|url=https://www.arabculturefund.org/About/Board/12|accessdate=2023-09-10|work=www.arabculturefund.org}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Khazindar na United States. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-27|title=Mona Khazindar: The First Female (and First Saudi) Director of the Arab World Institute in Paris|url=https://www.abouther.com/node/14411/people/leading-ladies/mona-khazindar-first-female-and-first-saudi-director-arab-world|accessdate=2023-09-10|work=About Her|language=en}}</ref> Nna ya, Abed Khazindar, bụ onye ode akwụkwọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na mba ahụ n'oge ahụ, nne ya, Shams al-Husseini Khazindar, bụ onye nta akụkọ. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Aldaej|first=Nourah|date=March 8, 2023|title=The Culture Diplomat: Mona Khazindar On Her Book Visions from Abroad And Her Contributions To Arab Art And Culture|url=https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/culture/people/the-culture-diplomat-mona-khazindar-on-her-book-visions-from-abroad-and-her-contributions-to-arab-art-and-culture|accessdate=September 9, 2023|work=Harper's Bazaar Arabia}}</ref> Khazindar gụrụ akwụkwọ ntụnyere na Mahadum America nke Paris, na akụkọ ihe mere eme ọgbara ọhụrụ na Mahadum Sorbonne . <ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == Khazindar malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Institut du Monde Arabe na 1986 dị ka onye isi ngalaba nke Art Contemporary Art and Photography, <ref name=":3" /> na onye nlekọta nke mkpokọta nka na-adịgide adịgide nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. <ref name=":2" /> Na 2011, e mere Khazindar onye isi nchịkwa nke Institut du Monde Arabe, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Saudi mbụ na-ejide ọnọdụ ahụ. <ref name=":2" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ kwadoro ụlọ ezumike Saudi na 54th Venice Bienniale, nke mbụ Saudi Arabia nwere ụlọ ezumike dị otú ahụ. <ref name=":2" /> Na 2012, Minista Omenala France họpụtara Khazindar na Museum of European na Mediterranean Civilizations dị ka onye na-adịgide adịgide. <ref name=":1" /> Khazindar etinyewokwa aka na òtù Saudi; site na 2014 ruo 2015, ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ omenala na Saudi Ministry of Tourism, <ref name=":3" /> na 2018 a họpụtara ya na Saudi Cultural Authority site n'iwu eze. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2018-04-06|title=Three Saudi women appointed in newly formed General Authority for Culture|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/life-style/art-and-culture/2018/04/06/Three-Saudi-women-become-part-of-newly-formed-General-Authority-for-Culture|accessdate=2023-09-10|work=Al Arabiya English|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu ndụmọdụ ndụmọdụ nke King Abdulaziz Center of World Culture, na Saudi Shoura Council . <ref name=":3" /> Dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ya na Eze Adulaziz Center, Khazindar agawo na United States iji kwurịta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Saudi Arabia site na nkà. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Anania|first=Billy|title=Saudi scholar traces visual history of her homeland|url=https://www.app.com/story/entertainment/arts/2017/05/11/mona-khazindar-saudi-arabia-art/101452510/|accessdate=2023-09-10|work=Asbury Park Press|language=en-US}}</ref> Khazindar eguzobela Al Mansouria Foundation for Culture and Creativity, nke na-akwalite nka Arab nke oge a. <ref name=":4" /> Khazindar ebipụtala akwụkwọ abụọ: ''View si n'ime: Contemporary Arab Photography, Video and Mixed Media Art'' (2014), na ''Ọhụụ sitere na Mba Ọzọ: Ihe nnọchiteanya akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a nke Saudi Arabia'' (2019). <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> O deziela akwụkwọ na ndị na-ese ihe Saudi na Arab, dị ka Abdulrahman Alsoliman na [[Adam Henein]] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gronlund|first=Melissa|date=2021-06-24|title=Misk launches The Art Library to support art scholarship: 'The idea is to give opportunities'|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/misk-launches-the-art-library-to-support-art-scholarship-the-idea-is-to-give-opportunities-1.1247364|accessdate=2023-09-10|work=The National|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == * Nwanyị nke afọ 2012, Nzukọ nke ụmụ nwanyị Arab <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Khazindar maara nke ọma n'asụsụ Arabic, French na Bekee. <ref name=":2" /> Dị ka nke 2017, ọ bi na Riyadh . <ref name=":5" /> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4sumd5zaxqcrygqw5k9g3s384l0h1rf 0 54647 674229 193307 2026-07-08T19:35:09Z IfyClassique 20717 /* 2010 */ 674229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{MedalTableTop|image=2012-06-07 Bislett Games Milcah Chemos.jpg|imagesize=150px|caption=Chemos as the 2012 Bislett Games|medals={{Medal|Sport|Women's [[sport of athletics|athletics]]}} {{Medal|Country | {{KEN}} }} {{Medal|Olympic}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]]|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m st.]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[IAAF World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[2013 World Championships in Athletics|2013 Moscow]]|[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m st.]]}} {{Medal|Silver|[[2009 World Championships in Athletics|2009 Berlin]]|[[2009 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m st.]]}} {{Medal|Silver|[[2011 World Championships in Athletics|2011 Daegu]]|[[2011 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m st.]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]]|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m st.]]}} {{Medal|Silver|[[2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]]|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m st.]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[IAAF Continental Cup|Continental Cup]]}} {{Medal|Silver|[[2010 IAAF Continental Cup|2010 Split]]|3000 m st.}}}}'''Milcah Chemos Cheywa''' (amụrụ 24 Febrụwarị 1986 na [[Bugaa]], Ugwu Elgon District ) <ref name="focus">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/kenya/milcah-chemos-cheywa-246924#biography|title=IAAF Focus on Athletes Biography|publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations]]|accessdate=6 June 2013|author=Wokabi, James}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/milcah-chemos-cheywa-1.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064712/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/milcah-chemos-cheywa-1.html|archivedate=18 April 2020|title=Milcah Chemos Cheywa Bio, Stats and Results|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|accessdate=6 June 2013}}</ref> bụ onye na-agba ọsọ si [[Kenya]] ọkachamara na steeplechase 3000 mita . Ọ bụ, ruo n'afọ 2015, onye ji ihe ndekọ Afrịka n'ebe dị anya ma bụrụ onye nrite ọla edo nke asọmpi mba ụwa nke 2013 na egwuregwu . == Ndụ mbido == Ọ bụ onye obodo Bugaa, mana ọ kwagara Kitale ya na ezinụlọ ya, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Matumbei na St Phillips. Mgbe e mesịrị ọ gara St Claire's Girls High School na Maragoli . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ gara [[Kenya Police College]] (KPC) na Kiganjo na 2005. N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere Alex Sang ma lụọ n'oge na-adịghị anya. Ọ gbara ya ume ka ọ malite ịgba ọsọ, mana ọ maliteghị ọzụzụ siri ike ruo afọ 2008. Na mbido ịgba ọsọ ihe karịrị mita 800 na 1500, ọ gụchara nke asaa na 800 mita na ule Olympic nke Kenya nke afọ 2008, nkeji iri na abụọ n'azụ onye meriri [[Pamela Jelimo]] . === 2009 === Chemos tụgharịrị gaa na steeplechase na-agba ọsọ na Machị 2009, mgbe Richard Mateelong webatara ya na ọzụzụ, onye nrite steeplechase Olympic biputere na KPC. Ọ meriri agbụrụ mbụ ya, na nzukọ Athletics Kenya na Kakamega, oge 9:54.4, na n'oge na-adịghị anya kwalite PB ya na 9:22.33 na KBC Night of Athletics meeting na Heusden-Zolder, Belgium. Na-asọmpi na asọmpi mba ụwa nke 2009, ọ meriri nrite ọla na 9:08.57 kacha mma n'azụ Marta Domínguez na [[Yuliya Zaripova|Yuliya Zarudneva]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://berlin.iaaf.org/results/racedate=08-17-2009/sex=W/discCode=3KSC/combCode=hash/roundCode=f/results.html#detW_3KSC_hash_f|title=2009 World Championships, 3000 metres steeplechase women final|publisher=IAAF|date=17 August 2009|archivedate=20 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820035104/http://berlin.iaaf.org/results/racedate%3D08-17-2009/sex%3DW/discCode%3D3KSC/combCode%3Dhash/roundCode%3Df/results.html}}</ref> A chụrụ Dominguez ka emechaa maka mmebi ọgwụ doping. === 2010 === Na 2010, Chemos meriri ihe nrite ọla edo na 3000 mita steeplechase na asọmpi Africa na Commonwealth Games, na-eduga na mkpochapụ Kenya dị ọcha nke nrite na nke ikpeazụ. Ọ merikwara mmeri Diamond League na Oslo, Rome, Eugene na London, n'ụzọ iji weghara aha n'ozuzu Diamond League na steeplechase. <ref name="focus" /> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rowbottom|first=Mike|date=10 October 2010|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/two-more-gold-for-kenya-adams-dominates-shot|title=Two more gold for Kenya, Adams dominates Shot Put|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=1 May 2016}}</ref> N'ihi ihe ịga nke ọma ya n'oge oge 2010, Chemos bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ise e depụtara aha maka IAAF World Athlete of the Year award, nke onye elu jumper Blanka Vlašić meriri. <ref>{{Cite news|publisher=IAAF|date=10 November 2010|url=http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/gala/2010/newsid=58695.html|title=2010 Athletes of the Year – and the female finalists are...|accessdate=11 November 2011}}</ref> === 2011 === Chemos banyere n'asọmpi mba ụwa nke 2011 na Daegu, South Korea dị ka ọkacha mmasị maka steeplechase 3000 mita, ebe ọ meriri asọmpi ise nke Diamond League nke ọ gbagoro tupu asọmpi ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-apụghị imeziwanye n'elu ya ọla nchara nke afọ abụọ gara aga, gụchara na nke atọ ebe, n'elu 10 sekọnd n'azụ agbụrụ onye mmeri [[Yuliya Zaripova]] . Chemos mechara tụfuo Zaripova ọzọ na nzukọ ikpeazụ nke Diamond League nke oge - Ncheta Van Damme na Brussels - mana onye Kenya ewepụtalarị ụzọ a na-apụghị imeri emeri na ọkwa asọmpi Diamond wee si otú a jide aha ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ramsak|first=Bob|date=30 August 2011|url=http://daegu2011.iaaf.org/NewsListDetail.aspx?id=61641|title=Daegu 2011 – Expected Highlights – Day Four, 30 August|accessdate=15 November 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ramsak|first=Bob|date=30 August 2011|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/daegu-2011-day-4-summary-30-august|title=Daegu 2011 – Day 4 SUMMARY – 30 August|accessdate=1 May 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rowbottom|first=Mike|date=16 September 2011|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/blake-upstages-the-world-in-brussels-report|title=Blake upstages the world in Brussels|accessdate=1 May 2016}}</ref> === 2012 === Ná mmalite nke 2012, Chemos gbara ọsọ na Cross de San Sebastián ma bụrụ onye na-agba ọsọ n'azụ [[Nazareth Weldu|Nazaret Weldu]] . Ọ malitere oge 2012 IAAF Diamond League n'ụdị kachasị, na-emeri steeplechase na Shanghai, Eugene na Oslo. Na nke atọ n'ime mmeri ndị a, Chemos mebiri ndekọ steeplechase 3000 nke Africa nke [[Eunice Jepkorir]], na-emeri na oge ọhụụ kachasị mma na egwuregwu Bislett nke 9:07.14. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Mutuota|first=Mutwiri|work=IAAF|date=8 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012|url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/sports/2012/06/08/chemos-re-writes-history-kiprop-cruises/|title=Chemos re-writes history, Kiprop cruises|publisher=[[98.4 Capital FM]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, ọ meriri Steeplechase 3000m nke ụmụ nwanyị na asọmpi egwuregwu ụwa, na-emechi na 9:36.16. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-world-athletics-championships-sudha-singh-finishes-12th-in-3000m-steeplechase-1872758|title=World Athletics Championships: Sudha Singh finishes 12th in 3000m steeplechase|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=10 August 2013|accessdate=1 May 2016}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Di ya bụ [[Alex Sang]] bụ onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti. Ha nwere nwa nwanyị dịka nke 2010. <ref>{{Cite news|publisher=IAAF|date=9 June 2010|url=http://www.diamondleague.com/News/NewsArticles/Chemos-eyeing-African-record-in-Rome-and-2011-World-title--IAAF-Diamond-League-/?Template=News|title=Chemos eyeing African record in Rome, and 2011 World title – IAAF Diamond League|accessdate=9 June 2010}}</ref> Dị ka Milcah, ụmụnne na-agba ọsọ [[Linet Masai]] na Moses Masai sitere na obodo Bugaa. == Asọmpi mba ụwa == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- |rowspan=2|2009 |[[2009 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Berlin]], Germany |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[2009 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m steeplechase]] |9:08.57 |- |[[2009 IAAF World Athletics Final|World Athletics Final]] |[[Thessaloniki]], Greece |bgcolor=silver|2nd |3000 m steeplechase |9:20.19 |- |rowspan=3|2010 |[[2010 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2010 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m steeplechase]] |9:32.18 {{AthAbbr|CR|African Championships in Athletics}} |- |[[2010 IAAF Continental Cup|Continental Cup]] |[[Split, Croatia|Split]], Croatia |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2010 IAAF Continental Cup results#Women.27s 3000 metre steeplechase|3000 m steeplechase]] |9:25.84 |- |[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |[[New Delhi]], India |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m steeplechase]] |9:40.96 |- |2011 |[[2011 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Daegu]], South Korea |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[2011 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m steeplechase]] |9:17.16 |- |2012 |[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[London]], United Kingdom |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m steeplechase]] |9:09.88 |- |2013 |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Moscow]], Russia |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m steeplechase]] |9:11.65 |- |2014 |[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |[[Glasgow]], Scotland |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m steeplechase]] |9:31.30 |} {| class="wikitable" !Ihe omume ! Oge ( m : s ) ! Ebe ! Ụbọchị |- | 1500 mita | 4:12.30 | Nairobi, Kenya | Ọnwa Isii 6 2009 |- | [[3000 mita]] | 8:43.92 | Zagreb, Croatia | Ọgọst 31, 2009 |- | 3000 m steeplechase | 9:07.14 | Oslo, Norway | Ọnwa Isii 7, 2012 |} * <small>Ozi niile ewepụtara na profaịlụ IAAF.</small> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0n1ddg5znbbvthc82f1erwanfbxptin 0 54661 674280 203480 2026-07-08T20:55:34Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 674280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Monique Andréas Esoavelomandroso''' (amụrụ 18 Ọgọst 1945 wee nwụọ na 17 Machị 2025) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si [[Madagascar]] . A mụrụ ya na Fort-Dauphin (nke bụ́ Tôlanaro ugbu a ) nke dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Madagascar, a zụlitekwara ya n'obodo Tuléar nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ (nke bụ Toliara ugbu a), na-agụ akwụkwọ okpukpe na Chọọchị Lutheran . <ref name="ONU">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hayzara.org/content/download/1199/23503/version/1/file/ONU-Flash-Madagascar-Numero-Special-08-Mars-2012.pdf|title=ONU Flash Madagascar Numero Special|publisher=United Nations|date=8 March 2012|accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> Ọ ruru eru dị ka onye na-enyocha ego mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Paris na na Mahadum Pittsburgh, ma dee ihe ọmụmụ banyere ihe ngosi nke Madagascar. Ọ lụrụ [[Manassé Esoavelomandroso]], onye ndu otu onye ndu Fanilo . <ref name="AllenCovell2005">{{Cite book|author=Allen|first=Philip M.|title=Historical Dictionary of Madagascar|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000alle|year=2005|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-4636-4}}</ref> Ọ jere ozi mgbe niile dị ka onye ozi na gọọmentị Malagasy n'etiti 1971 na 2004. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ministri nke ihe nkiri ime obodo, ego na akụnụba, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ (gụnyere njikwa ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka n'etiti 1977 na 1993) na mmefu ego na ntọhapụ. Onye isi ala Marc Ravalomanana họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ steeti ya maka ịgbasa ọchịchị na mmepe nke mpaghara kwụụrụ onwe ya na 2002. Na 2004, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Indian Ocean Commission, <ref name="AllenCovell2005" /> nke ọrụ ọ rụrụ ruo 2008. E mechara họpụta ya maka afọ isii dị ka Ombudsman maka Republic of Madagascar, na ọrụ maka ịnọchite anya ọdịmma ụmụ amaala Malagasy site na nyocha na ịgbasa mkpesa nke mmetọ ma ọ bụ mmebi ikike. <ref>{{Cite news|title=La Médiature de la République présentée à Antsiranana|url=http://latribune.cyber-diego.com/societe/1111-la-mediature-de-la-republique-presentee-a-antsiranana.html|language=French|author=Maholy|work=La Tribune de Diego|date=20 November 2013|accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref> Nhọpụta ya abụghị nke enweghị esemokwu, n'ihi na alụmdi na nwunye ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ isi kpalitere nchegbu banyere ikike ya ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ogbugbo na-anọpụ iche. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://madagascar-tribune.com/Pas-de-mediation-politique,8812.html|title=Pas de médiation politique|language=French|work=Madagascar Tribune|date=13 September 2008}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke otu "Avoty ny Ankizy" (Save the Children) na Association of Women Treasury Inspectors. <ref name="ONU" /> Emere ya na Grand Croix, klas nke abụọ nke [[Malagasy Legion of Honor|Legion of Honor Malagasy]] na 12 Eprel 2021. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}  [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7h5jp5g8g9z306hhadouo29wga9e90k 0 54738 674176 193427 2026-07-08T15:33:40Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = Corner stone pf Shamsun nahar Mahmud (cropped).jpg | caption = Shamsunnahar Mahmud }} '''Shamsunnahar Mahmud''' (c. 1908 - Eprel 10, 1964) bụ onye ode akwụkwọ, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nkuzi na Bengal n'oge mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Ọ bụ onye ndu otu na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Bengal nke Begum Rokeya sụrụ ụzọ . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Banu|first=U. A. B. Razia Akter|year=1992|title=Islam in Bangladesh|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-09497-0|quote=Begum Shamsunnahar Mahmud carried Rokeya's torch in former East Pakistan from 1950 to the 1960s.}}</ref> Shamsunnahar Hall nke Mahadum Dhaka na Mahadum Chittagong ka akpọrọ aha ya. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Mahmud na 1908 na North Guthuma Village, na ugbu a Parshuram Upazila nke Feni District, Bangladesh. Nna ya, Mohammad Nurullah, bụ onye munsiff. Khan Bahadur Abdul Aziz bụ nna nna ya. Nwanne ya nwoke, Habibullah Bahar Chowdhury bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Mahmud malitere akwụkwọ ya na Dr. Khastagir Government Girls School na Chittagong, ma gụchara akwụkwọ na 1926 dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke onwe. Ọ natara IA ya na 1928 na BA na 1932 na Diocesan College of Calcutta . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Amin|first=Sonia|title=The World of Muslim Women in Colonial Bengal, 1876-1939|publisher=BRILL|year=1996|isbn=90-04-10642-1}}</ref> Na 1942, ọ gụchara MA ya na akwụkwọ Bengali . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ sonyeere òtù na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nke Begum Rokeya na-edu. == Ọrụ == Mahmud malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi nke akwụkwọ Bengali na Lady Brabourne College . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ nke Nikhil Banga Muslim Mahila Samity (Bengal Muslim Women's Society). Ọ gara Turkey na Middle East dị ka onye nnọchiteanya nke East Pakistan na 1952. A họpụtara ya onye otu National Assembly na 1962. Na 1961, ọ malitere nguzobe nke "Centre for Rehabilitation of Disabled Children". Ọ duru ndị nnọchi anya mba ụwa Council of Women na Colombo wee sonye na International Friendship Organisation dị ka onye isi mpaghara Eshia. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ Wahiduddin Mahmud na 1927. Ha zutere na Calcutta afọ abụọ gara aga mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Paul|first=Sreejata|date=2024-07-04|title=Writing Rokeya: Muslim Women’s Life-Writing, Intergenerational Camaraderie and Activism in Twentieth Century Bengal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00856401.2024.2365522|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|language=en|pages=1–15|doi=10.1080/00856401.2024.2365522|issn=0085-6401}}</ref> Ọ bụ dọkịta na-awa ahụ nke East Pakistan mgbe ahụ. Ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Mamun Mahmud, onye agha nnwere onwe nwụrụ anwụ n'oge agha nnwere onwe nke Bangladesh 1971, na Mainuddin Mahmud, onye cricketer, na onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi egwuregwu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Na-arụ ọrụ == E bipụtara abụ mbụ Mahmud na magazin ndị na-eto eto kwa ọnwa, ''Angur'' . Ọ deziri akụkụ ụmụ nwanyị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ, ''Nauroj'' na ''Atmashakti'' . Ya na nwanne ya nwoke, Habibullah, o deziri akwụkwọ akụkọ Bulbul (1933) nke e bipụtara na Kolkata. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Akwụkwọ === * ''Punyamayi'' (1925) * ''Phulbagicha'' (1935) * ''Begum Mahal'' (1936) * ''Roquia Jibani'' (1937; akụkọ ndụ Begum Rokeya mbụ) * ''Shishur Shiksa'' (1939) * ''Amar Dekha Turaska'' (1956) * ''Nazrulke Jeman Dekhechhi'' (1958) == Ihe nketa == Mgbe Mahmud nwụsịrị, ụlọ nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị nke Mahadum Dhaka, Mahadum Chittagong ka akpọrọ Shamsunnahar Hall. E nyere ya onyinye nturu ugo Independence Day na 1981 site n'aka Gọọmenti Bangladesh maka ntinye aka ya na ọrụ mmekọrịta. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} p11mqxaxkevzxn90o26zahry8x2jkfy 0 54835 674355 538080 2026-07-09T04:55:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Fazilatunnesa Bappy|native_name=ফজিলাতুন্নেসা বাপ্পী|native_name_lang=bn|image=Fazilatun Nasa Bappy (2) (cropped).jpg|caption=Bappy in January 2018|constituency_MP1=Reserved Women's Seat-30|term_start1=2014|term_end1=2018|constituency_MP2=Reserved Women's Seat-47|term_start2=2011|term_end2=2014|party=[[Bangladesh Awami League]]|birth_date={{birth date|1970|12|31|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Narail District|Narail]], [[East Pakistan]], Pakistan|nationality=Bangladeshi|occupation=Lawyer, politician|death_date={{death date and age|2020|01|02|1970|12|31|df=y}}|death_place=[[Dhaka]], Bangladesh}} '''Fazilatunesa Bappy''' (31 Disemba 1970 - 2 Jenụwarị 2020) bụ onye ọka iwu Bangladesh na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-anọchite anya otu Bangladesh Awami League . Ọ bụ onye otu Jatiya Sangsad . == Akụkọ ndụ == <ref name="d" /><ref name="c" />Amụrụ Bappy na 31 Disemba 1970 na Narail na East Pakistan mgbe ahụ.[1][2] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu nke International Crime Tribunal na osote onye ọka iwu izugbe. Bappy tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Bangladesh Awami League n'oge ndụ nwata akwụkwọ ya. <ref name="a">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/262496/ফজিলাতুন্নেসা-বাপ্পী-আর-নেই|work=Jugantor|language=bn|date=2 January 2020|accessdate=2 January 2020}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka onye otu Jatiya Sangsad na 2011 na ọzọ na 2014. <ref name="d">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-213354|title=EC declares five AL candidates elected|date=9 December 2011|work=The Daily Star|accessdate=2 January 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-213354 "EC declares five AL candidates elected"]. ''The Daily Star''. 9 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/mps-bangla/members-of-parliament-bangla/former-mp-s/2014-03-23-11-45-04?csrt=10101827025790544831|title=List of 10th Parliament Members|work=Jatiya Sangsad|language=en|accessdate=2 January 2020|archivedate=2020-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102043133/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/mps-bangla/members-of-parliament-bangla/former-mp-s/2014-03-23-11-45-04%3Fcsrt%3D10101827025790544831}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Bappy nwụrụ na 2 Jenụwarị 2020 na ụlọ ọgwụ Mahadum Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib, Dhaka mgbe ọ dị afọ 49, na-arịa ọrịa oyi baa. <ref name="c">{{Cite news|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/451044/Ex-MP-Fazilatunnesa-Bappy-passes-away|title=Ex-MP Fazilatunnesa Bappy passes away|work=Daily Sun|date=2 January 2020|accessdate=2 January 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200122170532/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/451044/Ex-MP-Fazilatunnesa-Bappy-passes-away "Ex-MP Fazilatunnesa Bappy passes away"]. ''Daily Sun''. 2 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=236691|title=Fazilatunnesa Bappy dies|work=The Daily Observer|date=2 January 2020|accessdate=2 January 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.theindependentbd.com//post/230476|title=Ex-Awami League MP Fazilatunnesa Bappy passes away|work=The Independent|date=2 January 2020|accessdate=2 January 2020}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} oi3ysx881rc6zc2ql8mx0h72ybnkkya 0 55359 674268 206566 2026-07-08T20:41:26Z Johnnybam 24488 674268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo''' bụ mmiri na-adịghị ọcha, mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha, nke a na-amịpụta na pulp nke aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref name="cm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|title=Coconut milk|publisher=Philippine Coconut Authority|date=2014|accessdate=22 September 2016|archivedate=6 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tulashie|first=Samuel Kofi|title=Production of coconut milk: A sustainable alternative plant-based milk|journal=Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering|date=2022|volume=6|pages=100206|doi=10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100206}}</ref> Opacity na uto bara ụba nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ n'ihi nnukwu mmanụ dị n'ime ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ya bụ abụba juru . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ ihe oriri ọdịnala ejiri na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, Oceania, South Asia, na East Africa. A na-ejikwa ya esi nri na Caribbean, Central America, akụkụ ugwu nke South America na West Africa, bụ ebe a na-ebute aki oyibo n'oge oge ọchịchị . A na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo n'ime ụdị subtypes dabere na ọdịnaya abụba . Enwere ike ịchịkọta ha na '''ude oyibo''' (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi oyibo) nke nwere oke abụba; mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (ma ọ bụ obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo) na oke nke gburugburu 20% abụba; na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere oke abụba na-enweghị atụ. <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}</ref> <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}</ref> A naghị agbaso okwu okwu a mgbe niile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-ere ahịa na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}</ref> A pụkwara iji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mepụta ihe ndị na-anọchi anya mmiri ara ehi (dị iche dị ka "ihe ọṅụṅụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo"). Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị otu ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nke a na-achọ maka isi nri, ọ bụghị ịṅụ mmanya. <ref name="bridges">{{Cite book|first=Meagan|author=Bridges|editor=Carol Rees|title=Practical Gastroenterology|chapter=Moo-ove Over, Cow’s Milk: The Rise of Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives|series=Nutrition Issues in Gastroenterology, Series #171|year=2018|pages=20–27|url=https://med.virginia.edu/ginutrition/wp-content/uploads/sites/199/2014/06/January-18-Milk-Alternatives.pdf}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, edoziri nke sitere na Puerto Rico dị ka ''ude aki oyibo'' . A na-eji ya na ọtụtụ desserts na ihe ọṅụṅụ dị ka piña colada, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gaghị enwe mgbagwoju anya na ude oyibo. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ochef.com/498.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305113910/http://ochef.com/498.htm|archivedate=2016-03-05|title=Coconut milk, cream, and sweetened cream|work=ochef.com}}</ref> == Nri nri ==   Na 100 milliliter (ml) akụkụ, mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwere 230 kilocalories na bụ 68% mmiri, 24% ngụkọta abụba, 6% carbohydrates, na 2% protein (tebụl). Ihe mejupụtara abụba gụnyere gram 21 nke abụba juru eju, nke ọkara n'ime ya bụ lauric acid (tebụl). Mmiri ara ehi oyibo bụ isi iyi bara ụba (20% ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị, DV) nke manganese (40% DV kwa 100 g), na-enweghị ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ na ọdịnaya dị ịrịba ama (tebụ maka isi iyi USDA). == Nkọwa na okwu okwu == Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ emulsion mmanụ dị n'ime mmiri siri ike nke nwere protein ndị na-eme ihe dị ka emulsifiers na ndị na-eme ka ndị na-ekpo ọkụ . Ọ bụ opaque na mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha na agba na nso na agbanwe agbanwe site na mmiri ruo ude. <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTetra_Pak2016">Tetra Pak (2016). "The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream". [https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream ''Coconut Handbook'']. Tetra Pak International S.A. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-91-7773-948-7|<bdi>978-91-7773-948-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Dabere na ọdịnaya abụba, a na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo gaa n'ụdị dị iche iche a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "ude oyibo", "mmiri aki oyibo", na "mmiri aki oyibo", site na nke kachasị elu ruo na nke kacha nta n'otu n'otu. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "mmiri aki oyibo dị mkpa" na "mmiri aki oyibo" dị iche iche) na omenala dị iche iche na mba ebe aki oyibo na-adabere na ọkwa nke mmịpụta. A na-ekewakwa ha na ụkpụrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Asia na Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) na [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Òtù Na-ahụ Maka nri na Ọrụ Ugbo]] nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]] (FAO). <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNIIR_Board_of_Consultants_and_Engineers2006">NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274 ''The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)'']. Asia Pacific Business Press Inc. p.&nbsp;274. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-81-7833-007-5|<bdi>978-81-7833-007-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="tp" /> Otú ọ dị, a naghị agbaso okwu ndị ahụ mgbe nile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (karịsịa na mba ọdịda anyanwụ) n'ihi na ụkpụrụ ndị a abụghị iwu. Nke a nwere ike ịkpata ọgba aghara n'etiti ndị na-azụ ahịa. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Community Coconut Asia na Pacific na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNIIR_Board_of_Consultants_and_Engineers2006">NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274 ''The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)'']. Asia Pacific Business Press Inc. p.&nbsp;274. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-81-7833-007-5|<bdi>978-81-7833-007-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Oke abụba site n'ịdị arọ na ude oyibo na mmiri ara ehi ( APCC Standards ) ! Ngwaahịa ! Ọdịnaya abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m) |- ! Ude aki oyibo gbadoro anya | 40–50 |- ! Ude oyibo dị elu | 30–39 |- ! Ude oyibo dị oke abụba | 25–29 |- ! Ude oyibo dị obere abụba | 20–25 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị elu | 15–20 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị obere | 10–15 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị obere | 5–10 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 0–1.5 |} Codex Alimentarius nke FAO na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTetra_Pak2016">Tetra Pak (2016). "The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream". [https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream ''Coconut Handbook'']. Tetra Pak International S.A. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-91-7773-948-7|<bdi>978-91-7773-948-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Nhazi nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (CODEX STAN 240-2003, Codex Alimentarius, FAO) ! Ngwaahịa ! Mkpokọta ihe siri ike<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ( %m/m )<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. -Max. ! Ihe siri ike na-abụghị abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Mmiri<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Oke. ! pH |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo | 6.6-12.6 | 1.6 | 5 | 93.4 | 5.9 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 12.7-25.3 | 2.7 | 10 | 87.3 | 5.9 |- ! Ude oyibo | 25.4 - 37.3 | 5.4 | 20 | 74.6 | 5.9 |- ! Aki oyibo ude itinye uche | 37.4 min. | 8.4 | 29 | 62.6 | 5.9 |- |} Mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwekwara ike mgbe ụfọdụ mgbagwoju anya na mmiri oyibo . Mmiri aki oyibo bụ mmiri doro anya dị n'ime mkpụrụ aki oyibo, ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmiri mmiri ewepụtara site na akwụkwọ ntuziaka ma ọ bụ n'ịzọpịa nke ọcha n'ime anụ aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/|title=Coconut water|publisher=American Society for Nutrition|date=13 September 2010|author=Henni S|accessdate=6 March 2017|archivedate=7 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307051330/https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/}}</ref> <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="tp2">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=Coconut Food Production|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/coconut-food-production}}</ref> Ude oyibo ekwesịghịkwa inwe mgbagwoju anya na aki oyibo creamed, nke bụ ihe mgbochi siri ike nke sitere na mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo nke ọma, na ude nke aki oyibo, nke bụ ngwaahịa a na-esi na ya na-esi na ude oyibo na-atọ ụtọ. == Nkwadebe omenala == [[Faịlụ:Râper_la_pulpe_du_coco_(Tieti,_Nord,_New_Caledonia).jpg|thumb| A na-ata aki oyibo]] A na-eme mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site n'ịchịkọta anụ ọcha nke dị n'ime nke aki oyibo tozuru okè na ịgwakọta pulp akị oyibo a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ na obere mmiri ọkụ iji kwụsịtụ abụba dị n'ime pulp ahụ. <ref name="cm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|title=Coconut milk|publisher=Philippine Coconut Authority|date=2014|accessdate=22 September 2016|archivedate=6 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf "Coconut milk"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Philippine Coconut Authority. 2014. Archived from [http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Enwere ike iji aka ma ọ bụ igwe mee usoro grating. <ref name="cm" /><ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:The_making_of_coconut_milk_137_MKT_-_Instagram_Images_-_1080px_x_1080px6.jpg|thumb| A na-eji akwa cheese na-apịa aki oyibo e ghere eghe]] A na-ekewakwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ụzọ abụọ: ude oyibo (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi siri ike) na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ude oyibo nwere gburugburu 20% ruo 50% abụba; ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa nwere abụba 5% ruo 20%. <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNIIR_Board_of_Consultants_and_Engineers2006">NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274 ''The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)'']. Asia Pacific Business Press Inc. p.&nbsp;274. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-81-7833-007-5|<bdi>978-81-7833-007-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="solomon" /> A na-ewepụta ude aki oyibo site na ntinye mbụ nke grated aki oyibo pulp ozugbo site na cheesecloth . Mgbe ụfọdụ, a pụkwara ịgbakwunye ntakịrị mmiri ọkụ, mana n'ozuzu, a na-amịpụta ude oyibo na-enweghị mmiri agbakwunyere. <ref name="NIIR" /> <ref name="solomon" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa site na ịpịnye na-esote mgbe ejiri mmiri ọkụ fesa pulp aki oyibo. <ref name="NIIR" /> <ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSolomon2014">Solomon, Charmaine (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 ''The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore'']. Hardie Grant Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-74358-170-4|<bdi>978-1-74358-170-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> A pụkwara iji ike ndọda mee ihe iji nweta akwa oyi akwa nke ude aki oyibo na ala oyi akwa nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. A na-enweta nke a site na ikwe ka mmiri mmiri amịpụtara guzoro otu awa. <ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSolomon2014">Solomon, Charmaine (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 ''The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore'']. Hardie Grant Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-74358-170-4|<bdi>978-1-74358-170-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="birosel" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ike ịgbanye ude aki oyibo ka ọ bụrụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị ntakịrị site na ịgbanye mmiri. <ref name="solomon" /> <ref name="birosel">{{Cite journal|author=Birosel|first=D. M.|title=The nature and properties of the emulsifier system of oil globules in coconut milk and cream|journal=The Philippine Journal of Science|date=1963|volume=92|issue=1|pages=1–15|url=http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf_upload/pjs1963/PJS_Vol_92_No1_Mar_1963.pdf}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:തേങ്ങാപ്പാൽ_പിഴിയൽ.JPG|thumb| Nkwadebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo]] A na-eji mmiri ara ehi akị oyibo akwadoro eme ihe ozugbo ewepụtara ya ọhụrụ n'ihi na ọ na-emebi ngwa ngwa mgbe ikuku kpughee ya. Ọ na-aghọ rancid mgbe awa ole na ole gachara na ụlọ okpomọkụ 28 to 30 Celsius C (82 ruo 86 °F) n'ihi lipid oxidation na lipolysis . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo Rancid na-enye isi na-adịghị mma ma nwee uto ncha pụrụ iche. <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNIIR_Board_of_Consultants_and_Engineers2006">NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274 ''The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)'']. Asia Pacific Business Press Inc. p.&nbsp;274. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-81-7833-007-5|<bdi>978-81-7833-007-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTetra_Pak2016">Tetra Pak (2016). "The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream". [https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream ''Coconut Handbook'']. Tetra Pak International S.A. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-91-7773-948-7|<bdi>978-91-7773-948-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[Faịlụ:Coco3wjf.JPG|thumb| Ude aki oyibo siri ike nke sitere na ntinye mbụ nke aki oyibo grated]] Dị ka ude oyibo nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke soluble, kwụsịtụrụ siri ike, ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka ihe dị mma maka desserts na ọgaranya na akọrọ sauces . N'aka nke ọzọ, mmiri ara ehi dị obere nwere obere ihe siri ike ndị a soluble. N'ihi ya, a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ozuzu nri. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ude aki oyibo na obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo anaghị adịkarị na mba ndị ọdịda anyanwụ n'ihi na mmiri ara ehi ọhụrụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị a na ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na katọn ma ọ bụ ite. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụkwa nzọụkwụ dị n'etiti usoro mmiri mmiri ọdịnala nke imepụta mmanụ aki oyibo na-amaghị nwoke site na kpo oku nke nta nke nta, churning, ma ọ bụ gbaa ụka. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ ndị a adịghị arụ ọrụ karịa mmepụta mmanụ aki oyibo sitere na copra . <ref name="kurian">{{Cite book|author=Kurian|first=Alice|title=Commercial Crops Technology|date=2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-8189422523|pages=202–203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VFYqwA-Mn4C&pg=PA202}}</ref> <ref name="grimwood">{{Cite book|author=Grimwood|first=Brian E.|title=Coconut Palm Products: Their Processing in Developing Countries|date=1975|publisher=Food & Agriculture Organization|isbn=978-92-5-100853-9|pages=183–187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA183}}</ref> === Aki oyibo graters === [[Faịlụ:Coconut_scrapper_in_Laclo.jpg|thumb| Omenala aki oyibo grater]] Aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "aki oyibo"), ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ịwepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, bụ akụkụ nke omenala ihe onwunwe nke ndị Austronesia . Site na Island Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-ebu ya na njem ụgbọ mmiri nke mgbasawanye nke Austronesian ma maka ọchịchị na ịzụ ahịa, ruo Polynesia n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na [[Madagascar]] na [[Comoros]] dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'oge ochie. Teknụzụ ahụ gbasaakwara n'ọdịnala ndị na-abụghị ndị Ọstrelia na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Africa site na nso nso. <ref name="sarathi">{{Cite book|first=Harriet Joseph|author=Ottenheimer|editor=Sarathi|title=Early Maritime Cultures in East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean: Papers from a conference held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (African Studies Program) 23–24 October 2015, with additional contributions|chapter=Zilo and Zahula|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd|year=2018|isbn=978-1-78491-713-5}}</ref> <ref name="kirch">{{Cite book|editor=Diamond|author=Kirch|first=Patrick V.|title=Natural Experiments of History|chapter=Controlled Comparison and Polynesian Cultural Evolution|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-07672-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdNCb_oHvIQC&pg=PA22}}</ref> <ref name="Lew">{{Cite journal|author=Lew|first=Christopher|title=Tracing the origin of the coconut (''Cocos nucifera'' L.)|journal=Prized Writing 2018–2019|pages=143–157}}</ref> Aki oyibo akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-anọgide na-abụ ọkọlọtọ kichin akụrụngwa n'ime ezinụlọ na okpomọkụ Asia-Pacific na n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mmanụ aki oyibo na Indo-Pacific . <ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSolomon2014">Solomon, Charmaine (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 ''The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore'']. Hardie Grant Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-74358-170-4|<bdi>978-1-74358-170-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="Iddison">{{Cite web|author=Iddison|first=Phil|title=Katai: Coconut Scrapers|url=http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf|work=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery|accessdate=18 April 2019|archivedate=18 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}</ref> Nhazi bụ isi nke graters aki oyibo nwere oche dị ala ma ọ bụ stool nwere diski kwụ ọtọ (nke e ji ígwè mee n'Eshia na Africa, na nkume ma ọ bụ shei na Oceania) jikọtara n'otu nsọtụ. Mmadụ na-anọdụ ala n'oche ma jiri aka abụọ na-eji diski ígwè na-akpụcha elu dị n'ime nke mgbịrịgba aki oyibo gbawara agbawa ugboro ugboro. A na-achịkọta ihe mkpofu ndị ahụ site na akpa e debere n'okpuru. <ref name="Iddison">{{Cite web|author=Iddison|first=Phil|title=Katai: Coconut Scrapers|url=http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf|work=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery|accessdate=18 April 2019|archivedate=18 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIddison">Iddison, Phil. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf "Katai: Coconut Scrapers"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery''. Archived from [http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKirchGreen2001">Kirch, Patrick Vinton; Green, Roger C. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152 ''Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology'']. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;152. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78879-3|<bdi>978-0-521-78879-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Pakkawan|first=Assawin|title=Traditional coconut graters on show at southern funeral|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1360263/traditional-coconut-graters-on-show-at-southern-funeral|work=Bangkok Post|accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> <ref name="aranas">{{Cite book|author=Aranas|first=Jennifer|title=The Filipino-American Kitchen: Traditional Recipes, Contemporary Flavors|date=2012|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0491-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71TRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ aki oyibo nke ọgbara ọhụrụ malitere na etiti 1800s nwere eriri serrated nwere crank aka. Ekwenyere na nsụgharị a bụ ihe ndị Britain mepụtara. <ref name="snod">{{Cite book|author=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45572-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233}}</ref> == Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo edoziri == [[Faịlụ:Coconut_milk_production.jpg|thumb| Mechanical aki oyibo grinder]] Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo a na-ere ahịa na-eji otu usoro ahụ wepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na pulp, n'agbanyeghị na ha na-eji akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ dị ka igwe na-agbapụta ihe, igwe na-egweri na ihe na-akpụ akpụ, ndị na-akpụ aki oyibo moto, na ndị na-amịpụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha dị iche n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'usoro ịcha mmiri ma ọ bụ mkpọ. A na-ebu ụzọ enyocha ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site na nzacha 100 ntupu . A na -asachapụ ha n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na esi okpukpu abụọ na gburugburu 70 Celsius C (158 °F), kpachara anya na-agaghị agafe 80 Celsius C (176 °F), okpomọkụ nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-amalite ịgbachi. Mgbe pasteurization gasịrị, a na-ebufe ha ozugbo na arịa ndị na-ejuputa ma mechie tupu ha adị jụụ. A na-akwakọba ha n'ime karama, mkpọ, ma ọ bụ obere akpa na gbawara oyi maka nchekwa na ibugharị. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPhilippine_Coconut_Authority2014">Philippine Coconut Authority (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf ''Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014. Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines. Archived from [http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> ==== Latin America na Caribbean ==== Na Brazil, a na-ejikarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na nri n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ozuzu ya na stews na nri mmiri. Na [[Venezuela]], a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na azụ̀ e kụjasịrị akwadebe efere pulp n'ime efere a na-akpọ ''mojito en coco'' . Na [[Colombia]] na Panama, a na-eji anụ aki oyibo na mmiri ara ehi grated eme ''titoté'' dị ụtọ, bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ''arroz con coco'' (osikapa osikapa). A na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee efere ndị Venezuelan, dị ka ''majarete'' (ihe eji megharịa ọnụ Venezuelan), na ''arroz con coco'' (ụdị osikapa aki oyibo nke Venezuelan). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Na-aṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ === [[Faịlụ:Cendol_in_a_Glass.JPG|thumb| ''Cendol'', ihe ọṅụṅụ jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na shuga nkwụ]] Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee ọtụtụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ọdịnala. Cendol bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ice na-ewu ewu sitere na mpaghara a nwere mmiri ara ehi oyibo na jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ntụ ọka osikapa mere. A na-ejikwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka bandrek na bajigur, ihe ọṅụṅụ abụọ na-ewu ewu sitere na Indonesia. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo e ji mmiri gbazere bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ oyibo abụọ ewu ewu na ndịda China na Taiwan. A na-etinyekarị pulp dị ka jelii si n'ime aki oyibo na mmiri oyibo iji mee ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, na Brazil, a na-agwakọta mmiri ara oyibo na sugar na ''cachaça'' iji mee mmanya a na-akpọ {{Lang|pt|[[Cocktails with cachaça#Batida (Shaken)|batida de côco]]}}</link> . : 183 Puerto Rico na-ewu ewu maka ihe ọṅụṅụ okpomọkụ nke nwere aki oyibo, dị ka ''piña colada'' na ''coquito'', nke na-enwekarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ma ọ bụ ude oyibo . == Abụba juru eju na ihe egwu ahụike == Otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmanụ aki oyibo, nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-eme ka ndị mmadụ ghara iri nri dị [note 1] n'ihi nnukwu abụba jupụtara na ya. Iri oke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwekwara ike ibuli ọkwa cholesterol ọbara n'ihi oke lauric acid, abụba juru eju nke na-enye aka na cholesterol dị elu n'ọbara. <ref name="Mensink">{{Cite journal|title=Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|volume=77|issue=5|pages=1146–1155|date=May 2003|pmid=12716665|doi=10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146|url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/77/5/1146.full.pdf+html|format=pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nutr Rev|year=2016|volume=74|issue=4|pages=267–280|doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuw002|title=Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans|pmid=26946252}}</ref> == Horticulture == N'afọ 1943, a chọpụtara na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere ike ịgba ume na-eto eto. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eto eto, isi ihe kpatara ya bụ ịdị adị nke cytokinin nke a maara dị ka zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ọ bụ ezie na zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ozuzu ya, ọ naghị eme ngwa ngwa na ụfọdụ osisi dị ka radishes . <ref name="Mok1">{{Cite book|title=Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function|first=David W. S.|author=Mok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yov7iUL7OTAC|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-8493-6252-0|year=1994}}</ref> : 8 Otú ọ dị, mgbe agbakwunyere 10% mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mkpụrụ nke a na-akụ ọka wit, achọpụtala ọganihu dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bajaj1">{{Cite book|title=Wheat|first=Y. P. S.|author=Bajaj|publisher=Springer|year=1990|isbn=3-540-51809-6}}</ref> == Azụmahịa == A na-emepụta aki oyibo n'ọtụtụ ebe na ihu igwe okpomọkụ ma na-ebupụ ya n'ụwa niile dị ka ngwaahịa mkpọ, na-emekarị na North America na Europe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tinchan|first=P|title=Changes in the profile of volatiles of canned coconut milk during storage|journal=Journal of Food Science|date=2015|volume=80|issue=1|pages=C49–C54|doi=10.1111/1750-3841.12730|pmid=25533179}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Aki oyibo ude * Ginataan * Ndepụta efere na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo * Osisi mmiri ara ehi == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist|group=note}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Coconut milk at Wikimedia Commons * "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l64uZEY3DhE Making the Coconut Grater Stool]" – video by George Town World Heritage Incorporated, Penang, Malaysia [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pk6edca497mrz93yb5uiaq91zxuhrcg 674269 674268 2026-07-08T20:43:45Z Johnnybam 24488 674269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo''' bụ mmiri na-adịghị ọcha, mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha, nke a na-amịpụta na pulp nke aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref name="cm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|title=Coconut milk|publisher=Philippine Coconut Authority|date=2014|accessdate=22 September 2016|archivedate=6 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tulashie|first=Samuel Kofi|title=Production of coconut milk: A sustainable alternative plant-based milk|journal=Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering|date=2022|volume=6|pages=100206|doi=10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100206}}</ref> Opacity na uto bara ụba nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ n'ihi nnukwu mmanụ dị n'ime ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ya bụ abụba juru . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ ihe oriri ọdịnala ejiri na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, Oceania, South Asia, na East Africa. A na-ejikwa ya esi nri na Caribbean, Central America, akụkụ ugwu nke South America na West Africa, bụ ebe a na-ebute aki oyibo n'oge oge ọchịchị . A na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo n'ime ụdị subtypes dabere na ọdịnaya abụba . Enwere ike ịchịkọta ha na '''ude oyibo''' (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi oyibo) nke nwere oke abụba; mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (ma ọ bụ obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo) na oke nke gburugburu 20% abụba; na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere oke abụba na-enweghị atụ. <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}</ref> <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}</ref> A naghị agbaso okwu okwu a mgbe niile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-ere ahịa na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}</ref> A pụkwara iji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mepụta ihe ndị na-anọchi anya mmiri ara ehi (dị iche dị ka "ihe ọṅụṅụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo"). Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị otu ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nke a na-achọ maka isi nri, ọ bụghị ịṅụ mmanya. <ref name="bridges">{{Cite book|first=Meagan|author=Bridges|editor=Carol Rees|title=Practical Gastroenterology|chapter=Moo-ove Over, Cow’s Milk: The Rise of Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives|series=Nutrition Issues in Gastroenterology, Series #171|year=2018|pages=20–27|url=https://med.virginia.edu/ginutrition/wp-content/uploads/sites/199/2014/06/January-18-Milk-Alternatives.pdf}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, edoziri nke sitere na Puerto Rico dị ka ''ude aki oyibo'' . A na-eji ya na ọtụtụ desserts na ihe ọṅụṅụ dị ka piña colada, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gaghị enwe mgbagwoju anya na ude oyibo. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ochef.com/498.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305113910/http://ochef.com/498.htm|archivedate=2016-03-05|title=Coconut milk, cream, and sweetened cream|work=ochef.com}}</ref> == Nri nri ==   Na 100 milliliter (ml) akụkụ, mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwere 230 kilocalories na bụ 68% mmiri, 24% ngụkọta abụba, 6% carbohydrates, na 2% protein (tebụl). Ihe mejupụtara abụba gụnyere gram 21 nke abụba juru eju, nke ọkara n'ime ya bụ lauric acid (tebụl). Mmiri ara ehi oyibo bụ isi iyi bara ụba (20% ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị, DV) nke manganese (40% DV kwa 100 g), na-enweghị ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ na ọdịnaya dị ịrịba ama (tebụ maka isi iyi USDA). == Nkọwa na okwu okwu == Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ emulsion mmanụ dị n'ime mmiri siri ike nke nwere protein ndị na-eme ihe dị ka emulsifiers na ndị na-eme ka ndị na-ekpo ọkụ . Ọ bụ opaque na mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha na agba na nso na agbanwe agbanwe site na mmiri ruo ude. <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTetra_Pak2016">Tetra Pak (2016). "The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream". [https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream ''Coconut Handbook'']. Tetra Pak International S.A. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-91-7773-948-7|<bdi>978-91-7773-948-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Dabere na ọdịnaya abụba, a na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo gaa n'ụdị dị iche iche a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "ude oyibo", "mmiri aki oyibo", na "mmiri aki oyibo", site na nke kachasị elu ruo na nke kacha nta n'otu n'otu. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "mmiri aki oyibo dị mkpa" na "mmiri aki oyibo" dị iche iche) na omenala dị iche iche na mba ebe aki oyibo na-adabere na ọkwa nke mmịpụta. A na-ekewakwa ha na ụkpụrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Asia na Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) na [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Òtù Na-ahụ Maka nri na Ọrụ Ugbo]] nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]] (FAO). <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNIIR_Board_of_Consultants_and_Engineers2006">NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274 ''The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)'']. Asia Pacific Business Press Inc. p.&nbsp;274. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-81-7833-007-5|<bdi>978-81-7833-007-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="tp" /> Otú ọ dị, a naghị agbaso okwu ndị ahụ mgbe nile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (karịsịa na mba ọdịda anyanwụ) n'ihi na ụkpụrụ ndị a abụghị iwu. Nke a nwere ike ịkpata ọgba aghara n'etiti ndị na-azụ ahịa. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Community Coconut Asia na Pacific na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNIIR_Board_of_Consultants_and_Engineers2006">NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274 ''The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)'']. Asia Pacific Business Press Inc. p.&nbsp;274. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-81-7833-007-5|<bdi>978-81-7833-007-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Oke abụba site n'ịdị arọ na ude oyibo na mmiri ara ehi ( APCC Standards ) ! Ngwaahịa ! Ọdịnaya abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m) |- ! Ude aki oyibo gbadoro anya | 40–50 |- ! Ude oyibo dị elu | 30–39 |- ! Ude oyibo dị oke abụba | 25–29 |- ! Ude oyibo dị obere abụba | 20–25 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị elu | 15–20 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị obere | 10–15 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị obere | 5–10 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 0–1.5 |} Codex Alimentarius nke FAO na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTetra_Pak2016">Tetra Pak (2016). "The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream". [https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream ''Coconut Handbook'']. Tetra Pak International S.A. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-91-7773-948-7|<bdi>978-91-7773-948-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Nhazi nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (CODEX STAN 240-2003, Codex Alimentarius, FAO) ! Ngwaahịa ! Mkpokọta ihe siri ike<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ( %m/m )<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. -Max. ! Ihe siri ike na-abụghị abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Mmiri<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Oke. ! pH |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo | 6.6-12.6 | 1.6 | 5 | 93.4 | 5.9 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 12.7-25.3 | 2.7 | 10 | 87.3 | 5.9 |- ! Ude oyibo | 25.4 - 37.3 | 5.4 | 20 | 74.6 | 5.9 |- ! Aki oyibo ude itinye uche | 37.4 min. | 8.4 | 29 | 62.6 | 5.9 |- |} Mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwekwara ike mgbe ụfọdụ mgbagwoju anya na mmiri oyibo . Mmiri aki oyibo bụ mmiri doro anya dị n'ime mkpụrụ aki oyibo, ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmiri mmiri ewepụtara site na akwụkwọ ntuziaka ma ọ bụ n'ịzọpịa nke ọcha n'ime anụ aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/|title=Coconut water|publisher=American Society for Nutrition|date=13 September 2010|author=Henni S|accessdate=6 March 2017|archivedate=7 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307051330/https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/}}</ref> <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="tp2">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=Coconut Food Production|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/coconut-food-production}}</ref> Ude oyibo ekwesịghịkwa inwe mgbagwoju anya na aki oyibo creamed, nke bụ ihe mgbochi siri ike nke sitere na mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo nke ọma, na ude nke aki oyibo, nke bụ ngwaahịa a na-esi na ya na-esi na ude oyibo na-atọ ụtọ. == Nkwadebe omenala == [[Faịlụ:Râper_la_pulpe_du_coco_(Tieti,_Nord,_New_Caledonia).jpg|thumb| A na-ata aki oyibo]] A na-eme mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site n'ịchịkọta anụ ọcha nke dị n'ime nke aki oyibo tozuru okè na ịgwakọta pulp akị oyibo a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ na obere mmiri ọkụ iji kwụsịtụ abụba dị n'ime pulp ahụ. Enwere ike iji aka ma ọ bụ igwe mee usoro grating. <ref name="cm" /><ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:The_making_of_coconut_milk_137_MKT_-_Instagram_Images_-_1080px_x_1080px6.jpg|thumb| A na-eji akwa cheese na-apịa aki oyibo e ghere eghe]] A na-ekewakwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ụzọ abụọ: ude oyibo (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi siri ike) na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ude oyibo nwere gburugburu 20% ruo 50% abụba; ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa nwere abụba 5% ruo 20%. <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNIIR_Board_of_Consultants_and_Engineers2006">NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274 ''The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)'']. Asia Pacific Business Press Inc. p.&nbsp;274. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-81-7833-007-5|<bdi>978-81-7833-007-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="solomon" /> A na-ewepụta ude aki oyibo site na ntinye mbụ nke grated aki oyibo pulp ozugbo site na cheesecloth . Mgbe ụfọdụ, a pụkwara ịgbakwunye ntakịrị mmiri ọkụ, mana n'ozuzu, a na-amịpụta ude oyibo na-enweghị mmiri agbakwunyere. <ref name="NIIR" /> <ref name="solomon" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa site na ịpịnye na-esote mgbe ejiri mmiri ọkụ fesa pulp aki oyibo. <ref name="NIIR" /> <ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSolomon2014">Solomon, Charmaine (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 ''The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore'']. Hardie Grant Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-74358-170-4|<bdi>978-1-74358-170-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> A pụkwara iji ike ndọda mee ihe iji nweta akwa oyi akwa nke ude aki oyibo na ala oyi akwa nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. A na-enweta nke a site na ikwe ka mmiri mmiri amịpụtara guzoro otu awa. <ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSolomon2014">Solomon, Charmaine (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 ''The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore'']. Hardie Grant Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-74358-170-4|<bdi>978-1-74358-170-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="birosel" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ike ịgbanye ude aki oyibo ka ọ bụrụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị ntakịrị site na ịgbanye mmiri. <ref name="solomon" /> <ref name="birosel">{{Cite journal|author=Birosel|first=D. M.|title=The nature and properties of the emulsifier system of oil globules in coconut milk and cream|journal=The Philippine Journal of Science|date=1963|volume=92|issue=1|pages=1–15|url=http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf_upload/pjs1963/PJS_Vol_92_No1_Mar_1963.pdf}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:തേങ്ങാപ്പാൽ_പിഴിയൽ.JPG|thumb| Nkwadebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo]] A na-eji mmiri ara ehi akị oyibo akwadoro eme ihe ozugbo ewepụtara ya ọhụrụ n'ihi na ọ na-emebi ngwa ngwa mgbe ikuku kpughee ya. Ọ na-aghọ rancid mgbe awa ole na ole gachara na ụlọ okpomọkụ 28 to 30 Celsius C (82 ruo 86 °F) n'ihi lipid oxidation na lipolysis . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo Rancid na-enye isi na-adịghị mma ma nwee uto ncha pụrụ iche. <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNIIR_Board_of_Consultants_and_Engineers2006">NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274 ''The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)'']. Asia Pacific Business Press Inc. p.&nbsp;274. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-81-7833-007-5|<bdi>978-81-7833-007-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTetra_Pak2016">Tetra Pak (2016). "The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream". [https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream ''Coconut Handbook'']. Tetra Pak International S.A. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-91-7773-948-7|<bdi>978-91-7773-948-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[Faịlụ:Coco3wjf.JPG|thumb| Ude aki oyibo siri ike nke sitere na ntinye mbụ nke aki oyibo grated]] Dị ka ude oyibo nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke soluble, kwụsịtụrụ siri ike, ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka ihe dị mma maka desserts na ọgaranya na akọrọ sauces . N'aka nke ọzọ, mmiri ara ehi dị obere nwere obere ihe siri ike ndị a soluble. N'ihi ya, a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ozuzu nri. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ude aki oyibo na obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo anaghị adịkarị na mba ndị ọdịda anyanwụ n'ihi na mmiri ara ehi ọhụrụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị a na ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na katọn ma ọ bụ ite. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụkwa nzọụkwụ dị n'etiti usoro mmiri mmiri ọdịnala nke imepụta mmanụ aki oyibo na-amaghị nwoke site na kpo oku nke nta nke nta, churning, ma ọ bụ gbaa ụka. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ ndị a adịghị arụ ọrụ karịa mmepụta mmanụ aki oyibo sitere na copra . <ref name="kurian">{{Cite book|author=Kurian|first=Alice|title=Commercial Crops Technology|date=2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-8189422523|pages=202–203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VFYqwA-Mn4C&pg=PA202}}</ref> <ref name="grimwood">{{Cite book|author=Grimwood|first=Brian E.|title=Coconut Palm Products: Their Processing in Developing Countries|date=1975|publisher=Food & Agriculture Organization|isbn=978-92-5-100853-9|pages=183–187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA183}}</ref> === Aki oyibo graters === [[Faịlụ:Coconut_scrapper_in_Laclo.jpg|thumb| Omenala aki oyibo grater]] Aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "aki oyibo"), ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ịwepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, bụ akụkụ nke omenala ihe onwunwe nke ndị Austronesia . Site na Island Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-ebu ya na njem ụgbọ mmiri nke mgbasawanye nke Austronesian ma maka ọchịchị na ịzụ ahịa, ruo Polynesia n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na [[Madagascar]] na [[Comoros]] dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'oge ochie. Teknụzụ ahụ gbasaakwara n'ọdịnala ndị na-abụghị ndị Ọstrelia na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Africa site na nso nso. <ref name="sarathi">{{Cite book|first=Harriet Joseph|author=Ottenheimer|editor=Sarathi|title=Early Maritime Cultures in East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean: Papers from a conference held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (African Studies Program) 23–24 October 2015, with additional contributions|chapter=Zilo and Zahula|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd|year=2018|isbn=978-1-78491-713-5}}</ref> <ref name="kirch">{{Cite book|editor=Diamond|author=Kirch|first=Patrick V.|title=Natural Experiments of History|chapter=Controlled Comparison and Polynesian Cultural Evolution|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-07672-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdNCb_oHvIQC&pg=PA22}}</ref> <ref name="Lew">{{Cite journal|author=Lew|first=Christopher|title=Tracing the origin of the coconut (''Cocos nucifera'' L.)|journal=Prized Writing 2018–2019|pages=143–157}}</ref> Aki oyibo akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-anọgide na-abụ ọkọlọtọ kichin akụrụngwa n'ime ezinụlọ na okpomọkụ Asia-Pacific na n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mmanụ aki oyibo na Indo-Pacific . <ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSolomon2014">Solomon, Charmaine (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 ''The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore'']. Hardie Grant Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-74358-170-4|<bdi>978-1-74358-170-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="Iddison">{{Cite web|author=Iddison|first=Phil|title=Katai: Coconut Scrapers|url=http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf|work=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery|accessdate=18 April 2019|archivedate=18 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}</ref> Nhazi bụ isi nke graters aki oyibo nwere oche dị ala ma ọ bụ stool nwere diski kwụ ọtọ (nke e ji ígwè mee n'Eshia na Africa, na nkume ma ọ bụ shei na Oceania) jikọtara n'otu nsọtụ. Mmadụ na-anọdụ ala n'oche ma jiri aka abụọ na-eji diski ígwè na-akpụcha elu dị n'ime nke mgbịrịgba aki oyibo gbawara agbawa ugboro ugboro. A na-achịkọta ihe mkpofu ndị ahụ site na akpa e debere n'okpuru. <ref name="Iddison">{{Cite web|author=Iddison|first=Phil|title=Katai: Coconut Scrapers|url=http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf|work=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery|accessdate=18 April 2019|archivedate=18 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIddison">Iddison, Phil. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf "Katai: Coconut Scrapers"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery''. Archived from [http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKirchGreen2001">Kirch, Patrick Vinton; Green, Roger C. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152 ''Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology'']. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;152. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78879-3|<bdi>978-0-521-78879-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Pakkawan|first=Assawin|title=Traditional coconut graters on show at southern funeral|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1360263/traditional-coconut-graters-on-show-at-southern-funeral|work=Bangkok Post|accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> <ref name="aranas">{{Cite book|author=Aranas|first=Jennifer|title=The Filipino-American Kitchen: Traditional Recipes, Contemporary Flavors|date=2012|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0491-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71TRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ aki oyibo nke ọgbara ọhụrụ malitere na etiti 1800s nwere eriri serrated nwere crank aka. Ekwenyere na nsụgharị a bụ ihe ndị Britain mepụtara. <ref name="snod">{{Cite book|author=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45572-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233}}</ref> == Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo edoziri == [[Faịlụ:Coconut_milk_production.jpg|thumb| Mechanical aki oyibo grinder]] Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo a na-ere ahịa na-eji otu usoro ahụ wepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na pulp, n'agbanyeghị na ha na-eji akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ dị ka igwe na-agbapụta ihe, igwe na-egweri na ihe na-akpụ akpụ, ndị na-akpụ aki oyibo moto, na ndị na-amịpụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha dị iche n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'usoro ịcha mmiri ma ọ bụ mkpọ. A na-ebu ụzọ enyocha ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site na nzacha 100 ntupu . A na -asachapụ ha n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na esi okpukpu abụọ na gburugburu 70 Celsius C (158 °F), kpachara anya na-agaghị agafe 80 Celsius C (176 °F), okpomọkụ nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-amalite ịgbachi. Mgbe pasteurization gasịrị, a na-ebufe ha ozugbo na arịa ndị na-ejuputa ma mechie tupu ha adị jụụ. A na-akwakọba ha n'ime karama, mkpọ, ma ọ bụ obere akpa na gbawara oyi maka nchekwa na ibugharị. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPhilippine_Coconut_Authority2014">Philippine Coconut Authority (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf ''Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014. Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines. Archived from [http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> ==== Latin America na Caribbean ==== Na Brazil, a na-ejikarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na nri n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ozuzu ya na stews na nri mmiri. Na [[Venezuela]], a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na azụ̀ e kụjasịrị akwadebe efere pulp n'ime efere a na-akpọ ''mojito en coco'' . Na [[Colombia]] na Panama, a na-eji anụ aki oyibo na mmiri ara ehi grated eme ''titoté'' dị ụtọ, bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ''arroz con coco'' (osikapa osikapa). A na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee efere ndị Venezuelan, dị ka ''majarete'' (ihe eji megharịa ọnụ Venezuelan), na ''arroz con coco'' (ụdị osikapa aki oyibo nke Venezuelan). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Na-aṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ === [[Faịlụ:Cendol_in_a_Glass.JPG|thumb| ''Cendol'', ihe ọṅụṅụ jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na shuga nkwụ]] Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee ọtụtụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ọdịnala. Cendol bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ice na-ewu ewu sitere na mpaghara a nwere mmiri ara ehi oyibo na jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ntụ ọka osikapa mere. A na-ejikwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka bandrek na bajigur, ihe ọṅụṅụ abụọ na-ewu ewu sitere na Indonesia. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo e ji mmiri gbazere bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ oyibo abụọ ewu ewu na ndịda China na Taiwan. A na-etinyekarị pulp dị ka jelii si n'ime aki oyibo na mmiri oyibo iji mee ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, na Brazil, a na-agwakọta mmiri ara oyibo na sugar na ''cachaça'' iji mee mmanya a na-akpọ {{Lang|pt|[[Cocktails with cachaça#Batida (Shaken)|batida de côco]]}}</link> . : 183 Puerto Rico na-ewu ewu maka ihe ọṅụṅụ okpomọkụ nke nwere aki oyibo, dị ka ''piña colada'' na ''coquito'', nke na-enwekarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ma ọ bụ ude oyibo . == Abụba juru eju na ihe egwu ahụike == Otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmanụ aki oyibo, nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-eme ka ndị mmadụ ghara iri nri dị [note 1] n'ihi nnukwu abụba jupụtara na ya. Iri oke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwekwara ike ibuli ọkwa cholesterol ọbara n'ihi oke lauric acid, abụba juru eju nke na-enye aka na cholesterol dị elu n'ọbara. <ref name="Mensink">{{Cite journal|title=Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|volume=77|issue=5|pages=1146–1155|date=May 2003|pmid=12716665|doi=10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146|url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/77/5/1146.full.pdf+html|format=pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nutr Rev|year=2016|volume=74|issue=4|pages=267–280|doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuw002|title=Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans|pmid=26946252}}</ref> == Horticulture == N'afọ 1943, a chọpụtara na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere ike ịgba ume na-eto eto. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eto eto, isi ihe kpatara ya bụ ịdị adị nke cytokinin nke a maara dị ka zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ọ bụ ezie na zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ozuzu ya, ọ naghị eme ngwa ngwa na ụfọdụ osisi dị ka radishes . <ref name="Mok1">{{Cite book|title=Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function|first=David W. S.|author=Mok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yov7iUL7OTAC|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-8493-6252-0|year=1994}}</ref> : 8 Otú ọ dị, mgbe agbakwunyere 10% mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mkpụrụ nke a na-akụ ọka wit, achọpụtala ọganihu dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bajaj1">{{Cite book|title=Wheat|first=Y. P. S.|author=Bajaj|publisher=Springer|year=1990|isbn=3-540-51809-6}}</ref> == Azụmahịa == A na-emepụta aki oyibo n'ọtụtụ ebe na ihu igwe okpomọkụ ma na-ebupụ ya n'ụwa niile dị ka ngwaahịa mkpọ, na-emekarị na North America na Europe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tinchan|first=P|title=Changes in the profile of volatiles of canned coconut milk during storage|journal=Journal of Food Science|date=2015|volume=80|issue=1|pages=C49–C54|doi=10.1111/1750-3841.12730|pmid=25533179}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Aki oyibo ude * Ginataan * Ndepụta efere na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo * Osisi mmiri ara ehi == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist|group=note}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Coconut milk at Wikimedia Commons * "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l64uZEY3DhE Making the Coconut Grater Stool]" – video by George Town World Heritage Incorporated, Penang, Malaysia [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3443vvkgilvlm5c6p8des5q5sif9ttv 674271 674269 2026-07-08T20:45:25Z Johnnybam 24488 674271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo''' bụ mmiri na-adịghị ọcha, mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha, nke a na-amịpụta na pulp nke aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref name="cm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|title=Coconut milk|publisher=Philippine Coconut Authority|date=2014|accessdate=22 September 2016|archivedate=6 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tulashie|first=Samuel Kofi|title=Production of coconut milk: A sustainable alternative plant-based milk|journal=Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering|date=2022|volume=6|pages=100206|doi=10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100206}}</ref> Opacity na uto bara ụba nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ n'ihi nnukwu mmanụ dị n'ime ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ya bụ abụba juru . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ ihe oriri ọdịnala ejiri na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, Oceania, South Asia, na East Africa. A na-ejikwa ya esi nri na Caribbean, Central America, akụkụ ugwu nke South America na West Africa, bụ ebe a na-ebute aki oyibo n'oge oge ọchịchị . A na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo n'ime ụdị subtypes dabere na ọdịnaya abụba . Enwere ike ịchịkọta ha na '''ude oyibo''' (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi oyibo) nke nwere oke abụba; mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (ma ọ bụ obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo) na oke nke gburugburu 20% abụba; na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere oke abụba na-enweghị atụ. <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}</ref> <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}</ref> A naghị agbaso okwu okwu a mgbe niile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-ere ahịa na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}</ref> A pụkwara iji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mepụta ihe ndị na-anọchi anya mmiri ara ehi (dị iche dị ka "ihe ọṅụṅụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo"). Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị otu ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nke a na-achọ maka isi nri, ọ bụghị ịṅụ mmanya. <ref name="bridges">{{Cite book|first=Meagan|author=Bridges|editor=Carol Rees|title=Practical Gastroenterology|chapter=Moo-ove Over, Cow’s Milk: The Rise of Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives|series=Nutrition Issues in Gastroenterology, Series #171|year=2018|pages=20–27|url=https://med.virginia.edu/ginutrition/wp-content/uploads/sites/199/2014/06/January-18-Milk-Alternatives.pdf}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, edoziri nke sitere na Puerto Rico dị ka ''ude aki oyibo'' . A na-eji ya na ọtụtụ desserts na ihe ọṅụṅụ dị ka piña colada, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gaghị enwe mgbagwoju anya na ude oyibo. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ochef.com/498.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305113910/http://ochef.com/498.htm|archivedate=2016-03-05|title=Coconut milk, cream, and sweetened cream|work=ochef.com}}</ref> == Nri nri ==   Na 100 milliliter (ml) akụkụ, mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwere 230 kilocalories na bụ 68% mmiri, 24% ngụkọta abụba, 6% carbohydrates, na 2% protein (tebụl). Ihe mejupụtara abụba gụnyere gram 21 nke abụba juru eju, nke ọkara n'ime ya bụ lauric acid (tebụl). Mmiri ara ehi oyibo bụ isi iyi bara ụba (20% ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị, DV) nke manganese (40% DV kwa 100 g), na-enweghị ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ na ọdịnaya dị ịrịba ama (tebụ maka isi iyi USDA). == Nkọwa na okwu okwu == Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ emulsion mmanụ dị n'ime mmiri siri ike nke nwere protein ndị na-eme ihe dị ka emulsifiers na ndị na-eme ka ndị na-ekpo ọkụ . Ọ bụ opaque na mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha na agba na nso na agbanwe agbanwe site na mmiri ruo ude. <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTetra_Pak2016">Tetra Pak (2016). "The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream". [https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream ''Coconut Handbook'']. Tetra Pak International S.A. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-91-7773-948-7|<bdi>978-91-7773-948-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Dabere na ọdịnaya abụba, a na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo gaa n'ụdị dị iche iche a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "ude oyibo", "mmiri aki oyibo", na "mmiri aki oyibo", site na nke kachasị elu ruo na nke kacha nta n'otu n'otu. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "mmiri aki oyibo dị mkpa" na "mmiri aki oyibo" dị iche iche) na omenala dị iche iche na mba ebe aki oyibo na-adabere na ọkwa nke mmịpụta. A na-ekewakwa ha na ụkpụrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Asia na Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) na [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Òtù Na-ahụ Maka nri na Ọrụ Ugbo]] nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]] (FAO). <ref name="tp" /> Otú ọ dị, a naghị agbaso okwu ndị ahụ mgbe nile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (karịsịa na mba ọdịda anyanwụ) n'ihi na ụkpụrụ ndị a abụghị iwu. Nke a nwere ike ịkpata ọgba aghara n'etiti ndị na-azụ ahịa. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Community Coconut Asia na Pacific na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: {| class="wikitable" |+Oke abụba site n'ịdị arọ na ude oyibo na mmiri ara ehi ( APCC Standards ) ! Ngwaahịa ! Ọdịnaya abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m) |- ! Ude aki oyibo gbadoro anya | 40–50 |- ! Ude oyibo dị elu | 30–39 |- ! Ude oyibo dị oke abụba | 25–29 |- ! Ude oyibo dị obere abụba | 20–25 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị elu | 15–20 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị obere | 10–15 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị obere | 5–10 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 0–1.5 |} Codex Alimentarius nke FAO na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTetra_Pak2016">Tetra Pak (2016). "The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream". [https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream ''Coconut Handbook'']. Tetra Pak International S.A. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-91-7773-948-7|<bdi>978-91-7773-948-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Nhazi nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (CODEX STAN 240-2003, Codex Alimentarius, FAO) ! Ngwaahịa ! Mkpokọta ihe siri ike<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ( %m/m )<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. -Max. ! Ihe siri ike na-abụghị abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Mmiri<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Oke. ! pH |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo | 6.6-12.6 | 1.6 | 5 | 93.4 | 5.9 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 12.7-25.3 | 2.7 | 10 | 87.3 | 5.9 |- ! Ude oyibo | 25.4 - 37.3 | 5.4 | 20 | 74.6 | 5.9 |- ! Aki oyibo ude itinye uche | 37.4 min. | 8.4 | 29 | 62.6 | 5.9 |- |} Mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwekwara ike mgbe ụfọdụ mgbagwoju anya na mmiri oyibo . Mmiri aki oyibo bụ mmiri doro anya dị n'ime mkpụrụ aki oyibo, ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmiri mmiri ewepụtara site na akwụkwọ ntuziaka ma ọ bụ n'ịzọpịa nke ọcha n'ime anụ aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/|title=Coconut water|publisher=American Society for Nutrition|date=13 September 2010|author=Henni S|accessdate=6 March 2017|archivedate=7 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307051330/https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/}}</ref> <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="tp2">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=Coconut Food Production|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/coconut-food-production}}</ref> Ude oyibo ekwesịghịkwa inwe mgbagwoju anya na aki oyibo creamed, nke bụ ihe mgbochi siri ike nke sitere na mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo nke ọma, na ude nke aki oyibo, nke bụ ngwaahịa a na-esi na ya na-esi na ude oyibo na-atọ ụtọ. == Nkwadebe omenala == [[Faịlụ:Râper_la_pulpe_du_coco_(Tieti,_Nord,_New_Caledonia).jpg|thumb| A na-ata aki oyibo]] A na-eme mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site n'ịchịkọta anụ ọcha nke dị n'ime nke aki oyibo tozuru okè na ịgwakọta pulp akị oyibo a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ na obere mmiri ọkụ iji kwụsịtụ abụba dị n'ime pulp ahụ. Enwere ike iji aka ma ọ bụ igwe mee usoro grating. <ref name="cm" /><ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:The_making_of_coconut_milk_137_MKT_-_Instagram_Images_-_1080px_x_1080px6.jpg|thumb| A na-eji akwa cheese na-apịa aki oyibo e ghere eghe]] A na-ekewakwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ụzọ abụọ: ude oyibo (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi siri ike) na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ude oyibo nwere gburugburu 20% ruo 50% abụba; ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa nwere abụba 5% ruo 20%. <ref name="solomon" /> A na-ewepụta ude aki oyibo site na ntinye mbụ nke grated aki oyibo pulp ozugbo site na cheesecloth . Mgbe ụfọdụ, a pụkwara ịgbakwunye ntakịrị mmiri ọkụ, mana n'ozuzu, a na-amịpụta ude oyibo na-enweghị mmiri agbakwunyere. <ref name="solomon" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa site na ịpịnye na-esote mgbe ejiri mmiri ọkụ fesa pulp aki oyibo. <ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSolomon2014">Solomon, Charmaine (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 ''The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore'']. Hardie Grant Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-74358-170-4|<bdi>978-1-74358-170-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> A pụkwara iji ike ndọda mee ihe iji nweta akwa oyi akwa nke ude aki oyibo na ala oyi akwa nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. A na-enweta nke a site na ikwe ka mmiri mmiri amịpụtara guzoro otu awa. <ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSolomon2014">Solomon, Charmaine (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 ''The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore'']. Hardie Grant Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-74358-170-4|<bdi>978-1-74358-170-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="birosel" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ike ịgbanye ude aki oyibo ka ọ bụrụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị ntakịrị site na ịgbanye mmiri. <ref name="solomon" /> <ref name="birosel">{{Cite journal|author=Birosel|first=D. M.|title=The nature and properties of the emulsifier system of oil globules in coconut milk and cream|journal=The Philippine Journal of Science|date=1963|volume=92|issue=1|pages=1–15|url=http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf_upload/pjs1963/PJS_Vol_92_No1_Mar_1963.pdf}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:തേങ്ങാപ്പാൽ_പിഴിയൽ.JPG|thumb| Nkwadebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo]] A na-eji mmiri ara ehi akị oyibo akwadoro eme ihe ozugbo ewepụtara ya ọhụrụ n'ihi na ọ na-emebi ngwa ngwa mgbe ikuku kpughee ya. Ọ na-aghọ rancid mgbe awa ole na ole gachara na ụlọ okpomọkụ 28 to 30 Celsius C (82 ruo 86 °F) n'ihi lipid oxidation na lipolysis . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo Rancid na-enye isi na-adịghị mma ma nwee uto ncha pụrụ iche. <ref name="NIIR" /> <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTetra_Pak2016">Tetra Pak (2016). "The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream". [https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream ''Coconut Handbook'']. Tetra Pak International S.A. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-91-7773-948-7|<bdi>978-91-7773-948-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[Faịlụ:Coco3wjf.JPG|thumb| Ude aki oyibo siri ike nke sitere na ntinye mbụ nke aki oyibo grated]] Dị ka ude oyibo nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke soluble, kwụsịtụrụ siri ike, ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka ihe dị mma maka desserts na ọgaranya na akọrọ sauces . N'aka nke ọzọ, mmiri ara ehi dị obere nwere obere ihe siri ike ndị a soluble. N'ihi ya, a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ozuzu nri. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ude aki oyibo na obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo anaghị adịkarị na mba ndị ọdịda anyanwụ n'ihi na mmiri ara ehi ọhụrụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị a na ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na katọn ma ọ bụ ite. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụkwa nzọụkwụ dị n'etiti usoro mmiri mmiri ọdịnala nke imepụta mmanụ aki oyibo na-amaghị nwoke site na kpo oku nke nta nke nta, churning, ma ọ bụ gbaa ụka. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ ndị a adịghị arụ ọrụ karịa mmepụta mmanụ aki oyibo sitere na copra . <ref name="kurian">{{Cite book|author=Kurian|first=Alice|title=Commercial Crops Technology|date=2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-8189422523|pages=202–203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VFYqwA-Mn4C&pg=PA202}}</ref> <ref name="grimwood">{{Cite book|author=Grimwood|first=Brian E.|title=Coconut Palm Products: Their Processing in Developing Countries|date=1975|publisher=Food & Agriculture Organization|isbn=978-92-5-100853-9|pages=183–187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA183}}</ref> === Aki oyibo graters === [[Faịlụ:Coconut_scrapper_in_Laclo.jpg|thumb| Omenala aki oyibo grater]] Aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "aki oyibo"), ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ịwepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, bụ akụkụ nke omenala ihe onwunwe nke ndị Austronesia . Site na Island Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-ebu ya na njem ụgbọ mmiri nke mgbasawanye nke Austronesian ma maka ọchịchị na ịzụ ahịa, ruo Polynesia n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na [[Madagascar]] na [[Comoros]] dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'oge ochie. Teknụzụ ahụ gbasaakwara n'ọdịnala ndị na-abụghị ndị Ọstrelia na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Africa site na nso nso. <ref name="sarathi">{{Cite book|first=Harriet Joseph|author=Ottenheimer|editor=Sarathi|title=Early Maritime Cultures in East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean: Papers from a conference held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (African Studies Program) 23–24 October 2015, with additional contributions|chapter=Zilo and Zahula|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd|year=2018|isbn=978-1-78491-713-5}}</ref> <ref name="kirch">{{Cite book|editor=Diamond|author=Kirch|first=Patrick V.|title=Natural Experiments of History|chapter=Controlled Comparison and Polynesian Cultural Evolution|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-07672-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdNCb_oHvIQC&pg=PA22}}</ref> <ref name="Lew">{{Cite journal|author=Lew|first=Christopher|title=Tracing the origin of the coconut (''Cocos nucifera'' L.)|journal=Prized Writing 2018–2019|pages=143–157}}</ref> Aki oyibo akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-anọgide na-abụ ọkọlọtọ kichin akụrụngwa n'ime ezinụlọ na okpomọkụ Asia-Pacific na n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mmanụ aki oyibo na Indo-Pacific . <ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSolomon2014">Solomon, Charmaine (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 ''The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore'']. Hardie Grant Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-74358-170-4|<bdi>978-1-74358-170-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="Iddison">{{Cite web|author=Iddison|first=Phil|title=Katai: Coconut Scrapers|url=http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf|work=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery|accessdate=18 April 2019|archivedate=18 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}</ref> Nhazi bụ isi nke graters aki oyibo nwere oche dị ala ma ọ bụ stool nwere diski kwụ ọtọ (nke e ji ígwè mee n'Eshia na Africa, na nkume ma ọ bụ shei na Oceania) jikọtara n'otu nsọtụ. Mmadụ na-anọdụ ala n'oche ma jiri aka abụọ na-eji diski ígwè na-akpụcha elu dị n'ime nke mgbịrịgba aki oyibo gbawara agbawa ugboro ugboro. A na-achịkọta ihe mkpofu ndị ahụ site na akpa e debere n'okpuru. <ref name="Iddison">{{Cite web|author=Iddison|first=Phil|title=Katai: Coconut Scrapers|url=http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf|work=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery|accessdate=18 April 2019|archivedate=18 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIddison">Iddison, Phil. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf "Katai: Coconut Scrapers"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery''. Archived from [http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKirchGreen2001">Kirch, Patrick Vinton; Green, Roger C. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152 ''Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology'']. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;152. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78879-3|<bdi>978-0-521-78879-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Pakkawan|first=Assawin|title=Traditional coconut graters on show at southern funeral|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1360263/traditional-coconut-graters-on-show-at-southern-funeral|work=Bangkok Post|accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> <ref name="aranas">{{Cite book|author=Aranas|first=Jennifer|title=The Filipino-American Kitchen: Traditional Recipes, Contemporary Flavors|date=2012|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0491-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71TRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ aki oyibo nke ọgbara ọhụrụ malitere na etiti 1800s nwere eriri serrated nwere crank aka. Ekwenyere na nsụgharị a bụ ihe ndị Britain mepụtara. <ref name="snod">{{Cite book|author=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45572-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233}}</ref> == Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo edoziri == [[Faịlụ:Coconut_milk_production.jpg|thumb| Mechanical aki oyibo grinder]] Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo a na-ere ahịa na-eji otu usoro ahụ wepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na pulp, n'agbanyeghị na ha na-eji akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ dị ka igwe na-agbapụta ihe, igwe na-egweri na ihe na-akpụ akpụ, ndị na-akpụ aki oyibo moto, na ndị na-amịpụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha dị iche n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'usoro ịcha mmiri ma ọ bụ mkpọ. A na-ebu ụzọ enyocha ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site na nzacha 100 ntupu . A na -asachapụ ha n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na esi okpukpu abụọ na gburugburu 70 Celsius C (158 °F), kpachara anya na-agaghị agafe 80 Celsius C (176 °F), okpomọkụ nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-amalite ịgbachi. Mgbe pasteurization gasịrị, a na-ebufe ha ozugbo na arịa ndị na-ejuputa ma mechie tupu ha adị jụụ. A na-akwakọba ha n'ime karama, mkpọ, ma ọ bụ obere akpa na gbawara oyi maka nchekwa na ibugharị. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPhilippine_Coconut_Authority2014">Philippine Coconut Authority (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf ''Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014. Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines. Archived from [http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> ==== Latin America na Caribbean ==== Na Brazil, a na-ejikarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na nri n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ozuzu ya na stews na nri mmiri. Na [[Venezuela]], a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na azụ̀ e kụjasịrị akwadebe efere pulp n'ime efere a na-akpọ ''mojito en coco'' . Na [[Colombia]] na Panama, a na-eji anụ aki oyibo na mmiri ara ehi grated eme ''titoté'' dị ụtọ, bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ''arroz con coco'' (osikapa osikapa). A na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee efere ndị Venezuelan, dị ka ''majarete'' (ihe eji megharịa ọnụ Venezuelan), na ''arroz con coco'' (ụdị osikapa aki oyibo nke Venezuelan). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Na-aṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ === [[Faịlụ:Cendol_in_a_Glass.JPG|thumb| ''Cendol'', ihe ọṅụṅụ jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na shuga nkwụ]] Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee ọtụtụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ọdịnala. Cendol bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ice na-ewu ewu sitere na mpaghara a nwere mmiri ara ehi oyibo na jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ntụ ọka osikapa mere. A na-ejikwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka bandrek na bajigur, ihe ọṅụṅụ abụọ na-ewu ewu sitere na Indonesia. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo e ji mmiri gbazere bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ oyibo abụọ ewu ewu na ndịda China na Taiwan. A na-etinyekarị pulp dị ka jelii si n'ime aki oyibo na mmiri oyibo iji mee ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, na Brazil, a na-agwakọta mmiri ara oyibo na sugar na ''cachaça'' iji mee mmanya a na-akpọ {{Lang|pt|[[Cocktails with cachaça#Batida (Shaken)|batida de côco]]}}</link> . : 183 Puerto Rico na-ewu ewu maka ihe ọṅụṅụ okpomọkụ nke nwere aki oyibo, dị ka ''piña colada'' na ''coquito'', nke na-enwekarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ma ọ bụ ude oyibo . == Abụba juru eju na ihe egwu ahụike == Otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmanụ aki oyibo, nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-eme ka ndị mmadụ ghara iri nri dị [note 1] n'ihi nnukwu abụba jupụtara na ya. Iri oke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwekwara ike ibuli ọkwa cholesterol ọbara n'ihi oke lauric acid, abụba juru eju nke na-enye aka na cholesterol dị elu n'ọbara. <ref name="Mensink">{{Cite journal|title=Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|volume=77|issue=5|pages=1146–1155|date=May 2003|pmid=12716665|doi=10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146|url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/77/5/1146.full.pdf+html|format=pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nutr Rev|year=2016|volume=74|issue=4|pages=267–280|doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuw002|title=Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans|pmid=26946252}}</ref> == Horticulture == N'afọ 1943, a chọpụtara na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere ike ịgba ume na-eto eto. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eto eto, isi ihe kpatara ya bụ ịdị adị nke cytokinin nke a maara dị ka zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ọ bụ ezie na zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ozuzu ya, ọ naghị eme ngwa ngwa na ụfọdụ osisi dị ka radishes . <ref name="Mok1">{{Cite book|title=Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function|first=David W. S.|author=Mok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yov7iUL7OTAC|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-8493-6252-0|year=1994}}</ref> : 8 Otú ọ dị, mgbe agbakwunyere 10% mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mkpụrụ nke a na-akụ ọka wit, achọpụtala ọganihu dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bajaj1">{{Cite book|title=Wheat|first=Y. P. S.|author=Bajaj|publisher=Springer|year=1990|isbn=3-540-51809-6}}</ref> == Azụmahịa == A na-emepụta aki oyibo n'ọtụtụ ebe na ihu igwe okpomọkụ ma na-ebupụ ya n'ụwa niile dị ka ngwaahịa mkpọ, na-emekarị na North America na Europe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tinchan|first=P|title=Changes in the profile of volatiles of canned coconut milk during storage|journal=Journal of Food Science|date=2015|volume=80|issue=1|pages=C49–C54|doi=10.1111/1750-3841.12730|pmid=25533179}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Aki oyibo ude * Ginataan * Ndepụta efere na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo * Osisi mmiri ara ehi == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist|group=note}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Coconut milk at Wikimedia Commons * "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l64uZEY3DhE Making the Coconut Grater Stool]" – video by George Town World Heritage Incorporated, Penang, Malaysia [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sfuswqn662boni7lhp4hvwisz143jyd 674283 674271 2026-07-08T20:58:05Z Johnnybam 24488 674283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo''' bụ mmiri na-adịghị ọcha, mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha, nke a na-amịpụta na pulp nke aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref name="cm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|title=Coconut milk|publisher=Philippine Coconut Authority|date=2014|accessdate=22 September 2016|archivedate=6 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tulashie|first=Samuel Kofi|title=Production of coconut milk: A sustainable alternative plant-based milk|journal=Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering|date=2022|volume=6|pages=100206|doi=10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100206}}</ref> Opacity na uto bara ụba nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ n'ihi nnukwu mmanụ dị n'ime ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ya bụ abụba juru . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ ihe oriri ọdịnala ejiri na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, Oceania, South Asia, na East Africa. A na-ejikwa ya esi nri na Caribbean, Central America, akụkụ ugwu nke South America na West Africa, bụ ebe a na-ebute aki oyibo n'oge oge ọchịchị . A na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo n'ime ụdị subtypes dabere na ọdịnaya abụba . Enwere ike ịchịkọta ha na '''ude oyibo''' (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi oyibo) nke nwere oke abụba; mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (ma ọ bụ obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo) na oke nke gburugburu 20% abụba; na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere oke abụba na-enweghị atụ. <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}</ref> <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}</ref> A naghị agbaso okwu okwu a mgbe niile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-ere ahịa na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}</ref> A pụkwara iji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mepụta ihe ndị na-anọchi anya mmiri ara ehi (dị iche dị ka "ihe ọṅụṅụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo"). Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị otu ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nke a na-achọ maka isi nri, ọ bụghị ịṅụ mmanya. <ref name="bridges">{{Cite book|first=Meagan|author=Bridges|editor=Carol Rees|title=Practical Gastroenterology|chapter=Moo-ove Over, Cow’s Milk: The Rise of Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives|series=Nutrition Issues in Gastroenterology, Series #171|year=2018|pages=20–27|url=https://med.virginia.edu/ginutrition/wp-content/uploads/sites/199/2014/06/January-18-Milk-Alternatives.pdf}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, edoziri nke sitere na Puerto Rico dị ka ''ude aki oyibo'' . A na-eji ya na ọtụtụ desserts na ihe ọṅụṅụ dị ka piña colada, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gaghị enwe mgbagwoju anya na ude oyibo. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ochef.com/498.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305113910/http://ochef.com/498.htm|archivedate=2016-03-05|title=Coconut milk, cream, and sweetened cream|work=ochef.com}}</ref> == Nri nri ==   Na 100 milliliter (ml) akụkụ, mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwere 230 kilocalories na bụ 68% mmiri, 24% ngụkọta abụba, 6% carbohydrates, na 2% protein (tebụl). Ihe mejupụtara abụba gụnyere gram 21 nke abụba juru eju, nke ọkara n'ime ya bụ lauric acid (tebụl). Mmiri ara ehi oyibo bụ isi iyi bara ụba (20% ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị, DV) nke manganese (40% DV kwa 100 g), na-enweghị ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ na ọdịnaya dị ịrịba ama (tebụ maka isi iyi USDA). == Nkọwa na okwu okwu == Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ emulsion mmanụ dị n'ime mmiri siri ike nke nwere protein ndị na-eme ihe dị ka emulsifiers na ndị na-eme ka ndị na-ekpo ọkụ . Ọ bụ opaque na mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha na agba na nso na agbanwe agbanwe site na mmiri ruo ude. Dabere na ọdịnaya abụba, a na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo gaa n'ụdị dị iche iche a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "ude oyibo", "mmiri aki oyibo", na "mmiri aki oyibo", site na nke kachasị elu ruo na nke kacha nta n'otu n'otu. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "mmiri aki oyibo dị mkpa" na "mmiri aki oyibo" dị iche iche) na omenala dị iche iche na mba ebe aki oyibo na-adabere na ọkwa nke mmịpụta. A na-ekewakwa ha na ụkpụrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Asia na Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) na [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Òtù Na-ahụ Maka nri na Ọrụ Ugbo]] nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]] (FAO). Otú ọ dị, a naghị agbaso okwu ndị ahụ mgbe nile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (karịsịa na mba ọdịda anyanwụ) n'ihi na ụkpụrụ ndị a abụghị iwu. Nke a nwere ike ịkpata ọgba aghara n'etiti ndị na-azụ ahịa. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Community Coconut Asia na Pacific na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: {| class="wikitable" |+Oke abụba site n'ịdị arọ na ude oyibo na mmiri ara ehi ( APCC Standards ) ! Ngwaahịa ! Ọdịnaya abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m) |- ! Ude aki oyibo gbadoro anya | 40–50 |- ! Ude oyibo dị elu | 30–39 |- ! Ude oyibo dị oke abụba | 25–29 |- ! Ude oyibo dị obere abụba | 20–25 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị elu | 15–20 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị obere | 10–15 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị obere | 5–10 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 0–1.5 |} <ref name="tp" />Codex Alimentarius nke FAO na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: {| class="wikitable" |+Nhazi nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (CODEX STAN 240-2003, Codex Alimentarius, FAO) ! Ngwaahịa ! Mkpokọta ihe siri ike<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ( %m/m )<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. -Max. ! Ihe siri ike na-abụghị abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Mmiri<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Oke. ! pH |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo | 6.6-12.6 | 1.6 | 5 | 93.4 | 5.9 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 12.7-25.3 | 2.7 | 10 | 87.3 | 5.9 |- ! Ude oyibo | 25.4 - 37.3 | 5.4 | 20 | 74.6 | 5.9 |- ! Aki oyibo ude itinye uche | 37.4 min. | 8.4 | 29 | 62.6 | 5.9 |- |} Mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwekwara ike mgbe ụfọdụ mgbagwoju anya na mmiri oyibo . Mmiri aki oyibo bụ mmiri doro anya dị n'ime mkpụrụ aki oyibo, ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmiri mmiri ewepụtara site na akwụkwọ ntuziaka ma ọ bụ n'ịzọpịa nke ọcha n'ime anụ aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/|title=Coconut water|publisher=American Society for Nutrition|date=13 September 2010|author=Henni S|accessdate=6 March 2017|archivedate=7 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307051330/https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/}}</ref> <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="tp2">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=Coconut Food Production|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/coconut-food-production}}</ref> Ude oyibo ekwesịghịkwa inwe mgbagwoju anya na aki oyibo creamed, nke bụ ihe mgbochi siri ike nke sitere na mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo nke ọma, na ude nke aki oyibo, nke bụ ngwaahịa a na-esi na ya na-esi na ude oyibo na-atọ ụtọ. == Nkwadebe omenala == [[Faịlụ:Râper_la_pulpe_du_coco_(Tieti,_Nord,_New_Caledonia).jpg|thumb| A na-ata aki oyibo]] A na-eme mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site n'ịchịkọta anụ ọcha nke dị n'ime nke aki oyibo tozuru okè na ịgwakọta pulp akị oyibo a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ na obere mmiri ọkụ iji kwụsịtụ abụba dị n'ime pulp ahụ. Enwere ike iji aka ma ọ bụ igwe mee usoro grating. <ref name="cm" /><ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:The_making_of_coconut_milk_137_MKT_-_Instagram_Images_-_1080px_x_1080px6.jpg|thumb| A na-eji akwa cheese na-apịa aki oyibo e ghere eghe]] A na-ekewakwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ụzọ abụọ: ude oyibo (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi siri ike) na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ude oyibo nwere gburugburu 20% ruo 50% abụba; ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa nwere abụba 5% ruo 20%. <ref name="solomon" /> A na-ewepụta ude aki oyibo site na ntinye mbụ nke grated aki oyibo pulp ozugbo site na cheesecloth . Mgbe ụfọdụ, a pụkwara ịgbakwunye ntakịrị mmiri ọkụ, mana n'ozuzu, a na-amịpụta ude oyibo na-enweghị mmiri agbakwunyere. <ref name="solomon" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa site na ịpịnye na-esote mgbe ejiri mmiri ọkụ fesa pulp aki oyibo. <ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSolomon2014">Solomon, Charmaine (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 ''The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore'']. Hardie Grant Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-74358-170-4|<bdi>978-1-74358-170-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> A pụkwara iji ike ndọda mee ihe iji nweta akwa oyi akwa nke ude aki oyibo na ala oyi akwa nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. A na-enweta nke a site na ikwe ka mmiri mmiri amịpụtara guzoro otu awa. <ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSolomon2014">Solomon, Charmaine (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 ''The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore'']. Hardie Grant Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-74358-170-4|<bdi>978-1-74358-170-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="birosel" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ike ịgbanye ude aki oyibo ka ọ bụrụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị ntakịrị site na ịgbanye mmiri. <ref name="solomon" /> <ref name="birosel">{{Cite journal|author=Birosel|first=D. M.|title=The nature and properties of the emulsifier system of oil globules in coconut milk and cream|journal=The Philippine Journal of Science|date=1963|volume=92|issue=1|pages=1–15|url=http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf_upload/pjs1963/PJS_Vol_92_No1_Mar_1963.pdf}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:തേങ്ങാപ്പാൽ_പിഴിയൽ.JPG|thumb| Nkwadebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo]] A na-eji mmiri ara ehi akị oyibo akwadoro eme ihe ozugbo ewepụtara ya ọhụrụ n'ihi na ọ na-emebi ngwa ngwa mgbe ikuku kpughee ya. Ọ na-aghọ rancid mgbe awa ole na ole gachara na ụlọ okpomọkụ 28 to 30 Celsius C (82 ruo 86 °F) n'ihi lipid oxidation na lipolysis . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo Rancid na-enye isi na-adịghị mma ma nwee uto ncha pụrụ iche. <ref name="NIIR" /> [[Faịlụ:Coco3wjf.JPG|thumb| Ude aki oyibo siri ike nke sitere na ntinye mbụ nke aki oyibo grated]] Dị ka ude oyibo nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke soluble, kwụsịtụrụ siri ike, ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka ihe dị mma maka desserts na ọgaranya na akọrọ sauces . N'aka nke ọzọ, mmiri ara ehi dị obere nwere obere ihe siri ike ndị a soluble. N'ihi ya, a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ozuzu nri. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ude aki oyibo na obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo anaghị adịkarị na mba ndị ọdịda anyanwụ n'ihi na mmiri ara ehi ọhụrụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị a na ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na katọn ma ọ bụ ite. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewisLewis2012">Lewis, Susana; Lewis, Charles (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 ''A Taste of Paradise'']. Psy Press. p.&nbsp;18. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-938318-00-9|<bdi>978-1-938318-00-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụkwa nzọụkwụ dị n'etiti usoro mmiri mmiri ọdịnala nke imepụta mmanụ aki oyibo na-amaghị nwoke site na kpo oku nke nta nke nta, churning, ma ọ bụ gbaa ụka. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ ndị a adịghị arụ ọrụ karịa mmepụta mmanụ aki oyibo sitere na copra . <ref name="kurian">{{Cite book|author=Kurian|first=Alice|title=Commercial Crops Technology|date=2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-8189422523|pages=202–203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VFYqwA-Mn4C&pg=PA202}}</ref> <ref name="grimwood">{{Cite book|author=Grimwood|first=Brian E.|title=Coconut Palm Products: Their Processing in Developing Countries|date=1975|publisher=Food & Agriculture Organization|isbn=978-92-5-100853-9|pages=183–187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA183}}</ref> === Aki oyibo graters === [[Faịlụ:Coconut_scrapper_in_Laclo.jpg|thumb| Omenala aki oyibo grater]] Aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "aki oyibo"), ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ịwepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, bụ akụkụ nke omenala ihe onwunwe nke ndị Austronesia . Site na Island Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-ebu ya na njem ụgbọ mmiri nke mgbasawanye nke Austronesian ma maka ọchịchị na ịzụ ahịa, ruo Polynesia n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na [[Madagascar]] na [[Comoros]] dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'oge ochie. Teknụzụ ahụ gbasaakwara n'ọdịnala ndị na-abụghị ndị Ọstrelia na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Africa site na nso nso. <ref name="sarathi">{{Cite book|first=Harriet Joseph|author=Ottenheimer|editor=Sarathi|title=Early Maritime Cultures in East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean: Papers from a conference held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (African Studies Program) 23–24 October 2015, with additional contributions|chapter=Zilo and Zahula|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd|year=2018|isbn=978-1-78491-713-5}}</ref> <ref name="kirch">{{Cite book|editor=Diamond|author=Kirch|first=Patrick V.|title=Natural Experiments of History|chapter=Controlled Comparison and Polynesian Cultural Evolution|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-07672-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdNCb_oHvIQC&pg=PA22}}</ref> <ref name="Lew">{{Cite journal|author=Lew|first=Christopher|title=Tracing the origin of the coconut (''Cocos nucifera'' L.)|journal=Prized Writing 2018–2019|pages=143–157}}</ref> Aki oyibo akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-anọgide na-abụ ọkọlọtọ kichin akụrụngwa n'ime ezinụlọ na okpomọkụ Asia-Pacific na n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mmanụ aki oyibo na Indo-Pacific . <ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSolomon2014">Solomon, Charmaine (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 ''The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore'']. Hardie Grant Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-74358-170-4|<bdi>978-1-74358-170-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="Iddison">{{Cite web|author=Iddison|first=Phil|title=Katai: Coconut Scrapers|url=http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf|work=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery|accessdate=18 April 2019|archivedate=18 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}</ref> Nhazi bụ isi nke graters aki oyibo nwere oche dị ala ma ọ bụ stool nwere diski kwụ ọtọ (nke e ji ígwè mee n'Eshia na Africa, na nkume ma ọ bụ shei na Oceania) jikọtara n'otu nsọtụ. Mmadụ na-anọdụ ala n'oche ma jiri aka abụọ na-eji diski ígwè na-akpụcha elu dị n'ime nke mgbịrịgba aki oyibo gbawara agbawa ugboro ugboro. A na-achịkọta ihe mkpofu ndị ahụ site na akpa e debere n'okpuru. <ref name="Iddison">{{Cite web|author=Iddison|first=Phil|title=Katai: Coconut Scrapers|url=http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf|work=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery|accessdate=18 April 2019|archivedate=18 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIddison">Iddison, Phil. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf "Katai: Coconut Scrapers"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery''. Archived from [http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKirchGreen2001">Kirch, Patrick Vinton; Green, Roger C. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152 ''Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology'']. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;152. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78879-3|<bdi>978-0-521-78879-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Pakkawan|first=Assawin|title=Traditional coconut graters on show at southern funeral|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1360263/traditional-coconut-graters-on-show-at-southern-funeral|work=Bangkok Post|accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> <ref name="aranas">{{Cite book|author=Aranas|first=Jennifer|title=The Filipino-American Kitchen: Traditional Recipes, Contemporary Flavors|date=2012|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0491-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71TRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ aki oyibo nke ọgbara ọhụrụ malitere na etiti 1800s nwere eriri serrated nwere crank aka. Ekwenyere na nsụgharị a bụ ihe ndị Britain mepụtara. <ref name="snod">{{Cite book|author=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45572-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233}}</ref> == Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo edoziri == [[Faịlụ:Coconut_milk_production.jpg|thumb| Mechanical aki oyibo grinder]] Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo a na-ere ahịa na-eji otu usoro ahụ wepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na pulp, n'agbanyeghị na ha na-eji akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ dị ka igwe na-agbapụta ihe, igwe na-egweri na ihe na-akpụ akpụ, ndị na-akpụ aki oyibo moto, na ndị na-amịpụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha dị iche n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'usoro ịcha mmiri ma ọ bụ mkpọ. A na-ebu ụzọ enyocha ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site na nzacha 100 ntupu . A na -asachapụ ha n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na esi okpukpu abụọ na gburugburu 70 Celsius C (158 °F), kpachara anya na-agaghị agafe 80 Celsius C (176 °F), okpomọkụ nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-amalite ịgbachi. Mgbe pasteurization gasịrị, a na-ebufe ha ozugbo na arịa ndị na-ejuputa ma mechie tupu ha adị jụụ. A na-akwakọba ha n'ime karama, mkpọ, ma ọ bụ obere akpa na gbawara oyi maka nchekwa na ibugharị. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPhilippine_Coconut_Authority2014">Philippine Coconut Authority (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf ''Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014. Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines. Archived from [http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> ==== Latin America na Caribbean ==== Na Brazil, a na-ejikarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na nri n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ozuzu ya na stews na nri mmiri. Na [[Venezuela]], a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na azụ̀ e kụjasịrị akwadebe efere pulp n'ime efere a na-akpọ ''mojito en coco'' . Na [[Colombia]] na Panama, a na-eji anụ aki oyibo na mmiri ara ehi grated eme ''titoté'' dị ụtọ, bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ''arroz con coco'' (osikapa osikapa). A na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee efere ndị Venezuelan, dị ka ''majarete'' (ihe eji megharịa ọnụ Venezuelan), na ''arroz con coco'' (ụdị osikapa aki oyibo nke Venezuelan). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Na-aṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ === [[Faịlụ:Cendol_in_a_Glass.JPG|thumb| ''Cendol'', ihe ọṅụṅụ jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na shuga nkwụ]] Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee ọtụtụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ọdịnala. Cendol bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ice na-ewu ewu sitere na mpaghara a nwere mmiri ara ehi oyibo na jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ntụ ọka osikapa mere. A na-ejikwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka bandrek na bajigur, ihe ọṅụṅụ abụọ na-ewu ewu sitere na Indonesia. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo e ji mmiri gbazere bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ oyibo abụọ ewu ewu na ndịda China na Taiwan. A na-etinyekarị pulp dị ka jelii si n'ime aki oyibo na mmiri oyibo iji mee ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, na Brazil, a na-agwakọta mmiri ara oyibo na sugar na ''cachaça'' iji mee mmanya a na-akpọ {{Lang|pt|[[Cocktails with cachaça#Batida (Shaken)|batida de côco]]}}</link> . : 183 Puerto Rico na-ewu ewu maka ihe ọṅụṅụ okpomọkụ nke nwere aki oyibo, dị ka ''piña colada'' na ''coquito'', nke na-enwekarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ma ọ bụ ude oyibo . == Abụba juru eju na ihe egwu ahụike == Otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmanụ aki oyibo, nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-eme ka ndị mmadụ ghara iri nri dị [note 1] n'ihi nnukwu abụba jupụtara na ya. Iri oke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwekwara ike ibuli ọkwa cholesterol ọbara n'ihi oke lauric acid, abụba juru eju nke na-enye aka na cholesterol dị elu n'ọbara. <ref name="Mensink">{{Cite journal|title=Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|volume=77|issue=5|pages=1146–1155|date=May 2003|pmid=12716665|doi=10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146|url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/77/5/1146.full.pdf+html|format=pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nutr Rev|year=2016|volume=74|issue=4|pages=267–280|doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuw002|title=Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans|pmid=26946252}}</ref> == Horticulture == N'afọ 1943, a chọpụtara na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere ike ịgba ume na-eto eto. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eto eto, isi ihe kpatara ya bụ ịdị adị nke cytokinin nke a maara dị ka zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ọ bụ ezie na zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ozuzu ya, ọ naghị eme ngwa ngwa na ụfọdụ osisi dị ka radishes . <ref name="Mok1">{{Cite book|title=Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function|first=David W. S.|author=Mok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yov7iUL7OTAC|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-8493-6252-0|year=1994}}</ref> : 8 Otú ọ dị, mgbe agbakwunyere 10% mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mkpụrụ nke a na-akụ ọka wit, achọpụtala ọganihu dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bajaj1">{{Cite book|title=Wheat|first=Y. P. S.|author=Bajaj|publisher=Springer|year=1990|isbn=3-540-51809-6}}</ref> == Azụmahịa == A na-emepụta aki oyibo n'ọtụtụ ebe na ihu igwe okpomọkụ ma na-ebupụ ya n'ụwa niile dị ka ngwaahịa mkpọ, na-emekarị na North America na Europe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tinchan|first=P|title=Changes in the profile of volatiles of canned coconut milk during storage|journal=Journal of Food Science|date=2015|volume=80|issue=1|pages=C49–C54|doi=10.1111/1750-3841.12730|pmid=25533179}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Aki oyibo ude * Ginataan * Ndepụta efere na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo * Osisi mmiri ara ehi == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist|group=note}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Coconut milk at Wikimedia Commons * "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l64uZEY3DhE Making the Coconut Grater Stool]" – video by George Town World Heritage Incorporated, Penang, Malaysia [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6frdtpv4q6ltrivmn5lk680bynine2j 674285 674283 2026-07-08T20:59:40Z Johnnybam 24488 674285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo''' bụ mmiri na-adịghị ọcha, mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha, nke a na-amịpụta na pulp nke aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref name="cm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|title=Coconut milk|publisher=Philippine Coconut Authority|date=2014|accessdate=22 September 2016|archivedate=6 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tulashie|first=Samuel Kofi|title=Production of coconut milk: A sustainable alternative plant-based milk|journal=Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering|date=2022|volume=6|pages=100206|doi=10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100206}}</ref> Opacity na uto bara ụba nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ n'ihi nnukwu mmanụ dị n'ime ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ya bụ abụba juru . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ ihe oriri ọdịnala ejiri na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, Oceania, South Asia, na East Africa. A na-ejikwa ya esi nri na Caribbean, Central America, akụkụ ugwu nke South America na West Africa, bụ ebe a na-ebute aki oyibo n'oge oge ọchịchị . A na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo n'ime ụdị subtypes dabere na ọdịnaya abụba . Enwere ike ịchịkọta ha na '''ude oyibo''' (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi oyibo) nke nwere oke abụba; mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (ma ọ bụ obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo) na oke nke gburugburu 20% abụba; na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere oke abụba na-enweghị atụ. <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}</ref> <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}</ref> A naghị agbaso okwu okwu a mgbe niile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-ere ahịa na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}</ref> A pụkwara iji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mepụta ihe ndị na-anọchi anya mmiri ara ehi (dị iche dị ka "ihe ọṅụṅụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo"). Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị otu ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nke a na-achọ maka isi nri, ọ bụghị ịṅụ mmanya. <ref name="bridges">{{Cite book|first=Meagan|author=Bridges|editor=Carol Rees|title=Practical Gastroenterology|chapter=Moo-ove Over, Cow’s Milk: The Rise of Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives|series=Nutrition Issues in Gastroenterology, Series #171|year=2018|pages=20–27|url=https://med.virginia.edu/ginutrition/wp-content/uploads/sites/199/2014/06/January-18-Milk-Alternatives.pdf}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, edoziri nke sitere na Puerto Rico dị ka ''ude aki oyibo'' . A na-eji ya na ọtụtụ desserts na ihe ọṅụṅụ dị ka piña colada, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gaghị enwe mgbagwoju anya na ude oyibo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ochef.com/498.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305113910/http://ochef.com/498.htm|archivedate=2016-03-05|title=Coconut milk, cream, and sweetened cream|work=ochef.com}}</ref> == Nri nri ==   Na 100 milliliter (ml) akụkụ, mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwere 230 kilocalories na bụ 68% mmiri, 24% ngụkọta abụba, 6% carbohydrates, na 2% protein (tebụl). Ihe mejupụtara abụba gụnyere gram 21 nke abụba juru eju, nke ọkara n'ime ya bụ lauric acid (tebụl). Mmiri ara ehi oyibo bụ isi iyi bara ụba (20% ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị, DV) nke manganese (40% DV kwa 100 g), na-enweghị ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ na ọdịnaya dị ịrịba ama (tebụ maka isi iyi USDA). == Nkọwa na okwu okwu == Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ emulsion mmanụ dị n'ime mmiri siri ike nke nwere protein ndị na-eme ihe dị ka emulsifiers na ndị na-eme ka ndị na-ekpo ọkụ . Ọ bụ opaque na mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha na agba na nso na agbanwe agbanwe site na mmiri ruo ude. Dabere na ọdịnaya abụba, a na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo gaa n'ụdị dị iche iche a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "ude oyibo", "mmiri aki oyibo", na "mmiri aki oyibo", site na nke kachasị elu ruo na nke kacha nta n'otu n'otu. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "mmiri aki oyibo dị mkpa" na "mmiri aki oyibo" dị iche iche) na omenala dị iche iche na mba ebe aki oyibo na-adabere na ọkwa nke mmịpụta. A na-ekewakwa ha na ụkpụrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Asia na Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) na [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Òtù Na-ahụ Maka nri na Ọrụ Ugbo]] nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]] (FAO). Otú ọ dị, a naghị agbaso okwu ndị ahụ mgbe nile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (karịsịa na mba ọdịda anyanwụ) n'ihi na ụkpụrụ ndị a abụghị iwu. Nke a nwere ike ịkpata ọgba aghara n'etiti ndị na-azụ ahịa. Community Coconut Asia na Pacific na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: {| class="wikitable" |+Oke abụba site n'ịdị arọ na ude oyibo na mmiri ara ehi ( APCC Standards ) ! Ngwaahịa ! Ọdịnaya abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m) |- ! Ude aki oyibo gbadoro anya | 40–50 |- ! Ude oyibo dị elu | 30–39 |- ! Ude oyibo dị oke abụba | 25–29 |- ! Ude oyibo dị obere abụba | 20–25 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị elu | 15–20 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị obere | 10–15 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị obere | 5–10 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 0–1.5 |} <ref name="tp" />Codex Alimentarius nke FAO na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: {| class="wikitable" |+Nhazi nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (CODEX STAN 240-2003, Codex Alimentarius, FAO) ! Ngwaahịa ! Mkpokọta ihe siri ike<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ( %m/m )<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. -Max. ! Ihe siri ike na-abụghị abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Mmiri<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Oke. ! pH |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo | 6.6-12.6 | 1.6 | 5 | 93.4 | 5.9 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 12.7-25.3 | 2.7 | 10 | 87.3 | 5.9 |- ! Ude oyibo | 25.4 - 37.3 | 5.4 | 20 | 74.6 | 5.9 |- ! Aki oyibo ude itinye uche | 37.4 min. | 8.4 | 29 | 62.6 | 5.9 |- |} Mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwekwara ike mgbe ụfọdụ mgbagwoju anya na mmiri oyibo . Mmiri aki oyibo bụ mmiri doro anya dị n'ime mkpụrụ aki oyibo, ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmiri mmiri ewepụtara site na akwụkwọ ntuziaka ma ọ bụ n'ịzọpịa nke ọcha n'ime anụ aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/|title=Coconut water|publisher=American Society for Nutrition|date=13 September 2010|author=Henni S|accessdate=6 March 2017|archivedate=7 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307051330/https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/}}</ref> <ref name="tp2">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=Coconut Food Production|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/coconut-food-production}}</ref> Ude oyibo ekwesịghịkwa inwe mgbagwoju anya na aki oyibo creamed, nke bụ ihe mgbochi siri ike nke sitere na mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo nke ọma, na ude nke aki oyibo, nke bụ ngwaahịa a na-esi na ya na-esi na ude oyibo na-atọ ụtọ. == Nkwadebe omenala == [[Faịlụ:Râper_la_pulpe_du_coco_(Tieti,_Nord,_New_Caledonia).jpg|thumb| A na-ata aki oyibo]] A na-eme mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site n'ịchịkọta anụ ọcha nke dị n'ime nke aki oyibo tozuru okè na ịgwakọta pulp akị oyibo a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ na obere mmiri ọkụ iji kwụsịtụ abụba dị n'ime pulp ahụ. Enwere ike iji aka ma ọ bụ igwe mee usoro grating. <ref name="cm" /><ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:The_making_of_coconut_milk_137_MKT_-_Instagram_Images_-_1080px_x_1080px6.jpg|thumb| A na-eji akwa cheese na-apịa aki oyibo e ghere eghe]] A na-ekewakwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ụzọ abụọ: ude oyibo (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi siri ike) na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ude oyibo nwere gburugburu 20% ruo 50% abụba; ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa nwere abụba 5% ruo 20%. <ref name="solomon" /> A na-ewepụta ude aki oyibo site na ntinye mbụ nke grated aki oyibo pulp ozugbo site na cheesecloth . Mgbe ụfọdụ, a pụkwara ịgbakwunye ntakịrị mmiri ọkụ, mana n'ozuzu, a na-amịpụta ude oyibo na-enweghị mmiri agbakwunyere. <ref name="solomon" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa site na ịpịnye na-esote mgbe ejiri mmiri ọkụ fesa pulp aki oyibo. <ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSolomon2014">Solomon, Charmaine (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 ''The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore'']. Hardie Grant Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-74358-170-4|<bdi>978-1-74358-170-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> A pụkwara iji ike ndọda mee ihe iji nweta akwa oyi akwa nke ude aki oyibo na ala oyi akwa nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. A na-enweta nke a site na ikwe ka mmiri mmiri amịpụtara guzoro otu awa. <ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSolomon2014">Solomon, Charmaine (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 ''The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore'']. Hardie Grant Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-74358-170-4|<bdi>978-1-74358-170-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="birosel" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ike ịgbanye ude aki oyibo ka ọ bụrụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị ntakịrị site na ịgbanye mmiri. <ref name="solomon" /> <ref name="birosel">{{Cite journal|author=Birosel|first=D. M.|title=The nature and properties of the emulsifier system of oil globules in coconut milk and cream|journal=The Philippine Journal of Science|date=1963|volume=92|issue=1|pages=1–15|url=http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf_upload/pjs1963/PJS_Vol_92_No1_Mar_1963.pdf}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:തേങ്ങാപ്പാൽ_പിഴിയൽ.JPG|thumb| Nkwadebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo]] A na-eji mmiri ara ehi akị oyibo akwadoro eme ihe ozugbo ewepụtara ya ọhụrụ n'ihi na ọ na-emebi ngwa ngwa mgbe ikuku kpughee ya. Ọ na-aghọ rancid mgbe awa ole na ole gachara na ụlọ okpomọkụ 28 to 30 Celsius C (82 ruo 86 °F) n'ihi lipid oxidation na lipolysis . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo Rancid na-enye isi na-adịghị mma ma nwee uto ncha pụrụ iche. <ref name="NIIR" /> [[Faịlụ:Coco3wjf.JPG|thumb| Ude aki oyibo siri ike nke sitere na ntinye mbụ nke aki oyibo grated]] Dị ka ude oyibo nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke soluble, kwụsịtụrụ siri ike, ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka ihe dị mma maka desserts na ọgaranya na akọrọ sauces . N'aka nke ọzọ, mmiri ara ehi dị obere nwere obere ihe siri ike ndị a soluble. N'ihi ya, a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ozuzu nri. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ude aki oyibo na obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo anaghị adịkarị na mba ndị ọdịda anyanwụ n'ihi na mmiri ara ehi ọhụrụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị a na ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na katọn ma ọ bụ ite. <ref name="lewis" /> Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụkwa nzọụkwụ dị n'etiti usoro mmiri mmiri ọdịnala nke imepụta mmanụ aki oyibo na-amaghị nwoke site na kpo oku nke nta nke nta, churning, ma ọ bụ gbaa ụka. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ ndị a adịghị arụ ọrụ karịa mmepụta mmanụ aki oyibo sitere na copra . <ref name="kurian">{{Cite book|author=Kurian|first=Alice|title=Commercial Crops Technology|date=2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-8189422523|pages=202–203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VFYqwA-Mn4C&pg=PA202}}</ref> <ref name="grimwood">{{Cite book|author=Grimwood|first=Brian E.|title=Coconut Palm Products: Their Processing in Developing Countries|date=1975|publisher=Food & Agriculture Organization|isbn=978-92-5-100853-9|pages=183–187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA183}}</ref> === Aki oyibo graters === [[Faịlụ:Coconut_scrapper_in_Laclo.jpg|thumb| Omenala aki oyibo grater]] Aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "aki oyibo"), ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ịwepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, bụ akụkụ nke omenala ihe onwunwe nke ndị Austronesia . Site na Island Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-ebu ya na njem ụgbọ mmiri nke mgbasawanye nke Austronesian ma maka ọchịchị na ịzụ ahịa, ruo Polynesia n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na [[Madagascar]] na [[Comoros]] dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'oge ochie. Teknụzụ ahụ gbasaakwara n'ọdịnala ndị na-abụghị ndị Ọstrelia na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Africa site na nso nso. <ref name="sarathi">{{Cite book|first=Harriet Joseph|author=Ottenheimer|editor=Sarathi|title=Early Maritime Cultures in East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean: Papers from a conference held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (African Studies Program) 23–24 October 2015, with additional contributions|chapter=Zilo and Zahula|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd|year=2018|isbn=978-1-78491-713-5}}</ref> <ref name="kirch">{{Cite book|editor=Diamond|author=Kirch|first=Patrick V.|title=Natural Experiments of History|chapter=Controlled Comparison and Polynesian Cultural Evolution|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-07672-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdNCb_oHvIQC&pg=PA22}}</ref> <ref name="Lew">{{Cite journal|author=Lew|first=Christopher|title=Tracing the origin of the coconut (''Cocos nucifera'' L.)|journal=Prized Writing 2018–2019|pages=143–157}}</ref> Aki oyibo akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-anọgide na-abụ ọkọlọtọ kichin akụrụngwa n'ime ezinụlọ na okpomọkụ Asia-Pacific na n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mmanụ aki oyibo na Indo-Pacific . <ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSolomon2014">Solomon, Charmaine (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 ''The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore'']. Hardie Grant Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-74358-170-4|<bdi>978-1-74358-170-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="Iddison">{{Cite web|author=Iddison|first=Phil|title=Katai: Coconut Scrapers|url=http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf|work=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery|accessdate=18 April 2019|archivedate=18 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}</ref> Nhazi bụ isi nke graters aki oyibo nwere oche dị ala ma ọ bụ stool nwere diski kwụ ọtọ (nke e ji ígwè mee n'Eshia na Africa, na nkume ma ọ bụ shei na Oceania) jikọtara n'otu nsọtụ. Mmadụ na-anọdụ ala n'oche ma jiri aka abụọ na-eji diski ígwè na-akpụcha elu dị n'ime nke mgbịrịgba aki oyibo gbawara agbawa ugboro ugboro. A na-achịkọta ihe mkpofu ndị ahụ site na akpa e debere n'okpuru. <ref name="Iddison">{{Cite web|author=Iddison|first=Phil|title=Katai: Coconut Scrapers|url=http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf|work=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery|accessdate=18 April 2019|archivedate=18 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIddison">Iddison, Phil. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf "Katai: Coconut Scrapers"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery''. Archived from [http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKirchGreen2001">Kirch, Patrick Vinton; Green, Roger C. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152 ''Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology'']. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;152. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78879-3|<bdi>978-0-521-78879-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Pakkawan|first=Assawin|title=Traditional coconut graters on show at southern funeral|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1360263/traditional-coconut-graters-on-show-at-southern-funeral|work=Bangkok Post|accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> <ref name="aranas">{{Cite book|author=Aranas|first=Jennifer|title=The Filipino-American Kitchen: Traditional Recipes, Contemporary Flavors|date=2012|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0491-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71TRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ aki oyibo nke ọgbara ọhụrụ malitere na etiti 1800s nwere eriri serrated nwere crank aka. Ekwenyere na nsụgharị a bụ ihe ndị Britain mepụtara. <ref name="snod">{{Cite book|author=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45572-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233}}</ref> == Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo edoziri == [[Faịlụ:Coconut_milk_production.jpg|thumb| Mechanical aki oyibo grinder]] Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo a na-ere ahịa na-eji otu usoro ahụ wepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na pulp, n'agbanyeghị na ha na-eji akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ dị ka igwe na-agbapụta ihe, igwe na-egweri na ihe na-akpụ akpụ, ndị na-akpụ aki oyibo moto, na ndị na-amịpụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha dị iche n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'usoro ịcha mmiri ma ọ bụ mkpọ. A na-ebu ụzọ enyocha ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site na nzacha 100 ntupu . A na -asachapụ ha n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na esi okpukpu abụọ na gburugburu 70 Celsius C (158 °F), kpachara anya na-agaghị agafe 80 Celsius C (176 °F), okpomọkụ nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-amalite ịgbachi. Mgbe pasteurization gasịrị, a na-ebufe ha ozugbo na arịa ndị na-ejuputa ma mechie tupu ha adị jụụ. A na-akwakọba ha n'ime karama, mkpọ, ma ọ bụ obere akpa na gbawara oyi maka nchekwa na ibugharị. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPhilippine_Coconut_Authority2014">Philippine Coconut Authority (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf ''Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014. Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines. Archived from [http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> ==== Latin America na Caribbean ==== Na Brazil, a na-ejikarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na nri n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ozuzu ya na stews na nri mmiri. Na [[Venezuela]], a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na azụ̀ e kụjasịrị akwadebe efere pulp n'ime efere a na-akpọ ''mojito en coco'' . Na [[Colombia]] na Panama, a na-eji anụ aki oyibo na mmiri ara ehi grated eme ''titoté'' dị ụtọ, bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ''arroz con coco'' (osikapa osikapa). A na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee efere ndị Venezuelan, dị ka ''majarete'' (ihe eji megharịa ọnụ Venezuelan), na ''arroz con coco'' (ụdị osikapa aki oyibo nke Venezuelan). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Na-aṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ === [[Faịlụ:Cendol_in_a_Glass.JPG|thumb| ''Cendol'', ihe ọṅụṅụ jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na shuga nkwụ]] Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee ọtụtụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ọdịnala. Cendol bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ice na-ewu ewu sitere na mpaghara a nwere mmiri ara ehi oyibo na jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ntụ ọka osikapa mere. A na-ejikwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka bandrek na bajigur, ihe ọṅụṅụ abụọ na-ewu ewu sitere na Indonesia. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo e ji mmiri gbazere bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ oyibo abụọ ewu ewu na ndịda China na Taiwan. A na-etinyekarị pulp dị ka jelii si n'ime aki oyibo na mmiri oyibo iji mee ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, na Brazil, a na-agwakọta mmiri ara oyibo na sugar na ''cachaça'' iji mee mmanya a na-akpọ {{Lang|pt|[[Cocktails with cachaça#Batida (Shaken)|batida de côco]]}}</link> . : 183 Puerto Rico na-ewu ewu maka ihe ọṅụṅụ okpomọkụ nke nwere aki oyibo, dị ka ''piña colada'' na ''coquito'', nke na-enwekarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ma ọ bụ ude oyibo . == Abụba juru eju na ihe egwu ahụike == Otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmanụ aki oyibo, nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-eme ka ndị mmadụ ghara iri nri dị [note 1] n'ihi nnukwu abụba jupụtara na ya. Iri oke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwekwara ike ibuli ọkwa cholesterol ọbara n'ihi oke lauric acid, abụba juru eju nke na-enye aka na cholesterol dị elu n'ọbara. <ref name="Mensink">{{Cite journal|title=Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|volume=77|issue=5|pages=1146–1155|date=May 2003|pmid=12716665|doi=10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146|url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/77/5/1146.full.pdf+html|format=pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nutr Rev|year=2016|volume=74|issue=4|pages=267–280|doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuw002|title=Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans|pmid=26946252}}</ref> == Horticulture == N'afọ 1943, a chọpụtara na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere ike ịgba ume na-eto eto. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eto eto, isi ihe kpatara ya bụ ịdị adị nke cytokinin nke a maara dị ka zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ọ bụ ezie na zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ozuzu ya, ọ naghị eme ngwa ngwa na ụfọdụ osisi dị ka radishes . <ref name="Mok1">{{Cite book|title=Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function|first=David W. S.|author=Mok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yov7iUL7OTAC|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-8493-6252-0|year=1994}}</ref> : 8 Otú ọ dị, mgbe agbakwunyere 10% mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mkpụrụ nke a na-akụ ọka wit, achọpụtala ọganihu dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bajaj1">{{Cite book|title=Wheat|first=Y. P. S.|author=Bajaj|publisher=Springer|year=1990|isbn=3-540-51809-6}}</ref> == Azụmahịa == A na-emepụta aki oyibo n'ọtụtụ ebe na ihu igwe okpomọkụ ma na-ebupụ ya n'ụwa niile dị ka ngwaahịa mkpọ, na-emekarị na North America na Europe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tinchan|first=P|title=Changes in the profile of volatiles of canned coconut milk during storage|journal=Journal of Food Science|date=2015|volume=80|issue=1|pages=C49–C54|doi=10.1111/1750-3841.12730|pmid=25533179}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Aki oyibo ude * Ginataan * Ndepụta efere na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo * Osisi mmiri ara ehi == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist|group=note}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Coconut milk at Wikimedia Commons * "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l64uZEY3DhE Making the Coconut Grater Stool]" – video by George Town World Heritage Incorporated, Penang, Malaysia [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sg09fi7by3wc6s4wnpq555ymbv5lfbu 674287 674285 2026-07-08T21:01:21Z Johnnybam 24488 674287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo''' bụ mmiri na-adịghị ọcha, mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha, nke a na-amịpụta na pulp nke aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref name="cm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|title=Coconut milk|publisher=Philippine Coconut Authority|date=2014|accessdate=22 September 2016|archivedate=6 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tulashie|first=Samuel Kofi|title=Production of coconut milk: A sustainable alternative plant-based milk|journal=Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering|date=2022|volume=6|pages=100206|doi=10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100206}}</ref> Opacity na uto bara ụba nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ n'ihi nnukwu mmanụ dị n'ime ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ya bụ abụba juru . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ ihe oriri ọdịnala ejiri na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, Oceania, South Asia, na East Africa. A na-ejikwa ya esi nri na Caribbean, Central America, akụkụ ugwu nke South America na West Africa, bụ ebe a na-ebute aki oyibo n'oge oge ọchịchị . A na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo n'ime ụdị subtypes dabere na ọdịnaya abụba . Enwere ike ịchịkọta ha na '''ude oyibo''' (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi oyibo) nke nwere oke abụba; mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (ma ọ bụ obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo) na oke nke gburugburu 20% abụba; na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere oke abụba na-enweghị atụ. <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}</ref> <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}</ref> A naghị agbaso okwu okwu a mgbe niile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-ere ahịa na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}</ref> A pụkwara iji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mepụta ihe ndị na-anọchi anya mmiri ara ehi (dị iche dị ka "ihe ọṅụṅụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo"). Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị otu ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nke a na-achọ maka isi nri, ọ bụghị ịṅụ mmanya. <ref name="bridges">{{Cite book|first=Meagan|author=Bridges|editor=Carol Rees|title=Practical Gastroenterology|chapter=Moo-ove Over, Cow’s Milk: The Rise of Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives|series=Nutrition Issues in Gastroenterology, Series #171|year=2018|pages=20–27|url=https://med.virginia.edu/ginutrition/wp-content/uploads/sites/199/2014/06/January-18-Milk-Alternatives.pdf}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, edoziri nke sitere na Puerto Rico dị ka ''ude aki oyibo'' . A na-eji ya na ọtụtụ desserts na ihe ọṅụṅụ dị ka piña colada, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gaghị enwe mgbagwoju anya na ude oyibo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ochef.com/498.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305113910/http://ochef.com/498.htm|archivedate=2016-03-05|title=Coconut milk, cream, and sweetened cream|work=ochef.com}}</ref> == Nri nri ==   Na 100 milliliter (ml) akụkụ, mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwere 230 kilocalories na bụ 68% mmiri, 24% ngụkọta abụba, 6% carbohydrates, na 2% protein (tebụl). Ihe mejupụtara abụba gụnyere gram 21 nke abụba juru eju, nke ọkara n'ime ya bụ lauric acid (tebụl). Mmiri ara ehi oyibo bụ isi iyi bara ụba (20% ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị, DV) nke manganese (40% DV kwa 100 g), na-enweghị ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ na ọdịnaya dị ịrịba ama (tebụ maka isi iyi USDA). == Nkọwa na okwu okwu == Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ emulsion mmanụ dị n'ime mmiri siri ike nke nwere protein ndị na-eme ihe dị ka emulsifiers na ndị na-eme ka ndị na-ekpo ọkụ . Ọ bụ opaque na mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha na agba na nso na agbanwe agbanwe site na mmiri ruo ude. Dabere na ọdịnaya abụba, a na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo gaa n'ụdị dị iche iche a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "ude oyibo", "mmiri aki oyibo", na "mmiri aki oyibo", site na nke kachasị elu ruo na nke kacha nta n'otu n'otu. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "mmiri aki oyibo dị mkpa" na "mmiri aki oyibo" dị iche iche) na omenala dị iche iche na mba ebe aki oyibo na-adabere na ọkwa nke mmịpụta. A na-ekewakwa ha na ụkpụrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Asia na Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) na [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Òtù Na-ahụ Maka nri na Ọrụ Ugbo]] nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]] (FAO). Otú ọ dị, a naghị agbaso okwu ndị ahụ mgbe nile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (karịsịa na mba ọdịda anyanwụ) n'ihi na ụkpụrụ ndị a abụghị iwu. Nke a nwere ike ịkpata ọgba aghara n'etiti ndị na-azụ ahịa. Community Coconut Asia na Pacific na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: {| class="wikitable" |+Oke abụba site n'ịdị arọ na ude oyibo na mmiri ara ehi ( APCC Standards ) ! Ngwaahịa ! Ọdịnaya abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m) |- ! Ude aki oyibo gbadoro anya | 40–50 |- ! Ude oyibo dị elu | 30–39 |- ! Ude oyibo dị oke abụba | 25–29 |- ! Ude oyibo dị obere abụba | 20–25 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị elu | 15–20 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị obere | 10–15 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị obere | 5–10 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 0–1.5 |} <ref name="tp" />Codex Alimentarius nke FAO na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: {| class="wikitable" |+Nhazi nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (CODEX STAN 240-2003, Codex Alimentarius, FAO) ! Ngwaahịa ! Mkpokọta ihe siri ike<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ( %m/m )<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. -Max. ! Ihe siri ike na-abụghị abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Mmiri<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Oke. ! pH |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo | 6.6-12.6 | 1.6 | 5 | 93.4 | 5.9 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 12.7-25.3 | 2.7 | 10 | 87.3 | 5.9 |- ! Ude oyibo | 25.4 - 37.3 | 5.4 | 20 | 74.6 | 5.9 |- ! Aki oyibo ude itinye uche | 37.4 min. | 8.4 | 29 | 62.6 | 5.9 |- |} Mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwekwara ike mgbe ụfọdụ mgbagwoju anya na mmiri oyibo . Mmiri aki oyibo bụ mmiri doro anya dị n'ime mkpụrụ aki oyibo, ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmiri mmiri ewepụtara site na akwụkwọ ntuziaka ma ọ bụ n'ịzọpịa nke ọcha n'ime anụ aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/|title=Coconut water|publisher=American Society for Nutrition|date=13 September 2010|author=Henni S|accessdate=6 March 2017|archivedate=7 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307051330/https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/}}</ref> <ref name="tp2">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=Coconut Food Production|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/coconut-food-production}}</ref> Ude oyibo ekwesịghịkwa inwe mgbagwoju anya na aki oyibo creamed, nke bụ ihe mgbochi siri ike nke sitere na mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo nke ọma, na ude nke aki oyibo, nke bụ ngwaahịa a na-esi na ya na-esi na ude oyibo na-atọ ụtọ. == Nkwadebe omenala == [[Faịlụ:Râper_la_pulpe_du_coco_(Tieti,_Nord,_New_Caledonia).jpg|thumb| A na-ata aki oyibo]] A na-eme mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site n'ịchịkọta anụ ọcha nke dị n'ime nke aki oyibo tozuru okè na ịgwakọta pulp akị oyibo a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ na obere mmiri ọkụ iji kwụsịtụ abụba dị n'ime pulp ahụ. Enwere ike iji aka ma ọ bụ igwe mee usoro grating. <ref name="cm" /><ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:The_making_of_coconut_milk_137_MKT_-_Instagram_Images_-_1080px_x_1080px6.jpg|thumb| A na-eji akwa cheese na-apịa aki oyibo e ghere eghe]] A na-ekewakwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ụzọ abụọ: ude oyibo (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi siri ike) na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ude oyibo nwere gburugburu 20% ruo 50% abụba; ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa nwere abụba 5% ruo 20%. A na-ewepụta ude aki oyibo site na ntinye mbụ nke grated aki oyibo pulp ozugbo site na cheesecloth . Mgbe ụfọdụ, a pụkwara ịgbakwunye ntakịrị mmiri ọkụ, mana n'ozuzu, a na-amịpụta ude oyibo na-enweghị mmiri agbakwunyere. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa site na ịpịnye na-esote mgbe ejiri mmiri ọkụ fesa pulp aki oyibo. <ref name="solomon" /> A pụkwara iji ike ndọda mee ihe iji nweta akwa oyi akwa nke ude aki oyibo na ala oyi akwa nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. A na-enweta nke a site na ikwe ka mmiri mmiri amịpụtara guzoro otu awa. <ref name="birosel" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ike ịgbanye ude aki oyibo ka ọ bụrụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị ntakịrị site na ịgbanye mmiri. <ref name="birosel">{{Cite journal|author=Birosel|first=D. M.|title=The nature and properties of the emulsifier system of oil globules in coconut milk and cream|journal=The Philippine Journal of Science|date=1963|volume=92|issue=1|pages=1–15|url=http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf_upload/pjs1963/PJS_Vol_92_No1_Mar_1963.pdf}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:തേങ്ങാപ്പാൽ_പിഴിയൽ.JPG|thumb| Nkwadebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo]] A na-eji mmiri ara ehi akị oyibo akwadoro eme ihe ozugbo ewepụtara ya ọhụrụ n'ihi na ọ na-emebi ngwa ngwa mgbe ikuku kpughee ya. Ọ na-aghọ rancid mgbe awa ole na ole gachara na ụlọ okpomọkụ 28 to 30 Celsius C (82 ruo 86 °F) n'ihi lipid oxidation na lipolysis . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo Rancid na-enye isi na-adịghị mma ma nwee uto ncha pụrụ iche. <ref name="NIIR" /> [[Faịlụ:Coco3wjf.JPG|thumb| Ude aki oyibo siri ike nke sitere na ntinye mbụ nke aki oyibo grated]] Dị ka ude oyibo nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke soluble, kwụsịtụrụ siri ike, ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka ihe dị mma maka desserts na ọgaranya na akọrọ sauces . N'aka nke ọzọ, mmiri ara ehi dị obere nwere obere ihe siri ike ndị a soluble. N'ihi ya, a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ozuzu nri. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ude aki oyibo na obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo anaghị adịkarị na mba ndị ọdịda anyanwụ n'ihi na mmiri ara ehi ọhụrụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị a na ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na katọn ma ọ bụ ite. <ref name="lewis" /> Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụkwa nzọụkwụ dị n'etiti usoro mmiri mmiri ọdịnala nke imepụta mmanụ aki oyibo na-amaghị nwoke site na kpo oku nke nta nke nta, churning, ma ọ bụ gbaa ụka. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ ndị a adịghị arụ ọrụ karịa mmepụta mmanụ aki oyibo sitere na copra . <ref name="kurian">{{Cite book|author=Kurian|first=Alice|title=Commercial Crops Technology|date=2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-8189422523|pages=202–203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VFYqwA-Mn4C&pg=PA202}}</ref> <ref name="grimwood">{{Cite book|author=Grimwood|first=Brian E.|title=Coconut Palm Products: Their Processing in Developing Countries|date=1975|publisher=Food & Agriculture Organization|isbn=978-92-5-100853-9|pages=183–187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA183}}</ref> === Aki oyibo graters === [[Faịlụ:Coconut_scrapper_in_Laclo.jpg|thumb| Omenala aki oyibo grater]] Aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "aki oyibo"), ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ịwepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, bụ akụkụ nke omenala ihe onwunwe nke ndị Austronesia . Site na Island Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-ebu ya na njem ụgbọ mmiri nke mgbasawanye nke Austronesian ma maka ọchịchị na ịzụ ahịa, ruo Polynesia n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na [[Madagascar]] na [[Comoros]] dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'oge ochie. Teknụzụ ahụ gbasaakwara n'ọdịnala ndị na-abụghị ndị Ọstrelia na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Africa site na nso nso. <ref name="sarathi">{{Cite book|first=Harriet Joseph|author=Ottenheimer|editor=Sarathi|title=Early Maritime Cultures in East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean: Papers from a conference held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (African Studies Program) 23–24 October 2015, with additional contributions|chapter=Zilo and Zahula|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd|year=2018|isbn=978-1-78491-713-5}}</ref> <ref name="kirch">{{Cite book|editor=Diamond|author=Kirch|first=Patrick V.|title=Natural Experiments of History|chapter=Controlled Comparison and Polynesian Cultural Evolution|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-07672-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdNCb_oHvIQC&pg=PA22}}</ref> <ref name="Lew">{{Cite journal|author=Lew|first=Christopher|title=Tracing the origin of the coconut (''Cocos nucifera'' L.)|journal=Prized Writing 2018–2019|pages=143–157}}</ref> Aki oyibo akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-anọgide na-abụ ọkọlọtọ kichin akụrụngwa n'ime ezinụlọ na okpomọkụ Asia-Pacific na n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mmanụ aki oyibo na Indo-Pacific . <ref name="Iddison">{{Cite web|author=Iddison|first=Phil|title=Katai: Coconut Scrapers|url=http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf|work=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery|accessdate=18 April 2019|archivedate=18 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}</ref> Nhazi bụ isi nke graters aki oyibo nwere oche dị ala ma ọ bụ stool nwere diski kwụ ọtọ (nke e ji ígwè mee n'Eshia na Africa, na nkume ma ọ bụ shei na Oceania) jikọtara n'otu nsọtụ. Mmadụ na-anọdụ ala n'oche ma jiri aka abụọ na-eji diski ígwè na-akpụcha elu dị n'ime nke mgbịrịgba aki oyibo gbawara agbawa ugboro ugboro. A na-achịkọta ihe mkpofu ndị ahụ site na akpa e debere n'okpuru. <ref name="Iddison">{{Cite web|author=Iddison|first=Phil|title=Katai: Coconut Scrapers|url=http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf|work=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery|accessdate=18 April 2019|archivedate=18 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIddison">Iddison, Phil. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf "Katai: Coconut Scrapers"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery''. Archived from [http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKirchGreen2001">Kirch, Patrick Vinton; Green, Roger C. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152 ''Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology'']. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;152. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78879-3|<bdi>978-0-521-78879-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Pakkawan|first=Assawin|title=Traditional coconut graters on show at southern funeral|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1360263/traditional-coconut-graters-on-show-at-southern-funeral|work=Bangkok Post|accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> <ref name="aranas">{{Cite book|author=Aranas|first=Jennifer|title=The Filipino-American Kitchen: Traditional Recipes, Contemporary Flavors|date=2012|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0491-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71TRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ aki oyibo nke ọgbara ọhụrụ malitere na etiti 1800s nwere eriri serrated nwere crank aka. Ekwenyere na nsụgharị a bụ ihe ndị Britain mepụtara. <ref name="snod">{{Cite book|author=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45572-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233}}</ref> == Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo edoziri == [[Faịlụ:Coconut_milk_production.jpg|thumb| Mechanical aki oyibo grinder]] Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo a na-ere ahịa na-eji otu usoro ahụ wepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na pulp, n'agbanyeghị na ha na-eji akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ dị ka igwe na-agbapụta ihe, igwe na-egweri na ihe na-akpụ akpụ, ndị na-akpụ aki oyibo moto, na ndị na-amịpụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha dị iche n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'usoro ịcha mmiri ma ọ bụ mkpọ. A na-ebu ụzọ enyocha ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site na nzacha 100 ntupu . A na -asachapụ ha n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na esi okpukpu abụọ na gburugburu 70 Celsius C (158 °F), kpachara anya na-agaghị agafe 80 Celsius C (176 °F), okpomọkụ nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-amalite ịgbachi. Mgbe pasteurization gasịrị, a na-ebufe ha ozugbo na arịa ndị na-ejuputa ma mechie tupu ha adị jụụ. A na-akwakọba ha n'ime karama, mkpọ, ma ọ bụ obere akpa na gbawara oyi maka nchekwa na ibugharị. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPhilippine_Coconut_Authority2014">Philippine Coconut Authority (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf ''Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014. Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines. Archived from [http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> ==== Latin America na Caribbean ==== Na Brazil, a na-ejikarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na nri n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ozuzu ya na stews na nri mmiri. Na [[Venezuela]], a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na azụ̀ e kụjasịrị akwadebe efere pulp n'ime efere a na-akpọ ''mojito en coco'' . Na [[Colombia]] na Panama, a na-eji anụ aki oyibo na mmiri ara ehi grated eme ''titoté'' dị ụtọ, bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ''arroz con coco'' (osikapa osikapa). A na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee efere ndị Venezuelan, dị ka ''majarete'' (ihe eji megharịa ọnụ Venezuelan), na ''arroz con coco'' (ụdị osikapa aki oyibo nke Venezuelan). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Na-aṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ === [[Faịlụ:Cendol_in_a_Glass.JPG|thumb| ''Cendol'', ihe ọṅụṅụ jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na shuga nkwụ]] Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee ọtụtụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ọdịnala. Cendol bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ice na-ewu ewu sitere na mpaghara a nwere mmiri ara ehi oyibo na jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ntụ ọka osikapa mere. A na-ejikwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka bandrek na bajigur, ihe ọṅụṅụ abụọ na-ewu ewu sitere na Indonesia. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo e ji mmiri gbazere bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ oyibo abụọ ewu ewu na ndịda China na Taiwan. A na-etinyekarị pulp dị ka jelii si n'ime aki oyibo na mmiri oyibo iji mee ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, na Brazil, a na-agwakọta mmiri ara oyibo na sugar na ''cachaça'' iji mee mmanya a na-akpọ {{Lang|pt|[[Cocktails with cachaça#Batida (Shaken)|batida de côco]]}}</link> . : 183 Puerto Rico na-ewu ewu maka ihe ọṅụṅụ okpomọkụ nke nwere aki oyibo, dị ka ''piña colada'' na ''coquito'', nke na-enwekarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ma ọ bụ ude oyibo . == Abụba juru eju na ihe egwu ahụike == Otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmanụ aki oyibo, nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-eme ka ndị mmadụ ghara iri nri dị [note 1] n'ihi nnukwu abụba jupụtara na ya. Iri oke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwekwara ike ibuli ọkwa cholesterol ọbara n'ihi oke lauric acid, abụba juru eju nke na-enye aka na cholesterol dị elu n'ọbara. <ref name="Mensink">{{Cite journal|title=Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|volume=77|issue=5|pages=1146–1155|date=May 2003|pmid=12716665|doi=10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146|url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/77/5/1146.full.pdf+html|format=pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nutr Rev|year=2016|volume=74|issue=4|pages=267–280|doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuw002|title=Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans|pmid=26946252}}</ref> == Horticulture == N'afọ 1943, a chọpụtara na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere ike ịgba ume na-eto eto. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eto eto, isi ihe kpatara ya bụ ịdị adị nke cytokinin nke a maara dị ka zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ọ bụ ezie na zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ozuzu ya, ọ naghị eme ngwa ngwa na ụfọdụ osisi dị ka radishes . <ref name="Mok1">{{Cite book|title=Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function|first=David W. S.|author=Mok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yov7iUL7OTAC|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-8493-6252-0|year=1994}}</ref> : 8 Otú ọ dị, mgbe agbakwunyere 10% mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mkpụrụ nke a na-akụ ọka wit, achọpụtala ọganihu dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bajaj1">{{Cite book|title=Wheat|first=Y. P. S.|author=Bajaj|publisher=Springer|year=1990|isbn=3-540-51809-6}}</ref> == Azụmahịa == A na-emepụta aki oyibo n'ọtụtụ ebe na ihu igwe okpomọkụ ma na-ebupụ ya n'ụwa niile dị ka ngwaahịa mkpọ, na-emekarị na North America na Europe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tinchan|first=P|title=Changes in the profile of volatiles of canned coconut milk during storage|journal=Journal of Food Science|date=2015|volume=80|issue=1|pages=C49–C54|doi=10.1111/1750-3841.12730|pmid=25533179}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Aki oyibo ude * Ginataan * Ndepụta efere na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo * Osisi mmiri ara ehi == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist|group=note}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Coconut milk at Wikimedia Commons * "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l64uZEY3DhE Making the Coconut Grater Stool]" – video by George Town World Heritage Incorporated, Penang, Malaysia [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8xcs29sjnsxzrrslr3xb0i7e2qj458m 674289 674287 2026-07-08T21:02:03Z Johnnybam 24488 674289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo''' bụ mmiri na-adịghị ọcha, mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha, nke a na-amịpụta na pulp nke aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref name="cm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|title=Coconut milk|publisher=Philippine Coconut Authority|date=2014|accessdate=22 September 2016|archivedate=6 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tulashie|first=Samuel Kofi|title=Production of coconut milk: A sustainable alternative plant-based milk|journal=Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering|date=2022|volume=6|pages=100206|doi=10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100206}}</ref> Opacity na uto bara ụba nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ n'ihi nnukwu mmanụ dị n'ime ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ya bụ abụba juru . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ ihe oriri ọdịnala ejiri na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, Oceania, South Asia, na East Africa. A na-ejikwa ya esi nri na Caribbean, Central America, akụkụ ugwu nke South America na West Africa, bụ ebe a na-ebute aki oyibo n'oge oge ọchịchị . A na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo n'ime ụdị subtypes dabere na ọdịnaya abụba . Enwere ike ịchịkọta ha na '''ude oyibo''' (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi oyibo) nke nwere oke abụba; mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (ma ọ bụ obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo) na oke nke gburugburu 20% abụba; na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere oke abụba na-enweghị atụ. <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}</ref> <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}</ref> A naghị agbaso okwu okwu a mgbe niile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-ere ahịa na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}</ref> A pụkwara iji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mepụta ihe ndị na-anọchi anya mmiri ara ehi (dị iche dị ka "ihe ọṅụṅụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo"). Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị otu ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nke a na-achọ maka isi nri, ọ bụghị ịṅụ mmanya. <ref name="bridges">{{Cite book|first=Meagan|author=Bridges|editor=Carol Rees|title=Practical Gastroenterology|chapter=Moo-ove Over, Cow’s Milk: The Rise of Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives|series=Nutrition Issues in Gastroenterology, Series #171|year=2018|pages=20–27|url=https://med.virginia.edu/ginutrition/wp-content/uploads/sites/199/2014/06/January-18-Milk-Alternatives.pdf}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, edoziri nke sitere na Puerto Rico dị ka ''ude aki oyibo'' . A na-eji ya na ọtụtụ desserts na ihe ọṅụṅụ dị ka piña colada, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gaghị enwe mgbagwoju anya na ude oyibo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ochef.com/498.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305113910/http://ochef.com/498.htm|archivedate=2016-03-05|title=Coconut milk, cream, and sweetened cream|work=ochef.com}}</ref> == Nri nri ==   Na 100 milliliter (ml) akụkụ, mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwere 230 kilocalories na bụ 68% mmiri, 24% ngụkọta abụba, 6% carbohydrates, na 2% protein (tebụl). Ihe mejupụtara abụba gụnyere gram 21 nke abụba juru eju, nke ọkara n'ime ya bụ lauric acid (tebụl). Mmiri ara ehi oyibo bụ isi iyi bara ụba (20% ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị, DV) nke manganese (40% DV kwa 100 g), na-enweghị ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ na ọdịnaya dị ịrịba ama (tebụ maka isi iyi USDA). == Nkọwa na okwu okwu == Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ emulsion mmanụ dị n'ime mmiri siri ike nke nwere protein ndị na-eme ihe dị ka emulsifiers na ndị na-eme ka ndị na-ekpo ọkụ . Ọ bụ opaque na mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha na agba na nso na agbanwe agbanwe site na mmiri ruo ude. Dabere na ọdịnaya abụba, a na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo gaa n'ụdị dị iche iche a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "ude oyibo", "mmiri aki oyibo", na "mmiri aki oyibo", site na nke kachasị elu ruo na nke kacha nta n'otu n'otu. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "mmiri aki oyibo dị mkpa" na "mmiri aki oyibo" dị iche iche) na omenala dị iche iche na mba ebe aki oyibo na-adabere na ọkwa nke mmịpụta. A na-ekewakwa ha na ụkpụrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Asia na Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) na [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Òtù Na-ahụ Maka nri na Ọrụ Ugbo]] nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]] (FAO). Otú ọ dị, a naghị agbaso okwu ndị ahụ mgbe nile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (karịsịa na mba ọdịda anyanwụ) n'ihi na ụkpụrụ ndị a abụghị iwu. Nke a nwere ike ịkpata ọgba aghara n'etiti ndị na-azụ ahịa. Community Coconut Asia na Pacific na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: {| class="wikitable" |+Oke abụba site n'ịdị arọ na ude oyibo na mmiri ara ehi ( APCC Standards ) ! Ngwaahịa ! Ọdịnaya abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m) |- ! Ude aki oyibo gbadoro anya | 40–50 |- ! Ude oyibo dị elu | 30–39 |- ! Ude oyibo dị oke abụba | 25–29 |- ! Ude oyibo dị obere abụba | 20–25 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị elu | 15–20 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị obere | 10–15 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị obere | 5–10 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 0–1.5 |} <ref name="tp" />Codex Alimentarius nke FAO na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: {| class="wikitable" |+Nhazi nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (CODEX STAN 240-2003, Codex Alimentarius, FAO) ! Ngwaahịa ! Mkpokọta ihe siri ike<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ( %m/m )<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. -Max. ! Ihe siri ike na-abụghị abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Mmiri<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Oke. ! pH |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo | 6.6-12.6 | 1.6 | 5 | 93.4 | 5.9 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 12.7-25.3 | 2.7 | 10 | 87.3 | 5.9 |- ! Ude oyibo | 25.4 - 37.3 | 5.4 | 20 | 74.6 | 5.9 |- ! Aki oyibo ude itinye uche | 37.4 min. | 8.4 | 29 | 62.6 | 5.9 |- |} Mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwekwara ike mgbe ụfọdụ mgbagwoju anya na mmiri oyibo . Mmiri aki oyibo bụ mmiri doro anya dị n'ime mkpụrụ aki oyibo, ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmiri mmiri ewepụtara site na akwụkwọ ntuziaka ma ọ bụ n'ịzọpịa nke ọcha n'ime anụ aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/|title=Coconut water|publisher=American Society for Nutrition|date=13 September 2010|author=Henni S|accessdate=6 March 2017|archivedate=7 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307051330/https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/}}</ref> <ref name="tp2">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=Coconut Food Production|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/coconut-food-production}}</ref> Ude oyibo ekwesịghịkwa inwe mgbagwoju anya na aki oyibo creamed, nke bụ ihe mgbochi siri ike nke sitere na mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo nke ọma, na ude nke aki oyibo, nke bụ ngwaahịa a na-esi na ya na-esi na ude oyibo na-atọ ụtọ. == Nkwadebe omenala == [[Faịlụ:Râper_la_pulpe_du_coco_(Tieti,_Nord,_New_Caledonia).jpg|thumb| A na-ata aki oyibo]] A na-eme mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site n'ịchịkọta anụ ọcha nke dị n'ime nke aki oyibo tozuru okè na ịgwakọta pulp akị oyibo a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ na obere mmiri ọkụ iji kwụsịtụ abụba dị n'ime pulp ahụ. Enwere ike iji aka ma ọ bụ igwe mee usoro grating. <ref name="cm" /><ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:The_making_of_coconut_milk_137_MKT_-_Instagram_Images_-_1080px_x_1080px6.jpg|thumb| A na-eji akwa cheese na-apịa aki oyibo e ghere eghe]] A na-ekewakwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ụzọ abụọ: ude oyibo (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi siri ike) na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ude oyibo nwere gburugburu 20% ruo 50% abụba; ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa nwere abụba 5% ruo 20%. A na-ewepụta ude aki oyibo site na ntinye mbụ nke grated aki oyibo pulp ozugbo site na cheesecloth . Mgbe ụfọdụ, a pụkwara ịgbakwunye ntakịrị mmiri ọkụ, mana n'ozuzu, a na-amịpụta ude oyibo na-enweghị mmiri agbakwunyere. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa site na ịpịnye na-esote mgbe ejiri mmiri ọkụ fesa pulp aki oyibo. <ref name="solomon" /> A pụkwara iji ike ndọda mee ihe iji nweta akwa oyi akwa nke ude aki oyibo na ala oyi akwa nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. A na-enweta nke a site na ikwe ka mmiri mmiri amịpụtara guzoro otu awa. <ref name="birosel" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ike ịgbanye ude aki oyibo ka ọ bụrụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị ntakịrị site na ịgbanye mmiri. <ref name="birosel">{{Cite journal|author=Birosel|first=D. M.|title=The nature and properties of the emulsifier system of oil globules in coconut milk and cream|journal=The Philippine Journal of Science|date=1963|volume=92|issue=1|pages=1–15|url=http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf_upload/pjs1963/PJS_Vol_92_No1_Mar_1963.pdf}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:തേങ്ങാപ്പാൽ_പിഴിയൽ.JPG|thumb| Nkwadebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo]] A na-eji mmiri ara ehi akị oyibo akwadoro eme ihe ozugbo ewepụtara ya ọhụrụ n'ihi na ọ na-emebi ngwa ngwa mgbe ikuku kpughee ya. Ọ na-aghọ rancid mgbe awa ole na ole gachara na ụlọ okpomọkụ 28 to 30 Celsius C (82 ruo 86 °F) n'ihi lipid oxidation na lipolysis . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo Rancid na-enye isi na-adịghị mma ma nwee uto ncha pụrụ iche. <ref name="NIIR" /> [[Faịlụ:Coco3wjf.JPG|thumb| Ude aki oyibo siri ike nke sitere na ntinye mbụ nke aki oyibo grated]] Dị ka ude oyibo nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke soluble, kwụsịtụrụ siri ike, ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka ihe dị mma maka desserts na ọgaranya na akọrọ sauces . N'aka nke ọzọ, mmiri ara ehi dị obere nwere obere ihe siri ike ndị a soluble. N'ihi ya, a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ozuzu nri. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ude aki oyibo na obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo anaghị adịkarị na mba ndị ọdịda anyanwụ n'ihi na mmiri ara ehi ọhụrụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị a na ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na katọn ma ọ bụ ite. <ref name="lewis" /> Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụkwa nzọụkwụ dị n'etiti usoro mmiri mmiri ọdịnala nke imepụta mmanụ aki oyibo na-amaghị nwoke site na kpo oku nke nta nke nta, churning, ma ọ bụ gbaa ụka. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ ndị a adịghị arụ ọrụ karịa mmepụta mmanụ aki oyibo sitere na copra . <ref name="kurian">{{Cite book|author=Kurian|first=Alice|title=Commercial Crops Technology|date=2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-8189422523|pages=202–203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VFYqwA-Mn4C&pg=PA202}}</ref> <ref name="grimwood">{{Cite book|author=Grimwood|first=Brian E.|title=Coconut Palm Products: Their Processing in Developing Countries|date=1975|publisher=Food & Agriculture Organization|isbn=978-92-5-100853-9|pages=183–187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA183}}</ref> === Aki oyibo graters === [[Faịlụ:Coconut_scrapper_in_Laclo.jpg|thumb| Omenala aki oyibo grater]] Aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "aki oyibo"), ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ịwepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, bụ akụkụ nke omenala ihe onwunwe nke ndị Austronesia . Site na Island Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-ebu ya na njem ụgbọ mmiri nke mgbasawanye nke Austronesian ma maka ọchịchị na ịzụ ahịa, ruo Polynesia n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na [[Madagascar]] na [[Comoros]] dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'oge ochie. Teknụzụ ahụ gbasaakwara n'ọdịnala ndị na-abụghị ndị Ọstrelia na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Africa site na nso nso. <ref name="sarathi">{{Cite book|first=Harriet Joseph|author=Ottenheimer|editor=Sarathi|title=Early Maritime Cultures in East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean: Papers from a conference held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (African Studies Program) 23–24 October 2015, with additional contributions|chapter=Zilo and Zahula|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd|year=2018|isbn=978-1-78491-713-5}}</ref> <ref name="kirch">{{Cite book|editor=Diamond|author=Kirch|first=Patrick V.|title=Natural Experiments of History|chapter=Controlled Comparison and Polynesian Cultural Evolution|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-07672-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdNCb_oHvIQC&pg=PA22}}</ref> <ref name="Lew">{{Cite journal|author=Lew|first=Christopher|title=Tracing the origin of the coconut (''Cocos nucifera'' L.)|journal=Prized Writing 2018–2019|pages=143–157}}</ref> Aki oyibo akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-anọgide na-abụ ọkọlọtọ kichin akụrụngwa n'ime ezinụlọ na okpomọkụ Asia-Pacific na n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mmanụ aki oyibo na Indo-Pacific . <ref name="Iddison">{{Cite web|author=Iddison|first=Phil|title=Katai: Coconut Scrapers|url=http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf|work=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery|accessdate=18 April 2019|archivedate=18 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}</ref> Nhazi bụ isi nke graters aki oyibo nwere oche dị ala ma ọ bụ stool nwere diski kwụ ọtọ (nke e ji ígwè mee n'Eshia na Africa, na nkume ma ọ bụ shei na Oceania) jikọtara n'otu nsọtụ. Mmadụ na-anọdụ ala n'oche ma jiri aka abụọ na-eji diski ígwè na-akpụcha elu dị n'ime nke mgbịrịgba aki oyibo gbawara agbawa ugboro ugboro. A na-achịkọta ihe mkpofu ndị ahụ site na akpa e debere n'okpuru. <ref name="Iddison" /> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKirchGreen2001">Kirch, Patrick Vinton; Green, Roger C. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152 ''Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology'']. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;152. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78879-3|<bdi>978-0-521-78879-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Pakkawan|first=Assawin|title=Traditional coconut graters on show at southern funeral|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1360263/traditional-coconut-graters-on-show-at-southern-funeral|work=Bangkok Post|accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> <ref name="aranas">{{Cite book|author=Aranas|first=Jennifer|title=The Filipino-American Kitchen: Traditional Recipes, Contemporary Flavors|date=2012|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0491-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71TRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ aki oyibo nke ọgbara ọhụrụ malitere na etiti 1800s nwere eriri serrated nwere crank aka. Ekwenyere na nsụgharị a bụ ihe ndị Britain mepụtara. <ref name="snod">{{Cite book|author=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45572-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233}}</ref> == Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo edoziri == [[Faịlụ:Coconut_milk_production.jpg|thumb| Mechanical aki oyibo grinder]] Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo a na-ere ahịa na-eji otu usoro ahụ wepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na pulp, n'agbanyeghị na ha na-eji akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ dị ka igwe na-agbapụta ihe, igwe na-egweri na ihe na-akpụ akpụ, ndị na-akpụ aki oyibo moto, na ndị na-amịpụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha dị iche n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'usoro ịcha mmiri ma ọ bụ mkpọ. A na-ebu ụzọ enyocha ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site na nzacha 100 ntupu . A na -asachapụ ha n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na esi okpukpu abụọ na gburugburu 70 Celsius C (158 °F), kpachara anya na-agaghị agafe 80 Celsius C (176 °F), okpomọkụ nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-amalite ịgbachi. Mgbe pasteurization gasịrị, a na-ebufe ha ozugbo na arịa ndị na-ejuputa ma mechie tupu ha adị jụụ. A na-akwakọba ha n'ime karama, mkpọ, ma ọ bụ obere akpa na gbawara oyi maka nchekwa na ibugharị. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPhilippine_Coconut_Authority2014">Philippine Coconut Authority (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf ''Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014. Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines. Archived from [http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> ==== Latin America na Caribbean ==== Na Brazil, a na-ejikarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na nri n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ozuzu ya na stews na nri mmiri. Na [[Venezuela]], a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na azụ̀ e kụjasịrị akwadebe efere pulp n'ime efere a na-akpọ ''mojito en coco'' . Na [[Colombia]] na Panama, a na-eji anụ aki oyibo na mmiri ara ehi grated eme ''titoté'' dị ụtọ, bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ''arroz con coco'' (osikapa osikapa). A na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee efere ndị Venezuelan, dị ka ''majarete'' (ihe eji megharịa ọnụ Venezuelan), na ''arroz con coco'' (ụdị osikapa aki oyibo nke Venezuelan). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Na-aṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ === [[Faịlụ:Cendol_in_a_Glass.JPG|thumb| ''Cendol'', ihe ọṅụṅụ jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na shuga nkwụ]] Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee ọtụtụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ọdịnala. Cendol bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ice na-ewu ewu sitere na mpaghara a nwere mmiri ara ehi oyibo na jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ntụ ọka osikapa mere. A na-ejikwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka bandrek na bajigur, ihe ọṅụṅụ abụọ na-ewu ewu sitere na Indonesia. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo e ji mmiri gbazere bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ oyibo abụọ ewu ewu na ndịda China na Taiwan. A na-etinyekarị pulp dị ka jelii si n'ime aki oyibo na mmiri oyibo iji mee ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, na Brazil, a na-agwakọta mmiri ara oyibo na sugar na ''cachaça'' iji mee mmanya a na-akpọ {{Lang|pt|[[Cocktails with cachaça#Batida (Shaken)|batida de côco]]}}</link> . : 183 Puerto Rico na-ewu ewu maka ihe ọṅụṅụ okpomọkụ nke nwere aki oyibo, dị ka ''piña colada'' na ''coquito'', nke na-enwekarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ma ọ bụ ude oyibo . == Abụba juru eju na ihe egwu ahụike == Otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmanụ aki oyibo, nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-eme ka ndị mmadụ ghara iri nri dị [note 1] n'ihi nnukwu abụba jupụtara na ya. Iri oke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwekwara ike ibuli ọkwa cholesterol ọbara n'ihi oke lauric acid, abụba juru eju nke na-enye aka na cholesterol dị elu n'ọbara. <ref name="Mensink">{{Cite journal|title=Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|volume=77|issue=5|pages=1146–1155|date=May 2003|pmid=12716665|doi=10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146|url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/77/5/1146.full.pdf+html|format=pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nutr Rev|year=2016|volume=74|issue=4|pages=267–280|doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuw002|title=Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans|pmid=26946252}}</ref> == Horticulture == N'afọ 1943, a chọpụtara na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere ike ịgba ume na-eto eto. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eto eto, isi ihe kpatara ya bụ ịdị adị nke cytokinin nke a maara dị ka zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ọ bụ ezie na zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ozuzu ya, ọ naghị eme ngwa ngwa na ụfọdụ osisi dị ka radishes . <ref name="Mok1">{{Cite book|title=Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function|first=David W. S.|author=Mok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yov7iUL7OTAC|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-8493-6252-0|year=1994}}</ref> : 8 Otú ọ dị, mgbe agbakwunyere 10% mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mkpụrụ nke a na-akụ ọka wit, achọpụtala ọganihu dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bajaj1">{{Cite book|title=Wheat|first=Y. P. S.|author=Bajaj|publisher=Springer|year=1990|isbn=3-540-51809-6}}</ref> == Azụmahịa == A na-emepụta aki oyibo n'ọtụtụ ebe na ihu igwe okpomọkụ ma na-ebupụ ya n'ụwa niile dị ka ngwaahịa mkpọ, na-emekarị na North America na Europe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tinchan|first=P|title=Changes in the profile of volatiles of canned coconut milk during storage|journal=Journal of Food Science|date=2015|volume=80|issue=1|pages=C49–C54|doi=10.1111/1750-3841.12730|pmid=25533179}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Aki oyibo ude * Ginataan * Ndepụta efere na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo * Osisi mmiri ara ehi == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist|group=note}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Coconut milk at Wikimedia Commons * "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l64uZEY3DhE Making the Coconut Grater Stool]" – video by George Town World Heritage Incorporated, Penang, Malaysia [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pv70suay5y6zthrkqf8nvrevbkad9hx 674290 674289 2026-07-08T21:02:46Z Johnnybam 24488 674290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo''' bụ mmiri na-adịghị ọcha, mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha, nke a na-amịpụta na pulp nke aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref name="cm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|title=Coconut milk|publisher=Philippine Coconut Authority|date=2014|accessdate=22 September 2016|archivedate=6 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tulashie|first=Samuel Kofi|title=Production of coconut milk: A sustainable alternative plant-based milk|journal=Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering|date=2022|volume=6|pages=100206|doi=10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100206}}</ref> Opacity na uto bara ụba nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ n'ihi nnukwu mmanụ dị n'ime ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ya bụ abụba juru . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ ihe oriri ọdịnala ejiri na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, Oceania, South Asia, na East Africa. A na-ejikwa ya esi nri na Caribbean, Central America, akụkụ ugwu nke South America na West Africa, bụ ebe a na-ebute aki oyibo n'oge oge ọchịchị . A na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo n'ime ụdị subtypes dabere na ọdịnaya abụba . Enwere ike ịchịkọta ha na '''ude oyibo''' (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi oyibo) nke nwere oke abụba; mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (ma ọ bụ obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo) na oke nke gburugburu 20% abụba; na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere oke abụba na-enweghị atụ. <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}</ref> <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}</ref> A naghị agbaso okwu okwu a mgbe niile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-ere ahịa na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}</ref> A pụkwara iji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mepụta ihe ndị na-anọchi anya mmiri ara ehi (dị iche dị ka "ihe ọṅụṅụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo"). Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị otu ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nke a na-achọ maka isi nri, ọ bụghị ịṅụ mmanya. <ref name="bridges">{{Cite book|first=Meagan|author=Bridges|editor=Carol Rees|title=Practical Gastroenterology|chapter=Moo-ove Over, Cow’s Milk: The Rise of Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives|series=Nutrition Issues in Gastroenterology, Series #171|year=2018|pages=20–27|url=https://med.virginia.edu/ginutrition/wp-content/uploads/sites/199/2014/06/January-18-Milk-Alternatives.pdf}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, edoziri nke sitere na Puerto Rico dị ka ''ude aki oyibo'' . A na-eji ya na ọtụtụ desserts na ihe ọṅụṅụ dị ka piña colada, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gaghị enwe mgbagwoju anya na ude oyibo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ochef.com/498.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305113910/http://ochef.com/498.htm|archivedate=2016-03-05|title=Coconut milk, cream, and sweetened cream|work=ochef.com}}</ref> == Nri nri ==   Na 100 milliliter (ml) akụkụ, mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwere 230 kilocalories na bụ 68% mmiri, 24% ngụkọta abụba, 6% carbohydrates, na 2% protein (tebụl). Ihe mejupụtara abụba gụnyere gram 21 nke abụba juru eju, nke ọkara n'ime ya bụ lauric acid (tebụl). Mmiri ara ehi oyibo bụ isi iyi bara ụba (20% ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị, DV) nke manganese (40% DV kwa 100 g), na-enweghị ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ na ọdịnaya dị ịrịba ama (tebụ maka isi iyi USDA). == Nkọwa na okwu okwu == Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ emulsion mmanụ dị n'ime mmiri siri ike nke nwere protein ndị na-eme ihe dị ka emulsifiers na ndị na-eme ka ndị na-ekpo ọkụ . Ọ bụ opaque na mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha na agba na nso na agbanwe agbanwe site na mmiri ruo ude. Dabere na ọdịnaya abụba, a na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo gaa n'ụdị dị iche iche a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "ude oyibo", "mmiri aki oyibo", na "mmiri aki oyibo", site na nke kachasị elu ruo na nke kacha nta n'otu n'otu. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "mmiri aki oyibo dị mkpa" na "mmiri aki oyibo" dị iche iche) na omenala dị iche iche na mba ebe aki oyibo na-adabere na ọkwa nke mmịpụta. A na-ekewakwa ha na ụkpụrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Asia na Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) na [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Òtù Na-ahụ Maka nri na Ọrụ Ugbo]] nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]] (FAO). Otú ọ dị, a naghị agbaso okwu ndị ahụ mgbe nile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (karịsịa na mba ọdịda anyanwụ) n'ihi na ụkpụrụ ndị a abụghị iwu. Nke a nwere ike ịkpata ọgba aghara n'etiti ndị na-azụ ahịa. Community Coconut Asia na Pacific na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: {| class="wikitable" |+Oke abụba site n'ịdị arọ na ude oyibo na mmiri ara ehi ( APCC Standards ) ! Ngwaahịa ! Ọdịnaya abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m) |- ! Ude aki oyibo gbadoro anya | 40–50 |- ! Ude oyibo dị elu | 30–39 |- ! Ude oyibo dị oke abụba | 25–29 |- ! Ude oyibo dị obere abụba | 20–25 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị elu | 15–20 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị obere | 10–15 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị obere | 5–10 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 0–1.5 |} <ref name="tp" />Codex Alimentarius nke FAO na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: {| class="wikitable" |+Nhazi nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (CODEX STAN 240-2003, Codex Alimentarius, FAO) ! Ngwaahịa ! Mkpokọta ihe siri ike<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ( %m/m )<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. -Max. ! Ihe siri ike na-abụghị abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Mmiri<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Oke. ! pH |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo | 6.6-12.6 | 1.6 | 5 | 93.4 | 5.9 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 12.7-25.3 | 2.7 | 10 | 87.3 | 5.9 |- ! Ude oyibo | 25.4 - 37.3 | 5.4 | 20 | 74.6 | 5.9 |- ! Aki oyibo ude itinye uche | 37.4 min. | 8.4 | 29 | 62.6 | 5.9 |- |} Mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwekwara ike mgbe ụfọdụ mgbagwoju anya na mmiri oyibo . Mmiri aki oyibo bụ mmiri doro anya dị n'ime mkpụrụ aki oyibo, ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmiri mmiri ewepụtara site na akwụkwọ ntuziaka ma ọ bụ n'ịzọpịa nke ọcha n'ime anụ aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/|title=Coconut water|publisher=American Society for Nutrition|date=13 September 2010|author=Henni S|accessdate=6 March 2017|archivedate=7 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307051330/https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/}}</ref> <ref name="tp2">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=Coconut Food Production|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/coconut-food-production}}</ref> Ude oyibo ekwesịghịkwa inwe mgbagwoju anya na aki oyibo creamed, nke bụ ihe mgbochi siri ike nke sitere na mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo nke ọma, na ude nke aki oyibo, nke bụ ngwaahịa a na-esi na ya na-esi na ude oyibo na-atọ ụtọ. == Nkwadebe omenala == [[Faịlụ:Râper_la_pulpe_du_coco_(Tieti,_Nord,_New_Caledonia).jpg|thumb| A na-ata aki oyibo]] A na-eme mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site n'ịchịkọta anụ ọcha nke dị n'ime nke aki oyibo tozuru okè na ịgwakọta pulp akị oyibo a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ na obere mmiri ọkụ iji kwụsịtụ abụba dị n'ime pulp ahụ. Enwere ike iji aka ma ọ bụ igwe mee usoro grating. <ref name="cm" /><ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:The_making_of_coconut_milk_137_MKT_-_Instagram_Images_-_1080px_x_1080px6.jpg|thumb| A na-eji akwa cheese na-apịa aki oyibo e ghere eghe]] A na-ekewakwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ụzọ abụọ: ude oyibo (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi siri ike) na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ude oyibo nwere gburugburu 20% ruo 50% abụba; ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa nwere abụba 5% ruo 20%. A na-ewepụta ude aki oyibo site na ntinye mbụ nke grated aki oyibo pulp ozugbo site na cheesecloth . Mgbe ụfọdụ, a pụkwara ịgbakwunye ntakịrị mmiri ọkụ, mana n'ozuzu, a na-amịpụta ude oyibo na-enweghị mmiri agbakwunyere. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa site na ịpịnye na-esote mgbe ejiri mmiri ọkụ fesa pulp aki oyibo. <ref name="solomon" /> A pụkwara iji ike ndọda mee ihe iji nweta akwa oyi akwa nke ude aki oyibo na ala oyi akwa nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. A na-enweta nke a site na ikwe ka mmiri mmiri amịpụtara guzoro otu awa. <ref name="birosel" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ike ịgbanye ude aki oyibo ka ọ bụrụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị ntakịrị site na ịgbanye mmiri. <ref name="birosel">{{Cite journal|author=Birosel|first=D. M.|title=The nature and properties of the emulsifier system of oil globules in coconut milk and cream|journal=The Philippine Journal of Science|date=1963|volume=92|issue=1|pages=1–15|url=http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf_upload/pjs1963/PJS_Vol_92_No1_Mar_1963.pdf}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:തേങ്ങാപ്പാൽ_പിഴിയൽ.JPG|thumb| Nkwadebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo]] A na-eji mmiri ara ehi akị oyibo akwadoro eme ihe ozugbo ewepụtara ya ọhụrụ n'ihi na ọ na-emebi ngwa ngwa mgbe ikuku kpughee ya. Ọ na-aghọ rancid mgbe awa ole na ole gachara na ụlọ okpomọkụ 28 to 30 Celsius C (82 ruo 86 °F) n'ihi lipid oxidation na lipolysis . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo Rancid na-enye isi na-adịghị mma ma nwee uto ncha pụrụ iche. <ref name="NIIR" /> [[Faịlụ:Coco3wjf.JPG|thumb| Ude aki oyibo siri ike nke sitere na ntinye mbụ nke aki oyibo grated]] Dị ka ude oyibo nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke soluble, kwụsịtụrụ siri ike, ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka ihe dị mma maka desserts na ọgaranya na akọrọ sauces . N'aka nke ọzọ, mmiri ara ehi dị obere nwere obere ihe siri ike ndị a soluble. N'ihi ya, a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ozuzu nri. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ude aki oyibo na obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo anaghị adịkarị na mba ndị ọdịda anyanwụ n'ihi na mmiri ara ehi ọhụrụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị a na ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na katọn ma ọ bụ ite. <ref name="lewis" /> Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụkwa nzọụkwụ dị n'etiti usoro mmiri mmiri ọdịnala nke imepụta mmanụ aki oyibo na-amaghị nwoke site na kpo oku nke nta nke nta, churning, ma ọ bụ gbaa ụka. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ ndị a adịghị arụ ọrụ karịa mmepụta mmanụ aki oyibo sitere na copra . <ref name="kurian">{{Cite book|author=Kurian|first=Alice|title=Commercial Crops Technology|date=2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-8189422523|pages=202–203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VFYqwA-Mn4C&pg=PA202}}</ref> <ref name="grimwood">{{Cite book|author=Grimwood|first=Brian E.|title=Coconut Palm Products: Their Processing in Developing Countries|date=1975|publisher=Food & Agriculture Organization|isbn=978-92-5-100853-9|pages=183–187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA183}}</ref> === Aki oyibo graters === [[Faịlụ:Coconut_scrapper_in_Laclo.jpg|thumb| Omenala aki oyibo grater]] Aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "aki oyibo"), ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ịwepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, bụ akụkụ nke omenala ihe onwunwe nke ndị Austronesia . Site na Island Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-ebu ya na njem ụgbọ mmiri nke mgbasawanye nke Austronesian ma maka ọchịchị na ịzụ ahịa, ruo Polynesia n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na [[Madagascar]] na [[Comoros]] dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'oge ochie. Teknụzụ ahụ gbasaakwara n'ọdịnala ndị na-abụghị ndị Ọstrelia na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Africa site na nso nso. <ref name="sarathi">{{Cite book|first=Harriet Joseph|author=Ottenheimer|editor=Sarathi|title=Early Maritime Cultures in East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean: Papers from a conference held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (African Studies Program) 23–24 October 2015, with additional contributions|chapter=Zilo and Zahula|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd|year=2018|isbn=978-1-78491-713-5}}</ref> <ref name="kirch">{{Cite book|editor=Diamond|author=Kirch|first=Patrick V.|title=Natural Experiments of History|chapter=Controlled Comparison and Polynesian Cultural Evolution|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-07672-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdNCb_oHvIQC&pg=PA22}}</ref> <ref name="Lew">{{Cite journal|author=Lew|first=Christopher|title=Tracing the origin of the coconut (''Cocos nucifera'' L.)|journal=Prized Writing 2018–2019|pages=143–157}}</ref> Aki oyibo akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-anọgide na-abụ ọkọlọtọ kichin akụrụngwa n'ime ezinụlọ na okpomọkụ Asia-Pacific na n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mmanụ aki oyibo na Indo-Pacific . <ref name="Iddison">{{Cite web|author=Iddison|first=Phil|title=Katai: Coconut Scrapers|url=http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf|work=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery|accessdate=18 April 2019|archivedate=18 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}</ref> Nhazi bụ isi nke graters aki oyibo nwere oche dị ala ma ọ bụ stool nwere diski kwụ ọtọ (nke e ji ígwè mee n'Eshia na Africa, na nkume ma ọ bụ shei na Oceania) jikọtara n'otu nsọtụ. Mmadụ na-anọdụ ala n'oche ma jiri aka abụọ na-eji diski ígwè na-akpụcha elu dị n'ime nke mgbịrịgba aki oyibo gbawara agbawa ugboro ugboro. A na-achịkọta ihe mkpofu ndị ahụ site na akpa e debere n'okpuru. <ref name="Iddison" /> <ref name="hawaiiki" /> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Pakkawan|first=Assawin|title=Traditional coconut graters on show at southern funeral|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1360263/traditional-coconut-graters-on-show-at-southern-funeral|work=Bangkok Post|accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> <ref name="aranas">{{Cite book|author=Aranas|first=Jennifer|title=The Filipino-American Kitchen: Traditional Recipes, Contemporary Flavors|date=2012|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0491-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71TRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ aki oyibo nke ọgbara ọhụrụ malitere na etiti 1800s nwere eriri serrated nwere crank aka. Ekwenyere na nsụgharị a bụ ihe ndị Britain mepụtara. <ref name="snod">{{Cite book|author=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45572-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233}}</ref> == Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo edoziri == [[Faịlụ:Coconut_milk_production.jpg|thumb| Mechanical aki oyibo grinder]] Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo a na-ere ahịa na-eji otu usoro ahụ wepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na pulp, n'agbanyeghị na ha na-eji akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ dị ka igwe na-agbapụta ihe, igwe na-egweri na ihe na-akpụ akpụ, ndị na-akpụ aki oyibo moto, na ndị na-amịpụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha dị iche n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'usoro ịcha mmiri ma ọ bụ mkpọ. A na-ebu ụzọ enyocha ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site na nzacha 100 ntupu . A na -asachapụ ha n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na esi okpukpu abụọ na gburugburu 70 Celsius C (158 °F), kpachara anya na-agaghị agafe 80 Celsius C (176 °F), okpomọkụ nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-amalite ịgbachi. Mgbe pasteurization gasịrị, a na-ebufe ha ozugbo na arịa ndị na-ejuputa ma mechie tupu ha adị jụụ. A na-akwakọba ha n'ime karama, mkpọ, ma ọ bụ obere akpa na gbawara oyi maka nchekwa na ibugharị. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPhilippine_Coconut_Authority2014">Philippine Coconut Authority (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf ''Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014. Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines. Archived from [http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> ==== Latin America na Caribbean ==== Na Brazil, a na-ejikarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na nri n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ozuzu ya na stews na nri mmiri. Na [[Venezuela]], a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na azụ̀ e kụjasịrị akwadebe efere pulp n'ime efere a na-akpọ ''mojito en coco'' . Na [[Colombia]] na Panama, a na-eji anụ aki oyibo na mmiri ara ehi grated eme ''titoté'' dị ụtọ, bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ''arroz con coco'' (osikapa osikapa). A na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee efere ndị Venezuelan, dị ka ''majarete'' (ihe eji megharịa ọnụ Venezuelan), na ''arroz con coco'' (ụdị osikapa aki oyibo nke Venezuelan). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Na-aṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ === [[Faịlụ:Cendol_in_a_Glass.JPG|thumb| ''Cendol'', ihe ọṅụṅụ jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na shuga nkwụ]] Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee ọtụtụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ọdịnala. Cendol bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ice na-ewu ewu sitere na mpaghara a nwere mmiri ara ehi oyibo na jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ntụ ọka osikapa mere. A na-ejikwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka bandrek na bajigur, ihe ọṅụṅụ abụọ na-ewu ewu sitere na Indonesia. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo e ji mmiri gbazere bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ oyibo abụọ ewu ewu na ndịda China na Taiwan. A na-etinyekarị pulp dị ka jelii si n'ime aki oyibo na mmiri oyibo iji mee ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, na Brazil, a na-agwakọta mmiri ara oyibo na sugar na ''cachaça'' iji mee mmanya a na-akpọ {{Lang|pt|[[Cocktails with cachaça#Batida (Shaken)|batida de côco]]}}</link> . : 183 Puerto Rico na-ewu ewu maka ihe ọṅụṅụ okpomọkụ nke nwere aki oyibo, dị ka ''piña colada'' na ''coquito'', nke na-enwekarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ma ọ bụ ude oyibo . == Abụba juru eju na ihe egwu ahụike == Otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmanụ aki oyibo, nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-eme ka ndị mmadụ ghara iri nri dị [note 1] n'ihi nnukwu abụba jupụtara na ya. Iri oke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwekwara ike ibuli ọkwa cholesterol ọbara n'ihi oke lauric acid, abụba juru eju nke na-enye aka na cholesterol dị elu n'ọbara. <ref name="Mensink">{{Cite journal|title=Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|volume=77|issue=5|pages=1146–1155|date=May 2003|pmid=12716665|doi=10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146|url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/77/5/1146.full.pdf+html|format=pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nutr Rev|year=2016|volume=74|issue=4|pages=267–280|doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuw002|title=Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans|pmid=26946252}}</ref> == Horticulture == N'afọ 1943, a chọpụtara na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere ike ịgba ume na-eto eto. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eto eto, isi ihe kpatara ya bụ ịdị adị nke cytokinin nke a maara dị ka zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ọ bụ ezie na zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ozuzu ya, ọ naghị eme ngwa ngwa na ụfọdụ osisi dị ka radishes . <ref name="Mok1">{{Cite book|title=Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function|first=David W. S.|author=Mok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yov7iUL7OTAC|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-8493-6252-0|year=1994}}</ref> : 8 Otú ọ dị, mgbe agbakwunyere 10% mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mkpụrụ nke a na-akụ ọka wit, achọpụtala ọganihu dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bajaj1">{{Cite book|title=Wheat|first=Y. P. S.|author=Bajaj|publisher=Springer|year=1990|isbn=3-540-51809-6}}</ref> == Azụmahịa == A na-emepụta aki oyibo n'ọtụtụ ebe na ihu igwe okpomọkụ ma na-ebupụ ya n'ụwa niile dị ka ngwaahịa mkpọ, na-emekarị na North America na Europe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tinchan|first=P|title=Changes in the profile of volatiles of canned coconut milk during storage|journal=Journal of Food Science|date=2015|volume=80|issue=1|pages=C49–C54|doi=10.1111/1750-3841.12730|pmid=25533179}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Aki oyibo ude * Ginataan * Ndepụta efere na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo * Osisi mmiri ara ehi == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist|group=note}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Coconut milk at Wikimedia Commons * "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l64uZEY3DhE Making the Coconut Grater Stool]" – video by George Town World Heritage Incorporated, Penang, Malaysia [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] iafxuufqp2o7i7rzae1dielwjr3qok2 674292 674290 2026-07-08T21:04:01Z Johnnybam 24488 674292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo''' bụ mmiri na-adịghị ọcha, mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha, nke a na-amịpụta na pulp nke aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref name="cm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|title=Coconut milk|publisher=Philippine Coconut Authority|date=2014|accessdate=22 September 2016|archivedate=6 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tulashie|first=Samuel Kofi|title=Production of coconut milk: A sustainable alternative plant-based milk|journal=Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering|date=2022|volume=6|pages=100206|doi=10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100206}}</ref> Opacity na uto bara ụba nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ n'ihi nnukwu mmanụ dị n'ime ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ya bụ abụba juru . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ ihe oriri ọdịnala ejiri na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, Oceania, South Asia, na East Africa. A na-ejikwa ya esi nri na Caribbean, Central America, akụkụ ugwu nke South America na West Africa, bụ ebe a na-ebute aki oyibo n'oge oge ọchịchị . A na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo n'ime ụdị subtypes dabere na ọdịnaya abụba . Enwere ike ịchịkọta ha na '''ude oyibo''' (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi oyibo) nke nwere oke abụba; mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (ma ọ bụ obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo) na oke nke gburugburu 20% abụba; na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere oke abụba na-enweghị atụ. <ref name="NIIR">{{Cite book|author=NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers|title=The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation and Processing)|date=2006|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=978-81-7833-007-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274}}</ref> <ref name="tp">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/chemistry-coconut-milk-and-cream}}</ref> A naghị agbaso okwu okwu a mgbe niile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-ere ahịa na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Susana|title=A Taste of Paradise|date=2012|publisher=Psy Press|isbn=978-1-938318-00-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18}}</ref> A pụkwara iji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mepụta ihe ndị na-anọchi anya mmiri ara ehi (dị iche dị ka "ihe ọṅụṅụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo"). Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị otu ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nke a na-achọ maka isi nri, ọ bụghị ịṅụ mmanya. <ref name="bridges">{{Cite book|first=Meagan|author=Bridges|editor=Carol Rees|title=Practical Gastroenterology|chapter=Moo-ove Over, Cow’s Milk: The Rise of Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives|series=Nutrition Issues in Gastroenterology, Series #171|year=2018|pages=20–27|url=https://med.virginia.edu/ginutrition/wp-content/uploads/sites/199/2014/06/January-18-Milk-Alternatives.pdf}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, edoziri nke sitere na Puerto Rico dị ka ''ude aki oyibo'' . A na-eji ya na ọtụtụ desserts na ihe ọṅụṅụ dị ka piña colada, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gaghị enwe mgbagwoju anya na ude oyibo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ochef.com/498.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305113910/http://ochef.com/498.htm|archivedate=2016-03-05|title=Coconut milk, cream, and sweetened cream|work=ochef.com}}</ref> == Nri nri ==   Na 100 milliliter (ml) akụkụ, mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwere 230 kilocalories na bụ 68% mmiri, 24% ngụkọta abụba, 6% carbohydrates, na 2% protein (tebụl). Ihe mejupụtara abụba gụnyere gram 21 nke abụba juru eju, nke ọkara n'ime ya bụ lauric acid (tebụl). Mmiri ara ehi oyibo bụ isi iyi bara ụba (20% ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị, DV) nke manganese (40% DV kwa 100 g), na-enweghị ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ na ọdịnaya dị ịrịba ama (tebụ maka isi iyi USDA). == Nkọwa na okwu okwu == Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ emulsion mmanụ dị n'ime mmiri siri ike nke nwere protein ndị na-eme ihe dị ka emulsifiers na ndị na-eme ka ndị na-ekpo ọkụ . Ọ bụ opaque na mmiri ara ehi na-acha ọcha na agba na nso na agbanwe agbanwe site na mmiri ruo ude. Dabere na ọdịnaya abụba, a na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo gaa n'ụdị dị iche iche a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "ude oyibo", "mmiri aki oyibo", na "mmiri aki oyibo", site na nke kachasị elu ruo na nke kacha nta n'otu n'otu. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "mmiri aki oyibo dị mkpa" na "mmiri aki oyibo" dị iche iche) na omenala dị iche iche na mba ebe aki oyibo na-adabere na ọkwa nke mmịpụta. A na-ekewakwa ha na ụkpụrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Asia na Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) na [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Òtù Na-ahụ Maka nri na Ọrụ Ugbo]] nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]] (FAO). Otú ọ dị, a naghị agbaso okwu ndị ahụ mgbe nile na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo (karịsịa na mba ọdịda anyanwụ) n'ihi na ụkpụrụ ndị a abụghị iwu. Nke a nwere ike ịkpata ọgba aghara n'etiti ndị na-azụ ahịa. Community Coconut Asia na Pacific na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: {| class="wikitable" |+Oke abụba site n'ịdị arọ na ude oyibo na mmiri ara ehi ( APCC Standards ) ! Ngwaahịa ! Ọdịnaya abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m) |- ! Ude aki oyibo gbadoro anya | 40–50 |- ! Ude oyibo dị elu | 30–39 |- ! Ude oyibo dị oke abụba | 25–29 |- ! Ude oyibo dị obere abụba | 20–25 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị elu | 15–20 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo dị obere | 10–15 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị obere | 5–10 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 0–1.5 |} <ref name="tp" />Codex Alimentarius nke FAO na-ahazi mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ngwaahịa ude oyibo dị ka: {| class="wikitable" |+Nhazi nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ude<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (CODEX STAN 240-2003, Codex Alimentarius, FAO) ! Ngwaahịa ! Mkpokọta ihe siri ike<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ( %m/m )<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. -Max. ! Ihe siri ike na-abụghị abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Abụba<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Min. ! Mmiri<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (%m/m)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Oke. ! pH |- ! Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo | 6.6-12.6 | 1.6 | 5 | 93.4 | 5.9 |- ! Mmiri ara ehi oyibo | 12.7-25.3 | 2.7 | 10 | 87.3 | 5.9 |- ! Ude oyibo | 25.4 - 37.3 | 5.4 | 20 | 74.6 | 5.9 |- ! Aki oyibo ude itinye uche | 37.4 min. | 8.4 | 29 | 62.6 | 5.9 |- |} Mmiri ara ehi oyibo nwekwara ike mgbe ụfọdụ mgbagwoju anya na mmiri oyibo . Mmiri aki oyibo bụ mmiri doro anya dị n'ime mkpụrụ aki oyibo, ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmiri mmiri ewepụtara site na akwụkwọ ntuziaka ma ọ bụ n'ịzọpịa nke ọcha n'ime anụ aki oyibo tozuru okè. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/|title=Coconut water|publisher=American Society for Nutrition|date=13 September 2010|author=Henni S|accessdate=6 March 2017|archivedate=7 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307051330/https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/}}</ref> <ref name="tp2">{{Cite book|author=Tetra Pak|title=Coconut Handbook|date=2016|chapter=Coconut Food Production|publisher=Tetra Pak International S.A.|isbn=978-91-7773-948-7|url=https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/coconut-food-production}}</ref> Ude oyibo ekwesịghịkwa inwe mgbagwoju anya na aki oyibo creamed, nke bụ ihe mgbochi siri ike nke sitere na mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo nke ọma, na ude nke aki oyibo, nke bụ ngwaahịa a na-esi na ya na-esi na ude oyibo na-atọ ụtọ. == Nkwadebe omenala == [[Faịlụ:Râper_la_pulpe_du_coco_(Tieti,_Nord,_New_Caledonia).jpg|thumb| A na-ata aki oyibo]] A na-eme mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site n'ịchịkọta anụ ọcha nke dị n'ime nke aki oyibo tozuru okè na ịgwakọta pulp akị oyibo a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ na obere mmiri ọkụ iji kwụsịtụ abụba dị n'ime pulp ahụ. Enwere ike iji aka ma ọ bụ igwe mee usoro grating. <ref name="cm" /><ref name="solomon">{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Charmaine|title=The Complete Asian Cookbook: Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore|date=2014|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74358-170-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrXAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:The_making_of_coconut_milk_137_MKT_-_Instagram_Images_-_1080px_x_1080px6.jpg|thumb| A na-eji akwa cheese na-apịa aki oyibo e ghere eghe]] A na-ekewakwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ụzọ abụọ: ude oyibo (ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi siri ike) na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ude oyibo nwere gburugburu 20% ruo 50% abụba; ebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa nwere abụba 5% ruo 20%. A na-ewepụta ude aki oyibo site na ntinye mbụ nke grated aki oyibo pulp ozugbo site na cheesecloth . Mgbe ụfọdụ, a pụkwara ịgbakwunye ntakịrị mmiri ọkụ, mana n'ozuzu, a na-amịpụta ude oyibo na-enweghị mmiri agbakwunyere. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị mkpa site na ịpịnye na-esote mgbe ejiri mmiri ọkụ fesa pulp aki oyibo. <ref name="solomon" /> A pụkwara iji ike ndọda mee ihe iji nweta akwa oyi akwa nke ude aki oyibo na ala oyi akwa nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. A na-enweta nke a site na ikwe ka mmiri mmiri amịpụtara guzoro otu awa. <ref name="birosel" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ike ịgbanye ude aki oyibo ka ọ bụrụ mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo dị ntakịrị site na ịgbanye mmiri. <ref name="birosel">{{Cite journal|author=Birosel|first=D. M.|title=The nature and properties of the emulsifier system of oil globules in coconut milk and cream|journal=The Philippine Journal of Science|date=1963|volume=92|issue=1|pages=1–15|url=http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf_upload/pjs1963/PJS_Vol_92_No1_Mar_1963.pdf}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:തേങ്ങാപ്പാൽ_പിഴിയൽ.JPG|thumb| Nkwadebe mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo]] A na-eji mmiri ara ehi akị oyibo akwadoro eme ihe ozugbo ewepụtara ya ọhụrụ n'ihi na ọ na-emebi ngwa ngwa mgbe ikuku kpughee ya. Ọ na-aghọ rancid mgbe awa ole na ole gachara na ụlọ okpomọkụ 28 to 30 Celsius C (82 ruo 86 °F) n'ihi lipid oxidation na lipolysis . Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo Rancid na-enye isi na-adịghị mma ma nwee uto ncha pụrụ iche. <ref name="NIIR" /> [[Faịlụ:Coco3wjf.JPG|thumb| Ude aki oyibo siri ike nke sitere na ntinye mbụ nke aki oyibo grated]] Dị ka ude oyibo nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke soluble, kwụsịtụrụ siri ike, ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka ihe dị mma maka desserts na ọgaranya na akọrọ sauces . N'aka nke ọzọ, mmiri ara ehi dị obere nwere obere ihe siri ike ndị a soluble. N'ihi ya, a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ozuzu nri. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ude aki oyibo na obere mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo anaghị adịkarị na mba ndị ọdịda anyanwụ n'ihi na mmiri ara ehi ọhụrụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị a na ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na katọn ma ọ bụ ite. <ref name="lewis" /> Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụkwa nzọụkwụ dị n'etiti usoro mmiri mmiri ọdịnala nke imepụta mmanụ aki oyibo na-amaghị nwoke site na kpo oku nke nta nke nta, churning, ma ọ bụ gbaa ụka. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ ndị a adịghị arụ ọrụ karịa mmepụta mmanụ aki oyibo sitere na copra . <ref name="kurian">{{Cite book|author=Kurian|first=Alice|title=Commercial Crops Technology|date=2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-8189422523|pages=202–203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VFYqwA-Mn4C&pg=PA202}}</ref> <ref name="grimwood">{{Cite book|author=Grimwood|first=Brian E.|title=Coconut Palm Products: Their Processing in Developing Countries|date=1975|publisher=Food & Agriculture Organization|isbn=978-92-5-100853-9|pages=183–187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA183}}</ref> === Aki oyibo graters === [[Faịlụ:Coconut_scrapper_in_Laclo.jpg|thumb| Omenala aki oyibo grater]] Aki oyibo (nke a na-akpọkwa "aki oyibo"), ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ịwepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, bụ akụkụ nke omenala ihe onwunwe nke ndị Austronesia . Site na Island Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-ebu ya na njem ụgbọ mmiri nke mgbasawanye nke Austronesian ma maka ọchịchị na ịzụ ahịa, ruo Polynesia n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na [[Madagascar]] na [[Comoros]] dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'oge ochie. Teknụzụ ahụ gbasaakwara n'ọdịnala ndị na-abụghị ndị Ọstrelia na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Africa site na nso nso. <ref name="sarathi">{{Cite book|first=Harriet Joseph|author=Ottenheimer|editor=Sarathi|title=Early Maritime Cultures in East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean: Papers from a conference held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (African Studies Program) 23–24 October 2015, with additional contributions|chapter=Zilo and Zahula|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd|year=2018|isbn=978-1-78491-713-5}}</ref> <ref name="kirch">{{Cite book|editor=Diamond|author=Kirch|first=Patrick V.|title=Natural Experiments of History|chapter=Controlled Comparison and Polynesian Cultural Evolution|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-07672-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdNCb_oHvIQC&pg=PA22}}</ref> <ref name="Lew">{{Cite journal|author=Lew|first=Christopher|title=Tracing the origin of the coconut (''Cocos nucifera'' L.)|journal=Prized Writing 2018–2019|pages=143–157}}</ref> Aki oyibo akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-anọgide na-abụ ọkọlọtọ kichin akụrụngwa n'ime ezinụlọ na okpomọkụ Asia-Pacific na n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mmanụ aki oyibo na Indo-Pacific . <ref name="Iddison">{{Cite web|author=Iddison|first=Phil|title=Katai: Coconut Scrapers|url=http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf|work=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery|accessdate=18 April 2019|archivedate=18 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024949/http://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iddison.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="hawaiiki">{{Cite book|author=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78879-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA152}}</ref> Nhazi bụ isi nke graters aki oyibo nwere oche dị ala ma ọ bụ stool nwere diski kwụ ọtọ (nke e ji ígwè mee n'Eshia na Africa, na nkume ma ọ bụ shei na Oceania) jikọtara n'otu nsọtụ. Mmadụ na-anọdụ ala n'oche ma jiri aka abụọ na-eji diski ígwè na-akpụcha elu dị n'ime nke mgbịrịgba aki oyibo gbawara agbawa ugboro ugboro. A na-achịkọta ihe mkpofu ndị ahụ site na akpa e debere n'okpuru. <ref name="Iddison" /> <ref name="hawaiiki" /> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Pakkawan|first=Assawin|title=Traditional coconut graters on show at southern funeral|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1360263/traditional-coconut-graters-on-show-at-southern-funeral|work=Bangkok Post|accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> <ref name="aranas">{{Cite book|author=Aranas|first=Jennifer|title=The Filipino-American Kitchen: Traditional Recipes, Contemporary Flavors|date=2012|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0491-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71TRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ aki oyibo nke ọgbara ọhụrụ malitere na etiti 1800s nwere eriri serrated nwere crank aka. Ekwenyere na nsụgharị a bụ ihe ndị Britain mepụtara. <ref name="snod">{{Cite book|author=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45572-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233}}</ref> == Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo edoziri == [[Faịlụ:Coconut_milk_production.jpg|thumb| Mechanical aki oyibo grinder]] Ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo a na-ere ahịa na-eji otu usoro ahụ wepụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na pulp, n'agbanyeghị na ha na-eji akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ dị ka igwe na-agbapụta ihe, igwe na-egweri na ihe na-akpụ akpụ, ndị na-akpụ aki oyibo moto, na ndị na-amịpụta mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. <ref name="pca-process">{{Cite book|author=Philippine Coconut Authority|title=Coconut Processing Technologies: Coconut Milk|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|series=FPDD Guide No. 2 – Series of 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha dị iche n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'usoro ịcha mmiri ma ọ bụ mkpọ. A na-ebu ụzọ enyocha ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo site na nzacha 100 ntupu . A na -asachapụ ha n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na esi okpukpu abụọ na gburugburu 70 Celsius C (158 °F), kpachara anya na-agaghị agafe 80 Celsius C (176 °F), okpomọkụ nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-amalite ịgbachi. Mgbe pasteurization gasịrị, a na-ebufe ha ozugbo na arịa ndị na-ejuputa ma mechie tupu ha adị jụụ. A na-akwakọba ha n'ime karama, mkpọ, ma ọ bụ obere akpa na gbawara oyi maka nchekwa na ibugharị. <ref name="pca-process" /> ==== Latin America na Caribbean ==== Na Brazil, a na-ejikarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na nri n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ozuzu ya na stews na nri mmiri. Na [[Venezuela]], a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na azụ̀ e kụjasịrị akwadebe efere pulp n'ime efere a na-akpọ ''mojito en coco'' . Na [[Colombia]] na Panama, a na-eji anụ aki oyibo na mmiri ara ehi grated eme ''titoté'' dị ụtọ, bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ''arroz con coco'' (osikapa osikapa). A na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee efere ndị Venezuelan, dị ka ''majarete'' (ihe eji megharịa ọnụ Venezuelan), na ''arroz con coco'' (ụdị osikapa aki oyibo nke Venezuelan). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Na-aṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ === [[Faịlụ:Cendol_in_a_Glass.JPG|thumb| ''Cendol'', ihe ọṅụṅụ jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na shuga nkwụ]] Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee ọtụtụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ọdịnala. Cendol bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ice na-ewu ewu sitere na mpaghara a nwere mmiri ara ehi oyibo na jelii akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ntụ ọka osikapa mere. A na-ejikwa mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka bandrek na bajigur, ihe ọṅụṅụ abụọ na-ewu ewu sitere na Indonesia. Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-atọ ụtọ, na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo e ji mmiri gbazere bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ oyibo abụọ ewu ewu na ndịda China na Taiwan. A na-etinyekarị pulp dị ka jelii si n'ime aki oyibo na mmiri oyibo iji mee ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, na Brazil, a na-agwakọta mmiri ara oyibo na sugar na ''cachaça'' iji mee mmanya a na-akpọ {{Lang|pt|[[Cocktails with cachaça#Batida (Shaken)|batida de côco]]}}</link> . : 183 Puerto Rico na-ewu ewu maka ihe ọṅụṅụ okpomọkụ nke nwere aki oyibo, dị ka ''piña colada'' na ''coquito'', nke na-enwekarị mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ma ọ bụ ude oyibo . == Abụba juru eju na ihe egwu ahụike == Otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama nke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo bụ mmanụ aki oyibo, nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-eme ka ndị mmadụ ghara iri nri dị [note 1] n'ihi nnukwu abụba jupụtara na ya. Iri oke mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwekwara ike ibuli ọkwa cholesterol ọbara n'ihi oke lauric acid, abụba juru eju nke na-enye aka na cholesterol dị elu n'ọbara. <ref name="Mensink">{{Cite journal|title=Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|volume=77|issue=5|pages=1146–1155|date=May 2003|pmid=12716665|doi=10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146|url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/77/5/1146.full.pdf+html|format=pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nutr Rev|year=2016|volume=74|issue=4|pages=267–280|doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuw002|title=Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans|pmid=26946252}}</ref> == Horticulture == N'afọ 1943, a chọpụtara na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo nwere ike ịgba ume na-eto eto. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eto eto, isi ihe kpatara ya bụ ịdị adị nke cytokinin nke a maara dị ka zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. Ọ bụ ezie na zeatin dị na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ozuzu ya, ọ naghị eme ngwa ngwa na ụfọdụ osisi dị ka radishes . <ref name="Mok1">{{Cite book|title=Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function|first=David W. S.|author=Mok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yov7iUL7OTAC|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-8493-6252-0|year=1994}}</ref> : 8 Otú ọ dị, mgbe agbakwunyere 10% mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na mkpụrụ nke a na-akụ ọka wit, achọpụtala ọganihu dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bajaj1">{{Cite book|title=Wheat|first=Y. P. S.|author=Bajaj|publisher=Springer|year=1990|isbn=3-540-51809-6}}</ref> == Azụmahịa == A na-emepụta aki oyibo n'ọtụtụ ebe na ihu igwe okpomọkụ ma na-ebupụ ya n'ụwa niile dị ka ngwaahịa mkpọ, na-emekarị na North America na Europe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tinchan|first=P|title=Changes in the profile of volatiles of canned coconut milk during storage|journal=Journal of Food Science|date=2015|volume=80|issue=1|pages=C49–C54|doi=10.1111/1750-3841.12730|pmid=25533179}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Aki oyibo ude * Ginataan * Ndepụta efere na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo * Osisi mmiri ara ehi == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist|group=note}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Coconut milk at Wikimedia Commons * "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l64uZEY3DhE Making the Coconut Grater Stool]" – video by George Town World Heritage Incorporated, Penang, Malaysia [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gb8kzltripxsyry15jnpgsrc86ac7za 0 55431 674147 196250 2026-07-08T15:02:59Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Faịlụ:Tej_(Ethiopian_honey_wine)_(27241999346).jpg|thumb| Tej, mmanya mmanụ aṅụ nke Etiopia]] Enwere ike ịchọta '''mmepụta mmanya na [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]]''' na narị afọ mbụ nke narị afọ nke mbụ AD <ref name="ET EMb">{{Cite web|title=Ethiopian Wine: the Revival of an Ancient Tradition|url=http://ethiopianembassy.be/en/2017/03/09/ethiopian-wine-the-revival-of-an-ancient-tradition/|publisher=Embassy of Ethiopia to Belgium|accessdate=5 September 2017}}</ref> Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Richard Pankhurst kwuru na a pụrụ ịhụ ntụaka mbụ banyere mmanya Axumite n'otu n'ime stele nke onye ọchịchị na-achị narị afọ nke anọ Ezana rụrụ. Aksumite viticulture na-agbakwa akaebe site n'ihe osise dị na ntọala nnukwu obelisk narị afọ nke atọ na Axum . <ref name="ETHerald">{{Cite news|author=Dibaba|first=Solomon|title=Wine-Making in Ethiopia - Cultural, Historical and Economic Significance|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201605120714.html|accessdate=5 September 2017|work=The Ethiopian Herald|date=12 May 2016}}</ref> Mmanya mmanya mmanụ aṅụ a na-ewu ewu kemgbe. Viticulture nke oge a na Etiopia malitere n'afọ 1956, ruo n'ịwube ụlọ mmanya Awash site n'aka onye ọchụnta ego Mulugeta Tesfakiros na Mesfin Sileshi . N'afọ 2014, ụlọ mmanya Awash nwere ihe na-emepụta kwa afọ nke nde karama iri, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-eri na mpaghara. <ref name="ET EMb" /> N'afọ 2014, ụlọ ọrụ French na-ahụ maka ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya Castel malitere ịmịpụta mmanya nke ọtụtụ ụdị na ala hectare 120 dị nso na Ziway na Etiopia Rift Valley . Dị ka nke 2013 mmepụta kwa afọ bụ 3 nde karama, ihe dị ka ọkara nke a na-ebupụ, tumadi na [[China]] . <ref name="ETHerald">{{Cite news|author=Dibaba|first=Solomon|title=Wine-Making in Ethiopia - Cultural, Historical and Economic Significance|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201605120714.html|accessdate=5 September 2017|work=The Ethiopian Herald|date=12 May 2016}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na mpaghara ala dị na etiti mpaghara Great Rift Valley na-eme ka Etiopia dabara nke ọma na viticulture. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ ruru ihe dị ka narị isii na iri ise&nbsp;mm, okpomọkụ nkezi 25 degrees Celsius kwa afọ na mpaghara na-enwe mmasị n'ala aja, nke bụ ọnọdụ dị mma maka mmepụta mmanya. Ọzọkwa, n'ihi ịdị nso Etiopia na equator, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịme ihe ubi abụọ kwa afọ. <ref name="ET EMb">{{Cite web|title=Ethiopian Wine: the Revival of an Ancient Tradition|url=http://ethiopianembassy.be/en/2017/03/09/ethiopian-wine-the-revival-of-an-ancient-tradition/|publisher=Embassy of Ethiopia to Belgium|accessdate=5 September 2017}}</ref> Mkpọda ọdịda anyanwụ nke ugwu Etiopia na-enwekwa ihu igwe dị n'ime ala Mediterranean, na-emekwa ka mmanya na-eto. == Hụkwa == * Ime mmanya * Nri Etiopia * Nri Afrika * Agriculture na Etiopia == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Wines}} hry9satdo1n9q9hqr0bnm5ep5id2tuy 0 55617 674461 638040 2026-07-09T09:49:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674461 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Geline_Fuko.jpg|thumb|Geline Fuko (2018) ]] Adv. Geline Alfred Fuko bụ onye ọka iwu Tanzania, (Attorney) na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Joint European Master in Comparative Local Development[1] Nke a bụ mmemme Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Master[2] na Mahadum Trento Italy, Ego. site na European Union Commission[3] Geline bụ 2022 Draper Hills ibe na Mahadum Stanford na Center on Democracy, Development and Rule of Law, Ụlọ ọrụ Freeman Spogli.[4] O nyere aka kwalite ochichi onye kwuo uche ya na Tanzania na otu dị ka Tangible Initiatives For Local Development Tanzania (TIFLD) O nyere aka n'ichepụta na ijikwa nke mbụ na naanị Online Public Database na usoro iwu.[5][6] N'afọ 2016, e nyere ya onyinye Mandela Washington Fellowship. Onye isi ala Obama kọwapụtara ihe ndị ọ rụzuru na Nzukọ Onye isi ala YALI na Washington, D.C. na 3 Ọgọst 2016. <ref name="obama">{{Cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/08/03/remarks-president-young-african-leaders-initiative-town-hall|title=Remarks by the President at the Young African Leaders Initiative Town Hall|publisher=The White House: Office of the Press Secretary|date=3 August 2016|accessdate=22 February 2020|language=}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Amụrụ na mpaghara Iringa nke ndịda Tanzania, agụmakwụkwọ mmalite ya bụ akụkụ nke ime obodo Tanzania na mpaghara ndị a Ruvuma, Tanga na ọnwa ole na ole na Singida. Ka oge na-aga, ọ kwagara Dar Es Salaam maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị tupu ya abanye na ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu na Mahadum Dar Es Salaam, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2007. Na 2010, ọ malitere nzere Masters Erasmus Mundus, [1] na-etinye ọtụtụ oge ọmụmụ ya na Trento, Trentino Alto Adige Province na Northern Italy, na obere oge na Mahadum Corvinus dị na Budapest, Hungary, yana ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke United Nations. Bonn, Germany. Ọ laghachiri n'Ịtali ebe ọ nwetara asambodo nzere abụọ na Mahadum Trento na Corvinus University nke Budapest na 2012.[2] Tupu Ịtali, Geline gara ọmụmụ ihe maka kredit; Usoro ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Mahadum Strasbourg France nke Institut International des Droits de l'Homme na-ahazi. N'afọ 2014 ọ gara nkuzi maka kredit na Mahadum Central European dị na Budapest Hungary ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ iwu na-eme n'Africa. == Ọrụ == Dị ka onye ọka iwu gụsịrị akwụkwọ, na onye na-akwado Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na Ụlọikpe ndị dị n'okpuru Tanzania, n'ihi mmasị ya na ikike mmadụ, Fuko rụrụ ọrụ na Legal and Human Rights Centre, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na nke na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na Tanzania ebe ọ gbasoro nnọkọ ndị omeiwu na iwu na-apụta, na-enye ọrụ ozi maka ọha na eze.<ref name="eeas">{{Cite web|url=https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/geline_flier_0608_0.pdf|title=Making a difference, thanks to Erasmus Mundus|publisher=European Union External Action|date=2015|accessdate=22 February 2020|language=}}</ref> Mgbe ọ lọtara na ọmụmụ Erasmus ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ gụnyere Media Institute of Southern Africa, Tanzania chapter (Misa Tan), SIKIKA, Open Society Initiatives for Eastern Africa (na-elekọta ọfịs abụọ; Freedom of Expression na Anti -corruption) maka mba isii dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. N'afọ 2014 -2016 Geline laghachiri ịrụ ọrụ na Legal and Human Rights Centre duziri Online Public Database on Constitutional Resources, na-akwado ọha na eze na ozi gbasara otu esi ede iwu, sụgharịa ma tinye Iwu Tanzania n'ọrụ Ọ haziri usoro njikwa dijitalụ maka nchịkwa nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze. <ref name="katiba">{{Cite web|url=https://katiba.humanrights.or.tz/|title=Welcome to LHRC Constitution database|publisher=Legal and Human Rights Centre|accessdate=22 February 2020|language=|archivedate=22 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222111502/https://katiba.humanrights.or.tz/}}</ref> Geline rụrụ ọrụ na Tanzania Civil Society Consortium for Election Observation (TACCEO), ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ntuli aka, ụlọ ọrụ na'ịhazi ozi sitere n'aka ndị na-ekiri ntuli aka ogologo oge na mkpirikpi na ndị odeakwụkwọ data 2015 Tanzanian general election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.humanrights.or.tz/assets/attachments/1504100983.pdf|title=Report on the United Republic of Tanzania General Elections of 2015|publisher=LHRC & TACCEO|date=March 2016|accessdate=|language=|archivedate=2020-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428125851/https://www.humanrights.or.tz/assets/attachments/1504100983.pdf}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, a họpụtara Fuko maka Mandela Washington Fellowship nke nyere ya ọzụzụ agụmakwụkwọ na idu ndú na United States. <ref name="hamasa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hamasamagazine.com/2018/05/12/geline/|title=Geline Fuko: A promising leader who will work towards the betterment of Africa|author=Hamisi, Salima|publisher=Hamasa magazine|date=12 May 2018|accessdate=22 February 2020|language=|archivedate=22 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222113003/https://www.hamasamagazine.com/2018/05/12/geline/}}</ref> N'oge mkpakọrịta ahụ, e debere ya na Presidential Precinct na Charlottesville Virginia ma bụrụ nke Mahadum Virginia, College of William and Mary, Morven Farm, na ụlọ ndị isi ala atọ, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe na James Madison kwadoro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://presidentialprecinct.org/geline-fuko/|title=Geline Fuko|accessdate=2024-12-03|archivedate=2024-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204103249/https://presidentialprecinct.org/geline-fuko/}}</ref> Ndị sonyere na ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gara oriri na Omni Shoreham Hotel na Washington DC. N'okwu ya nye ihe karịrị 1,000 mmadụ na mgbasa ozi ndị gara ihe omume ahụ, Onye isi ala Obama gosipụtara ihe Fuko rụzuru: <ref name="obama"/><blockquote>"Geline bụ onye ọka iwu, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tams.judiciary.go.tz/en/|title=Mfumo wa Mawakili Tanzania (TAMS)|work=tams.judiciary.go.tz|accessdate=2024-12-03|archivedate=2020-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227134812/https://tams.judiciary.go.tz/en/}}</ref> na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. Afọ ole na ole gara aga, o chere na ndị mmadụ nọ na Tanzania kwesịrị inwe ike iji ekwentị mkpanaaka ha gụọ iwu ha, ya mere ọ pụtara wee mepụta nchekwa data mbụ nke Tanzania nke ihe onwunwe iwu, na-emeghe gọọmentị ya nye ọtụtụ ndị ya ka ha wee ghọta iwu ha na ikike ha na ibu ọrụ ha. " Ya mere, ekele gị nke ukwuu, Geline, maka nnukwu ọrụ ahụ. "</blockquote>Fuko mechara kwuo na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ chere na onye a ma ama dị ka Onye isi ala Obama ga-anabata onyinye ya na ọha mmadụ nke Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/news/tanzanian-woman-gets-obama-tribute-new-constitutional-database|title=Tanzanian woman gets Obama tribute for new constitutional database|author=Kandova, James|publisher=IPPmedia|date=8 August 2016|accessdate=22 February 2020|language=}}</ref> Ọ na-ekwu na ọ na-atọ ya ụtọ ịbụ onye na-emepụta egwu na ime hip hop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.em-a.eu/en/ema-activities/ema-star-award/ema-stars-2015.html|title=EMA Stars 2015: Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association|work=www.em-a.eu|accessdate=2020-02-23|archivedate=2020-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223232911/https://www.em-a.eu/en/ema-activities/ema-star-award/ema-stars-2015.html}}</ref> Mgbe Salima Hamisi nke Hamasa Magazine gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ na 2018, Geline Fuko kwubiri, sị: "Enwere m ọchịchọ siri ike ịhụ Tanzania ka mma ma ekwere m na e nwere ndị ntorobịa nwere ike ime ka ọ mee site na mgbalị, uche, mkpebi siri ike, nhazi na nkwado. Ọ bụ onye natara ọtụtụ onyinye obodo na nke mba ụwa maka itinye aka ya na ọrụ obodo na Tanzania. "<ref name="hamasa"/> Adv. Geline bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke Tangible Initiatives for Local Development Tanzania (TIFLD). Ọ bụ NGO na-akwalite teknụzụ edebanye aha na Tanzania. Ebumnuche TIFLD bụ inye aka na mmepe nke atumatu na iwu na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, na-ewusi ụlọ ọrụ ike, na-eme ka ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ ma wuo obodo ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ha na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite mmepe na-adigide site na ntinye aka na ngwaọrụ ọhụrụ.”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tangibletanzania.org/|title=TIFLD &#124; Home|work=www.tangibletanzania.org|accessdate=2024-12-03|archivedate=2024-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204162749/https://www.tangibletanzania.org/}}</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s5jcdm2r0rar6sfssjyah1hf2869bnv 0 55628 674434 672457 2026-07-09T09:26:46Z Ebube Clara 43871 fixed reference error 674434 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal Jana''' (5 Disemba 1943 – 10 Ọktoba 2020) bụ onye ọka iwu ruuru mmadụ, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nnọchi anya mba South Africa. Dị ka onye otu African National Congress (ANC) n'oge ngagharị iwe apartheid, o sonye na mmemme n'iwu yana n'okpuru ala iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na mmegharị ahụ, gụnyere onye isi ala South Africa [[Nelson Mandela]], Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu na Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]]. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ohere ịnweta ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere Mandela, n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island kacha nchekwa, ma jee ozi dị ka onye ozi maka ozi koodu n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi ANC.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Priscilla Jana obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|work=The Guardian|date=2020-11-05|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=en-GB|author=Pat Devereaux}}</ref> Mgbalị Jana mere mere ka ọ nọrọ ná mmanye ime ihe ike na n'ikpeazụ nye iwu mmachibido iwu. Mgbe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru ezu na South Africa bịarutere, ọ ghọrọ onye omebe iwu wee bụrụ onye otu nzuko omeiwu na ANC n'etiti 1994 na 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị South Africa na Netherlands na Ireland, bụrụkwa onye kọmishọna na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị South Africa. South Africa Human Rights Commission. Ọ bụ onye so na kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi bụ onye na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal na 5 Disemba 1943, na Westville, Natal (nke a na-akpọ kwaZulu-Natal ugbu a) n'akụkụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Durban.[1][2] Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ atọ nke Hansrani Sewpal na Hansraj Sewpal. Nne na nna Jana bụ ndị India kwabatara n'etiti klaasị ebe nna ya bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.[3] Aka nna ya na-ama ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọha mmadụ sitere na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ruo na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ndị India, bụ mmetụta mbụ na ya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Devikarani Priscilla Jana {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=www.sahistory.org.za|archivedate=7 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207041905/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana}}</ref> O buru ụzọ sonye na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Pietermaritzburg, ebe ọ haziri njem njem dị ka akụkụ nke mpụ nduku mba na 1958 na-emegide mmeso nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.[1] [2] Ọ malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Durban na 1960 wee gaa India na agụmakwụkwọ gọọmentị India ka ọ mụọ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women in Bombay (ugbu a Mumbai). Mgbe ọ laghachiri na South Africa, ọ malitere nzere bachelọ nke iwu na Mahadum South Africa (UNISA) na 1974, mana gafere na Mahadum Mahadum maka ndị India na Salisbury Island, Durban, ebe ọ bụ naanị nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị na klas ahụ. [3] Ọchụso ọ nweta akara ugo mmụta iwu megidere ọchịchọ mbụ nke nne na nna ya bụ́ ndị chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ dibịa kama. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}</ref> O tolitere n'oge mgbe agbataobi, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze niile, bụ nke agbụrụ agbụrụ kewara. N'ịbụ onye na-ede na ncheta ya, Ịlụ ọgụ maka Mandela, ọ na-echeta nzukọ ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide apartheid Steve Biko mgbe ọ dị afọ 26 nke nyere aka mee ka echiche nke njirimara dị n'uche ya sie ike. Nzukọ ahụ, ọ na-ekwu, nyere aka mee ka o doo anya n'uche ya na onye "ekwesịghị ịbụ onye Africa iji kpọọ onwe gị onye ojii." Echiche ahụ nyeere ya aka ịchọta ịdị n'otu n'ìgwè. Ọ na-ede, sị, "Achọtala m ịdị n'otu. N'ikpeazụ, amaara m ebe m nọ.<ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == === Afọ ndị mbụ === Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1974, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke Ismail Ayob, onye ọka iwu sitere na India. Ndị ahịa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1977, ọ gara njem mbụ ya n'ime ọtụtụ njem gaa Robben Island izute Mandela. Ọ ga-emecha dee, "N'otu oge m nọchitere anya onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla nọ na Robben Island".<ref name=":2" /> N'ileta Mandela na Robben Island na 1977 dị ka onye ọka iwu chọrọ mbinye aka ya, Jana ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ makụrụ Mandela n'ime afọ 13 nke mkpọrọ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, ọbụna nwunye Mandela Winnie Madikizela-Mandela nwere ike ịhụ ya naanị site na panel iko.<ref name=":5" /> Jana ghọrọ onye ọka iwu nke Mandela na ohere ya nyere ya ohere iziga ozi nzuzo site na nzukọ ANC na Mandela, mgbe ọ na-eme ihe ọchị ma na-akwa emo.<ref name=":5" /> Dị ka otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ike ịnweta Mandela n'oge a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'àgwàetiti ahụ, ọ weghachikwara ozi nzuzo site na Mandela na ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ na ndị ndu ANC, gụnyere Onye isi ala Oliver Tambo.<ref name=":6" /> Dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ, ọ nọchitere anya ndị otu nnọchiteanya nke Soweto Students, megide obi ọjọọ nke steeti, na-esote 1976 Soweto Uprising.<ref name=":5" /> N'otu n'ime ikpe ya dị elu site n'oge a, ọ gbachitere onye na-eme ihe ike dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ na onye otu UMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) , Solomon Mahlangu, onye mechara maa ikpe n'okpuru Iwu iyi ọha egwu, 1967 maka igbu ndị ọcha abụọ. A mara Mahlangu ikpe ọnwụ ma mesịa kwụgbuo ya, n'ihi iwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na-ekpe ikpe na-emetụta ya dị ka mpụ ahụ n'onwe ya. Ikpe ahụ kpatara iwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ na-akwado Mahlangu ịhụ ya n'abalị tupu e gbuo ya, wee lọta na-ebu ozi iji gaa n'ihu na ọgụ maka nnwere onwe. Ozi ikpeazụ ọ na-eziga site na ya gara n'ihu bụrụ mkpu maka ndị na-akwado ya, "Gwa ndị m na m hụrụ ha n'anya. Ha ga-aga n'ihu na ọgụ ahụ. Ọbara m ga-azụ osisi na-amị mkpụrụ nke nnwere onwe. "<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> N'afọ 1979, Jana meghere ọrụ iwu nke ya, na-elekwasị anya na nnwere onwe obodo na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Shoba|first=Sandisiwe|date=11 October 2020|title=Obituary 1943–2020: In memory of human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/|accessdate=11 October 2020|work=Daily Maverick|language=en|archivedate=13 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013200940/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya na 1980, e nyere ya iwu machibidoro iwu n'okpuru Iwu Mmachibido Iwu Kọmunist, 1950 ruo afọ ise, na-etinye ya iwu n'otu ntabi anya ma na-egbochi ya izute naanị otu onye, yana igbochi okwu ihu ọha ya.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /> N'oge a, Jana sonyekwara n'òtù nzuzo nke African National Congress, UMkhonto we Sizwe, nke onye ga-abụ onye isi ala South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, si [[London]], duziri, onye Jana na-agakwuru.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Mandela must be turning in his grave' – Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA|archivedate=10 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210125355/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/}}</ref><ref name=":6" />Ndị otu ahụ nwere Jackie Selebi, Beyers Naudé, na Cedric Mayson.<ref name=":6" /> === Ịgide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ === Site n'ọrụ ya, Jana nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị isi na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere onye isi South Africa Nelson Mandela, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Ebrahim Ebrahim, Ahmed Kathrada, Solomon Mahlangu, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu, na Archbishop Desmond Tutu..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Hassen|first=Fakir|date=11 October 2020|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html|accessdate=11 October 2020|work=Yahoo! News|language=en-IN|archivedate=14 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014045810/https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html}}</ref> Ọ malitere site n'ịnọchite anya Nelson Mandela na Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dị ka onye ọka iwu ha n'etiti 1970s. Ọ matara di na nwunye ahụ mgbe Mandela nọ na-eje ozi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island.[1] Nke a bụ n'otu oge ahụ nwụchiri Madikizela-Mandela ma kpọchie ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya tupu ebuga ya na obodo ndị isi ojii kewapụrụ na Orange Free State. Iwu metụtara agbụrụ n'oge ahụ pụtara na dị ka onye India, a ekweghị ka Jana nọrọ n'abalị ka ọ na-eleta onye ahịa ya.[1] Ọ gara n'ihu na-ejikọta ya na Madikizela-Mandela ka a tọhapụrụ ya na Brandfort wee malite ịrịọ ndị na-eme mkpesa na ndị na-eto eto bụ ndị weere ụdị mkpesa ọzọ na-emegide ndị ọchịchị.<ref name=":2" /> N'otu oge ahụ, Jana wepụrụ onwe ya mgbe a mara Madikizela-Mandela ikpe ịga mkpọrọ maka ịtọrọ nwata nwoke, Stompie Moeketsi, na-ekwu na omume a emeela ka ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ banye n'okwu a ma bụrụ ndị e merụrụ n'ime usoro ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwusi okwu a na Mandela mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. O gosikwara akụkụ nke ya mgbe ọ katọrọ Mandela maka ịgbaghara ndị bụbu ndị na-emegide ya mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref name=":2" /> Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị lekwasịrị Jana anya n'etiti afọ 1980, ebe a tụrụ ụlọ ya bọmbụ na mwakpo Molotov cocktail. A na-awakpo ọfịs ya site n'oge ruo n'oge, na faịlụ na akwụkwọ na-agbakarị na mgbalị iji menye ya egwu. Ma, omume ndị a egbochighị ya. Ọ kpọọrọ onye ahịa Popo Molefe na nwa nwanyị nwunye ya Phinda Molefe, Albertina, mgbe nne ya hapụrụ ya n'ọfịs Jana na obi nkoropụ. <ref name="Jana" /><ref name=":5" />Ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, na 2001, Jana kuchiri Albertina.<ref name=":5" /> Jana nọchitekwara anya onye na-ede uri Benjamin Moloise, onye a mara ikpe ọnwụ site n'ịkwụgbu ya maka igbu onye uwe ojii na 1982. Mgbalị ya enyerela aka ịhazi uche zuru ụwa ọnụ na oku ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka òtù na gọọmentị zuru ụwa ọnụ rịọrọ gọọmentị South Africa n'oge ahụ ka ha nye ebere. Jana nọ na nne Moloise meworo agadi n'oge nche na 1985 mgbe ndị agha gbara ụlọ Moloise mepere emepe gburugburu ma na-agba mmiri.<ref name="Poet's Mother Is Target">{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=Poet's Mother Is Target|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/18/world/poet-s-mother-is-target.html|work=The New York Times|date=18 October 1985}}</ref> Gọọmentị South Africa jụrụ arịrịọ mbụ ya maka ikpe ikpe ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=PRETORIA REFUSES POET A NEW TRIAL|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/16/world/pretoria-refuses-poet-a-new-trial.html|work=The New York Times|date=16 October 1985}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=SCATTERED UNREST IN SOUTH AFRICA|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/19/world/scattered-unrest-in-south-africa.html|work=The New York Times|date=19 August 1985}}</ref> E gburu Moloise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1985, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ. <ref name="Poet's Mother Is Target" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Says|first=Mehadihasan|title=ExecutedToday.com » 1985: Benjamin Moloise, revolutionary poet|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/|accessdate=28 November 2020|language=en|archivedate=29 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129104324/https://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/}}</ref> Na-anọchite anya Govan Mbeki, onye bụbu onye isi oche mba nke African National Congress, Jana nyere aka mee ka a tọhapụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island na 1987, mgbe ọ nọsịrị afọ 23 nke ikpe ndụ. Ntọhapụ nke onye dị afọ 77 bịara na mgbochi siri ike gụnyere ókèala ala maka ya ka ọ nọrọ n'ime mpaghara Port Elizabeth. A na-ewere ntọhapụ a dị ka "ikpe ikpe" maka ntọhapụ nke Nelson Mandela n'otu ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=South Africa Restricts a Freed Dissident|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/12/world/south-africa-restricts-a-freed-dissident.html|work=The New York Times|date=12 December 1987}}</ref> Jana bụkwa akụkụ nke Black Consciousness Movement nke na-emegide òtù iji hụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị iche iche na African National Congress. N'okwu ikpe a ma ama, ọ gara South African Medical and Dental Council na 1984 iji gosipụta na ndị dọkịta abụọ na-elekọta onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na onye isi Black Consciousness Movement Steve Biko, mere ihe n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị mgbe Biko nwụrụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 1977.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":8">{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=PRETORIA DOCTOR LOSES HIS LICENSE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/17/world/pretoria-doctor-loses-his-license.html|work=The New York Times|date=17 October 1985}}</ref> Ikpe ahụ mechara chọpụta na ndị dọkịta ọcha abụọ ahụ nwere ikpe n'afọ 1985.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":8" />Ọ bụkwa onye na-eme ihe ike nke Democratic Women's Movement, ma kpọọ oku ka a kwụsị ntuli aka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịmepụta iwu ịkpa ókè ọhụrụ, n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1985. N'ị sonye na mkpọsa iji gbochie ntuli aka ahụ, o kwuru, "Onye ọ bụla, onye na-acha ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ onye India, nke na-ekere òkè na iwu ọhụrụ ahụ ga-abụ onye ikpe mara dịka ndị na-eme mpụ a megide ndị mmadụ. Onye na-ekerechi bụ onye sabo. "<ref>{{Cite journal|id={{ProQuest|1304058711}}|author=Mbeki|first=Thabo|title=The Struggle Inside South Africa|journal=Africa Report|volume=30|issue=1|date=1985}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> N'oge a, Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe ike n'iwu na-alụ ọgụ megide ikpe obodo na nke ikike mmadụ gafee mba ahụ iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma webata ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mba ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> N'oge ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka iwu hụrụ ọrụ ha n'ime usoro iwu, Jana na-agakarị n'ịbụ onye na-ahụkarị maka iwu. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ, a ga-ahụ ya ka ọ na-arụrụ ndị na-eme ihe ike n'okpuru ala n'abalị n'ụzọ ime ihe ike iji lụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ, gụnyere ibu [[AK-47|AK-47s]] na buutu nke ụgbọ ala ya site na Soweto n'aha onye ahịa n'okpuru, iji gbochie nnweta ha. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":5" />N'oge a, ọ bụkwa onye otu Black People's Convention na Anti-Constitutional Committee na Federation of Transvaal Women . <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Tributes pour in for the 'people's lawyer' Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=www.sahrc.org.za|language=en-gb|archivedate=9 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209094536/https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana}}</ref> === Afọ ndị sochirinụ === Site na ọbịbịa nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na African National Congress (ANC) nọ n'ọchịchị na 1994, Jana sonyeere dị ka Onye omeiwu ANC, ma jee ozi dị ka onye otu ndị omeiwu n'etiti afọ 1994 na 1999.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ nọchitere anya Krugersdorp . <ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 1997|title=ANC Constituency Offices|url=http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html|accessdate=1 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970708143021/http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html|archivedate=8 July 1997}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu South African Law Commission, na onye otu Kọmitii ndụmọdụ onye isi ala.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=The New Indian Express|archivedate=16 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi nke na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke Truth and Reconciliation Commission .<ref name=":5" /> Jana bụkwa onye nyere aka na Millennium Africa Recovery Programme (MAP) nke Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki, nke na-anọchite anya atụmatụ pan-African iji mee ka Africa nwee ọganihu na uto na-adịgide adịgide, yana omume iji kpochapụ ịda ogbenye. N'ide akwụkwọ akpọrọ African Renaissance and the Millennium Action Plan, Jana kọwara usoro ahụ dị ka ijikọ ihe onwunwe Africa, gafee ngwakọta nke mineral na ihe onwunwa, ọdịiche dị iche iche, ọdịbendị, na ihe onyinyo mmadụ, iji nye ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe nke kọntinent dum.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bongmba|first=Elias K.|title=Reflections on Thabo Mbekis African Renaissance|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|date=2004|volume=30|issue=2|pages=291–316|doi=10.1080/0305707042000215374}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hensbroek|first=Pieter Boele van|title=African Renaissance and Ubuntu|date=2002|url=https://hdl.handle.net/11370/73b9756a-8f77-4f5d-a8d7-88a83042062b}}</ref> Ọ gakwara n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya South Africa na Netherlands site na 2001 ruo 2005 nakwa dị ka onye isi ala na Ireland site na 2006 ruo 2011, na-eje ije ozi dị ka ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mba na mba ruo afọ itoolu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=10 October 2020|title=Human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana has died|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=News24|language=en|archivedate=11 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011184540/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye kọmishọna na osote onyeisi oche nke South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) na 2017. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":7" /> Ọ bụ onye natara ihe nrite ndụ ya niile na Woza Awards na 2017, ihe nrite e guzobere iji mata ma mata ụmụ nwanyị na òtù iwu.<ref name=":4" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Jana (nke bụ Sewpal n'oge ahụ) zutere di ya Reg Jana, onye bụ nwa akwụkwọ South Africa na-agụ akwụkwọ na India, mgbe ọ na-amụ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women na Bombay. N'ide n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya banyere ndụ ya mgbe agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị, ọ na-ekwu maka nnukwu ezinụlọ di ya na atụmanya ọdịnala site n'aka nwunye nwa nke ezinụlọ ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha. Ọ bụ ezie na Reg ga-anọgide na ya n'oge ọgụ ya, ọtụtụ ihe omume ya n'ime oge a mere ka Jana chọọ ịgba alụkwaghịm. Ọ na-ede na iwu mmachibido iwu ahụ bụ ihe kpatara nnukwu nrụgide na imebi ndụ ya na alụmdi na nwunye ya.<ref name="Jana" /> Alụmdi na nwunye ha biri na ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1989. Otú ọ dị, ọ nọgidere na-enwe aha ikpeazụ.<ref name=":5" />Ọ lụrụ Reagan Jacobus, onye ọka iwu mere onwe ya, alụmdi na nwunye ahụ dugara na ịgba alụkwaghịm n'etiti afọ ndị 1990.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2001, ọ kuchiri nwa ya nwanyị Albertina Jana Molefe, onye bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye ahịa na-eme ihe ike, Popo Molefe. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ kuchiri nwa nwanne ya nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name=":5" /> Jana nwụrụ na 10 Ọktoba 2020 n'ụlọ nlekọta dị na Pretoria mgbe ọ dị afọ 76. A kọwaghị ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ hapụrụ nwa nwanyị, Alberta Jana Molefe, na nwa nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name=":2" /> Na nkwupụta, African National Congress, na-adọrọ uche gaa na àjà ya maka mmegide nnwere onwe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, kwuru, "n'oge ọ gaara ahọrọ iji aka ya chụsoo akụ na ụba onwe ya na ọganihu ihe onwunwe. Kama nke ahụ, ọ ghọtara ọrụ ya dị ka oku, ijere ndị South Africa ozi, ọkachasị ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ike. "<ref name=":4" /> == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Barbara|title=Fighting For Mandela - The Explosive Autobiography of The Woman Who Helped to Destroy Apartheid|date=2016|publisher=Metro Publishing|isbn=978-1-78606-064-8}}  == Ihe odide == {{DEFAULTSORT:Jana, Priscilla}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fniivck1zu3rue0xguqecxn6ghx1u0o 0 56275 674265 200989 2026-07-08T20:37:40Z Johnnybam 24488 674265 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mmiri na-esi mmasị, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-eme ka ọ dị ike na V-steaming [1] ma bụrụkwa nke a maara dị ka wormwood steaming, bụ violet ndị ọkụ na-akwọ ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụ na-anọdụ n'elu mmiri na-esi mmiri na-eji eji nwe nwe dịka Mugwort, rosemary, wormwood, na basil.  A na-eme ya na Africa (Mozambique, South Africa[2]), Eshia (Indonesia, Thailand[2]), na Central America (n'etiti Ndị Q'eqchi).'<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjqgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|title=Q'eqchi' Maya Reproductive Ethnomedicine|publisher=Springer|year=2014|first=Jillian|author=De Gezelle|isbn=9783319107448|pages=21–22}}</ref>). A na-akọwa ịṅụ mmiri n'ahụ nwanyị na spas dị ka ọgwụgwọ oge ochie nke China maka ọrịa akụkụ ahụ ọmụmụ ma na-azọrọ na ọ nwere uru ndị ọzọ. Enweghị ihe akaebe na-akwado nke ọ bụla n'ime nkwupụta ndị a.<ref name="Guardian-1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/jan/30/sorry-gwyneth-paltrow-but-steaming-your-vagina-is-a-bad-idea|title=Sorry, Gwyneth Paltrow, but steaming your vagina is a bad idea|work=The Guardian|date=30 January 2015|accessdate=9 March 2017|author=Robinson|first=Ann}}</ref> Ọ ghọwo ihe na-ewu ewu maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name="d">{{Cite web|author=Oliver|first=Dana|title=I Tried A Vaginal Steam Treatment, And Here's What Happened|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/vaginal-steam-facial-review_us_57151bf9e4b06f35cb702f0c|work=Huffington Post|date=20 April 2016|accessdate=9 March 2017}}</ref> Enweghị ihe akaebe na ịṅụ mmiri n'ahụ nwanyị nwere uru ọ bụla, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-19|title=What is vaginal steaming?|url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/vaginal-steaming/|accessdate=2023-07-19|work=Cleveland Clinic|language=en-US}}</ref> ebe enwere ihe akaebe ọ nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ. == Mgbasawanye == Dabere na ihe e mere n'ahụ maka fim ụwa nke e edi n'afọ 2011, otu n'ime ụzọ ụmụ si elekọta ụlọ bụ site na "ịdọbiga egbochi ma ọ bụ sịga: 'ịhụ sịga' ma ọ bụ 'ịhụ' nke, site n'ịnọ ọdụ ala n'elu isi iyi nke ike (ọkụ, coal, coal, ọkụ ọkụ) nke a na- ọkụ ọkụ, ma ọkụ1 na-aṅụ, ma ọkụ1 ọkụ.  Maka akwụkwọ ahụ, a tre ihe eke ụmụ 4,000 na Tete (Mozambique), KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), Yogyakarta (Indonesia), na Chonburi (Thailand) maka izi ha.  Mgbe a bịara na anyị sịga n'ahụhụ, a map dị iche iche, ma na-enye ihe dị iche iche: na Chonburi, 67% nke ụmụ anọ kọrọ na ha na-ahụ sịga ma ọ bụ na-ese sịga n n'ahụ nwoke, "nke ha ngwaọrụ na-enwe na-enwe na ngwaọrụ", mgbe ha mụsịrị (85.5%).  Na Tete, naanị mmadụ 10% nke ụmụ na-eme nri ọkụ ma ọ bụ na-ese siga, "nke a na-ezube iche iche obi ụtọ ụmụ nwoke site n'ịkwalite ihuenyo ahụ (64.1% nke ndị na-eji ya) na ịcha (22.9%) ".  N'ebe ụmụ nwoke dị n'Afrịka, 37-38% nke ụmụ ekiri kwuru na ha na-eme ya iji mata "obi chọrọ ịlụ nwoke";  na mpaghara abụọ dị n"Eshia, 0% nyere ahụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, n'ime ụmụ anọ Eshia 26% kọrọ na "ọdịdị ihe" ha bụ ihe na-eme ya, ma e jiri ya ọjọọ 0% nke ụmụ anụmanụ Afrịka..<ref name="jwh">{{Cite journal|author=Hull|first=T|title=Prevalence, motivations, and adverse effects of vaginal practices in Africa and Asia: findings from a multicountry household survey.|journal=Journal of Women's Health|date=July 2011|volume=20|issue=7|pages=1097–109|doi=10.1089/jwh.2010.2281|pmid=21668355}}</ref> == Ihe ize ndụ == Ozi ndị ọzọ na ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike ime omume ndị na-akpa mma, ọkụ Ọkụ nke abụọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọkụ dị nso, [1] [2] na ọrịa ndị na-efe efe efe.. <ref name="Gunter">{{Cite news|author=Gunter|first=Jen|title=Gwyneth Paltrow says steam your vagina, an OB/GYN says don't|url=https://drjengunter.wordpress.com/2015/01/27/gwyneth-paltrow-says-steam-your-vagina-an-obgyn-says-dont/|work=Dr. Jen Gunter Wielding the Lasso of Truth|date=27 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọha na omenala == N'akwụkwọ maka Culture, Health & Sexuality, Vandenburg na Braun na-arụ ụka na okwu nke ịṅụ mmiri n'ahụ nwanyị na-egosipụta okwu ndị na-ahụ n'anya na ọdịda anyanwụ banyere ihe a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe ruru unyi nke ahụ nwanyị, nakwa na nkwupụta ya nke ịmụ nwa ka mma na obi ụtọ mmekọahụ na-aga n'ihu n'echiche na ahụ nwanyị dị maka obi ụtọ mmekọahụ nwoke na ịmụ nwa.<ref name="VB">{{Cite journal|author=Vandenburg|first=Tycho|title='Basically, it's sorcery for your vagina': unpacking Western representations of vaginal steaming|journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality|date=10 October 2016|volume=19|issue=4|pages=470–485|doi=10.1080/13691058.2016.1237674|pmid=27719108}}</ref> === Ahịa === A na-ere echiche mmiri n'ahụ echiche na echiche pseudo-sayensic nke "ịkwado" oyiyi na "ịgbanwe" akpa nwa ma ọ bụ akara ahụ.  N'otu edemede maka Goop, onye na-eme ihe nkiri Gwyneth Paltrow na- ngosi ụlọ ịsa ahụ na Santa Monica, California, ndị nna ọtụtụ n'ime ihie ha wee kwuo otu, "[ma ọ bụ obere]nọdụ ala n'elu ihe bụ n'ezie ocheeze, na ihe nke infrared na mugwort steam cleanses akpanwa gị, et al. "  na mugwort nwere uru ọ gbala, ma kwuo na ọ nwere ike imerụ ahụ. <ref name="Guardian-1" /><ref name="Gunter">{{Cite news|author=Gunter|first=Jen|title=Gwyneth Paltrow says steam your vagina, an OB/GYN says don't|url=https://drjengunter.wordpress.com/2015/01/27/gwyneth-paltrow-says-steam-your-vagina-an-obgyn-says-dont/|work=Dr. Jen Gunter Wielding the Lasso of Truth|date=27 January 2015}}</ref> Nnyocha nke afọ 2017 nke Vandenburg na Braun <ref name="VB">{{Cite journal|author=Vandenburg|first=Tycho|title='Basically, it's sorcery for your vagina': unpacking Western representations of vaginal steaming|journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality|date=10 October 2016|volume=19|issue=4|pages=470–485|doi=10.1080/13691058.2016.1237674|pmid=27719108}}</ref> (na-ewere otu onye na-ekiri ya dị ka aha ya - "N'ụzọ bụ isi, ọ bụ amoosu maka akụkụ ahụ gị") <ref>{{Cite news|title=I Went To A Spa For My Uterus And This Is My Story|work=Fast Company|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3041307/body-week/i-went-to-a-spa-for-my-uterus-and-this-is-my-story|author=Beck|first=Laura Hopper|date=January 27, 2015}}</ref> nyochara "ihe iri itoolu dị n'ịntanetị metụtara ịṅụ mmiri n'akụkụ ahụ", gụnyere site na akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin, blọọgụ, na ndị na-enye omume ahụ.   Ha chọpụtara otu isiokwu n'ozuzu ya, nke "nwaanyị na-emeziwanye onwe ya", nke ha na-ekwu na ọ dabara n'ụzọ zuru oke na ihe owuwu nke oge a nke ihe agụmakwụkwọ kpọrọ nwanyị "neoliberal", nwanyị nke, na-enweghị mmetụta ndị ọzọ, na-achọ imeziwanye onwe onye na Ahụike ya (lee Healthism). N'ime isiokwu ahụ, ha chọtara àgwà anọ na-akwalite omume ahụike dịka ịṅụ mmiri n'ahụ nwanyị: # Ahụ nwanyị nwere nkwarụ na unyi, ma na-emebi ka afọ na-eto: "ahụ nwanyị [dị] n'ime akụkọ a na-eme ka ọ ghara ịda mbà n'ụzọ a na-apụghị izere ezere". [is]{{R|VB}} # Ọgwụ ọdịda anyanwụ na nlekọta ahụike (gụnyere iji tampon, dịka ọmụmaatụ) na-eme ka akụkụ ahụ nwanyị jupụta na nsí, usoro nke nwere ike ịgbanwe site na omume okike nke ịṅụ mmiri n'ahụ nwanyị (ndị dere ya na-ekwu na akụkọ ndị dị otú ahụ na-eji asụsụ sitere na ọgwụ ọdịda anyanwụ - "ihe mgbaàmà", "ịda", "ọnyà"). {{R|VB}} # Mmụba ahụike, na njikarịcha ahụ, ọkachasị ọmụmụ na obi ụtọ mmekọahụ, na ọtụtụ n'ime asụsụ ndị na-akpọsa spas na-elekwasị anya na "nlekọta" na "nweghachi", na-eme ka ma ahụike na fetishization nke ndị ntorobịa sikwuo ike; a na-azọrọ na ọ na-emeziwanye alụmdi na nwunye na agụụ mmekọahụ nwoke. Dị ka ndị edemede si kwuo, "ihe gbasara mmekọahụ na ịmụ nwa na-egosipụta ụzọ abụọ ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ ji kpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị: nnweta mmekọahụ maka ụmụ nwoke (n'ime alụmdi na nwunye) na ịmụ nwa".{{R|VB}} # Ịchekwa nke nwanyị na-eme onwe ya obi ike, ihe okomoko yana ikike ha nwetara, site na mgbasa ozi na-egwu na "mbilite n'ọnwụ" nke "chi nwanyị dị n'ime": "Iji kpọtee anyị n'ime..." Echiche ahụ bụ na omume ahụ na-enye nwanyị ohere iru ezi ikike ya, ezi onwe ya.{{R|VB}} Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ kwubiri na ịṅụ mmiri n'ahụ nwanyị bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ omume ndị dabara na "echiche nke nnwere onwe, postfeminist na nke ahụike, na-emetụta nghọta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ọdịbendị nke ahụ ọmụmụ nwanyị ma dị ka isi nke nwanyị ma dị na 'ọrịa a na-ahụ anya'. "{{R|VB}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} c4ni15g10vshu2i8zh3scoh7i4kt64c 0 56327 674383 201050 2026-07-09T07:02:43Z Goodymeraj 16207 Fixed reference error 674383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Takiullah''' (1926 - 16 Nọvemba 2017) [1] bụ onye agha Bangladesh.  nke Bangladesh nyere ya Ekushey Padak na 2018. [2] Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke a anọ nke onye ọkachamara aha ya Bengali Muhammad Shahidullah . <ref name="death">{{Cite web|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2017/11/16/language-movement-veteran-leftist-muhammad-takiullah-passes-way-at-91|title=Language Movement veteran, leftist Muhammad Takiullah passes way at 91|publisher=bdnews24.com|accessdate=2018-02-09}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Takiullah kalenda Bangla Promita Bangla Barshapanji.   Ọ na-etinye aka na òtù ndị Kọmunist sere awụ 1940. Ọ na-arụ ka ike ukwu nke kọmitii Dhaka nke Communist Party na 1951. <ref name="death" /> == Ebemsidee == {{Reflist}}  9rqft9zhdoc233yzrgpx0i35vmc8kri 0 56619 674356 368722 2026-07-09T05:16:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674356 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:FELIX ILAWEAGBON OMOBUDE.jpg|thumb|Felix Omobude]] Felix Ilaweagbon Omobude (amuru na Maachị 14, 1946) bu onye ndu ndi Kristian nke Naijiria, onye nkwusa, na onye isi nleba anya nke Gospel Light International Ministries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Felix Omobude Archives|url=https://guardian.ng/tag/felix-omobude/|accessdate=2023-07-24|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Godwin|first=Ameh Comrade|date=2017-02-10|title=PFN returns Omobude as president for another four years|url=https://dailypost.ng/2017/02/10/pfn-returns-omobude-president-another-four-years/|accessdate=2023-07-24|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-15|title=Rev. Dr. Felix I. Omobude - GLIM - New Covenant Gospel Church|url=https://www.glimng.org/about-us/rev-felix-omobude/|accessdate=2023-07-24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Naija|first=JoJo|date=2021-11-21|title=Top 10 Most Influential Pastors In Edo State|url=https://jojonaija.com/top-10-most-influential-pastors-in-edo-state/|accessdate=2023-07-24|work=Jojo Naija|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724125032/https://jojonaija.com/top-10-most-influential-pastors-in-edo-state/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Godwin|first=Ameh Comrade|date=2017-02-10|title=PFN returns Omobude as president for another four years|url=https://dailypost.ng/2017/02/10/pfn-returns-omobude-president-another-four-years/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Times|first=Church|date=2020-07-26|title=Edo 2020: Vote wisely, Omobude tells electorate as Obaseki visits religious leaders for prayers - Church Times Nigeria - News, features and more|url=https://churchtimesnigeria.net/edo-2020-electorate/|accessdate=2023-07-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=sunnews|date=2016-03-13|title=Dr. FELIX ILAWEAGBON OMOBUDE- I WENT TO CRUSADE TO MOCK ARCHBISHOP IDAHOSA, BUT GOD ARRESTED ME|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/dr-felix-ilaweagbon-omobude-i-went-to-crusade-to-mock-archbishop-idahosa-but-god-arrested-me/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Inyang|first=Ifreke|date=2013-02-09|title=Oritsejafor announces Omobude as new PFN president|url=https://dailypost.ng/2013/02/09/oritsejafor-announces-omobude-as-new-pfn-president/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Felix Ilaweagbon Omobude na March 14, 1946, na Evbuobanosa (a na-akpọbu Owa) n'okpuru ọchịchị Orhionmwon nke dị na Edo State, Nigeria. N'agbanyeghị na ọ tolitere n'ọnọdụ dị umeala dị ka nwa nke atọ n'ime ezinụlọ nke nwere ụmụ iri na anọ, ọ zụlitere mmasị maka agụmakwụkwọ na ọchịchọ inyere ndị ọzọ aka na nchụso agụmakwụkwọ ha.. <ref>{{Cite web|author=punchng|date=2019-05-26|title=Buhari should correct lopsided appointments, boost agric — PFN President, Omobude|url=https://punchng.com/buhari-should-correct-lopsided-appointments-boost-agric-pfn-president-omobude/|accessdate=2023-07-24|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=punchng|date=2018-12-22|title=Anti-graft agencies should be truly independent — Omobude, PFN president|url=https://punchng.com/anti-graft-agencies-should-be-truly-independent-omobude-pfn-president/|accessdate=2023-07-24|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Adedipe|first=Adeyinka|date=2021-10-21|title=Nation Building: Nigeria needs divine Intervention, says Omobude|url=https://punchng.com/nation-building-nigeria-needs-divine-intervention-says-omobude/|accessdate=2023-07-24|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=sunnews|date=2016-03-13|title=Dr. FELIX ILAWEAGBON OMOBUDE- I WENT TO CRUSADE TO MOCK ARCHBISHOP IDAHOSA, BUT GOD ARRESTED ME|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/dr-felix-ilaweagbon-omobude-i-went-to-crusade-to-mock-archbishop-idahosa-but-god-arrested-me/|accessdate=2023-07-24|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> == Mmụta == Omobude gụsịrị akwụkwọ Full Technological Certificate ya na City & Guild of London Institute na 1974 wee nweta asambodo site na Council of Engineering Institute Examination na London. Ọ gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ nkà mmụta okpukpe ya na Christ for the Nations Institute na Dallas, [[Texas]], na-enweta asambodo na nkà mmụta okpukpe na 1981. Ka e mesịrị, na 1984, ọ nwetara Ph.D. (D.Min) site n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. N'afọ 1986, e nyere ya nzere Doctorate Honorary na Divinity site na San Antonio Theological Seminary na United States. <ref>{{Cite web|author=II|first=Administrator|title=Buhari salutes PFN president, Felix Omobude at 74 – Blueprint Newspapers|date=17 March 2020|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/buhari-salutes-pfn-president-felix-omobude-at-74/|accessdate=2023-07-24|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Buhari Felicitates with Ex-PFN President, Omobude, at 75 - THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/03/14/buhari-felicitates-with-ex-pfn-president-omobude-at-75|accessdate=2023-07-24|work=www.thisdaylive.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=A servant of God, working tirelessly to improve others: Buhari hails Omobude - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/03/14/a-servant-of-god-working-tirelessly-to-improve-others-buhari-hails-omobude/|accessdate=2023-07-24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Okoro|first=Churchill|date=2021-01-10|title=Nigeria is getting worse by the day under Buhari's watch – PFN|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/nigeria-is-getting-worse-by-the-day-under-buharis-watch-pfn/|accessdate=2023-07-24|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ozi na idu ndú == Omobude jere ozi na ndị ụkọchukwu nke Church of God Mission International n'okpuru Achịbishọp [[Benson Idahosa]] nwụrụ anwụ tupu o guzobe Gospel Light International Ministries (New Covenant Gospel Church) na 1988. Ministri ahụ nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa ya na Benin City, Nigeria, ma nwee alaka na mba ahụ na karịa. Omobude etinyela aka na ọtụtụ òtù Ndị Kraịst nke mba na nke mba ụwa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Pentecostal Fellowship of Nigeria (PFN) na dịka onye otu National Board of Advisors maka PFN. O nweela ọkwa dịka onye nnọchi anya mba maka ICARE Inc. na Yuma, [[Arizona]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|USA]], na onye otu Board of Elders for Faith Community Churches International na Tucson, Arizona, US. == Ndụ ezinụlọ == Omobude lụrụ Pastor Mrs. Abiola Theodora Omobude, onye na-agụ egwú gospel na onye nkwusa. Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ, Reverend Ebenezer Omobude na Sarah Omobude. == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Ị bụ Ihe Ọ Na-ahọrọ * Ọkụ na-ere ọkụ * Mkpu n'Ọzara * Mmụọ Nsọ * Ịga Nri n'Ụzọ Ime Anwụ * Anọ m n'ebe ha nọdụrụ * Ịtọhapụ Ike nke Otu Iri * Ike nke Ndụ Na-adịghị Agwụ Agwụ Agha * Ònye bụ Ọkpara Ị? == Edemside == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] edgg1lgoqfaa4ngbh36v59zixijx1we 0 56660 674489 628888 2026-07-09T11:31:25Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 674489 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nadezda-Cacinovic.jpg|thumb|Nadežda Čačinovič]] Nadežda Čačinovič ( nom n'ụbọchị mbụ n'na-na-na-akpa n'afọ 1947) bụ onye ọkà ihe enyemaka, Ọkà nyere mmadụ na ibe ya na onye edemede na Croatia. <ref name="nacional-2007">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nacional.hr/clanak/34133/nadezda-cacinovic-europska-karijera-borbene-filozofkinje|title=Nadežda Čačinovič - europska karijera borbene filozofkinje|work=[[Nacional (weekly)|Nacional]]|date=2007-05-08|accessdate=2011-11-27|language=Croatian|author=Nina Ožegović|archivedate=7 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707165630/http://www.nacional.hr/clanak/34133/nadezda-cacinovic-europska-karijera-borbene-filozofkinje}}</ref><ref name="ffzg-bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www-wpt.ffzg.hr/filoz/nastavnici/nadezda-cacinovic/|title=Prof. dr. sc. Nadežda Čačinovič, red. prof.|publisher=Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences|language=Croatian|accessdate=2011-11-27}}</ref> A akwụkwọ ya na nne na nna Slovene na Budapest na 1947 ebe nna ya Rudolf Čačinovič na-eje ozi dị ka onye agha.[1]Ɔ ọmụmụ akwụkwọ na nkà ihe na akwụkwọ ntụnyere na Mahadum nke Ljubljana .  [2] O mechara akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Bonn site na 1968 ruo 1970 ebe nna ya na-eje ozi dị ka onye anya Yugoslavia na West Germany.  Ọ bụrụ nzere doctorate wee bụrụ prọfesọ na Ngalaba nke Nkà Ihe Ọmụma nke Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences na Mahadum Zagreb, na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ahụ 1976. <ref name="ffzg-bio" /><ref name="nacional-2007" /> Ọ bụkwa onye otu Advisory Board nke magazin aka ekpe Novi Plamen.  Čačinovič na-arụkwa ọrụ na ụgbọ agha aka ekpe, na-agba maka ndị omeiwu maka Social Democratic Action of Croatia. <ref name="arhiva.nacional.hr">{{Cite web|url=http://arhiva.nacional.hr/clanak/34133/nadezda-cacinovic-europska-karijera-borbene-filozofkinje|title=Nadežda Čačinovič - europska karijera borbene filozofkinje|work=Nacional|date=8 May 2007|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2009 ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Croatian P.E.N. Centre, onye otu International PEN.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tportal.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/13364/Nadezda-cacinovic-nova-predsjednica-hrvatskog-P-E-N-a.html|publisher=T-portal|language=Croatian|title=Nadežda Čačinović nova predsjednica hrvatskog P.E.N.-a|date=2009-03-09|accessdate=2011-11-29}}</ref> Mgbe Andrea Zlatar-Violić ozi Minista nke Ọdịbendị na nwa Croatia, Zlatar -Violić ihe Čačnovič ka ọ nọchie ya na Kọmitii nke Mịnịsta maka Akwụkwọ, Mbipụta, na Ọrụ Na-ere Akwụkwọ na 4 Julaị 2012. N'afọ 2017, Čačinovič bịanyere [[Nkwuputa N'asụsụ Dị N'Otu|aka na-eje ozi maka nke ndị Croatia, Ndị Serbia, Ndị Bosnia na Ndị Montenegro]]. == Akwụkwọ == * Asụsụ na-adịghị mma. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Vodič Korooku bụ onye na-eme ihe ike. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Žene na philosophieja. Zagreb, 2006. * ''Parvulla aesthetica''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Danilo Pejović, prọfesọ emeritus Facultatis philosophicae Universitatis studiorum Zagrabiensis''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-ahapụ ya. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Doba triah ma ọ bụ teoriji mediologije''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Ogled ma ọ bụ pismenosti''. Zagreb, 1994. * ''Ọmarịcha'' ihe. Zagreb, 1988. * ''Ọmarịcha ịhụnanya''. Zagreb, 1987. * ''N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị'' gịrịgịrị. Zagreb 1981. * ''Subjekt kritičke'' teorije. Zagreb, 1980 == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ]] [[Òtù:Ndị bịanyere aka na Nkwupụta N'asụsụ Dị N'Otu]] 0ra65trvgk00x5klrdfs0dognzbjrwh 0 57403 674045 202510 2026-07-08T12:02:40Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Usoro */ fixed reference errors 674045 wikitext text/x-wiki Mos Teutoncus (English: German omenala) ma ọ bụ nke a na-eme ihe Mos Gallicus (English: ) [1] bụ omenala olili ozu nke a na'oge ndị nwụrụ anwụ nke a na Europe n'oge etiti dị ka ụzọ isi buru, ma ndị ozu ndị nọ n'azụ dị elu.  Ndị a ma ama ga-enwekarị Mos Teutonicus ma ọ bụrụ na ebe olili ha dị anya site n'ebe ha nwụrụ.[2]  Usoro a anụ anụ ahụ n'ahụ, ka e wee nwee ike ibuga ọkpụkpụ onye nwụrụ anwụ n'ụzọ dị ọcha site n'ala ndị dị anya n'ike n'ike..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Frost|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Frost (minister)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872115351|title=Incarnate: the body of Christ in an age of disengagement|date=10 February 2014|isbn=978-0-8308-8405-6|location=Downers Grove, IL|oclc=872115351}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == N'oge Middle Ages, ndị a ma ama na-anwụ mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe dị anya site n'ebe ha mmetụta ka e lie ha.[1]  Ha na-achọkarị ka e lie obi ha n'ala nna ha, n'ihi ya, ozu ha ga-aga ebe dị anya.[2]  Emperor Charlemagne ihe ozu ọkụ, na-ewere nke ọkpụkpụ dị ka ihe nke mmetụta obi.  Onye ọ kụkụkụkụ ọkụ ga-anata ụgwọ.[3]  N'ihi ya, omume nke Mos Teutonicus bịara dị ka ụzọ isi ọgụ ọkpụkpụ n'ebe dị anya n'aka ka ha bibie.  [4].  [1] Ihe atụ ndị a ma ama bụ Ọpụpụ ndị sitere na usoro ndị eze Ottonian na Salian nke a na- misali ndị ahụ ebe a na-eli ozu dị anya site n'ebe ha nwụrụ..<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Scorrano|first=Gabriele|date=2017-09-01|title=The tale of Henry VII: a multidisciplinary approach to determining the post-mortem practice|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4|journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences|language=en|volume=9|issue=6|pages=1215–1222|doi=10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4|issn=1866-9565}}</ref> N'oge Agha Ntụte nke obodo maka Ala Nsọ, echeghị na ọ dị mma ka e lie ndị isi n'ebe dị anya site n'ala nna ha n' egwuregwu Ndị egwuregwu.[1]  Ibuga ahụ dum n'ebe dị anya bụ ihe na- ike uru na ihe na-adịghị ọcha n'ihi ire ure.  Mos Teutonicus juputara na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, dịka gburugburu ifufe Mediterenian, ebe ọ bụ na ahụ na-emebi ngwa ngwa..<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Weiss-Krejci|first=Estella|date=December 2001|title=Restless corpses: 'secondary burial' in the Babenberg and Habsburg dynasties|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X00089274/type/journal_article|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=75|issue=290|pages=769–780|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00089274|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> Ndị isi Germany nwere ihe mmemme na olili ozu ime n'Ala Nsọ, kama n'ala ha.[1]  Onye na-ede ihe mere eme nke Florentine bụ Boncompagno bụ onye mmalite usoro ahụ kpọmkwem na ndị isi Germany, ma ịkpọ okwu Mos Teutonikos, nke rep 'omenala German'.[note 1] Ndị isi ndị England na ndị France na-ahọrọ ịgbasi ozu karịa {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}}, nke gụnyere ili eriri afọ na obi n'ebe dị iche site na ozu ahụ.<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Otu n'ime uru nke {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}} bụ na ọ dị ọnụ ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịgbasi ozu, ma dị ọcha karị.<ref name="Westerhof" /> Nchekwa ozu bụ ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị mmadụ. <ref name="Brown">{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Elizabeth A. R.|year=1981|title=Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse|journal=Viator|volume=XII|pages=223 to 270}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrown1981">Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (1981). "Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse". ''Viator''. '''XII'''. UCLA: Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies: 223 to 270.</cite></ref> A na-ahụ ahụ na-ere ure dị ka onye nnọchi anya ihe mmehie na ihe ọjọọ.<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Embalming na {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}}, tinyere ihe oyiyi ili, bụ ụzọ isi nye ozu echiche efu nke stasis ma wepụ onyinyo na-adịghị mma nke ire ure na ire ure.<ref name="Westerhof" /> [[Faịlụ:Crâne_présenté_comme_étant_celui_de_Louis_IX.jpg|alt=A human skull with a crown in a niche. Outside of the niche, two angel putti hold a marble plate inscribed 'Ex Ossibus / Sanctus Ludovicus Rex Francorum / Louis XI - Roi de France / Mort à Carthage le 25 août 1270 / Huitième Croisade / Ora Pro Nobis'.|thumb|Okpokoro isi nke Louis nke Itoolu na Saint-Laurent-du-Var, France]] N'afọ 1270, ozu Eze Louis nke Itoolu, onye nwụrụ na Tunis, nke bụ ala ndị obodo, nọ n'okpuru usoro nke Mos Teutoncus maka ibughachi ya na France..<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Usoro == Usoro nke Mos Teutonikọs gosiri site napụ ozu ahụ [1] iji mee ka ọ sie mfe na usoro ahụ, ebe a na-esi otu ahụ na mmiri, mmiri ara ehi, ma ọ bụ mmanya [2] ruo ọtụtụ awa.[3]  Ịsa ahụ nwere ikike nke ikewapụ anụ ahụ na ọkpụkpụ.  A ụgbọ mmiri obi na eriri afọ iji nye nhọrọ maka mbufe nke ọkpụkpụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị.[4]  A na-ụka ihe ọ lara njọ n'ọkpụkpụ ahụ, na-ewepụ ọkpụkpụ dị ọcha.[3]  Enwere ike ili anụ ahụ na ahụ ahụ dị n'ime ike, ma ọ bụ jiri nnu njikere ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ anụmanụ.[1]  Mgbe ahụ, a ire iji ihe na-esi ụtọ ma ọ bụ ihe na-esure ụtọ wụsa ahụ.[2]  A ga-eweghachi ọkpụkpụ na anụ ọ gbara mbọ n'ala nna onye nwụrụ anwụ maka olili ozu.<ref name="Schafer">{{Cite journal|author=Schäfer|first=Dietrich|year=1920|title=Mittelalter Brauch bei Der Überführung von Leichen|journal=Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaftler|volume=XXVI|pages=478–489}}</ref> Ndị obodo oge ochie na-ewere afọ dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma <ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> ma ọ nweghị nnukwu ememe na-emetụta ha, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị isi Germany. <ref name="Schafer" /> == Mmachibido iwu == Ọ bụ ezie na Chọọchị ahụ nwere nkwanye ùgwù dị elu maka omume ahụ, a maara Popu Boniface nke Asatọ dị ka onye na-asọ ''Mos Teutonicus'' oyi n'ụzọ pụrụ iche n'ihi echiche ya nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe.<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi ya nke 1299, De Sepulturis, Boniface machibidoro omume ahụ.<ref name="Brown">{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Elizabeth A. R.|year=1981|title=Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse|journal=Viator|volume=XII|pages=223 to 270}}</ref> A na-akọwakarị akwụkwọ ozi popu nke machibidoro omume a dị ka mmachibido iwu megide dissection mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Park|first=Katharine|date=1995|title=The Life of the Corpse: Division and Dissection in Late Medieval Europe|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24623559|journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences|volume=50|issue=1|pages=111–132|doi=10.1093/jhmas/50.1.111|issn=0022-5045|pmid=7876528}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike igbochi nchọpụta anatomical, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị anatomists tụrụ egwu mmetụta na ntaramahụhụ n'ihi nyocha ahụike, mana De Sepulturis machibidoro omume ''Mos Teutonicus,'' ọ bụghị dissection n'ozuzu (a maara ndị dọkịta oge ochie na-eme dissection na autopsy n'ọtụtụ ebe, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nwere onye enyemaka na-eme n'ezie ọkpụkpụ na njikwa nke ozu ).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walsh|first=J. J.|date=January 1904|title=The Popes and the History of Anatomy|journal=Medical Library and Historical Journal|volume=2|issue=1|pages=10–28|issn=0898-1868|pmid=18340817}}</ref> Omume nke Mos Teutonicus mechara kwụsị na narị afọ nke iri na ise. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Weiss-Krejci|first=Estella|date=December 2001|title=Restless corpses: 'secondary burial' in the Babenberg and Habsburg dynasties|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X00089274/type/journal_article|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=75|issue=290|pages=769–780|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00089274|issn=0003-598X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWeiss-Krejci2001">Weiss-Krejci, Estella (December 2001). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X00089274/type/journal_article "Restless corpses: 'secondary burial' in the Babenberg and Habsburg dynasties"]. ''Antiquity''. '''75''' (290): <span class="nowrap">769–</span>780. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0003598X00089274|10.1017/S0003598X00089274]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X 0003-598X]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161843486 161843486].</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Mkpụrụ ndụ Mkpụrụ Obi == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} jith127nemv4nfhdlgwkbm3rrzbei2w 674046 674045 2026-07-08T12:03:30Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Mmachibido iwu */ fixed reference errors 674046 wikitext text/x-wiki Mos Teutoncus (English: German omenala) ma ọ bụ nke a na-eme ihe Mos Gallicus (English: ) [1] bụ omenala olili ozu nke a na'oge ndị nwụrụ anwụ nke a na Europe n'oge etiti dị ka ụzọ isi buru, ma ndị ozu ndị nọ n'azụ dị elu.  Ndị a ma ama ga-enwekarị Mos Teutonicus ma ọ bụrụ na ebe olili ha dị anya site n'ebe ha nwụrụ.[2]  Usoro a anụ anụ ahụ n'ahụ, ka e wee nwee ike ibuga ọkpụkpụ onye nwụrụ anwụ n'ụzọ dị ọcha site n'ala ndị dị anya n'ike n'ike..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Frost|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Frost (minister)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872115351|title=Incarnate: the body of Christ in an age of disengagement|date=10 February 2014|isbn=978-0-8308-8405-6|location=Downers Grove, IL|oclc=872115351}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == N'oge Middle Ages, ndị a ma ama na-anwụ mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe dị anya site n'ebe ha mmetụta ka e lie ha.[1]  Ha na-achọkarị ka e lie obi ha n'ala nna ha, n'ihi ya, ozu ha ga-aga ebe dị anya.[2]  Emperor Charlemagne ihe ozu ọkụ, na-ewere nke ọkpụkpụ dị ka ihe nke mmetụta obi.  Onye ọ kụkụkụkụ ọkụ ga-anata ụgwọ.[3]  N'ihi ya, omume nke Mos Teutonicus bịara dị ka ụzọ isi ọgụ ọkpụkpụ n'ebe dị anya n'aka ka ha bibie.  [4].  [1] Ihe atụ ndị a ma ama bụ Ọpụpụ ndị sitere na usoro ndị eze Ottonian na Salian nke a na- misali ndị ahụ ebe a na-eli ozu dị anya site n'ebe ha nwụrụ..<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Scorrano|first=Gabriele|date=2017-09-01|title=The tale of Henry VII: a multidisciplinary approach to determining the post-mortem practice|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4|journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences|language=en|volume=9|issue=6|pages=1215–1222|doi=10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4|issn=1866-9565}}</ref> N'oge Agha Ntụte nke obodo maka Ala Nsọ, echeghị na ọ dị mma ka e lie ndị isi n'ebe dị anya site n'ala nna ha n' egwuregwu Ndị egwuregwu.[1]  Ibuga ahụ dum n'ebe dị anya bụ ihe na- ike uru na ihe na-adịghị ọcha n'ihi ire ure.  Mos Teutonicus juputara na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, dịka gburugburu ifufe Mediterenian, ebe ọ bụ na ahụ na-emebi ngwa ngwa..<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Weiss-Krejci|first=Estella|date=December 2001|title=Restless corpses: 'secondary burial' in the Babenberg and Habsburg dynasties|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X00089274/type/journal_article|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=75|issue=290|pages=769–780|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00089274|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> Ndị isi Germany nwere ihe mmemme na olili ozu ime n'Ala Nsọ, kama n'ala ha.[1]  Onye na-ede ihe mere eme nke Florentine bụ Boncompagno bụ onye mmalite usoro ahụ kpọmkwem na ndị isi Germany, ma ịkpọ okwu Mos Teutonikos, nke rep 'omenala German'.[note 1] Ndị isi ndị England na ndị France na-ahọrọ ịgbasi ozu karịa {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}}, nke gụnyere ili eriri afọ na obi n'ebe dị iche site na ozu ahụ.<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Otu n'ime uru nke {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}} bụ na ọ dị ọnụ ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịgbasi ozu, ma dị ọcha karị.<ref name="Westerhof" /> Nchekwa ozu bụ ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị mmadụ. <ref name="Brown">{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Elizabeth A. R.|year=1981|title=Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse|journal=Viator|volume=XII|pages=223 to 270}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrown1981">Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (1981). "Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse". ''Viator''. '''XII'''. UCLA: Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies: 223 to 270.</cite></ref> A na-ahụ ahụ na-ere ure dị ka onye nnọchi anya ihe mmehie na ihe ọjọọ.<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Embalming na {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}}, tinyere ihe oyiyi ili, bụ ụzọ isi nye ozu echiche efu nke stasis ma wepụ onyinyo na-adịghị mma nke ire ure na ire ure.<ref name="Westerhof" /> [[Faịlụ:Crâne_présenté_comme_étant_celui_de_Louis_IX.jpg|alt=A human skull with a crown in a niche. Outside of the niche, two angel putti hold a marble plate inscribed 'Ex Ossibus / Sanctus Ludovicus Rex Francorum / Louis XI - Roi de France / Mort à Carthage le 25 août 1270 / Huitième Croisade / Ora Pro Nobis'.|thumb|Okpokoro isi nke Louis nke Itoolu na Saint-Laurent-du-Var, France]] N'afọ 1270, ozu Eze Louis nke Itoolu, onye nwụrụ na Tunis, nke bụ ala ndị obodo, nọ n'okpuru usoro nke Mos Teutoncus maka ibughachi ya na France..<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Usoro == Usoro nke Mos Teutonikọs gosiri site napụ ozu ahụ [1] iji mee ka ọ sie mfe na usoro ahụ, ebe a na-esi otu ahụ na mmiri, mmiri ara ehi, ma ọ bụ mmanya [2] ruo ọtụtụ awa.[3]  Ịsa ahụ nwere ikike nke ikewapụ anụ ahụ na ọkpụkpụ.  A ụgbọ mmiri obi na eriri afọ iji nye nhọrọ maka mbufe nke ọkpụkpụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị.[4]  A na-ụka ihe ọ lara njọ n'ọkpụkpụ ahụ, na-ewepụ ọkpụkpụ dị ọcha.[3]  Enwere ike ili anụ ahụ na ahụ ahụ dị n'ime ike, ma ọ bụ jiri nnu njikere ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ anụmanụ.[1]  Mgbe ahụ, a ire iji ihe na-esi ụtọ ma ọ bụ ihe na-esure ụtọ wụsa ahụ.[2]  A ga-eweghachi ọkpụkpụ na anụ ọ gbara mbọ n'ala nna onye nwụrụ anwụ maka olili ozu.<ref name="Schafer">{{Cite journal|author=Schäfer|first=Dietrich|year=1920|title=Mittelalter Brauch bei Der Überführung von Leichen|journal=Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaftler|volume=XXVI|pages=478–489}}</ref> Ndị obodo oge ochie na-ewere afọ dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma <ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> ma ọ nweghị nnukwu ememe na-emetụta ha, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị isi Germany. <ref name="Schafer" /> == Mmachibido iwu == Ọ bụ ezie na Chọọchị ahụ nwere nkwanye ùgwù dị elu maka omume ahụ, a maara Popu Boniface nke Asatọ dị ka onye na-asọ ''Mos Teutonicus'' oyi n'ụzọ pụrụ iche n'ihi echiche ya nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe.<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi ya nke 1299, De Sepulturis, Boniface machibidoro omume ahụ.<ref name="Brown" />A na-akọwakarị akwụkwọ ozi popu nke machibidoro omume a dị ka mmachibido iwu megide dissection mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Park|first=Katharine|date=1995|title=The Life of the Corpse: Division and Dissection in Late Medieval Europe|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24623559|journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences|volume=50|issue=1|pages=111–132|doi=10.1093/jhmas/50.1.111|issn=0022-5045|pmid=7876528}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike igbochi nchọpụta anatomical, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị anatomists tụrụ egwu mmetụta na ntaramahụhụ n'ihi nyocha ahụike, mana De Sepulturis machibidoro omume ''Mos Teutonicus,'' ọ bụghị dissection n'ozuzu (a maara ndị dọkịta oge ochie na-eme dissection na autopsy n'ọtụtụ ebe, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nwere onye enyemaka na-eme n'ezie ọkpụkpụ na njikwa nke ozu ).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walsh|first=J. J.|date=January 1904|title=The Popes and the History of Anatomy|journal=Medical Library and Historical Journal|volume=2|issue=1|pages=10–28|issn=0898-1868|pmid=18340817}}</ref> Omume nke Mos Teutonicus mechara kwụsị na narị afọ nke iri na ise. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Weiss-Krejci|first=Estella|date=December 2001|title=Restless corpses: 'secondary burial' in the Babenberg and Habsburg dynasties|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X00089274/type/journal_article|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=75|issue=290|pages=769–780|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00089274|issn=0003-598X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWeiss-Krejci2001">Weiss-Krejci, Estella (December 2001). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X00089274/type/journal_article "Restless corpses: 'secondary burial' in the Babenberg and Habsburg dynasties"]. ''Antiquity''. '''75''' (290): <span class="nowrap">769–</span>780. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0003598X00089274|10.1017/S0003598X00089274]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X 0003-598X]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161843486 161843486].</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Mkpụrụ ndụ Mkpụrụ Obi == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 05f89qeg9egyv7vwpy13ny8dch328b7 674047 674046 2026-07-08T12:04:32Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Mmachibido iwu */ fixed reference errors 674047 wikitext text/x-wiki Mos Teutoncus (English: German omenala) ma ọ bụ nke a na-eme ihe Mos Gallicus (English: ) [1] bụ omenala olili ozu nke a na'oge ndị nwụrụ anwụ nke a na Europe n'oge etiti dị ka ụzọ isi buru, ma ndị ozu ndị nọ n'azụ dị elu.  Ndị a ma ama ga-enwekarị Mos Teutonicus ma ọ bụrụ na ebe olili ha dị anya site n'ebe ha nwụrụ.[2]  Usoro a anụ anụ ahụ n'ahụ, ka e wee nwee ike ibuga ọkpụkpụ onye nwụrụ anwụ n'ụzọ dị ọcha site n'ala ndị dị anya n'ike n'ike..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Frost|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Frost (minister)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872115351|title=Incarnate: the body of Christ in an age of disengagement|date=10 February 2014|isbn=978-0-8308-8405-6|location=Downers Grove, IL|oclc=872115351}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == N'oge Middle Ages, ndị a ma ama na-anwụ mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe dị anya site n'ebe ha mmetụta ka e lie ha.[1]  Ha na-achọkarị ka e lie obi ha n'ala nna ha, n'ihi ya, ozu ha ga-aga ebe dị anya.[2]  Emperor Charlemagne ihe ozu ọkụ, na-ewere nke ọkpụkpụ dị ka ihe nke mmetụta obi.  Onye ọ kụkụkụkụ ọkụ ga-anata ụgwọ.[3]  N'ihi ya, omume nke Mos Teutonicus bịara dị ka ụzọ isi ọgụ ọkpụkpụ n'ebe dị anya n'aka ka ha bibie.  [4].  [1] Ihe atụ ndị a ma ama bụ Ọpụpụ ndị sitere na usoro ndị eze Ottonian na Salian nke a na- misali ndị ahụ ebe a na-eli ozu dị anya site n'ebe ha nwụrụ..<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Scorrano|first=Gabriele|date=2017-09-01|title=The tale of Henry VII: a multidisciplinary approach to determining the post-mortem practice|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4|journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences|language=en|volume=9|issue=6|pages=1215–1222|doi=10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4|issn=1866-9565}}</ref> N'oge Agha Ntụte nke obodo maka Ala Nsọ, echeghị na ọ dị mma ka e lie ndị isi n'ebe dị anya site n'ala nna ha n' egwuregwu Ndị egwuregwu.[1]  Ibuga ahụ dum n'ebe dị anya bụ ihe na- ike uru na ihe na-adịghị ọcha n'ihi ire ure.  Mos Teutonicus juputara na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, dịka gburugburu ifufe Mediterenian, ebe ọ bụ na ahụ na-emebi ngwa ngwa..<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Weiss-Krejci|first=Estella|date=December 2001|title=Restless corpses: 'secondary burial' in the Babenberg and Habsburg dynasties|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X00089274/type/journal_article|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=75|issue=290|pages=769–780|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00089274|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> Ndị isi Germany nwere ihe mmemme na olili ozu ime n'Ala Nsọ, kama n'ala ha.[1]  Onye na-ede ihe mere eme nke Florentine bụ Boncompagno bụ onye mmalite usoro ahụ kpọmkwem na ndị isi Germany, ma ịkpọ okwu Mos Teutonikos, nke rep 'omenala German'.[note 1] Ndị isi ndị England na ndị France na-ahọrọ ịgbasi ozu karịa {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}}, nke gụnyere ili eriri afọ na obi n'ebe dị iche site na ozu ahụ.<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Otu n'ime uru nke {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}} bụ na ọ dị ọnụ ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịgbasi ozu, ma dị ọcha karị.<ref name="Westerhof" /> Nchekwa ozu bụ ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị mmadụ. <ref name="Brown">{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Elizabeth A. R.|year=1981|title=Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse|journal=Viator|volume=XII|pages=223 to 270}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrown1981">Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (1981). "Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse". ''Viator''. '''XII'''. UCLA: Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies: 223 to 270.</cite></ref> A na-ahụ ahụ na-ere ure dị ka onye nnọchi anya ihe mmehie na ihe ọjọọ.<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Embalming na {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}}, tinyere ihe oyiyi ili, bụ ụzọ isi nye ozu echiche efu nke stasis ma wepụ onyinyo na-adịghị mma nke ire ure na ire ure.<ref name="Westerhof" /> [[Faịlụ:Crâne_présenté_comme_étant_celui_de_Louis_IX.jpg|alt=A human skull with a crown in a niche. Outside of the niche, two angel putti hold a marble plate inscribed 'Ex Ossibus / Sanctus Ludovicus Rex Francorum / Louis XI - Roi de France / Mort à Carthage le 25 août 1270 / Huitième Croisade / Ora Pro Nobis'.|thumb|Okpokoro isi nke Louis nke Itoolu na Saint-Laurent-du-Var, France]] N'afọ 1270, ozu Eze Louis nke Itoolu, onye nwụrụ na Tunis, nke bụ ala ndị obodo, nọ n'okpuru usoro nke Mos Teutoncus maka ibughachi ya na France..<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Usoro == Usoro nke Mos Teutonikọs gosiri site napụ ozu ahụ [1] iji mee ka ọ sie mfe na usoro ahụ, ebe a na-esi otu ahụ na mmiri, mmiri ara ehi, ma ọ bụ mmanya [2] ruo ọtụtụ awa.[3]  Ịsa ahụ nwere ikike nke ikewapụ anụ ahụ na ọkpụkpụ.  A ụgbọ mmiri obi na eriri afọ iji nye nhọrọ maka mbufe nke ọkpụkpụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị.[4]  A na-ụka ihe ọ lara njọ n'ọkpụkpụ ahụ, na-ewepụ ọkpụkpụ dị ọcha.[3]  Enwere ike ili anụ ahụ na ahụ ahụ dị n'ime ike, ma ọ bụ jiri nnu njikere ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ anụmanụ.[1]  Mgbe ahụ, a ire iji ihe na-esi ụtọ ma ọ bụ ihe na-esure ụtọ wụsa ahụ.[2]  A ga-eweghachi ọkpụkpụ na anụ ọ gbara mbọ n'ala nna onye nwụrụ anwụ maka olili ozu.<ref name="Schafer">{{Cite journal|author=Schäfer|first=Dietrich|year=1920|title=Mittelalter Brauch bei Der Überführung von Leichen|journal=Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaftler|volume=XXVI|pages=478–489}}</ref> Ndị obodo oge ochie na-ewere afọ dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma <ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> ma ọ nweghị nnukwu ememe na-emetụta ha, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị isi Germany. <ref name="Schafer" /> == Mmachibido iwu == Ọ bụ ezie na Chọọchị ahụ nwere nkwanye ùgwù dị elu maka omume ahụ, a maara Popu Boniface nke Asatọ dị ka onye na-asọ ''Mos Teutonicus'' oyi n'ụzọ pụrụ iche n'ihi echiche ya nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe.<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi ya nke 1299, De Sepulturis, Boniface machibidoro omume ahụ.<ref name="Brown" />A na-akọwakarị akwụkwọ ozi popu nke machibidoro omume a dị ka mmachibido iwu megide dissection mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Park|first=Katharine|date=1995|title=The Life of the Corpse: Division and Dissection in Late Medieval Europe|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24623559|journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences|volume=50|issue=1|pages=111–132|doi=10.1093/jhmas/50.1.111|issn=0022-5045|pmid=7876528}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike igbochi nchọpụta anatomical, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị anatomists tụrụ egwu mmetụta na ntaramahụhụ n'ihi nyocha ahụike, mana De Sepulturis machibidoro omume ''Mos Teutonicus,'' ọ bụghị dissection n'ozuzu (a maara ndị dọkịta oge ochie na-eme dissection na autopsy n'ọtụtụ ebe, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nwere onye enyemaka na-eme n'ezie ọkpụkpụ na njikwa nke ozu ).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walsh|first=J. J.|date=January 1904|title=The Popes and the History of Anatomy|journal=Medical Library and Historical Journal|volume=2|issue=1|pages=10–28|issn=0898-1868|pmid=18340817}}</ref> Omume nke Mos Teutonicus mechara kwụsị na narị afọ nke iri na ise. <ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == * Mkpụrụ ndụ Mkpụrụ Obi == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 99obu62lu1nm9lbwz14gjs8ozlch90d 674048 674047 2026-07-08T12:05:47Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga */ fixed reference errors 674048 wikitext text/x-wiki Mos Teutoncus (English: German omenala) ma ọ bụ nke a na-eme ihe Mos Gallicus (English: ) [1] bụ omenala olili ozu nke a na'oge ndị nwụrụ anwụ nke a na Europe n'oge etiti dị ka ụzọ isi buru, ma ndị ozu ndị nọ n'azụ dị elu.  Ndị a ma ama ga-enwekarị Mos Teutonicus ma ọ bụrụ na ebe olili ha dị anya site n'ebe ha nwụrụ.[2]  Usoro a anụ anụ ahụ n'ahụ, ka e wee nwee ike ibuga ọkpụkpụ onye nwụrụ anwụ n'ụzọ dị ọcha site n'ala ndị dị anya n'ike n'ike..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Frost|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Frost (minister)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872115351|title=Incarnate: the body of Christ in an age of disengagement|date=10 February 2014|isbn=978-0-8308-8405-6|location=Downers Grove, IL|oclc=872115351}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == N'oge Middle Ages, ndị a ma ama na-anwụ mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe dị anya site n'ebe ha mmetụta ka e lie ha.[1]  Ha na-achọkarị ka e lie obi ha n'ala nna ha, n'ihi ya, ozu ha ga-aga ebe dị anya.[2]  Emperor Charlemagne ihe ozu ọkụ, na-ewere nke ọkpụkpụ dị ka ihe nke mmetụta obi.  Onye ọ kụkụkụkụ ọkụ ga-anata ụgwọ.[3]  N'ihi ya, omume nke Mos Teutonicus bịara dị ka ụzọ isi ọgụ ọkpụkpụ n'ebe dị anya n'aka ka ha bibie.  [4].  [1] Ihe atụ ndị a ma ama bụ Ọpụpụ ndị sitere na usoro ndị eze Ottonian na Salian nke a na- misali ndị ahụ ebe a na-eli ozu dị anya site n'ebe ha nwụrụ..<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Scorrano|first=Gabriele|date=2017-09-01|title=The tale of Henry VII: a multidisciplinary approach to determining the post-mortem practice|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4|journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences|language=en|volume=9|issue=6|pages=1215–1222|doi=10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4|issn=1866-9565}}</ref> N'oge Agha Ntụte nke obodo maka Ala Nsọ, echeghị na ọ dị mma ka e lie ndị isi n'ebe dị anya site n'ala nna ha n' egwuregwu Ndị egwuregwu.[1]  Ibuga ahụ dum n'ebe dị anya bụ ihe na- ike uru na ihe na-adịghị ọcha n'ihi ire ure.  Mos Teutonicus juputara na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, dịka gburugburu ifufe Mediterenian, ebe ọ bụ na ahụ na-emebi ngwa ngwa..<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Weiss-Krejci|first=Estella|date=December 2001|title=Restless corpses: 'secondary burial' in the Babenberg and Habsburg dynasties|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X00089274/type/journal_article|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=75|issue=290|pages=769–780|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00089274|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> Ndị isi Germany nwere ihe mmemme na olili ozu ime n'Ala Nsọ, kama n'ala ha.[1]  Onye na-ede ihe mere eme nke Florentine bụ Boncompagno bụ onye mmalite usoro ahụ kpọmkwem na ndị isi Germany, ma ịkpọ okwu Mos Teutonikos, nke rep 'omenala German'.[note 1] Ndị isi ndị England na ndị France na-ahọrọ ịgbasi ozu karịa {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}}, nke gụnyere ili eriri afọ na obi n'ebe dị iche site na ozu ahụ.<ref name="Westerhof" />Otu n'ime uru nke {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}} bụ na ọ dị ọnụ ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịgbasi ozu, ma dị ọcha karị.<ref name="Westerhof" /> Nchekwa ozu bụ ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị mmadụ. <ref name="Brown">{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Elizabeth A. R.|year=1981|title=Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse|journal=Viator|volume=XII|pages=223 to 270}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrown1981">Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (1981). "Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse". ''Viator''. '''XII'''. UCLA: Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies: 223 to 270.</cite></ref> A na-ahụ ahụ na-ere ure dị ka onye nnọchi anya ihe mmehie na ihe ọjọọ.<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Embalming na {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}}, tinyere ihe oyiyi ili, bụ ụzọ isi nye ozu echiche efu nke stasis ma wepụ onyinyo na-adịghị mma nke ire ure na ire ure.<ref name="Westerhof" /> [[Faịlụ:Crâne_présenté_comme_étant_celui_de_Louis_IX.jpg|alt=A human skull with a crown in a niche. Outside of the niche, two angel putti hold a marble plate inscribed 'Ex Ossibus / Sanctus Ludovicus Rex Francorum / Louis XI - Roi de France / Mort à Carthage le 25 août 1270 / Huitième Croisade / Ora Pro Nobis'.|thumb|Okpokoro isi nke Louis nke Itoolu na Saint-Laurent-du-Var, France]] N'afọ 1270, ozu Eze Louis nke Itoolu, onye nwụrụ na Tunis, nke bụ ala ndị obodo, nọ n'okpuru usoro nke Mos Teutoncus maka ibughachi ya na France..<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Usoro == Usoro nke Mos Teutonikọs gosiri site napụ ozu ahụ [1] iji mee ka ọ sie mfe na usoro ahụ, ebe a na-esi otu ahụ na mmiri, mmiri ara ehi, ma ọ bụ mmanya [2] ruo ọtụtụ awa.[3]  Ịsa ahụ nwere ikike nke ikewapụ anụ ahụ na ọkpụkpụ.  A ụgbọ mmiri obi na eriri afọ iji nye nhọrọ maka mbufe nke ọkpụkpụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị.[4]  A na-ụka ihe ọ lara njọ n'ọkpụkpụ ahụ, na-ewepụ ọkpụkpụ dị ọcha.[3]  Enwere ike ili anụ ahụ na ahụ ahụ dị n'ime ike, ma ọ bụ jiri nnu njikere ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ anụmanụ.[1]  Mgbe ahụ, a ire iji ihe na-esi ụtọ ma ọ bụ ihe na-esure ụtọ wụsa ahụ.[2]  A ga-eweghachi ọkpụkpụ na anụ ọ gbara mbọ n'ala nna onye nwụrụ anwụ maka olili ozu.<ref name="Schafer">{{Cite journal|author=Schäfer|first=Dietrich|year=1920|title=Mittelalter Brauch bei Der Überführung von Leichen|journal=Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaftler|volume=XXVI|pages=478–489}}</ref> Ndị obodo oge ochie na-ewere afọ dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma <ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> ma ọ nweghị nnukwu ememe na-emetụta ha, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị isi Germany. <ref name="Schafer" /> == Mmachibido iwu == Ọ bụ ezie na Chọọchị ahụ nwere nkwanye ùgwù dị elu maka omume ahụ, a maara Popu Boniface nke Asatọ dị ka onye na-asọ ''Mos Teutonicus'' oyi n'ụzọ pụrụ iche n'ihi echiche ya nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe.<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi ya nke 1299, De Sepulturis, Boniface machibidoro omume ahụ.<ref name="Brown" />A na-akọwakarị akwụkwọ ozi popu nke machibidoro omume a dị ka mmachibido iwu megide dissection mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Park|first=Katharine|date=1995|title=The Life of the Corpse: Division and Dissection in Late Medieval Europe|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24623559|journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences|volume=50|issue=1|pages=111–132|doi=10.1093/jhmas/50.1.111|issn=0022-5045|pmid=7876528}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike igbochi nchọpụta anatomical, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị anatomists tụrụ egwu mmetụta na ntaramahụhụ n'ihi nyocha ahụike, mana De Sepulturis machibidoro omume ''Mos Teutonicus,'' ọ bụghị dissection n'ozuzu (a maara ndị dọkịta oge ochie na-eme dissection na autopsy n'ọtụtụ ebe, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nwere onye enyemaka na-eme n'ezie ọkpụkpụ na njikwa nke ozu ).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walsh|first=J. J.|date=January 1904|title=The Popes and the History of Anatomy|journal=Medical Library and Historical Journal|volume=2|issue=1|pages=10–28|issn=0898-1868|pmid=18340817}}</ref> Omume nke Mos Teutonicus mechara kwụsị na narị afọ nke iri na ise. <ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == * Mkpụrụ ndụ Mkpụrụ Obi == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} kjj9s2iithsjoe21hy8oqqnen7qpr1v 674049 674048 2026-07-08T12:07:16Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga */ fixed reference errors 674049 wikitext text/x-wiki Mos Teutoncus (English: German omenala) ma ọ bụ nke a na-eme ihe Mos Gallicus (English: ) [1] bụ omenala olili ozu nke a na'oge ndị nwụrụ anwụ nke a na Europe n'oge etiti dị ka ụzọ isi buru, ma ndị ozu ndị nọ n'azụ dị elu.  Ndị a ma ama ga-enwekarị Mos Teutonicus ma ọ bụrụ na ebe olili ha dị anya site n'ebe ha nwụrụ.[2]  Usoro a anụ anụ ahụ n'ahụ, ka e wee nwee ike ibuga ọkpụkpụ onye nwụrụ anwụ n'ụzọ dị ọcha site n'ala ndị dị anya n'ike n'ike..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Frost|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Frost (minister)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872115351|title=Incarnate: the body of Christ in an age of disengagement|date=10 February 2014|isbn=978-0-8308-8405-6|location=Downers Grove, IL|oclc=872115351}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == N'oge Middle Ages, ndị a ma ama na-anwụ mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe dị anya site n'ebe ha mmetụta ka e lie ha.[1]  Ha na-achọkarị ka e lie obi ha n'ala nna ha, n'ihi ya, ozu ha ga-aga ebe dị anya.[2]  Emperor Charlemagne ihe ozu ọkụ, na-ewere nke ọkpụkpụ dị ka ihe nke mmetụta obi.  Onye ọ kụkụkụkụ ọkụ ga-anata ụgwọ.[3]  N'ihi ya, omume nke Mos Teutonicus bịara dị ka ụzọ isi ọgụ ọkpụkpụ n'ebe dị anya n'aka ka ha bibie.  [4].  [1] Ihe atụ ndị a ma ama bụ Ọpụpụ ndị sitere na usoro ndị eze Ottonian na Salian nke a na- misali ndị ahụ ebe a na-eli ozu dị anya site n'ebe ha nwụrụ..<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Scorrano|first=Gabriele|date=2017-09-01|title=The tale of Henry VII: a multidisciplinary approach to determining the post-mortem practice|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4|journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences|language=en|volume=9|issue=6|pages=1215–1222|doi=10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4|issn=1866-9565}}</ref> N'oge Agha Ntụte nke obodo maka Ala Nsọ, echeghị na ọ dị mma ka e lie ndị isi n'ebe dị anya site n'ala nna ha n' egwuregwu Ndị egwuregwu.[1]  Ibuga ahụ dum n'ebe dị anya bụ ihe na- ike uru na ihe na-adịghị ọcha n'ihi ire ure.  Mos Teutonicus juputara na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, dịka gburugburu ifufe Mediterenian, ebe ọ bụ na ahụ na-emebi ngwa ngwa..<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Weiss-Krejci|first=Estella|date=December 2001|title=Restless corpses: 'secondary burial' in the Babenberg and Habsburg dynasties|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X00089274/type/journal_article|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=75|issue=290|pages=769–780|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00089274|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> Ndị isi Germany nwere ihe mmemme na olili ozu ime n'Ala Nsọ, kama n'ala ha.[1]  Onye na-ede ihe mere eme nke Florentine bụ Boncompagno bụ onye mmalite usoro ahụ kpọmkwem na ndị isi Germany, ma ịkpọ okwu Mos Teutonikos, nke rep 'omenala German'.[note 1] Ndị isi ndị England na ndị France na-ahọrọ ịgbasi ozu karịa {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}}, nke gụnyere ili eriri afọ na obi n'ebe dị iche site na ozu ahụ.<ref name="Westerhof" />Otu n'ime uru nke {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}} bụ na ọ dị ọnụ ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịgbasi ozu, ma dị ọcha karị.<ref name="Westerhof" /> Nchekwa ozu bụ ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị mmadụ. <ref name="Brown">{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Elizabeth A. R.|year=1981|title=Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse|journal=Viator|volume=XII|pages=223 to 270}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrown1981">Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (1981). "Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse". ''Viator''. '''XII'''. UCLA: Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies: 223 to 270.</cite></ref> A na-ahụ ahụ na-ere ure dị ka onye nnọchi anya ihe mmehie na ihe ọjọọ.<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Embalming na {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}}, tinyere ihe oyiyi ili, bụ ụzọ isi nye ozu echiche efu nke stasis ma wepụ onyinyo na-adịghị mma nke ire ure na ire ure.<ref name="Westerhof" /> [[Faịlụ:Crâne_présenté_comme_étant_celui_de_Louis_IX.jpg|alt=A human skull with a crown in a niche. Outside of the niche, two angel putti hold a marble plate inscribed 'Ex Ossibus / Sanctus Ludovicus Rex Francorum / Louis XI - Roi de France / Mort à Carthage le 25 août 1270 / Huitième Croisade / Ora Pro Nobis'.|thumb|Okpokoro isi nke Louis nke Itoolu na Saint-Laurent-du-Var, France]] N'afọ 1270, ozu Eze Louis nke Itoolu, onye nwụrụ na Tunis, nke bụ ala ndị obodo, nọ n'okpuru usoro nke Mos Teutoncus maka ibughachi ya na France..<ref name="Westerhof" /> == Usoro == Usoro nke Mos Teutonikọs gosiri site napụ ozu ahụ [1] iji mee ka ọ sie mfe na usoro ahụ, ebe a na-esi otu ahụ na mmiri, mmiri ara ehi, ma ọ bụ mmanya [2] ruo ọtụtụ awa.[3]  Ịsa ahụ nwere ikike nke ikewapụ anụ ahụ na ọkpụkpụ.  A ụgbọ mmiri obi na eriri afọ iji nye nhọrọ maka mbufe nke ọkpụkpụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị.[4]  A na-ụka ihe ọ lara njọ n'ọkpụkpụ ahụ, na-ewepụ ọkpụkpụ dị ọcha.[3]  Enwere ike ili anụ ahụ na ahụ ahụ dị n'ime ike, ma ọ bụ jiri nnu njikere ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ anụmanụ.[1]  Mgbe ahụ, a ire iji ihe na-esi ụtọ ma ọ bụ ihe na-esure ụtọ wụsa ahụ.[2]  A ga-eweghachi ọkpụkpụ na anụ ọ gbara mbọ n'ala nna onye nwụrụ anwụ maka olili ozu.<ref name="Schafer">{{Cite journal|author=Schäfer|first=Dietrich|year=1920|title=Mittelalter Brauch bei Der Überführung von Leichen|journal=Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaftler|volume=XXVI|pages=478–489}}</ref> Ndị obodo oge ochie na-ewere afọ dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma <ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> ma ọ nweghị nnukwu ememe na-emetụta ha, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị isi Germany. <ref name="Schafer" /> == Mmachibido iwu == Ọ bụ ezie na Chọọchị ahụ nwere nkwanye ùgwù dị elu maka omume ahụ, a maara Popu Boniface nke Asatọ dị ka onye na-asọ ''Mos Teutonicus'' oyi n'ụzọ pụrụ iche n'ihi echiche ya nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe.<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi ya nke 1299, De Sepulturis, Boniface machibidoro omume ahụ.<ref name="Brown" />A na-akọwakarị akwụkwọ ozi popu nke machibidoro omume a dị ka mmachibido iwu megide dissection mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Park|first=Katharine|date=1995|title=The Life of the Corpse: Division and Dissection in Late Medieval Europe|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24623559|journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences|volume=50|issue=1|pages=111–132|doi=10.1093/jhmas/50.1.111|issn=0022-5045|pmid=7876528}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike igbochi nchọpụta anatomical, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị anatomists tụrụ egwu mmetụta na ntaramahụhụ n'ihi nyocha ahụike, mana De Sepulturis machibidoro omume ''Mos Teutonicus,'' ọ bụghị dissection n'ozuzu (a maara ndị dọkịta oge ochie na-eme dissection na autopsy n'ọtụtụ ebe, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nwere onye enyemaka na-eme n'ezie ọkpụkpụ na njikwa nke ozu ).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walsh|first=J. J.|date=January 1904|title=The Popes and the History of Anatomy|journal=Medical Library and Historical Journal|volume=2|issue=1|pages=10–28|issn=0898-1868|pmid=18340817}}</ref> Omume nke Mos Teutonicus mechara kwụsị na narị afọ nke iri na ise. <ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == * Mkpụrụ ndụ Mkpụrụ Obi == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} eukg4skc59x3rubg64qp794md938sc8 674050 674049 2026-07-08T12:09:03Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Mmachibido iwu */ fixed reference errors 674050 wikitext text/x-wiki Mos Teutoncus (English: German omenala) ma ọ bụ nke a na-eme ihe Mos Gallicus (English: ) [1] bụ omenala olili ozu nke a na'oge ndị nwụrụ anwụ nke a na Europe n'oge etiti dị ka ụzọ isi buru, ma ndị ozu ndị nọ n'azụ dị elu.  Ndị a ma ama ga-enwekarị Mos Teutonicus ma ọ bụrụ na ebe olili ha dị anya site n'ebe ha nwụrụ.[2]  Usoro a anụ anụ ahụ n'ahụ, ka e wee nwee ike ibuga ọkpụkpụ onye nwụrụ anwụ n'ụzọ dị ọcha site n'ala ndị dị anya n'ike n'ike..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Frost|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Frost (minister)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872115351|title=Incarnate: the body of Christ in an age of disengagement|date=10 February 2014|isbn=978-0-8308-8405-6|location=Downers Grove, IL|oclc=872115351}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == N'oge Middle Ages, ndị a ma ama na-anwụ mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe dị anya site n'ebe ha mmetụta ka e lie ha.[1]  Ha na-achọkarị ka e lie obi ha n'ala nna ha, n'ihi ya, ozu ha ga-aga ebe dị anya.[2]  Emperor Charlemagne ihe ozu ọkụ, na-ewere nke ọkpụkpụ dị ka ihe nke mmetụta obi.  Onye ọ kụkụkụkụ ọkụ ga-anata ụgwọ.[3]  N'ihi ya, omume nke Mos Teutonicus bịara dị ka ụzọ isi ọgụ ọkpụkpụ n'ebe dị anya n'aka ka ha bibie.  [4].  [1] Ihe atụ ndị a ma ama bụ Ọpụpụ ndị sitere na usoro ndị eze Ottonian na Salian nke a na- misali ndị ahụ ebe a na-eli ozu dị anya site n'ebe ha nwụrụ..<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Scorrano|first=Gabriele|date=2017-09-01|title=The tale of Henry VII: a multidisciplinary approach to determining the post-mortem practice|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4|journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences|language=en|volume=9|issue=6|pages=1215–1222|doi=10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4|issn=1866-9565}}</ref> N'oge Agha Ntụte nke obodo maka Ala Nsọ, echeghị na ọ dị mma ka e lie ndị isi n'ebe dị anya site n'ala nna ha n' egwuregwu Ndị egwuregwu.[1]  Ibuga ahụ dum n'ebe dị anya bụ ihe na- ike uru na ihe na-adịghị ọcha n'ihi ire ure.  Mos Teutonicus juputara na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, dịka gburugburu ifufe Mediterenian, ebe ọ bụ na ahụ na-emebi ngwa ngwa..<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Weiss-Krejci|first=Estella|date=December 2001|title=Restless corpses: 'secondary burial' in the Babenberg and Habsburg dynasties|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X00089274/type/journal_article|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=75|issue=290|pages=769–780|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00089274|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> Ndị isi Germany nwere ihe mmemme na olili ozu ime n'Ala Nsọ, kama n'ala ha.[1]  Onye na-ede ihe mere eme nke Florentine bụ Boncompagno bụ onye mmalite usoro ahụ kpọmkwem na ndị isi Germany, ma ịkpọ okwu Mos Teutonikos, nke rep 'omenala German'.[note 1] Ndị isi ndị England na ndị France na-ahọrọ ịgbasi ozu karịa {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}}, nke gụnyere ili eriri afọ na obi n'ebe dị iche site na ozu ahụ.<ref name="Westerhof" />Otu n'ime uru nke {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}} bụ na ọ dị ọnụ ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịgbasi ozu, ma dị ọcha karị.<ref name="Westerhof" /> Nchekwa ozu bụ ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị mmadụ. <ref name="Brown">{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Elizabeth A. R.|year=1981|title=Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse|journal=Viator|volume=XII|pages=223 to 270}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrown1981">Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (1981). "Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse". ''Viator''. '''XII'''. UCLA: Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies: 223 to 270.</cite></ref> A na-ahụ ahụ na-ere ure dị ka onye nnọchi anya ihe mmehie na ihe ọjọọ.<ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Embalming na {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Mos Teutonicus}}, tinyere ihe oyiyi ili, bụ ụzọ isi nye ozu echiche efu nke stasis ma wepụ onyinyo na-adịghị mma nke ire ure na ire ure.<ref name="Westerhof" /> [[Faịlụ:Crâne_présenté_comme_étant_celui_de_Louis_IX.jpg|alt=A human skull with a crown in a niche. Outside of the niche, two angel putti hold a marble plate inscribed 'Ex Ossibus / Sanctus Ludovicus Rex Francorum / Louis XI - Roi de France / Mort à Carthage le 25 août 1270 / Huitième Croisade / Ora Pro Nobis'.|thumb|Okpokoro isi nke Louis nke Itoolu na Saint-Laurent-du-Var, France]] N'afọ 1270, ozu Eze Louis nke Itoolu, onye nwụrụ na Tunis, nke bụ ala ndị obodo, nọ n'okpuru usoro nke Mos Teutoncus maka ibughachi ya na France..<ref name="Westerhof" /> == Usoro == Usoro nke Mos Teutonikọs gosiri site napụ ozu ahụ [1] iji mee ka ọ sie mfe na usoro ahụ, ebe a na-esi otu ahụ na mmiri, mmiri ara ehi, ma ọ bụ mmanya [2] ruo ọtụtụ awa.[3]  Ịsa ahụ nwere ikike nke ikewapụ anụ ahụ na ọkpụkpụ.  A ụgbọ mmiri obi na eriri afọ iji nye nhọrọ maka mbufe nke ọkpụkpụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị.[4]  A na-ụka ihe ọ lara njọ n'ọkpụkpụ ahụ, na-ewepụ ọkpụkpụ dị ọcha.[3]  Enwere ike ili anụ ahụ na ahụ ahụ dị n'ime ike, ma ọ bụ jiri nnu njikere ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ anụmanụ.[1]  Mgbe ahụ, a ire iji ihe na-esi ụtọ ma ọ bụ ihe na-esure ụtọ wụsa ahụ.[2]  A ga-eweghachi ọkpụkpụ na anụ ọ gbara mbọ n'ala nna onye nwụrụ anwụ maka olili ozu.<ref name="Schafer">{{Cite journal|author=Schäfer|first=Dietrich|year=1920|title=Mittelalter Brauch bei Der Überführung von Leichen|journal=Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaftler|volume=XXVI|pages=478–489}}</ref> Ndị obodo oge ochie na-ewere afọ dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma <ref name="Westerhof">{{Cite book|author=Westerhof|title=Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England|publisher=Boydell Press|date=October 16, 2008|isbn=978-1843834168}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWesterhof2008">Westerhof (October 16, 2008). ''Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England''. Boydell Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1843834168|<bdi>978-1843834168</bdi>]].</cite></ref> ma ọ nweghị nnukwu ememe na-emetụta ha, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị isi Germany. <ref name="Schafer" /> == Mmachibido iwu == Ọ bụ ezie na Chọọchị ahụ nwere nkwanye ùgwù dị elu maka omume ahụ, a maara Popu Boniface nke Asatọ dị ka onye na-asọ ''Mos Teutonicus'' oyi n'ụzọ pụrụ iche n'ihi echiche ya nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe.<ref name="Westerhof" /> N'akwụkwọ ozi ya nke 1299, De Sepulturis, Boniface machibidoro omume ahụ.<ref name="Brown" />A na-akọwakarị akwụkwọ ozi popu nke machibidoro omume a dị ka mmachibido iwu megide dissection mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Park|first=Katharine|date=1995|title=The Life of the Corpse: Division and Dissection in Late Medieval Europe|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24623559|journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences|volume=50|issue=1|pages=111–132|doi=10.1093/jhmas/50.1.111|issn=0022-5045|pmid=7876528}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike igbochi nchọpụta anatomical, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị anatomists tụrụ egwu mmetụta na ntaramahụhụ n'ihi nyocha ahụike, mana De Sepulturis machibidoro omume ''Mos Teutonicus,'' ọ bụghị dissection n'ozuzu (a maara ndị dọkịta oge ochie na-eme dissection na autopsy n'ọtụtụ ebe, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nwere onye enyemaka na-eme n'ezie ọkpụkpụ na njikwa nke ozu ).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walsh|first=J. J.|date=January 1904|title=The Popes and the History of Anatomy|journal=Medical Library and Historical Journal|volume=2|issue=1|pages=10–28|issn=0898-1868|pmid=18340817}}</ref> Omume nke Mos Teutonicus mechara kwụsị na narị afọ nke iri na ise. <ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == * Mkpụrụ ndụ Mkpụrụ Obi == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} m6l99gyh025wybhg9xl0mslu0x52gpo 0 57735 674233 345895 2026-07-08T19:41:07Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ọrụ Ya */ 674233 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:ד"ר_מרים_פרוינד_רוזנטל.jpg|thumb|Miriam Freund-Rosenthal]] '''Miriam Kottler Freund-Rosenthal''' (1906 - Jenụwarị 16, 1999) bụụrụ onye ndú obodo na mba America, nke a maara nke ọma maka ihe ntinye ya gasị dị ka onye isi oche nke Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Freund-Rosenthal na Brooklyn na Jenụwarị 1, 1906, [na-emegiderịta onwe ya] ma zụlite ya na Harlem na Perth Amboy, New Jersey.<ref name="NYTimesObit">{{Cite news|author=Pace|first=Eric|date=1999-01-22|title=Miriam Freund-Rosenthal, 92, Zionist Leader|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/22/us/miriam-freund-rosenthal-92-zionist-leader.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2016-05-03}}</ref>  Nwa Harry Kottler na Rebecca Zindler, onye òtù ụmụ nwanyị Zionist mbụ na East Side, ndị (Ada Zion) Daughters of Zion . <ref name="jwa">{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/freund-rosenthal-miriam|title=Miriam Freund-Rosenthal|author=Bell|first=Roselyn|date=2009-03-01|work=[[Jewish Women's Archive]]|accessdate=2016-06-05}}</ref> Ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na Hunter College n'afọ 1925, wee gaa n'ihu nweta nzere masta na nzere ọkankuzi ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke America na Mahadum New York n'afọ 1935, ebe ọ sonyeere òtù [[Alpha Epsilon Phi]] . <ref name="NYTimesObit" /> <ref name="AEP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aephi.org/story/default.asp?page=famous_phis|title=Alpha Epsilon Phi – Famous Phis|publisher=Alpha Epsilon Phi|accessdate=2007-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929164201/http://www.aephi.org/story/default.asp?page=famous_phis|archivedate=2007-09-29}}</ref> N'afọ 1927, ọ lụrụ Milton B. Freund, onye ya na ya mụtara ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Matthew na Harry, tupu ya anwụọ n'ihi nkụchi obi n'afọ 1968. Ọ lụrụ di ọzọ, Harry Rosenthal, onye na-ebubata uwe egwuregwu ụmụ nwoke, n'afọ 1974, ma mesịa kwaga n'ụlọ ya na Saint Paul, Minnesota. <ref name="NYTimesObit">{{Cite news|author=Pace|first=Eric|date=1999-01-22|title=Miriam Freund-Rosenthal, 92, Zionist Leader|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/22/us/miriam-freund-rosenthal-92-zionist-leader.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2016-05-03}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPace1999">Pace, Eric (1999-01-22). [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/22/us/miriam-freund-rosenthal-92-zionist-leader.html "Miriam Freund-Rosenthal, 92, Zionist Leader"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Nuptials">{{Cite news|title=Miriam K. Freund Has Nuptials|date=September 16, 1974|work=New York Times}}</ref><ref name="ChicagoTribuneObit">{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1989/07/30/harry-rosenthal-founded-zionist-summer-camp/|title=Harry Rosenthal Founded Zionist Summer Camp|date=July 30, 1989|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 1999, Freund-Rosenthal nwụrụ na Miami Beach mgbe ọ dị afọ irí itoolu na abụọ. <ref name="NYTimesObit">{{Cite news|author=Pace|first=Eric|date=1999-01-22|title=Miriam Freund-Rosenthal, 92, Zionist Leader|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/22/us/miriam-freund-rosenthal-92-zionist-leader.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2016-05-03}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPace1999">Pace, Eric (1999-01-22). [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/22/us/miriam-freund-rosenthal-92-zionist-leader.html "Miriam Freund-Rosenthal, 92, Zionist Leader"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ Ya == Freund-Rosenthal kụziri na New York City Public Schools afọ iri na ise ruo 1944. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịchịkọta ego iji guzobe Mahadum Brandeis n'afọ 1948. <ref name="NYTimesObit" /> === Hadassah === N'ime ọkara ikpeazụ nke afọ ndị 1930 hà, mgbe njem mbụ ya gaa na Israel gasịrị, a gwara Freund-Rosenthal ka ọ gwa ndị òtù Hadassah okwu banyere nleta ya. N'afọ 1940, a gwara ya ka ọ sonye na ụlọ ọrụ mba nke Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America. Ọ hapụrụ Hadassah n'afọ 1942 tupu ọ gbaa ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze arụkwaghịm ma laghachi Hadassah n'afọ 1943, mgbe ọ ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke American Zionist Youth Commission. N'agbata afọ 1943 na 1956 o nwere ọkwa dị iche iche nke Hadassah National Board gụnyere oche isi oche National Vocational Education, onye isi oche National Youth Aliyah, nakwa osote onye isi oche.<ref name="jwa" /> [[Faịlụ:Moshe_Sharett,_Miriam_Freund,_Louis_Lipsky_&_Nahum_Goldmann,_1960.jpg|thumb|Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: Moshe Sharett, Miriam Freund, Louis Lipsky, na Nahum Goldmann, 1960]] N'afọ 1956, a họpụtara Freund-Rosenthal dịka onye isi oche === Mgbe Hadassah gasịrị === Freund-Rosenthal gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya ka Hadassah gasịrị. Ọ bụ otu onye n'ime ndị guzobere World Bible Society. O weputara akwukwo, "Medicine and the Hebraic Tradition," na 25th International Congress of Orientalists. Mgbe ya na di ya nke abụọ kwagara Saint Paul, o nyere aka mepụta ego agụmakwụkwọ maka National Hadassah. Na ngwụcha afọ iri asatọ ya, ọ butere ụzọ ịhụ maka nchịkọta na ndezi nke A Tapestry of Hadassah Memories, nchịkọta ajụjụ ọnụ na akụkọ nke ndị isi Hadassah.<ref name="jwa">{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/freund-rosenthal-miriam|title=Miriam Freund-Rosenthal|author=Bell|first=Roselyn|date=2009-03-01|work=[[Jewish Women's Archive]]|accessdate=2016-06-05}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBell2009">Bell, Roselyn (2009-03-01). [https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/freund-rosenthal-miriam "Miriam Freund-Rosenthal"]. ''[[Jewish Women's Archive]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-05</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1991, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi America nke International Center for University Teaching of Jewish Civilization . == Akwụkwọ Ya Gasị == * Ndị ahịa ndị Juu na Colonial America (1939).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris|first=Richard B.|date=1941|title=Review of Jewish Merchants in Colonial America; Aaron Lopez and Judah Touro. A Refugee and a Son of a Refugee|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4464406|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=3|issue=2|pages=222–224|issn=0021-6704}}</ref> Thesis doctoral nke Freund-Rosenthal. * Nkume maka okpueze (1963). Banyere windo Chagall na Jerusalem.<ref name="JewelsChagall">{{Cite news|title=Hadassah Gives Library "Jewels for a Crown," On Chagall's Work|publisher=[[The American Israelite]]|date=January 16, 1964|id={{ProQuest|1009408891}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> * ''Na Ndụ M: Ezinụlọ, Obodo, Zaịọn,'' (1989). Akwụkwọ ncheta na anya nostalgic na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Zionist na nso nso a.<ref name="YosefBookReview">{{Cite news|author=Yosef|first=Yaakov|title=An Earlier|publisher=Jerusalem Post|date=1 June 1990|id={{ProQuest|320976745}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> * A Tapestry of Hadassah Memories (1994). Ọ bụ Freund-Rosenthal chịkọtara ya site na ederede na ncheta nke ihe karịrị ndị otu Hadassah 200. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Elliman|first=Wendy|title=Ladies With a Future|publisher=Jerusalem Post|date=11 August 1995|id={{ProQuest|321190309}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://digifindingaids.cjh.org/?pID=2916671 Ntuziaka maka Hadassah Archives on Long-term Deposit] at the American Jewish Historical Society {{Authority control}} 1dejpyldl6tc8n21mjj3bc21h2wnz8q 674234 674233 2026-07-08T19:43:50Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 674234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:ד"ר_מרים_פרוינד_רוזנטל.jpg|thumb|Miriam Freund-Rosenthal]] '''Miriam Kottler Freund-Rosenthal''' (1906 - Jenụwarị 16, 1999) bụụrụ onye ndú obodo na mba America, nke a maara nke ọma maka ihe ntinye ya gasị dị ka onye isi oche nke Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Freund-Rosenthal na Brooklyn na Jenụwarị 1, 1906, [na-emegiderịta onwe ya] ma zụlite ya na Harlem na Perth Amboy, New Jersey.<ref name="NYTimesObit">{{Cite news|author=Pace|first=Eric|date=1999-01-22|title=Miriam Freund-Rosenthal, 92, Zionist Leader|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/22/us/miriam-freund-rosenthal-92-zionist-leader.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2016-05-03}}</ref>  Nwa Harry Kottler na Rebecca Zindler, onye òtù ụmụ nwanyị Zionist mbụ na East Side, ndị (Ada Zion) Daughters of Zion . <ref name="jwa">{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/freund-rosenthal-miriam|title=Miriam Freund-Rosenthal|author=Bell|first=Roselyn|date=2009-03-01|work=[[Jewish Women's Archive]]|accessdate=2016-06-05}}</ref> Ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na Hunter College n'afọ 1925, wee gaa n'ihu nweta nzere masta na nzere ọkankuzi ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke America na Mahadum New York n'afọ 1935, ebe ọ sonyeere òtù [[Alpha Epsilon Phi]] . <ref name="NYTimesObit" /> <ref name="AEP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aephi.org/story/default.asp?page=famous_phis|title=Alpha Epsilon Phi – Famous Phis|publisher=Alpha Epsilon Phi|accessdate=2007-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929164201/http://www.aephi.org/story/default.asp?page=famous_phis|archivedate=2007-09-29}}</ref> N'afọ 1927, ọ lụrụ Milton B. Freund, onye ya na ya mụtara ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Matthew na Harry, tupu ya anwụọ n'ihi nkụchi obi n'afọ 1968. Ọ lụrụ di ọzọ, Harry Rosenthal, onye na-ebubata uwe egwuregwu ụmụ nwoke, n'afọ 1974, ma mesịa kwaga n'ụlọ ya na Saint Paul, Minnesota. <ref name="NYTimesObit">{{Cite news|author=Pace|first=Eric|date=1999-01-22|title=Miriam Freund-Rosenthal, 92, Zionist Leader|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/22/us/miriam-freund-rosenthal-92-zionist-leader.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2016-05-03}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPace1999">Pace, Eric (1999-01-22). [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/22/us/miriam-freund-rosenthal-92-zionist-leader.html "Miriam Freund-Rosenthal, 92, Zionist Leader"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Nuptials">{{Cite news|title=Miriam K. Freund Has Nuptials|date=September 16, 1974|work=New York Times}}</ref><ref name="ChicagoTribuneObit">{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1989/07/30/harry-rosenthal-founded-zionist-summer-camp/|title=Harry Rosenthal Founded Zionist Summer Camp|date=July 30, 1989|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 1999, Freund-Rosenthal nwụrụ na Miami Beach mgbe ọ dị afọ irí itoolu na abụọ. <ref name="NYTimesObit" /> == Ọrụ Ya == Freund-Rosenthal kụziri na New York City Public Schools afọ iri na ise ruo 1944. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịchịkọta ego iji guzobe Mahadum Brandeis n'afọ 1948. <ref name="NYTimesObit" /> === Hadassah === N'ime ọkara ikpeazụ nke afọ ndị 1930 hà, mgbe njem mbụ ya gaa na Israel gasịrị, a gwara Freund-Rosenthal ka ọ gwa ndị òtù Hadassah okwu banyere nleta ya. N'afọ 1940, a gwara ya ka ọ sonye na ụlọ ọrụ mba nke Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America. Ọ hapụrụ Hadassah n'afọ 1942 tupu ọ gbaa ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze arụkwaghịm ma laghachi Hadassah n'afọ 1943, mgbe ọ ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke American Zionist Youth Commission. N'agbata afọ 1943 na 1956 o nwere ọkwa dị iche iche nke Hadassah National Board gụnyere oche isi oche National Vocational Education, onye isi oche National Youth Aliyah, nakwa osote onye isi oche.<ref name="jwa" /> [[Faịlụ:Moshe_Sharett,_Miriam_Freund,_Louis_Lipsky_&_Nahum_Goldmann,_1960.jpg|thumb|Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: Moshe Sharett, Miriam Freund, Louis Lipsky, na Nahum Goldmann, 1960]] N'afọ 1956, a họpụtara Freund-Rosenthal dịka onye isi oche === Mgbe Hadassah gasịrị === Freund-Rosenthal gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya ka Hadassah gasịrị. Ọ bụ otu onye n'ime ndị guzobere World Bible Society. O weputara akwukwo, "Medicine and the Hebraic Tradition," na 25th International Congress of Orientalists. Mgbe ya na di ya nke abụọ kwagara Saint Paul, o nyere aka mepụta ego agụmakwụkwọ maka National Hadassah. Na ngwụcha afọ iri asatọ ya, ọ butere ụzọ ịhụ maka nchịkọta na ndezi nke A Tapestry of Hadassah Memories, nchịkọta ajụjụ ọnụ na akụkọ nke ndị isi Hadassah.<ref name="jwa">{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/freund-rosenthal-miriam|title=Miriam Freund-Rosenthal|author=Bell|first=Roselyn|date=2009-03-01|work=[[Jewish Women's Archive]]|accessdate=2016-06-05}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBell2009">Bell, Roselyn (2009-03-01). [https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/freund-rosenthal-miriam "Miriam Freund-Rosenthal"]. ''[[Jewish Women's Archive]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-05</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1991, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi America nke International Center for University Teaching of Jewish Civilization . == Akwụkwọ Ya Gasị == * Ndị ahịa ndị Juu na Colonial America (1939).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris|first=Richard B.|date=1941|title=Review of Jewish Merchants in Colonial America; Aaron Lopez and Judah Touro. A Refugee and a Son of a Refugee|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4464406|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=3|issue=2|pages=222–224|issn=0021-6704}}</ref> Thesis doctoral nke Freund-Rosenthal. * Nkume maka okpueze (1963). Banyere windo Chagall na Jerusalem.<ref name="JewelsChagall">{{Cite news|title=Hadassah Gives Library "Jewels for a Crown," On Chagall's Work|publisher=[[The American Israelite]]|date=January 16, 1964|id={{ProQuest|1009408891}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> * ''Na Ndụ M: Ezinụlọ, Obodo, Zaịọn,'' (1989). Akwụkwọ ncheta na anya nostalgic na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Zionist na nso nso a.<ref name="YosefBookReview">{{Cite news|author=Yosef|first=Yaakov|title=An Earlier|publisher=Jerusalem Post|date=1 June 1990|id={{ProQuest|320976745}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> * A Tapestry of Hadassah Memories (1994). Ọ bụ Freund-Rosenthal chịkọtara ya site na ederede na ncheta nke ihe karịrị ndị otu Hadassah 200. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Elliman|first=Wendy|title=Ladies With a Future|publisher=Jerusalem Post|date=11 August 1995|id={{ProQuest|321190309}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://digifindingaids.cjh.org/?pID=2916671 Ntuziaka maka Hadassah Archives on Long-term Deposit] at the American Jewish Historical Society {{Authority control}} h3yccf1x9hp24kno9xu1281nxv5u7ts 674235 674234 2026-07-08T19:50:27Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 674235 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:ד"ר_מרים_פרוינד_רוזנטל.jpg|thumb|Miriam Freund-Rosenthal]] '''Miriam Kottler Freund-Rosenthal''' (1906 - Jenụwarị 16, 1999) bụụrụ onye ndú obodo na mba America, nke a maara nke ọma maka ihe ntinye ya gasị dị ka onye isi oche nke Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Freund-Rosenthal na Brooklyn na Jenụwarị 1, 1906, [na-emegiderịta onwe ya] ma zụlite ya na Harlem na Perth Amboy, New Jersey.<ref name="NYTimesObit">{{Cite news|author=Pace|first=Eric|date=1999-01-22|title=Miriam Freund-Rosenthal, 92, Zionist Leader|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/22/us/miriam-freund-rosenthal-92-zionist-leader.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2016-05-03}}</ref>  Nwa Harry Kottler na Rebecca Zindler, onye òtù ụmụ nwanyị Zionist mbụ na East Side, ndị (Ada Zion) Daughters of Zion . <ref name="jwa">{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/freund-rosenthal-miriam|title=Miriam Freund-Rosenthal|author=Bell|first=Roselyn|date=2009-03-01|work=[[Jewish Women's Archive]]|accessdate=2016-06-05}}</ref> Ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na Hunter College n'afọ 1925, wee gaa n'ihu nweta nzere masta na nzere ọkankuzi ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke America na Mahadum New York n'afọ 1935, ebe ọ sonyeere òtù [[Alpha Epsilon Phi]] . <ref name="NYTimesObit" /> <ref name="AEP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aephi.org/story/default.asp?page=famous_phis|title=Alpha Epsilon Phi – Famous Phis|publisher=Alpha Epsilon Phi|accessdate=2007-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929164201/http://www.aephi.org/story/default.asp?page=famous_phis|archivedate=2007-09-29}}</ref> N'afọ 1927, ọ lụrụ Milton B. Freund, onye ya na ya mụtara ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Matthew na Harry, tupu ya anwụọ n'ihi nkụchi obi n'afọ 1968. Ọ lụrụ di ọzọ, Harry Rosenthal, onye na-ebubata uwe egwuregwu ụmụ nwoke, n'afọ 1974, ma mesịa kwaga n'ụlọ ya na Saint Paul, Minnesota. <ref name="NYTimesObit" /> <ref name="Nuptials">{{Cite news|title=Miriam K. Freund Has Nuptials|date=September 16, 1974|work=New York Times}}</ref><ref name="ChicagoTribuneObit">{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1989/07/30/harry-rosenthal-founded-zionist-summer-camp/|title=Harry Rosenthal Founded Zionist Summer Camp|date=July 30, 1989|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 1999, Freund-Rosenthal nwụrụ na Miami Beach mgbe ọ dị afọ irí itoolu na abụọ. <ref name="NYTimesObit" /> == Ọrụ Ya == Freund-Rosenthal kụziri na New York City Public Schools afọ iri na ise ruo 1944. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịchịkọta ego iji guzobe Mahadum Brandeis n'afọ 1948. <ref name="NYTimesObit" /> === Hadassah === N'ime ọkara ikpeazụ nke afọ ndị 1930 hà, mgbe njem mbụ ya gaa na Israel gasịrị, a gwara Freund-Rosenthal ka ọ gwa ndị òtù Hadassah okwu banyere nleta ya. N'afọ 1940, a gwara ya ka ọ sonye na ụlọ ọrụ mba nke Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America. Ọ hapụrụ Hadassah n'afọ 1942 tupu ọ gbaa ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze arụkwaghịm ma laghachi Hadassah n'afọ 1943, mgbe ọ ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke American Zionist Youth Commission. N'agbata afọ 1943 na 1956 o nwere ọkwa dị iche iche nke Hadassah National Board gụnyere oche isi oche National Vocational Education, onye isi oche National Youth Aliyah, nakwa osote onye isi oche.<ref name="jwa" /> [[Faịlụ:Moshe_Sharett,_Miriam_Freund,_Louis_Lipsky_&_Nahum_Goldmann,_1960.jpg|thumb|Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: Moshe Sharett, Miriam Freund, Louis Lipsky, na Nahum Goldmann, 1960]] N'afọ 1956, a họpụtara Freund-Rosenthal dịka onye isi oche === Mgbe Hadassah gasịrị === Freund-Rosenthal gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya ka Hadassah gasịrị. Ọ bụ otu onye n'ime ndị guzobere World Bible Society. O weputara akwukwo, "Medicine and the Hebraic Tradition," na 25th International Congress of Orientalists. Mgbe ya na di ya nke abụọ kwagara Saint Paul, o nyere aka mepụta ego agụmakwụkwọ maka National Hadassah. Na ngwụcha afọ iri asatọ ya, ọ butere ụzọ ịhụ maka nchịkọta na ndezi nke A Tapestry of Hadassah Memories, nchịkọta ajụjụ ọnụ na akụkọ nke ndị isi Hadassah.<ref name="jwa">{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/freund-rosenthal-miriam|title=Miriam Freund-Rosenthal|author=Bell|first=Roselyn|date=2009-03-01|work=[[Jewish Women's Archive]]|accessdate=2016-06-05}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBell2009">Bell, Roselyn (2009-03-01). [https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/freund-rosenthal-miriam "Miriam Freund-Rosenthal"]. ''[[Jewish Women's Archive]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-05</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1991, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi America nke International Center for University Teaching of Jewish Civilization . == Akwụkwọ Ya Gasị == * Ndị ahịa ndị Juu na Colonial America (1939).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris|first=Richard B.|date=1941|title=Review of Jewish Merchants in Colonial America; Aaron Lopez and Judah Touro. A Refugee and a Son of a Refugee|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4464406|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=3|issue=2|pages=222–224|issn=0021-6704}}</ref> Thesis doctoral nke Freund-Rosenthal. * Nkume maka okpueze (1963). Banyere windo Chagall na Jerusalem.<ref name="JewelsChagall">{{Cite news|title=Hadassah Gives Library "Jewels for a Crown," On Chagall's Work|publisher=[[The American Israelite]]|date=January 16, 1964|id={{ProQuest|1009408891}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> * ''Na Ndụ M: Ezinụlọ, Obodo, Zaịọn,'' (1989). Akwụkwọ ncheta na anya nostalgic na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Zionist na nso nso a.<ref name="YosefBookReview">{{Cite news|author=Yosef|first=Yaakov|title=An Earlier|publisher=Jerusalem Post|date=1 June 1990|id={{ProQuest|320976745}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> * A Tapestry of Hadassah Memories (1994). Ọ bụ Freund-Rosenthal chịkọtara ya site na ederede na ncheta nke ihe karịrị ndị otu Hadassah 200. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Elliman|first=Wendy|title=Ladies With a Future|publisher=Jerusalem Post|date=11 August 1995|id={{ProQuest|321190309}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://digifindingaids.cjh.org/?pID=2916671 Ntuziaka maka Hadassah Archives on Long-term Deposit] at the American Jewish Historical Society {{Authority control}} qa06atmd8kig4wezup7dmq1bcbkirzg 674236 674235 2026-07-08T19:51:28Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Mgbe Hadassah gasịrị */ 674236 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:ד"ר_מרים_פרוינד_רוזנטל.jpg|thumb|Miriam Freund-Rosenthal]] '''Miriam Kottler Freund-Rosenthal''' (1906 - Jenụwarị 16, 1999) bụụrụ onye ndú obodo na mba America, nke a maara nke ọma maka ihe ntinye ya gasị dị ka onye isi oche nke Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Freund-Rosenthal na Brooklyn na Jenụwarị 1, 1906, [na-emegiderịta onwe ya] ma zụlite ya na Harlem na Perth Amboy, New Jersey.<ref name="NYTimesObit">{{Cite news|author=Pace|first=Eric|date=1999-01-22|title=Miriam Freund-Rosenthal, 92, Zionist Leader|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/22/us/miriam-freund-rosenthal-92-zionist-leader.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2016-05-03}}</ref>  Nwa Harry Kottler na Rebecca Zindler, onye òtù ụmụ nwanyị Zionist mbụ na East Side, ndị (Ada Zion) Daughters of Zion . <ref name="jwa">{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/freund-rosenthal-miriam|title=Miriam Freund-Rosenthal|author=Bell|first=Roselyn|date=2009-03-01|work=[[Jewish Women's Archive]]|accessdate=2016-06-05}}</ref> Ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na Hunter College n'afọ 1925, wee gaa n'ihu nweta nzere masta na nzere ọkankuzi ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke America na Mahadum New York n'afọ 1935, ebe ọ sonyeere òtù [[Alpha Epsilon Phi]] . <ref name="NYTimesObit" /> <ref name="AEP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aephi.org/story/default.asp?page=famous_phis|title=Alpha Epsilon Phi – Famous Phis|publisher=Alpha Epsilon Phi|accessdate=2007-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929164201/http://www.aephi.org/story/default.asp?page=famous_phis|archivedate=2007-09-29}}</ref> N'afọ 1927, ọ lụrụ Milton B. Freund, onye ya na ya mụtara ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Matthew na Harry, tupu ya anwụọ n'ihi nkụchi obi n'afọ 1968. Ọ lụrụ di ọzọ, Harry Rosenthal, onye na-ebubata uwe egwuregwu ụmụ nwoke, n'afọ 1974, ma mesịa kwaga n'ụlọ ya na Saint Paul, Minnesota. <ref name="NYTimesObit" /> <ref name="Nuptials">{{Cite news|title=Miriam K. Freund Has Nuptials|date=September 16, 1974|work=New York Times}}</ref><ref name="ChicagoTribuneObit">{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1989/07/30/harry-rosenthal-founded-zionist-summer-camp/|title=Harry Rosenthal Founded Zionist Summer Camp|date=July 30, 1989|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 1999, Freund-Rosenthal nwụrụ na Miami Beach mgbe ọ dị afọ irí itoolu na abụọ. <ref name="NYTimesObit" /> == Ọrụ Ya == Freund-Rosenthal kụziri na New York City Public Schools afọ iri na ise ruo 1944. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịchịkọta ego iji guzobe Mahadum Brandeis n'afọ 1948. <ref name="NYTimesObit" /> === Hadassah === N'ime ọkara ikpeazụ nke afọ ndị 1930 hà, mgbe njem mbụ ya gaa na Israel gasịrị, a gwara Freund-Rosenthal ka ọ gwa ndị òtù Hadassah okwu banyere nleta ya. N'afọ 1940, a gwara ya ka ọ sonye na ụlọ ọrụ mba nke Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America. Ọ hapụrụ Hadassah n'afọ 1942 tupu ọ gbaa ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze arụkwaghịm ma laghachi Hadassah n'afọ 1943, mgbe ọ ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke American Zionist Youth Commission. N'agbata afọ 1943 na 1956 o nwere ọkwa dị iche iche nke Hadassah National Board gụnyere oche isi oche National Vocational Education, onye isi oche National Youth Aliyah, nakwa osote onye isi oche.<ref name="jwa" /> [[Faịlụ:Moshe_Sharett,_Miriam_Freund,_Louis_Lipsky_&_Nahum_Goldmann,_1960.jpg|thumb|Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: Moshe Sharett, Miriam Freund, Louis Lipsky, na Nahum Goldmann, 1960]] N'afọ 1956, a họpụtara Freund-Rosenthal dịka onye isi oche === Mgbe Hadassah gasịrị === Freund-Rosenthal gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya ka Hadassah gasịrị. Ọ bụ otu onye n'ime ndị guzobere World Bible Society. O weputara akwukwo, "Medicine and the Hebraic Tradition," na 25th International Congress of Orientalists. Mgbe ya na di ya nke abụọ kwagara Saint Paul, o nyere aka mepụta ego agụmakwụkwọ maka National Hadassah. Na ngwụcha afọ iri asatọ ya, ọ butere ụzọ ịhụ maka nchịkọta na ndezi nke A Tapestry of Hadassah Memories, nchịkọta ajụjụ ọnụ na akụkọ nke ndị isi Hadassah.<ref name="jwa" /> N'afọ 1991, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi America nke International Center for University Teaching of Jewish Civilization . == Akwụkwọ Ya Gasị == * Ndị ahịa ndị Juu na Colonial America (1939).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris|first=Richard B.|date=1941|title=Review of Jewish Merchants in Colonial America; Aaron Lopez and Judah Touro. A Refugee and a Son of a Refugee|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4464406|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=3|issue=2|pages=222–224|issn=0021-6704}}</ref> Thesis doctoral nke Freund-Rosenthal. * Nkume maka okpueze (1963). Banyere windo Chagall na Jerusalem.<ref name="JewelsChagall">{{Cite news|title=Hadassah Gives Library "Jewels for a Crown," On Chagall's Work|publisher=[[The American Israelite]]|date=January 16, 1964|id={{ProQuest|1009408891}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> * ''Na Ndụ M: Ezinụlọ, Obodo, Zaịọn,'' (1989). Akwụkwọ ncheta na anya nostalgic na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Zionist na nso nso a.<ref name="YosefBookReview">{{Cite news|author=Yosef|first=Yaakov|title=An Earlier|publisher=Jerusalem Post|date=1 June 1990|id={{ProQuest|320976745}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> * A Tapestry of Hadassah Memories (1994). Ọ bụ Freund-Rosenthal chịkọtara ya site na ederede na ncheta nke ihe karịrị ndị otu Hadassah 200. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Elliman|first=Wendy|title=Ladies With a Future|publisher=Jerusalem Post|date=11 August 1995|id={{ProQuest|321190309}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://digifindingaids.cjh.org/?pID=2916671 Ntuziaka maka Hadassah Archives on Long-term Deposit] at the American Jewish Historical Society {{Authority control}} iq3pnq1wiukgpzqm0bhmdx6r30uaugp 0 58000 674433 495964 2026-07-09T09:25:49Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten bụ onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi Ghana na onye isi ngalaba Akan-Nzema nke kọleji mmụta asụsụ, Ajumako Campus nke Mahadum Education, Winneba na Ghana.[1] Ọ bụ onye mbụ nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate n'asụsụ Twi, otu n'ime ụdị Akan.<ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Wiafe-Akenten sitere na Atwima-Ofoase na mpaghara Ashanti.[1] Dr. Anima tolitere na ezinụlọ nke ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ. Ọ lụrụ Dr. Charles B. Wiafe-Akenten, onye bụkwa onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Psychology nke Mahadum Ghana.[1] Nwa mbụ ya, Dr Michael Wiafe-Kwagyan, bụ onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Sayensị Plant na otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.[1] O nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ - Nana Adwoa, Awo Asantewaa, na Ohenemaa Wiafewaa. <ref name=":0" /> == Mmụta == Wiafe-Akenten gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na St. Roses Secondary School, Akwatia na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ghana n'etiti afọ 1991 na 1993.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nuhu Billa|first=Hadiza|title=Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten - First PhD holder in Twi|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-first-phd-holder-in-twi.html|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=graphic ghana|publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNuhu_Billa">Nuhu Billa, Hadiza. [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-first-phd-holder-in-twi.html "Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten - First PhD holder in Twi"]. ''graphic ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gara Mahadum nke Ghana maka akara ugo mmụta mbụ ya, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Arts na Linguistics na Theatre Arts (Theatre for Extension Communication) na 1995.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ natara nzere doctorate na Mahadum nke Ghana na Julaị, 2017 na Ghanaian Language Studies (Akan Linguistics - Media Discourse). N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, o dere edemede ya banyere ojiji nke oge a nke Akan na redio na TV (Sept.<ref name=":0" /> Dị ka o si kwuo, ihe ịma aka bụ isi nke ide akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na Twi bụ ịsụgharị ihe odide na okwu nke edemede sayensị site na Bekee n'ụzọ ziri ezi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2017-07-30|title=Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten becomes first PhD holder in Twi|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-becomes-first-phd-holder-in-twi/p18w1kw|accessdate=2019-03-19|work=pulse ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ mgbasa ozi == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn GTV, site na 2003 ruo 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nuhu Billa|first=Hadiza|title=Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten - First PhD holder in Twi|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-first-phd-holder-in-twi.html|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=graphic ghana|publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNuhu_Billa">Nuhu Billa, Hadiza. [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-first-phd-holder-in-twi.html "Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten - First PhD holder in Twi"]. ''graphic ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ kwadokwara mmemme a na-akpọ ''Amammerefie'' na ụlọ ọrụ redio mpaghara, Asempa FM n'etiti afọ 2008 na 2010. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2017-07-30|title=Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten becomes first PhD holder in Twi|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-becomes-first-phd-holder-in-twi/p18w1kw|accessdate=2019-03-19|work=pulse ghana|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-becomes-first-phd-holder-in-twi/p18w1kw "Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten becomes first PhD holder in Twi"]. ''pulse ghana''. 2017-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi akụkọ [[Akan language|Akan]] na Top Radio na Radio Universe niile dị na Accra.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya == Wiafe-Akenten guzobere Language Watch Foundation iji nyere aka gbochie ojiji nke asụsụ rụrụ arụ na ikuku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nuhu Billa|first=Hadiza|title=Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten - First PhD holder in Twi|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-first-phd-holder-in-twi.html|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=graphic ghana|publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNuhu_Billa">Nuhu Billa, Hadiza. [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-first-phd-holder-in-twi.html "Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten - First PhD holder in Twi"]. ''graphic ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ na-eguzobe Nananom Language and Media Centre iji zụọ ndị mmadụ na nkà ide ihe na Twi, nhọrọ nke okwu, ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha, iji ilu Twi na okwu ndị a machibidoro iwu.<ref name=":0" /> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] k0oqzja0jb45y8r6p6zjh2ydho8q88n 674435 674433 2026-07-09T09:27:02Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten bụ onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi Ghana na onye isi ngalaba Akan-Nzema nke kọleji mmụta asụsụ, Ajumako Campus nke Mahadum Education, Winneba na Ghana.[1] Ọ bụ onye mbụ nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate n'asụsụ Twi, otu n'ime ụdị Akan.<ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Wiafe-Akenten sitere na Atwima-Ofoase na mpaghara Ashanti.[1] Dr. Anima tolitere na ezinụlọ nke ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ. Ọ lụrụ Dr. Charles B. Wiafe-Akenten, onye bụkwa onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Psychology nke Mahadum Ghana.[1] Nwa mbụ ya, Dr Michael Wiafe-Kwagyan, bụ onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Sayensị Plant na otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.[1] O nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ - Nana Adwoa, Awo Asantewaa, na Ohenemaa Wiafewaa. <ref name=":0" /> == Mmụta == Wiafe-Akenten gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na St. Roses Secondary School, Akwatia na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ghana n'etiti afọ 1991 na 1993.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nuhu Billa|first=Hadiza|title=Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten - First PhD holder in Twi|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-first-phd-holder-in-twi.html|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=graphic ghana|publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNuhu_Billa">Nuhu Billa, Hadiza. [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-first-phd-holder-in-twi.html "Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten - First PhD holder in Twi"]. ''graphic ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gara Mahadum nke Ghana maka akara ugo mmụta mbụ ya, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Arts na Linguistics na Theatre Arts (Theatre for Extension Communication) na 1995.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ natara nzere doctorate na Mahadum nke Ghana na Julaị, 2017 na Ghanaian Language Studies (Akan Linguistics - Media Discourse). N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, o dere edemede ya banyere ojiji nke oge a nke Akan na redio na TV (Sept.<ref name=":0" /> Dị ka o si kwuo, ihe ịma aka bụ isi nke ide akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na Twi bụ ịsụgharị ihe odide na okwu nke edemede sayensị site na Bekee n'ụzọ ziri ezi.<ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ mgbasa ozi == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn GTV, site na 2003 ruo 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nuhu Billa|first=Hadiza|title=Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten - First PhD holder in Twi|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-first-phd-holder-in-twi.html|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=graphic ghana|publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNuhu_Billa">Nuhu Billa, Hadiza. [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-first-phd-holder-in-twi.html "Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten - First PhD holder in Twi"]. ''graphic ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ kwadokwara mmemme a na-akpọ ''Amammerefie'' na ụlọ ọrụ redio mpaghara, Asempa FM n'etiti afọ 2008 na 2010. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2017-07-30|title=Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten becomes first PhD holder in Twi|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-becomes-first-phd-holder-in-twi/p18w1kw|accessdate=2019-03-19|work=pulse ghana|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-becomes-first-phd-holder-in-twi/p18w1kw "Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten becomes first PhD holder in Twi"]. ''pulse ghana''. 2017-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi akụkọ [[Akan language|Akan]] na Top Radio na Radio Universe niile dị na Accra.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya == Wiafe-Akenten guzobere Language Watch Foundation iji nyere aka gbochie ojiji nke asụsụ rụrụ arụ na ikuku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nuhu Billa|first=Hadiza|title=Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten - First PhD holder in Twi|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-first-phd-holder-in-twi.html|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=graphic ghana|publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNuhu_Billa">Nuhu Billa, Hadiza. [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/nana-anima-wiafe-akenten-first-phd-holder-in-twi.html "Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten - First PhD holder in Twi"]. ''graphic ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ na-eguzobe Nananom Language and Media Centre iji zụọ ndị mmadụ na nkà ide ihe na Twi, nhọrọ nke okwu, ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha, iji ilu Twi na okwu ndị a machibidoro iwu.<ref name=":0" /> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fr13xs8g5hw52mnbg5kns5sere48wqf 0 59424 674389 205099 2026-07-09T07:07:31Z Goodymeraj 16207 Fixed reference error 674389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|URL=}} Mukakamanzi Beatha (amụrụ na Gasabo District) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Rwandan.[1] Otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị ewu ewu na Rwanda, Beatha kacha mara amara na ihe nkiri Giramata dị ka 'Nne Giramata' na n'ime obodo dị ka nne Nick..<ref>{{Cite web|author=Claude|first=Ndayisaba Ben|title=Mukakamanzi Beatha yatanze impanuro ku bafata abakinnyi ba filime mu ishusho mbi - Inyarwanda.com|url=https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/71826/mukakamanzi-beatha-yatanze-impanuro-ku-bafata-abakinnyi-ba-f-71826.html|accessdate=2022-07-19|work=inyarwanda.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ '''Beatha Mukakamanzi''' na Gatsibo District. Ọ lụrụ di na 1983 ma bụrụ nne nke ụmụ 6 na ụmụ ụmụ 4. <ref name="imvahonshya">{{Cite web|url=https://imvahonshya.co.rw/menya-byinshi-kuzwi-muri-firimi-nka-mama-nick/|title=Find out more about famous movies like Mama Nick|publisher=imvahonshya|accessdate=14 October 2020|archivedate=14 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114053642/https://imvahonshya.co.rw/menya-byinshi-kuzwi-muri-firimi-nka-mama-nick/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kigalisource.rw/2020/03/02/dore-icyateye-mukakamanzi-beathawakinnye-nka-mama-nick-kwinjira-muri-cinema-nyarwanda/|title=Here is what caused Ms. Beatha, who played as Mama Nick to enter Rwandan Cinema.|publisher=kigalisource|accessdate=14 October 2020|archivedate=14 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114053648/http://kigalisource.rw/2020/03/02/dore-icyateye-mukakamanzi-beathawakinnye-nka-mama-nick-kwinjira-muri-cinema-nyarwanda/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ihe nkiri mbụ ya sitere na ihe nkiri The Deadly Spear . Mgbe ihe nkiri ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri a ma ama dị ka ''Rwasibo'', Intare y"Ingore, Giramata n'dis, It's Not the End, Dreams, Enemy of Love, Conclusion, na Make Milk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/impanuro-za-mama-nick-wo-muri-city-maid-ku-bakobwa-batarashaka|title=Mama Nick's advice from City maid for unmarried girls|publisher=igihe|accessdate=14 October 2020}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn a ma ama City Maid . <ref name="imvahonshya" /> A maara ya dị ka Madalina na fim akpọrọ Inzozi series, [1] nke Muniru Habiyakare na Felix kamanzi duziri, nke Ndayirukiye Fleury [2] na Rugwizangoga Tharcisse mebere ya. Edere ihe nkiri a maka ịkwado alụmdi na nwunye n'ihi na n'oge anyị alụmdi na nwunye adịghịzi ike karịa ka ọ dị na mbụ.[3] Ọ bụ maka ntinye aka nke ọtụtụ ndị achọtara na sinima na onye nta akụkọ Rwandan. == Akụkụ nke ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị !Ihe mgbochi. |- |2019 |''600: Akụkọ ndị agha'' | |Ihe nkiri | |} == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0j0mxm7hi9j9lp55994dozshy1uuar0 0 59439 674486 205129 2026-07-09T11:29:47Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 674486 wikitext text/x-wiki Nadege Uwamwezi (amụrụ 1993), bụ onye omere na Rwanda. Otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ama ama na televishọn Rwandan, Nadege bụ onye amara nke ọma maka ọrụ 'Nana' na usoro TV, City Maid.[1] Ewezuga ime ihe nkiri, ọ bụkwa onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-emepụta ejiji. == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ meghere ụlọ ahịa a na-akpọ 'Nana Fashion Shop' na aha ya.<ref name="newtimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/acting-can-earn-you-decent-life-says-actress-uwamwezi|title=Acting can earn you a decent life, says actress Uwamwezi|publisher=newtimes|accessdate=14 October 2020}}</ref> O nwere otu nwa nwoke site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya, '''Ganza''' Benny Lucky . <ref name="inyarwanda">{{Cite web|url=http://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/63638/nadege-uwamwezi--63638.html|title=NNadege Uwamwezi (Catherine), 23, a 6-year-old, first became a singer before starring in a movie-MORE UNKNOWN|publisher=inyarwanda|accessdate=14 October 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ, '''Nadege''' bụ onye na-agụ egwu nke na-abụ abụ n'okpuru aha 'Queen Nadege'. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu egwu a na-akpọ 'The Queens' ebe ha bụrụ 'Rya Jambo' n'afọ 2009. <ref name="inyarwanda" /> Ọ sonyeere Kwetu Film Institute ka ọ mụọ ihe nkiri. Ka oge na-aga, Kennedy Mazimpaka kpọbatara ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri, mgbe ọ chọpụtachara nkà ime ihe na Kwetu. Mazimpaka nyere ya obere ọrụ n'ime ihe nkiri Rwasibo, nke ghọrọ ọrụ ihe nkiri sinima nwata ya.[1] N'afọ 2016, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na telivishọn Mutoni dị ka onye na-edu ndú. <ref name="teradignews">{{Cite web|url=https://teradignews.rw/nana-wamenyekanye-muri-city-maid-yateye-utwatsi-ibyo-gukundana-na-kizito/|title=Nana, known in City Maid, has been accused of dating Kizito|publisher=teradignews|accessdate=14 October 2020}}</ref> A maara Nadege dị ka Catherine na ihe nkiri a na-akpọ Catherine series . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason|first=Muhire|title=Abakinnyi batanu ba filime nyarwanda bakuze ariko batigeze bashaka|url=http://www.umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/abakinnyi-batanu-ba-filime-nyarwanda-bakuze-ariko-batigeze-bashaka|accessdate=1 August 2022|work=Umuryango - Kinyarwanda|language=en}}</ref> N'ịbụ nke Muniru Habiyakare na Munyaneza Prince duziri, ọ bụ Apoline Uwimana na ihe nkiri ụlọ Agape mepụtara ya Ihe nkiri ahụ bụ akụkọ Ingabire Esther na Catherine bụ nke Apoline Uwumana na Muniru Habuyakare dere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Clement|first=Niyigaba Dc|title=Abakinnyikazi ba film nyarwanda abenshi muri bo bagiye babyara bakiri abakobwa[AMAFOTO+VIDEO]|url=http://www.umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/article/video-abakinnyikazi-ba-film-nyarwanda-benshi-bazi-ko-ari-abakobwa-nyamara|accessdate=1 August 2022|work=Umuryango - Kinyarwanda|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ihe nkiri nke nwa agbọghọ a na-akpọ Catherine nke nna ya gbahapụrụ ma gbuo ya n'amaghị ya dị ka ọrụ nne ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nkunda|first=Mutiganda wa|title=Filime Intare y’ingore na Catherine nizo zigaragaje cyane mu itangwa ry’ibihembo bya Rwanda Movie Awards 2015-URUTONDE & AMAFOTO - Inyarwanda.com|url=https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/63033/imifanire-yo-ku-rwego-rwo-hejuru-kugwa-kuri-tapis-itukura-n-63033.html|accessdate=1 August 2022|work=inyarwanda.com|language=en}}</ref> Ka oge na-aga, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na usoro telivishọn a ma ama nke gụnyere ''Catherine'' na ''Nkubito na Nyamunsi'' . N'afọ 2016, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na usoro telivishọn City Maid . Ihe ngosi ahụ ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'etiti ọha na eze ma a na-akpọkarị ya 'Nana'.<ref name="inyarwanda" /> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị !Ihe mgbochi. |- |2014 |''Rwasibo'' |Jammy |Ihe nkiri | |- |2015 |''Catherine'' |Catherine |Ihe nkiri | |- |2015 |''Nkubito na Nyamunsi'' |Olileanya |Ihe nkiri | |- |2016 |''Mutoni'' |Mutoni |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2016 |''Nwaanyị Obodo'' |Nana |Ihe nkiri TV | |} == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1sazyifraaqu2wzwehkg6hl365zrzug 0 59637 674232 205450 2026-07-08T19:39:28Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 674232 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miriam Altman''' bụ onye South Africa na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, onye ọchụnta ego, onye na-ahụ Maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na onye na-eme atụmatụ. == Mmụta == Altman gụrụ akụnụba na Mahadum McGill ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na 1984.[1] Ọ gara n'ihu nweta M.Phil na Economics na Cambridge na Ph.D. na akụnụba sitere na Mahadum Manchester na 1989 na 1996 n'otu n'otu<ref name="CV">{{Cite web|url=http://miriamaltman.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/CV-Altman-April-2016-WEB.pdf|title=Dr. Miriam Altman|accessdate=December 19, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219131124/http://miriamaltman.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/CV-Altman-April-2016-WEB.pdf|archivedate=December 19, 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Altman jere ozi dị ka onye isi Executive Director na Human Sciences Research Council ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na "Employment Scenarios" oru - ya isi oru ngo - si 2002 ka 2012. Ebumnuche nke oru ngo bụ iji wuo a nkà mmụta sayensị isi na-adọta ọnụ ọnụ ndị metụtara itinye aka na echiche - gọọmenti, ndị nkeonwe ngalaba, ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ - ka ịkpụzi mfe, emejuputa atumatu South Africa ngwọta.. Ọ bụ Chief of Strategy and Regulatory Affairs na Telkom site na June 2013 na April 2016, na-emepụta ma na-ahazi mgbanwe ya.<ref name="tc">{{Cite web|url=https://techcentral.co.za/miriam-altman-to-head-telkom-strategy/40254|title=Miriam Altman to head Telkom strategy|accessdate=December 29, 2017|date=2013-05-13}}</ref> Ọ bụ Kọmishọna na National Planning Commission na Office of the SA Presidency - òtù e nyere ọrụ iduzi atụmatụ ogologo oge maka South Africa - ebe ọ nọ na nso nso a kemgbe afọ 2010. (A họpụtara ya ọzọ maka oge nke abụọ na Septemba 2015 ruo 2022.) <ref name="npc">{{Cite web|url=https://nationalplanningcommission.wordpress.com/npc-commissioners/dr-miriam-altman|title=Dr Miriam Altman, NPC profile|accessdate=December 30, 2017|date=2015-02-04}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha, ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke 4IR Practice na School of Economics na Mahadum Johannesburg ma bụrụ onye prọfesọ na-esote na Mahadum Cape Town, onye prọfesọ na-eleta na Mahadum Tsinghua, na onye na-abụghị onye bi na Center for Emerging Markets na China Europe International Business School (CEIBS) na Shanghai. == Ndụ onwe onye == N'èzí ndụ ọrụ ya, Altman na-etinye aka nke ukwuu na atụmatụ ọdịmma ọha na eze na mmemme ndị ntorobịa. Altman na-etinye aka nke ukwuu na nka, ma na-eme ma na-edekọ dị ka onye na-agụ egwú jazz. Onye ibe ya bụ Leslie Maasdorp, osote onye isi ala na CFO na New Development Bank ruo 2021. <ref name="CV" /><ref name="ndb">{{Cite web|title=Leadership, NDB|url=https://www.ndb.int/about-us/organisation/governance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230175031/https://www.ndb.int/about-us/organisation/governance/|archivedate=December 30, 2017|accessdate=December 29, 2017}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Miriam Altman|year=1996|title=Labour Regulation and Enterprise Strategies in the South African Clothing Industry|journal=Regional Studies|volume=30|issue=4|pages=387–399|doi=10.1080/00343409612331349728}} * {{Cite journal|author=Miriam Altman|year=2014|title=Social security for young people amidst high poverty and unemployment: Some policy options for South Africa|journal=Development Southern Africa|volume=31|issue=2|pages=347–362|doi=10.1080/0376835X.2013.873346}} == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0j4zkljpn6o08xrs4u2k8uer2a2r0kw 0 59681 674458 205510 2026-07-09T09:45:17Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 674458 wikitext text/x-wiki   Nandipha Magudumana (née Sekeleni; nke a makwaara dị ka Dr Nandipha) bụ onye ọkachamara ahụike South Africa na dọkịta ama ama amụrụ na Bizana, Eastern Cape, wee zụlite na Port Edward, KwaZulu-Natal. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Witwatersrand ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Science Health na Biomedical Sciences, Bachelor of Medicine na Bachelor of Surgery. A kagburu akwụkwọ ikike ahụike ya na 2021. E jidere Magudumana na 2023 ma kpọchie ya na Bizzah Makhate Correctional Center na Free State. == Mbido na ndụ onwe onye == O sitere na Sandton, bi na Hyde Park, Johannesburg, ma nye ya aha ọmụmụ Nandipha Sekeleni, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Ngcobo|first=Nokuthula|date=17 April 2023|title=Mkhuseli Magudumana: 5 facts about Dr Nandipha's ex-husband|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/mkhuseli-magudumana-who-dr-nandipha-ex-husband-thabo-bester-divorce-children-17-april-2023/|accessdate=16 March 2024|work=[[The South African]]|language=en-ZA|archivedate=16 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316062235/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/mkhuseli-magudumana-who-dr-nandipha-ex-husband-thabo-bester-divorce-children-17-april-2023/}}</ref> a mụrụ ya na 15 Septemba 1989 na Bizana, Eastern Cape. <ref name=":0" /> Ọ lụrụ na 2013 na dọkịta, Mkhuseli Magudumana, ha nwere ụmụ abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ngcobo|first=Nokuthula|date=27 March 2023|title=Who is Dr Nandipha Magudumana's ex-husband Mkhuseli?|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-who-dr-nandipha-magudumana-ex-husband-mkhuseli-thabo-bester-escape-death-27-march-2023/|accessdate=13 March 2024|work=[[The South African]]|language=en-ZA|archivedate=9 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609223507/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-who-dr-nandipha-magudumana-ex-husband-mkhuseli-thabo-bester-escape-death-27-march-2023/}}</ref> Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ di na nwunye ma ọ bụ ezie na ha anọghịzi ọnụ, dị ka nchekwa data nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Na-eme n'Ụlọ, ha ka debara aha ha n'akwụkwọ dị ka ndị lụrụ di.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Port Edward Primary School na Port Shepstone High School. Ọ gara n'ihu na-amụ ọgwụ ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Dr Nandipha Magudumana, 31 {{!}} Powerful Women|url=https://powerfulwomen.mg.co.za/dr-nandipha-magudumana-2020/|accessdate=12 March 2024|language=en-ZA|archivedate=12 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312040504/https://powerfulwomen.mg.co.za/dr-nandipha-magudumana-2020/|work=The Power of Women|publisher=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> O nwere nzere Bachelor nke Sayensị Ahụike na Sayensị Biomedical, Bachelor of Surgery na Bachelor of Medicine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Mbuthia|first=Mercy|date=13 September 2023|title=Nandipha Magudumana: Meet the Doctor who plotted Thabo Bester's escape [Pics]|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/nandipha-magudumana-meet-the-doctor-who-plotted-thabo-besters-escape-september-2023/|accessdate=13 March 2024|work=[[The South African]]|language=en-ZA|archivedate=2 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202092829/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/nandipha-magudumana-meet-the-doctor-who-plotted-thabo-besters-escape-september-2023/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMbuthia2023">Mbuthia, Mercy (13 September 2023). [https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/nandipha-magudumana-meet-the-doctor-who-plotted-thabo-besters-escape-september-2023/ "Nandipha Magudumana: Meet the Doctor who plotted Thabo Bester's escape &#x5B;Pics&#x5D;"]. ''[[The South African]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231202092829/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/nandipha-magudumana-meet-the-doctor-who-plotted-thabo-besters-escape-september-2023/ Archived] from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gachara akwụkwọ ya, na ntozu ya ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Hospitallọ Ọgwụ Edenvale na 2014 ruo otu afọ, emesịa kwaga n'ụlọ ọgwụ Far East Rand ebe ọ ghọrọ dọkịta na-achọsi ike nke ukwuu ọkachamara na anestetiiki na inye ọgwụgwọ dermatology, ịwa ahụ plastik na ọgwụ.[1]. Na 2017, Magudumana tọrọ ntọala Optimum Medical Aesthetics Solutions, ụlọ ọrụ na-enye usoro maka ịwa ahụ ịchọ mma na Morningside, Sandton.[2] Ọ na-emeso ndị ahịa profaịlụ dị elu gụnyere Miss Universe Zozibini Tunzi na 2019.[3] Magudumana mere Mail & Guardian 200 Ndị ntorobịa South Africa ikpeazụ, [4] SADC Top 100 Ndị isi ntorobịa, [1] na Top 20 Kachasị emetụta ndị ntorobịa South Africa na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|title='Smart, sophisticated': Psychologist who interviewed Thabo Bester in 2011 says he has 'worsened' in prison|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2023-03-27-smart-sophisticated-psychologist-who-interviewed-thabo-bester-in-2011-says-he-has-done-a-lot-better-in-prison/|accessdate=13 March 2024|work=[[TimesLIVE]]|language=en-ZA|archivedate=26 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826162508/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2023-03-27-smart-sophisticated-psychologist-who-interviewed-thabo-bester-in-2011-says-he-has-done-a-lot-better-in-prison/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nkosi|first=Ntombi|date=13 April 2023|title=Who is Dr Nandipha Magudumana and how deep in trouble is she?|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/who-is-dr-nandipha-magudumana-and-how-deep-in-trouble-is-she-621da86d-159a-44f6-a9ca-495e3f50d0ac#:~:text=Magudumana%20is%20the%20CEO%20and,Influential%20Young%20South%20Africans%202018.|accessdate=13 March 2024|work=[[Independent Online]]|archivedate=14 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514024313/https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/who-is-dr-nandipha-magudumana-and-how-deep-in-trouble-is-she-621da86d-159a-44f6-a9ca-495e3f50d0ac#:~:text=Magudumana%20is%20the%20CEO%20and,Influential%20Young%20South%20Africans%202018.}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, akwụkwọ ikike ahụike Magudumana kubiela. Na Mee 2023, ndị otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa Democratic Alliance gakwuuru Council of Health Professions Council nke South Africa maka ịkagbu ikike ahụike ya n'ihi na dọkịta akwụghị ụgwọ kwa afọ ya na Eprel 2021.[1][2] Na 2021, Magudumana na Thabo Bester mebere Arum Properties, ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ. GroundUp jiri mpempe Machị 2023 boro ebubo na ha ji ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mebie ndị mmadụ, yana na o mere ka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ kwụọ ọtụtụ nde rands maka ndozigharị na ọrụ owuwu nke ha na-ebunyeghị ya..<ref>{{Cite web|author=Damon's Marecia|first=and Daniel Steyn|date=29 March 2023|title=Thabo Bester and Dr Nandipha made millions from construction company|url=https://groundup.org.za/article/thabo-bester-dr-nandipha-made-millions-from-property-company/|accessdate=11 April 2024|work=[[GroundUp (news agency)|GroundUp]]|language=en|archivedate=10 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610152643/https://groundup.org.za/article/thabo-bester-dr-nandipha-made-millions-from-property-company/}}</ref> == Okwu Iwu == E jidere Magudumana n'April 2023 na Arusha, Tanzania n'akụkụ Bester. A chụpụrụ ya na South Africa,[1] ebe a kpọchiri ya na Bizzah Makhate Correctional Center na Kroonstad, Free State.[2] Ekwesịrị ịmalite ikpe maka Magudumana na Bester na 10 February 2025 na Bloemfontein High Court.[3] Agbanyeghị, ọ gburu oge wee tinyegharịa ya na 21 Julaị 2025,<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2025|title=Another delay in Thabo Bester trial|url=https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/another-delay-thabo-bester-trial|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210181300/https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/another-delay-thabo-bester-trial|archivedate=10 February 2025|accessdate=10 February 2025|work=[[eNCA]]|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * ''Ịchụ nta Thabo Bester'' == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qjnihl16v39mhjgw5ju2vragu56q1sc 0 59712 674479 205623 2026-07-09T11:15:51Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 674479 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Naana Oppon''' (amụrụ n'afọ 2006) bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu na Britain nke na-asọ mpi na egwuregwu mmega ahụ trampoline . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Murrer|first=Sally|date=19 September 2023|title=Milton Keynes schoolgirl is declared best in Britain at gymnastics tumbling|url=https://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/news/people/milton-keynes-schoolgirl-is-declared-best-in-britain-at-gymnastics-tumbling-4341401|work=Milton Keynes Citizen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=OPPON Naana - FIG Athlete Profile|url=https://www.gymnastics.sport/site/athletes/bio_detail.php?id=41072&type=licence|accessdate=2024-01-07|work=www.gymnastics.sport}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Onye mmegide ngosi mgbe ọ dị afụ apụ, ike egwuregwu ahụ́ dɔtara ya.  Ọ na-enwe njikọ na Simone Biles ma kwuo na ọ na-atụ anya anyali ụmụ ndị ojii ndị ọzọ ịgba ịgbaji.  Nna ya, na nne ya n'oge gara aga, na-arụ ọrụ abụọ iji kwado ọrụ mmega ahụ ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-11-08|title=British tumbling prodigy going for gold at Trampolining World Championships|url=https://www.scmp.com/yp/discover/news/global/article/3240487/british-teen-prodigy-naana-oppon-tumbling-her-way-trampolining-world-championships-eyes-gold|accessdate=2024-08-30|work=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ == .Oppon ndị na obere nkewa nke 2022 European Championship ma nye aka na nrite ọla edo nke otu.  [1] N'nọ Nọvemba, ọ meri ihe omume tumbling na ụgbọ ya na 2022 World Age Group Competition na Sofia, Bulgaria <ref>{{Cite web|date=28 November 2022|title=Trampoline stars of tomorrow give a tantalising glimpse into the future at Sofia WAGC|url=https://www.gymnastics.sport/site/news/displaynews.php?urlNews=3728207|accessdate=2024-08-30|work=www.gymnastics.sport}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ na World Cup na Coimbra, ebe akara ngosi, nke ọ chọpụtara "ahụmaahụ na-enye afọ ojuju na nke na-ekwusi ike".[1]  Ka e gosiri n'afọ ahụ, ọ meri Britain mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii ma họrọ ya ka ọ sụọ mpi na ụwa nke afọ 2023.[2]  N'ihe omume otu anụmanụ, o ndị isi otu ụmụ Britain aka imeri n'ọkwa nke abụọ ha n'usoro ya na ndị otu ya Saskia Servini, Megan Kealy, na Shanice Davidson.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-11-11|title=Trampoline & Tumbling World Championships: Bryony Page wins trampoline gold for GB|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/67389691|accessdate=2024-08-30|work=BBC Newsround|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, o sere na àgwà European Championship nke afọ 2024. Ya na ndị otu ya Kealy, Servini, na Comfort Yeates meri n'ahọmpi tumbling.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=2024-04-05|title=Great Britain claim European women's tumbling team gold|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/gymnastics/68746149|accessdate=2024-04-10|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Onyinye == {| class="wikitable center col2izq" style="text-align:center;width:445px;" ! colspan="4" |Egwuregwu nke Ụwa |- !Afọ !Ebe !Ihe nrite !Ihe omume |- |2023 |Birmingham (UK) | Gold |Ìgwè Na-ada |- ! colspan="4" |Mmeri Europe |- !Afọ !Ebe !Ihe nrite !Ụdị |- |2024 |Guimarães (Portugal) | Gold |Ndị otu na-agba ọsọ <ref name=":2" /> |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4muzucit2ozq3f3f3493ycd4jrurm2u 0 60125 674279 206362 2026-07-08T20:53:15Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 674279 wikitext text/x-wiki Monica Nashandi (née Shivolo amụrụ 12 Ọktoba 1959) bụ onye nnọchi anya mba Namibia na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Nashandi bụ onye nnọchi anya Namibia na mba Scandinavian yana onye bụbu onye isi kọmishọna na United Kingdom. E wepụrụ Nashandi na ndepụta SWAPO maka ntuli aka izugbe nke 2009 n'ihi na ọ debaghị aha ịtụ vootu, ihe achọrọ n'okpuru iwu Namibia. Nashandi bụ onye nnọchi anya Namibia na United States of America site na 2019 ruo 2020. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Geingob reshuffles diplomatic pack|author=Tjitemisa|first=Kuzeeko|work=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]]|date=11 December 2020|url=https://neweralive.na/posts/geingob-reshuffles-diplomatic-pack}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Nashandi na 12 Ọktoba 1959 n'obodo Ompundja na mpaghara Oshana. Dị ka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ na 1978, ọ lanarịrị Agha nke Cassinga, mwakpo ụgbọelu [[South Africa]] na SWAPO gafee ókèala [[Angola]]. O mechara nweta ọzụzụ agha wee sonye na People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), ngalaba SWAPO n'oge Agha Nnwere Onwe nke Namibia . <ref name="NashandiResigns">{{Cite news|title=State House's Nashandi resigns|author=Ndjebela|first=Toivo|url=http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=7545|work=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]]|date=16 October 2009}}</ref> Nashandi gụsịrị akwụkwọ na diplọma na ntorobịa na mmepe na Mahadum Zambia na 1983 wee nweta nzere masta na ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mba na mba na Mahadum Westminster na 2002 mgbe ọ nọ na ọrụ mmekọrịta mba na ibe ya.<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web|title=Trustco Group Holdings Limited (TUC.NM) People|publisher=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyOfficers?symbol=TUC.NM|accessdate=15 December 2010}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe Namibia nweere onwe ya na 1990, Nashandi jere ozi dị ka osote onye isi nke Protocol na State House of Namibia tupu nhọpụta ya na Ministry of Foreign Affairs dị ka Under-Secretary for Political and Economic Affairs. Site na 1995 ruo 1999, ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Namibia na [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]] na [[Iceland]]. Site na 1999 ruo 2005, ọ ghọrọ onye isi kọmishọna mba ya na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na Ireland. <ref name="NashandiResigns" /> Nashandi abụwo onye na-anọchite anya onye isi oche na-abụghị onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ Trustco Group Holdings Limited kemgbe afọ 2006. <ref name="Reuters" /> Trustco Group Holdings bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ahịa n'ihu ọha nke na-enye micro-insurance na ọrụ ego. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tgi.na/|title=Trustco Holdings|work=www.tgi.na|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-09-08}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2007, a kpọrọ Nashandi aha na bọọdụ ndị nduzi nke [[Africon|Africọn]], ụlọ ọrụ injinia Namibia. N'oge a họpụtara ya, ọ bụ naanị nwanyị nọ na bọọdụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nashandi appointed to Africon board|url=http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2255:nashandi-appointed-to-africon-board&catid=553:archives&Itemid=53|work=[[Namibia Economist]]|date=16 November 2007}}</ref> === Iwepụ ya na ndepụta nke òtù === Na nnọkọ nnọkọ nke SWAPO na Septemba 2009, e debere Nashandi na nke iri atọ na ndepụta nke SWAP O maka ntuli aka na-abịanụ maka Nzukọ Mba dị ka otu n'ime nhọpụta iri nke Onye isi ala Hifikepunye Pohamba na ndepụta ahụ. N'ihi Iwu Ọrụ Ọha nke na-ekwu na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ga-eji oge ezumike ma ọ bụ gbaa arụkwaghịm iji nweta oge ezumike iji gbaa ọsọ maka ọrụ gọọmentụ, a manyere ya ịgba arụkwaghịma n'ọkwa ya dị ka osote onye isi nchịkwa na ụlọ steeti iji gbaa ọsọ na National Assembly. Nashandi enweghị oge ezumike iji mee ihe ma si otú a gbaa arụkwaghịm, mana ọ fọrọ nke nta ka o kwe nkwa na ọ ga-anọ na National Assembly n'ihi ọnọdụ ya dị mma na ndepụta SWAPO.<ref name="NashandiResigns" /> Otu ọnwa tupu ntuli aka ahụ, e wepụrụ Nashandi na ndepụta SWAPO mgbe ndị na-ahụ maka ntuli aka nke Namibia chọpụtara na Nashandi enweghị kaadị onye na-eme ntuli aka dị mma ma si otú ahụ ọ bụghị onye na-edebanye aha, ọnọdụ dị mkpa iji ruo eru maka ntuli aka na National Assembly. Priscilla Beukes, onye isi obodo Mariental n'oge ahụ, weere ọnọdụ ya.[1] Ụbọchị ole na ole ka ewepụrụ ya, onye nnọchi anya mbụ ahụ kpọrọ mwepụ ya "nleba anya teknụzụ"; ọ debaghị aha ịtụ vootu na ntuli aka izugbe nke 2004 n'ihi na ọ na-eje ozi dị ka High Commissioner na United Kingdom n'oge ahụ, ndị ozi ala ọzọ emeghị ndebanye aha ndị ntuli aka.[2] A na-atụ anya na Nashandi ga-edebanye aha iji votu na ntuli aka 2009 ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi oche isii ọzọ họpụtara maka National Assembly, [1] mana nke a emeghị..<ref>{{Cite news|title=Women the Biggest Losers in Poll|author=Maletzky|first=Christof|work=[[The Namibian]]|date=9 December 2009|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=62718&no_cache=1}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Nashandi lụrụ onye isi ndị agha Namibia Defence Force, bụ onye hibere na Otavi. Nwa ya nwanyị, Anna Svetlana Nashandi, onye amụrụ na 1984 mgbe Nashandi nọ na mba Angola, meriri asọmpi ịma mma Miss Namibia 2006 na Windhoek Country Club Resort.[1] [2] Nwa ya nwoke bụ Iyambo Erastus Nashandi mụrụ na 1990. == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] t6l3kdh5fqpzccegwiwlvohepksmu2a 0 60127 674322 594876 2026-07-08T23:45:06Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674322 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Josephine Nambooze.jpg|thumb|Josephine Nambooze]] Josephine Nambooze (amụrụ 1930) (pronunciationⓘ) bụ dibia bekee, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahụike ọha, agụmakwụkwọ na onye nyocha ahụike. Ọ bụ prọfesọ ahụike ọha na Makerere University School of Public Health. Nambooze bụ nwanyị mbụ East Africa tozuru oke dịka dibịa ihe dịka 1959<ref name="Academic">{{Cite web|accessdate=7 January 2016|first=Robert|author=Mugagga|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/ugandaat50/Academic-success-that-changed-the-region-s-history/-/1370466/1491386/-/hjyvfv/-/index.html|title=Prof Nambooze: Academic success that changed the region’s history|date=1 September 2012}}</ref> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Nambooze na Nsambya, mpaghara Kampala nke Joseph Lule, onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, na Maria Magdalena Lule, nwanyị na-elekọta ụlọ. Ọ bụ nwa mbụ a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ nwere ụmụ iri na atọ. Ọ gara St. Joseph's Primary School Nsambya, na Mount Saint Mary's College Namagunga. Mgbe ọ nọ na Namagunga, ọ gụrụ ihe ọmụmụ sayensị. Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị ụlọ nyocha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ n'oge ahụ, ọ gụrụ klas sayensị ya na Namilyango College, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ụmụ nwoke 25.5 kilomita (16 mi) n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Namagunga.<ref name="Academic" /> N'etiti afọ 1950, a nabatara ya na Makerere University School of Medicine iji mụọ ọgwụ mmadụ, nwanyị mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Makerere, ọ malitere ọmụmụ postgraduate na United Kingdom na United States, laghachi Uganda na 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 April 2010|url=http://observer.ug/education/85-education/7954-female-professors-tell-their-long-story|title=Female professors tell their long story|first=Moses|author=Talemwa|accessdate=7 January 2016|archivedate=23 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223005338/http://observer.ug/education/85-education/7954-female-professors-tell-their-long-story}}</ref> == Ahụmahụ ọrụ == Ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ na Mahadum Makerere na 1962 dịka onye nkuzi na ahụike ọha na ahụike nne na ụmụaka. Enyere ya ọrụ nke ilekọta ụlọ ọrụ ahụike Kasangati, ebe nkuzi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum Makerere nke ahụike ọha.[1] O mechara mee nnukwu onye nkuzi, prọfesọ na-akpakọrịta, na prọfesọ zuru oke na ngalaba ndị ahụ. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya World Health Organisation (WHO) na Botswana na dịka onye isi nkwado maka mmepe ọrụ ahụike na ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara WHO na Brazzaville, Congo.<ref name="Academic" /> == Hụkwa == * Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mulago * Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nsambya * Ngalaba Ahụike nke Uganda == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] locos53kkrwj7tq8sktes7vnjum40hz 0 62299 674462 451001 2026-07-09T09:49:44Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674462 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Edafe Okporo canvassing on 146th St & Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|Edafe Okporo ]] '''Edafe Okporo''' (amuru March 3, 1990) bu onye odee bụ onye Naijiria na onye Amerika. Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Refuge America, nzukọ na-enyere aka ịtọgharị ndị na-achọ mgbaba LGBTQ+.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.refugeamerica.org/|title=Refuge America|work=Refuge America}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Warri, Naijiria, Okporo nwere ihe ike n'ala nna ya n'ihi mmekọahụ ya ma mee ka ọ gaa ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/nigerian-refugee-creates-n-y-c-s-first-full-time-n1234655|title=Nigerian refugee creates N.Y.C. shelter for asylum-seekers|date=July 26, 2020|work=NBC News}}</ref> Okporo gbara ọsọ ndụ na United States mgbe otu ìgwè mmadụ wakporo ya maka ịkwado ohere nlekọta ahụike maka ndị ikom na-edina nwoke ibe ha. <ref name="auto1" /> Mgbe Okporo rutere na United States, e jidere ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ICE na Elizabeth, New Jersey ruo ọnwa ise.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://gothamist.com/news/manhattan-council-race-heats-up-with-entrance-of-refugee-turned-migrant-advocate|title=Manhattan Council race heats up with entrance of refugee turned migrant advocate|date=May 15, 2024|work=Gothamist}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/13/nyregion/david-prize-winners-2020.html|title=New Prize Modeled on MacArthur 'Genius' Grants Hands Out $1 Million|first=Jazmine|author=Hughes|work=The New York Times|date=October 13, 2020}}</ref> Mgbe e nyechara ya ebe mgbaba, Okporo enweghị ebe obibi, biri na Newark Penn Station na ebe mgbaba.<ref name="auto3" /> Ozugbo ọ chọtara ụlọ siri ike, Okporo jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi mbụ nke RDJ Refugee Shelter, ebe obibi mbụ nke New York City maka ndị na-achọ ebe mgbaba.<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/nigerian-refugee-creates-n-y-c-s-first-full-time-n1234655|title=Nigerian refugee creates N.Y.C. shelter for asylum-seekers|date=July 26, 2020|work=NBC News}}</ref> Okporo dere akwụkwọ, Asylum: A Memoir and Manifesto, na-akọwa ahụmahụ ya na-achọ Ebe mgbaba na United States. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/02/books/review/asylum-edafe-okporo.html|title=Guilty Until Proven Innocent: A Gay Refugee's Confrontation With America|first=Adaobi Tricia|author=Nwaubani|work=The New York Times|date=June 2, 2022}}</ref> Okporo na-agba ọsọ ugbu a n'ọsọ asọmpi maka New York City Council District 7, ma ọ bụrụ na a họpụta ya, ọ ga-abụ onye mbụ na-achọ mgbaba ahọpụtara n'otu ahụ.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://gothamist.com/news/manhattan-council-race-heats-up-with-entrance-of-refugee-turned-migrant-advocate|title=Manhattan Council race heats up with entrance of refugee turned migrant advocate|date=May 15, 2024|work=Gothamist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.them.us/story/edafe-okporo-gay-nigerian-refugee-asylum-nyc-council-race|title=This Gay Nigerian Refugee Could Be the First Former Asylum Seeker Elected to the NYC Council|first=Nico|author=Lang|date=July 26, 2024|work=Them}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/city-news/2025/02/11/edafe-okporo-gains-traction-in-local-district-7-race/|title=Edafe Okporo gains traction in local District 7 race|first=Tsehai|author=Alfred|work=Columbia Daily Spectator}}</ref> Okporo bụ onye natara onyinye David. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thedavidprize.org/winners/edafe-okporo/|title=Edafe Okporo|date=September 1, 2020|work=The David Prize}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1990]] h1706ldqmnaks6ghvsb8i5gyiwadxno 0 64536 674043 674039 2026-07-08T12:01:01Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ fixed reference errors 674043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|image=|alt=|caption=|nationality=American|alma_mater=[[United States International University]] (BA); [[University of Texas of the Permian Basin]] (MA)|occupation=Educator, activist, author|website=https://morenikego.com/}} '''Morénike Giwa Onaiwu''' bụ onye nkuzi si mba Amerịka, onye odee, na onye na-akwado nyocha orịa autism Nje HIV . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awards.wegohealth.com/nominees/8891|title=Check out Morénike Giwa Onaiwu's #WEGOHealthAwards Nomination|work=WEGO Health Awards|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-03|archivedate=2018-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193133/https://awards.wegohealth.com/nominees/8891}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/03/15/listen-black-female-and-autistic-hiding-in-plain-sight/|title=LISTEN: Black, female and autistic — hiding in plain sight|date=2017-03-15|work=Salon|first=Matthew|author=Rozsa|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}</ref> N'akụkụ E. Ashkenazy na Lydia Brown, Onaiwu bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke All the Weight of Our Dreams, akwụkwọ nka na ederede kpamkpam site n'aka ndị autistic nke agba bipụtara site na ótù Autism Women's Network na ọnwa Juun afo 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.autismandrace.com/|title=All the weight of our dreams – On living racialized autism|work=Autism and Race|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-04-03}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ onwe onye === A mụrụ Giwa Onaiwu na obodo [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] n'aka ndị nne na nna si obodo Naịjịrịa na obodo [[Cape Verde]], ebe ọtụtụ ndị ikwu ya ka bi. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-akọwahie ihe mgbaàmà mbụ nke autism dị ka àgwà nke "onye ojii [...] na-agbalị ịbanye na gburugburu ebe obibi ọcha", karịsịa na mgbaàmà anụ ahụ na-akọwahie dị ka "stereotype nke ndị na-eme ihe ike ma ọ bụ n'elu mmetụta uche ma ọ bụ onye isi ojii"<ref name=":1" /> N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ụlọ mgbasa ọzi ''Quartz'', o kwuru, sị: "Ọtụtụ àgwà m nwere nke doro anya na ọ bụ agbụrụ m ma ọ bụ okike. N'ihi ya, ọ bụghị nanị na a napụrụ m nkwado ndị gaara enye aka, a ghọtahiere m, nakwa, mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-emegbu m. "<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/804204/asd-in-girls-gender-stereotypes-have-made-us-horrible-at-recognizing-autism-in-women-and-girls/|title=Gender stereotypes have made us horrible at recognizing autism in women and girls|author=Rosza|first=Matthew|date=2018-10-12|work=Quartz|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Giwa Onaiwu gara Mahadum Mba Nile nke United States na San Diego, steetị California . <ref name=":2" />Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ na ụmụaka gbara ọsọ ndụ na ọrụ ụlọ na dịka onye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha<ref>{{Cite web|title=Citizen Autistic 2|url=https://rampyourvoice.tumblr.com/post/139117648029/citizen-autistic-2|accessdate=2021-05-27|work=Ramp Your Voice!|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ jiri BA na International Relations, Giwa Onaiwu rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na ọtụtụ ndị na-enweghị ikike, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, na ezinụlọ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://autismwomensnetwork.org/directory/morenike-giwa-onaiwu/|title=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu - Autism Women's Network|work=Autism Women's Network|accessdate=2018-05-11|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nkuchi na ụmụ ọmụmụ, nke abụọ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa autism.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/07/25/what-it-feels-like-to-be-an-autistic-person-of-color-in-the-eyes-of-the-police|title=What It Feels Like To Be An Autistic Person of Color in the Eyes of the Police|author=Garcia|first=Eric|date=2016-07-25|work=The Daily Beast|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en}}</ref> Giwa Onaiwu na-eji nnọchiaha "ya" na "ha". Giwa Onaiwu gụsịrị akwụkwọ jiri nzere Masters na Special Education na Mahadum Texas nke Permian Basin . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu">Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ "LinkedIn"]. ''LinkedIn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Mgbalị === Giwa Onaiwu ewepụtala ma duru ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi maka ikike mmadụ, gbadoro anya na nkwado orịa obirinajọcha na orịa Autism.  N'afọ 2009,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu">Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ "LinkedIn"]. ''LinkedIn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> ọ malitere dị ka onye nsonye kwusiri ike na nyocha na nkwado orịa obirinajọcha, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anchorstudy.org/baylor/team/mor%C3%A9nike-giwa-onaiwu|title=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|author=Siedle-Khan|first=Bob|date=2016-05-19|work=anchorstudy.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-09|archivedate=2018-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162727/https://anchorstudy.org/baylor/team/mor%C3%A9nike-giwa-onaiwu}}</ref> o guzoberu otu Positive Playdates iji baara ezinụlọ ndị nwere orịa obirinajọcha metụtara uru. A ga-ejikọta nzukọ a n' ime otu Advocacy Without Borders, nzukọ o guzobere na 2014 iji kwado ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocacywithoutborders.org/|title=Advocacy Without Borders|work=advocacywithoutborders.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-09}}</ref> Giwa Onaiwu bụ onye isi oche otu ndị ọrụ nyocha HIV nke ụmụ nwanyị na kọmitii Sayensị Sayensị Obodo ACTG họpụtara onye nnọchi anya otu cross-network Community Partners Working Group.  Ọ bụ onye isi oche kọmitii Autism na Race for the Autistic Women's Network site na 2014 ruo 2020.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu">Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ "LinkedIn"]. ''LinkedIn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ onye isi na onye bụbu onye isi na ndị ndụmọdụ nke ọtụtụ òtù, gụnyere ije ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke òtù Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN) Board of Directors site na afo 2016 ruo afo 2020. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://autisticadvocacy.org/about-asan/leadership/|title=Leadership|work=Autistic Self Advocacy Network|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-07-09}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, n'afọ 2021, Giwa Onaiwu bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ozi na-ekwupụta na Autistic Self Advocacy Network na-agbachi ndị pere mpe na ndị autistic nwere nkwarụ ọgụgụ isi.Ebubo gụnyere na ASAN kparịrị ọrụ onye ndọrọndọrọ onye America, na ọtụtụ ndị otu bọọdụ bụ obere agbụrụ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ihi ịkpa oke agbụrụ.<ref name="openletter">{{Cite web|title=Hear Our Cry: Call for Solidarity with Autistic BIPoC and Autistic People with Intellectual Disabilities: Demands presented to the Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN) for their June 20th Board Meeting|url=https://morenikego.com/memo-to-asan-2021/|work=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|accessdate=24 May 2022|date=20 June 2021}}</ref> O mechara kwuwapụta na ọ na-ahapụ mmegharị ahụ #actuallyautistic n'ihi okwu ndị dị ka microaggressions.<ref name="matrix">{{Cite web|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|title=Leaving the Matrix|url=https://morenikego.com/leaving-the-matrix-aka-the-autistic-community/|work=Just Being Me...Who Needs 'Normalcy' Anyway?|accessdate=24 May 2022|date=26 June 2021}}</ref> N'èzí ụlọ ọrụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike.  N'afọ 2015, ọ malitere akwụkwọ mkpesa ka ọ chụpụ ebubo mwakpo ọjọọ megide nwa akwụkwọ etiti autistic ma nyefee ya n'ụlọ ikpe n'akụkụ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-akwado autism.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.richmond.com/news/petition-asks-for-charges-to-be-dropped-against-linkhorne-middle/article_f5b4a9b2-b55a-5379-994b-42ced62982ce.html|title=Petition asks for charges to be dropped against Linkhorne Middle School student with autism|author=Dix|first=Katrina|date=2015-08-30|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en}}</ref> Na ọnwa Maachị 2018, e gosipụtara Giwa Onaiwu na otu Simons Foundation's Spectrum gunyere kwa ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ndị ọzọ, ha niile na-ekwu maka ahụmịhe ha dị iche iche dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-arịa ọrịa autism.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/multimedia/spectrum-presents-flying-university-women-autism-spectrum/|title=Spectrum presents 'Flying University: Women on the autism spectrum'|date=2018-07-12|work=Spectrum {{!}} Autism Research News|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Giwa Onaiwu na-ekwu okwu na mmemme iji mee ka ndị mmadụ mara ma kwalite ike nke obodo ndị a na-akparaghị ókè, gụnyere ndị lanarịrị mmegbu, ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ndị nwere nkwarụ gụnyere ụmụ agbọghọ na ndị na-arịa ọrịa autistic na ndị na'acha ọbara ọbara <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.unmultimedia.org/s/photo/detail/756/0756460.html|title=Special Event Marks World Autism Awareness Day|author=Felipe|first=Loey|date=2018-04-05|work=United Nations Photo|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref> na ndị na - aria oria obirinajọcha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/events/autismday/assets/pdf/2018-programme.pdf|title=Empowering Women and Girls with Autism|work=United Nations Department of Public Information and Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pwn-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2018-program-for-web.pdf|title=Positive Women's Network USA|work=2018 Program}}</ref> === Nnyocha na edemede === Giwa Onaiwu enweela ọtụtụ ọkwa ndu na netwọk nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ maka nyocha ahụike maka oria obirinajocha, autism, na okike. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye edemede nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere nchịkọta edepụtara, isi, isiokwu ndị ọgbọ nyochara, na op eds. Akwụkwọ ya kachasị ọhụrụ, Sincerely, Your Autistic Child: What People on the Autism Spectrum Wish Their Parents Knew About Growing Up, Acceptance, and Identity, bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Beacon Press bipụtara ma soro ndị ụlọ ọrụ Autistic Women na Nonbinary Network dezie. Ọ ga-ewepụta ''Neurodiversity En Noir: A Collection of Black Neurodiverse Voices'', na Jessica Kingsley Publishing na ngwụcha afo 2021. == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|title=All the Weight of Our Dreams: On Living Racialized Autism|publisher=Autism Women's Network|year=2017|isbn=9780997504507|editor=Brown}} == Njikọ mpụga == * All the Weight of Our Dreams, onye nchịkọta akụkọ * [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/670589/sincerely-your-autistic-child-by-autistic-women-and-nonbinary-network/ Eziokwu, Nwa Gị Na-arịa Onwe Gị], onye nchịkọta akụkọ * [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0 Autistic Community na Neurodiversity Movement], onye edemede * Ịmara Ihe kpatara ya, onye edemede * [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Real_Experts.html?id=IUYCjwEACAAJ Ezigbo Ndị Ọkachamara: Ihe Ndị Nne na Nna nke Ụmụaka Autistic], onye edemede * [http://whoneedsnormalcy.com/ Blog, "Onye chọrọ ịdị mma"] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 50le880ihoph0lono3lieniowuwkizp 0 64540 674109 406676 2026-07-08T14:41:08Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 674109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person|name=Mohammed Yusuf|birth_date={{Birth date|1970|1|29|df=yes}}|death_date={{death date and age|2009|7|30|1970|1|29|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Jakusko]], [[North-Eastern State]], [[Nigeria]] (today [[Yobe]])|death_place=[[Maiduguri]], [[Borno State|Borno]], Nigeria|image=Mohammed-Yusuf.jpg|caption=|nickname=|allegiance=[[Boko Haram]]|serviceyears=2002–2007|rank=Leader|commands=|unit=|battles=[[Boko Haram insurgency]] *[[2009 Boko Haram uprising]]{{Executed}}|laterwork=}} '''Mohammed Yusuf''' (29 Jenụwarị 1970 - 30 Julaị 2009), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf''', bụ onye agha Naijiria nke guzobere òtù ndị agha Islam bụ Boko Haram n'afọ 2002. Ọ bụụrụ onye ndú ya ruo mgbe e gburu ya n'oge nnupụisi Boko Haram nke afọ 2009. A mụrụ ya n'obodo Girgi, na Jakusko, nke bụ Yobe State, Naijiria ugbu a, Yusuf gụrụ akwụkwọ na mahadum. O mechara mụkwuo maka Islam ma ghọọ onye Salafi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1 July 2015|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|author=Dowd}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na nkwenye == Dị ka ọkà mmụta Paul Lubeck nke Mahadum California na Santa Cruz si kwuo, mgbe ọ bụ nwa okorobịa, a kụziiri Yusuf Shia Islam ma jikọta ya na Salafism na ozizi nke Ibn Taymiyyah.<ref name="cfrBackgrounder">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=27 December 2011|accessdate=12 March 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> O nwere agụmakwụkwọ dịka onye gụsịrịla akwụkwọ na mahadum, dị ka onye agụmakwụkwọ Naijiria Hussain Zakaria si kwuo. Yusuf abụghị onye maara Bekee nke ọma dị ka a kọrọ. O kwenyere na itinye Iwu Alakụba n'ọrụ ruo n'isi, nke na-anọchite anya echiche ya maka ikpe ziri ezi dịka nkuzi nke onye amụma Alakụba, [[Muhammad]] si dị. Ndị ike na Boko Haram ga-egbu ndị òtù ndị Alakụba ndị ọzọ dị ka Salafist Izala na Ndị Sufi [[Tijaniyyah|Tidjaniyya]] na Qadiriya fraternities. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|author=Vicky|first=Alain|date=1 April 2012|work=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|accessdate=4 December 2019}}</ref>N'ajụjụ ọnụ BBC gbara ya n'afọ 2009, Yusuf kwupụtara nkwenye ya na echiche nke Ụwa gbara gburugburu megidere nkuzi Islam ma kwesịkwa ka a jụ ya. Ọ jụkwara akụkọ mmụjupụta ụwa nke Darwin, nakwa echiche nke usoro mmiri ozuzo nke na-emepụta mmiri ozuzo.<ref name="bbc20090728">{{Cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|accessdate=28 July 2009}}</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, o kwuru, sị:<blockquote>E nwere ndị nkwusa Alakụba a ma ama hụrụla ma ghọtakwa na ụdị agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọdịda anyanwụ dị ugbu a bụ nke a gwakọtara ya na okwu ndị megidere nkwenye anyị na Islam, ka o kwuru. Dị ka mmiri ozuzo. Anyị kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe Chineke kere kama ịbụ mmịkọrọ mmiri gaa n'elu nke anyanwụ kpatara nke na-agbakọta ma ghọọ mmiri ozuzo. Dị ka ịsị na ụwa dị okirikiri. Ọ bụrụ na ọ megidere ozizi Allah, anyị jụrụ ya. Anyị na-ajụkwa echiche nke Darwinism. </blockquote> == Ndụ onwe onye == Yusuf nwere ndị nwunye anọ na ụmụ iri na otu, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=31 July 2009|accessdate=25 May 2012}}</ref> otu n'ime ha bụ [[Abu Musab al-Barnawi]], onye kwuru kemgbe 2016 na ọ bụ onye ndú kwesịrị ekwesị nke Boko Haram, na-emegide [[Abubakar Shekau]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|accessdate=16 July 2018|archivedate=17 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/}}</ref> A kọrọ na ọ na-ebi ndụ nhafu, na-eche na I nwere Mercedes-Benz.<ref name="bbc20090728" /> == Ọnwụ Ya == Mgbe nnupụisi nke July 2009 nke Boko Haram gasịrị, ndị agha Naijiria jidere Yusuf. Ha wegara ya n'aka ndị uwe ojii Naijiria.<ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{Cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|accessdate=27 June 2015|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> Ndị uwe ojii gburu Yusuf n'ihu ọha n'èzí isi ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii dị na [[Maiduguri]].<ref name="nytimes abduction">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=7 May 2014|accessdate=8 May 2014|author=Adam Nossiter}}</ref><ref name="HRW2012">{{Cite journal|author=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|journal=Human Rights Watch|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|accessdate=27 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{Cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|accessdate=27 June 2015|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Ndị uwe ojii na mbụ kwuru na m'ọbụghị na a gbagburu Yusuf mgbe ọ na-anwa ịgbapụ, ọ bụrụ na ọ nwụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ o nwetara n'oge ya na ndị agha na-alụ ọgụ egbe.<ref name="HRW2012" /><ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Febụwarị 2010), Vidio na-egosi 'mgbukpọ' Naijiria[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Vidio na-egosi 'mgbukpọ' nke Naijiria] * Duodu, Cameron (6 August 2009), "Mohammed Yusuf's final days", ''The Guardian'' * Human Rights Watch (2012), "Ihe ike na-akpali akpali: Mwakpo Boko Haram na mmegbu ndị uwe ojii na Naịjirịa", 11 Ọktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), Boko Haram: Mmalite ya, Ụkpụrụ ya na Ọrụ ya na Naijiria, Ngalaba Mmụta Alakụba, Mahadum Bayero, Kano, Naijiria 95jd3tjsy6cf6aninpqni14gqejj3wj 0 66702 674148 497607 2026-07-08T15:05:56Z Ennydavids 13406 /* Nkewasị */ Fix reference error 674148 wikitext text/x-wiki N'ihe gbasara Mmekọrịta dọkịta na onye na-arịa ọrịa, Mmanye na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro bụ usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ebe ọrụ ahụike na-anwa ime ka onye ọrịa gbasoo ọgwụgwọ a chọrọ site na usoro ahụike n'ejighị nrụgide dị ka nkwekọrịta na-enweghị isi jikọtara ya na ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị uche. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> : 18 Ọmụmataụ nke ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị isi na nlekọta ahụike uche bụ ọgwụ intramuscular na nkeantipsychotic haloperidol.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Violence and aggression: short-term management in mental health, health and community settings: NICE guideline|publisher=[[National Institute for Clinical Excellence]]|year=2015}}</ref> : 60  Ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ahụike na-ejikarị mmanye na-abụghị nke akwadoro eme ihe dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ ahụike uche mana ndị enyi na ezinụlọ nke onye ọrụ na-ejikwa ya eme ihe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> : 26 : 26  == Nkewasị == E kewaala ọtụtụ ogo mmanye n'oge. Smuzkler na Appelbaum kọwapụtara ọkwa mmanye nke ọkwa ise: <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> : 19 <ref>{{Cite book|title=Coercion in community mental health care : international perspectives|date=2016|others=Andrew Molodynski, Jorun Rugkåsa, Tom Burns|isbn=978-0-19-103431-2|location=Oxford|oclc=953456448}}</ref> : 96  # nrugide # iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye # mkpali # inyi egwu # ọgwụgwọ mmanye. Lidz et al. kọwapụtara ụdị mmanye itoolu na-ezighi ezi : # nrugide # mkpali # iyi egwu # ngosi ike # ime n'ike ahụ # ike iwu # arịrịọ maka mmasị n'echiche # ịnọ na-enye iwu # aghụghọ. === iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye === Ọ bụrụ na onye na-ahụ maka nnata ọgwụgwọ nwere ntụkwasị obi mmetụta uche nke onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ ahụ, onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere ike iji ngosipụta nke ndakpọ olileanya na-emetụta onye ọrụ ọrụ. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 19  === mkpali === Enwere ike ịchọ ka onye ọrịa mee ihe onye dọkịta chọrọ iji nweta ngwa ahịa bara uru dị ka ụlọ, ego, ụmụaka, na ikpe mpụ. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 19 Ịnweta ụlọ n'ọnọdụ bụ ụdị mkpali a na-ahụkarị na mmanye nkịtị, nke pasentị iri na ise ruo iri anọ ndị ojiji na-akọwapụta. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  Nnyocha nke mmanye na-ezighi ezi na ntinye ụlọ chọpụtara na pasentị iri isii nke ndị ọrụ anaghị arụ ọrụ na-ewepụ na mmemme ahụ. : <ref name=":0" /> 20 Onye ọrụ ahụike nwere ike iji mkpali dị ka sịga, mmanya, ma ọ bụ ngagharị iji mee ka ndị ọrịa kwenye ka ha ṅụọ ọgwụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}</ref> : 2  === Iyi Egwu === Enwere ike iji iyi egwu nke ntinye aka ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ na-akwadoghị aka mee ka ndị na-arịa ọrịa kwenye irube isi n'ejighị mmanye iwu. : <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}</ref> 2  == Ọganihu == Amụmamụ na-egosi na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike uche na-etinye mmanye na-ezighi ezi kwa ụbọchị n'ọrụ. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 20 Ndị na-eme ihe na-eji mmanye na amaghjị na ha na eme nke a, ma nnyocha gosiri na a na-eleda ya anya. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  pasenti iri ABỤỌ NA ITOOLU RUO PASENTỊ iri ise na itoolu nke ndị ọrụ na-akọ mmanye na-ezighi ezi, dịka amụmamụ gbasara mpaghara dị iche iche siri dị. : <ref name=":0" /> 18  pasenti iri na otu ruo iri abụọ na atọ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ka akọọrọ ikike ikpe, ebe onye ọrụ na-agbaso ọgwụgwọ iji zere usoro iwu. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  == Àgwà == pasenti iri ise na ise ruo iri isii na itoolu nke ndị ọrụ kwuru na ha na-ahụta nlegharị anya mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị mma yana pasenti iri anọ na asatọ ruo pasentị iri isii na itoolu ka nke dị irè. Nnyocha na-egosi na ndị ọrịa nwere nghọta dị elu ka mma mmanye. Ndị ọrịa a chọpụtara na ha nwere schizophrenia na-ekwukarị na a na-amanye ha, ma ha adịghị ahụta nke a ihe dị mma iji eme ihe. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHotzyJaeger2016">Hotzy, Florian; Jaeger, Matthias (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149520 "Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''7''': 197. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-0640 1664-0640]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149520 5149520]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28018248 28018248].</cite></ref> 26  Ndị ọrụ inye ọgwụgwọ ndị ọrịa, dị ka ndị nọọsụ ahụike uche ma ọ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mgbaka ụbụrụ, na-akọwapụta mmanye n'oge dị ka ụzọ isi kwalite nnabata, nke ha chere na ọ nwere ike igbochi ngozip<u>ta arịrịa</u> yana mkpa mmanye iwu. Ndị ọkachamara chere na mmanye n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nwere ike ịgba ndị mmadụ ume ka ha nwetakwuo ọrụ na ndụ ha. : <ref name=":0" /> 20, 26  N'ime otu elekwasị anya na ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike uche mba ụwa, ndị ọrụ ka achọpụtara na ha ha hụrụ mmanye na-akwadoghị dị ka ihe ka dị irè, mana enweghị ahụ iru ala maka ojiji ya. : <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Valenti|first=Emanuele|date=2015|title=Informal coercion in psychiatry: a focus group study of attitudes and experiences of mental health professionals in ten countries|journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|language=en|volume=50|issue=8|pages=1297–1308|doi=10.1007/s00127-015-1032-3|issn=0933-7954|pmid=25720809}}</ref> 5  Ndị ọrụ ahụike chere na mmanye na-akwadoghị ka a na-anakwere n'ọnọdụ nke mania ma ọ bụ nnukwu akparamaagwa . : <ref name=":2" /> Enwere ogo nghọtahie na gburugburu omume ahụ, ndị ọrụ ahụike kọwara omume dabara na nkọwa nke mmanye n'oge, mana ha na-ala azụ ịkpọ omume ha dị ka mmanye. : <ref name=":2" /> 8  == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} d91pd56ig8093yatl7on4bvinrj1cpu 674149 674148 2026-07-08T15:06:32Z Ennydavids 13406 /* Nkewasị */ Fix reference error 674149 wikitext text/x-wiki N'ihe gbasara Mmekọrịta dọkịta na onye na-arịa ọrịa, Mmanye na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro bụ usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ebe ọrụ ahụike na-anwa ime ka onye ọrịa gbasoo ọgwụgwọ a chọrọ site na usoro ahụike n'ejighị nrụgide dị ka nkwekọrịta na-enweghị isi jikọtara ya na ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị uche. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> : 18 Ọmụmataụ nke ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị isi na nlekọta ahụike uche bụ ọgwụ intramuscular na nkeantipsychotic haloperidol.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Violence and aggression: short-term management in mental health, health and community settings: NICE guideline|publisher=[[National Institute for Clinical Excellence]]|year=2015}}</ref> : 60  Ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ahụike na-ejikarị mmanye na-abụghị nke akwadoro eme ihe dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ ahụike uche mana ndị enyi na ezinụlọ nke onye ọrụ na-ejikwa ya eme ihe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> : 26 : 26  == Nkewasị == E kewaala ọtụtụ ogo mmanye n'oge. Smuzkler na Appelbaum kọwapụtara ọkwa mmanye nke ọkwa ise: <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> : 19 <ref>{{Cite book|title=Coercion in community mental health care : international perspectives|date=2016|others=Andrew Molodynski, Jorun Rugkåsa, Tom Burns|isbn=978-0-19-103431-2|location=Oxford|oclc=953456448}}</ref> : 96  # nrugide # iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye # mkpali # inyi egwu # ọgwụgwọ mmanye. Lidz et al. kọwapụtara ụdị mmanye itoolu na-ezighi ezi : # nrugide # mkpali # iyi egwu # ngosi ike # ime n'ike ahụ # ike iwu # arịrịọ maka mmasị n'echiche # ịnọ na-enye iwu # aghụghọ. === iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye === Ọ bụrụ na onye na-ahụ maka nnata ọgwụgwọ nwere ntụkwasị obi mmetụta uche nke onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ ahụ, onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere ike iji ngosipụta nke ndakpọ olileanya na-emetụta onye ọrụ ọrụ. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 19  === mkpali === Enwere ike ịchọ ka onye ọrịa mee ihe onye dọkịta chọrọ iji nweta ngwa ahịa bara uru dị ka ụlọ, ego, ụmụaka, na ikpe mpụ. : <ref name=":0" /> 19 Ịnweta ụlọ n'ọnọdụ bụ ụdị mkpali a na-ahụkarị na mmanye nkịtị, nke pasentị iri na ise ruo iri anọ ndị ojiji na-akọwapụta. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  Nnyocha nke mmanye na-ezighi ezi na ntinye ụlọ chọpụtara na pasentị iri isii nke ndị ọrụ anaghị arụ ọrụ na-ewepụ na mmemme ahụ. : <ref name=":0" /> 20 Onye ọrụ ahụike nwere ike iji mkpali dị ka sịga, mmanya, ma ọ bụ ngagharị iji mee ka ndị ọrịa kwenye ka ha ṅụọ ọgwụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}</ref> : 2  === Iyi Egwu === Enwere ike iji iyi egwu nke ntinye aka ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ na-akwadoghị aka mee ka ndị na-arịa ọrịa kwenye irube isi n'ejighị mmanye iwu. : <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}</ref> 2  == Ọganihu == Amụmamụ na-egosi na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike uche na-etinye mmanye na-ezighi ezi kwa ụbọchị n'ọrụ. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 20 Ndị na-eme ihe na-eji mmanye na amaghjị na ha na eme nke a, ma nnyocha gosiri na a na-eleda ya anya. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  pasenti iri ABỤỌ NA ITOOLU RUO PASENTỊ iri ise na itoolu nke ndị ọrụ na-akọ mmanye na-ezighi ezi, dịka amụmamụ gbasara mpaghara dị iche iche siri dị. : <ref name=":0" /> 18  pasenti iri na otu ruo iri abụọ na atọ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ka akọọrọ ikike ikpe, ebe onye ọrụ na-agbaso ọgwụgwọ iji zere usoro iwu. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  == Àgwà == pasenti iri ise na ise ruo iri isii na itoolu nke ndị ọrụ kwuru na ha na-ahụta nlegharị anya mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị mma yana pasenti iri anọ na asatọ ruo pasentị iri isii na itoolu ka nke dị irè. Nnyocha na-egosi na ndị ọrịa nwere nghọta dị elu ka mma mmanye. Ndị ọrịa a chọpụtara na ha nwere schizophrenia na-ekwukarị na a na-amanye ha, ma ha adịghị ahụta nke a ihe dị mma iji eme ihe. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHotzyJaeger2016">Hotzy, Florian; Jaeger, Matthias (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149520 "Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''7''': 197. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-0640 1664-0640]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149520 5149520]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28018248 28018248].</cite></ref> 26  Ndị ọrụ inye ọgwụgwọ ndị ọrịa, dị ka ndị nọọsụ ahụike uche ma ọ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mgbaka ụbụrụ, na-akọwapụta mmanye n'oge dị ka ụzọ isi kwalite nnabata, nke ha chere na ọ nwere ike igbochi ngozip<u>ta arịrịa</u> yana mkpa mmanye iwu. Ndị ọkachamara chere na mmanye n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nwere ike ịgba ndị mmadụ ume ka ha nwetakwuo ọrụ na ndụ ha. : <ref name=":0" /> 20, 26  N'ime otu elekwasị anya na ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike uche mba ụwa, ndị ọrụ ka achọpụtara na ha ha hụrụ mmanye na-akwadoghị dị ka ihe ka dị irè, mana enweghị ahụ iru ala maka ojiji ya. : <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Valenti|first=Emanuele|date=2015|title=Informal coercion in psychiatry: a focus group study of attitudes and experiences of mental health professionals in ten countries|journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|language=en|volume=50|issue=8|pages=1297–1308|doi=10.1007/s00127-015-1032-3|issn=0933-7954|pmid=25720809}}</ref> 5  Ndị ọrụ ahụike chere na mmanye na-akwadoghị ka a na-anakwere n'ọnọdụ nke mania ma ọ bụ nnukwu akparamaagwa . : <ref name=":2" /> Enwere ogo nghọtahie na gburugburu omume ahụ, ndị ọrụ ahụike kọwara omume dabara na nkọwa nke mmanye n'oge, mana ha na-ala azụ ịkpọ omume ha dị ka mmanye. : <ref name=":2" /> 8  == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} drgjfuj1nx5c4glox8f0eoomzo9fwqz 674150 674149 2026-07-08T15:07:12Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674150 wikitext text/x-wiki N'ihe gbasara Mmekọrịta dọkịta na onye na-arịa ọrịa, Mmanye na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro bụ usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ebe ọrụ ahụike na-anwa ime ka onye ọrịa gbasoo ọgwụgwọ a chọrọ site na usoro ahụike n'ejighị nrụgide dị ka nkwekọrịta na-enweghị isi jikọtara ya na ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị uche. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> : 18 Ọmụmataụ nke ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị isi na nlekọta ahụike uche bụ ọgwụ intramuscular na nkeantipsychotic haloperidol.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Violence and aggression: short-term management in mental health, health and community settings: NICE guideline|publisher=[[National Institute for Clinical Excellence]]|year=2015}}</ref> : 60  Ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ahụike na-ejikarị mmanye na-abụghị nke akwadoro eme ihe dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ ahụike uche mana ndị enyi na ezinụlọ nke onye ọrụ na-ejikwa ya eme ihe.<ref name=":0" /> : 26 : 26  == Nkewasị == E kewaala ọtụtụ ogo mmanye n'oge. Smuzkler na Appelbaum kọwapụtara ọkwa mmanye nke ọkwa ise: <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> : 19 <ref>{{Cite book|title=Coercion in community mental health care : international perspectives|date=2016|others=Andrew Molodynski, Jorun Rugkåsa, Tom Burns|isbn=978-0-19-103431-2|location=Oxford|oclc=953456448}}</ref> : 96  # nrugide # iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye # mkpali # inyi egwu # ọgwụgwọ mmanye. Lidz et al. kọwapụtara ụdị mmanye itoolu na-ezighi ezi : # nrugide # mkpali # iyi egwu # ngosi ike # ime n'ike ahụ # ike iwu # arịrịọ maka mmasị n'echiche # ịnọ na-enye iwu # aghụghọ. === iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye === Ọ bụrụ na onye na-ahụ maka nnata ọgwụgwọ nwere ntụkwasị obi mmetụta uche nke onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ ahụ, onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere ike iji ngosipụta nke ndakpọ olileanya na-emetụta onye ọrụ ọrụ. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 19  === mkpali === Enwere ike ịchọ ka onye ọrịa mee ihe onye dọkịta chọrọ iji nweta ngwa ahịa bara uru dị ka ụlọ, ego, ụmụaka, na ikpe mpụ. : <ref name=":0" /> 19 Ịnweta ụlọ n'ọnọdụ bụ ụdị mkpali a na-ahụkarị na mmanye nkịtị, nke pasentị iri na ise ruo iri anọ ndị ojiji na-akọwapụta. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  Nnyocha nke mmanye na-ezighi ezi na ntinye ụlọ chọpụtara na pasentị iri isii nke ndị ọrụ anaghị arụ ọrụ na-ewepụ na mmemme ahụ. : <ref name=":0" /> 20 Onye ọrụ ahụike nwere ike iji mkpali dị ka sịga, mmanya, ma ọ bụ ngagharị iji mee ka ndị ọrịa kwenye ka ha ṅụọ ọgwụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}</ref> : 2  === Iyi Egwu === Enwere ike iji iyi egwu nke ntinye aka ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ na-akwadoghị aka mee ka ndị na-arịa ọrịa kwenye irube isi n'ejighị mmanye iwu. : <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}</ref> 2  == Ọganihu == Amụmamụ na-egosi na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike uche na-etinye mmanye na-ezighi ezi kwa ụbọchị n'ọrụ. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 20 Ndị na-eme ihe na-eji mmanye na amaghjị na ha na eme nke a, ma nnyocha gosiri na a na-eleda ya anya. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  pasenti iri ABỤỌ NA ITOOLU RUO PASENTỊ iri ise na itoolu nke ndị ọrụ na-akọ mmanye na-ezighi ezi, dịka amụmamụ gbasara mpaghara dị iche iche siri dị. : <ref name=":0" /> 18  pasenti iri na otu ruo iri abụọ na atọ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ka akọọrọ ikike ikpe, ebe onye ọrụ na-agbaso ọgwụgwọ iji zere usoro iwu. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  == Àgwà == pasenti iri ise na ise ruo iri isii na itoolu nke ndị ọrụ kwuru na ha na-ahụta nlegharị anya mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị mma yana pasenti iri anọ na asatọ ruo pasentị iri isii na itoolu ka nke dị irè. Nnyocha na-egosi na ndị ọrịa nwere nghọta dị elu ka mma mmanye. Ndị ọrịa a chọpụtara na ha nwere schizophrenia na-ekwukarị na a na-amanye ha, ma ha adịghị ahụta nke a ihe dị mma iji eme ihe. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHotzyJaeger2016">Hotzy, Florian; Jaeger, Matthias (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149520 "Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''7''': 197. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-0640 1664-0640]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149520 5149520]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28018248 28018248].</cite></ref> 26  Ndị ọrụ inye ọgwụgwọ ndị ọrịa, dị ka ndị nọọsụ ahụike uche ma ọ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mgbaka ụbụrụ, na-akọwapụta mmanye n'oge dị ka ụzọ isi kwalite nnabata, nke ha chere na ọ nwere ike igbochi ngozip<u>ta arịrịa</u> yana mkpa mmanye iwu. Ndị ọkachamara chere na mmanye n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nwere ike ịgba ndị mmadụ ume ka ha nwetakwuo ọrụ na ndụ ha. : <ref name=":0" /> 20, 26  N'ime otu elekwasị anya na ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike uche mba ụwa, ndị ọrụ ka achọpụtara na ha ha hụrụ mmanye na-akwadoghị dị ka ihe ka dị irè, mana enweghị ahụ iru ala maka ojiji ya. : <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Valenti|first=Emanuele|date=2015|title=Informal coercion in psychiatry: a focus group study of attitudes and experiences of mental health professionals in ten countries|journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|language=en|volume=50|issue=8|pages=1297–1308|doi=10.1007/s00127-015-1032-3|issn=0933-7954|pmid=25720809}}</ref> 5  Ndị ọrụ ahụike chere na mmanye na-akwadoghị ka a na-anakwere n'ọnọdụ nke mania ma ọ bụ nnukwu akparamaagwa . : <ref name=":2" /> Enwere ogo nghọtahie na gburugburu omume ahụ, ndị ọrụ ahụike kọwara omume dabara na nkọwa nke mmanye n'oge, mana ha na-ala azụ ịkpọ omume ha dị ka mmanye. : <ref name=":2" /> 8  == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} c1hn2t77b4nirsbvnfq2toqni1go8id 674152 674150 2026-07-08T15:07:50Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674152 wikitext text/x-wiki N'ihe gbasara Mmekọrịta dọkịta na onye na-arịa ọrịa, Mmanye na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro bụ usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ebe ọrụ ahụike na-anwa ime ka onye ọrịa gbasoo ọgwụgwọ a chọrọ site na usoro ahụike n'ejighị nrụgide dị ka nkwekọrịta na-enweghị isi jikọtara ya na ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị uche. <ref name=":3" /> : 18 Ọmụmataụ nke ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị isi na nlekọta ahụike uche bụ ọgwụ intramuscular na nkeantipsychotic haloperidol.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Violence and aggression: short-term management in mental health, health and community settings: NICE guideline|publisher=[[National Institute for Clinical Excellence]]|year=2015}}</ref> : 60  Ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ahụike na-ejikarị mmanye na-abụghị nke akwadoro eme ihe dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ ahụike uche mana ndị enyi na ezinụlọ nke onye ọrụ na-ejikwa ya eme ihe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> : 26 : 26  == Nkewasị == E kewaala ọtụtụ ogo mmanye n'oge. Smuzkler na Appelbaum kọwapụtara ọkwa mmanye nke ọkwa ise: <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> : 19 <ref>{{Cite book|title=Coercion in community mental health care : international perspectives|date=2016|others=Andrew Molodynski, Jorun Rugkåsa, Tom Burns|isbn=978-0-19-103431-2|location=Oxford|oclc=953456448}}</ref> : 96  # nrugide # iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye # mkpali # inyi egwu # ọgwụgwọ mmanye. Lidz et al. kọwapụtara ụdị mmanye itoolu na-ezighi ezi : # nrugide # mkpali # iyi egwu # ngosi ike # ime n'ike ahụ # ike iwu # arịrịọ maka mmasị n'echiche # ịnọ na-enye iwu # aghụghọ. === iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye === Ọ bụrụ na onye na-ahụ maka nnata ọgwụgwọ nwere ntụkwasị obi mmetụta uche nke onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ ahụ, onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere ike iji ngosipụta nke ndakpọ olileanya na-emetụta onye ọrụ ọrụ. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 19  === mkpali === Enwere ike ịchọ ka onye ọrịa mee ihe onye dọkịta chọrọ iji nweta ngwa ahịa bara uru dị ka ụlọ, ego, ụmụaka, na ikpe mpụ. : <ref name=":0" /> 19 Ịnweta ụlọ n'ọnọdụ bụ ụdị mkpali a na-ahụkarị na mmanye nkịtị, nke pasentị iri na ise ruo iri anọ ndị ojiji na-akọwapụta. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  Nnyocha nke mmanye na-ezighi ezi na ntinye ụlọ chọpụtara na pasentị iri isii nke ndị ọrụ anaghị arụ ọrụ na-ewepụ na mmemme ahụ. : <ref name=":0" /> 20 Onye ọrụ ahụike nwere ike iji mkpali dị ka sịga, mmanya, ma ọ bụ ngagharị iji mee ka ndị ọrịa kwenye ka ha ṅụọ ọgwụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}</ref> : 2  === Iyi Egwu === Enwere ike iji iyi egwu nke ntinye aka ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ na-akwadoghị aka mee ka ndị na-arịa ọrịa kwenye irube isi n'ejighị mmanye iwu. : <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}</ref> 2  == Ọganihu == Amụmamụ na-egosi na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike uche na-etinye mmanye na-ezighi ezi kwa ụbọchị n'ọrụ. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 20 Ndị na-eme ihe na-eji mmanye na amaghjị na ha na eme nke a, ma nnyocha gosiri na a na-eleda ya anya. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  pasenti iri ABỤỌ NA ITOOLU RUO PASENTỊ iri ise na itoolu nke ndị ọrụ na-akọ mmanye na-ezighi ezi, dịka amụmamụ gbasara mpaghara dị iche iche siri dị. : <ref name=":0" /> 18  pasenti iri na otu ruo iri abụọ na atọ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ka akọọrọ ikike ikpe, ebe onye ọrụ na-agbaso ọgwụgwọ iji zere usoro iwu. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  == Àgwà == pasenti iri ise na ise ruo iri isii na itoolu nke ndị ọrụ kwuru na ha na-ahụta nlegharị anya mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị mma yana pasenti iri anọ na asatọ ruo pasentị iri isii na itoolu ka nke dị irè. Nnyocha na-egosi na ndị ọrịa nwere nghọta dị elu ka mma mmanye. Ndị ọrịa a chọpụtara na ha nwere schizophrenia na-ekwukarị na a na-amanye ha, ma ha adịghị ahụta nke a ihe dị mma iji eme ihe. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHotzyJaeger2016">Hotzy, Florian; Jaeger, Matthias (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149520 "Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''7''': 197. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-0640 1664-0640]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149520 5149520]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28018248 28018248].</cite></ref> 26  Ndị ọrụ inye ọgwụgwọ ndị ọrịa, dị ka ndị nọọsụ ahụike uche ma ọ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mgbaka ụbụrụ, na-akọwapụta mmanye n'oge dị ka ụzọ isi kwalite nnabata, nke ha chere na ọ nwere ike igbochi ngozip<u>ta arịrịa</u> yana mkpa mmanye iwu. Ndị ọkachamara chere na mmanye n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nwere ike ịgba ndị mmadụ ume ka ha nwetakwuo ọrụ na ndụ ha. : <ref name=":0" /> 20, 26  N'ime otu elekwasị anya na ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike uche mba ụwa, ndị ọrụ ka achọpụtara na ha ha hụrụ mmanye na-akwadoghị dị ka ihe ka dị irè, mana enweghị ahụ iru ala maka ojiji ya. : <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Valenti|first=Emanuele|date=2015|title=Informal coercion in psychiatry: a focus group study of attitudes and experiences of mental health professionals in ten countries|journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|language=en|volume=50|issue=8|pages=1297–1308|doi=10.1007/s00127-015-1032-3|issn=0933-7954|pmid=25720809}}</ref> 5  Ndị ọrụ ahụike chere na mmanye na-akwadoghị ka a na-anakwere n'ọnọdụ nke mania ma ọ bụ nnukwu akparamaagwa . : <ref name=":2" /> Enwere ogo nghọtahie na gburugburu omume ahụ, ndị ọrụ ahụike kọwara omume dabara na nkọwa nke mmanye n'oge, mana ha na-ala azụ ịkpọ omume ha dị ka mmanye. : <ref name=":2" /> 8  == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 647fx3cixg2smwcjustmxcfms0hf0f2 674153 674152 2026-07-08T15:08:27Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674153 wikitext text/x-wiki N'ihe gbasara Mmekọrịta dọkịta na onye na-arịa ọrịa, Mmanye na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro bụ usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ebe ọrụ ahụike na-anwa ime ka onye ọrịa gbasoo ọgwụgwọ a chọrọ site na usoro ahụike n'ejighị nrụgide dị ka nkwekọrịta na-enweghị isi jikọtara ya na ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị uche. <ref name=":3" /> : 18 Ọmụmataụ nke ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị isi na nlekọta ahụike uche bụ ọgwụ intramuscular na nkeantipsychotic haloperidol.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Violence and aggression: short-term management in mental health, health and community settings: NICE guideline|publisher=[[National Institute for Clinical Excellence]]|year=2015}}</ref> : 60  Ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ahụike na-ejikarị mmanye na-abụghị nke akwadoro eme ihe dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ ahụike uche mana ndị enyi na ezinụlọ nke onye ọrụ na-ejikwa ya eme ihe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> : 26 : 26  == Nkewasị == E kewaala ọtụtụ ogo mmanye n'oge. Smuzkler na Appelbaum kọwapụtara ọkwa mmanye nke ọkwa ise: <ref name=":0" /> : 19 <ref>{{Cite book|title=Coercion in community mental health care : international perspectives|date=2016|others=Andrew Molodynski, Jorun Rugkåsa, Tom Burns|isbn=978-0-19-103431-2|location=Oxford|oclc=953456448}}</ref> : 96  # nrugide # iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye # mkpali # inyi egwu # ọgwụgwọ mmanye. Lidz et al. kọwapụtara ụdị mmanye itoolu na-ezighi ezi : # nrugide # mkpali # iyi egwu # ngosi ike # ime n'ike ahụ # ike iwu # arịrịọ maka mmasị n'echiche # ịnọ na-enye iwu # aghụghọ. === iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye === Ọ bụrụ na onye na-ahụ maka nnata ọgwụgwọ nwere ntụkwasị obi mmetụta uche nke onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ ahụ, onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere ike iji ngosipụta nke ndakpọ olileanya na-emetụta onye ọrụ ọrụ. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 19  === mkpali === Enwere ike ịchọ ka onye ọrịa mee ihe onye dọkịta chọrọ iji nweta ngwa ahịa bara uru dị ka ụlọ, ego, ụmụaka, na ikpe mpụ. : <ref name=":0" /> 19 Ịnweta ụlọ n'ọnọdụ bụ ụdị mkpali a na-ahụkarị na mmanye nkịtị, nke pasentị iri na ise ruo iri anọ ndị ojiji na-akọwapụta. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  Nnyocha nke mmanye na-ezighi ezi na ntinye ụlọ chọpụtara na pasentị iri isii nke ndị ọrụ anaghị arụ ọrụ na-ewepụ na mmemme ahụ. : <ref name=":0" /> 20 Onye ọrụ ahụike nwere ike iji mkpali dị ka sịga, mmanya, ma ọ bụ ngagharị iji mee ka ndị ọrịa kwenye ka ha ṅụọ ọgwụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}</ref> : 2  === Iyi Egwu === Enwere ike iji iyi egwu nke ntinye aka ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ na-akwadoghị aka mee ka ndị na-arịa ọrịa kwenye irube isi n'ejighị mmanye iwu. : <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}</ref> 2  == Ọganihu == Amụmamụ na-egosi na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike uche na-etinye mmanye na-ezighi ezi kwa ụbọchị n'ọrụ. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 20 Ndị na-eme ihe na-eji mmanye na amaghjị na ha na eme nke a, ma nnyocha gosiri na a na-eleda ya anya. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  pasenti iri ABỤỌ NA ITOOLU RUO PASENTỊ iri ise na itoolu nke ndị ọrụ na-akọ mmanye na-ezighi ezi, dịka amụmamụ gbasara mpaghara dị iche iche siri dị. : <ref name=":0" /> 18  pasenti iri na otu ruo iri abụọ na atọ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ka akọọrọ ikike ikpe, ebe onye ọrụ na-agbaso ọgwụgwọ iji zere usoro iwu. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  == Àgwà == pasenti iri ise na ise ruo iri isii na itoolu nke ndị ọrụ kwuru na ha na-ahụta nlegharị anya mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị mma yana pasenti iri anọ na asatọ ruo pasentị iri isii na itoolu ka nke dị irè. Nnyocha na-egosi na ndị ọrịa nwere nghọta dị elu ka mma mmanye. Ndị ọrịa a chọpụtara na ha nwere schizophrenia na-ekwukarị na a na-amanye ha, ma ha adịghị ahụta nke a ihe dị mma iji eme ihe. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHotzyJaeger2016">Hotzy, Florian; Jaeger, Matthias (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149520 "Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''7''': 197. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-0640 1664-0640]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149520 5149520]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28018248 28018248].</cite></ref> 26  Ndị ọrụ inye ọgwụgwọ ndị ọrịa, dị ka ndị nọọsụ ahụike uche ma ọ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mgbaka ụbụrụ, na-akọwapụta mmanye n'oge dị ka ụzọ isi kwalite nnabata, nke ha chere na ọ nwere ike igbochi ngozip<u>ta arịrịa</u> yana mkpa mmanye iwu. Ndị ọkachamara chere na mmanye n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nwere ike ịgba ndị mmadụ ume ka ha nwetakwuo ọrụ na ndụ ha. : <ref name=":0" /> 20, 26  N'ime otu elekwasị anya na ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike uche mba ụwa, ndị ọrụ ka achọpụtara na ha ha hụrụ mmanye na-akwadoghị dị ka ihe ka dị irè, mana enweghị ahụ iru ala maka ojiji ya. : <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Valenti|first=Emanuele|date=2015|title=Informal coercion in psychiatry: a focus group study of attitudes and experiences of mental health professionals in ten countries|journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|language=en|volume=50|issue=8|pages=1297–1308|doi=10.1007/s00127-015-1032-3|issn=0933-7954|pmid=25720809}}</ref> 5  Ndị ọrụ ahụike chere na mmanye na-akwadoghị ka a na-anakwere n'ọnọdụ nke mania ma ọ bụ nnukwu akparamaagwa . : <ref name=":2" /> Enwere ogo nghọtahie na gburugburu omume ahụ, ndị ọrụ ahụike kọwara omume dabara na nkọwa nke mmanye n'oge, mana ha na-ala azụ ịkpọ omume ha dị ka mmanye. : <ref name=":2" /> 8  == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 14gqanmja89sl7l9l446z6ooo6yym55 674154 674153 2026-07-08T15:10:52Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674154 wikitext text/x-wiki N'ihe gbasara Mmekọrịta dọkịta na onye na-arịa ọrịa, Mmanye na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro bụ usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ebe ọrụ ahụike na-anwa ime ka onye ọrịa gbasoo ọgwụgwọ a chọrọ site na usoro ahụike n'ejighị nrụgide dị ka nkwekọrịta na-enweghị isi jikọtara ya na ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị uche. <ref name=":3" /> : 18 Ọmụmataụ nke ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị isi na nlekọta ahụike uche bụ ọgwụ intramuscular na nkeantipsychotic haloperidol.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Violence and aggression: short-term management in mental health, health and community settings: NICE guideline|publisher=[[National Institute for Clinical Excellence]]|year=2015}}</ref> : 60  Ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ahụike na-ejikarị mmanye na-abụghị nke akwadoro eme ihe dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ ahụike uche mana ndị enyi na ezinụlọ nke onye ọrụ na-ejikwa ya eme ihe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> : 26 : 26  == Nkewasị == E kewaala ọtụtụ ogo mmanye n'oge. Smuzkler na Appelbaum kọwapụtara ọkwa mmanye nke ọkwa ise: <ref name=":0" /> : 19 <ref>{{Cite book|title=Coercion in community mental health care : international perspectives|date=2016|others=Andrew Molodynski, Jorun Rugkåsa, Tom Burns|isbn=978-0-19-103431-2|location=Oxford|oclc=953456448}}</ref> : 96  # nrugide # iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye # mkpali # inyi egwu # ọgwụgwọ mmanye. Lidz et al. kọwapụtara ụdị mmanye itoolu na-ezighi ezi : # nrugide # mkpali # iyi egwu # ngosi ike # ime n'ike ahụ # ike iwu # arịrịọ maka mmasị n'echiche # ịnọ na-enye iwu # aghụghọ. === iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye === Ọ bụrụ na onye na-ahụ maka nnata ọgwụgwọ nwere ntụkwasị obi mmetụta uche nke onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ ahụ, onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere ike iji ngosipụta nke ndakpọ olileanya na-emetụta onye ọrụ ọrụ. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 19  === mkpali<ref name=":0" /> === Enwere ike ịchọ ka onye ọrịa mee ihe onye dọkịta chọrọ iji nweta ngwa ahịa bara uru dị ka ụlọ, ego, ụmụaka, na ikpe mpụ. : <ref name=":0" /> 19 Ịnweta ụlọ n'ọnọdụ bụ ụdị mkpali a na-ahụkarị na mmanye nkịtị, nke pasentị iri na ise ruo iri anọ ndị ojiji na-akọwapụta. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  Nnyocha nke mmanye na-ezighi ezi na ntinye ụlọ chọpụtara na pasentị iri isii nke ndị ọrụ anaghị arụ ọrụ na-ewepụ na mmemme ahụ. : <ref name=":0" /> 20 Onye ọrụ ahụike nwere ike iji mkpali dị ka sịga, mmanya, ma ọ bụ ngagharị iji mee ka ndị ọrịa kwenye ka ha ṅụọ ọgwụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}</ref> : 2  === Iyi Egwu === Enwere ike iji iyi egwu nke ntinye aka ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ na-akwadoghị aka mee ka ndị na-arịa ọrịa kwenye irube isi n'ejighị mmanye iwu. : <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}</ref> 2  == Ọganihu == Amụmamụ na-egosi na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike uche na-etinye mmanye na-ezighi ezi kwa ụbọchị n'ọrụ. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 20 Ndị na-eme ihe na-eji mmanye na amaghjị na ha na eme nke a, ma nnyocha gosiri na a na-eleda ya anya. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  pasenti iri ABỤỌ NA ITOOLU RUO PASENTỊ iri ise na itoolu nke ndị ọrụ na-akọ mmanye na-ezighi ezi, dịka amụmamụ gbasara mpaghara dị iche iche siri dị. : <ref name=":0" /> 18  pasenti iri na otu ruo iri abụọ na atọ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ka akọọrọ ikike ikpe, ebe onye ọrụ na-agbaso ọgwụgwọ iji zere usoro iwu. :  26  == Àgwà == pasenti iri ise na ise ruo iri isii na itoolu nke ndị ọrụ kwuru na ha na-ahụta nlegharị anya mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị mma yana pasenti iri anọ na asatọ ruo pasentị iri isii na itoolu ka nke dị irè. Nnyocha na-egosi na ndị ọrịa nwere nghọta dị elu ka mma mmanye. Ndị ọrịa a chọpụtara na ha nwere schizophrenia na-ekwukarị na a na-amanye ha, ma ha adịghị ahụta nke a ihe dị mma iji eme ihe. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHotzyJaeger2016">Hotzy, Florian; Jaeger, Matthias (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149520 "Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''7''': 197. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-0640 1664-0640]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149520 5149520]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28018248 28018248].</cite></ref> 26  Ndị ọrụ inye ọgwụgwọ ndị ọrịa, dị ka ndị nọọsụ ahụike uche ma ọ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mgbaka ụbụrụ, na-akọwapụta mmanye n'oge dị ka ụzọ isi kwalite nnabata, nke ha chere na ọ nwere ike igbochi ngozip<u>ta arịrịa</u> yana mkpa mmanye iwu. Ndị ọkachamara chere na mmanye n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nwere ike ịgba ndị mmadụ ume ka ha nwetakwuo ọrụ na ndụ ha. : <ref name=":0" /> 20, 26  N'ime otu elekwasị anya na ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike uche mba ụwa, ndị ọrụ ka achọpụtara na ha ha hụrụ mmanye na-akwadoghị dị ka ihe ka dị irè, mana enweghị ahụ iru ala maka ojiji ya. : <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Valenti|first=Emanuele|date=2015|title=Informal coercion in psychiatry: a focus group study of attitudes and experiences of mental health professionals in ten countries|journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|language=en|volume=50|issue=8|pages=1297–1308|doi=10.1007/s00127-015-1032-3|issn=0933-7954|pmid=25720809}}</ref> 5  Ndị ọrụ ahụike chere na mmanye na-akwadoghị ka a na-anakwere n'ọnọdụ nke mania ma ọ bụ nnukwu akparamaagwa . : <ref name=":2" /> Enwere ogo nghọtahie na gburugburu omume ahụ, ndị ọrụ ahụike kọwara omume dabara na nkọwa nke mmanye n'oge, mana ha na-ala azụ ịkpọ omume ha dị ka mmanye. : <ref name=":2" /> 8  == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 9p1fqncn0kdrvxolbl6vgs28k5og53m 674156 674154 2026-07-08T15:12:49Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ f 674156 wikitext text/x-wiki N'ihe gbasara Mmekọrịta dọkịta na onye na-arịa ọrịa, Mmanye na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro bụ usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ebe ọrụ ahụike na-anwa ime ka onye ọrịa gbasoo ọgwụgwọ a chọrọ site na usoro ahụike n'ejighị nrụgide dị ka nkwekọrịta na-enweghị isi jikọtara ya na ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị uche. <ref name=":3" /> : 18 Ọmụmataụ nke ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị isi na nlekọta ahụike uche bụ ọgwụ intramuscular na nkeantipsychotic haloperidol.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Violence and aggression: short-term management in mental health, health and community settings: NICE guideline|publisher=[[National Institute for Clinical Excellence]]|year=2015}}</ref> : 60  Ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ahụike na-ejikarị mmanye na-abụghị nke akwadoro eme ihe dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ ahụike uche mana ndị enyi na ezinụlọ nke onye ọrụ na-ejikwa ya eme ihe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> : 26 : 26  == Nkewasị == E kewaala ọtụtụ ogo mmanye n'oge. Smuzkler na Appelbaum kọwapụtara ọkwa mmanye nke ọkwa ise: <ref name=":0" /> : 19 <ref>{{Cite book|title=Coercion in community mental health care : international perspectives|date=2016|others=Andrew Molodynski, Jorun Rugkåsa, Tom Burns|isbn=978-0-19-103431-2|location=Oxford|oclc=953456448}}</ref> : 96  # nrugide # iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye # mkpali # inyi egwu # ọgwụgwọ mmanye. Lidz et al. kọwapụtara ụdị mmanye itoolu na-ezighi ezi : # nrugide # mkpali # iyi egwu # ngosi ike # ime n'ike ahụ # ike iwu # arịrịọ maka mmasị n'echiche # ịnọ na-enye iwu # aghụghọ. === iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye === Ọ bụrụ na onye na-ahụ maka nnata ọgwụgwọ nwere ntụkwasị obi mmetụta uche nke onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ ahụ, onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere ike iji ngosipụta nke ndakpọ olileanya na-emetụta onye ọrụ ọrụ. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 19  === mkpali<ref name=":0" /> === Enwere ike ịchọ ka onye ọrịa mee ihe onye dọkịta chọrọ iji nweta ngwa ahịa bara uru dị ka ụlọ, ego, ụmụaka, na ikpe mpụ. : <ref name=":0" /> 19 Ịnweta ụlọ n'ọnọdụ bụ ụdị mkpali a na-ahụkarị na mmanye nkịtị, nke pasentị iri na ise ruo iri anọ ndị ojiji na-akọwapụta. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  Nnyocha nke mmanye na-ezighi ezi na ntinye ụlọ chọpụtara na pasentị iri isii nke ndị ọrụ anaghị arụ ọrụ na-ewepụ na mmemme ahụ. : <ref name=":0" /> 20 Onye ọrụ ahụike nwere ike iji mkpali dị ka sịga, mmanya, ma ọ bụ ngagharị iji mee ka ndị ọrịa kwenye ka ha ṅụọ ọgwụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}</ref> : 2  === Iyi Egwu === Enwere ike iji iyi egwu nke ntinye aka ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ na-akwadoghị aka mee ka ndị na-arịa ọrịa kwenye irube isi n'ejighị mmanye iwu. : <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}</ref> 2  == Ọganihu == Amụmamụ na-egosi na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike uche na-etinye mmanye na-ezighi ezi kwa ụbọchị n'ọrụ. : <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> 20 Ndị na-eme ihe na-eji mmanye na amaghjị na ha na eme nke a, ma nnyocha gosiri na a na-eleda ya anya. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  pasenti iri ABỤỌ NA ITOOLU RUO PASENTỊ iri ise na itoolu nke ndị ọrụ na-akọ mmanye na-ezighi ezi, dịka amụmamụ gbasara mpaghara dị iche iche siri dị. : <ref name=":0" /> 18  pasenti iri na otu ruo iri abụọ na atọ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ka akọọrọ ikike ikpe, ebe onye ọrụ na-agbaso ọgwụgwọ iji zere usoro iwu. :  26  == Àgwà == pasenti iri ise na ise ruo iri isii na itoolu nke ndị ọrụ kwuru na ha na-ahụta nlegharị anya mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị mma yana pasenti iri anọ na asatọ ruo pasentị iri isii na itoolu ka nke dị irè. Nnyocha na-egosi na ndị ọrịa nwere nghọta dị elu ka mma mmanye. Ndị ọrịa a chọpụtara na ha nwere schizophrenia na-ekwukarị na a na-amanye ha, ma ha adịghị ahụta nke a ihe dị mma iji eme ihe. : <ref name=":0" /> 26  Ndị ọrụ inye ọgwụgwọ ndị ọrịa, dị ka ndị nọọsụ ahụike uche ma ọ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mgbaka ụbụrụ, na-akọwapụta mmanye n'oge dị ka ụzọ isi kwalite nnabata, nke ha chere na ọ nwere ike igbochi ngozip<u>ta arịrịa</u> yana mkpa mmanye iwu. Ndị ọkachamara chere na mmanye n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nwere ike ịgba ndị mmadụ ume ka ha nwetakwuo ọrụ na ndụ ha. : <ref name=":0" /> 20, 26  N'ime otu elekwasị anya na ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike uche mba ụwa, ndị ọrụ ka achọpụtara na ha ha hụrụ mmanye na-akwadoghị dị ka ihe ka dị irè, mana enweghị ahụ iru ala maka ojiji ya. : <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Valenti|first=Emanuele|date=2015|title=Informal coercion in psychiatry: a focus group study of attitudes and experiences of mental health professionals in ten countries|journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|language=en|volume=50|issue=8|pages=1297–1308|doi=10.1007/s00127-015-1032-3|issn=0933-7954|pmid=25720809}}</ref> 5  Ndị ọrụ ahụike chere na mmanye na-akwadoghị ka a na-anakwere n'ọnọdụ nke mania ma ọ bụ nnukwu akparamaagwa . : <ref name=":2" /> Enwere ogo nghọtahie na gburugburu omume ahụ, ndị ọrụ ahụike kọwara omume dabara na nkọwa nke mmanye n'oge, mana ha na-ala azụ ịkpọ omume ha dị ka mmanye. : <ref name=":2" /> 8  == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} idtehs8j9idr1vdwx1hgr7oapla47rk 0 66715 674224 497632 2026-07-08T19:02:41Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674224 wikitext text/x-wiki Ikpughe okike na ahụike uche na-ezo aka na njikọ dị n'etiti onye na-emekọrịta ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi na mmetụta ya na ahụike ọgụgụ isi nke onye ahụ. Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ elela mmekọrịta dị n’etiti okike na ahụike anya, site n’ịtụle ụdị ikpughe dị iche iche dịka ịga ije, ịnọ n’oké ọhịa ma ọ bụ n’ebe nwere mmiri (dịka ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ osimiri), yana ịga ije n’ogige ntụrụndụ, wdg. == Ahụike uche na mmetụta mmetụta uche == A kọwawo ahụike uche dị ka ọnọdụ nke ọdịmma uche nke na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka ịnagide nrụgide nke ndụ, ghọta ikike ha, mụta nke ọma ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma, ma nye aka na obodo ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mental health|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response|accessdate=2023-03-15|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Nnyocha gbasara ikpughe na gburugburu ebe obibi egosila na ịdị na okike na-enyere aka ime ka ahụike uche sie ike, site n’ụzọ dị iche iche dịka ime ka nrụgide belata na imeziwanye ọnọdụ obi. Nnyocha na-egosi na mmetụta ahụike uche nke okike dị mma n'ofe afọ niile.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Preuß|first=Myriam|date=January 2019|title=Low Childhood Nature Exposure is Associated with Worse Mental Health in Adulthood|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|language=en|volume=16|issue=10|doi=10.3390/ijerph16101809|issn=1660-4601|pmid=31121806}}</ref> Banyere ụmụaka, na [[Denmark]], e mere nnyocha n'ime afọ iri na asatọ nke nyochara ntụnyere dị n'etiti ụmụaka dị afọ 0-10 bi na mpaghara ndị nwere ohere ahịhịa ndụ na ụmụaka sitere na ọkwa dị ala nke ikpughe na ohere ahịhi ndụ. Achọpụtara na ụmụaka si n'ọkwa dị elu nke oghere ahịhịa ndụ nwere pasentị iri ise na ise nke obere ihe ize ndụ nke ịrịa ọtụtụ Nsogbu uche, dị ka ịda mbà n'obi, schizophrenia, nsogbu ọgwụ, nsogbu iri nri, na nsogbu ọnọdụ uche.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Engemann|first=Kristine|date=2019-03-12|title=Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=11|pages=5188–5193|doi=10.1073/pnas.1807504116|issn=0027-8424|pmid=30804178}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, nnyocha ọzọ e mere n'obodo anọ dị na Europe chọpụtara na ndị okenye nwere ọkwa dị ala nke ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi n'èzí n'oge ha bụ nwata nwere ahụike uche dị njọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị okenye nwere oke ikpughe na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":2" /> Nnyocha UK nke afọ 10 chọpụtara na ma akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ebe obibi ndị mmadụ (n'ime 300m nke ụlọ ha) na ohere ha nwere maka oghere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ nri na nke na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị nso (dị ka ogige ntụrụndụ, ọdọ mmiri na ụsọ mmiri) belatara ihe ize ndụ nke nchegbu na ịda mbà n'obi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Geary|first=Rebecca S.|date=2023-10-01|title=Ambient greenness, access to local green spaces, and subsequent mental health: a 10-year longitudinal dynamic panel study of 2·3 million adults in Wales|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(23)00212-7/fulltext|journal=The Lancet Planetary Health|language=English|volume=7|issue=10|pages=e809–e818|doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00212-7|issn=2542-5196|pmid=37821160}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=12 November 2024|title=Local green spaces are linked with better mental health|url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/local-green-spaces-are-linked-with-better-mental-health/|journal=NIHR Evidence}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, enwere mmetụta na-eweghachi site na okike nke na-akwado ahụike uche na ọdịmma maka ndị agadi. Nnyocha na-egosi na mmekọrịta nke ndị okenye na okike nwere ike ijikọta ya na ọnọdụ uche ka mma, mbelata ohere nke ịda mbà n'obi, mbelata nrụgide na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi ka mma.<ref>{{Cite web|author=tkfadmin|date=2016-08-02|title=The Importance of Nature in Older Populations|url=https://naturesacred.org/nature-seniors/|accessdate=2023-03-15|work=Nature Sacred|language=en-US}}</ref> A chọpụtala na oghere ahịhịa dị nso n'ụlọ nwere njikọ na ụfọdụ omume ndị nwere ihe ize ndụ ahụike, dị ka ịṅụ sịga na ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya, na ịga n'ebe okike mgbe niile ejikọtara ya na obere ịṅụ sịgar.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Health & Place|title=Nature contact and health risk Behaviours: Results from an 18 country study|volume=94|date=1 July 2025|issn=1353-8292|doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2025.103479}}</ref> Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ndị dị otú ahụ na-egosi na ịbawanye ebe obibi na nleta na okike nwere ike ịbụ usoro na-ekwe nkwa maka ibelata omume ihe ize ndụ ahụike. == Mmetụta nghọta == Cognition na-ezo aka n'ụdị niile nke ihe ọmụma na mmata, dị ka ịghọta, ịtụ ime, icheta, iche echiche, ikpe, iche n'echiche, na idozi nsogbu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APA Dictionary of Psychology|url=https://dictionary.apa.org/|accessdate=2023-03-15|work=dictionary.apa.org|language=en}}</ref> N'ihi ma nchọpụta njikọ na nke nnwale, achọtawo njikọ dị mma n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike nghọta.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Schertz|first=Kathryn E.|date=October 2019|title=Understanding Nature and Its Cognitive Benefits|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|language=en|volume=28|issue=5|pages=496–502|doi=10.1177/0963721419854100|issn=0963-7214}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime uru ndị bụ isi ọmụmụ ahụ chọtara bụ imeziwanye arụmọrụ ncheta na-arụ ọrụ, nlebara anya ka mma, mgbanwe nghọta, na ọrụ nchịkwa nlebara aha.<ref name=":4" /> N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-ejikọta ikpughe na gburugburu obodo na ụkọ nlebara anya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|first=Kirsten|author=Weir|title=Nurtured by Nature – Psychological research is advancing our understanding of how time in nature can improve our mental health and sharpen our cognition|url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/04/nurtured-nature|journal=Monitor on Psychology|date=April 1, 2020|volume=51|issue=3|accessdate=April 12, 2023}}</ref> Oge dị mkpirikpi nke ikpughe okike nwekwara ike ịkpata uru ọgụgụ isi, gụnyere ikpughe naanị site na foto.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Kate E.|date=2015-06-01|title=40-second green roof views sustain attention: The role of micro-breaks in attention restoration|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494415000328|journal=Journal of Environmental Psychology|language=en|volume=42|pages=182–189|doi=10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.04.003|issn=0272-4944}}</ref> Nnyocha nchịkwa nlebara anya nke ndị nyocha nọ n’Australia mere nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji iwu ka ha sonyere n’ọrụ na-achọ nlebara anya, ọrụ nke chọrọ ka ha pịa igodo kọmputa mgbe nọmba ụfọdụ pụtara na ihuenyo. N’etiti ọrụ ahụ, e nyere ndị sonyere obere ezumike nke ihe dị ka sekọnd 40, mgbe ụfọdụ ha na-ele obodo nwere elu ụlọ ahịhịa ndụ, ma mgbe ụfọdụ elu ụlọ nkịtị. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ndị lee elu ụlọ nwere ahịhịa ndụ mere obere njehie ma wepụta nzaghachi na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị lee elu ụlọ nkịtị.<ref name=":5" /> Mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ n'ilebara anya nwere ike igosipụta, dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu ụmụ mmadụ si aghọta oge na okike ma e jiri ya tụnyere gburugburu obodo ukwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Correia|first=Ricardo A.|title=Acknowledging and understanding the contributions of nature to human sense of time|journal=People and Nature|date=April 2024|volume=6|issue=2|pages=358–366|doi=10.1002/pan3.10601}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ikpughe ihe oyiyi nke okike, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ nnwale ejirila ụdị ihe dịgasị iche iche dị ka ụda na ikpughere ụwa n'ezie.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Schertz|first=Kathryn E.|date=October 2019|title=Understanding Nature and Its Cognitive Benefits|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|language=en|volume=28|issue=5|pages=496–502|doi=10.1177/0963721419854100|issn=0963-7214}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchertzBerman2019">Schertz, Kathryn E.; Berman, Marc G. (October 2019). [[doi:10.1177/0963721419854100|"Understanding Nature and Its Cognitive Benefits"]]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science''. '''28''' (5): <span class="nowrap">496–</span>502. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1177/0963721419854100|10.1177/0963721419854100]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-7214 0963-7214]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197722990 197722990].</cite></ref> Nnyocha ndị a atụwo arụmọrụ ọgụgụ isi nke ndị sonyere mgbe okike gosipụtara na e jiri ya tụnyere gburugburu obodo.<ref name=":3" /> Mmetụta dị ịrịba ama nke a chọpụtara mgbe niile na gburugburu ebe obibi bụ mmelite na ncheta na-arụ ọrụ. A chọtara nke a n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu site na ọrụ azụ azụ dijitalụ, nke a gwara ndị sonyere ka ha kwughachi usoro nke nọmba (nke dịgasị iche n'ogologo) n'usoro azụ. N'otu aka ahụ, ndị sonyere na gburugburu ebe obibi mere ka arụmọrụ ha dịkwuo mma.<ref name=":4" /> == Ogige ntụrụndụ obodo na ahụike uche == Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka gbasara mmetụta ikpughe okike na ahụike uche na-elekwasị anya n’ụwa okike nke dịpụrụ adịpụ ma ọ bụ n’akụkụ obodo, ọ dịkwa mkpa ịmara na ọbụna ikpughe ihe okike n’obodo ukwu nwere ike inwe nnukwu uru maka ahụike na ọdịmma mmadụ. Karịsịa, ogige ntụrụndụ ndị dị n’obodo egosila na ha nwere mmetụta dị mma n’ahụike uche ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ — dịka ọmụmụ si kwuo, ahụike uche nke ndị bi ihe dị ka 800m (ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị 1.6km) site na ogige ntụrụndụ gosipụtara akara 4.5 ka mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị bi ihe dị ka 400m n’akụkụ ogige ntụziaka == Hụkwa == * Ecopsychology * [[Ọgwụgwọ okike]] * ''Shinrin-yoku'' * Ogige ọgwụgwọ == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 0lymn7d9pna3yizzlhv3qlf6m6lp8m5 674225 674224 2026-07-08T19:06:40Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674225 wikitext text/x-wiki Ikpughe okike na ahụike uche na-ezo aka na njikọ dị n'etiti onye na-emekọrịta ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi na mmetụta ya na ahụike ọgụgụ isi nke onye ahụ. Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ elela mmekọrịta dị n’etiti okike na ahụike anya, site n’ịtụle ụdị ikpughe dị iche iche dịka ịga ije, ịnọ n’oké ọhịa ma ọ bụ n’ebe nwere mmiri (dịka ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ osimiri), yana ịga ije n’ogige ntụrụndụ, wdg. == Ahụike uche na mmetụta mmetụta uche == A kọwawo ahụike uche dị ka ọnọdụ nke ọdịmma uche nke na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka ịnagide nrụgide nke ndụ, ghọta ikike ha, mụta nke ọma ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma, ma nye aka na obodo ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mental health|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response|accessdate=2023-03-15|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Nnyocha gbasara ikpughe na gburugburu ebe obibi egosila na ịdị na okike na-enyere aka ime ka ahụike uche sie ike, site n’ụzọ dị iche iche dịka ime ka nrụgide belata na imeziwanye ọnọdụ obi. Nnyocha na-egosi na mmetụta ahụike uche nke okike dị mma n'ofe afọ niile.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Preuß|first=Myriam|date=January 2019|title=Low Childhood Nature Exposure is Associated with Worse Mental Health in Adulthood|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|language=en|volume=16|issue=10|doi=10.3390/ijerph16101809|issn=1660-4601|pmid=31121806}}</ref> Banyere ụmụaka, na [[Denmark]], e mere nnyocha n'ime afọ iri na asatọ nke nyochara ntụnyere dị n'etiti ụmụaka dị afọ 0-10 bi na mpaghara ndị nwere ohere ahịhịa ndụ na ụmụaka sitere na ọkwa dị ala nke ikpughe na ohere ahịhi ndụ. Achọpụtara na ụmụaka si n'ọkwa dị elu nke oghere ahịhịa ndụ nwere pasentị iri ise na ise nke obere ihe ize ndụ nke ịrịa ọtụtụ Nsogbu uche, dị ka ịda mbà n'obi, schizophrenia, nsogbu ọgwụ, nsogbu iri nri, na nsogbu ọnọdụ uche.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Engemann|first=Kristine|date=2019-03-12|title=Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=11|pages=5188–5193|doi=10.1073/pnas.1807504116|issn=0027-8424|pmid=30804178}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, nnyocha ọzọ e mere n'obodo anọ dị na Europe chọpụtara na ndị okenye nwere ọkwa dị ala nke ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi n'èzí n'oge ha bụ nwata nwere ahụike uche dị njọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị okenye nwere oke ikpughe na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":2" /> Nnyocha UK nke afọ 10 chọpụtara na ma akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ebe obibi ndị mmadụ (n'ime 300m nke ụlọ ha) na ohere ha nwere maka oghere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ nri na nke na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị nso (dị ka ogige ntụrụndụ, ọdọ mmiri na ụsọ mmiri) belatara ihe ize ndụ nke nchegbu na ịda mbà n'obi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Geary|first=Rebecca S.|date=2023-10-01|title=Ambient greenness, access to local green spaces, and subsequent mental health: a 10-year longitudinal dynamic panel study of 2·3 million adults in Wales|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(23)00212-7/fulltext|journal=The Lancet Planetary Health|language=English|volume=7|issue=10|pages=e809–e818|doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00212-7|issn=2542-5196|pmid=37821160}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=12 November 2024|title=Local green spaces are linked with better mental health|url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/local-green-spaces-are-linked-with-better-mental-health/|journal=NIHR Evidence}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, enwere mmetụta na-eweghachi site na okike nke na-akwado ahụike uche na ọdịmma maka ndị agadi. Nnyocha na-egosi na mmekọrịta nke ndị okenye na okike nwere ike ijikọta ya na ọnọdụ uche ka mma, mbelata ohere nke ịda mbà n'obi, mbelata nrụgide na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi ka mma.<ref>{{Cite web|author=tkfadmin|date=2016-08-02|title=The Importance of Nature in Older Populations|url=https://naturesacred.org/nature-seniors/|accessdate=2023-03-15|work=Nature Sacred|language=en-US}}</ref> A chọpụtala na oghere ahịhịa dị nso n'ụlọ nwere njikọ na ụfọdụ omume ndị nwere ihe ize ndụ ahụike, dị ka ịṅụ sịga na ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya, na ịga n'ebe okike mgbe niile ejikọtara ya na obere ịṅụ sịgar.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Health & Place|title=Nature contact and health risk Behaviours: Results from an 18 country study|volume=94|date=1 July 2025|issn=1353-8292|doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2025.103479}}</ref> Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ndị dị otú ahụ na-egosi na ịbawanye ebe obibi na nleta na okike nwere ike ịbụ usoro na-ekwe nkwa maka ibelata omume ihe ize ndụ ahụike. == Mmetụta nghọta == Cognition na-ezo aka n'ụdị niile nke ihe ọmụma na mmata, dị ka ịghọta, ịtụ ime, icheta, iche echiche, ikpe, iche n'echiche, na idozi nsogbu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APA Dictionary of Psychology|url=https://dictionary.apa.org/|accessdate=2023-03-15|work=dictionary.apa.org|language=en}}</ref> N'ihi ma nchọpụta njikọ na nke nnwale, achọtawo njikọ dị mma n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike nghọta.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Schertz|first=Kathryn E.|date=October 2019|title=Understanding Nature and Its Cognitive Benefits|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|language=en|volume=28|issue=5|pages=496–502|doi=10.1177/0963721419854100|issn=0963-7214}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime uru ndị bụ isi ọmụmụ ahụ chọtara bụ imeziwanye arụmọrụ ncheta na-arụ ọrụ, nlebara anya ka mma, mgbanwe nghọta, na ọrụ nchịkwa nlebara aha.<ref name=":4" /> N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-ejikọta ikpughe na gburugburu obodo na ụkọ nlebara anya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|first=Kirsten|author=Weir|title=Nurtured by Nature – Psychological research is advancing our understanding of how time in nature can improve our mental health and sharpen our cognition|url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/04/nurtured-nature|journal=Monitor on Psychology|date=April 1, 2020|volume=51|issue=3|accessdate=April 12, 2023}}</ref> Oge dị mkpirikpi nke ikpughe okike nwekwara ike ịkpata uru ọgụgụ isi, gụnyere ikpughe naanị site na foto.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Kate E.|date=2015-06-01|title=40-second green roof views sustain attention: The role of micro-breaks in attention restoration|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494415000328|journal=Journal of Environmental Psychology|language=en|volume=42|pages=182–189|doi=10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.04.003|issn=0272-4944}}</ref> Nnyocha nchịkwa nlebara anya nke ndị nyocha nọ n’Australia mere nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji iwu ka ha sonyere n’ọrụ na-achọ nlebara anya, ọrụ nke chọrọ ka ha pịa igodo kọmputa mgbe nọmba ụfọdụ pụtara na ihuenyo. N’etiti ọrụ ahụ, e nyere ndị sonyere obere ezumike nke ihe dị ka sekọnd 40, mgbe ụfọdụ ha na-ele obodo nwere elu ụlọ ahịhịa ndụ, ma mgbe ụfọdụ elu ụlọ nkịtị. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ndị lee elu ụlọ nwere ahịhịa ndụ mere obere njehie ma wepụta nzaghachi na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị lee elu ụlọ nkịtị.<ref name=":5" /> Mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ n'ilebara anya nwere ike igosipụta, dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu ụmụ mmadụ si aghọta oge na okike ma e jiri ya tụnyere gburugburu obodo ukwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Correia|first=Ricardo A.|title=Acknowledging and understanding the contributions of nature to human sense of time|journal=People and Nature|date=April 2024|volume=6|issue=2|pages=358–366|doi=10.1002/pan3.10601}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ikpughe ihe oyiyi nke okike, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ nnwale ejirila ụdị ihe dịgasị iche iche dị ka ụda na ikpughere ụwa n'ezie.<ref name=":4" /> Nnyocha ndị a atụwo arụmọrụ ọgụgụ isi nke ndị sonyere mgbe okike gosipụtara na e jiri ya tụnyere gburugburu obodo.<ref name=":3" /> Mmetụta dị ịrịba ama nke a chọpụtara mgbe niile na gburugburu ebe obibi bụ mmelite na ncheta na-arụ ọrụ. A chọtara nke a n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu site na ọrụ azụ azụ dijitalụ, nke a gwara ndị sonyere ka ha kwughachi usoro nke nọmba (nke dịgasị iche n'ogologo) n'usoro azụ. N'otu aka ahụ, ndị sonyere na gburugburu ebe obibi mere ka arụmọrụ ha dịkwuo mma.<ref name=":4" /> == Ogige ntụrụndụ obodo na ahụike uche == Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka gbasara mmetụta ikpughe okike na ahụike uche na-elekwasị anya n’ụwa okike nke dịpụrụ adịpụ ma ọ bụ n’akụkụ obodo, ọ dịkwa mkpa ịmara na ọbụna ikpughe ihe okike n’obodo ukwu nwere ike inwe nnukwu uru maka ahụike na ọdịmma mmadụ. Karịsịa, ogige ntụrụndụ ndị dị n’obodo egosila na ha nwere mmetụta dị mma n’ahụike uche ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ — dịka ọmụmụ si kwuo, ahụike uche nke ndị bi ihe dị ka 800m (ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị 1.6km) site na ogige ntụrụndụ gosipụtara akara 4.5 ka mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị bi ihe dị ka 400m n’akụkụ ogige ntụziaka == Hụkwa == * Ecopsychology * [[Ọgwụgwọ okike]] * ''Shinrin-yoku'' * Ogige ọgwụgwọ == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 1qoiw9izcj04afxzkxxto4cj7autgrt 0 66958 674116 514859 2026-07-08T14:45:27Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674116 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Stephen Barrett seated at desk crop.jpg|thumb|Stephen Barrett ]] '''Stephen Joel Barrett''' (/ˈbærɪt/; amụrụ n'afọ 1933) bụ onye mba America lara ezumike nká na ịhụ maka ndị ịsị mgbaka, onye edemede, na onye na-akwado ndị ahịa nke a maara nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na-alụso aghụghọ ahụike ọgụ na ịkwalite Ọgwụ ndị dabeere na ihe akaebe. O guzobere Quackwatch, netwọk nke ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-akatọ usoro ahụike na-enweghị ihe akaebe ma ọ bụ nke a na-enyo enyo, ma soro guzobe National Council nke na megide aghugho dị na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ike. Onye na-akatọ pseudoscience na ọgwụgwọ ọzọ ogologo oge, Barrett edeela ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ozi na-ezighi ezi na ahụike ma jee ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nye ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ sayensị na ahụike. Ọrụ ya emeela ka e too ya site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na nkatọ site n'etiti ndị na-akwado usoro ahụike ọzọ. A mụrụ Barrett na mba New York City. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na afọ 1957 na Mahadum Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons ma mechaa omumu maka ndị isi mgbaka na 1961. N'afọ 1968, ọ gụsịrị ufodu Akwụkwọ ozi na American Law and Procedure na La Salle Extension University na [[Chicago]].<ref name="QWBIO">{{Cite news|first=Stephen|author=Barrett|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://www.quackwatch.org/10Bio/biovitae.html|publisher=[[Quackwatch]]|date=June 24, 2007|accessdate=July 18, 2007}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Onye bi ogologo oge na Allentown, Pennsylvania, Barrett bi Zi ugbu a na Chapel Hill, North Carolina . <ref name="mcall">{{Cite news|first=Ann|author=Wlazelek|title=Allentown critic of quacks moves to 'milder winters'|url=https://www.mcall.com/2007/06/13/allentown-critic-of-quacks-moves-to-milder-winters-stephen-barrett-73-says-hell-keep-exposing-false-medical-claims/|work=[[The Morning Call]]|date=June 13, 2007|accessdate=September 25, 2014}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye nke webmastering ya, Barrett bụ òtù n'ime onye nchoputa, osote onye isi oche na onye otu National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF). Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ sayensị na American Council on Science and Health, na onye otu Kọmitii maka nyocha obi abụọ (CSI). Site na afo 1987 ruo na afo 1989, ọ kụziri agụmakwụkwọ ahụike na Mahadum Pennsylvania State. Barrett bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ ''gbasara''Consumer Health Library na Prometheus Books, <ref name="prometheus books">{{Cite web|url=http://www.prometheusbooks.com/PBcatalog.pdf|title=Prometheus Books Spring-Summer 2007 Trade Catalog|accessdate=March 29, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114180455/http://www.prometheusbooks.com/PBcatalog.pdf|archivedate=November 14, 2006}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa onye na-enyocha ndị Ọgwụ maka <ref name="SBcv">{{Cite news|first=Stephen|author=Barrett|title=Stephen Barrett, M.D., Biographical Sketch|url=http://www.quackwatch.com/10Bio/bio.html|publisher=Quackwatch|date=June 4, 2007|accessdate=August 12, 2007}}</ref> abụọ <ref name="jama_peer_reviewer1">{{Cite journal|first=Elaine S|author=Williams|title=The JAMA 1998 Editorial Peer Review Audit|journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]|date=April 21, 1999|doi=10.1001/jama.281.15.1443|volume=281|issue=15}}</ref> <ref name="jama_peer_reviewer2">{{Cite journal|author=Not Available|title=JAMA Peer Reviewers for 2003|date=February 11, 2004|journal=JAMA|volume=291|issue=6|pages=751–764|doi=10.1001/jama.291.6.751}}</ref> akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike.<ref name="annals_peer_reviewer">{{Cite journal|title=Thanks to Reviewers-2001|journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]|date=December 18, 2001|volume=135|issue=12|pages=1098–1106|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-135-12-200112180-00033}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke Medscape na Science Review of Alternative Medicine . <ref name="medscape">{{Cite journal|title=Introducing the Editorial Board of Medscape|journal=MedGenMed|pmid=11104430|author=Lundberg|first=GD|year=1999}}</ref><ref name="SRAM">{{Cite web|title=The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine|date=August 15, 2002|url=http://www.quackwatch.com/04ConsumerEducation/sram.html|publisher=Quackwatch|accessdate=15 February 2015}}</ref> Dị ka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ya si kwuo, ọ "deela ihe karịrị akụkọ puku abụọ ma nye ihe karịrị okwu narị ato na kọleji, mahadum, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike, na nzukọ ndị ọkachamara. Mgbasa ozi ya gụnyere Dateline, Today, ''Good Morning America'', Primetime, ''Donahue'', CNN, National Public Radio, na ihe karịrị 200 ndị ọzọ redio na telivishọn okwu ajụjụ ọnụ". <ref name="SBcv" /> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c0826oawcu7iiocaugfuex6x2j2ahhc 0 66976 674124 514841 2026-07-08T14:49:41Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674124 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Wiki Education attends Dr. Amin Azzam's spring 2018 UCSF class 42 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Amin Azzam]]   '''Amin Azzam''' bụ prọfesọ na-ahụ maka ahụike America na ngalaba isi mgbaka na Mahadum California Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọgwụ. Ọ bụkwa onye prọfesọ ụlọ ọgwụ na Mahadum California, Berkeley, onye bụbu onye isi ngalaba nke UC Berkeley – UCSF Mmemme ọgwụọgwụ jikọtara ọnụ, na onye bụbu onye isi nke usoro mmụta “Mmụta dabere na nsogbu” mmemme ahụ, <ref name="ucsf">{{Cite web|url=http://profiles.ucsf.edu/amin.azzam|title=Amin Azzam|publisher=University of California, San Francisco}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2014/05/04/san-francisco-company-aims-to-become-the-wikipedia-of-medicine/|title=San Francisco company aims to become the Wikipedia of medicine|author=Seipel|first=Tracy|work=The Mercury News|date=4 May 2014}}</ref> ma e wezụga ịbụ onye isi nke Mmemme mmụta meghere onye ọ bụla na ngalaba ntinye aka na ngalaba nhazi n’Osmosis nke Elsevier <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osmosis.org/editorial-board|title=Osmosis - Editorial Board|accessdate=2020-12-11|archivedate=2021-05-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525171017/https://www.osmosis.org/editorial-board}}</ref> A maara ya maka ịkụziri klas a họpụtara ahọpụta maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike afọ anọ nke mejupụtara kpamkpam dezie akụkọ [[Wikipidia|Wikipedia]] gbasara isiokwu ahụike. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/02/08/273680018/dr-wikipedia-the-double-edged-sword-of-crowd-sourced-medicine|title=Dr. Wikipedia: The 'Double-Edged Sword' Of Crowdsourced Medicine|author=NPR Staff|work=NPR.org}}</ref> O nwetara echiche ahụ site n'aka otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya, Michael Turken, na 2012, ma nwee obi abụọ na mbụ, ma emesịa kwenye na ọ nwere ike ịbụ ezigbo echiche. O meziri klas ahụ na Turken. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://qz.com/171162/americas-future-doctors-are-starting-their-careers-by-saving-wikipedia/|title=America's future doctors are starting their careers by saving Wikipedia|author=Feltman|first=Rachel|work=Quartz|date=28 January 2014}}</ref> <ref name="lat">{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-wikipedia-science-classes-adv-snap-story.html|title=College students take to Wikipedia to rewrite the wrongs of Internet science|author=Xia|first=Rosanna|work=Los Angeles Times|date=20 September 2016}}</ref> O buru ụzọ kụziri usoro ọmụmụ ọnwa na December 2013. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/business/media/editing-wikipedia-pages-for-med-school-credit.html|title=Editing Wikipedia Pages for Med School Credit|author=Cohen|first=Noam|work=New York Times|date=29 September 2013}}</ref> Banyere klas ahụ, o kwuru, sị, "Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta anyị na ọha mmadụ, dịka ndị dọkịta, na-enye aka na Wikipedia na ebe ndị ọzọ na-emeghe ohere n'ihi na ọ bụ ebe ahụ ka ụwa na-agụ banyere ozi ahụike." <ref name="lat" /> == Mmụta == Azzam nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Mahadum Rochester na akara ugo mmụta ọgwụ ya na Mahadume Ọgwụ nke Virginia . <ref name="ucsf">{{Cite web|url=http://profiles.ucsf.edu/amin.azzam|title=Amin Azzam|publisher=University of California, San Francisco}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, o mezuru mmemme ọkachamara ya na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa uche ndị okenye n’Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mahadum California,San Francisco, wee nweta nzere masta na agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadim California, Berkeley.<ref name="ucsf" /> * Ndepụta nke ndị Wikipedia == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Profaịlụ gọọmentị na [[University of California|UCSF]] * User pagenaWikipedia * Amin AzzamnaTwitter [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4gmoa4l7y9ajx83cxekjfcukstm2l7g 0 67004 674131 516977 2026-07-08T14:54:03Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674131 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Shira cropped.jpg|thumb|Shira Tarrant]] '''Shira Tarrant''' bụ onye America na-ede banyere ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị gbasara okike nwoke na nwanyị, feminism, mmekọahụ, omenala ndị mmadụ na nwoke ọchịchị.<ref name="SixQuestions">{{Cite news|author=Turner|first=Paige|title=Six Questions on Men and Feminism for Author Shira Tarrant|url=http://bitchmagazine.org/post/six-questions-on-men-and-feminism-for-author-shira-tarrant|accessdate=26 January 2015|work=Bitch Magazine|date=2009-10-27}}</ref> Akwụkwọ Tarrant gụnyere When Sex Became Gender, Men and Feminism, Men Speak Out: Views on Gender, Sex, and Power, Fashion Talks: Undressing the Power of Style, na nke a na-atụ anya ya New Views on Pornography. A kọwara ya dịka “feminist na-eme ihe n'ụzọ dị iche,” onye na-akọwapụta ọhụrụ ikike okike nwoke na nwanyị, A na-ewere ya dịka “otu n’ime ndị isi mba” n’ịrụ ọrụ ọnụ na ụmụ nwoke ndị ntorobịa nke kwenyere na feminism.<ref name="LaFave">{{Cite web|author=LaFave|first=Allison|title=Shira Tarrant, "Unconventional Feminist," Takes On the Politics Of Porn|url=http://mic.com/articles/51421/shira-tarrant-unconventional-feminist-takes-on-the-politics-of-porn|date=June 26, 2013|publisher=MIC Network Incorporated|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Messner">{{Cite book|author=Messner|first=Michael A.|title=Some Men: Feminist Allies and the Movement to End Violence Against Women|date=16 February 2015|isbn=9780199338764|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgMqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA244|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> A chọpụtara ya n’afọ 2010 dịka “onye ndu n’echiche nwere nnukwu ihe o rụzuru” site n’aka Women’s Media Center nke mba.<ref name="WMC">{{Cite news|title=Women's Media Center Announces Next Class of 2010 Progressive Women's Voices Media and Leadership Training Program|url=http://www.womensmediacenter.com/blog/entry/womens-media-center-announces-next-class-of-2010-progressive-womens-vo|date=July 14, 2010}}</ref> N’afọ 2012, a họpụtara ya dịka Onye Nkuzi Ọbịa Glidden na Mahadum [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]]. <ref name="Hobbs">{{Cite book|editor=Hobbs|title=Gender and women's studies in Canada : critical terrain|date=2013|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press, Incorporated|location=Toronto|isbn=978-0889614840|pages=57–68|chapter=Overview and Introductions: This is What a Feminist Looks Like|author=Tarrant|first=Shira|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5PlT9B4CM0C&pg=PA68|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Glidden">{{Cite web|title=Glidden Visiting Professor Shira Tarrant Monday May 21st|url=https://ohiouwomenscenter.wordpress.com/2012/05/17/glidden-visiting-professor-shira-tarrant-monday-may-21st/|work=Ohio University Women's Center|accessdate=May 17, 2012}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tarrant tolitere na Cleveland, Ohio, ma gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Olney Friends School, <ref name="Olney">{{Cite journal|title=The Olney Current|url=http://www.olneyfriends.org/sites/olneyfriends.org/files/oc_fall_2012_color.pdf|volume=121|issue=1|date=2012|accessdate=2015-01-26}}</ref> na bi ugbu a na Los Angeles. O nwetara PhD na sayensị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na UCLA n’afọ 2001, na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na onye ndụmọdụ ya, Carole Pateman. Isiokwu akwụkwọ ọmụmụ Ph.D. Tarrant bụ “Ịlụso Njikọ nke Echiche Mgbanwe ọgụ: Okwu Feminist gbasara Ọha na Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị, 1945-1965.<ref name="Pateman">{{Cite web|title=Carole Pateman's Students - Social Sciences Division|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/pateman/mystudents.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509050207/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/pateman/mystudents.html|archivedate=May 9, 2012|work=Department of Political Science at UCLA|publisher=University of California, Los Angeles|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> N’afọ 2006, Tarrant bụ onye nkuzi enyemaka na ọmụmụ banyere ụmụ nwanyị na [[Goucher College]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19704416|title=Women's Studies Not Just For Women|author=Malis|first=Elizabeth Levy|date=2006-04-16|work=The Baltimore Sun|accessdate=2018-05-01|page=M7|language=en}}</ref> N’afọ 2010, Women's Media Center họpụtara Tarrant maka mmemme ha nke Progressive Women's Voices — nke bụ mmemme ọzụzụ maka mgbasa ozi na ndu ndú, nke na-ahọpụta “ndị ndu n’echiche nwere nnukwu ihe ha rụzuru” si n’ụzọ dị iche iche n’ime United States.<ref name="WMC"/> N’afọ 2012, e nyere ya ụgwọ ọrụ dịka Onye Nkuzi Ọbịa Glidden na Mahadum Ohio. <ref name="Hobbs"/> Ugbu a, ọ bụ Onye Nkuzi Mmekọrịta (Associate Professor) na ngalaba ọmụmụ banyere ụmụ nwanyị, okike nwoke na nwanyị, na mmekọahụ na Mahadum Steeti [[California]], Long Beach.<ref name="FacultyPage">{{Cite web|title=Faculty Research and Activities|url=http://www.csulb.edu/colleges/cla/departments/wgss/research/|work=California State University, Long Beach|accessdate=26 January 2015|archivedate=30 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130193109/http://www.csulb.edu/colleges/cla/departments/wgss/research/}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-ekwukarị okwu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum na ebe ọha na eze n’ime obodo dum, a na-ejikarị okwu Tarrant na akwụkwọ mpịakọta, redio, telivishọn, na mgbasa ozi n’ịntanetị. <ref name="SydneyHerald">{{Cite news|author=Burns|first=Janice Breen|title=Flashpoint|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/executive-style/culture/flashpoint/2009/02/12/1234632706232.html?page=fullpage|accessdate=26 January 2015|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=February 14, 2009}}</ref> <ref name="Forbes">{{Cite news|title=Power Women And Their Power Nemeses|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2010/10/29/power-women-nemesis-rival-oprah-winfrey-martha-stewart-angelina-jolie-jennifer-aniston/2/|accessdate=26 January 2015|work=Forbes Magazine|date=29 October 2010}}</ref> <ref name="KCPP">{{Cite news|author=Morrison|first=Patt|title=Asexuality comes out of the closet|url=http://www.scpr.org/programs/patt-morrison/2012/04/06/25911/asexuality-comes-out-of-the-closet|accessdate=26 January 2015|work=89.3 [[KPCC (radio station)|KPCC]] Southern California Public Radio|date=April 6, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Messner|first=Michael A.|title=Some Men: Feminist Allies and the Movement to End Violence Against Women|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-933877-1|pages=149, 159|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwMqBgAAQBAJ&q=%22shira%20tarrant%22&pg=PA159}}</ref><ref name="CBCMarkKelley">{{Cite news|title=A goalie's Tough Job, Slutwalk, and one Embarrassing Dad|work=Connect with Mark Kelley|date=June 9, 2011}}</ref> A jụrụ Tarrant ajụjụ n’afọ 2011 maka ihe nkiri The Bro Code: How Contemporary Culture Creates Sexist Men . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bro Code: How Contemporary Culture Creates Sexist Men|url=http://www.mediaed.org/cgi-bin/commerce.cgi?preadd=action&key=246|publisher=Media Education Foundation|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n’ime ndị nọ n’Ụgbọọrụ Nduzi Mba maka magazin ụmụ nwoke na-akwado feminism Voice Male, ma bụrụkwa onye nnọchi anya otu mba aha ya bụ Faculty Against Rape. <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Advisory Board|url=http://voicemalemagazine.org/about/|publisher=VoiceMail Magazine|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Flaherty|first=Colleen|title=The Case for Student Shields|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/11/05/unusual-sexual-harassment-case-northwestern-u-brings-out-advocates-student|work=Inside Higher Ed|date=November 5, 2014}}</ref> Tarrant bụ onye dere Men and Feminism (Seal Press), When Sex Became Gender (Routledge), ma bụrụkwa onye dezie nchịkọta akwụkwọ Men Speak Out: Views on Gender, Sex and Power (Routledge). Akwụkwọ ya, Fashion Talks: Undressing the Power of Style, nke o dere ya na Marjorie Jolles, e bipụtara ya n’afọ 2012 (SUNY Press). E bipụtara mbipụta nke abụọ nke Men Speak Out na 2013 site na Routledge. A bipụtara New Views on Pornography: Sexuality, Politics, and the Law na February 2015 (Praeger, o dekọtara ya ọnụ na Lynn Comella). N’ime Men and Feminism nke Tarrant dere, isi nke mbụ nke akpọrọ “This Is What A Feminist Looks Like” na-ewetara ndị na-agụ ya okwu gbasara feminism nke oge a, mmụba nke ịdị na-etinye mmadụ niile, na otú ọ dị mkpa maka ndị nwoke (a na-akọwa ha site n’ebe a n’ihu dị ka ụmụ nwoke). Isi nke a na-amalite akwụkwọ ahụ site n’ikọwa feminism dịka “ọgụ maka ịkwụsị ụdị mmegbu niile, gụnyere mmegbu dabere na okike nwoke na nwanyị" <ref name="MenFeminism">{{Cite book|author=Tarrant|first=Shira|title=Men and Feminism|year=2009|publisher=Seal Press|location=California|isbn=9781580052580}}</ref>: ma kọwaa ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke ọgụ ahụ, nke gụnyere mkpa ịlụso echiche nna ukwu, agbụrụ na echiche abụọ ọgụ. Mgbe o na-eme ka o doo anya otú feminism si metụta ụmụ nwoke (n’ihi na usoro nna ukwu na-ejikerekwa ọrụ ụmụ nwoke), ọ na-egosikwa otú site n’ịnakwere na ịrụ ọrụ n’ime usoro feminism, ụmụ nwoke nwere ike iji uru okike nwoke ha kwụsịrị na-azụlite ndụ ndị a na-emeghị ezi omume n’ime usoro ọha mmadụ anyị taa. Site n’iji okwu ndị e ji atụ ihe na akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, isi nke mbụ nke Men and Feminism na-enye nghọta banyere otu ụmụ nwoke na-eto eto nke na-ele echiche nke ịdị n’otu na ọrụ ọha dịka ihe doro anya n’ụwa taa, ma na-akwalite onye na-agụ ya ka o chee echiche banyere “ihe ụmụ nwoke nwere ike inye feminism na ihe feminism nwere ike inye ụmụ nwoke".<ref name="MenFeminism" /> : 3 : 3  Isi nke ahụ na-atụle ụzọ dị iche iche ụmụ nwoke niile nwere ike isi kwado ịdị n’otu dịka ndị na-akwado ya. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ ahụ gụnyere ịkọwapụta ọrụ okike nwoke na nwanyị ọdịnala, ịkpọasị akụkọ ọchị agbụrụ ma ọ bụ nke na-emegbu nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè mkpa “ịtụle ọnọdụ anyị n’ime usoro dị iche iche nke ọchịchị ike — otú anyị si nwee uru na otú e si edochi anyị azụ" <ref name="MenFeminism"/>: 15 iji mee ka mgbanwe ọha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị pụta. Isi nke ahụ na-akpọkwa ihe ndị bụ isi nke feminism, dịka mkpa ịghọta njikọ ụdị (intersectionality) na ịkọwa ụgha echiche ihe bụ isi (essentialism), nke na-etolite ụkpụrụ ndị dị mkpa mgbe a na-amụta ịtụgharị uche nke ọma banyere ụdị mmegbu niile na echiche ndị dị mkpa mgbe a na-arụ ọrụ iji belata ha. Site n’ịmata na ụfọdụ ụdị feminism emeela ka ụmụ nwoke ghara inwe nnabata n’ime ọgụ a n’oge gara aga, isi nke mbụ na-egosi na e nwere ebe maka ụmụ nwoke taa, ma kpọọ ha ka ha bụrụ “ndị ibe anyị n’ime ọgụ a.”<ref name="MenFeminism" /> : 18 N’akụkụ ọzọ, ọbụna mgbe isi nke ahụ na-ekweta na e nwere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị n’ịkpọ onwe onye feminist, ọ na-adụ ụmụ nwoke ọdụ ka ha ghara ịtụ ụjọ aha ahụ, ma na-akwalite na ihe na-eme ka onye na-akwado ezi omume bụrụ onye a na-anabata na nke bara uru bụ omume ya na ogo ntinye ya n’ime ọgụ a. Tụkwasị na inye ihe atụ nke ndụ n’ezie banyere ụmụ nwoke na-arụ ọrụ site n’echiche feminism, na ikweta na e nwere ohere maka imeziwanye n’ụbọchị kwa ụbọchị, a dere akwụkwọ a n’ụdị dị mfe ma doo anya, nke na-eme ka ọ dịrị ndị ọkachamara mfe ịghọta ya, nakwa ndị e tụrụ anya ka ha gụụọ ya — ụmụ nwoke dị afọ nta. N'ozuzu, isiokwu Tarrant “This Is What A Feminist Looks Like” na-enye nghọta bara uru banyere otú ọgụ feminism si agbanwe n’ime oge, ma mee ka onye na-agụ ya ghọta na, dịka bell hooks si kwuo, feminism bụ maka onye ọ bụla. Akwụkwọ edemede Tarrant apụtala na Bitch, Bust, Ms. blog, Women’s Studies Quarterly, The Huffington Post, na ọtụtụ ebe ndị ọzọ dị n’ọha na eze yana n'ụwa ọmụmụ. Akwụkwọ abụọ Tarrant a na-atụ anya ka e bipụta bụ Gender, Sex, and Politics: In the Streets and Between the Sheets in the 21st Century (Routledge) na The Pornography Industry: What Everyone Needs to Know (Oxford University Press). <ref name="FacultyPage"/> == Ndepụta Akwụkwọ == === Akwụkwọ === * ''Mgbe Mmekọahụ ghọrọ Mmekọala'' (Routledge, 2006) <ref name="TeacherReview">{{Cite journal|author=Costello|first=Lisa A.|title=When Sex Became Gender (review)|journal=Feminist Teacher|date=2010|volume=21|issue=1|pages=84–86|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/feminist_teacher/v021/21.1.costello.pdf|accessdate=26 January 2015|doi=10.5406/femteacher.21.1.0084}}</ref> * Men Speak Out: Echiche banyere Mmekọahụ, Mmekọala na Ike (onye nchịkọta akụkọ) (Routledge, 2008; 2013) <ref name="MessnerReview">{{Cite journal|author=Messner|first=Michael A.|title=Review: Men Speak Out: Views on Gender, Sex, and Power edited by Shira Tarrant Men and Feminism by Shira Tarrant|journal=Signs|date=2011|volume=36|issue=2|pages=487–490|doi=10.1086/655939}}</ref> * Ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị (Seal Press, 2009) <ref name="Flood">{{Cite journal|author=Flood|first=M.|title=Book Review: Tarrant, S. Men and Feminism Berkeley, CA: Seal Press, 2009. 197 pp. $14.95, paperback|journal=Men and Masculinities|date=17 June 2011|volume=14|issue=2|pages=251–253|doi=10.1177/1097184X09359498|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/103822/7/_qut.edu.au_Documents_StaffHome_StaffGroupR_of_Tarrant_s_Men_and_Feminism.pdf}}</ref><ref name="SealPress">{{Cite web|title=Men and Feminism|url=http://sealpress.com/books/men-and-feminism/|publisher=Seal Press|accessdate=26 January 2015|archivedate=9 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909112939/http://sealpress.com/books/men-and-feminism/}}</ref> * Okwu ejiji: Ihichapụ Ike nke Style (ya na [[Marjorie Jolles]]) (SUNY Press, 2012) <ref name="SadieMagazine">{{Cite web|author=Armbruster|first=Kalia|title=Book Review: Fashion Talks: Undressing the Power of Style edited by Shira Tarrant and Marjorie Jolles|url=http://www.sadiemagazine.com/sadie-blog/?p=4346|publisher=Sadie Magazine|accessdate=September 10, 2012|archivedate=August 26, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113444/http://www.sadiemagazine.com/sadie-blog/?p=4346}}</ref> * ''Echiche Ọhụrụ Banyere Ihe Ndị Na-akpali Akpali: Mmekọahụ, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na Iwu'' (ya na [[Lynn Comella]]) (Praeger, 2015) * Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ: Ihe Onye ọ bụla chọrọ ịma (Oxford University Press, 2016) === Akwụkwọ Ntụgharị Uche na Edemede === * "Ndị inyom, Mmekọahụ na S&M: Mgbasa ozi na-ezighị ezi banyere Ọchịchọ Ụmụ nwanyị - Ọzọ". AlterNet, Eprel 16, 2012 * "Ọ bụ uwe, ọ bụghị Ee," Ms. Magazine Blog, November 4, 2011 * "Gịnị mere ndị Conservative ji eche banyere ndụ mmekọahụ nke ụmụaka kọleji?" AlterNet, Eprel 17, 2011 * "The Silence Around a Fraternity Sexual Assault Case," Jezebel.com, December 9, 2010 * "Pornography 101: Ihe mere ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ji chọọ ọzụzụ ịgụ na ide na ide na ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ", AlterNet, September 15, 2010 * "Is Pornography Racist?", ''Ms.'' Blog, August 16, 2010 * "Porn: Obi ụtọ ma ọ bụ uru? ''Ms.'' Ajụjụ ọnụ Gail Dines, Akụkụ nke Atọ", Ms. Blog, August 6, 2010 * "Getting Down About Hooking Up", ''Ms.'' Blog, March 24, 2010 * "Onye ọka ikpe nyere iwu ka ndị lanarịrị ndina n'ike mee nnwale ụgha", ''Ms.'' Blog, March 19, 2010 * "Gịnị bụ 'The Scoop' Banyere Groping?", ''Ms.'' Blog, March 12, 2010 * "The Hurt Locker Blows Up More Than Bombs", The Huffington Post, March 2, 2010 * "California College: Up In Smoke?", The Huffington Post, June 19, 2009 * "Sonia Sotomayor: Azịza ya na 'Fender' na-emetụta", The Huffington Post, May 29, 2009 * "Hip to Strip? Ma ọ bụ Oge Ndị ikom ga-akwụsị ile anya?", The Huffington Post, May 8, 2009 * "Guy Trouble", Bitch Magazine: Nzaghachi ụmụ nwanyị na omenala a ma ama, oge opupu ihe ubi 2009 * "The Great Cover-Up: High Necklines nwere ike ịgwọ ndị na-adịghị mma?", Bitch Magazine: Nzaghachi ụmụ nwanyị na omenala a ma ama, Winter 2008 * "Ndị ikom na-ekwu okwu banyere Mmekọahụ, Mmekọala na Ike", Voice Male, Spring 2007 * "The Little FemBlog That Wasn't", ''Barnard College Scholar & Feminist Online'', Vol. 5 nke 2, Oge opupu ihe ubi 2007 * "Mgbe Mmekọahụ ghọrọ Mmekọala: Mirra Komarovsky's Feminism of the Fifties", Women's Studies Quarterly Vol. 33 nr. 3 & 4, 2005 * "Ònye na-aza ajụjụ maka mmegbu ahụ na Abu Ghraib?", Off Our Backs. Septemba-Ọktoba 2004 == Ntụaka Akwụkwọ == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 24grbd02kb90pjo5910nkh1gwnb6n4j 0 67026 674294 641246 2026-07-08T21:06:01Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674294 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Erica Lehrer 02.jpg|thumb|Erica Lehrer]] '''Erica Lehrer''' bụ ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ, onye nlekọta na agụmakwụkwọ ọkachamara na omenala ndị Juu na-esote Holocaust, Ọmụmụ ihe ngosi nka, ethnography, na agụmakwụkwọ ọha. Ọ bụ Professor nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na Sociology / Anthropology na Mahadum Concordia, ebe o nwere oche nyocha Canada na Museum and Heritage Studies ma na-eje ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke Curating and Public Scholarship Lab na Mahadum Concordia . <ref name="Concordia">{{Cite web|title=Faculty Page, Department of History, Concordia University|url=http://history.concordia.ca/faculty-and-staff/bios/LehrerE.php|accessdate=2025-10-20|archivedate=2014-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101044220/http://history.concordia.ca/faculty-and-staff/bios/LehrerE.php}}</ref><ref name="Canada">{{Cite web|title=Canada Research Chairs - Erica Lehrer|url=http://www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca/chairholders-titulaires/profile-eng.aspx?profileId=2437}}</ref> == Mmụta == Ọ nwetara nzere B.A. sitere na Grinnell College na MA na PhD degrees sitere na Mahadum Michigan.<ref name="Concordia"/> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2013, Lehrer cheputara ihe ncheta "Souvenir, Talisman, Toy," ihe ngosi ethnographic nke ihe oyiyi akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a Polish nke na-egosi ndị Juu (gụnyere onye Juu antisemitic nke oge a nwere ihe oyiyi mkpụrụ ego), na Ethnographic Museum nke Kraków. Nhọrọ dị nta nke ihe na mgbasa ozi sitere na ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara site na July 28 - August 30, 2013, na Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie ndị Juu nke Galicia . N'afọ 2016, o mere ihe ngosi ọhụrụ na Galicia Jewish Museum nke akpọrọ "A Single Point Perspective/Punkt Zbiezny". == Ndụ onwe onye na ezinụlọ == Nwanne nna Lehrer bụ physicist Frederick Reif, onye lụrụ Mildred Dresselhaus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frederick Reif - Obituary|url=https://www.aapt.org/Membership/Frederick_Reif.cfm|accessdate=2022-06-18|work=www.aapt.org}}</ref> Nne ya, Liane Reif-Lehrer, bụ Onye lanarịrị Oké Mgbu kpọ ahụ na professor na Harvard Medical School.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liane Reif|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/id-card/liane-reif|accessdate=2022-06-18|work=encyclopedia.ushmm.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=In Memoriam - 2019 {{!}} College of Chemistry|url=https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/college-relations/memoriam/2019|accessdate=2022-06-18|work=chemistry.berkeley.edu|language=en|archivedate=2022-07-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705121614/https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/college-relations/memoriam/2019}}</ref> Nwanne ya nwoke, Damon Lehrer, bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ ụmụaka. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Damon Lehrer – Janna Co|url=https://jannaco.co/damon-lehrer/|accessdate=2022-06-18|work=jannaco.co|date=26 December 2019}}</ref> == Onyinye == * Canada Research Chair na Museum and Heritage Studies <ref name="Canada"/> * Canada Research Chair na Post-Conflict Memory, Ethnography na Museology * Hazel D. Cole Fellowship in Jewish Studies, Mahadum Washington <ref>{{Cite web|title=Faculty Page, Faculty of Arts and Science, Concordia University|url=http://artsandscience.concordia.ca/research/researchchairs/canadaresearchchairs/drericalehrer/}}</ref> * Illinois Humanities Post-Doctoral Fellowship, Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign <ref>{{Cite web|title=Illinois Program for Research in the Humanities, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|url=http://www.iprh.illinois.edu/history/fellows/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214075305/http://www.iprh.illinois.edu/history/fellows/|archivedate=2013-02-14}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * "Curatorial Dreams: Critics Imagine Exhibitions", McGill-Queen's University Press, 2016,   * "Jewish Space in Contemporary Poland", Indiana University Press, 2015,   * Naście na Żyd / Lucky Jews: Poland's Jewish Figurines, Ha!art Press, 2014,   * Jewish Poland Revisited: Heritage Tourism in Unquiet Places, Indiana University Press, 2013,   * onye nchịkọta akụkọ, Curating Difficult Knowledge: Violent Pasts in Public Places, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011,   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lehrer, Erica}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s7yqrbp0eka3lfeo0yn17s73ruanonr 0 67036 674421 516664 2026-07-09T08:54:54Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674421 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Hagit Attiya''' (Hibru: חגית עטיה) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị kọmputa nke Israel nke na-ejide Harry W. Labov na Charlotte Ullman Labov Academic Chair of Computer Science na Technion - Israel Institute of Technology na Haifa, Israel.[1][2] Nnyocha ya dị na mpaghara nkesa kọmputa. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:Hagit Attiya-1.jpg|thumb|Hagit Attiya]] Attiya gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem, na-enweta nzere B.S. na mgbakọ na mwepụ na sayensị kọmputa na 1981, nzere masta site na otu mahadum ahụ na 1983, na doctorate na 1987, n'okpuru nlekọta nke Danny Dolev.Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ postdoctoral na Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ọ sonyere na ngalaba Technion na 1990. <ref name="cv">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211607/http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~hagit/cv.pdf Curriculum vitae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211607/http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~hagit/cv.pdf|date=2015-09-23}}, retrieved 2014-07-07.</ref> Ọ bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Distributed Computing kemgbe 2008. == Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ == Attiya ghọrọ onye otu Association for Computing Machinery na 2009 maka "onyinye maka nkesa na kọmpụta n'otu akụkụ". N'afọ 2011, Attiya na ndị edemede ya Danny Dolev na Amotz Bar-Noy meriri Edsger W. Dijkstra Prize na Distributed Computing maka ọrụ ha na mmejuputa ebe nchekwa nkekọrịta site na iji Ozi na-agafe, nke e bipụtara na Journal of the ACM na 1995. Ọ bụkwa onye natara ihe nrite Michael Bruno Memorial site na Yad Hanadiv na 2011. == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ nyocha === *   *   *   === Akwụkwọ === *   *   == Edensibia == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="herlihy">{{citation | last = Herlihy | first = Maurice | authorlink = Maurice Herlihy | date = March 2000 | doi = 10.1145/346048.568464 | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | journal = [[SIGACT News]] | page = 3 | title = Review of Distributed Computing by Attiya and Welch | s2cid = 36206165 }}</ref> <ref name="ieee">{{citation | title = Mastering distributed computing | last = Che | first = Haoyang | journal = IEEE Distributed Systems Online | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 5 | date = March 2005 | doi = 10.1109/MDSO.2005.14 }}</ref> <ref name="mohan">{{citation | last = Mohan | first = T. C. | journal = zbMATH | title = Review of ''Impossibility Results for Distributed Computing'' | zbl = 1396.68004 }}</ref>}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151020060317/http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~hagit/ Ebe obibi] * Hagit Attiyambipụta ndị edepụtara site naOnye Ọkà mmụta Google [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] j98c8mad6h2ixj3wdfkue4qq9wfquva 0 67045 674425 516884 2026-07-09T09:16:38Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674425 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Michael Bronstein.jpg|thumb|Michael Bronstein]]   '''Michael Bronstein''' (Hibru: מיכאל ברונשטיין; amụrụ 1980) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị kọmputa na onye ọchụnta ego Britain-Israel. Ọ bụ prọfesọ sayensị kọmputa na Mahadum Oxford na onye isi sayensị nke Aithyra Institute[1] na Vienna Biocenter na Austria. == Akụkọ ndụ == Bronstein nwetara PhD ya na Technion na 2007. Kemgbe 2010, ọ bụ onye prọfesọ na Mahadum Lugano, Switzerland, jikọtara ya na Institute of Compputational Science and IDSIA. N'agbata 2018 na 2021, o jidere oche na mmụta igwe na nnabata ụkpụrụ na Ngalaba Kọmputa, Imperial College London. Na 2022, ọ sonyeere na Ngalaba Sayensị Kọmputa na Mahadum Oxford dị ka Prọfesọ DeepMind nke ọgụgụ isi Artificial. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/news/1996-full.html|title=Professor Michael Bronstein appointed as DeepMind Professor of Artificial Intelligence}}</ref> Bronstein emeela nleta na Mahadum Stanford n'etiti afọ 2009 na 2010, na Mahadim Harvard na MIT n'etiti 2017 na 2018. Ọ sonyeere Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study na Mahadum Harvard (dị ka Radcliffe fellow, 2017-2018 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/michael-bronstein|title=Radcliffe fellows 2017-2018}}</ref>), Institute for Advanced Studies na Technical University of Munich (dị ka Rudolf Diesel industrial fellow, 2017-2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ias.tum.de/alumni-fellows/bronstein-michael/|title=TUM IAS alumni fellows}}</ref>) na Institute for Advanced study na Princeton (dị ka onye ọbịa, 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ias.edu/events/seminar-theoretical-machine-learning-66|title=IAS Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning, 2020|date=25 October 2019}}</ref>). Kemgbe 2024, ọ bụkwa Prọfesọ na EPFL na kemgbe 2025, Prọfesụ Honorary na Mahadum Vienna na Mahadim Nkà na Ụzụ nke Vienna. Bronstein bụ onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Israel Invision, na-emepụta ihe mmetụta 3D nke nwere akara. Intel nwetara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 2012 ma ghọọ ntọala nke teknụzụ Intel RealSense. Bronstein jere ozi dị ka onye isi injinia na Intel n'etiti afọ 2012 na 2019. Na 2018, Bronstein tọrọ ntọala Fabula AI, mmalite nke London na-achọ idozi nsogbu nke mgbasa ozi n'ịntanetị site na ilele ka ọ na-agbasa na netwọk mmekọrịta. Twitter nwetara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 2019.[1][2] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nyocha mmụta mmụta eserese na Twitter n'etiti 2019 na 2023. == Ọrụ == Mmasị nyocha Bronstein dị n'ozuzu ya na usoro geometric na nke mgbakọ maka nyocha data. Nchọpụta ya gụnyere ngwa dị iche iche sitere na mmụta igwe, ọhụhụ kọmputa, na nnabata ụkpụrụ ruo nhazi geometry, eserese kọmputa na onyonyo. A maara ya nke ọma maka nyocha ya na nyocha ọdịdị ọdịdị 3D na-emebi emebi yana “ mmụta miri emi nke geometric” (okwu ọ chepụtara [1]), na-eme ka ụlọ ọrụ netwọkụ na-eme ihe n'ozuzu ya na eserese na eserese. E tinyela ụzọ ndị a n'ichepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. == Ịpụta n'ihu ọha == * TEDx Warwick 2023 * Okwu isi okwu ICLR 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6Pw4MOzMuo|title=ICLR 2021 Keynote - "Geometric Deep Learning: The Erlangen Programme of ML"|work=[[YouTube]]|date=8 June 2021}}</ref> * TEDx Lugano 2019 (ya na Kirill Veselkov) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTTJXTVi2l0|title=AI-designed HyperFood against cancer, TEDx Lugano 2019|work=[[YouTube]]|date=12 December 2019}}</ref> * World Economic Forum 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rC3qsi5eVK4|title=How to Build an Intelligent Machine, World Economic Forum 2015|work=[[YouTube]]|date=21 October 2015}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == * Turing World-Leading AI Research Fellowship, 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.turing.ac.uk/news/welcoming-two-new-turing-ai-world-leading-researcher-fellows|title=Welcoming two new Turing AI World-Leading Researcher Fellows}}</ref> * Ihe nrite ọlaọcha nke Royal Academy of Engineering, 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raeng.org.uk/grants-prizes/prizes/prizes-and-medals/individual-medals/silver-medal|title=Royal Academy of Engineering Silver Medals|accessdate=2025-10-22|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005235658/https://www.raeng.org.uk/grants-prizes/prizes/prizes-and-medals/individual-medals/silver-medal}}</ref> * Onye otu British Computer Society * Onye otu Academia Europaea, 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Acad_Main/List_of_Members/Elected%20members%202020|title=AE Elected Members 2020}}</ref> * IEEE Fellow, 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/fellows/2019-ieee-fellow-class.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220155228/https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/fellows/2019-ieee-fellow-class.pdf|archivedate=December 20, 2018|title=IEEE Fellow Class 2019|work=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE)}}</ref> * Ihe nrite nke Fondation Dalle Molle, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://portal.klewel.com/watch/webcast/labels-2018-dalle-molle|title=Cérémonie de remise des Prix Labels 2018 Dalle Molle}}</ref> * Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award, 2018 * IAPR Fellow, 2018 * ACM Onye Ọkà okwu a ma ama, 2015 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://speakers.acm.org/speakers/bronstein_5883|title=ACM Distinguished Speakers|accessdate=2025-10-22|archivedate=2021-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305132006/https://speakers.acm.org/speakers/bronstein_5883}}</ref> * World Economic Forum Young Scientist, 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_YoungScientists2014.pdf|title=WEF Young Scientists Class 2014}}</ref> * Ihe nrite Hershel Rich Technion Innovation, 2003 Bronstein bụkwa onye natara onyinye ERC ise, ihe nrite Google Faculty Research abụọ, na onyinye Amazon AWS ML Research abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.science/research-awards/recipients/michael-bronstein|title=Michael Bronstein-2020 Machine Learning Research Awards recipient|date=10 August 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Bronstein lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ abụọ. Ọ bụ ejima ejima nke Alex Bronstein. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * "Numerical Geometry of Non-Rigid Shapes" (ya na Alex Bronstein na Ron Kimmel), Springer 2008. * "Geometric deep learning: ịgafe data Euclidean" (ya na Yann Lecun, Joan Bruna, Arthur Szlam na Pierre Vandergheynst), IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 2017. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/people/michael.bronstein/ Ebe obibi Michael Bronstein na Oxford] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c0ckrix1ek5ma5b9v5jkx5en0gt9ttg 0 67054 674419 642160 2026-07-09T08:42:39Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674419 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Errol-Damelin.png|thumb|Errol Damelin]]   '''Errol Damelin''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1969) bụ onye ọchụnta ego South Africa na onye na-etinye ego na teknụzụ. N'afọ 2007, o guzobere Wonga, ụlọ ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ n'ịntanetị nke nwetara aha ọjọọ maka ịkwụ ụgwọ dị elu maka ịgbazinye ego dị mkpirikpi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rupert Jones|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/dec/16/wonga-cuts-cost-borrowing-interest-rate|title=Wonga cuts cost of borrowing, but interest rate still 1,509% &#124; Money|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=2016-04-13}}</ref> Mgbe Damelin kwụsịrị ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 2013, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ banyere n'ọchịchị na 30 Ọgọst 2018. <ref name="One">{{Cite news|author=Collinson|first=Patrick|title=Wonga collapses into administration|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/aug/30/wonga-collapses-into-administration|accessdate=30 August 2018|work=The Guardian|date=30 August 2018}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Errol Damelin na South Africa na 23 Ọgọst 1969. Damelin tolitere na ezinụlọ ndị Juu na Klerksdorp, South Africa, nna ya bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa anesthesiologist. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Damelin gara Mahadum Cape Town.Ọ nọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mahadum, na-emeri ntuli aka nke UCT Student Representative Council na na-ekere òkè na mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. N'oge a, a nwụchiri ya maka ime ngagharị iwe megide ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke njide n'enweghị ikpe. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cape Town na 1995, tupu ya emechaa nweta MBA na Mahadum Boston na Boston, United States. Damelin mechara kwaga Israel, ebe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ego ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ akụ itinye ego nke Israel.Na 1997 ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ya iji nyere aka chọta Barzelan, onye na-emepụta waya ígwè pụrụ iche nke dabeere na Beit Shemesh, Israel. N'afọ 2000 Damelin tọrọ ntọala Supply Chain Connect, ụlọ ọrụ sọftụwia na-enye ihe na igwe ojii. Dabere na London, United Kingdom, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mepụtara sọftụwia maka nrụnye nke ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere Dow Chemicals, DuPont, Phelps Dodge, General Cable, Mondi Packaging, na Corning. N'afọ 2005, Damelin rere ChemConnect azụmahịa ahụ maka ego akọwapụtaghị. N'afọ 2007, Damelin na Jonty Hurwitz malitere Wonga.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-akwụ ụgwọ ụbọchị nke nyere ndị na-agbazinye ego na United Kingdom na mba ofesi ego n'oge dị mkpirikpi. N'agbanyeghị obi abụọ mbụ sitere n'aka ụlọ akụ, Wonga doziri otu narị puku ego n'ime afọ abụọ ma belata ọnụego nkwekọrịta 50% mbụ ya nke ukwuu.<ref name="Financial Times">{{Cite news|author=Palmer|first=Maija|title=Wonga pushes web loan innovation|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b4a86bc8-4878-11de-8870-00144feabdc0|accessdate=17 March 2012|work=Financial Times|date=24 May 2009}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2013, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ etoola karịa ndị ọrụ narị ise, na-enweta ego nke £ 300 nde. N'afọ ahụ, ọ nwetakwara BillPay nke dị na [[Jémanị|Germany]] ma malite Everline, onye na-enye ego maka obere azụmaahịa na nke dị n'etiti.<ref name="telegraph-20120513">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/profiles/9263147/Wongas-Ice-cool-chief-Errol-Damelin-can-take-the-heat.html|title=Wonga's Ice-cool chief Errol Damelin can take the heat|author=Andrew Cave|work=Daily Telegraph|date=13 May 2012|accessdate=26 June 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2013, Damelin kwụsịrị ọrụ dịka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ihi uru ya na ebubo na ọ na-erigbu ndị kachasị ike na ọha mmadụ. Mgbe izu ole na ole gachara, Financial Conduct Authority chọrọ ka Wonga nye ndị ahịa ihe dị ka £ 2.6 nde maka ịkwụ ụgwọ maka omume mkpokọta ụgwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịghị mma, nke gụnyere izipu akwụkwọ ozi ndị ọka iwu adịgboroja nye ndị ahịa ya. Ọtụtụ ọnwa tupu mgbe ahụ, Damelin akpọọla maka nhazi ka mma nke ngalaba ịgbazinye ego ndị ahịa na ngosipụta ka ukwuu na ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ ọrụ ego nke United Kingdom.<ref name="telegraph-20130630">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/10150403/Wonga-boss-Errol-Damelin-its-time-to-push-the-bad-guys-out-of-payday-loans.html|title=Wonga boss Errol Damelin: it's time to push the bad guys out of payday loans|author=James Quinn|work=Daily Telegraph|date=30 June 2013|accessdate=26 June 2014}}</ref> Mgbe a jụrụ ya maka omume ịgbazinye ego nke Wonga mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm, Damelin kwuru na ya na ha enweghị nsogbu omume ọma, na-azọrọ na ụgwọ nwere ike ịbụ ikike dị mkpa maka ihe ọma mgbe enyere ya n'ụzọ doro anya na n'ụzọ ziri ezi nakwa na ndị ahịa Wonga nwere obi ụtọ na nkwado nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbe mmụba nke ụgwọ ọrụ ndị ahịa gasịrị, Wonga banyere n'ọchịchị na 30 Ọgọst 2018. <ref name="One"/>  == Ndụ onwe onye == Damelin bi na London ma nwee ụmụ atọ. == Ihe nrite == Damelin enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye ọchụnta ego: * 2008 - Credit Suisse Entrepreneur nke afọ na National Business Awards, South East   * 2009 - Ruban d"Honneur na RSM International Entrepreneur of the Year category nke European Business Awards   * 2010 - Digital Entrepreneur of the Year (Digital Entrepreneur Awards) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digital-entrepreneur.co.uk/winners.html|title=Winners of the 2017 Digital Entrepreneur Awards|work=Digital Entrepreneur Awards|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226095842/http://www.digital-entrepreneur.co.uk/winners.html|archivedate=26 February 2012}}</ref> * 2010 - Onye ọchụnta ego nke Afọ (Growing Business Awards) <ref name="The 2010 Growing Business Awards">{{Cite web|url=http://gba.realbusiness.co.uk/article/3-the-2010-growing-business-awards|title=The 2010 Growing Business Awards|author=|date=|work=realbusiness.co.uk|accessdate=29 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116055538/http://gba.realbusiness.co.uk/article/3-the-2010-growing-business-awards|archivedate=16 January 2013}}</ref> * 2010 - Onye guzobere Afọ (Tech Crunch - The Europa's) <ref name="The Europas European Startup Awards 2010 – The Winners and Finalists">{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/11/20/the-europas-european-startup-awards-2010-the-winners-and-finalists/|title=The Europas European Startup Awards 2010 – The Winners and Finalists|author=Butcher|first=Mike|work=TechCrunch|accessdate=2018-01-03|language=en}}</ref> * 2011 - Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ey.com/UK/en/Newsroom/News-releases/EOY---4-October-2011---Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year-2011-Winners-Announced|title=Entrepreneur of the Year 2011 Winners Announced - EY - United Kingdom|accessdate=23 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075916/http://www.ey.com/UK/en/Newsroom/News-releases/EOY---4-October-2011---Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year-2011-Winners-Announced|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> * 2011 - Onye Ọchụnta ego Digital nke The Guardian <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/megas/winners-2011|title=Megas Digital Innovation awards 2011: Winners|date=2011-03-25|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2018-01-03|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/megas/errol-damelin|title=Megas Digital Innovation awards 2012: Errol Damelin|date=2011-10-19|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2018-01-03|language=en-GB}}</ref> * 2012 - Onye guzobere Afọ (Founders Forum) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-06/25/david-rowan-founders-forum|title=The Founders Forum continues to generate innovative discussion (Wired UK)|accessdate=27 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808043858/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-06/25/david-rowan-founders-forum|archivedate=8 August 2012}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Damelin enyela ndị ọrụ ebere ndị Juu onyinye ma pụta na panel na mkparịta ụka maka Enyemaka Ndị Juu na Nlekọta Ndị Juu.[1][2] Damelin abụrụla onye nnọchi anya maka Charity: Water ma gbaa ọsọ marathon Ice Antarctic, ebe ọ kpalitere nnukwu ego maka ọrụ ebere ahụ. Na 2015 Damelin ghọrọ onye ntọala ntọala nke Nkwa Ndị Nkwa, otu ndị ọchụnta ego teknụzụ ndị kwere nkwa 2% nke nha nhata na ụlọ ọrụ ha maka ihe enyemaka. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131021233612/http://www.erroldamelin.net/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] {{DEFAULTSORT:Damelin, Errol}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3pr0d5bzen83frld45021snd7igrnmu 0 67057 674298 515356 2026-07-08T21:09:58Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674298 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Mohamed Lakhdar Maougal.png|thumb|Mohamed Lakhdar]] Mohamed Lakhdar Maougal bụ onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Algeria.  Ọkachamara na nkà ihe ọmụma nke asụsụ na socilinguistics, ọ bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere ọmụmụ nke Kateb Yacine na Albert Camus..<ref name="Thompson2007">{{Cite book|author=Thompson|first=William J.|title=French XX Bibliography: A Bibliography for the Study of French Literature and Culture Since 1885|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxVxFxyDOmkC&pg=PA19230|date=1 September 2007|publisher=Associated University Presse|isbn=978-1-57591-115-1}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518103403/http://lakhdarmaougal.net/fr/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] (n'asụsụ French) {{authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rt93hcni93plid4iim77dgpqhobgpzd 0 67061 674436 515368 2026-07-09T09:27:33Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} [[Faịlụ:Paga Founder and CEO Tayo Oviosu, Cellulant Co-founder and CEO Ken Njoroge, Helios Investment Partners Vice President Fope Adelowo, and moderator Jake Bright at TechCrunch Disrupt SF.jpg|thumb|Tayo Oviosu]] '''Tayo Oviosu''' bụ Tayo Oviosu bụ onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria-Amerika bụ onye guzobere na onye isi otu nke Paga, ụlọ ọrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ ekwentị na-elekwasị anya na digitizing ego na akụ na ụba na-apụta. Naijiria bụ ahịa mbụ nke Paga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ynaija.com/tara-fela-durotoye-tayo-oviosu-funke-bucknor-more-we-present-the-10-most-powerful-under-40s-in-business-ynaijapowerlist/|title=Tara Fela-Durotoye, Tayo Oviosu, Funke Bucknor & more! We present the 10 most powerful Under-40s in Business - #YNaijaPowerList » YNaija|date=2014-03-31|work=YNaija|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcabal.com/2015/04/15/21-nigerian-tech-ceos-at-the-top-of-their-game/|title=21 Nigerian Tech CEOs at the Top of Their Game|date=2015-04-15|work=TechCabal|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techpoint.africa/2017/04/10/tayo-oviosu-paga-founder-ceo/|title=Meet Tayo Oviosu, the man whose financial services company has wider reach than all banks in Nigeria combined|author=touch|first=Chief Chronicler Get in|date=2017-04-10|work=Techpoint.Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-24}}</ref> Eyitayo Oviosu si Edo Steeti site na mmalite, ọ nwetara nzere masta na Business Administration site na Graduate School of Business, Mahadum Stanford. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa mmepe ụlọ ọrụ na Cisco Systems na San Jose California ma bụrụ osote onye isi oche na Travant Capital Partners na Lagos, Naijiria ruo 2009, mgbe ọ malitere Paga ebe ọ bụ onye isi oche nke otu ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techpoint.africa/2017/04/03/follow-nigerian-startup-founder-blogs/|title=7 Nigerian startup founder blogs every budding entrepreneur should follow|author=touch|first=Chief Chronicler Get in|date=2017-04-03|work=Techpoint.Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techpoint.africa/2018/09/05/paga-9-million-unique-users/|title=NIBSS figures question Paga's 9 million unique user base|author=Mobile & African Tech Enthusiast │ Music │Get in touch|date=2018-09-05|work=Techpoint.Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-24}}</ref> Tayo Oviosu sokwa guzobe Kairos Angels. == Agụmakwụkwọ == Oviosu bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Electrical and Electronics Engineering na Mahadum nke Southern California . O nwekwara nzere masta na Business Administration site na Graduate School of Business, Mahadum Stanford na 2005. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=138362326&privcapId=129149971|title=Tayo Oviosu: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg|work=www.bloomberg.com|accessdate=2019-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nairametrics.com/2018/06/16/profile-of-tayo-oviosu-founder-ceo-paga/|title=Meet Tayo Oviosu: The face behind Paga, Nigeria's largest mobile payment platform|author=Owoeye|first=Fikayo|date=2018-06-16|work=Nairametrics|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-05-24}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na USC, Oviosu malitere ọrụ ya na Biomorphic VLSI dị ka Semiconductor Chip Design Engineer wee mee ihe omume 411 dị ka Injinia Software niile dabere na Los Angeles California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SciTech/Tech4Africa/Speakers/Tayo-Oviosu-20100803|title=BIO: Tayo Oviosu|date=2010-08-03|work=News24|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-24}}</ref> O mechara gaa rụọ ọrụ maka Deloitte Consulting na CRM na teknụzụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ dị elu. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na azụmaahịa, ọ sonyeere Cisco Systems na San Jose California ebe ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka atụmatụ, nnweta na itinye ego n'onwe ya na mpaghara ole na ole ma nyere aka iduzi mgbasawanye itinye ego Cisco na [[Afrịka]] na ohere itinye ego.O duuru itinye ego na nnweta nke gụnyere $130m nweta Reactivity na itinye ego na Guardium (Database Security, Series C, rere na IBM).[1] N'afọ 2008, ọ laghachiri na Naijiria ebe o sonyere Travant Capital Partners wee jee ozi dịka osote onye isi ala. N'afọ 2009, o guzobere Paga iji dozie ojiji nke ego na ịgbasa ohere ego.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nairametrics.com/2018/06/16/profile-of-tayo-oviosu-founder-ceo-paga/|title=Meet Tayo Oviosu: The face behind Paga, Nigeria's largest mobile payment platform|author=Owoeye|first=Fikayo|date=2018-06-16|work=Nairametrics|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-05-24}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Eyitayo Oviosu si Edo Steeti, a mụrụ ya na Lagos site na Ora, nna Edo Steeti na nne ya si Kogi State. Ọ lụrụ nwanyị Efik si Cross River Steeti, Najiria. [[Affiong Williams]] na 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-14|title=Tayo Oviosu and Affiong Williams are relationship goals|url=https://techpoint.africa/2017/04/14/tayo-and-affiong-relationship-goals/|accessdate=2022-10-07|work=Techpoint Africa|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2oulgmap9rnwys80dqaftxzerzunrxb 0 67093 674129 627852 2026-07-08T14:52:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674129 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Dolly Nwaduba''', a makwaara dịka '''Dolly Ifeyinwa Nwadialo''' (amụrụ 4 Ọ̀gọst 1988),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dolly Nwaduba {{!}} Actress, Producer, Writer|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8091850/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=IMDb|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=DOLLY.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xw7W1Ri36XPlc8hL8AtpN6iKur7LoyNW/view?usp=sharing|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=Sentry News}}</ref> bụ nwanyị Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri, onye ji olu ya emepụta ihe mgbasa ozi, na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Okoye|first=Rita|date=September 3, 2024|title=How Dolly Nwaduba is making waves in Nollywood|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/how-dolly-nwaduba-is-making-waves-in-nollywood/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2024-08-26|title=Nollywood producer, Dolly Nwaduba talks future of African Storytelling|url=https://guardian.ng/arts-2/nollywood-producer-dolly-nwaduba-talks-future-of-african-storytelling/|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=[[Guardian Nigeria]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Telegraph|first=New|date=2024-09-03|title=Nollywood Powerhouse, Nwaduba Shares Her Journey To Success|url=https://newtelegraphng.com/nollywood-powerhouse-nwaduba-shares-her-journey-to-success/|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=[[New Telegraph]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Dolly's Signature Limited yana Nollyplug TV.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 13, 2024|title=Dolly Ifeyinwa Nwaduba Launches Charity Drive Amidst Film Promo|url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2024/08/dolly-ifeyinwa-nwaduba-launches-charity-drive-amidst-film-promo/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> Nwaduba gụrụ akwụkwọ na New York Film Academy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Dolly Nwaduba: The Visionary Shaping the Future of Nollywood – Sun News|url=https://sunnews.ng/2024/08/27/dolly-nwaduba-the-visionary-shaping-the-future-of-nollywood/|accessdate=2024-10-18|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226195753/https://sunnews.ng/2024/08/27/dolly-nwaduba-the-visionary-shaping-the-future-of-nollywood/}}</ref> O so na ndị tozuru inweta ihe nrite African Entertainment Awards, USA (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|title=AEAUSA 2024 Nominees|url=https://aeausa.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Full-List-of-Nominees_AEAUSA-2024b.pdf|work=AEAUSA}}</ref> yana onye ritere asọmpi ide fim nke [[Nollywood]] (2022) maka ihe nkiri o dere, M.O.R.E.M.I.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nnah|first=Mary|title=Cosmos Abasi Wins Aforevo Nollywood Screenwriting Contest – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/13/cosmos-abasi-wins-aforevo-nollywood-screenwriting-contest/|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=[[ThisDay]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Overall winner of Nollywood screenwriting contest gets N1m reward|url=https://www.newsexpressngr.com/news/152291/overall-winner-of-nollywood-screenwriting-contest-gets-n1m-reward|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=News Express Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> A makwa ya maka ide ihe nkiri Ndị ọcha, ''Riverside.'' Kemgbe ọ laghachịrị [[Naijiria]] n'afọ 2017'','' Nwaduba emepụtala ihe dịka ihe nkiri iri atọ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=All I want in my husband is high intelligence level — Actress, Dolly Nwaduba|url=https://medium.com/@tjconnectng/all-i-want-in-my-husband-is-high-intelligence-level-actress-dolly-nwaduba-50749f07d5ef|work=Medium}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe nkiri o dere mere gụnyere ''One Wish (2019),'' ''Drawn to You (2024)'' yana'', Serendipity (2021)'' nke ndị so mee ya bụ [[Frederick Leonard (Nigerian actor)|Frederick Leonard]] na [[Monalisa Chinda]], nke [[Tchidi Chikere]]''duziri.''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2024-08-17|title=Why I’m giving back to families with school children –|url=https://thesun.ng/why-im-giving-back-to-families-with-school-children-dolly-nwaduba/|accessdate=2025-06-30|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Nwaduba na 4 Ọgọstụ 1988 dịka naanị otu nwa na [[Ogwashi Ukwu|Ogwashi]] dị na Delta State. <ref name=":0"/> Ọ si okpuru ọchịchị [[Aniocha South]] na Delta State. <ref name=":2"/> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị na Seta International. Mgbe ahụ, ewee nabata ya ịmụ Diplomacy na International Studies na Mahadum Benin. Nwaduba mechara gaa New York Film Academy ebe ọ mụtara edemede ihe nkiri, mmepụta ihe nkiri, na nka olu. <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == O tinyere aka na ime ihe nkiri ruo otu afọ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], na-eme ihe nkiri Riverside (2016), ''Nick And Ice'' (2016), yana Invitation (2017), tupu ọ laghachi Naịjirịa mgbe afọ 2017 gwụwara.<ref name=":2"/> Kemgbe o mepụtara ihe nkiri Naijiria mbụ ya bụ Lights Out (2017), o meela ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ na Naịjirịa. Nwaduba bụ onye natara onyinye "Onye mmepụta kacha mma nke Afọ" site na Sabistation Business Owners Awards 2024 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=2024 Winners – Sabistation Business Owner's Awards|url=https://sboawards.com/2024-winners/|accessdate=2024-10-24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ihesiulo|first=Grace|title=Sabistation Business Owners Awards 2024 Celebrates 110 Nigerian Entrepreneurs and Business Leaders|url=https://dailytimesng.com/sabistation-business-owners-awards-2024-celebrates-110-nigerian-entrepreneurs-and-business-leaders/|work=[[Daily Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2024-10-23|title=Aliko Dangote emerges Entrepreneur of the Year at 2024 Sabistation Business Owners Awards|url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/aliko-dangote-emerges-entrepreneur-of-the-year-at-2024-sabistation-business-owners-awards/|accessdate=2024-10-24|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri ndị O mere == * ''Riverside (2016) '' * ''Nick And Ice'' (2016) * ''Invitation'' (2017) as Attendant #1 * ''Lights Out'' (2017) * ''Arinze (2019) '' * ''Distance Between (2019) '' * ''One Wish'' (2019) * ''Serendipity (2021) '' * Beguiling <ref name=":8"/> * ''Chasing Dreams'' ween ''rọ'' (2023) <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=Admin|first=NFVCB|date=2024-03-11|title=MOVIES VERIFIED AND APPROVED BY NFVCB IN SEPTEMBER 2023|url=https://www.nfvcb.gov.ng/2024/03/11/movies-verified-and-approved-by-nfvcb-in-september-2023/|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=NFVCB {{!}} National Film And Video Censors Board|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220171015/https://www.nfvcb.gov.ng/2024/03/11/movies-verified-and-approved-by-nfvcb-in-september-2023/}}</ref> * Poetic Justice (2023) <ref name=":7" /> * Tainted Feeling (2023) * Dawn (2023) <ref name=":7" /> * ''Perfect Love'' (2023) <ref name=":7" /> * ''The Grand Stand'' (2023) <ref name=":7" /> * ''Sinister Visit'' (2023) * ''Drawn to you (2024) '' * ''A Star in the Dark'' == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nwaduba, Dolly}} [[Otú:Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Naijiria narị afọ nke 21]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ihj49da5gv26h0908acyiegqfrz8p8y 0 67104 674469 515876 2026-07-09T10:01:54Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674469 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Anna Goldenberg au Mila.png|thumb|Anna Goldenberg]]   '''Anna Goldenberg''' bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị kọmputa a mụrụ na Russia na onye prọfesọ zuru oke na Mahadum Toronto's Department of Computer Science na Department of Statistics, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị dị elu na Ụlọ Ọgwụ maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ụmụaka Na-arịa Ọrịa na Onye Nlekọta Nyocha maka ahụike na Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence. Ọ bụ oche mbụ na biomedical informatics na ọgụgụ isi na ụlọ ọgwụ maka ụmụaka na-arịa ọrịa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-s-anna-goldenberg-becomes-sickkids-first-ever-chair-biomedical-informatics-and-artificial|title=U of T's Anna Goldenberg named SickKids' first-ever chair in biomedical informatics and artificial intelligence|work=University of Toronto News|accessdate=2019-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118225244/https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-s-anna-goldenberg-becomes-sickkids-first-ever-chair-biomedical-informatics-and-artificial|archivedate=2019-01-18}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Dị ka nwatakịrị a mụrụ ma zụlite na Voronezh, Russia, Goldenberg chere mgbochi mgbochi ihu na ụlọ akwụkwọ.[1][2] N’ikpeazụ, na 1995, mgbe ọ dị afọ 17, ezinụlọ Goldenberg hapụrụ Russia ma kwaga Kentucky, U.S.A.[1][2] N'ebe ahụ, Goldenberg dechara nzere bachelọ nke Engineering, na Engineering Mathematics na Computer Science, na Mahadum Louisville. Goldenberg dechara Master's in Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, sochiri PhD na mmụta igwe na Mahadum Carnegie Mellon dị na Pittsburgh, ebe akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nyochara ụdị eserese eserese maka netwọkụ mmekọrịta. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-torontos-sickkids-announces-first-of-its-kind-artificial-intelligence/|title=Toronto's SickKids announces first-of-its-kind artificial intelligence position|accessdate=2019-01-20}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/ml2007/CMU-ML-07-109.pdf|title=Scalable Graphical Models for Social Networks|author=Goldenberg|first=Anna|date=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705220659/http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/ml2007/CMU-ML-07-109.pdf|archivedate=2017-07-05}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Goldenberg nọ nso na Joyce Feinberg - onye mechara bụrụ otu n'ime ndị 11 e gburu na Pittsburgh's Tree of Life synagogue agbapụ na October 2018. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cjnews.com/news/canada/russian-born-scientist-named-head-of-ai-at-sickkids|title=Russian-born scientist named head of AI at SickKids|author=Csillag|first=Ron|date=2019-01-18|work=The Canadian Jewish News|accessdate=2019-01-20}}</ref> == Ọrụ nyocha == Goldenberg kwagara Canada na 2008 dị ka onye otu post-doctoral . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cjnews.com/news/canada/russian-born-scientist-named-head-of-ai-at-sickkids|title=Russian-born scientist named head of AI at SickKids|author=Csillag|first=Ron|date=2019-01-18|work=The Canadian Jewish News|accessdate=2019-01-20}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCsillagReporter2019">Csillag, Ron; Reporter, Staff (2019-01-18). [https://www.cjnews.com/news/canada/russian-born-scientist-named-head-of-ai-at-sickkids "Russian-born scientist named head of AI at SickKids"]. ''The Canadian Jewish News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> A na-ahọpụta ya ugbu a dị ka onye prọfesọ na-akpakọrịta na Mahadum Toronto 's Department of Computer Science na Department of Statistics na ọkà mmụta sayensị na Ụlọ Ọgwụ maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Nyocha Ụmụaka na-arịa ọrịa . Ụlọ nyocha ya na-enyocha ka a ga-esi jiri mmụta igwe na-akọwa ụdị dị iche iche a na-ahụ na ọrịa mmadụ dị iche iche - kpọmkwem iji mepụta usoro iji chọpụta usoro dị na data anakọtara ma melite nsonaazụ ndị ọrịa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-s-anna-goldenberg-becomes-sickkids-first-ever-chair-biomedical-informatics-and-artificial|title=U of T's Anna Goldenberg named SickKids' first-ever chair in biomedical informatics and artificial intelligence|work=University of Toronto News|accessdate=2019-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118225244/https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-s-anna-goldenberg-becomes-sickkids-first-ever-chair-biomedical-informatics-and-artificial|archivedate=2019-01-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-s-anna-goldenberg-becomes-sickkids-first-ever-chair-biomedical-informatics-and-artificial "U of T's Anna Goldenberg named SickKids' first-ever chair in biomedical informatics and artificial intelligence"]. ''University of Toronto News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190118225244/https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-s-anna-goldenberg-becomes-sickkids-first-ever-chair-biomedical-informatics-and-artificial Archived] from the original on 2019-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thevarsity.ca/2017/11/13/who-are-the-new-u-of-t-vector-institute-researchers/|title=Who are the new U of T Vector Institute researchers?|date=2017-11-13|work=The Varsity|accessdate=2019-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119033318/https://thevarsity.ca/2017/11/13/who-are-the-new-u-of-t-vector-institute-researchers/|archivedate=2019-01-19}}</ref> O nwere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 50 n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=anna+goldenberg|title=anna goldenberg - PubMed - NCBI|author=pubmeddev|work=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|accessdate=2019-02-07}}</ref> Njikọ Njikọ Njikọ, usoro ịkparịta ụka n'Ịntanet nke ndị otu nyocha ya chepụtara bụ usoro ntinye data mbụ nke emepụtara iji jikọta data onye ọrịa nke mere ka amụma nsonaazụ nlanarị dịkwuo mma na ọrịa cancer dị iche iche. O nwere h-index nke 17, a kpọtụrụ nyocha ya karịa ugboro 2,000. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.ca/citations?user=cEepZOEAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Anna Goldenberg - Google Scholar Citations|work=scholar.google.ca|accessdate=2019-01-20}}</ref> Na 15 Jenụwarị 2019, a kpọrọ Goldenberg oche mbụ na Biomedical informatics na ọgụgụ isi aka na Hospital for Sick Children, nke bụ nke mbụ n'ụdị ya dị n'ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụaka nke Canada. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-s-anna-goldenberg-becomes-sickkids-first-ever-chair-biomedical-informatics-and-artificial|title=U of T's Anna Goldenberg named SickKids' first-ever chair in biomedical informatics and artificial intelligence|work=University of Toronto News|accessdate=2019-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118225244/https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-s-anna-goldenberg-becomes-sickkids-first-ever-chair-biomedical-informatics-and-artificial|archivedate=2019-01-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-s-anna-goldenberg-becomes-sickkids-first-ever-chair-biomedical-informatics-and-artificial "U of T's Anna Goldenberg named SickKids' first-ever chair in biomedical informatics and artificial intelligence"]. ''University of Toronto News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190118225244/https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-s-anna-goldenberg-becomes-sickkids-first-ever-chair-biomedical-informatics-and-artificial Archived] from the original on 2019-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-torontos-sickkids-announces-first-of-its-kind-artificial-intelligence/|title=Toronto's SickKids announces first-of-its-kind artificial intelligence position|accessdate=2019-01-20}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-torontos-sickkids-announces-first-of-its-kind-artificial-intelligence/ "Toronto's SickKids announces first-of-its-kind artificial intelligence position"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190119130932/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-torontos-sickkids-announces-first-of-its-kind-artificial-intelligence/ Archived] from the original on 2019-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-20</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cjnews.com/news/canada/russian-born-scientist-named-head-of-ai-at-sickkids|title=Russian-born scientist named head of AI at SickKids|author=Csillag|first=Ron|date=2019-01-18|work=The Canadian Jewish News|accessdate=2019-01-20}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCsillagReporter2019">Csillag, Ron; Reporter, Staff (2019-01-18). [https://www.cjnews.com/news/canada/russian-born-scientist-named-head-of-ai-at-sickkids "Russian-born scientist named head of AI at SickKids"]. ''The Canadian Jewish News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a sitere na onyinye nde $ 1.75 sitere n'aka Amar Varma (onye ọchụnta ego Toronto nke a mụrụ nwa ọhụrụ ya a wara ahụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ maka ụmụaka na-arịa ọrịa). <ref name=":1" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5syeescr4gzyfdodb0tvzc88u7azn5d 0 67107 674468 672666 2026-07-09T09:59:52Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674468 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Elisheva Goldshmit.jpg|thumb|384x384px|Elisabeth Goldschmidt na 1955]]   '''Elisabeth Goldschmidt''' (née Wechsler; Hebrew; September 22, 1912 - May 6, 1970) bụ ọkà mmụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke Israel mụrụ German bụ onye tọrọ ntọala usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem. A kọwawo ya dị ka "Nne guzobere ngalaba nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na Israel".<ref name="endeavour">{{Cite journal|author=Kirsh|first=Nurit|date=June 2013|title=Tragedy or success? Elisabeth Goldschmidt (1912–1970) and genetics in Israel|journal=Endeavour|language=en|volume=37|issue=2|pages=112–120|doi=10.1016/j.endeavour.2012.10.001|pmid=23218800}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Goldschmidt Elisabeth Wechsler n'ime ezinụlọ ndị Juu Ọtọdọks na Frankfurt, Germany, na September 22, 1912. Ọ malitere ịmụ ọgwụ na Mahadum Frankfurt na 1932, ma mgbe Adolf Hitler bilitere n'ọchịchị na Germany n'afọ sochirinụ, ọ kwụsịrị ma kwaga London, England. N'ebe ahụ ọ gara n'ihu mụọ ihe gbasara ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ, wee nata B.Sc. ogo na 1936. O wee kwaga Jerusalem na di ya, Joseph Goldschmidt. O nwetara Ph.D. sitere na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem na 1942 jiri edemede akpọrọ Cytological Studies na Chironomidae. <ref name="jwa">{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/goldschmidt-elisabeth|title=Elisabeth Goldschmidt|author=Falk|first=Raphael|work=Jewish Women's Archive|accessdate=2019-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 1970|title=Professor Elisabeth Goldschmidt|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=227|issue=5256|pages=422|doi=10.1038/227422a0|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị Ph.D. site na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem, Goldschmidt ghọrọ onye enyemaka obere na ngalaba nke [[Agụmanụmanụ|Zoology]] ebe ahụ. Na 1950, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi na Genetics na mahadum, ma n'otu afọ ahụ enwetara ya mkpakọrịta sitere na American Association of University Women . Mmekọrịta a mere ka ọ gaa [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] otu afọ, bụ ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ nyocha nke Theodosius Dobzhansky na Curt Stern . Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem na 1951, ọ maliteghachiri nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma malite ịkụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike isiokwu ahụ. Na 1961, ya na Chaim Sheba na Raphael Falk, ọ haziri Nzukọ on Human Population Genetics, na site na 1963 ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya rụkọrọ ọrụ iji chọta Laboratory of Genetics (mgbe e mesịrị Ngalaba Genetics) na Mahadum Hibru. <ref name="jwa" /> == Nnyocha == N'oge ọrụ ya, Goldschmidt lekwasịrị anya nchọcha ya na ngbanwe nke ụfọdụ ihe dị ndụ na ọnọdụ nke oke nnu. O mechara malite nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị bi na Drosophila ijiji. Ọ mụtara usoro chromatography akwụkwọ site na ịga leta ụlọ nyocha Ernst Hadorn na 1953, ọ gara n'ihu itinye nke a n'ọrụ na nyocha ya. O nwekwara mmasị n'ịchọpụta ihe ndabere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ọrịa mmadụ dị ka Ọrịa Tay-Sachs.<ref name="jwa" /> == Ndụ onwe na ọnwụ == Goldschmidt na di ya, Joseph Goldschmidt, nwere nwa nwoke, Eliezer Goldschmidt, na otu nwa nwanyị, Yemima Ben-Menachem . O gburu onwe ya na Mee 6, 1970. <ref name="endeavour" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Kirsh|first=Nurit|date=2004|title=Geneticist Elisabeth Goldschmidt: A Two–Fold Pioneering Story|journal=Israel Studies|volume=9|issue=2|pages=71–105|issn=1084-9513|doi=10.2979/ISR.2004.9.2.71}} cnlrec3zh4u2xq5x5qo9a0eyy1we509 0 67109 674467 537747 2026-07-09T09:56:08Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674467 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:The Vice President, Shri M. Hamid Ansari signing the visitors book at the University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda on February 21, 2017. The Minister of Education, Rwanda, Dr. Musafiri Papias Malimba is also seen (cropped).jpg|thumb|Papias Malimba Musafiri]]   '''Papias Malimba Musafiri''' bụ onye agụmakwụkwọ Rwanda, onye nchọpụta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ bukwazi onye jere ozi dịka Minista nke Mmụta na kansụl nke Rwanda, kemgbe ụbọchi iri abụọ n’ise nke onwa Juun n’oge afọ 2015, na-anọchi anya Prọfesọ Silas Lwakabamba.<ref name="Brief" /> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == O jide nzere bachelọ nke azụmahịa, nke ọ nwetara na Mahadum aha ya bụ Dar es Salaam. O nwekwara Master of Business Administration na majors na Finance na Information Technology, nke ọ nwetakwaziri na Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee . <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 October 2020|title=UR appoints ex- education minister Dr. Musafiri as acting vice chancellor|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/ur-appoints-ex-education-minister-dr-musafiri-acting-vice-chancellor|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda|language=en}}</ref> Vellore Institute of Technology nyezikwa ya Doctor of Philosophy dikwazi na India.<ref name="Brief">{{Cite web|date=25 June 2015|accessdate=17 September 2017|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/190052/|title=Musafiri appointed as new Education minister|author=Times Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/190052|title=Musafiri appointed as new Education minister|date=2015-06-25|work=The New Times|accessdate=2019-09-28}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'ihe dị ka afọ 2001, Musafiri jere ozi n'ọrụ dị iche iche na agụmakwụkwọ, nyocha na dịka onye ndụmọdụ. Tupu e guzobe Mahadum nke Rwanda (UR) n’oge afọ 2013, ọ nwere ọkwa nchịkwa dị elu n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị mejupụtara UR taa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka (a) Director of Administration and Human Resources (b) Dean, Faculty of Management (c) Vice Rector Academics na (d) Acting Rector, na ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ nke kacha elu. Ozugbo tupu a họpụtara ya dịka minista agụmakwụkwọ, ọ bụ onye isi nke College of Business and Economics (CBE) nke Mahadum di na Rwanda . <ref name="Brief"/> Na ntuli aka nke ụbọchi ise nke ọnwa Ọktoba n’oge afọ 2016, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gov.rw/newsdetails2/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1606&cHash=473ab12332504639e6c285135ec71c38|title=Communique: President Kagame reshuffles the Cabinet, appoints new governors|accessdate=17 September 2017|date=5 October 2016|author=GOR|publisher=[[Government of Rwanda]] (GOR)|archivedate=1 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901201417/http://gov.rw/newsdetails2/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1606&cHash=473ab12332504639e6c285135ec71c38}}</ref> na nke ụbọchi iri atọ na otu nke ọnwa Ọgọst n’oge afọ 2017, e debere ya na kọmitii ma ọ nọgidere na-agụ akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=31 August 2017|accessdate=17 September 2017|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/219033/|title=Rwanda gets new Cabinet, who is in?|first=Felly|author=Kimenyi}}</ref> N'ọrụ ya dị ka minista agụmakwụkwọ, ọ mara ọkwa nkwụsị na ịchụpụ ndị nkuzi Uganda na Rwanda, mgbe nkwekọrịta nkuzi ha gwụsịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/03/29/rwanda-responds-ugandan-teachers-dismissal-says-contracts-expired-2015/|title=Rwanda responds to Ugandan Teachers dismissal says contracts expired 2015|accessdate=17 September 2017|date=29 March 2017|author=Spear Team|publisher=Thespearnews.com|archivedate=30 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130001516/http://thespearnews.com/2017/03/29/rwanda-responds-ugandan-teachers-dismissal-says-contracts-expired-2015/}}</ref> == Hụkwazie == * Agụmakwụkwọ na Rwanda * Nzukọ omeiwu nke Rwanda == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150219163814/http://www.mineduc.gov.rw/home/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Ministry of Education nke Rwanda] E debere ya na Wayback Machine (Mineduc) [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5q62pil30i3wm7bgi4vi05p5ic8ifzi 0 67124 674464 577819 2026-07-09T09:51:56Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674464 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Dr. Alain Manceau.jpg|thumb|Alain Manceau]]   '''Alain Manceau''', Amụrụ na Septemba 19, 1955, bụ onye France na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na biogeochemist. A maara ya maka nyocha ya na nhazi na mmeghachi omume nke nanoparticulate iron na manganese oxides na ụrọ mineral, na kemịkalụ kristal nke ọla dị iche iche na ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa, yana na nhazi biogeochemistry nke mercury na sistemu eke, anụmanụ, na [[Madụ̀|ụmụ mmadụ]]. == Akụkọ ndụ == N'afọ 1993, o guzobere na mmekorita ya na Victor Drits ihe nrụzi maka ferrihydrite dabere na nhazi nke usoro mgbasa X-ray.[1] Ekwenyere ihe nlereanya a na 2002 site na Rietveld ndozigharị nke ụkpụrụ neutron diffraction, [2] na na 2014 site na ịme anwansị nke ọrụ nkesa ụzọ abụọ a tụrụ site na mgbasa X-ray ike dị elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jansen|first=E.|date=2002|title=The structure of six-line ferrihydrite|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s003390101175|journal=Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing|volume=74|issue=|pages=s1004–s1006|doi=10.1007/s003390101175|issn=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Manceau|first=Alain|date=2013|title=Short-range and long-range order of phyllomanganate nanoparticles determined using high-energy X-ray scattering|journal=Journal of Applied Crystallography|volume=46|issue=|pages=193–209|doi=10.1107/s0021889812047917|issn=}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:D-MnO2_HRTEM_image.jpg|thumb|Onyonyo eletrọn nke δ-MnO ₂ nanoparticles lere anya n'otu (a) na perpendicular (b) na ụgbọ elu oyi akwa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Manceau|first=Alain|date=2013|title=Short-range and long-range order of phyllomanganate nanoparticles determined using high-energy X-ray scattering|journal=Journal of Applied Crystallography|volume=46|issue=|pages=193–209|doi=10.1107/s0021889812047917|issn=}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFManceauMarcusGrangeonLanson2013">Manceau, Alain; Marcus, Matthew A.; Grangeon, S.; Lanson, M.; Lanson, B.; Gaillot, A.-C.; Skanthakumar, S.; Soderholm, L. (2013). "Short-range and long-range order of phyllomanganate nanoparticles determined using high-energy X-ray scattering". ''Journal of Applied Crystallography''. '''46''': <span class="nowrap">193–</span>209. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1107/s0021889812047917|10.1107/s0021889812047917]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56356250 56356250].</cite></ref>]] [[Faịlụ:DBi10_cylindrical_bent.jpg|thumb|Ọdịdị nke cylindrically gbagọrọ agbagọ nke δ-MnO₂ nanosheet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Manceau|first=Alain|date=2013|title=Short-range and long-range order of phyllomanganate nanoparticles determined using high-energy X-ray scattering|journal=Journal of Applied Crystallography|volume=46|issue=|pages=193–209|doi=10.1107/s0021889812047917|issn=}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFManceauMarcusGrangeonLanson2013">Manceau, Alain; Marcus, Matthew A.; Grangeon, S.; Lanson, M.; Lanson, B.; Gaillot, A.-C.; Skanthakumar, S.; Soderholm, L. (2013). "Short-range and long-range order of phyllomanganate nanoparticles determined using high-energy X-ray scattering". ''Journal of Applied Crystallography''. '''46''': <span class="nowrap">193–</span>209. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1107/s0021889812047917|10.1107/s0021889812047917]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56356250 56356250].</cite></ref>]] Mercury (Hg) bụ ihe mmetọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke sitere na isi mmalite ndị sitere n'okike, dị ka mgbawa mgbawa na ọkụ ọhịa, na ihe omume mmadụ, dị ka mgbanaka coal, Ngwuputa ọla edo, na ọkụ nke mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ. N'ime [[Nri yinye|ụdọ]] mmiri mmiri na nke ụwa, mercury na-agbakọta dị ka methylmercury (MeHg), nsị dị ike nke na-emetụta ọrụ ụbụrụ anụmanụ na nke mmadụ na usoro ọmụmụ. Ịghọta usoro nsị nke MeHg n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ dị mkpa maka ichekwa anụ ọhịa na [[Madụ̀|ụmụ mmadụ]], na ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ megide nsị mercury . == Mbipụta == Manceau ebipụtala ihe karịrị akwụkwọ sayensị 200 n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Sayensị Citation Index nke na-achịkọta ihe karịrị 24,000 ngụkọ ma na-enweta h-index karịa 90.[1] Na 2020, a họọrọ ya 111th n'ime ngụkọta nke ndị nyocha 70,197 na Geochemistry/Geophysics na ọmụmụ bibliometric nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke Mahadum Stanford dabere na nchekwa data Elsevier Scopus. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ioannidis|first=John P. A.|date=2020|title=Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators|journal=PLOS Biology|volume=18|issue=10|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000918|pmid=33064726|issn=}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == * 1989, Nrite Ọla, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) * 2002, Onye otu nke Mineralogical Society of America (MSA). <ref>{{Cite web|title=List of MSA fellows|url=http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/Awards/fellowslist.html}}</ref> * 2003, Brindley nkuzi, The Clay Minerals Society (CMS). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Recipients of the George W. Brindley Clay Science Lecture award|url=https://www.clays.org/awards_brindley_lecture/#:~:text=Award%20Description,and%20involved%20in%20innovative%20research.}}</ref> * 2006, George Brown nkuzi, Mineralogical Society of Great Britain na Ireland (MinSoc). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Recipients of the George Brown Lecture award|work=Mineralogical Society of the UK and Ireland|url=https://wwwdev.minersoc.org/cmg-brown.html|accessdate=2025-11-03|archivedate=2025-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619094828/https://wwwdev.minersoc.org/cmg-brown.html}}</ref> * 2010, Nrite Silver, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS). * 2011, EcoX [[:fr:Équipex|Équipex]] Grant. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Equipex projects at ESRF|url=https://www.esrf.fr/news/general/ESRF-partner-French-excellency}}</ref> * 2022, onye ahọpụtara na Academia Europaea . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Academy of Europe: Manceau Alain|url=https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Manceau_Alain|work=www.ae-info.org}}</ref> * 2022, European Research Council Advanced Grant. <ref>{{Cite web|title=List of ERC Grantees at ESRF|url=https://www.esrf.fr/home/UsersAndScience/erc-at-the-esrf.html}}</ref> * 2022, ES&amp;amp;T 2021 Akwụkwọ kacha mma. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zimmerman|first=Julie Beth|title=The 2021 ES&T Best Paper Awards: Nevertheless, We Persisted|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|date=15 November 2022|volume=56|issue=22|pages=15179–15181|doi=10.1021/acs.est.2c07931|language=en|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> * 2023, Léon Lutaud Price na Georges Millot Medal, [[:fr:Académie des sciences (France)|Académie des sciences (France)]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Prix thématiques de l'Académie des Sciences, relatifs aux Sciences de l'univers|url=http://aramis.obspm.fr/prix/|accessdate=2025-11-03|archivedate=2021-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031092141/http://aramis.obspm.fr/prix/}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4fjp04gzqm1m6qdsvkhdidte0soax73 0 71811 674250 671537 2026-07-08T20:17:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674250 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Climate_change_09.jpg|thumb|307x307px|Usoro [[Retrogression and land degradation|mmebi ala]] n'obodo [[Gombe (Nigeria)|Gombe]], n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], na 2023.]]   Ego maka ihu igwe na Naịjirịa gụnyere ngwakọta nke ego sitere n'ime obodo na nke mba ụwa maka mgbanwe ihu igwe, ibelata ya na iguzogide ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Okpanachi: Green Climate Fund Will Aid Nigeria in Fight against Effects of Climate Change|publisher=THISDAYLIVE|date=24 July 2024|accessdate=7 November 2024|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/07/24/okpanachi-green-climate-fund-will-aid-nigeria-in-fight-against-effects-of-climate-change/}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Adejoro|first=Lara|title=Nigeria may lose $460bn to climate change — Report|publisher=Punch Newspapers|date=22 November 2023|accessdate=7 November 2024|url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-may-lose-460bn-to-climate-change-report/}}</ref> Dịka akụnụba kachasị na Afrịka na otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta mmanụ na kọntinent a, Naịjirịa na-eche nnukwu ihe ịma aka metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe ihu, gụnyere idei mmiri, ọzara, na ịdabere na mmanụ ọkụ, nke na-emetụta akụ na ụba ya na nchekwa nri. : 54 Mba a na-achọ ime ka amụma ihu igwe ya kwekọọ na ebumnuche nke Nkwekọrịta Paris, site n'iji njikọta nke ego ọha na nkeonwe na mmekorita mba ụwa iji mezuo ebumnuche ndị e depụtara na Ntinye Aka nke Mba (NDC) ya.. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria at a glance|publisher=FAO in Nigeria|accessdate=28 July 2025|url=http://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/}}</ref> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu na adịghị ike ya == === Ọrụ ugbo na Ọhịa === [[Faịlụ:Koppen-Geiger_Map_NGA_present.svg|thumb|353x353px|Map nke Köppen-Geiger nkewa ihu igwe nke Naịjirịa maka oge 1980-2016]] Naịjirịa nwere ngụkọta ala nke 910,770 km², <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Land area (sq. km) - Nigeria|publisher=World Bank Open Data|accessdate=28 July 2025|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2?locations=NG}}</ref> nke 77% na-tinye aka na ihe ọkụkụ (gụnyere ala a na-akọ ugbo, ihe ọkụkụ na-adịgide adịgide na ebe ịta nri) <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Country profile – Nigeria|publisher=FAO|date=2016|url=https://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=NGA}}</ref>: 1 na 22% bụ ọhịa ka ọ na-erule afọ 2020. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Natural Forest in Nigeria – Nigeria Deforestation Rates & Statistics|publisher=Global Forest Watch|accessdate=28 July 2025|url=https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/NGA/}}</ref> Dị ka Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ụwa si kwuo, ngalaba ọrụ ugbo na-ahụ maka 34% nke ịmepụta ọrụ na mba ahụ.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) – Nigeria|publisher=World Bank Open Data|date=2022|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=NG}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mmebi ala na-emetụta ihe dị ka 33% nke ala ugbo, nke mgbanwe ihu igwe mere ka ọ ka njọ. : nke asaa&nbsp;: VII  Ngalaba ọrụ ugbo ka na-akpata ihe dị ka 23% nke GDP nke mba ahụ dịka data Bank World 2021 si dị.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) – Nigeria|publisher=World Bank|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=NG}}</ref> Mgbanwe nke usoro mmiri ozuzo, mmụba nke idei mmiri, na ọzara n'ebe ugwu nke mba ahụ na-eyi nchekwa nri na ihe oriri na Naịjirịa egwu; mba ahụ na'ihu ụkọ nri ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ụlọ chọrọ. : 54 <ref name=":5" /> Dị ka akụkọ Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) nke afọ 2012 si kwuo, idei mmiri ahụ, nke malitere na July nke afọ ahụ, mere ka mmebi US $ 16.9 dị ijeri, na-eme ka mkpa maka itinye ego na mgbanwe pụta ìhè. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]: xx  === Ihe gbara ya gburugburu === [[Faịlụ:Nigeria_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png|thumb|Map nwere nchịkọta nke ike anyanwụ na Naịjirịa]]   Ngalaba ike dị na Naịjirịa bụ mmanụ ọkụ na ihe mkpofu (43.4% nke ike niile a na-enweta), ọkachasị nkụ na unyi, nke 65% nke ezinụlọ na-eji eme ihe kwa ụbọchị dịka isi nri.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Energy Mix – Countries & Regions|publisher=IEA|accessdate=28 July 2025|url=https://www.iea.org/countries/nigeria}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=Building a Shared Vision for the Clean Cooking Transition|publisher=Heinrich Böll Stiftung|date=1 April 2022|accessdate=28 July 2025|url=https://www.boell.de/en/2022/04/01/building-shared-vision-clean-cooking-transition}}</ref> Ọ bụ gas sitere n'okike (75%), ebe ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe dị ka hydropower (1.1%) na anyanwụ (0.3% na 2022) na-anọchite anya obere akụkụ nke ngwakọta ike.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Electricity – Countries & Regions|publisher=IEA|accessdate=28 July 2025|url=https://www.iea.org/countries/nigeria}}</ref> <ref name=":19">{{Cite journal|author=Nchege|first=Johnson|title=Hydroelectric production and energy consumption in Nigeria: Problems and solutions|journal=Renewable Energy|date=1 December 2023|volume=119|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2023.119548|accessdate=28 July 2025|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148123014635}}</ref> : 27 : 27  Ikike eletrik arụnyere bụ 12.5 GW, mana naanị 3,500 ruo 5,000 MW dị n'ihi nnukwu nnyefe na nkesa ọnwụ (28-40%). N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, mkpa ọkụ eletrik nke Naịjirịa karịrị ikike kachasị elu nke grid, na ihe dị ka 17,556 MWh / h na 2020, dị ka data gọọmentị si kwuo. : 38 N'afọ 2023, ọnụego ọkụ eletrik bụ 61.2%, yana nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti obodo ukwu (89%) na ime obodo (ihe na-erughị 33%) n'ọnọdụ ebe ọdịda ọkụ eletrik na-efu akụ na ụba gburugburu US $ 29 ijeri kwa afọ.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|title=Access to electricity (% of population) – Nigeria|publisher=World Bank|date=2023|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?locations=NG}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web|title=Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) – Nigeria|publisher=World Bank|date=2023|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS?locations=NG}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite news|author=Anyaogu|first=Isaac|title=Explainer: Why Nigeria's power grid is failing|publisher=Reuters|date=11 December 2024|accessdate=29 July 2025|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/why-nigerias-power-grid-is-failing-2024-12-11/}}</ref> === Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba === A na-ewere Naịjirịa dị ka akụ na ụba kachasị ukwuu na kọntinent Afrịka, na GDP nke US $ 188.27 ijeri na 2023 na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke 233.3 nde, mana GDP ya maka onye ọ bụla bụ nke kachasị ala n'etiti akụ na ụba iri kachasị ukwuu n'Africa n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị bi na ya.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria: Datasets|publisher=IMF|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/NGA}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{Cite web|title=Real GDP per capita Comparison|publisher=The World Factbook|accessdate=28 July 2025|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gdp-per-capita}}</ref> Ngalaba ego nke mba ahụ bụ nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ahịa ụlọ akụ nke 1 n'Africa, na ụlọ akụ ndị dị ka FBN Holdings, Access Bank, na Zenith Bank na-eduga na ọkwa mpaghara.<ref name=":28">{{Cite news|author=Thomas|first=David|title=Africa's Top 100 Banks 2024: Nigeria tops West and Central Africa|publisher=African Business|date=25 September 2024|accessdate=28 July 2025|url=https://african.business/2024/09/economy/africas-top-100-banks-2024-nigeria-tops-west-and-central-africa/}}</ref> . <ref name=":29">{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Stock Exchange (NGX) Live|publisher=afx.kwayisi.org|date=28 July 2025|accessdate=28 July 2025|url=https://afx.kwayisi.org/ngx-live/}}</ref><ref name=":30">{{Cite web|title=Listed Companies|date=September 2020|publisher=Nigerian Exchange Limited|url=https://ngxgroup.com/markets/listed-companies/}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị ikike, ego na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị oke ka ihe na-akpali itinye ego na-ebute ụzọ na ngalaba mmanụ ala dị ka Naịjirịa bụ onye na-emepụta mmanụ kachasị n'Africa. : 27 N'afọ 2020, mba ahụ mefuru ijeri $ 71.3 na mbubata, na-agafe mbupụ site na ijeri $ 43.6, nke ka ukwuu n'ihi ịdabere na mmanụ ala a nụchara anụcha a na-ebubata n'agbanyeghị ikike ime ụlọ. <ref name=":32">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria: Leading Crude Oil Producer in Africa|publisher=Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission|accessdate=28 July 2025|url=https://nuprc.gov.ng/nigeria-leading-crude-oil-producer-in-africa/|archivedate=16 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916045542/https://www.nuprc.gov.ng/nigeria-leading-crude-oil-producer-in-africa/}}</ref><ref name=":33">{{Cite news|author=Nnodim|first=Okechukwu|title=Nigeria's petroleum imports exceeded exports by $43.56bn – OPEC|publisher=Punch Newspapers|date=3 October 2021|accessdate=28 July 2025|url=https://punchng.com/nigerias-petroleum-imports-exceeded-exports-by-43-56bn-opec/}}</ref><ref name=":34">{{Cite news|author=Anyaogu|first=Isaac|title=Dangote Oil Refinery begins processing gasoline, NNPC to be sole buyer|publisher=Reuters|date=2 September 2024|accessdate=29 July 2025|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/dangote-oil-refinery-begins-processing-gasoline-nnpc-be-sole-buyer-2024-09-02/}}</ref> == Usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke iwu == Naịjirịa etinyela mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ime iwu ya site na akwụkwọ dịka "Nigeria Energy Transition Plan" (2021) na "National Energy Policy" (2022), nke na-akwalite ebumnuche ike na-agbanwe agbanwe na mgbasawanye nke ahịa itinye ego na-adịgide adịgide. Iwu Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke 2021 guzobere Kansụl Mgbanwe Ihuigwe nke Mba, nke na-ahụ maka ịhazi iwu ihu igwe na ijikwa National Climate Change Fund.<ref name=":36">{{Cite web|title=FGN Moves to Activate Climate Change Fund, Aligns Finance with Green Agenda|publisher=Federal Ministry of Finance|date=4 April 2025|url=https://finance.gov.ng/fgn-moves-to-activate-climate-change-fund-aligns-finance-with-green-agenda/}}</ref> .<ref name=":37">{{Cite web|title=Regulatory landscape for solar power in Nigeria|publisher=IBA|date=6 November 2024|url=https://www.ibanet.org/regulatory-landscape-solar-power-Nigeria}}</ref> Ndị mba ọzọ nwere ike ijide 100% equity na ọrụ, dabere na ndebanye aha na Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) na nkwado sitere na Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) na Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC). <ref name=":38">{{Cite web|title=Renewable energy project approvals in Nigeria|publisher=Lexology|date=28 August 2021|accessdate=28 July 2025|url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=}}</ref> : 4 Otú ọ dị, nrụrụ aka, bureaucracy, na igbu oge n'ịkwado nkwekọrịta ịzụta ike (PPAs) na-egbochi itinye ego na ike ọhụrụ.<ref name=":40">{{Cite journal|author=Onuh|first=Peter|title=Challenges and Opportunities in Nigeria's Renewable Energy Policy and Legislation|journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews|date=2024|volume=23|issue=2|pages=2354–2372|doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2391|url=https://zenodo.org/records/14891064}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-agafe == === Ndị mmadụ === N'agbata afọ 2012 na 2016, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ego ihu igwe na Naịjirịa sitere na mmefu ego mba, na US $ 4.8 nde e kenyere site na Climate Investment Fund, onyinye £17,000 DFID, na US$ 352,000 site na Global Environment Facility. Tụkwasị na nke a, na 2024, e nyekwara ụlọ akụ mmepe nke Naijiria ikike ịnweta n'etiti US $ 50 nde na US $ 250 nde site na Green Climate Fund iji kwado usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref name=":1" /> : 167-168 Ego ihu igwe sikwa na Heinrich Böll Foundation (HBS) n'etiti afọ 2012 na 2016 nke ruru € 423,320. : 129 : 129  Dabere na 2012 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) Report maka [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|UNFCCC]] na 2017, mkpa ego dị mkpa gụnyere njikwa idei mmiri na mkpa iji dozie mmebi nke US $ 16.9 ijeri. Na mgbakwunye, itinye ego nke ihe dị ka ijeri US $ 177 dị mkpa iji belata ihe ịma aka nke ihe mkpofu, ihe onwunwe mmiri, na gas na-ekpo ọkụ. : 13–14 : 4 : 4  Na 2024, gọọmentị kenyere ego na Climate Change Fund, site na nkwado nke World Bank, International Finance Corporation (IFC), na IMF, iji gbasaa ego akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ..<ref name=":48">{{Cite web|title=Transcript of G24 October 22 Press Briefing|publisher=IMF|date=22 October 2024|format=PDF|url=https://www.imf.org/external/np/g24/trans/2024/102224.htm}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2025, Minista na-ahụ maka ego na Minista na na-ahụ Maka akụ na ụba, Wale Edun, zutere Dr. Nkiruka Madueke, onye isi nchịkwa nke Kansụl Mgbanwe Ihu igwe ke Naịjirịa (NCCC), iji kwurịta banyere mmalite nke Ego Mgbanwe Ihuigwe, nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwado ngwọta ihu igwe na ịkwalite ego ahịhịa ndụ.<ref name=":49">{{Cite web|title=FGN Moves to Activate Climate Change Fund, Aligns Finance with Green Agenda|publisher=Federal Ministry of Finance, Nigeria|date=4 April 2025|accessdate=29 July 2025|url=https://finance.gov.ng/fgn-moves-to-activate-climate-change-fund-aligns-finance-with-green-agenda/}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ibute ụzọ nke itinye ego na mmanụ ala na ọkụ nke ijeri cubic mita 7 nke gas kwa afọ, na-akpata mfu nke ijeri US $ 2.5 na-egbochi ọganihu na ike dị ọcha.<ref name=":50">{{Cite news|title=Gas flaring: Reps to recover over $9 billion fines from oil companies|publisher=Vanguard News|date=24 July 2023|accessdate=29 July 2025|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/07/gas-flaring-reps-to-recover-over-9bn-fines-from-oil-companies/}}</ref><ref name=":51">{{Cite journal|author=Ojijiagwo|first=Emeka|title=Economics of gas to wire technology applied in gas flare management|journal=Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal|date=1 December 2016|volume=19|issue=4|pages=2109–2118|doi=10.1016/j.jestch.2016.09.012|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098616301508}}</ref> Ngalaba njem, nke tricycles (keke neutral), minibuses (danfos), na ọgba tum tum (okadas) na-achịkwa, bụ isi ihe na-emetọ obodo.<ref name=":66">{{Cite journal|author=Afolabi|first=Oluwaseyi Joseph|title=Urban Challenges and Informal Public Transport Services in Nigeria|journal=Review of International Comparative Management|date=July 2020|volume=21|issue=3|pages=319‑331|doi=10.24818/RMCI.2020.3.319|accessdate=29 July 2025|url=https://rmci.ase.ro/no21vol3/03.pdf}}</ref> Ahịa ụgbọ ala eletrik (EV) na-arị elu na mba ahụ, n'ihi nchegbu banyere mmetọ na ọnụahịa mmanụ ụgbọala.<ref name=":67">{{Cite journal|author=Akujor|first=Chidi E.|title=Decarbonisation of the Transport Sector in Nigeria|journal=Environmental Health Insights|date=2022|volume=16|doi=10.1177/11786302221125039|pmid=36185498|issn=1178-6302}}</ref> Ụfọdụ atụmatụ na-akwalite nnabata EV site na enyemaka na ọdụ ịkwụ ụgwọ n'efu, ọ bụ ezie na akụrụngwa ịkwụ ụgwọ ka dị obere.<ref name=":68">{{Cite journal|author=Farinloye|first=Temitope|title=Driving the electric vehicle agenda in Nigeria: The challenges, prospects and opportunities|journal=Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment|date=1 May 2024|volume=130|doi=10.1016/j.trd.2024.104182|issn=1361-9209|accessdate=29 July 2025|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136192092400047X}}</ref><ref name=":69">{{Cite web|title=ECN Commissions Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Station to Advance Clean Energy in Nigeria|publisher=Energy Commission of Nigeria|accessdate=29 July 2025|url=https://www.energy.gov.ng/ecn-commissions-ev-charging-station/}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Rice_field_39.jpg|thumb|Ubi osikapa na Naịjirịa]] === Ọrụ ugbo na oké ọhịa === Mba ahụ ekwenyewo iweghachi nde hekta 4 nke ala mebiri emebi ka ọ na-erule 2030 n'okpuru African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative (AFR100) na inweta Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) n'otu oge ahụ, na atụmatụ itinye ego nke US $ 194 ijeri.<ref name=":70">{{Cite web|title=The role of forests and wildlife in building resilience and recovery from crises and threats|publisher=FAO|date=August 2022|accessdate=29 July 2025|url=https://www.fao.org/forestry/news/98023/en/}}</ref> : 5 : 4, 30 : 4, 30  == Atụmanya Ndị Na-abịa n'Ọdịnihu == Naịjirịa nwere nnukwu ike mmeghari ohuru, nwere ike imeghari 14,120 MW na mmiri na ruo GW 210 na ike anyanwụ., <ref name=":19" /> == Hụkwa == * Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Kenya * Ego ihu igwe na Kenya * Ego ihu igwe na Jamaica * Ego ihu igwe na Trinidad na Tobago * Ego ihu igwe na Senegal == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 57psr1vp168fm2w8m77ip94g8zue5pv 0 71854 674193 630483 2026-07-08T16:30:14Z Timzy D'Great 12485 /* Ọrụ */ fixed reference errors 674193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = | name = Bernadette Meehan | honorific_suffix = | image = Meehan-12032025CK 0312 (cropped).jpg | caption = Meehan in December 2025 | alt = | order = | status = | ambassador_from = United States | country = Chile | president = [[List of ambassadors appointed by Joe Biden|Joe Biden]] | term_start = September 30, 2022 | term_end = January 20, 2025 | predecessor = [[Carol Z. Perez]] | successor = [[Brandon Judd]] | office1 = Spokesperson for the [[United States National Security Council]] | termstart1 = October 2014 | termend1 = June 2015 | president1 = [[Barack Obama]] | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = American | party = | education = [[Boston College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) | spouse = [[Evan S. Medeiros]] }} '''Bernadette M. Meehan''' bụ onye nnọchi anya mba Amerịka nke jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchianya mba Amerịka na Chile site na afo 2022 ruo afo 2025. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ọrụ (CEO) nke ntoala Wikimedia, ọ ga-ebido ọrụ na afo 2026, na-anọchi Maryana Iskander.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Global Programs maka ntoala nke Obama. <ref name="Defense One">{{Cite web|author=O'Toole|first=Molly|title=White House Says Obama's New National Security Strategy a 'Compass' Through 'Shifting Security Landscape'|url=http://www.defenseone.com/threats/2015/02/white-house-says-obamas-new-national-security-strategy-compass-through-shifting-security-landscape/104634/|publisher=Defense One|accessdate=17 February 2015|date=5 February 2015}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuru United States National Security Council n'oge ọchịchị Obama, dịka Onye ọrụ mba ọzọ na Ngalaba nke Steeti ihe karịrị afọ iri. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Meehan na Bronx, zụlitere na Pleasantville, New York ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ulo akwukwo Kennedy Catholic no na Somers, New York.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/kennedycatholic/docs/the_gael_-_fall_2015|title=The gael fall 2015|work=Issuu|date=September 2015}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum Boston na nzere Bachelor of Arts na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Wall Street, nke mbụ na JPMorgan Chase na Lehman Brothers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> O mechara sonye na United States Foreign Service . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="BC Affairs">{{Cite web|author=Meehan|first=Bernadette|title=RealJobs: Bernadette Meehan|url=https://bccareer.wordpress.com/2012/02/08/realjobs-bernadette-meehan/|publisher=BC Affairs|accessdate=17 February 2015|date=8 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217160120/https://bccareer.wordpress.com/2012/02/08/realjobs-bernadette-meehan/|archivedate=17 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="isd.georgetown.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://isd.georgetown.edu/meehan|title=Bernadette Meehan &#124; Institute for the Study of Diplomacy &#124; Georgetown University|accessdate=2015-12-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105421/http://isd.georgetown.edu/meehan|archivedate=2015-12-22}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Meehan sonyeere Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị nke United States dị ka onye ọrụ mba ọzọ na 2004, wee malite ọrụ ọhụrụ ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya na US Embassy na [[Bogotá]], Colombia.<ref name="BC Affairs" /> Ọ lanarịrị ntọrọ na mwakpo anụ ahụ site n'aka ndị ikom ji égbè na Bogotá n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2006. E jidere mmadụ abụọ n'ime ndị omempụ ahụ ma maa ha ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri, mana a hụghị mmadụ abụọ ndi nkozo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Colombia afọ abụọ tupu ọ wepụta onwe ya ije ozi na Iraq. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na US Embassy na Baghdad site na 2006 ruo 2007 dị ka onye nnọchi anya, na ọtụtụ ọnwa dị ka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nye onye nnọchianya Zalmay Khalilzad .<ref name="BC Affairs" /> Na Septemba 2007, Meehan hapụrụ Iraq iji mụọ [[Arabic]] na Department of State's Foreign Service Institute na [[Végíníyà|Virginia]] iji kwadebe maka njem ọzọ ya dị ka onye ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na US Consulate General na Dubai na [[United Arab Emirates]] . <ref name="BC Affairs" /> N'afọ 2010 ọ laghachiri [[Washington, D.C.]] iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ steeti "Line Officer", na-akwalite njem mba nke odeakwụkwọ steeti. Ọ ghọrọ onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nke Odeakwụkwọ nke steeti.<ref name="BC Affairs">{{Cite web|author=Meehan|first=Bernadette|title=RealJobs: Bernadette Meehan|url=https://bccareer.wordpress.com/2012/02/08/realjobs-bernadette-meehan/|publisher=BC Affairs|accessdate=17 February 2015|date=8 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217160120/https://bccareer.wordpress.com/2012/02/08/realjobs-bernadette-meehan/|archivedate=17 February 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMeehan2012">Meehan, Bernadette (8 February 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150217160120/https://bccareer.wordpress.com/2012/02/08/realjobs-bernadette-meehan/ "RealJobs: Bernadette Meehan"]. BC Affairs. Archived from [https://bccareer.wordpress.com/2012/02/08/realjobs-bernadette-meehan/ the original] on 17 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2012, e kọwapụtara Meehan na White House National Security Council (NSC) ma n'afọ 2014 ọ ghọrọ ọnụ na-ekwuru National Security Council. Meehan hapụrụ NSC na 2015 ka ọ bụrụ osote prọfesọ na onye bi na Ngalaba Steeti na Georgetown's Institute maka Ọmụmụ nka nkwurịta okwu na Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> A kpọghachiri ya na NSC ka ọ lekọta atụmatụ maka njem akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Onye isi ala Obama na Havana, Cuba. Dị ka ''The New York Times'' si kwuo, nhọpụta ya n'ọkwa a gosipụtara mkpa Onye isi ala tinyere na njem ahụ na ọdịdị dị mgbagwoju anya nke ịhazi nleta ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ nọgidere na White House dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ukwu nke Onye isi ala Obama ruo Jenụwarị 2017. N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2017, Meehan hapụrụ Ọrụ Mba Ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ Chief International Officer na ntoala Obama. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ọrụ a, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka ịzụlite na ilekọta mmemme mba ụwa niile maka ntoala Obama, gụnyere Ndị ọkà mmụta ntọala Obama; Leaders Africa program; Leaders Asia-Pacific program; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> na Leaders Europe program.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> O mechara bụrụ osote onye isi oche maka mmemme ụwa na onye otu Kọmitii Nchịkwa nke Foundation. Meehan jere ozi na bọọdụ ndị ndụmọdụ maka Mahadum Georgetown's Institute maka Ọmụmụ nka nkwurịta okwu, n'ime Walsh School of Foreign Service.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> === Onye nnọchi anya United States na Chile === [[Faịlụ:29 August 2022, Deputy Secretary Sherman officiates the Swearing-In Ceremony of Ambassador Bernadette M. Meehan (cropped).jpg|thumb|Meehan ṅụrụ iyi dị ka onye nnọchi anya na Chile na 2022 site n'aka osote odeakwụkwọ nke steeti Wendy Sherman]] Na Julaị 9, afo 2021, Onye isi ala Joe Biden họpụtara Meehan ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya United States na-esote na Chile..<ref name="July9">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-09|title=President Biden Announces His Intent to Nominate Four Individuals to Serve as Ambassadors|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/07/09/president-biden-announces-his-intent-to-nominate-four-individuals-to-serve-as-ambassadors/|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=The White House|language=en-US}}</ref> Ekpere ikpe maka nhọpụta ya n'ihu Kọmitii Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ nke Sineti na Maachị 15, afo 2022. Kọmiti ahụ gosipụtara nhọpụta ya nke ọma na May 18, afo 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Julaị 20, 2022, ndị omebe iwu United States kwadoro nhọpụta ya site na ntuli aka 51–44.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> A ṅụrụ iyi na Ọgọst 29, 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> ma nyefee Onye isi ala Gabriel Boric nzere ya na Septemba 30, afo 2022. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2025)">better<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>source<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Dị ka onye nnọchianya, a maara Meehan maka mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi buru ibu na-esote<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> na amama n'etiti ndi Chile. O mere ihu ihu nke El Mercurio, akwụkwọ akụkọ ndekọta nke Chile, mgbe ọ rụchara skydive na US na Chilean Special Forces dị ka akụkụ nke ọtụtụ mba jikọrọ aka agha Southern Star.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> A jara ya mma maka ọtụtụ ihe ịga nke ọma azụmahịa na nhazi gụnyere ịgafe nke US-Chile Bilateral Tax Treaty nke US na Chilean Senate mgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri na-eche na US Senate; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> ọkwa Google dị ka onye na-etinye ego na Humboldt Cable, eriri mbụ dị n'okpuru mmiri na-ejikọ South America na mpaghara Asia-Pacific; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> na mkparịta ụka nke akwụkwọ ozi dị n'akụkụ na US-Chili Free Trade Agreement na-echebe ohere ahịa maka mmiri ara ehi na mbupụ anụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge Meehan nọ n'ọchịchị, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta ihe na United States kwupụtakwara mgbasawanye dị ịrịba ama, gụnyere itinye ego ijeri $ 7.5 nke Freeport-McMoran na igwupụta ọla kọpa <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> na mgbasawanye Albemarle nke iwepụta na nhazi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe a họpụtara onye isi ala Donald Trump, Meehan gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye nnọchi anya na Jenụwarị 10, 2025, na-agbaso omenala maka ndị a họpụtara na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke pati abụọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọrụ onye nnọchi anya mba ọzọ === Na Disemba 9, 2025, a họpụtara Meehan dịka onye isi oche nke Wikimedia Foundation . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ ga-amalite ọrụ ahụ na Jenụwarị 20, 2026. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Meehan na-asụ Bekee, Spanish na [[Arabic]]. Ọ lụrụ Evan S. Medeiros, onye isi oche ezinụlọ Penner na Asian Studies na Mahadum Georgetown's Walsh School of Foreign Service . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge Ọchịchị Obama, Medeiros nwere ọkwa dị elu na Kansụl Nchebe Mba gụnyere Onye Nkwado Pụrụ Iche nke Onye isi ala na Onye isi nchịkwa maka Eshia. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * AppearancesnaC-SPAN {{s-start}} {{s-dip}} {{s-bef|before=[[Carol Z. Perez]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to Chile]]|years=2022–2025}} {{s-aft|after=[[Brandon Judd]]}} {{s-end}}{{Ambassadors of the United States to Chile}}{{USLAambassadors}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] {{commons}} *{{C-SPAN|96741}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Meehan, Bernadette}} [[Category:21st-century American diplomats]] [[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Chile]] [[Category:American financial analysts]] [[Category:JPMorgan Chase people]] [[Category:Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences alumni]] [[Category:Obama administration personnel]] [[Category:Political spokespersons]] [[Category:United States Foreign Service personnel]] [[Category:United States National Security Council staffers]] [[Category:Women ambassadors of the United States]] [[Category:Women financial analysts]] hr5hfs17fexnc91s0ej36xie5rrs7yo 674194 674193 2026-07-08T16:31:20Z Timzy D'Great 12485 /* Ọrụ */ fixed reference errors 674194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = | name = Bernadette Meehan | honorific_suffix = | image = Meehan-12032025CK 0312 (cropped).jpg | caption = Meehan in December 2025 | alt = | order = | status = | ambassador_from = United States | country = Chile | president = [[List of ambassadors appointed by Joe Biden|Joe Biden]] | term_start = September 30, 2022 | term_end = January 20, 2025 | predecessor = [[Carol Z. Perez]] | successor = [[Brandon Judd]] | office1 = Spokesperson for the [[United States National Security Council]] | termstart1 = October 2014 | termend1 = June 2015 | president1 = [[Barack Obama]] | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = American | party = | education = [[Boston College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) | spouse = [[Evan S. Medeiros]] }} '''Bernadette M. Meehan''' bụ onye nnọchi anya mba Amerịka nke jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchianya mba Amerịka na Chile site na afo 2022 ruo afo 2025. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ọrụ (CEO) nke ntoala Wikimedia, ọ ga-ebido ọrụ na afo 2026, na-anọchi Maryana Iskander.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Global Programs maka ntoala nke Obama. <ref name="Defense One">{{Cite web|author=O'Toole|first=Molly|title=White House Says Obama's New National Security Strategy a 'Compass' Through 'Shifting Security Landscape'|url=http://www.defenseone.com/threats/2015/02/white-house-says-obamas-new-national-security-strategy-compass-through-shifting-security-landscape/104634/|publisher=Defense One|accessdate=17 February 2015|date=5 February 2015}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuru United States National Security Council n'oge ọchịchị Obama, dịka Onye ọrụ mba ọzọ na Ngalaba nke Steeti ihe karịrị afọ iri. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Meehan na Bronx, zụlitere na Pleasantville, New York ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ulo akwukwo Kennedy Catholic no na Somers, New York.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/kennedycatholic/docs/the_gael_-_fall_2015|title=The gael fall 2015|work=Issuu|date=September 2015}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum Boston na nzere Bachelor of Arts na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Wall Street, nke mbụ na JPMorgan Chase na Lehman Brothers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> O mechara sonye na United States Foreign Service . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="BC Affairs">{{Cite web|author=Meehan|first=Bernadette|title=RealJobs: Bernadette Meehan|url=https://bccareer.wordpress.com/2012/02/08/realjobs-bernadette-meehan/|publisher=BC Affairs|accessdate=17 February 2015|date=8 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217160120/https://bccareer.wordpress.com/2012/02/08/realjobs-bernadette-meehan/|archivedate=17 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="isd.georgetown.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://isd.georgetown.edu/meehan|title=Bernadette Meehan &#124; Institute for the Study of Diplomacy &#124; Georgetown University|accessdate=2015-12-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105421/http://isd.georgetown.edu/meehan|archivedate=2015-12-22}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Meehan sonyeere Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị nke United States dị ka onye ọrụ mba ọzọ na 2004, wee malite ọrụ ọhụrụ ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya na US Embassy na [[Bogotá]], Colombia.<ref name="BC Affairs" /> Ọ lanarịrị ntọrọ na mwakpo anụ ahụ site n'aka ndị ikom ji égbè na Bogotá n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2006. E jidere mmadụ abụọ n'ime ndị omempụ ahụ ma maa ha ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri, mana a hụghị mmadụ abụọ ndi nkozo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Colombia afọ abụọ tupu ọ wepụta onwe ya ije ozi na Iraq. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na US Embassy na Baghdad site na 2006 ruo 2007 dị ka onye nnọchi anya, na ọtụtụ ọnwa dị ka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nye onye nnọchianya Zalmay Khalilzad .<ref name="BC Affairs" /> Na Septemba 2007, Meehan hapụrụ Iraq iji mụọ [[Arabic]] na Department of State's Foreign Service Institute na [[Végíníyà|Virginia]] iji kwadebe maka njem ọzọ ya dị ka onye ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na US Consulate General na Dubai na [[United Arab Emirates]] . <ref name="BC Affairs" /> N'afọ 2010 ọ laghachiri [[Washington, D.C.]] iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ steeti "Line Officer", na-akwalite njem mba nke odeakwụkwọ steeti. Ọ ghọrọ onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nke Odeakwụkwọ nke steeti.<ref name="BC Affairs" /> N'afọ 2012, e kọwapụtara Meehan na White House National Security Council (NSC) ma n'afọ 2014 ọ ghọrọ ọnụ na-ekwuru National Security Council. Meehan hapụrụ NSC na 2015 ka ọ bụrụ osote prọfesọ na onye bi na Ngalaba Steeti na Georgetown's Institute maka Ọmụmụ nka nkwurịta okwu na Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> A kpọghachiri ya na NSC ka ọ lekọta atụmatụ maka njem akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Onye isi ala Obama na Havana, Cuba. Dị ka ''The New York Times'' si kwuo, nhọpụta ya n'ọkwa a gosipụtara mkpa Onye isi ala tinyere na njem ahụ na ọdịdị dị mgbagwoju anya nke ịhazi nleta ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ nọgidere na White House dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ukwu nke Onye isi ala Obama ruo Jenụwarị 2017. N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2017, Meehan hapụrụ Ọrụ Mba Ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ Chief International Officer na ntoala Obama. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ọrụ a, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka ịzụlite na ilekọta mmemme mba ụwa niile maka ntoala Obama, gụnyere Ndị ọkà mmụta ntọala Obama; Leaders Africa program; Leaders Asia-Pacific program; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> na Leaders Europe program.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> O mechara bụrụ osote onye isi oche maka mmemme ụwa na onye otu Kọmitii Nchịkwa nke Foundation. Meehan jere ozi na bọọdụ ndị ndụmọdụ maka Mahadum Georgetown's Institute maka Ọmụmụ nka nkwurịta okwu, n'ime Walsh School of Foreign Service.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> === Onye nnọchi anya United States na Chile === [[Faịlụ:29 August 2022, Deputy Secretary Sherman officiates the Swearing-In Ceremony of Ambassador Bernadette M. Meehan (cropped).jpg|thumb|Meehan ṅụrụ iyi dị ka onye nnọchi anya na Chile na 2022 site n'aka osote odeakwụkwọ nke steeti Wendy Sherman]] Na Julaị 9, afo 2021, Onye isi ala Joe Biden họpụtara Meehan ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya United States na-esote na Chile..<ref name="July9">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-09|title=President Biden Announces His Intent to Nominate Four Individuals to Serve as Ambassadors|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/07/09/president-biden-announces-his-intent-to-nominate-four-individuals-to-serve-as-ambassadors/|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=The White House|language=en-US}}</ref> Ekpere ikpe maka nhọpụta ya n'ihu Kọmitii Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ nke Sineti na Maachị 15, afo 2022. Kọmiti ahụ gosipụtara nhọpụta ya nke ọma na May 18, afo 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Julaị 20, 2022, ndị omebe iwu United States kwadoro nhọpụta ya site na ntuli aka 51–44.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> A ṅụrụ iyi na Ọgọst 29, 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> ma nyefee Onye isi ala Gabriel Boric nzere ya na Septemba 30, afo 2022. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2025)">better<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>source<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Dị ka onye nnọchianya, a maara Meehan maka mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi buru ibu na-esote<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> na amama n'etiti ndi Chile. O mere ihu ihu nke El Mercurio, akwụkwọ akụkọ ndekọta nke Chile, mgbe ọ rụchara skydive na US na Chilean Special Forces dị ka akụkụ nke ọtụtụ mba jikọrọ aka agha Southern Star.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> A jara ya mma maka ọtụtụ ihe ịga nke ọma azụmahịa na nhazi gụnyere ịgafe nke US-Chile Bilateral Tax Treaty nke US na Chilean Senate mgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri na-eche na US Senate; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> ọkwa Google dị ka onye na-etinye ego na Humboldt Cable, eriri mbụ dị n'okpuru mmiri na-ejikọ South America na mpaghara Asia-Pacific; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> na mkparịta ụka nke akwụkwọ ozi dị n'akụkụ na US-Chili Free Trade Agreement na-echebe ohere ahịa maka mmiri ara ehi na mbupụ anụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge Meehan nọ n'ọchịchị, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta ihe na United States kwupụtakwara mgbasawanye dị ịrịba ama, gụnyere itinye ego ijeri $ 7.5 nke Freeport-McMoran na igwupụta ọla kọpa <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> na mgbasawanye Albemarle nke iwepụta na nhazi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe a họpụtara onye isi ala Donald Trump, Meehan gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye nnọchi anya na Jenụwarị 10, 2025, na-agbaso omenala maka ndị a họpụtara na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke pati abụọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọrụ onye nnọchi anya mba ọzọ === Na Disemba 9, 2025, a họpụtara Meehan dịka onye isi oche nke Wikimedia Foundation . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ ga-amalite ọrụ ahụ na Jenụwarị 20, 2026. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Meehan na-asụ Bekee, Spanish na [[Arabic]]. Ọ lụrụ Evan S. Medeiros, onye isi oche ezinụlọ Penner na Asian Studies na Mahadum Georgetown's Walsh School of Foreign Service . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation appoints Bernadette Meehan as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/12/09/wikimedia-foundation-appoints-bernadette-meehan-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=2025-12-09|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge Ọchịchị Obama, Medeiros nwere ọkwa dị elu na Kansụl Nchebe Mba gụnyere Onye Nkwado Pụrụ Iche nke Onye isi ala na Onye isi nchịkwa maka Eshia. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * AppearancesnaC-SPAN {{s-start}} {{s-dip}} {{s-bef|before=[[Carol Z. Perez]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to Chile]]|years=2022–2025}} {{s-aft|after=[[Brandon Judd]]}} {{s-end}}{{Ambassadors of the United States to Chile}}{{USLAambassadors}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] {{commons}} *{{C-SPAN|96741}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Meehan, Bernadette}} [[Category:21st-century American diplomats]] [[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Chile]] [[Category:American financial analysts]] [[Category:JPMorgan Chase people]] [[Category:Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences alumni]] [[Category:Obama administration personnel]] [[Category:Political spokespersons]] [[Category:United States Foreign Service personnel]] [[Category:United States National Security Council staffers]] [[Category:Women ambassadors of the United States]] [[Category:Women financial analysts]] ewksc5qwfdun52jwrn4rfpfgrl58k1p 0 72509 674324 594884 2026-07-08T23:52:09Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674324 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Paula Kahumbu in 2017 (profile).jpeg|thumb|239x239px|Paula Kahumbu na 2017]]   '''Paula Kahumbu bụ onye na-ahụ maka nchekwa anụ ọhịa na onye isi nchịkwa nke WildlifeDirect. A maara ya nke ọma dị ka onye mgbasa ozi maka enyí na anụ ọhịa, na-ebute ụzọ Mgbasa "Wepụ aka na Enyi anyị", nke malitere n'afọ 2014 ya na nwunye mbụ nke Kenya bu Margaret Kenyatta. A họpụtara ya n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na 2022 dị ka onye mbụ National Geographical Explorer dị ka onye otu ndị nlekọta [1] na National Geographic Society.''' == Agụmakwụkwọ na mmalite ọrụ == A mụrụ Kahumbu na June 25, 1966, ma too na Nairobi, Kenya, ma gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndịrị na Loreto Convent Msongari. Ọ bụ onye nchedo a ma ama bụ nke [[Richard Leakey|Richard]] Leakey duziri.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/campaigns/elephant-campaign/dr-paula-kahumbu-interview-africans-must-be-equal-partners-in-a-war-on-elephant-poachers-9123089.html|title=Dr Paula Kahumbu interview: Africans must be equal partners in a war|work=The Independent|accessdate=2018-07-10|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/paula-kahumbu-02-out-africa|title=Paula Kahumbu *02: Out of Africa|date=2016-01-21|work=Princeton Alumni Weekly|accessdate=2018-07-10|language=en}}</ref> E nyere ya skolaship Gọọmentị nke Kenya iji mụọ gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ndị dị ndụ na Mahadum Bristol. O mechara nweta nzere masta ya na Mahadum Florida na Wildlife and Range Science n'afọ 1992. Ọmụmụ ihe mbụ ya na ọrụ ubi ya hiwere isi na primates, na-ede thesis ya banyere enwe nke Tana River Primate National Reserve.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/wildlife/11168036/Fighting-the-elephant-ivory-poachers-of-Kenya.html|title=Fighting the elephant ivory poachers of Kenya|author=Boynton|first=Graham|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=2014-10-18|accessdate=2018-07-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Kahumbu laghachiri Kenya ịrụ ọrụ maka Kenya Wildlife Service. N'ebe ahụ ka-enyere ya ka ọ na-agụ ma na-atụle ihe ndị dị n'ime ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nke mba ahụ iji kwadebe oku nke [[Richard Leakey]] na-ewu ewu ugbu a na telivisọn. <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/campaigns/elephant-campaign/dr-paula-kahumbu-interview-africans-must-be-equal-partners-in-a-war-on-elephant-poachers-9123089.html|title=Dr Paula Kahumbu interview: Africans must be equal partners in a war|work=The Independent|accessdate=2018-07-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/wildlife/11168036/Fighting-the-elephant-ivory-poachers-of-Kenya.html|title=Fighting the elephant ivory poachers of Kenya|author=Boynton|first=Graham|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=2014-10-18|accessdate=2018-07-10|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=National Geographic Society Strengthens Board of Trustees With Appointment of Five New Members|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2022/01/12/national-geographic-society-strengthens-board-of-trustees-with-appointment-of-five-new-members/|accessdate=2022-01-13|work=National Geographic Society Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe omume ahụ gbanwere uche ya site na primates gaa na enyí maka ọrụ dọkịta ya. E nyere ya skolaship nke Petri ka ọ gaa Mahadum Princeton iji mezue PhD ya na Ecology na Evolutionary Biology site na afọ 1994 ruo 2002, ebe ọ gụrụ maka enyí na Shimba Hills na ụsọ oké osimiri Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=National Geographic Society Strengthens Board of Trustees With Appointment of Five New Members|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2022/01/12/national-geographic-society-strengthens-board-of-trustees-with-appointment-of-five-new-members/|accessdate=2022-01-13|work=National Geographic Society Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, ọ natara asambodo ya na mmemme maka mmepe nchịkwa site na Gordon Institute of Business Sciences na Mahadum Pretoria. == Ọrụ nchedo == Mgbe ọ natasịrị PhD ya, Kahumbu laghachiri na Kenya Wildlife Service ma duru ndị nnọchi anya Kenya gaa Convention na International Trade nke Endangered Species . <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/campaigns/elephant-campaign/dr-paula-kahumbu-interview-africans-must-be-equal-partners-in-a-war-on-elephant-poachers-9123089.html|title=Dr Paula Kahumbu interview: Africans must be equal partners in a war|work=The Independent|accessdate=2018-07-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, Kahumbu ghọrọ onye isi nchịkwa nke WildlifeDirect, otu na-enweghị uru nke onye nkuzi ya bụ [[Richard Leakey]] guzobere na 2004 dị ka ikpo okwu n'ịntanetị iji nye ndị na-echekwa ihe n'Africa olu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/using_the_power_of_blogs_to_protect_africas_wildlife|title=Using the Power of the Web To Protect Africa's Wildlife - Yale E360|work=e360.yale.edu|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-07-10}}</ref> Nzukọ ahụ aghọwo ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-ede blọgụ kachasị ukwuu n'Africa ma kpuchie ọtụtụ nsogbu nchedo - site na ichebe chimpanzees nọ na [[Sierra Leone]] ruo nkịta ndị e sere n'ala Afrịka na Zimbabwe.<ref name=":3" /> Ndị sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke blọọgụ nwere ike inye onyinye ozugbo nye ndị na-echekwa ihe n'ala, na-ezere ụgwọ nchịkwa. Kahumbu malitere mkpọsa "Wepụ aka na Enyi anyị" na WildlifeDirect iji kwụsị ịchụ nta enyí na ịzụ ahịa ọdụ́ ma kemgbe ahụ nweta nkwado nke onye isi ala Kenya Margaret Kenyatta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/paula-kahumbu-02-out-africa|title=Paula Kahumbu *02: Out of Africa|date=2016-01-21|work=Princeton Alumni Weekly|accessdate=2018-07-10|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/wildlife/11168036/Fighting-the-elephant-ivory-poachers-of-Kenya.html|title=Fighting the elephant ivory poachers of Kenya|author=Boynton|first=Graham|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=2014-10-18|accessdate=2018-07-10|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=National Geographic Society Strengthens Board of Trustees With Appointment of Five New Members|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2022/01/12/national-geographic-society-strengthens-board-of-trustees-with-appointment-of-five-new-members/|accessdate=2022-01-13|work=National Geographic Society Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> Ebumnuche mkpọsa ahụ bụ ịkwalite mgbasa ozi iji mee ka mgbanwe omume na ịkwalite ụlọ ọrụ n'ime obodo iji mee ihe. N'otu oge, mkpọsa ahụ arụgo ọrụ iji tụọ aro iwu doro anya iji mee ka iwu megide ahịa ọdụ́ iwu na-akwadoghị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://whitleyaward.org/winners/hands-off-our-elephants/|title=Hands off our elephants! {{!}} Whitley Award|date=2014-05-08|work=Whitley Award|accessdate=2018-07-10|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=National Geographic Society Strengthens Board of Trustees With Appointment of Five New Members|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2022/01/12/national-geographic-society-strengthens-board-of-trustees-with-appointment-of-five-new-members/|accessdate=2022-01-13|work=National Geographic Society Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe mkpọsa ahụ malitere na 2014, e gburu ihe karịrị enyi puku narị gafee kọntinent Afrịka maka ọdụ́ ha n'ime afọ atọ. Kahumbu na-akụzikwara ụmụ akwụkwọ nchekwa dị ka onye nkuzi na Mahadum Princeton, ebe ọ na-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe na nchekwa obodo n'oge ọmụmụ ihe kwa afọ na Kenya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/paula-kahumbu-02-out-africa|title=Paula Kahumbu *02: Out of Africa|date=2016-01-21|work=Princeton Alumni Weekly|accessdate=2018-07-10|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roundsquare.org/about-us/who-we-are/round-square-idealists/dr-paula-kahumbu/|title=Dr. Paula Kahumbu - Round Square|author=International|first=Round Square|work=www.roundsquare.org|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-07-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710101954/https://www.roundsquare.org/about-us/who-we-are/round-square-idealists/dr-paula-kahumbu/|archivedate=2018-07-10}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta ọha na eze == Kahumbu eruola ọha na eze site na usoro mgbasa ozi dịgasị iche iche iji kwado nchekwa - site na telivishọn ruo na nchịkọta akụkọ ruo na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. Ọ bụ onye na-emepụta NTV Wild, usoro ihe omume anụ ọhịa na-enweta ihe nrite, na NTV Wild Talk, ihe ngosi telivishọn nke Smriti Vidyarthi kwadoro nke na-ekpuchi nsogbu nchekwa. Ọ na-enyekwa aka mgbe niile na The Guardian, na-akwado nchebe nke enyí site na usoro ngwọta - site na ịkwụsị nrụrụ aka iji kpalie ọgbọ na-eto eto nke ndị na-echekwa ihe - na ịkatọ ahịa ọdụ́.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=National Geographic Society Strengthens Board of Trustees With Appointment of Five New Members|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2022/01/12/national-geographic-society-strengthens-board-of-trustees-with-appointment-of-five-new-members/|accessdate=2022-01-13|work=National Geographic Society Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> Kahumbu bụkwa onye isi oche nke National Museums nke Kenya . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=National Geographic Society Strengthens Board of Trustees With Appointment of Five New Members|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2022/01/12/national-geographic-society-strengthens-board-of-trustees-with-appointment-of-five-new-members/|accessdate=2022-01-13|work=National Geographic Society Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> Kahumbu bụkwa onye Odee akwụkwọ ụmụaka so ndị na-ede akwụkwọ kachasị ere ahịa n'ụwa niile na-akwado dị ka Owen na Mzee: Ezi Akụkọ nke Enyi na Enyi Dị ịrịba ama, dabere na ọbụbụenyi na-agaghị ekwe omume nke enyí mmiri na Nnukwu mbe Aldabra bụ Owen na Mze gụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=National Geographic Society Strengthens Board of Trustees With Appointment of Five New Members|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2022/01/12/national-geographic-society-strengthens-board-of-trustees-with-appointment-of-five-new-members/|accessdate=2022-01-13|work=National Geographic Society Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 23 Mee 2024, Kahumbu so na ndị ọbịa a kpọrọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nke steeti nke Onye isi ala US Joe Biden kwadoro iji sọpụrụ onye isi ala William Ruto na Ụlọ Ọcha. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * Onye mmeri nke National Geographic Buffet Award Mba idu ndú nchekwa na Africa, 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=National Geographic Society Strengthens Board of Trustees With Appointment of Five New Members|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2022/01/12/national-geographic-society-strengthens-board-of-trustees-with-appointment-of-five-new-members/|accessdate=2022-01-13|work=National Geographic Society Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> * National Geographic Emerging Explorer Award, 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=National Geographic Society Strengthens Board of Trustees With Appointment of Five New Members|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2022/01/12/national-geographic-society-strengthens-board-of-trustees-with-appointment-of-five-new-members/|accessdate=2022-01-13|work=National Geographic Society Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> * Nkwado pụrụ iche, Onyinye Onye nke Afọ nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]], 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=National Geographic Society Strengthens Board of Trustees With Appointment of Five New Members|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2022/01/12/national-geographic-society-strengthens-board-of-trustees-with-appointment-of-five-new-members/|accessdate=2022-01-13|work=National Geographic Society Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> * Order of the Grand Warrior Award, Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources nke Kenya, 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://whitleyaward.org/winners/hands-off-our-elephants/|title=Hands off our elephants! {{!}} Whitley Award|date=2014-05-08|work=Whitley Award|accessdate=2018-07-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Onye mmeri Whitley Award, nke LJC Fund nyere iji cheta Anthea na Lindsey Turner, 2014.<ref name=":0" /> * Round Square Idealist, 2015.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roundsquare.org/about-us/who-we-are/round-square-idealists/dr-paula-kahumbu/|title=Dr. Paula Kahumbu - Round Square|author=International|first=Round Square|work=www.roundsquare.org|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-07-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710101954/https://www.roundsquare.org/about-us/who-we-are/round-square-idealists/dr-paula-kahumbu/|archivedate=2018-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=National Geographic Society Strengthens Board of Trustees With Appointment of Five New Members|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2022/01/12/national-geographic-society-strengthens-board-of-trustees-with-appointment-of-five-new-members/|accessdate=2022-01-13|work=National Geographic Society Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> * Rolex National Geographic Explorer of the Year, June 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=National Geographic Society Strengthens Board of Trustees With Appointment of Five New Members|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2022/01/12/national-geographic-society-strengthens-board-of-trustees-with-appointment-of-five-new-members/|accessdate=2022-01-13|work=National Geographic Society Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> * Onye mmeri nke Royal Geographical Society nke Esmond B. Martin RGS Prize, 2023, maka omume nchedo na agụmakwụkwọ ọhụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=National Geographic Society Strengthens Board of Trustees With Appointment of Five New Members|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2022/01/12/national-geographic-society-strengthens-board-of-trustees-with-appointment-of-five-new-members/|accessdate=2022-01-13|work=National Geographic Society Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://ke.linkedin.com/in/paulakahumbu Njikọ Njikọ] * [https://twitter.com/paulakahumbu X (nke bụbu Twitter)] * [https://www.facebook.com/paula.kahumbu/ Facebook] * [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/expeditions/experts/paula-kahumbu/ Nkọwa nke ala] * [https://www.instagram.com/drpaulakahumbu/?hl=en Instagram] * [https://wildlifedirect.org/staff/ Nkọwapụta WildlifeDirect] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] d1d111o5rg0eqn9swmjhsuagsxfe4xe 0 72510 674325 594885 2026-07-08T23:53:34Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674325 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Nawara Negm.jpg|thumb|Nawara Negm]]   '''Nawara Negm''' (Arabic: نوارة نجم, [nɑwˈwɑːɾɑ ˈneɡm]) (amụrụ na Cairo na afọ 1973) bụ onye nta akụkọ ala Egypt, onye na-ede blọgụ na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ nke bi na Cairo, Egypt. Nwa nwanyị nke onye Egypt onye aka ịkpa na-ede uri Ahmed Fouad Negm na onye Islamist-Egipt na-eche echiche na onye nta akụkọ bụ Safinaz Kazem, ọ nwetara BA ya na asụsụ Bekee site na Facọlti nke Ats na, Mahadum Ain Shams ma kemgbe ahụ rụọ ọrụ na Egyptian Nile Television Network (NTN) dị ka onye ntụgharị na onye nchịkọta akụkọ. == Ihe odide ndị nta akụkọ == N'afọ 2009, o bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ''Esh A'rrih'' ('A Nest on the Wind'; Arabic: عشe عالريح, [[[[[[[[]]]]]]]), nchịkọta isiokwu, n'otu afọ ahụ, o so dee akwụkwọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ dere n'okpuru aha ''Ana Ontha'' (Abụ m nwanyị; Arabic: أناثى). N'afọ 2023, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta banyere mmekọrịta ya na nna ya, ''Winta Il-Sabab Yaba'' (And You're The Reason, Father; Arabic).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-05-22|title=“وأنت السبب يابا”.. حكايات نوارة نجم عن والدها أحمد فؤاد نجم - The Glocal|url=https://theglocal.com/%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b0%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%89-%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%88%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ac/|accessdate=2024-06-17|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Kemgbe afọ mbụ ya na mahadum, site na afọ 1992 ruo 1993, Negm mụtara ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ maka ''Al-Sahabab'', magazin kwa ọnwa nke Al-Ahram Publishing House na-ebipụta, mgbe ahụ ọ kwagara na Al-Ahran Weekly nke [[Asụsụ Bekee]], nke Al- Ahram na-ebipụtakwa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye mmụta maka ''Nesf Al-Donia'', magazin ụmụ nwanyị kwa izu nke Al-Ahram na-ebipụtakwa. Sanaa Al-Bissy, onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin ahụ n'oge ahụ kpebiri iwe ya n'ọrụ mana Ibrahim Nafie, onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Al-Ahram, jụrụ, na-ekwu na "ọ ga-anọ n'ọrụ mgbe ọ kwụsịrị ịbụ nwa nwanyị nke Safinaz Kazem na Ahmed Fouad Negm". Ya mere Nawara Negm hapụrụ Al-Ahram iji nyochaa ohere ndị ọzọ, na-arụ ọrụ maka ''AlWafd'' (akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị nke otu mmegide Al-Wafd nwere ma na-achịkwa), magazin ''El-Helwa'', na ''Al-Qahira'' (akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-ebipụta kwa izu nke Ministry of Culture). N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1997, ọ sonyeere Nile Television Network . == Ihe odide ndị nta akụkọ == Negm nyere aka na kọlụm kwa izu maka ''AlWafd'', mgbe e mesịrị ọ sonyeere ''Al-Dustour'' kwa ụbọchị akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ọ ka na-enye aka na ya. Otu n'ime onyinye ya a ma ama na <nowiki><i id="mwQw">Al-Dustour</i></nowiki> eletrọniki bụ nsụgharị Arabic na ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2010 nke ozi ndị nnọchiteanya ahọpụtara gbasara [[Egypt|Ijipt]] na ụfọdụ mba Arab ndị ọzọ.<ref name="dostororg">{{Cite web|url=http://dostor.org/politics/world/10/november/29/32519|title=وثائق ويكليكس 1: مسئول أمني مصري للأمريكان: أضعفنا حماس ولدينا خلايا نائمة في إيران ـ ترجمة نوارة نجم|accessdate=2011-03-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322033921/http://dostor.org/politics/world/10/november/29/32519|archivedate=2011-03-22}}</ref> == Blọọgụ == Na afọ 2006 Negm mepere blọọgụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya nke akpọrọ Gabhet El Tahyees El Shaabeya (Arabic: جبهة التهييس الشعبية, IPA: [ˈɡæbhet et-, el.tæhˈjiːs eʃ-, el.ʃæːs eʃ-, el.ʃæːs, el.ʃæːs eʃ-, el.ʃæː; nke pụtara 'Popular Front of Sarcasm'). Isi nke blọgụ ahụ na-egosi otu nwa agbọghọ na-ata waya ma gụnye isiokwu, ma n'asụsụ Arabic ma n'asụsụ Bekee, nke na-agụ "Nnwere onwe bụ naanị maka ndị dị njikere ịnwụ."[1] N'oge Jan 25th Revolution, Negm nọ na Tahrir Square Cairo ma wepụta onwe ya dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere mgbanwe ahụ, na-akọ akụkọ na mgbasa ozi, ọkachasị Al Jazeera TV, ihe ọ chọpụtara. <ref name="fanoos">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fanoos.com/society/nawara_negm.html|title=Nawara Negm|work=www.fanoos.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-30}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Asmaa Mahfouz]] * George Ishak * Ahmed Ghanem * Wael Ghonim * [[Hossam el-Hamalawy]] * Mona Seif * Ahmed Harara == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}Na 2006 Negm mepere blọọgụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya nke akpọrọ Gabhet El Tahyees El Shaabeya (Arabic: جبهة التهييس الشعبية,  IPA: [ˈɡæbhet et-, el.tæhˈjiːs eʃ-, el.ʃæːs eʃ-, el.ʃæːs, el.ʃæːs eʃ-, el.ʃæː; N'ihu Sarcasm'). Isi nke blọgụ ahụ na-egosi otu nwa agbọghọ na-ata waya ma gụnye isiokwu, ma n'asụsụ Arabic ma n'asụsụ Bekee, nke na-agụ "Nnwere onwe bụ naanị maka ndị dị njikere ịnwụ."[1] == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://tahyyes.blogspot.com/ Blog Nawara Negm] * [http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=12 Blọọgin maka mgbanwe: ikpe nke Ijipt] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100723081408/http://hebdo.ahram.org.eg/arab/ahram/2009/2/11/soci0.htm Nawara, onye na-ede blọgụ (French)] * [http://www.fanoos.com/society/nawara_negm.html Fanoos Encyclopedia: Nawara Negm] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] thrir2nd21lzq93as84yz56ghd87r8k 0 72512 674326 595409 2026-07-08T23:57:31Z NiferO 20385 Re-added an image 674326 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[Faịlụ:Fatima_Denton_in_Nov_2014_giving_the_Barbara_Ward_Lecture.png|thumb|Fatima Denton na 2014 na-enye Barbara Ward Lecture]] {| class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%" |Vidio ndị dị n'èzí |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left" |"Fatima Denton na-akpọ maka akụkọ banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe na Africa ka e degharịa ya", 2014 Barbara Ward Lecture[[File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg|alt=video icon|class=noviewer|16x16px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left" |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sl7eJVSXHqM "Nkwurịta okwu pụrụ iche na Dr. Fatima Denton, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa"], The Times of Africa[[File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg|alt=video icon|class=noviewer|16x16px]]''Oge nke Africa'' |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left" |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgtEDUuO86M "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Fatima Denton, African Climate Policy Centre, UNECA"], [[UNISDR]][[File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg|alt=video icon|class=noviewer|16x16px]] |} '''Fatima Denton''' Fatima Denton na-ede banyere isiokwu gụnyere ume ọhụrụ, [1] mmepe na-adigide, [2] mgbanwe ihu igwe, [3] mgbanwe ihu igwe na okike, [4] mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe, [5] adịghị ike, [6] nchekwa nri [7] na mmiri na ike ịda ogbenye. Ọ bụ onye ndu ode akwụkwọ maka nyocha nke ise nke Working Group II nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), [9] IPCC Pụrụ iche Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN), [10] yana na IPCC Working Group III's isii nke isii Assessment Report,[11] na akụkọ banyere mgbanwe Climate na ala Climate. (SRCCL).[12] Ọ na-eje ozi na ọtụtụ kọmitii sayensị gụnyere Independent Science Panel (ISP) nke CGIAR Climate Change and Food Security Program (CCAFS) Denton bụ onye nkuzi 2015 Barbara Ward, ndị na-eme amụma, ndị nchọpụta na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na London iji nyochaa Africa na mmekọrịta ya na mgbanwe ihu igwe.[1] Ọ bụ ọkà okwu na 2016 Borlaug Dialogue International Symposium, otu n'ime ọtụtụ "Ndị isi ụmụ nwanyị na-ebugharị mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo na Africa" == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Fatima Denton n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1966 <ref>Sathaye, J., O. Lucon, A. Rahman, J. Christensen, F. Denton, J. Fujino, G. Heath, S. Kadner, M. Mirza, H. Rudnick, A. Schlaepfer, A. Shmakin, 2011: "[http://ecommons.udayton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=phy_fac_pub Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Development.]" In IPCC ''Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation'' [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref> ma zụlite ya na [[The Gambia|mba Gambia]] . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị na Banjul, ọ gụchara ọtụtụ ihe ọmụmụ mahadum na mba ahụ. Mahadum Cheikh Anta Diop dị na Dakar, Senegal (ndị mmadụ), Mahadum Besançon, France, (asụsụ na ntụgharị asụsụ etinyere), Mahadum Paris - la Sorbonne Paris IV (ụmụ mmadụ) na École des Hautes Études Internationales et Politiques (HEIP) (mmekọrịta mba ụwa).[1] O nwetara PhD na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọmụmụ mmepe na Mahadum Birmingham (UK). <ref name="IIED">{{Cite web|title=Fatima Denton|url=http://www.iied.org/users/fatima-denton|work=International Institute for Environment and Development|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Adapt">{{Cite web|title=News: Keynote speaker bio: Fatima Denton|url=http://www.africa-adapt.net/en-us/projects/186/news/80/|work=Africa Adapt|accessdate=9 November 2016|archivedate=20 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070531/http://www.africa-adapt.net/en-us/projects/186/news/80/}}</ref> <ref name="SEF">{{Cite web|title=Berlin Summer Dialogue 2011 Adaptation to Climate Change New Structures of International Cooperation - an expression of global responsibility 27-28 September 2011 Berlin Town Hall|url=http://www.sef-bonn.org/fileadmin/Die_SEF/Veranstaltungen/BSD/2011_bsd_cvs_en.pdf|work=Stiftung Entwicklung und Frieden|publisher=German Development Institute (DIE), Bonn|accessdate=10 November 2016|archivedate=23 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123124908/http://www.sef-bonn.org/fileadmin/Die_SEF/Veranstaltungen/BSD/2011_bsd_cvs_en.pdf}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Dr. Denton ebipụtala akụkọ, akwụkwọ, na akụkọ nyocha ndị ọgbọ na-akwado maka echiche dị iche iche nke mmepe nke na-eme ka ọ dịkwuogide. Fatima Denton rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha amụma na onye nhazi ọrụ na mmemme ike nke Enda Tiers Monde na Senegal. <ref name="Masika">{{Cite book|author=Masika|first=Rachel|title=Gender, development, and climate change|date=2002|publisher=Oxfam|location=Oxford|isbn=9780855984793|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unWB89s0QMAC&pg=PA19|accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> : 19 Ọrụ ya lebara anya n'okwu ndị gụnyere mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, ihu igwe na okike, [[Adịghị ike mgbanwe ihu igwe|adịghị ike na mgbanwe ihu igwe]], nchekwa nri, ọchịchị obodo, ịda ogbenye mmiri, na ike <ref name="Figart">{{Cite book|editor=Figart|title=Handbook of research on gender and economic life|date=2013|publisher=Edward Elgar Pub. Ltd.|location=Cheltenham|isbn=9780857930941|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfYBAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA141|accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> na Sahel . <ref name="Masika" /> : 14 <ref name="Otter">{{Cite book|editor=Otter|title=Global change processes and impacts in Africa : a synthesis|date=2007|publisher=East African Educational Publishers ; START|location=Nairobi : Washington, D.C|isbn=9789966255266|pages=245=246|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=meF1CLdPSF4C&pg=PA245}}</ref> Ọkachamara ya na [[Benin]] enyela aka n'ịhazi usoro nke na-enyocha mmegharị mgbanwe n'ofe Afrịka. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Mapfumo|first=Paul|date=2017-07-29|title=Pathways to transformational change in the face of climate impacts: an analytical framework|journal=Climate and Development|language=en|volume=9|issue=5|pages=439–451|doi=10.1080/17565529.2015.1040365|issn=1756-5529}}</ref> "Mgbanwe mgbanwe" <ref name=":2" /> chọrọ ka ndị obodo nwee atụmatụ zuru oke nke ndị nwere mmasị n'ọkwa dị elu na-akwado. Ọ na-akwado maka akụkọ ọhụrụ gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe na Afrịka site n'ile ya anya dị ka ohere. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iied.org/2014-barbara-ward-lecture-fatima-denton-calls-for-new-paradigm-for-african-development|title=2014 Barbara Ward Lecture: Fatima Denton calls for a "new paradigm" for African development|date=2014-12-01|work=International Institute for Environment and Development|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-26}}</ref> Kama "iguzo n'ime osimiri ma nwụọ n'ihi akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ," <ref name=":0" /> ọ na-arụ ụka na atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmepe ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịdị n'otu, ma ọ bụ n'otu aka ahụ, mmụba nke itinye aka ọha na eze nwere ike ibute ihe ọhụrụ teknụzụ. Ọ na-arụ ụka kpọmkwem na iji akụrụngwa Africa eme ihe nwere ike ibelata ntụkwasị obi mba Afrịka na mba ụwa maka uto na-adịgide adịgide . <ref name=":0" /> Fatima Denton rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nhazi ike dị elu na [[Ihe Omume Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|Mmemme Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] (UNEP) na Risø Centre na [[Denmark]] . <ref name="Risoe">{{Cite web|title=Former staff|url=http://gold.unepdtu.org/Staff/FormerStaff/index.htm|work=UNEP Risoe Centre|accessdate=10 November 2016|archivedate=14 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014053742/http://gold.unepdtu.org/Staff/FormerStaff/index.htm}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke UNEP. O lebara anya nke ọma n'ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị, na-egosi na ha anaghị etinye aka na atụmatụ na mmepe, mmetụta na-adịghị nhata nke ọdachi na mgbanwe ihu igwe ebe ọ bụ na ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na mkpa ọ dị itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ịmepụta amụma ike dị irè. <ref name="UNEP2016">{{Cite book|title=Global Gender and Environment Outlook The Critical Issues. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya|date=2016|publisher=UNEP|isbn=978-92-807-3550-5|url=http://uneplive.unep.org/media/docs/assessments/GGEO_summary_report.pdf|accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> Ngwọta enweghị ike ilekwasị anya naanị na teknụzụ na akụrụngwa; ha ga-atụlekwa nyocha na nyocha nke obodo lekwasịrị anya na ọtụtụ ihe metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụlọ ọrụ na-eduga na adịghị ike. <ref name="Tschakert">{{Cite journal|author=Tschakert|first=Petra|title=Views from the vulnerable: Understanding climatic and other stressors in the Sahel|journal=Global Environmental Change|date=August 2007|volume=17|issue=3–4|pages=381–396|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.11.008|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222277818|accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, o tinyere aka na nyocha nke na-egosi na a na-anabata atụmatụ ọrụ ugbo ọhụrụ, yana ndị ọrụ ntorobịa (afọ 6-14), na ezinụlọ ndị ụmụ nwanyị na-edu. <ref>Sathaye, J., O. Lucon, A. Rahman, J. Christensen, F. Denton, J. Fujino, G. Heath, S. Kadner, M. Mirza, H. Rudnick, A. Schlaepfer, A. Shmakin, 2011: "[http://ecommons.udayton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=phy_fac_pub Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Development.]" In IPCC ''Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation'' [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref> Fatima Denton sonyeere International Development Research Centre (IDRC) na 2006, ebe ọ bụ onye ndu n'atụmatụ maka mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe . <ref name="Kararach">{{Cite book|author=Kararach|first=George|title=Development in Africa: Refocusing the Lens after the Millennium Development Goals|date=2016|location=Bristol|publisher=Policy Press at the University of Bristol|isbn=9781447328544|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gEnDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR12}}</ref> Dịka Onye Ndú Mmemme na IDCR, Denton tinyere aka na njikwa nke ọtụtụ atụmatụ na ọrụ nyocha dị elu nke kwalitere nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi n'ofe mba Afrịka. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://unu.edu/media-relations/releases/unu-appoints-dr-fatima-denton-as-director-of-ghana-institute.html|title=United Nations University Appoints Dr Fatima Denton as Director of Its Ghana Institute - United Nations University|work=unu.edu|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-26|archivedate=2022-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529024406/https://unu.edu/media-relations/releases/unu-appoints-dr-fatima-denton-as-director-of-ghana-institute.html}}</ref> Dịka onye nhazi nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Amụma Ihu Igwe nke Afrịka, Denton rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwado ebumnuche ndị dị mkpa na ndị dị mkpa nke mba Afrịka kwesịrị ịgba mbọ ịbanye na nzukọ COP 21 maka mmepe nke Nkwekọrịta Paris nke UN. Maka ọdịmma nke adịghị ike nke Afrịka na mmetụta nke okpomọkụ ụwa, o kwuru na mba niile kwesịrị iji usoro siri ike na nke nwere ibu ọrụ mee ihe, n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe dị iche iche na mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref>Sathaye, J., O. Lucon, A. Rahman, J. Christensen, F. Denton, J. Fujino, G. Heath, S. Kadner, M. Mirza, H. Rudnick, A. Schlaepfer, A. Shmakin, 2011: "[http://ecommons.udayton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=phy_fac_pub Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Development.]" In IPCC ''Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation'' [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref> Na 2017, Denton kwuru na ọ na-akwado ọrụ ozi ihu igwe (CIS) na mmejuputa iwu mba Afrịka nke ọma iji lụso ịda ogbenye na mmetụta ọjọọ nke ihu igwe ọgụ. <ref>Sathaye, J., O. Lucon, A. Rahman, J. Christensen, F. Denton, J. Fujino, G. Heath, S. Kadner, M. Mirza, H. Rudnick, A. Schlaepfer, A. Shmakin, 2011: "[http://ecommons.udayton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=phy_fac_pub Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Development.]" In IPCC ''Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation'' [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref> Ọ bụ onyeisi ngalaba atụmatụ pụrụ iche <ref>Sathaye, J., O. Lucon, A. Rahman, J. Christensen, F. Denton, J. Fujino, G. Heath, S. Kadner, M. Mirza, H. Rudnick, A. Schlaepfer, A. Shmakin, 2011: "[http://ecommons.udayton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=phy_fac_pub Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Development.]" In IPCC ''Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation'' [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref> na onye nhazi nke African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC) nke United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), nke dị na [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]] site na 2013 ruo 2018. <ref>Klein, R.J.T., S. Huq, F. Denton, T.E. Downing, R.G. Richels, J.B. Robinson, F.L. Toth, 2007: "[https://web.archive.org/web/20161007100919/https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter18.pdf Inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007100919/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter18.pdf|date=2016-10-07}}" In ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'', M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 745-777.</ref> Na Septemba 10, 2018, a họpụtara Denton dị ka onye nduzi na ngalaba Ghana nke Mahadum Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu, ọkachasị, na UNU Institute for Natural Resources in Africa (UNU-INRA). <ref name=":1" /> O tinyekwara aka na International Institute on Environment and Development (IIED) dịka onye nlekọta na onye otu na mmemme nyocha mba ụwa nke Future Earth advisory board. <ref>Sathaye, J., O. Lucon, A. Rahman, J. Christensen, F. Denton, J. Fujino, G. Heath, S. Kadner, M. Mirza, H. Rudnick, A. Schlaepfer, A. Shmakin, 2011: "[http://ecommons.udayton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=phy_fac_pub Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Development.]" In IPCC ''Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation'' [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke otu ọrụ nke abụọ nke IPCC na July 2023.<ref>Sathaye, J., O. Lucon, A. Rahman, J. Christensen, F. Denton, J. Fujino, G. Heath, S. Kadner, M. Mirza, H. Rudnick, A. Schlaepfer, A. Shmakin, 2011: "[http://ecommons.udayton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=phy_fac_pub Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Development.]" In IPCC ''Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation'' [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref> == Njikọ mpụga == == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oihb5naqvul6r3gkprcdyl2rkrzxa83 0 72517 674327 594977 2026-07-08T23:59:32Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674327 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Chebet 2010-06-04 Bislett Games 800 m.jpg|thumb|Winny Chebet ]]   Winny Chebet (a mụrụ ya na 20 Disemba 1990) bụ onye Kenya na-agba ọsọ n’ogologo etiti (middle-distance runner), na-asọmpi karịchaa na asọmpi mita 800. Ọ nọchitere anya mba ya na 2013 World Championships na-eru na ọkara ikpeazụ. Na mgbakwunye, o ritere ihe nrite ọlaọcha na 2006 World Junior Championship na 2005 World Youth Championship. Oge kacha mma o ruru na asọmpi mita 800 bụ 1:59.30, nke o nwetara n’afọ 2013. O ruru eru ịnọchite anya Kenya na 2020 Summer Olympics. <ref>{{World Athletics}}</ref> == Ihe ndekọ asọmpi == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{KEN}} |- |2005 |[[2005 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |bgcolor=silver|2nd |800 m |2:08.15 |- |2006 |[[2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] |[[Beijing]], China |bgcolor=silver|2nd |800 m |[[2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 800 metres|2:04.59]] |- |2007 |[[2007 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]] |[[Ostrava]], Czech Republic |1st (sf) |800 m |2:04.10<ref>Disqualified in the final</ref> |- |2008 |[[2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] |[[Bydgoszcz]], Poland |5th |800 m |[[2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 800 metres|2:04.13]] |- |rowspan=2|2009 |rowspan=2|[[2009 African Junior Athletics Championships|African Junior Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Bambous]], Mauritius |bgcolor=silver|2nd |800 m |2:01.36 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |4 × 400 m relay |3:48.99 |- |rowspan=2|2010 |[[2010 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |5th |800 m |[[2010 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 800 metres|2:03.02]] |- |[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |[[Delhi]], India |7th |800 m |[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 800 metres|2:11.58]] |- |2013 |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Moscow]], Russia |12th (sf) |800 m |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 800 metres|2:01.04]] |- |rowspan=2|2015 |rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games|African Games]] |rowspan=2|[[Brazzaville]], Republic of the Congo |5th |800 m |[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games – Women's 800 metres|2:02.67]] |- |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |4 × 400 m relay |[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:35.91]] |- |2016 |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil |21st (sf) |800 m |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 800 metres|2:01.90]] |- |2017 |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[London]], United Kingdom |15th (sf) |1500 m |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres|4:06.29]] |- |rowspan=4|2018 |rowspan=2|[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championship]] |rowspan=2|[[Birmingham]], United Kingdom |14th (h) |800 m |[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 800 metres|2:18.31]] |- |5th |1500 m |[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 1500 metres|4:12.08]] |- |[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia |18th (h) |1500 m |[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 1500 metres|4:20.67]] |- |[[2018 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Asaba]], Nigeria |bgcolor=gold|1st |1500 m |[[2018 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres|4:14.02]] |- |2019 |[[2019 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |7th |1500 m |[[2019 World Athletics Championships – Women's 1500 metres|3:58.20]] |- |2021 |[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Tokyo]], Japan |26th (sf) |1500 m |[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 1500 metres|4:11.62]] |- |rowspan=2|2022 |[[2022 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Port Louis]], Mauritius |bgcolor=gold|1st |1500 m |[[2022 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres|4:16.10]] |- |[[2022 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] |[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], United States |13th |1500 m |[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Women's 1500 metres|4:15.13]] |} == Ihe kacha mma == '''N'èzí''' * 800 mita - 1:58.13 (Zagreb 2017) * 1000 mita - 2:35.73 (Brussels 2013) * 1500 mita - 3:58.20 (Doha 2019) * Otu mile - 4:19.55 (London 2017) * 800 mita - 2:02.67 (Val-de-Reuil 2013) * 1000 mita - 2:40.37 (Moscow 2013) * 1500 mita - 4:05.81 (Birmingham 2018) * Otu mile - 4:34.06 (Birmingham 2019) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ff4oyjb5wubxi4c1qekqqjzs0amympy 0 72525 674370 632283 2026-07-09T06:53:24Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674370 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Lynn Miles - Lottes Musiknacht Industriemuseum Elmshorn 2018 11.jpg|thumb|Lynn Miles]]   '''Lynn Miles''' (amụrụ na 29 Septemba 1958) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/lynn-miles-mn0000169947/biography|title=Lynn Miles {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|work=AllMusic|accessdate=30 September 2016}}</ref> bụ onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu na Canada. O meriri Juno Award na atọ Canadian Folk Music Awards. == Ọrụ == Miles ghọrọ onye nkuzi olu na Ottawa Folklore Centre. Ihe ndekọ mbụ ya nke ihe mbụ bụ demo abụ itoolu nke o mepụtara na 1987. Na mbido afọ 1990, Miles wepụtara abọm akpọrọ onwe ya tinyere ndekọ ọzọ a na-akpọ Chalk This One Up to the Moon. Ihe osise ya bụ "Remembrance Day" ghọrọ akụkụ nke vidiyo a na-egosi na telivishọn nke Ndị agha Canada mepụtara. Abọm Miles nke afọ 1996, Slightly Haunted nwetara nyocha dị mma na ''New York Times'' ma bụrụ ''Billboard'' Top Ten Pick of the Year. N'afọ 1997, o wepụtara abọm ya bụ Night in a Strange Town . Miles jikọtara ọzọ na onye ọkpụ guitar na onye na-emekọrịta ya '''Ian LeFeuvre''' maka album ya nke 2001, ''Unravel'', nke meriri '''Juno Award 2003''' maka ''Best Roots & Traditional Album of the Year: Solo''. Miles nwetara nkwado na 2005 maka '''Canadian Folk Music Awards'''. Na 2006, Miles dekọrọ album ''Love Sweet Love'' nke e wepụtara na U.S. na '''Red House Records'''. A dekọrọ ya na ndị ọkpụ guitar '''Ian LeFeuvre''' na '''Keith Glass''', onye ọkpọ drum '''Peter Von Althen''', '''John Geggie''' na bass, na '''James Stephens''' na violin. A na-akwado album a maka '''Juno Award 2006'''. Na 2009, '''Art of Time Ensemble''', nke gụnyere '''Sarah Slean''', dekọrọ abụ Miles, ''"Black Flowers"''.s."  A họpụtara abọm ya nke afọ 2010 Fall for Beauty na Juno Awards nke afọ 2011 na Roots & Traditional Album of the year category. Miles edekọghachila ụdị egwu ya na usoro a na-akpọ Black Flowers . E mepụtara mpịakọta abụọ mbụ na 2008 na 2009 na akara ndekọ Cold Girl ya ma mesịa wepụta ya ọzọ site na True North Records na 2009. E wepụtara mpịakọta nke atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2012. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Lynn Miles Music|url=http://www.lynnmilesmusic.com/albums.html|accessdate=28 November 2012|archivedate=29 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229112837/http://www.lynnmilesmusic.com/albums.html}}</ref> Onye na-enyocha egwu nke New York Times, John Pareles dere na egwu Miles "na-eme ka ọ dị ka ọnọdụ amara". N'afọ 2014, o mepụtara abọm Lynne Hanson River of Sand. <ref>{{Cite web|title=River of Sand|url=http://www.newcanadianmusic.ca/releases/r/river-of-sand/lynne-hanson/2014-09-16|work=New Canadian Music|accessdate=5 November 2015|archivedate=2018-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314104652/http://www.newcanadianmusic.ca/releases/r/river-of-sand/lynne-hanson/2014-09-16}}</ref> Ya na Hanson na-arụkọ ọrụ na ọrụ egwu The Lynnes, bụ ndị wepụtara abọm izizi ha Heartbreak Song maka Redio na 2018. O nwekwara mmekọrịta na '''Hanson''' na oru egwu '''The Lynnes''', bụ́ ndị wepụtara album ha mbụ ''Heartbreak Song for the Radio'' na 2018. == Ndụ onwe onye == == Nkọwapụta == ** ''Lynn Miles'', (cassette ngosi) 1987 ** “Detụ Nke A Na Onwa”1991 ** ''Slightly Haunted'', 1996 ** ''Night in a Strange Town'', 1997 ** ''Unravel'', 2001 ** ''“Hụnanya Dị Mma”'', 2006 ** ''Black Flowers, Akụkụ 1'', 2008 ** ''Lynn Miles: Ndụ Na Chapel'', 2009 ** ''Black Flowers, Akụkụ 2'', 2009 ** ''Fall for Beauty'', 2010 ** ''Black Flowers, Akụkụ 3'', 2012 ** ''Downpour'', 2013 ** ''Black Flowers nwere ike ịtụgharị na Igbo dị ka:'' '''''“Okooko Ojii”'''Akụkụ 4'', 2014 ** ''Winter'', 2015 ** ''Ụzọ'' (na Keith Glass), 2016 ** ''Anyị Ga-achọ Kpakpando'', 2020 ** ''TumbleWeedyWorld'', 2023 * Lynn Miles: Live at the Chapel, (DVD) 2007 * Egwú nke Canada * Ndepụta nke ndị egwu Canada == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="allmusic.com"> {{cite web | url = http://www.allmusic.com/artist/lynn-miles-p173287/biography | title = Lynn Miles Biography | first = Erik | last = Hage | publisher = [[Allmusic]] | accessdate = 14 December 2011 }} </ref> <ref name="artistdirect.com1">{{cite web | url = http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/store/artist/album/0,,3346720,00.html | title = Love Sweet Love Credits | publisher = [[Artist Direct]] | accessdate = 14 December 2011 | archive-date = 16 April 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110416061724/http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/store/artist/album/0,,3346720,00.html | url-status = dead | archivedate = 16 April 2011 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110416061724/http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/store/artist/album/0,,3346720,00.html }}</ref> <ref name="folkawards.ca">{{cite web |url = http://folkawards.ca/past-years/results-2005/ |title = Archives » Results 2005 |date = 21 January 2009 |publisher = [[Canadian Folk Music Awards]] |accessdate = 14 December 2011 |archivedate = 2 May 2012 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120502062827/http://folkawards.ca/past-years/results-2005/ }}</ref> <ref name="junoawards.ca"> {{cite web | url = http://junoawards.ca/awards/artist-summary/?artist_name=Lynn+Miles&submit=Search | title = Juno Awards Database | publisher = [[Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20120531081649/http://junoawards.ca/awards/artist-summary/?artist_name=Lynn+Miles&submit=Search | archivedate =31 May 2012 | accessdate = 10 April 2011 | url-status = dead }} </ref> <ref name="nytimes.com"> {{cite news | title = Arts » In Performance;POP | first = Jon | last = Pareles | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/20/arts/in-performance-pop-088722.html?scp=1&sq=Slightly%20Haunted%20Lynn%20Miles&st=cse | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | issn = 0362-4331 | oclc = 1645522 | date = 20 April 1996 | accessdate = 14 December 2011 }} </ref> <ref name="redhouserecords.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.redhouserecords.com/Miles.html |title=Lynn Miles Bio |publisher=[[Red House Records]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414104911/http://www.redhouserecords.com/Miles.html |archivedate=14 April 2011 |accessdate=11 April 2011 |url-status=dead }} </ref>|colwidth=30em}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] rhv4brrxb3jfmboofywaqt3fekvqtqe 0 72665 674302 595755 2026-07-08T21:35:32Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674302 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Sasson Somekh.JPG|thumb|Sasson Somekh]]   '''Sasson Somekh''' (Hebrew; Arabic) (1933 - 18 August 2019) bụ onye nkuzi Iraqi-Israel, onye edemede na onye ntụgharị. Ọ bụ prọfesọ emeritus nke Modern Arab Literature na Mahadum Tel Aviv. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Sasson Somekh na Baghdad n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu na-anaghị asọpụrụ Chineke. Na 1951, Somekh na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Izrel. Ọ maghị Hibru n'oge ahụ, mana ọ malitere ịmụta ya nke ọma iji mezuo ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya nke ịbụ onye nsụgharị uri Arabic gaa na Hibru. E bipụtara nsụgharị mbụ ya na 1954 na Ner, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Ihud ("Unity") bipụtara, otu raara onwe ya nye maka mmepe nke nkwekọrịta Arab na ndị Juu nke Judah Magnes guzobere. == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == Somekh nwetara nzere bachelọ na asụsụ Hibru na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Tel Aviv, na nzere masta na asụsụ ndị Juu na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem. Na 1962–1965, Somekh jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ sayensị nke Academy of the Hebrew Language. Ọ gụrụ doctorate na Mahadum Oxford na 1966–1968. Isiokwu ya bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Naguib Mahfouz, na-elekwasị anya na Cairo Trilogy. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, Mahfouz na Somekh ghọrọ enyi. Onye nlekọta edemede ahụ bụ ọkà mmụta Ijipt bụ Mustafa Badawi. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Israel, ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi na Arabic Literature. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke ngalaba asụsụ Arabic na edemede na Mahadum Tel Aviv na 1972-1984. N'afọ 1980, ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ zuru oke. N'agbata afọ 1982 na afọ 2003, ọ bụ onye isi oche Helmos maka akwụkwọ Arabic. N'afọ 1996-1998 ọ bụ onye isi nke Israel Academic Center na Cairo . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Meixler|first=Louis|date=1997-07-06|title=Jewish Academic a Pariah in Cairo|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-jul-06-mn-10132-story.html|accessdate=2025-04-19|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Princeton, St Antony's College, Oxford, Annenberg Research Institute, NYU na Mahadum Uppsala. N'afọ 2004, ọ natara nzere doctorate n'aka Mahadum Ben Gurion. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Academy of the Arabic Language na Israel, nke e guzobere na Disemba 2007 na mmekorita ya na ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Arabic language academy inaugurated|author=Nahmias, Roee|date=December 23, 2007|work=Ynetnews|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3485480,00.html}}</ref> == Mbipụta == Somekh dere akwụkwọ iri, ọtụtụ nsụgharị site na Arabic gaa na Hibru, n'etiti nke nwere akwụkwọ anọ nke uri Arabic nke oge a, na ihe dị ka isiokwu 90 na akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ. N'ime afọ iri ise gara aga, Somekh bipụtara ọtụtụ narị isiokwu na magazin na mgbakwunye dịka ''Iton 77'', ''Halikon'' na ''Moznayim''. Akụkọ ya na-ekwu maka akwụkwọ Arabic na ndị edemede nke oge a, njikọ dị n'etiti akwụkwọ Arabic na Hibru na [[Cairo Geniza]]. Ọ bụ onye na-enye onyinye mgbe niile na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Haaretz''. === Akụkọ ndụ onwe onye: Baghdad Ụnyaahụ === Mgbe ọ dị afọ 70, Somekh dere mpịakọta mbụ nke akụkọ ndụ ya, Baghdad, Yesterday: The Making of an Arab Jew . E bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ n'asụsụ Hibru ma sụgharịa ya n'asụsụ Arabic, Bekee na Turkish. N'akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ kọwara ndụ ya dị ka nwatakịrị ndị Juu na onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na Baghdad n'ime afọ iri na asaa mbụ nke ndụ ya. Ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwatakịrị ndị Juu na-abụghị nke okpukpe si n'ụlọ ndị Juu. Ọ na-egosi na ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ n'etiti nke nwetara ọkwa dị elu na 1930s na '40s bụ isi mmetụta na ụkpụrụ ndụ n'etiti ndị Juu. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-egosi ndị Juu nke Iraq na-enwe mmekọrịta agbata obi na ndị agbata obi ha bụ ndị Alakụba - ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị ndị na-akwanyere ibe ha ùgwù.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.covenant.idc.ac.il/en/vol2/issue2/the-making-of-an-arab-jew.html|title=Review of The Making of an Arab Jew|accessdate=2009-11-04|archivedate=2011-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717033348/http://www.covenant.idc.ac.il/en/vol2/issue2/the-making-of-an-arab-jew.html}}</ref> na nzere masta na ndị Juu na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem. Na 1962–1965, Somekh jere ozi dị ka mgbatị nke Academy of the Hebrew Language. Ọ ndabere doctorate na Mahadum Oxford na 1966–1968. ndepụta ya bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Naguib Mahfouz, na- rị anya na Cairo Trilogy. ọtụtụ afọ, Mahfouz na Somekh ikpe enyi. Onye edemede ahụ bụ ọka Ijipt bụ Mustafa Badawi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Watzman|first=Haim|date=2008-12-02|title=Arab Poetry for Jews: Sasson Somekh|url=https://www.jewcy.com/arts-and-culture/arab_poetry_jews_sasson_somekh/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2025-04-20|work=Jewcy|language=en}}</ref> == Onyinye na mmata == * 1982: Ihe nrite Arberry maka ọmụmụ nke akwụkwọ Arabic, nke [[Cambridge]]" id="mwVg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pembroke College, Cambridge">Pembroke College, Cambridge nyere * 2005: Israel Prize, maka ọmụmụ Middle East.<ref name="prizeJR">{{Cite web|url=http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsah/Somekh/SomekhNimokim.htm|title=Israel Prize Judges' Rationale for the Award (in Hebrew)|publisher=Israel Prize Official Site|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021012946/http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsah/Somekh/SomekhNimokim.htm|archivedate=21 October 2010}}</ref> * 2008: Ihe nrite EMET na ngalaba ọdịbendị na nka <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2008-10-11|title=Prof. Sasson Somekh: 2008 EMET Prize Laureate – Humanities: Middle Eastern studies|url=https://www.isracast.com/prof-sasson-somekh/|accessdate=2025-04-19|work=IsraCast|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara n'asụsụ Bekee == === Akwụkwọ === * Ndụ mgbe Baghdad gasịrị: ncheta nke onye Arab-Jew na Israel, 1950-2000, Sussex: Sussex Academic Press, 2012, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84519-502-1</nowiki>.  * Baghdad, Yesterday: The Making of an Arab Jew, Jerusalem: Ibis Edition, 2007, <nowiki>ISBN 978-9659012589</nowiki>.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S002631840005207X|title=Review of ''Baghdad, Yesterday: The Making of an Arab Jew'' by Sasson Somekh|year=2008|author=Beckwith|first=Stacy N.|journal=Review of Middle East Studies|volume=42|issue=1–2|pages=207–208}} [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/soucek-svatoplut-the-persian-gulf-its-past-and-present-costa-mesa-california-mazda-publishers-2008-282-pages-preface-xxii-pages-detailed-atlas-bibliography-footnotes-and-index-cloth-us4500-isbn-978-1568591209/D378F2B246E07A2C2F80D69EEA7895EF p. 208]</ref>  * .  * .  === Isiokwu === * "The Sad Millenarian: An Examination of Awlad Haratina", Middle Eastern Studies 7, 49-61, 1971 * "Two Versions of Dialogue in Mahmud Taymur's Drama", Princeton Near East Paper No. 21, Princeton, 1975 * "Asụsụ na Isiokwu na Akụkọ Dị Mkpirikpi nke Yusuf Idris", Journal of Arabic Literature 4, 89-100, 1975 * "The Transformation of 'Ghalwa", Journal of Arabic Literature 6 (1976), 101-119 * "The Diglotic Dilemma in the Drama of Tawfiq al-Hakim", Israel Oriental Studies 9, 392-403, 1983 * "Ọrụ nke Ụda na Akụkọ Yusuf Idris", Journal of Arabic Literature 16, 95-104, 1985 * "Ntinye aka nke ndị Juu Ijipt na Modern Arabic Culture", The Jews of Egypt in Modern Times, Shimon Shamir (ed.), Boulder: Westview, 130-140, 1986 * "A Minute to Midnight: Agha na Udo na Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Naguib Mahfouz", Middle East Review 20:2, 7-19, 1987 * "Shelley na Neoclassical Arabic", Edebiyat, NS, Vol. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * "Mgbe a Arabic Poetry na ya Medieval Palimpsest", Edebiyat, NS, 3:1, 105-118, 1989 * "Ụlọ oyi, Ụlọ Dị Elu: Onye agbata obi ndị Juu na Ọrụ nke Ndị edemede Arab", Jerusalem Quarterly 52, 26-35, 1989 * "Lost Voices: Jewish Authors in Modern Arabic Literature", na Jews Among Arabs: Contact and Boundaries, Mark R. Cohen and Abraham L. Udovitch (ed.), Princeton: Darwin Press, 9-20, 1989 * "Ihe dị mkpa nke Naguib Mahfouz", The Tel-Aviv Review 2, 244-257, 1990 * (ya na Mark R. Cohen), "N'ụlọ ikpe nke Ya'qub Ibn Killis: Akụkụ sitere na Cairo Geniza", Jewish Quarterly Review 80, 283-314, 1990 * "The Neo-Classical Arabic Poets", na Modern Arabic Literature, Cambridge History of Arabic Literature (ed.), Cambridge: CUP, 26-81, 1992 * "Colloquialized Fusha in Modern Arabic Prose Fiction", Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 16, 176-194, 1993 * "Structure of Silence: A Reading of Yusuf's Idris's 'Bayt Min Lahm'", Writer, Culture, Text: Studies in Modern Arabic Literature, Ami Elad (ed.) Frediction: York Press, 56-61, 1993 * "Biblical Echoes in Modern Arabic Literature", Journal of Arabic Literature 26, 186-200, 1995 * "Ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ nke Saadia's Tafsir in Modern Arabic Bibles", Judaism and Islam: Boundaries, Communication and Interaction: Essays in Honor of William M. Brinner, B. Hary, F. Aster, J. Hayes (eds.), Leiden: Brill, 227-236, 2000 == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị natara Israel Prize * Ndị Juu Iraq * Ndị Juu Arab * Akwụkwọ nke Israel == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == sckq9avulzc9ty4i6m5o1cj6s2oq2xs 0 72666 674303 595756 2026-07-08T21:38:56Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674303 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Sweet Henry.jpg|thumb|Henry Sweet ]]   '''Henry Sweet''' (15 Septemba 1845 - 30 Eprel 1912) bụ onye na-amụ asụsụ, onye na-ahụ maka ụdaolu na onye na-amụ ụtọ asụsụ nke bekee Dị ka o bu onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ, ọ bụ ọkachamara n'asụsụ German, kachasị bekee nke ochie na Old Norse. Na mgbakwunye, Sweet bipụtara ọrụ na nnukwu okwu nke phonetics na ụtọ asụsụ na nkuzi asụsụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ya anọgidewo na-enwe mmetụta, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ka na-ebipụta, a na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ederede na kọleji na mahadum. == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Henry Sweet na St Pancras, London. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Bruce Castle School na King's College School, London. Na 1864, o jiri obere oge mụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Heidelberg.<ref name="CCEL" /> Mgbe ọ laghachiri England, ọ were gị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ahịa na London.<ref name="HW" /> Afọ ise ka nke ahụ gasịrị, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ, o nwetara ohere agụmakwụkwọ n'asụsụ German wee banye na Balliol College dị na Oxford.<ref name="HW" /> Sweet leghaara ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya anya, na-elekwasị anya n'ịchụso ịdị mma na ọmụmụ ihe onwe ya. N'oge mbụ, a matara ya n'afọ mbụ ya na Oxford, mgbe nnukwu Philological Society (nke o mechara bụrụ onye isi oche ya) bipụtara akwụkwọ ya na Old English.<ref name="HW" /> N'afọ 1871, mgbe ọ ka na-agụ akwụkwọ, ọ dezigharịrị nsụgharị nke Eze Alfred nke ''Cura Pastoralis'' maka Early English Text Society (King Alfred's West-Saxon Version of Gregory's Pastoral Care: With an English Translation, the Latin Text, Notes, and an Introduction), nkọwa ya na-eguzobe ntọala maka Old English dialectology. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1873, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri atọ, na akara ugo mmụta nke anọ na ''Litteree humaniores''.<ref name="HW" /> Ọrụ ndị sochirinụ na Old English gụnyere An Anglo-Saxon Reader (1876), The Oldest English Texts (1885) na A Student's Dictionary of Anglo-Saxony (1896). <ref name="CCEL" /> Sweet, dị ka onye ya na ya dịkọrọ ndụ Walter Skeat, chere na nrụgide pụrụ iche sitere n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta German na ọmụmụ Bekee bụ ndị, na-arụkarị ọrụ na steeti, na-anọgide, ma na-esonyere comitatus nke ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi, "na-etinye" ọmụmụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Bekee. N'ịbụ onye "ndị na-eto eto na-emepụta mmemme na-apụta kwa afọ site na mahadum ndị Germany," o chere na "ọ dịghị onye Bekee na-eme ihe nkiri nwere ike ịtụ anya ịsọ mpi na ha - ma e wezụga site na ịghọ onye Germany ma tụfuo mba ya niile" N'afọ 1877, Sweet bipụtara A Handbook of Phonetics, nke dọtara uche mba ụwa n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị nkuzi Bekee na Europe. Ọ gara n'ihu na Elementarbuch des gesprochenen Englisch (1885), nke e mesịrị gbanwee dị ka A Primer of Spoken English (1890). <ref name="CCEL" /> Nke a gụnyere nkọwa sayensị mbụ nke okwu gụrụ akwụkwọ na London, nke e mesịrị mara dị ka ịkpọpụta a nabatara, yana ụdị okwu jikọtara ọnụ na-anọchite anya na mkpụrụedemede phonetic.<ref name="CCEL" /> Na mgbakwunye, ọ mepụtara ụdị mkpirisi a na-akpọ Current Shorthand, nke nwere ma orthographic na phonetic modes. Mmetụta ya na asụsụ a na-asụ na phonetics mere ka ọ bụrụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na nkuzi asụsụ, isiokwu nke ọ kọwapụtara n'ụzọ zuru ezu na The Practical Study of Languages (1899). <ref name="CCEL" /> N'afọ 1901, e mere Sweet onye na-agụ fonetics na Oxford. The Sounds of English (1908) bụ akwụkwọ ikpeazụ ya gbasara ịkpọpụta Bekee.<ref name="CCEL" /> Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ Sweet dere gụnyere An Icelandic Primer with Grammar, Notes and Glossary (1886), The History of Language (1900), na ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ ọ dezigharịrị maka Early English Text Society. Sweet tinyekwara aka nke ukwuu na akụkọ ihe mere eme mbụ nke Oxford English Dictionary . N'agbanyeghị nkwanye ùgwù ọ natara maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, Sweet enwetaghị ọkwa prọfesọ mahadum, eziokwu nke na-enye ya nsogbu nke ukwuu, ọ bụ ezie na a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ. O mere nke ọma dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Oxford, ọ kpasuru ọtụtụ ndị iwe site na ikwu okwu mkparị, ọ nweghịkwa mgbalị ọ bụla iji nweta nkwado gọọmentị. Mmekọrịta ya na Oxford University Press na-enwekarị nsogbu.<ref name="HW" /> Sweet nwụrụ na 30 Eprel 1912 na Oxford, n'ihi ụkọ ọbara; ọ hapụghị ụmụ. == Ihe ndị ọzọ na-amasị ya == Na Who's Who, 1911, Sweet nyere ntụrụndụ ya dị ka:   == Ihe Nketa == Sweet anọgidewo na-enwe aha dị ka "nwoke kụziri Europe phonetics". Ọrụ ya guzobere omenala asụsụ na nkuzi asụsụ nke gara n'ihu n'enweghị nkwụsịtụ ruo taa.<ref name="HW" /> H. C. Wyld bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede na akwụkwọ nchịkọta. N'okwu mmalite nke egwuregwu ya nke 1913 ''Pygmalion'', George Bernard Shaw kwuru na "[Henry] Higgins abụghị onyinyo nke Sweet, onye njem Eliza Doolittle ga-agaghị ekwe omume; ka ọ dị, dịka a ga-ahụ, enwere mmetụta nke Sweet na egwuregwu ahụ. " Leslie Howard gosipụtara àgwà Higgins na ihe nkiri 1938 ''Pygmalion''; Rex Harrison gosipụtara Henry Higgins n'ụzọ doro anya na egwu egwu egwu nke 1956 My Fair Lady na mgbanwe ihuenyo ya nke 1964. A na-akpọ [[Henry Sweet Society for the History of Linguistic Ideas]] (nke e guzobere na 1984) aha ya. Ọ na-enwe mkparịta ụka kwa afọ, ma na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Language and History. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|colwidth=45em}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Charles Leslie Wrenn, 'Henry Sweet', Transactions of the Philological Society; mpịakọta. 45, peeji nke 177-201 (1946) &nbsp; * {{Cite book|editor=Henderson|title=The indispensable foundation: a selection from the writings of Henry Sweet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHGyAAAAIAAJ|date=1971|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0194370394}} * {{Cite book|title=A History of English Language Teaching|author=Anthony Philip Reid Howatt, [[Henry Widdowson|H. G. Widdowson]]|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-442185-6}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.henrysweet.org/ The Henry Sweet Society] * Works by Henry Sweet at Project Gutenberg * Works by or about Henry Sweet at the Internet Archive * Works by Henry Sweet at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) * {{Cite book|title=A History of English Language Teaching|author=Anthony Philip Reid Howatt, H. G. Widdowson|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-442185-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2e7iw_F-ZcC&q=henry+sweet+oxford&pg=PA198}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070827232052/http://victorian.fortunecity.com/vangogh/555/Spell/sweet-short.html Henry Sweet's ''The Principles of Spelling Reform''] * [https://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=cdl;idno=cdl426 An Anglo-Saxon primer]   Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. {Reprinted by} [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1429740426/ Cornell University Library Digital Collections] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r3fvrmux8uv51zr0pa7qosfszfpjhis 0 72671 674310 595767 2026-07-08T21:57:25Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674310 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Portrait of Walter William Skeat.jpg|thumb|276x276px|Walter William Skeat]]   '''Walter William Skeat''', FBA (21 Nọvemba 1835 - 6 Ọktoba 1912) obụ bu onye [[Nkà mmụta asụsụ|ọkà mmụta asụsụ]] nke Britain na dikọn Anglịkan. Onye a ma ama na British philologist na oge nke ya, o tinyere aka ya na imepụta asụsụ Bekee dị ka ihe mmụta dị elu na United Kingdom.  == Ndụ == A mụrụ Skeat na London <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/agents/people/6465|title=Skeat, Walter William, 1835-1912 (Philologist) &#124; ArchiveSearch}}</ref> n'aka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bu William Skeat, nke Perry Hill, Sydenham, mgbe e mesịrị nke Mount Street, Park Lane, City of Westminster, na nwunye ya Sarah, nwa nwanyị Timothy Bluck. Ezinụlọ Skeat bụ alaka nke ezinụlọ Surrey oge ochie, ma biri na parish nke St George Hanover Square kemgbe afọ 1700. N'afọ 1860, a họpụtara Skeat ka ọ bụrụ dikọn Anglican wee lụọ Bertha Clara.. Na Disemba 1860, ọ ghọrọ ụkọchukwu na East Dereham, ebe o jere ozi n'afọ 861 na ihe ka ukwuu n'afọ 1862. Site na 1862 ruo 1863, Skeat jere ozi dị ka ụkọchukwu na Godalming, Surrey. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1864, ọ laghachiri na Mahadum Cambridge dị ka onye nkuzi mgbakọ na mwepụ, ọkwá o nwere ruo 1871. N'oge na-adịghị anya, Skeat malitere inwe mmasị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asụsụ Bekee. Na 1870, Skeat na Henry Bradshaw jikọrọ aka na mbipụta Geoffrey Chaucer maka Mahadum Oxford. Agbanyeghị, ọrụ ahụ dara mgbe Bradshaw emezughị nkwa ya. Na 1894, Skeat bipụtara mbipụta Chaucer nke nwere mpịakọta isii; e bipụtara akwụkwọ mgbakwunye, Chaucerian Pieces, na 1897.. [6] N'afọ 1878, a họpụtara Skeat ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ Elrington na Bosworth nke Anglo-Saxon na Cambridge. Ọ gụchara mbipụta nke Mitchell Kemble nke Oziọma Anglo-Saxon, ma rụọ ọrụ ma na Bekee Ochie na asụsụ Gothic. A maara Skeat nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na Bekee Middle, yana maka mbipụta ọkọlọtọ ya nke Chaucer na Piers Plowman nke William Langland.. Skeatbụ onye guzobere na naanị onyeisi oche nke English Dialect Society site na 1873 ruo 1896. Ebumnobi otu a bụ ịchịkọta ihe maka mbipụta nke The English Dialect Dictionary. E tisasịrị otu ahụ na 1897.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Nwunye Skeat, Bertha Clara, amụrụ na 6 Febụwarị 1840, nwụrụ na 15 Julaị 1924, e liri ya na y, dị ka nwa nwanyị Bertha Marian Skeat onye bụ onye edemede na onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ. Nwa ya nwoke bụ onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ Walter William Skeat. Ụmụ ụmụ ya gụnyere onye a ma ama na-ede ihe ochie T. C. Skeat na onye na-ese ihe na-acha odo odo Francis Skeat . <ref name="Saint Peter">{{Cite web|title=History of the Windows of Saint Peter, St Albans|url=http://www.stpeterschurch.uk.com/OurChurch/History/tabid/67/language/en-GB/Default.aspx|publisher=St Peter's Church|accessdate=26 December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717150215/http://www.stpeterschurch.uk.com/OurChurch/History/tabid/67/language/en-GB/Default.aspx|archivedate=17 July 2011}}</ref> === Etymology, lexicography, na ọmụmụ toponymic === Na [[nkà mmụta asụsụ]] dị ọcha, isi ihe Skeat rụzuru bụ An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language (4 akụkụ, 1879-1882; rev., na enlarged, 1910). Mgbe ọ na-akwadebe akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ahụ, o dere ọtụtụ narị isiokwu dị mkpirikpi banyere mmalite okwu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ London Notes and Queries. Skeat mepụtara aha a na akpọ okwu ghost ma bụrụ ọkachamara na isiokwu a. Skeat bụkwa onye ọsụ ụzọ nke toponymy. Akwụkwọ ndị bụ isi o bipụtara n'ọhịa a gụnyere: * A Concise Dictionary of Middle English (1888), na njikọ aka na [[Anthony Lawson Mayhew|A. L. Mayhew]] * [[iarchive:aglossarytudora00mayhgoog|"A Glossary of Tudor and Stuart Words"]] (1914) na A. L. Mayhew * [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000157069 ''Aha ebe nke Cambridgeshire''] (1901) * ''Aha ebe nke Huntingdonshire'' (1902) * ''Aha ebe nke Hertfordshire'' (1904) * ''Aha ebe nke Bedfordshire'' (1906) * ''Aha ebe nke Berkshire'' (1911) * ''Aha ebe nke Suffolk'' (1913) === Mbipụta === * ''Oziọma nke ndi Nsọ dị na Anglo-Saxon, Northumbrian, na Old Mercian Version'' (1871) * ) * ''Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Geoffrey Chaucer'' (1894-97) . eat dezigharịrị ọrụ maka Early English Text Society: * ''Bruce'' nke John Barbour * ''Pierce onye na-akọ ugbo'' * ''Havelok onye Dane'' * ''William nke Palerne'' Maka Scottish Text Society: * Skeat dezigharịrị The ''Kingis Quair'', * Skeat bipụtara mbipụta (2 mpịakọta, 1871) nke Chatterton, na nyocha nke isi mmalite nke okwu ochie nke Chatterterton ji mee ihe. * Skeat bipụtara mbipụta nke Chaucer n'otu mpịakọta maka ndị na-agụ ya n'ozuzu * Skeat bipụtara mbipụta nke Chaucer's A Treatise on the Astrolabe, na nkọwa ọkachamara. Skeat mepụtara ihe ka bụ isi mbipụta nke Ælfric nke Eynsham's Lives of the Saints; mbipụta ahụ gụnyere nsụgharị nke bụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ a na-akpọ Mss Gunning na Wilkinson, bụ ndị a kwadoro n'okwu mmalite nke mbipụta ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Maude|first=Kathryn|year=2014|title=Citation and Marginalisation: The Ethics of Feminism in Medieval Studies|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/33574132/Citation_and_Marginalisation_Article.pdf|journal=Journal of Gender Studies|volume=23|issue=3|pages=1–15 [8]|doi=10.1080/09589236.2014.909719}}</ref> === Ịkụzi ihe === Dị ka A. J. Wyatt si kwuo, Skeat "abụghị nnukwu onye nkuzi ... ọ hapụrụ nkuzi ahụ nye ndị mụtara ihe n'aka ya" - ya bụ Wyatt n'onwe ya na Israel Gollancz - "ozizi ya bụ nke na-aga n'ihu. Ma ndị kwesịrị ekwesị ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi soro okwu ya; ha na-adọrọ mmasị mgbe ọ na-erughị uru, mgbe o chefuru ule na usoro ihe omume, wee si n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ọhụrụ na nke ncheta ya". Ọrụ nkuzi Skeat gụnyere: * ''Ụdị Bekee site na 1394 ruo 1597'' (1871) * Ihe atụ nke Early English site na 1298 ruo 1393 (1872), na njikọ aka na Richard Morris * ''Ụkpụrụ nke English Etymology'' (2 usoro, 1887<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review of ''Principles of English Etymology'' by the Rev. Walter W. Skeat|journal=The Athenæum|issue=3120|date=13 August 1887|pages=206–207|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101077276473;view=1up;seq=152}}</ref> na 1891) * A Student's Pastime (1896), mpịakọta nke edemede * Akwụkwọ Chaucer (1900) * ''A Primer nke Classical na English Philology'' (1905) == Mmekọrịta mba ụwa == Skeat bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta ole na ole na ọmụmụ Bekee nwere nka zuru ezu iji sọọ mpi na ndị ọrụ ibe steeti na ndị ọrụ iri si na mahadum ndị Germany. Dị ka [[Henry Sweet]], Skeat weere Geoffrey Chaucer na ndị edemede Bekee ndị ọzọ dị ka akụkụ nke ihe nketa mba ya ma jụ ndị ọkà mmụta Germany na-ebipụta ọrụ na ha. N'otu oge, Skeat kwuru na ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ "... ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ ka a chụpụrụ ya, dị ka onye a mụrụ na London, obodo a mụrụ Chaucer n'onwe ya," ọ ga-enwe ike inye aka na agụmakwụkwọ na Chaucer na-enweghị ntinye aka German. == Ihe edeturu == .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Works by Walter William SkeatnaỌrụ Gutenberg * Works by Walter William SkeatnaAkụkụ na-acha uhie uhie (Canada) * Works by or about Walter William SkeatnaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet * A Moeso-Gothic glossary Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. *   * Walter William SkeatnaChọta Ili [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] skf70j0yiaaci4o99r0qpv9g2wwc8ot 0 72676 674305 596039 2026-07-08T21:50:14Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674305 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Wergeland daguerreotype.jpg|thumb|Henrik Wergeland ]] '''Henrik Arnold Thaulow Wergeland''' (17 Jun 1808 - 12 Julaị 1845) bụ onye edemede Norway, onye a ma ama maka ide uri ya kamakwa ọ bụ onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye na-ese okwu, ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na onye ọkammụta asụsụ. A na-akọwakarị ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ na mmepe nke ihe nketa amụmakwụkwọ Norway na omenala Norway nke oge a. Ọ bụ ezie na Wergeland dị ndụ naanị afọ afọ iri atọ na asaa, ihe ndị ọ na-achụso gụnyere akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, nkà mmụta okpukpe, akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke oge a, nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na sayensị. Echiche ya bụ ihe arụmụka n'oge nke ya, a katọkwara ụdị edemede ya n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka nke na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru. == Mmalite Ndụ Ya == Ọ bụ nwa mbụ nke Nicolai Wergeland (1780-1848), onye bụ onye òtù nzukọ na Eidsvoll n'afọ 1814. Nna ya n'onwe ya bụ ụkọchukwu nke Eidsvold, ma zụlite onye a na-ede uri n'ụzọ dị nsọ nke ịhụ mba n'anya nke Norway. Nwanne Wergeland nke obere bụ Camilla Collett na nwanne ya nwoke nke obere bụ Major General Joseph Frantz Oscar Wergeland. Henrik Wergeland banyere na Mahadum Royal Frederick na 1825 iji mụọ maka ụka ma gụsịa akwụkwọ n'afọ 1829. N'afọ ahụ, ọ ghọrọ ihe nnọchianya nke ọgụ a na-alụ maka ememe iwu mba ahụ na 17 Mee, nke ga-emecha bụrụ Ụbọchị Mba Norway. Ọ ghọrọ dike n'ihu ọha mgbe "battle of the square" a ma ama na Christiania, nke mere n'ihi na iwu eze machibidoro ememe ọ bụla nke ụbọchị mba. Wergeland nọ, n'ezie, ma bụrụ onye a ma ama maka iguzo megide ndị gọvanọ mpaghara niile. Ka oge na-aga, ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ kwuru okwu n'ihu ọha maka ụbọchị ahụ, n'ihi ya, e nyere ya otuto dị ka onye "malitere ụbọchị ahụ". Ụmụ akwụkwọ na ụmụaka ụlọ akwụkwọ na-achọ ili ya na ihe oyiyi ya mma kwa afọ. N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, obodo ndị Juu nke Oslo na-asọpụrụ ya n'ili ya na 17 Mee, iji kelee mbọ ọ gbara iji kwere ka ndị Juu banye Norway. == Mmalite Ide uri == N'afọ 1829, o bipụtara mpịakọta nke uri na nke ịhụ mba n'anya, Digte, første Ring (abụ, okirikiri mbụ), nke dọtara uche ndị mmadụ kachasị mma na aha ya. N'akwụkwọ a, anyị na-ahụ ezigbo ịhụnanya ya, Stella nke eluigwe, nke a pụrụ ịkọwa ka nke sitere n'aka Wergeland ma dị ka Beatrice dị n'uri Dante ''Divina Commedia''. Stella dabeere n'ezie na ụmụ agbọghọ anọ, ndị Wergeland hụrụ n'anya (abụọ n'ime ha ka ọ gbara enyi), na-adịghịkwa mgbe ọ bịarutere ha nso. Omume Stella mekwara ka ọ gbalịsie ike na nnukwu akụkọ Skabelsen, ''Mennesket'' og Messias (Okike, Mmadụ na Onye Nzọpụta). A rụgharịrị ya na 1845 dị ka Mennesket (Mmadụ). N'ime ọrụ ndị a, Wergeland gosiri akụkọ mmalite nke mmadụ na atụmatụ Chineke maka ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ. Ọrụ ndị ahụ dị n'ụzọ doro anya, mmekorita ihunanya na-enweghi mmekọahụ nwoke na nwaanyị, ọ dabekwaara na echiche sitere na inweta mmụta yana nnwogha ndị France. N'ihi ya, ọ na-akatọ iji ike eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, ọkachasị ndị ụkọchukwu ọjọọ na njikwa nke uche ndị mmadụ. N'ikpeazụ, nkwenkwe ya dị ka nke a: : ''Eluigwe agaghịzi ekewa'' : n'azụ nkega ụzọ anọ nke ebe ịchụàjà, : ''agaghịzi emebi ụwa maobu zuo ya ohi'' : ''site n'aka mkpanaka ndị ọchịchị aka ike''. : ''Okpueze ọbara metọrọ, ígwè onye ogbugbu'' : ''oriọna nke ịgba ohu na ọkụ nke ịchụ àjà'' : ''Agaghị enwezi ike onwu n'elu ụwa ọzọ'' : ''Site n'ọchịchịrị nke ndị ụkọchukwu, site na égbè eluigwe nke ndị eze'', : ''mmalite nke nnwere onwe,'' : ''ụbọchị na-egbuke egbuke nke eziokwu'' : ''na-enwu n'elu igwe, bụ elu ụlọ nsọ ugbu a,'' : ''ma gbadaa n'ụwa'', : ''onye na-aghọzi ebe ịchụàjà'' : ''maka ịhụnanya nwanne ugbu a.'' : ''Mmụọ nke ụwa na-enwu ugbu a'' : ''n'ime obi e mere ka ọ dị ọhụrụ''. : ''Nnwere onwe bụ obi nke mmụọ, Eziokwu bụ ọchịchọ nke mmụọ''. : ''Mmụọ ụwa niile'' : ''ga-ada n'ala'' : ''n'ịza oku ebighi ebi:'' : ''Onye ọ bụla nọ n'ihu ya na-eyi ocheeze eluigwe ya''. : ''Onye ọ bụla n'ime obi ya na-eyi ebe ịchụàjà ya na arịa ịchụ àjà''. : ''Ndị nwe obodo niile nọ n'ụwa, ndị nchụàjà niile nọ n"ihi Chineke''. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ọ ghọrọ áhà a ma ama nke ukwuu n'ide akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, na iji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ekwusa ozizi nke French July Revolution nke afọ 1830 mere ka ọ bụrụ ike dị egwu a ma ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kwa. Òtù ọ dị, ike agwụghị ya na mbọ ọ na-agba ịkwalite ebumnuche mba ya. O guzobere ọbá akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama, ma gbalịa ibelata ịda ogbenye nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Norway. Ọ kwusara ozi maka ibi ndụ dị mfe, ma jụ ihe okomoko ndị si mba ọzọ, ma gosi ihe nlereanya site n'iyiri uwe ndị e mere na Norway. Ọ gbasiri mbọ ike maka inweta mmụta na nghọta ka ukwuu banyere ikike iwu kwadoro nyere ndị ya. N'ihi ya, ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama nke ukwuu n'etiti ndị nkịtị.  N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya Hvi skrider Menneskeheden saa lang Indonesia frem? (Gịnị mere ụmụ mmadụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga n'ihu), Wergeland kwupụtara nkwenye ya na Chineke ga-eduzi ụmụ mmadụ ka ha nwee ọganihu na ụbọchị ndị na-egbuke egbuke. == Mgba nke onwe na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ndị nkatọ, ọkachasị [[Johan Sebastian Welhaven]], kwuru na mbọ ndị mbụ ya n'ide akwụkwọ ọgụgụ bụ nke na-enweghị isi na nke na-adịghị mma. O juputara n'echiche adịghị ìrè, mana enweghị mmasị ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụma. Ya mere, site na 1830 ruo 1835 Wergeland nwetara nkatọ siri ike site na Welhaven na ndị ọzọ. Welhaven, ebe ọ bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ nwere klasị, enweghị ike ịnagide ụzọ edemede Wergeland, ma bipụta edemede banyere usoro odide Wergeland. Dị ka nzaghachi nye nkatọ ndị a, Wergeland bipụtara ọtụtụ uri n'okpuru aha nzuzo nke "Siful Sifadda". Welhaven egosighi nghọta banyere usoro pdide uri Wergeland, ma ọ bụ ọbụna àgwà ya. N'otu akụkụ, esemokwu ahụ bụ nke onwe, n'akụkụ nke ọzọ, ọ dabere na ọdịbendị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ihe malitere dị ka esemokwu na-enweghị isi n'ámá ụmụ akwụkwọ Norway n'oge na-adịghị anya gbawara ma ghọọ esemokwu na-adịgide adịgide a na-ebiputa N'Akwụkwọ akụkọ ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ abụọ. Nkatọ Welhaven, na nkwutọ nke ndị enyi ya, kpatara ajọ mbunobi na-adịgide adịgide megide Wergeland na mbiputa ndị mbụ ya. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e nyochagharịrị uri ndị mbụ ya ma kwado ya nke ọma karịa. Enwere ike iwere uri Wergeland dị ka ihe kwesịrị oge a n'ụzọ dị itunanya ma nwee akụkụ nke amaokwu Eddic nke Norway. N'ime usoro nke ndị na-ede uri Norse nke narị afọ nke 6 ruo nke iri na otu, ndị nna nna ya nwere ọgụgụ isi, ihe odide ya na-akpaki ncheta ma nwee ụdị mkpuchi a kpachara mee - na-egosi kennings dị iche iche nke chọrọ ka a kọwaa ya. Site na mbido, o dere uri n'ụdị dị n'efu, na-enweghị rhyme ma ọ bụ mita. Ojiji o jiri ihe atụ mee ihe dịsi ike, ma dị mgbagwoju anya, ọtụtụ n'ime uri ya dịkwa ogologo. Ọ na-ama onye na-agụ ya aka ịtụle uri ya ugboro ugboro, mana ndị ọgbọ ya bụ Byron na Shelley, ma ọ bụ ọbụna [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]. Ụdị ịdị n'efu na inwe ọtụtụ nkọwa kpasuru Welhaven iwe karịsịa, onye nwere echiche mara mma maka uri dị ka nke kwesịrị ilekwasị anya n'otu isiokwu n'otu oge. Wergeland, onye tupu oge a na-ede n'asụsụ Danish, kwadoro echiche nke inwe asụsụ dị iche na nke kwụụrụ onwe ya maka Norway. Ya mere, o ji afọ iri na ise buru [[Ivar Aasen]] ụzọ. Ka e mesịrị, ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Norway bụ Halvdan Koht ga-ekwu na "ọ dịghị ọbụnadị otu isiokwu banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Norway nke Henrik Wergeland na-ahụbeghị ma na-atụ anya ya". [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rbr3cbdaj95ipgh25qw57cgljdomqnz 0 72894 674133 596316 2026-07-08T14:54:39Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 674133 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Russian_manual_alphabet_written_in_Sutton_SignWriting.png|alt=Russian manual alphabet written in Sutton SignWriting|thumb|336x336px|Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ntuziaka Russian e dere na Sutton SignWriting]] A na-eji Russian Manual Alphabet (RMA) eme ihe maka mkpịsị aka na Asụsụ Ogbi Russian.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Language in motion : exploring the nature of sign|author=Daniel.|first=Schein, Jerome|date=1995|publisher=Gallaudet University Press|others=Stewart, David Alan, 1954-|isbn=978-1563680397|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=32349605|url=https://archive.org/details/languageinmotion0000sche}}</ref> Dịka ọtụtụ mkpụrụedemede akwụkwọ ntuziaka ndị ọzọ, mkpụrụedemede akwụkwọ ntuziaka Russian nwere myirịta na mkpụrụedemede French. Otú ọ dị, e mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndekọ maka akwụkwọ ozi nke Cyrillic a chọtara n'asụsụ e dere ede na Rọshịa. Ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede nwere otu aka.[1] RMA gụnyere mmegharị aka 33, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha dabara na otu mkpụrụedemede na mkpụrụedemede Rọshịa. Enweghị akara ọ bụla na-egosi akara edemede ma ọ bụ isi okwu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education. Volume 2|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Marschark, Marc., Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth.|isbn=978-0195390032|location=New York|oclc=607613491|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_n8f6}}</ref> .<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Nahapetyan|first=V. E.|title=Automatic transformation of Russian manual-alphabet gestures into textual form|journal=Scientific and Technical Information Processing|language=en|volume=41|issue=5|pages=302–308|doi=10.3103/s0147688214050037|issn=0147-6882|year=2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Mahadum Enyi na Enyi nke Russia mepụtara usoro ngwanrọ nke gbanwere mmegharị RMA n'ụdị ederede.<ref name=":0" /> == Edemsibịa == <references /> * [http://www.deafblind.com/russima.html Foto ntuziaka Russian Alphabet] {{sign language navigation}} 2a79odwqqpkrdhm78nskv0mlufle4kc 0 72919 674349 671595 2026-07-09T03:33:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674349 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Fagun''''' bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-ebipụta kwa ọnwa na akwụkwọ n'Asụsụ Santali na edemede Ol Chiki na Bhubaneswar, Odisha . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Damayanti Beshra - Sahitya Akademi|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/library/meettheauthor/damayanti_beshra.pdf|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Murmu|first=SC|title=Santal Durbar and Its Democratic Role|url=http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2014-Vol-1-2.pdf|accessdate=26 November 2018|archivedate=19 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619200426/http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2014-Vol-1-2.pdf#page=87}}</ref> Ọ bụ naanị akwụkwọ akụkọ dị na [[Ndia|India]] nke a na-ebipụta na Santali, ma nwee ndị na-agụ ya n'ofe mba ahụ.<ref name="tabla" /><sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="74" href="./Malati_Murmu_(journalist)" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Malati Murmu (journalist)">Malati Murmu's Santali Newspaper's A Big Hit with the Tribals<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;access-date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;24 November 2018<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwhA\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt16\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwhQ\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022537/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3634716991.html\" id=\"mwhg\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"India: Malati Murmu's Santali Newspaper's A Big Hit with the Tribals\"</a></nowiki>. Archived from <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3634716991.html\" id=\"mwhw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">the original</a></nowiki> on 23 November 2018<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwiA\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwiQ\">24 November</span></nowiki> 2018<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki> <nowiki><a about=\"#mwt18\" class=\"external text\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Webarchive&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Webarchive&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022537/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3634716991.html&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;23 November 2018&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022537/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3634716991.html\" id=\"mwiw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\">Archived</a></nowiki><nowiki><span about=\"#mwt18\" id=\"mwjA\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"> 23 November 2018 at the </span></nowiki><nowiki><a about=\"#mwt18\" class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"89\" href=\"./Wayback_Machine\" id=\"mwjQ\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Wayback Machine\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Wayback Machine</a></nowiki><nowiki><link about=\"#mwt18\" href=\"./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links\" id=\"mwjg\" rel=\"mw:PageProp/Category\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-big_hit_4-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Fagun#cite_note-big_hit-4 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://goodnessfoundation.in/2017/07/03/unseen-and-unsung-heroines/|title=Unseen and Unsung Heroines|work=goodnessfoundation.in|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-24|archivedate=22 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922215221/https://goodnessfoundation.in/2017/07/03/unseen-and-unsung-heroines/}}</ref> Mangat Murmu tọrọ ntọala akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ n'April 2008. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allindiaaseca.org/FAGUN/fagun-7th-foundation.html|title=Fagun 7th Foundation 2015|work=allindiaaseca.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-24}}</ref> Ọ bụ Malati Murmu dezigharịrị ya, onye natara Telegraph Legend Award na 2016.<ref name="tabla" /><ref name="big hit">{{cite web|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3634716991.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022537/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3634716991.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2018|title=India: Malati Murmu's Santali Newspaper's A Big Hit with the Tribals|access-date=24 November 2018|accessdate=3 March 2026|archivedate=23 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022537/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3634716991.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022537/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3634716991.html |date=23 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="The Better India">{{Cite news|author=Ghosh|first=Rakhi|title=A Shout out to 5 of the Most Amazing and yet Least Known Women of 2015: Malati is a Proud Heritage-Keeper|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/41317/remarkable-women-of-2015/|accessdate=26 November 2018|work=The Better India|date=30 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allindiaaseca.org/FAGUN/fagun.html|title=FAGUN - A Santali Newspaper|work=allindiaaseca.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-24}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allindiaaseca.org/news-magazine/fagun.html|title=Santali Newspapers and Magazines|work=allindiaaseca.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-24}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na akụkọ, Fagun na-ebipụta ngalaba omenala nke gụnyere akụkọ dị mkpirikpi na uri, yana nyocha na ọkwa mmemme. Ngalaba maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na-ebipụta ntụziaka nri, tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ. A na-ebipụtakwa usoro ọmụmụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji, ọkachasị usoro ọmụmụ asụsụ Santali nke ụfọdụ mahadum dị na Odisha na-akụzi ugbu a dịka Mahadum Sambalpur na Mahadum North Orissa.<ref name="tabla">{{Cite news|author=Ghosh|first=Rakhi|title=Helping Santalis stay connected|url=https://www.tabla.com.sg/jrsrc/240415full/epage004005/TA20150424-TAB-004-00-005.html|accessdate=26 November 2018|work=www.tabla.com.sg|date=24 April 2015}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * FAGUN. A Santali Monthly News PapernaYouTube 4acoq8cufv60syld4jaf9f9v6b5hsyx 0 72982 674118 596525 2026-07-08T14:45:49Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Akụkọ mmalite */ 674118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ndi mbà||group=Mokaná|image=|caption=|population=24,825 (2005)<ref name=heraldo/>|popplace=[[Colombia]]|rels=[[Christianity]]|langs=[[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Malibu languages|Mokaná]] (extinct)}}Ndị '''Mokaná''' (nke a na-akpọkwa '''Mocaná''') bụ bụ ụmụ amaala bi na Ngalaba Atlántico nke [[Colombia]]" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Indigenous peoples of Colombia">ụmụ amaala bi na Ngalaba Atlántico nke Colombia. Ha bụ naanị ụmụ amaala nọ na ngalaba ahụ.<ref name="heraldo">{{Cite web|title=Lo que cuenta la 'piedra pintada' de los indígenas Mokaná|url=http://www.elheraldo.co/tendencias/lo-que-cuenta-la-piedra-pintada-de-los-indigenas-mokana-210600|work=elheraldo.co|language=Spanish|publisher=El Heraldo|accessdate=20 September 2015}}</ref> Asụsụ Mokaná, so na ezinaụlọ asụsụ Malibu, alaala; naanị okwu narị Ise ka echekwara.<ref name="tiempo1">{{Cite web|author=ALVARO OVIEDO|title=EN BUSCA DE ELDORADO... EN ESPAÑA|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-709453|work=eltiempo.com|date=9 December 2001|publisher=Editorial El Tiempo|accessdate=20 September 2015|language=Spanish}}</ref> [dubious - kwurịta] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2026)">dubious</span></nowiki>&#x20;&#x2013; discuss''&#x5D;</sup> == Akụkọ mmalite == Mmekọrịta mbụ dị n'etiti ndị Mokaná na ndị Europe mere n'afọ 1529 mgbe onye Portugal na-achị Jerónimo de Melo duuru ndị mmadụ na njem nlegharị anya site na Santa Marta gaa Malambo, ebe obibi dị na Rio Magdalena nke akpọrọ aha onye Mokaná Cacique Pedro Malambo onye chịrị ya n'oge ahụ.<ref name="memoria">{{Cite journal|author=Álvaro Baquero Montoya|title=La historia de los Mokaná. Un capítulo de la historia en la región Caribe Colombiana|journal=Memorias|date=July 2011|issue=8–14|url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4654011.pdf|accessdate=20 September 2015|language=Spanish|issn=1794-8886}}</ref> Ndị Mokaná ghọrọ ndị na-eso ụzọ Kraịst na narị afọ nke iri na isii. N'afọ 1766, Eze Spain nyere Mokaná ikike nke hekta ala puku iri na asaa na narị ise site na Iwu eze. <ref name="tiempo1">{{Cite web|author=ALVARO OVIEDO|title=EN BUSCA DE ELDORADO... EN ESPAÑA|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-709453|work=eltiempo.com|date=9 December 2001|publisher=Editorial El Tiempo|accessdate=20 September 2015|language=Spanish}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFALVARO_OVIEDO2001">ALVARO OVIEDO (9 December 2001). [http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-709453 "EN BUSCA DE ELDORADO... EN ESPAÑA"]. ''eltiempo.com'' (in Spanish). Editorial El Tiempo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> N'oge agha nnwere onwe nke ndị Spain na America, Mokaná lụrụ ọgụ na Magdalena Campaign nke afọ 1812 na nnọchibido nke Cartagena de Indias n'afọ 1821. <ref name="memoria">{{Cite journal|author=Álvaro Baquero Montoya|title=La historia de los Mokaná. Un capítulo de la historia en la región Caribe Colombiana|journal=Memorias|date=July 2011|issue=8–14|url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4654011.pdf|accessdate=20 September 2015|language=Spanish|issn=1794-8886}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFÁlvaro_Baquero_MontoyaAda_de_la_Hoz_Siegler2011">Álvaro Baquero Montoya; Ada de la Hoz Siegler (July 2011). [http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4654011.pdf "La historia de los Mokaná. Un capítulo de la historia en la región Caribe Colombiana"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Memorias'' (in Spanish) (<span class="nowrap">8–</span>14). Barranquilla, Colombia: Universidad del Norte. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1794-8886 1794-8886]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Mee nke afọ 1998, Gọọmentị Colombia nabatara ndị Mokaná dị ka agbụrụ. <ref name="tiempo1" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 7y0lax33e5gm2jite4qf39kyiua7uen 674119 674118 2026-07-08T14:46:18Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Akụkọ mmalite */ 674119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ndi mbà||group=Mokaná|image=|caption=|population=24,825 (2005)<ref name=heraldo/>|popplace=[[Colombia]]|rels=[[Christianity]]|langs=[[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Malibu languages|Mokaná]] (extinct)}}Ndị '''Mokaná''' (nke a na-akpọkwa '''Mocaná''') bụ bụ ụmụ amaala bi na Ngalaba Atlántico nke [[Colombia]]" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Indigenous peoples of Colombia">ụmụ amaala bi na Ngalaba Atlántico nke Colombia. Ha bụ naanị ụmụ amaala nọ na ngalaba ahụ.<ref name="heraldo">{{Cite web|title=Lo que cuenta la 'piedra pintada' de los indígenas Mokaná|url=http://www.elheraldo.co/tendencias/lo-que-cuenta-la-piedra-pintada-de-los-indigenas-mokana-210600|work=elheraldo.co|language=Spanish|publisher=El Heraldo|accessdate=20 September 2015}}</ref> Asụsụ Mokaná, so na ezinaụlọ asụsụ Malibu, alaala; naanị okwu narị Ise ka echekwara.<ref name="tiempo1">{{Cite web|author=ALVARO OVIEDO|title=EN BUSCA DE ELDORADO... EN ESPAÑA|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-709453|work=eltiempo.com|date=9 December 2001|publisher=Editorial El Tiempo|accessdate=20 September 2015|language=Spanish}}</ref> [dubious - kwurịta] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2026)">dubious</span></nowiki>&#x20;&#x2013; discuss''&#x5D;</sup> == Akụkọ mmalite == Mmekọrịta mbụ dị n'etiti ndị Mokaná na ndị Europe mere n'afọ 1529 mgbe onye Portugal na-achị Jerónimo de Melo duuru ndị mmadụ na njem nlegharị anya site na Santa Marta gaa Malambo, ebe obibi dị na Rio Magdalena nke akpọrọ aha onye Mokaná Cacique Pedro Malambo onye chịrị ya n'oge ahụ.<ref name="memoria">{{Cite journal|author=Álvaro Baquero Montoya|title=La historia de los Mokaná. Un capítulo de la historia en la región Caribe Colombiana|journal=Memorias|date=July 2011|issue=8–14|url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4654011.pdf|accessdate=20 September 2015|language=Spanish|issn=1794-8886}}</ref> Ndị Mokaná ghọrọ ndị na-eso ụzọ Kraịst na narị afọ nke iri na isii. N'afọ 1766, Eze Spain nyere Mokaná ikike nke hekta ala puku iri na asaa na narị ise site na Iwu eze. <ref name="tiempo1" /> N'oge agha nnwere onwe nke ndị Spain na America, Mokaná lụrụ ọgụ na Magdalena Campaign nke afọ 1812 na nnọchibido nke Cartagena de Indias n'afọ 1821. <ref name="memoria">{{Cite journal|author=Álvaro Baquero Montoya|title=La historia de los Mokaná. Un capítulo de la historia en la región Caribe Colombiana|journal=Memorias|date=July 2011|issue=8–14|url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4654011.pdf|accessdate=20 September 2015|language=Spanish|issn=1794-8886}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFÁlvaro_Baquero_MontoyaAda_de_la_Hoz_Siegler2011">Álvaro Baquero Montoya; Ada de la Hoz Siegler (July 2011). [http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4654011.pdf "La historia de los Mokaná. Un capítulo de la historia en la región Caribe Colombiana"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Memorias'' (in Spanish) (<span class="nowrap">8–</span>14). Barranquilla, Colombia: Universidad del Norte. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1794-8886 1794-8886]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Mee nke afọ 1998, Gọọmentị Colombia nabatara ndị Mokaná dị ka agbụrụ. <ref name="tiempo1" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 4ce8eu8c1dtyngq5mbuxwzala7ekp6i 674120 674119 2026-07-08T14:46:55Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Akụkọ mmalite */ 674120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ndi mbà||group=Mokaná|image=|caption=|population=24,825 (2005)<ref name=heraldo/>|popplace=[[Colombia]]|rels=[[Christianity]]|langs=[[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Malibu languages|Mokaná]] (extinct)}}Ndị '''Mokaná''' (nke a na-akpọkwa '''Mocaná''') bụ bụ ụmụ amaala bi na Ngalaba Atlántico nke [[Colombia]]" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Indigenous peoples of Colombia">ụmụ amaala bi na Ngalaba Atlántico nke Colombia. Ha bụ naanị ụmụ amaala nọ na ngalaba ahụ.<ref name="heraldo">{{Cite web|title=Lo que cuenta la 'piedra pintada' de los indígenas Mokaná|url=http://www.elheraldo.co/tendencias/lo-que-cuenta-la-piedra-pintada-de-los-indigenas-mokana-210600|work=elheraldo.co|language=Spanish|publisher=El Heraldo|accessdate=20 September 2015}}</ref> Asụsụ Mokaná, so na ezinaụlọ asụsụ Malibu, alaala; naanị okwu narị Ise ka echekwara.<ref name="tiempo1">{{Cite web|author=ALVARO OVIEDO|title=EN BUSCA DE ELDORADO... EN ESPAÑA|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-709453|work=eltiempo.com|date=9 December 2001|publisher=Editorial El Tiempo|accessdate=20 September 2015|language=Spanish}}</ref> [dubious - kwurịta] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2026)">dubious</span></nowiki>&#x20;&#x2013; discuss''&#x5D;</sup> == Akụkọ mmalite == Mmekọrịta mbụ dị n'etiti ndị Mokaná na ndị Europe mere n'afọ 1529 mgbe onye Portugal na-achị Jerónimo de Melo duuru ndị mmadụ na njem nlegharị anya site na Santa Marta gaa Malambo, ebe obibi dị na Rio Magdalena nke akpọrọ aha onye Mokaná Cacique Pedro Malambo onye chịrị ya n'oge ahụ.<ref name="memoria">{{Cite journal|author=Álvaro Baquero Montoya|title=La historia de los Mokaná. Un capítulo de la historia en la región Caribe Colombiana|journal=Memorias|date=July 2011|issue=8–14|url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4654011.pdf|accessdate=20 September 2015|language=Spanish|issn=1794-8886}}</ref> Ndị Mokaná ghọrọ ndị na-eso ụzọ Kraịst na narị afọ nke iri na isii. N'afọ 1766, Eze Spain nyere Mokaná ikike nke hekta ala puku iri na asaa na narị ise site na Iwu eze. <ref name="tiempo1" /> N'oge agha nnwere onwe nke ndị Spain na America, Mokaná lụrụ ọgụ na Magdalena Campaign nke afọ 1812 na nnọchibido nke Cartagena de Indias n'afọ 1821. <ref name="memoria" /> N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Mee nke afọ 1998, Gọọmentị Colombia nabatara ndị Mokaná dị ka agbụrụ. <ref name="tiempo1" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 992szsqeakx93z08pkmn5foyyhkwj37 0 73113 674207 596820 2026-07-08T18:32:39Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674207 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mmekutmfon "Mfon" Essien''' (1967 - Febuwari 14, afọ 2001) bụ [[Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]]-Amerịka na-ese foto. Amụrụ Mmekutmfon Essien n'afọ 1967 na Ikot Ekpene, Naijiria, ada Adiaha Essien. Ezinụlọ ya kwagara United States mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ, a zụlitekwara ya na Baltimore, Maryland. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA na Mahadum Morgan State . <ref name="NYTimes-2001">{{Cite news|date=2001-02-23|title=Mfon Essien – Photographer, 34|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/23/arts/mfon-essien-photographer-34.html|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Lebart-2022">{{Cite book|author=Lebart|first=Luce|title=A world history of women photographers|date=2022|publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd Thames & Hudson Inc|isbn=978-0-500-02541-3|location=London New York (N.Y.)}}</ref> Na mmalite afọ 1990s, Essien kwagara New York City ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto ejiji maka ụlọ ahịa gụnyere Vibe na Ndị mmadụ. O nwere ihe ngosi nka mbụ ya na Rush Arts na Chelsea n'afọ 1996. <ref name="NYTimes-2001" /><ref name="Lebart-2022">{{Cite book|author=Lebart|first=Luce|title=A world history of women photographers|date=2022|publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd Thames & Hudson Inc|isbn=978-0-500-02541-3|location=London New York (N.Y.)}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLebartRobert2022">Lebart, Luce; Robert, Marie (2022). ''A world history of women photographers''. London New York (N.Y.): Thames & Hudson Ltd Thames & Hudson Inc. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02541-3|<bdi>978-0-500-02541-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> A chọpụtara na Essien nwere ọrịa kansa ara n'afọ 1998 ma wepụ ya n'ụzọ siri ike. Na nzaghachi, o mepụtara usoro foto onwe onye gba ọtọ a na-akpọ The Amazon's New Clothes. E gosipụtara ọrụ a na 2000 Dakar Biennale na abụọ n'ime foto ndị ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi Committed to the Image: Contemporary Black Photographers, nke meghere n'ụbọchị ọ nwụsịrị na Brooklyn Museum of Art . <ref name="NYTimes-2001">{{Cite news|date=2001-02-23|title=Mfon Essien – Photographer, 34|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/23/arts/mfon-essien-photographer-34.html|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/23/arts/mfon-essien-photographer-34.html "Mfon Essien – Photographer, 34"]. ''The New York Times''. February 23, 2001. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Lebart-2022">{{Cite book|author=Lebart|first=Luce|title=A world history of women photographers|date=2022|publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd Thames & Hudson Inc|isbn=978-0-500-02541-3|location=London New York (N.Y.)}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLebartRobert2022">Lebart, Luce; Robert, Marie (2022). ''A world history of women photographers''. London New York (N.Y.): Thames & Hudson Ltd Thames & Hudson Inc. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02541-3|<bdi>978-0-500-02541-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Essien nwụrụ na 14 n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2001 na New York City . <ref name="NYTimes-2001">{{Cite news|date=2001-02-23|title=Mfon Essien – Photographer, 34|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/23/arts/mfon-essien-photographer-34.html|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/23/arts/mfon-essien-photographer-34.html "Mfon Essien – Photographer, 34"]. ''The New York Times''. February 23, 2001. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe Nketa == N'afọ 2018, Laylah Amatullah Barrayn na [[Adama Delphine Fawundu]] malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-ebipụta ugboro abụọ n'afọ Mfon: Women Photographers of the African Diaspora, nke akpọrọ aha iji sọpụrụ Essien. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dazed|date=2017-11-15|title=How Black women are making their mark on photography|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/art-photography/article/38070/1/mfon-how-black-women-are-making-their-mark-on-photography|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Dazed|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rogers|first=Fiona|date=2018-01-01|title=MFON: Women Photographers of the African Diaspora|url=https://fire-cracker.org/2018/01/mfon-women-photographers-african-diaspora/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Firecracker|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-03-18|title=MFON Celebrates the Work of Black Women Photographers|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/women-photographers-african-diaspora|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Photography|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} b1i6h7g53wpo15e4wb7uu09v3vhmrh6 674208 674207 2026-07-08T18:33:44Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674208 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mmekutmfon "Mfon" Essien''' (1967 - Febuwari 14, afọ 2001) bụ [[Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]]-Amerịka na-ese foto. Amụrụ Mmekutmfon Essien n'afọ 1967 na Ikot Ekpene, Naijiria, ada Adiaha Essien. Ezinụlọ ya kwagara United States mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ, a zụlitekwara ya na Baltimore, Maryland. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA na Mahadum Morgan State . <ref name="NYTimes-2001">{{Cite news|date=2001-02-23|title=Mfon Essien – Photographer, 34|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/23/arts/mfon-essien-photographer-34.html|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Lebart-2022">{{Cite book|author=Lebart|first=Luce|title=A world history of women photographers|date=2022|publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd Thames & Hudson Inc|isbn=978-0-500-02541-3|location=London New York (N.Y.)}}</ref> Na mmalite afọ 1990s, Essien kwagara New York City ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto ejiji maka ụlọ ahịa gụnyere Vibe na Ndị mmadụ. O nwere ihe ngosi nka mbụ ya na Rush Arts na Chelsea n'afọ 1996. <ref name="NYTimes-2001" /><ref name="Lebart-2022">{{Cite book|author=Lebart|first=Luce|title=A world history of women photographers|date=2022|publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd Thames & Hudson Inc|isbn=978-0-500-02541-3|location=London New York (N.Y.)}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLebartRobert2022">Lebart, Luce; Robert, Marie (2022). ''A world history of women photographers''. London New York (N.Y.): Thames & Hudson Ltd Thames & Hudson Inc. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02541-3|<bdi>978-0-500-02541-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> A chọpụtara na Essien nwere ọrịa kansa ara n'afọ 1998 ma wepụ ya n'ụzọ siri ike. Na nzaghachi, o mepụtara usoro foto onwe onye gba ọtọ a na-akpọ The Amazon's New Clothes. E gosipụtara ọrụ a na 2000 Dakar Biennale na abụọ n'ime foto ndị ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi Committed to the Image: Contemporary Black Photographers, nke meghere n'ụbọchị ọ nwụsịrị na Brooklyn Museum of Art . <ref name="NYTimes-2001" /><ref name="Lebart-2022">{{Cite book|author=Lebart|first=Luce|title=A world history of women photographers|date=2022|publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd Thames & Hudson Inc|isbn=978-0-500-02541-3|location=London New York (N.Y.)}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLebartRobert2022">Lebart, Luce; Robert, Marie (2022). ''A world history of women photographers''. London New York (N.Y.): Thames & Hudson Ltd Thames & Hudson Inc. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02541-3|<bdi>978-0-500-02541-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Essien nwụrụ na 14 n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2001 na New York City . <ref name="NYTimes-2001" /> == Ihe Nketa == N'afọ 2018, Laylah Amatullah Barrayn na [[Adama Delphine Fawundu]] malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-ebipụta ugboro abụọ n'afọ Mfon: Women Photographers of the African Diaspora, nke akpọrọ aha iji sọpụrụ Essien. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dazed|date=2017-11-15|title=How Black women are making their mark on photography|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/art-photography/article/38070/1/mfon-how-black-women-are-making-their-mark-on-photography|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Dazed|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rogers|first=Fiona|date=2018-01-01|title=MFON: Women Photographers of the African Diaspora|url=https://fire-cracker.org/2018/01/mfon-women-photographers-african-diaspora/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Firecracker|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-03-18|title=MFON Celebrates the Work of Black Women Photographers|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/women-photographers-african-diaspora|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Photography|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} k4ukl6x2cxkne3vfjpzmvra35drrcq0 674209 674208 2026-07-08T18:35:00Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 674209 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mmekutmfon "Mfon" Essien''' (1967 - Febuwari 14, afọ 2001) bụ [[Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]]-Amerịka na-ese foto. Amụrụ Mmekutmfon Essien n'afọ 1967 na Ikot Ekpene, Naijiria, ada Adiaha Essien. Ezinụlọ ya kwagara United States mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ, a zụlitekwara ya na Baltimore, Maryland. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA na Mahadum Morgan State . <ref name="NYTimes-2001">{{Cite news|date=2001-02-23|title=Mfon Essien – Photographer, 34|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/23/arts/mfon-essien-photographer-34.html|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Lebart-2022">{{Cite book|author=Lebart|first=Luce|title=A world history of women photographers|date=2022|publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd Thames & Hudson Inc|isbn=978-0-500-02541-3|location=London New York (N.Y.)}}</ref> Na mmalite afọ 1990s, Essien kwagara New York City ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto ejiji maka ụlọ ahịa gụnyere Vibe na Ndị mmadụ. O nwere ihe ngosi nka mbụ ya na Rush Arts na Chelsea n'afọ 1996. <ref name="NYTimes-2001" /><ref name="Lebart-2022" /> A chọpụtara na Essien nwere ọrịa kansa ara n'afọ 1998 ma wepụ ya n'ụzọ siri ike. Na nzaghachi, o mepụtara usoro foto onwe onye gba ọtọ a na-akpọ The Amazon's New Clothes. E gosipụtara ọrụ a na 2000 Dakar Biennale na abụọ n'ime foto ndị ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi Committed to the Image: Contemporary Black Photographers, nke meghere n'ụbọchị ọ nwụsịrị na Brooklyn Museum of Art . <ref name="NYTimes-2001" /><ref name="Lebart-2022" /> Essien nwụrụ na 14 n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2001 na New York City . <ref name="NYTimes-2001" /> == Ihe Nketa == N'afọ 2018, Laylah Amatullah Barrayn na [[Adama Delphine Fawundu]] malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-ebipụta ugboro abụọ n'afọ Mfon: Women Photographers of the African Diaspora, nke akpọrọ aha iji sọpụrụ Essien. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dazed|date=2017-11-15|title=How Black women are making their mark on photography|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/art-photography/article/38070/1/mfon-how-black-women-are-making-their-mark-on-photography|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Dazed|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rogers|first=Fiona|date=2018-01-01|title=MFON: Women Photographers of the African Diaspora|url=https://fire-cracker.org/2018/01/mfon-women-photographers-african-diaspora/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Firecracker|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-03-18|title=MFON Celebrates the Work of Black Women Photographers|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/women-photographers-african-diaspora|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Photography|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} 5glldkrt29sppsu8k087e0n9pl5x6w0 0 73149 674451 596869 2026-07-09T09:40:32Z Timzy D'Great 12485 /* Academia, ime ndekọ na telivishọn */ fixed reference errors 674451 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Meredydd Evans''' (9 Disemba 1919 - 21 Febụwarị 2015), nke a maara dị ka Merêd, bụ onye nchịkọta, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye na-eme Egwú ọdịnala nke Wales. Onye isi na mgbasa ozi Welsh ruo ihe karịrị ọkara narị afọ, a kọwawo Evans dị ka onye na-emetụta "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ '''mpaghara''' ọ bụla nke ndụ ọdịbendị Welsh, site na egwu ọdịnala na nkà ihe ọmụma ruo mgbasa ozi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị asụsụ".<ref name="morewelshlives">{{Cite book|author=Stephens|first=Meic|title=More Welsh Lives|date=13 July 2018|publisher=Y Lolfa|isbn=9781784616359|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0xxDwAAQBAJ|accessdate=22 August 2022}}</ref> Evans bu ụzọ chọta ihe a ma ama dị ka onye otu egwu a ma ama bụ Triawd y Coleg, na-ede ihe mbụ maka otu ahụ yana ime ka egwu ndị dị ugbu a bụrụ Welsh. Onye na-eme ihe nkiri, ihe ịga nke ọma ya dị ka onye na-eme na BBC Radio mere ka a kpọọ ya "Bangor Bing". Malite n'afọ ndị 1950, Evans mere ihe ndekọ Asụsụ Welsh na-enweta ihe nrite ma bipụta nchịkọta na nyocha na mmekorita ya na nwunye ya a mụrụ na America Phyllis Kinney, na-enyere aka ichekwa ma kwalite egwu Welsh n'ụwa niile. Evans jere ozi dị ka Onye isi nke Light Entertainment na BBC Wales n'etiti 1963 na 1973; n'ọrụ a, a na-eto ya na nchọpụta ndị na-eme ihe nkiri gụnyere Meic Stevens na Ryan Davies. Ọ bụ onye na-eduga na-eme mkpọsa maka ikike asụsụ Welsh, na-ekere òkè n'omume nnupụisi obodo na-abụghị nke ime ihe ike na ndụ ya. Ihe ndekọ nke Evans na Kinney bụzi akụkụ nke Welsh Music Archive na National Library of Wales. == Ndụ Mmalite ==   Onye a mụrụ na Llanegryn dị na Merionethshire, a zụlitere Evans na Tanygrisiau . <ref name="arwel">{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=R. Arwel|title=EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer|url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124|work=Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig|accessdate=25 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="guardianobit">{{Cite journal|author=Rees|first=D Ben|title=Meredydd Evans obituary|journal=The Guardian|date=15 March 2015|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/15/meredydd-evans-obituary|accessdate=24 August 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ iri na otu a mụụrụ Charlotte Evans (a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ Pugh, 1881-1965) yana di ya Richard Evans (1867-1936).<ref name="arwel" /><ref name="guardianobit" /><ref name="cofiomerêd">{{Cite journal|title=Cofio Merêd, cawr addfwyn y diwylliant Cymraeg|journal=Golwg|date=26 February 2015|url=https://issuu.com/golwg/docs/golwg8|accessdate=21 August 2022}}</ref> Richard, onye na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na onye injinia, rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-egwupụta granite Foel ebe Charlotte na-akwalite ndụ ụlọ, na-agba ụmụ ya ume ịgụ ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ma na-abụrụ ha abụ, na-enye Evans ihe ngosi mbụ o nwere na abụ ọdịnala Welsh. <ref name="arwel" /> Mgbe Evans dị afọ iri na anọ, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe nna ya dara ọrịa nke ukwuu ịrụ ọrụ ma kwado ezinụlọ ya site n'ọrụ ọ na-arụ na Co-op, ebe ọ nọrọ afọ asaa.<ref name="morewelshlives">{{Cite book|author=Stephens|first=Meic|title=More Welsh Lives|date=13 July 2018|publisher=Y Lolfa|isbn=9781784616359|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0xxDwAAQBAJ|accessdate=22 August 2022}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStephens2018">Stephens, Meic (13 July 2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=d0xxDwAAQBAJ ''More Welsh Lives'']. Y Lolfa. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781784616359|<bdi>9781784616359</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Richard Evans nwụrụ site n'ọrịa silicosis na 1936, mgbe nwa ya nwoke nke ikpeazụ dị afọ iri na isii. <ref name="arwel" /><ref name="morewelshlives" /> Site na 1938, Evans nwere mmasị ọ zobere n'obi ya ịghọ onye ọgụ-egwu nke Calvinist Methodist ma malite ikwusa ozi ọma n'ógbè ahụ. <ref name="arwel">{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=R. Arwel|title=EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer|url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124|work=Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig|accessdate=25 August 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJones">Jones, R. Arwel. [https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 "EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer"]. ''Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="cofiomerêd">{{Cite journal|title=Cofio Merêd, cawr addfwyn y diwylliant Cymraeg|journal=Golwg|date=26 February 2015|url=https://issuu.com/golwg/docs/golwg8|accessdate=21 August 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://issuu.com/golwg/docs/golwg8 "Cofio Merêd, cawr addfwyn y diwylliant Cymraeg"]. ''Golwg''. 26 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ka ọ na-erule oge a, Evans aghọwo onye na-eme udo na onye òtù Fellowship of Reconciliation . <ref name="guardianobit">{{Cite journal|author=Rees|first=D Ben|title=Meredydd Evans obituary|journal=The Guardian|date=15 March 2015|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/15/meredydd-evans-obituary|accessdate=24 August 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRees2015">Rees, D Ben (15 March 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/15/meredydd-evans-obituary "Meredydd Evans obituary"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1939, ka ọ fọrọ onwa ole na ole tupu [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] amalite, Evans debara aha ya n'akwụkwọ dị ka onye jụrụ agha n'ihi akọ na uche. O mechara chee ụlọ ikpe ihu iji kwuo na ọ bụ ihe o kwuru a ma nye ya nnwere onwe n'enweghị ihe mgbochi ọbụla pụọ n'ozi agha n'ihi okpukpe na mbido 1940. Evans nọgidere na ndụ ya niile n'ịkwado enweghị ọgba aghara. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.welshnot.com/meredydd-evans-man-dont-give-folk/|title=Meredydd Evans: The Man Don't Give a Folk|date=16 November 2013|work=Welshnot.com|accessdate=2020-07-05}}</ref> Na Septemba 1940, Evans debanyere aha na Clwyd College, Rhyl iji mee ihe ọmụmụ nkwadebe maka ozi ahụ. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọzụzụ ya gara n'ihu na Mahadum College of North Wales, Bangor . <ref name="arwel" /> Na Septemba 1943, o kpebiri ịhapụ ọmụmụ ihe ahụ ma kama ọ gara ọmụmụ ihe na nkà ihe ọmụma. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ógó nke mbụ na 1945, ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Kansụl Ụmụ akwụkwọ na 1946 ruo 1947 .<ref name="arwel" /><ref name="cofiomerêd" /> == Ọrụ == === Triawd ya Coleg === [[File:Triawd_y_Buarth_-_Triawd_Y_Coleg.ogg|thumb|Ihe si na "Triawd y Buarth" nke Triawd y Coleg]] Mmasị Evans nwere na egwu Welsh malitere n'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Bangor, n'okpuru mmetụta nke Oriaku. Enid Parry.<ref name="teleobit">{{Cite journal|title=Meredydd Evans, Welsh language campaigner - obituary|journal=The Telegraph|date=26 February 2015|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11437540/Meredydd-Evans-Welsh-language-campaigner-obituary.html|accessdate=25 August 2022}}</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye na-agụ egwú ọdịnala naanị ya ma guzobe òtù egwu nwere olu ndakọrita n'akụkụ n'akụkụ, Triawd y Coleg, ya na Cledwyn Jones na Robin Williams.<ref name="teleobit" /> Ha atọ ghọrọ ndị a ma ama n'elu ikpo okwu, na-eme egwu ndị Evans na-edekarị gụnyere "Triawd y Buarth" (The Farmyard Trio). <ref name="cofiomerêd">{{Cite journal|title=Cofio Merêd, cawr addfwyn y diwylliant Cymraeg|journal=Golwg|date=26 February 2015|url=https://issuu.com/golwg/docs/golwg8|accessdate=21 August 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://issuu.com/golwg/docs/golwg8 "Cofio Merêd, cawr addfwyn y diwylliant Cymraeg"]. ''Golwg''. 26 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ha dọtara uche onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri na BBC bụ Sam Jones, a kpọrọ Triawd y Coleg ka ha bụrụ kpakpando nke mmemme ntụrụndụ redio n'asụsụ Welsh ''''Noson Lawen''''.<ref name="80years">{{Cite journal|author=Crump|first=Eryl|title=BBC celebrate 80 years of broadcasting at Bangor|journal=Daily Post|date=12 April 2015|url=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/bbc-celebrate-80-years-broadcasting-9020147|accessdate=21 August 2022}}</ref> Bụ nke a na-agbasa kwa ọnwa site na Bangor, mbipụta ọ bụla nke ihe ngosi ahụ bụ nke ndị òtù ahụ mere; Jones zụlitere ha, onye a maara na ọ na-akpọchi Evans n'ime ụlọ ruo mgbe o mepụtara okwu maka ịgụ egwu.<ref name="broadcasters">{{Cite book|author=Price|first=Gareth|title=The Broadcasters of BBC Wales, 1964-1990|date=12 January 2018|publisher=Y Lolfa|isbn=9781784615352|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xxDwAAQBAJ|accessdate=24 September 2022}}</ref> Noson Lawen wetara ndị na-ege ntị egwu Triawd y Coleg na-atọ ọchị na nke na-emetụ n'ahụ site n'akụkụ niile nke Wales ma mee ka ha bụrụ aha dị n'ọnụ ọbụla.<ref name="hymns&arias">{{Cite book|author=Herbert|first=Trevor|title=Hymns and Arias: Great Welsh Voices|date=2001|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=9780708316993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moYHAQAAMAAJ&q=triawd%20y%20coleg%20household|accessdate=24 September 2022}}</ref> N'otu oge, e mere atụmatụ na pasent iti abụọ nke ndị Welsh na-ege ntị na mmemme ahụ.<ref name="arwel">{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=R. Arwel|title=EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer|url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124|work=Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig|accessdate=25 August 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJones">Jones, R. Arwel. [https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 "EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer"]. ''Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị òtù ahụ bụ ndị na-eme egwu mbụ n'asụsụ Welsh nwetara aha ọma site na redio, ihe ịga nke ọma ha mere ka Evans bụrụ aha dị n'ọnụ ọbụla.<ref name="Hill">{{Cite book|author=Hill|first=Sarah|title='Blerwytirhwng?' The Place of Welsh Pop Music|date=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781351573450|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCgxDwAAQBAJ&dq=Triawd+y+Coleg&pg=PT58|accessdate=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="farewell">{{Cite journal|author=Tiwniwr|first=Y|title=Nostalgic farewell to a leading voice|journal=Western Mail|date=30 June 1952|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/814992969/?terms=Triawd%20y%20Coleg&match=1|accessdate=4 November 2022}}</ref> Triawd y Coleg pụtara na ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi dabere na mmemme ahụ na 1950, ebe Evans kpara àgwà nwa onye ọrụ ugbo nke na-arọ nrọ maka ihe ndị ka ukwuu.<ref name="teleobit" /><ref name="bfinoson">{{Cite web|title=Noson Lawn|url=https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-noson-lawen-1950-online|work=bfi|accessdate=21 August 2022}}</ref> N'ime afọ ndị 1960, Triawd y Coleg dekọrọ usoro egwu otu otu na EP maka Welsh Teldisc ma, n'afọ ndị 1970, mee abọm abụọ maka Sain. Ha pụtara ugboro abụọ na National Eisteddfod nke Wales (na 1947 na 1971) ma gaa n'ihu na-eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ ruo n'ime afọ ndị 1990.<ref name="WMA">{{Cite web|title=Welsh Music Archive|url=https://twitter.com/MusicNLW/status/1386586613631815682|work=Twitter|accessdate=23 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="gwent">{{Cite journal|title=Listings|journal=Gwent Gazette|date=12 September 1996|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/919221820/?match=1&terms=%22triawd%20y%20coleg%22|accessdate=22 October 2024}}</ref> === Academia, ime ndekọ na telivishọn === [[File:Ar_Gyfer_Heddiw'r_Bore_-_Meredydd_Evans.ogg|thumb|Nchịkọta nke si na mgbé Evans na-eme abụ Plygoin "Ar Gyfer Heddiw'r Bore"]] A họpụtara Evans ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi na nkà ihe ọmụma na nkwenye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Coleg Harlech na 1947. <ref name="arwel">{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=R. Arwel|title=EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer|url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124|work=Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig|accessdate=25 August 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJones">Jones, R. Arwel. [https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 "EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer"]. ''Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="legacy">{{Cite web|author=Tems|first=Mick|title=Merêd: Let's celebrate the legacy that he left|url=http://folk.wales/magazine/?p=443|work=FolkWales|date=14 April 2015|accessdate=21 August 2022}}</ref> Na Maachị nke afọ ahụ, ọ zutere Phyllis Kinney, onye America na-agụ egwu, mgbe ọ na-eme njem dị ka onye ndu na Carl Rosa Opera Company na UK.<ref name="kinney">{{Cite web|title=Phyllis Kinney. The musician from Michigan|url=https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/|work=Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru|date=23 March 2020|accessdate=21 August 2022}}</ref> Onye a mụrụ na Pontiac, Michigan na 1922, Kinney gụrụ akwụkwọ na Juilliard School ma mee ka Evans mara egwu ọdịnala si gburugburu ụwa.<ref name="legacy" /> Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ onwe ha na 10 Eprel 1948 ma mụọ nwa nwanyị, Eluned, na 1949. <ref name="arwel" /> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ ndị 1940, Evans bụ onye na-anọkarị na redio Welsh, ma dị ka onye na-agbasa ozi ma onye na-eme ihe nnụrụ.<ref name="morewelshlives">{{Cite book|author=Stephens|first=Meic|title=More Welsh Lives|date=13 July 2018|publisher=Y Lolfa|isbn=9781784616359|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0xxDwAAQBAJ|accessdate=22 August 2022}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStephens2018">Stephens, Meic (13 July 2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=d0xxDwAAQBAJ ''More Welsh Lives'']. Y Lolfa. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781784616359|<bdi>9781784616359</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="cofiomerêd">{{Cite journal|title=Cofio Merêd, cawr addfwyn y diwylliant Cymraeg|journal=Golwg|date=26 February 2015|url=https://issuu.com/golwg/docs/golwg8|accessdate=21 August 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://issuu.com/golwg/docs/golwg8 "Cofio Merêd, cawr addfwyn y diwylliant Cymraeg"]. ''Golwg''. 26 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> A maara ya maka abụ mmadụ abụọ nke ya na Kinney na-agụ yana maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye òtù Triawd y Coleg .<ref name="farewell" /> O nwere ụda olu tenọ dị mfe, nke onye nta akụkọ Constance Hale kọwara dị ka "nke n'otu oge dị gam na ntị ma na-adọrọ mmụọ, na-aba ahụ ofụma ma na-eme ka obi sie ya ike".<ref name="PAW">{{Cite web|author=Hale|first=Constance|title=Lives: Meredydd Evans *55|url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/lives-meredydd-evans-55|work=Princeton Alumni Weekly|date=3 February 2016|accessdate=24 August 2022}}</ref> Ụdị ịbụ abụ ya mere ka a kpọọ ya "Welsh Bing", nke na-ewute ya.<ref name="morewelshlives" /><ref name="PAW" /> N'afọ 2015, onye so guzobe Sain bụ Huw Jones kọwara Evans dị ka "onye mbụ a ma ama na-abụ abụ pop nke Welsh". <ref name="morewelshlives" /> <ref name="cofiomerêd" /> Evans hapụrụ Coleg Harlech na 1950 wee sonye na ndị òtù nchịkọta akụkọ Hughes and Sons na Oswestry dị ka onye enyemaka nchịkọta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Welsh ''Y Cymro'' . <ref name="arwel">{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=R. Arwel|title=EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer|url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124|work=Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig|accessdate=25 August 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJones">Jones, R. Arwel. [https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 "EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer"]. ''Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="legacy" /> Na Jun 1952, Evans na ezinụlọ ya kwagara America ebe ọ debanyere aha na Mahadum Princeton, inweta nzere PhD na nkà ihe ọmụma.<ref name="farewell" /><ref name="teleobit">{{Cite journal|title=Meredydd Evans, Welsh language campaigner - obituary|journal=The Telegraph|date=26 February 2015|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11437540/Meredydd-Evans-Welsh-language-campaigner-obituary.html|accessdate=25 August 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11437540/Meredydd-Evans-Welsh-language-campaigner-obituary.html "Meredydd Evans, Welsh language campaigner - obituary"]. ''The Telegraph''. 26 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="PAW" /><ref name="kinney">{{Cite web|title=Phyllis Kinney. The musician from Michigan|url=https://blog.library.wales/phyllis-kinney-the-musician-from-michigan/|work=Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru|date=23 March 2020|accessdate=21 August 2022}}</ref> E nyere ya nzere ọkankuzi ya n'afọ 1955.<ref name="morewelshlives">{{Cite book|author=Stephens|first=Meic|title=More Welsh Lives|date=13 July 2018|publisher=Y Lolfa|isbn=9781784616359|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0xxDwAAQBAJ|accessdate=22 August 2022}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStephens2018">Stephens, Meic (13 July 2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=d0xxDwAAQBAJ ''More Welsh Lives'']. Y Lolfa. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781784616359|<bdi>9781784616359</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Princeton, Evans natara akwụkwọ ozi site n'aka Moe Asch, onye guzobere Folkways Records, onye nwere mmasị dị ukwuu ịnụ abụ ọdịnala Welsh.<ref name="PAW" /> Evans dekọrọ nhọrọ n'ọkụ n'ọkụ nke egwu ndị na-abụghị nke ụka dị n'asụsụ Welsh maka Asch, ha niile n'ụdị a capella, n'ihe o chere na ọ bụ ndekọ ule.<ref name="arwel" /> N'ụzọ tụrụ Evans n'anya, Asch wepụtara ihe ndekọ ahụ dị ka abọm; ''The New York Times'' kpọrọ ndekọ egwu ọdịnala Welsh ahụ otu n'ime iri na abụọ kachasị ewu ewu na 1954 <ref name="PAW" /><ref name="teleobit" /><ref name="youtube">{{Cite web|title=Meredydd Evans - 'Welsh Folk Songs' [Interview Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogDIc0242KI|work=Youtube|date=19 June 2009|accessdate=26 August 2022}}</ref> A tụlere abọm ahụ na ''DownBeat'', onye dere "Meredydd Evans na-abụ abụ na-akpali akpali n'asụsụ Wales na-aga ije ọdịda nke ọma". <ref name="advocate">{{Cite journal|author=Sargent|first=Mason|title=The Devil's Advocate|journal=DownBeat|date=23 February 1955|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/DownBeat/50s/55/Down-Beat-1955-02-23-22-4.pdf|accessdate=21 August 2022}}</ref> Site na 1955 ruo 1960, Evans kụziri na Mahadum Boston, ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ họpụtara ya na 1957 ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ nke Afọ ahụ.<ref name="morewelshlives" /> N'oge a, ọ zutere [[Albert Einstein]], Arthur Miller na Marilyn Monroe.<ref name="arwel" /><ref name="guardianobit">{{Cite journal|author=Rees|first=D Ben|title=Meredydd Evans obituary|journal=The Guardian|date=15 March 2015|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/15/meredydd-evans-obituary|accessdate=24 August 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRees2015">Rees, D Ben (15 March 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/15/meredydd-evans-obituary "Meredydd Evans obituary"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge ọ nọ na America, Evans na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịkwalite egwu Welsh na mba ahụ, na-ekere òkè na mmemme Gymanfa Ganu, na-enye adreesị ma na-eme ihe ngosi gasị, ugboro ugboro ya na Kinney.<ref name="bostonglobe">{{Cite journal|title=Welsh Night|journal=Boston Globe|date=2 March 1957|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/432954979/?terms=meredydd%20evans&match=1|accessdate=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="cornish">{{Cite journal|title=Welsh concert set at Cornish Sun|journal=Valley News|date=5 August 1959|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/833159812/?terms=meredydd%20evans&match=1|accessdate=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="orpheus">{{Cite journal|title=Orpheus Chorus to sing at Gymanfa Ganu Here|journal=Scrantonian Tribune|date=25 October 1953|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/534761467/?terms=meredydd%20evans&match=1|accessdate=14 November 2022}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri Wales na 1960, a họpụtara Evans ka ọ nọchie Cynan na Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Ihe Na-abụghị nke Obodo na Bangor.<ref name="arwel">{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=R. Arwel|title=EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer|url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124|work=Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig|accessdate=25 August 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJones">Jones, R. Arwel. [https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 "EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer"]. ''Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ya na Kinney, o dezigharịrị nchịkọta atọ nke ''Egwú Welsh'' akọwapụtara dị ka "ọrụ ntụaka doro anya maka ụdị egwu mba a". N'afọ 1962, Evans dekọrọ abọm ọhụrụ, A Concert of Welsh Songs, ya na Kinneay, onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara Russia Maria Korchinska na ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-akwado nke Robert Docker duziri ma hazie. <ref name="cashbox">{{Cite journal|title=England|journal=Cash Box|date=3 March 1962|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/60s/1962/CB-1962-03-03.pdf|accessdate=26 August 2022}}</ref> Kinney mechara kọwaa abọm ahụ, nke mbụ Evans jiri ngwá egwú gụọ, dị ka "ọdịnala nke e jiri ejiji ofụma ka o kwekọọ ya na ndị na-ege ntị". <ref name="tems">{{Cite journal|author=Tems|first=Mick|title=Merêd|journal=Taplas|date=2004|url=https://mudcat.org/thread.cfm?threadid=156610|accessdate=26 August 2022}}</ref> Evans mechara dee egwu maka uri ịhụ mba n'anya nke Harri Webb "Colli Iaith" (itufu asụsụ), nke nwetara ọnọdụ nke ikuku ọdịnala.<ref name="morewelshlives">{{Cite book|author=Stephens|first=Meic|title=More Welsh Lives|date=13 July 2018|publisher=Y Lolfa|isbn=9781784616359|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0xxDwAAQBAJ|accessdate=22 August 2022}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStephens2018">Stephens, Meic (13 July 2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=d0xxDwAAQBAJ ''More Welsh Lives'']. Y Lolfa. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781784616359|<bdi>9781784616359</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1976, Sain wepụtara Merêd, abọm ọhụrụ nwere abụ ọdịnala Welsh iri abụọ na asatọ nke aha ya bụ isiokwu ma bụrụ nke onye Ọkà mmụta egwu [[:cy:Roy Saer|D. Roy Saer]] webatara.<ref name="tems" /> N'afọ 1963, Evans ghọrọ Onye isi nke Light Entertainment na BBC Wales . <ref name="cofiomerêd">{{Cite journal|title=Cofio Merêd, cawr addfwyn y diwylliant Cymraeg|journal=Golwg|date=26 February 2015|url=https://issuu.com/golwg/docs/golwg8|accessdate=21 August 2022}}</ref> Na mbụ, ọ hụrụ ọrụ ahụ dị ka ihe ịma aka ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsị mgbe afọ mbụ gasịrị, na-agwa S4C na 2014; "M ghọtara ozugbo na ọ ga-abụ ọgụ siri ike. Omenala asụsụ Welsh adịghị na Vaudeville, ụlọ egwu ma ọ bụ Cabaret. " Dị ka onye isi, Evans mepụtara ọtụtụ mmemme telivishọn a ma ama gụnyere Fo a Fe, ''Ryan na Ronnie'', Disc a Dawn, Lloffa na ''Hob na Deri Dando''. <ref name="merêddoc">{{Cite web|title=Merêd|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Ov7YVFlmrw&t=1537s|work=Youtube|date=10 November 2014|publisher=S4C|accessdate=8 October 2022}}</ref> A na-eto ya maka ịchọpụta ndị nwere nkà gụnyere Meic Stevens na Ryan Davies n'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa.<ref name="arwel">{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=R. Arwel|title=EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer|url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124|work=Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig|accessdate=25 August 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJones">Jones, R. Arwel. [https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 "EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer"]. ''Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Evans tinyere akwụkwọ maka ọkwa onye isi mmemme na 1969, mana ọ nweghị isi, ọ ma hapụ ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi Light Entertainment na 1973.<ref name="arwel" /> Mgbe ahụ, ọ sonyeere Ngalaba nke Ọmụmụ Ihe na-abụghị nke obodo na Mahadum Cardiff, ebe ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka nhazi asụsụ Welsh ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1985.<ref name="arwel" /> N'afọ 1973, Evans guzobere Y Dinesydd, akwụkwọ akụkọ asụsụ Welsh maka Cardiff na onye bu ụzọ maka Papurau bro n'ọdịnihu.<ref name="arwel" /> N'afọ ndị 1970, Evans na Kinney biri na Cwmystwyth, ebe ha nyere aka na obodo ma kụziere ọtụtụ ndị agbata obi ha Welsh; dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ R. Arwel Jones si kwuo, ụlọ di na nwunye ahụ ghọrọ "ebe mkpọkọta nke ndị mmadụ nọ n'afọ ndụ niile, si Wales niile na ụwa niile ndị ga-agbakọta ebe ahụ iji nwee mkpakọrịta ha ma rite uru site na amamihe dị egwu nke di na nwunye ahụ".<ref name="arwel">{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=R. Arwel|title=EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer|url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124|work=Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig|accessdate=25 August 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJones">Jones, R. Arwel. [https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 "EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer"]. ''Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Nso ebe obibi ha dị n'ọba akwụkwọ mba Wales, Aberystwyth nyere di na nwunye ahụ ohere itinye ezumike nká ha n'ịmụ akụkọ mmalite nke abụ na egwu ọdịnala; nnyocha ha pụtara kwa mgbe kwa mgbe na Canu Gwerin, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke òtù egwu ọdịnala Welsh.<ref name="arwel" /> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, Mahadum Wales bipụtara mpịakọta ''Festschrift'' maka Evans na Kinney, "nchịkọta n'asụsụ abụọ zuru oke nke edemede nkatọ dị iche iche gbasara akụkụ dị iche iche nke abụ Welsh na egwu ọdịnala site na ndị ndú ọkachamara na ndị egwu Wales" iji mee emume maka ntinye ha "ọ bụghị naanị na egwu ọdịnala Welsh kamakwa na ọdịbendị na asụsụ nke Wales". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bangor.ac.uk/news/full.php?Id=204|title=Bearers of Song|publisher=Bangor University|accessdate=2008-07-17}}</ref> Mmasị mbụ Evans nwere na nkà ihe ọmụma gara n'ihu; na 1984, o bipụtara ọmụmụ ihe a ma ama nke onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Scottish Enlightenment David Hume.<ref name="morewelshlives">{{Cite book|author=Stephens|first=Meic|title=More Welsh Lives|date=13 July 2018|publisher=Y Lolfa|isbn=9781784616359|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0xxDwAAQBAJ|accessdate=22 August 2022}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStephens2018">Stephens, Meic (13 July 2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=d0xxDwAAQBAJ ''More Welsh Lives'']. Y Lolfa. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781784616359|<bdi>9781784616359</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke ngalaba nkà ihe ọmụma nke òtù ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Wales na 2007, na onye isi nsọpụrụ ya na 2012. <ref name="arwel" /> Evans ga-ede uri mgbe ụfọdụ, mgbe dịka mgbe maka Cwrdd Bach (nzukọ uri) kwa afọ na Cwmystwyth.<ref name="arwel" /> === Mgbalị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ===   Evans hapụrụ òtù Labour Party wee sonye na Plaid Cymru na 1960. <ref name="morewelshlives">{{Cite book|author=Stephens|first=Meic|title=More Welsh Lives|date=13 July 2018|publisher=Y Lolfa|isbn=9781784616359|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0xxDwAAQBAJ|accessdate=22 August 2022}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStephens2018">Stephens, Meic (13 July 2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=d0xxDwAAQBAJ ''More Welsh Lives'']. Y Lolfa. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781784616359|<bdi>9781784616359</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> O mechara bụrụ onye isi na Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (òtù maka asụsụ Welsh) ma bụrụ onye na-akwado usoro mgbanwe na-abụghị nke a na-eme n'ike iji kwalite ọdịmma nke ndị na-asụ Welsh. Nkwado Evans maka mkpọsa òtù ahụ ndị na-ese okwu mgbe ụfọdụ "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na o furu ya ọrụ onye nchịkwa nke BBC Wales n'ezie", ọrụ a kpọrọ ya aha n'ọtụtụ ebe maka ya, dị ka onye nta akụkọ Meic Stephens si kwuo.<ref name="morewelshlives" /> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1979, Evans, ya na ndị nkuzi ibe ya abụọ, Ned Thomas na Pennar Davies, banyere na Ihe na-ezipụ ozi telivishọn Pencarreg dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa nnupụisi oha obodo iji mee ka gọọmentị Margaret Thatcher mezuo nkwa ha kwere tupu e mee ntuli aka iguzobe ọwa telivisheneng n'asụsụ Welsh.<ref name="guardianobit">{{Cite journal|author=Rees|first=D Ben|title=Meredydd Evans obituary|journal=The Guardian|date=15 March 2015|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/15/meredydd-evans-obituary|accessdate=24 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="teleobit">{{Cite journal|title=Meredydd Evans, Welsh language campaigner - obituary|journal=The Telegraph|date=26 February 2015|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11437540/Meredydd-Evans-Welsh-language-campaigner-obituary.html|accessdate=25 August 2022}}</ref> A chọpụtara na mmadụ atọ ahụ dara iwu na n'ụlọ ikpe Carmarthen Crown maka ịgbanyụ ihe na-ezipu ozi ahụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, mana a na-ekwu na mkpọsa ahụ nyere aka na mmalite nke ọrụ mgbasa ozi asụsụ Welsh S4C na 1982. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/?articleid=64693|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|accessdate=2020-07-05}}</ref><ref name="PAW" /> N'okwu esemokwu nke 1986 na National Eisteddfod nke Wales, Evans katọrọ gọọmentị etiti na nke okpuru ọchịchị maka ileghara mmetụta ọdịbendị nke nnukwu mbata nke ndị na-asụ naanị Bekee n'ime imeobodo Wales anya.<ref name="morewelshlives">{{Cite book|author=Stephens|first=Meic|title=More Welsh Lives|date=13 July 2018|publisher=Y Lolfa|isbn=9781784616359|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0xxDwAAQBAJ|accessdate=22 August 2022}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStephens2018">Stephens, Meic (13 July 2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=d0xxDwAAQBAJ ''More Welsh Lives'']. Y Lolfa. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781784616359|<bdi>9781784616359</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="trioimmortalised">{{Cite journal|author=McNicholls Vale|first=Julie|title=A trio immortalised|journal=Cambrian Times|date=3 February 2019|url=https://www.cambrian-news.co.uk/news/a-trio-immortalised-104117|accessdate=25 August 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 1993, ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama na Wales banyere n'ụlọ ikpe Carmarthen Crown Court ma bibie oche onye ọkaikpe na mkpọsa mechara gaa nke ọma maka ime Iwu Asụsụ Welsh ọhụrụ.<ref name="arwel">{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=R. Arwel|title=EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer|url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124|work=Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig|accessdate=25 August 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJones">Jones, R. Arwel. [https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124 "EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer"]. ''Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1999, Evans pụtara n'ụlọ ikpe mgbe ọ jụrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ ikikere TV ya, na-ekwu na e nwere mbelata n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mgbasa ozi n'asụsụ Welsh n'ime afọ iri gaferenụ. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.welshnot.com/meredydd-evans-man-dont-give-folk/|title=Meredydd Evans: The Man Don't Give a Folk|date=16 November 2013|work=Welshnot.com|accessdate=2020-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-60437665/don-t-use-language-like-that-keep-it-welsh-says|title=Don't Use Language like That; KEEP IT WELSH, SAYS TV LICENCE REBEL" by Evans, Meredydd - The Mirror (London, England), August 20, 1999|work=|accessdate=|archivedate=5 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705062752/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-60437665/don-t-use-language-like-that-keep-it-welsh-says}}</ref> Ọ dị njikere ịga mkpọrọ, mana ndị enyi ya na-echegbu onwe ha maka ahụike ya kwụrụ ụgwọ ahụ.<ref name="arwel" /> Site na 1998, Evans butere ụzọ na mkpọsa iji guzobe Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol . <ref name="arwel" /> Mgbe emesịrị guzobe ya na 2011, a kpọrọ Evans Onye isi oche nke Cyfeillion y Coleg (Ndị enyi nke Coleg) ma nye ya Ịbụ onye òtù nsọpụrụ na Nzukọ Kwa Afọ nke Coleg na Swansea.<ref name="gwobr">{{Cite web|title=Gwobr Merêd|url=https://www.colegcymraeg.ac.uk/en/aboutus/awards/gwobrmered/|work=Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol|accessdate=25 September 2022}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2014, e kwuru na Evans na-akwado ngagharị iwe n'ụzọ udo site na Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg na-esote ngagharị iwe e mere na Aberystwyth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailywales.net/2014/03/07/veteran-campaigner-backs-language-protests/|title=Veteran Campaigner Backs Language Protests – Daily Wales|accessdate=2014-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012152115/http://dailywales.net/2014/03/07/veteran-campaigner-backs-language-protests/|archivedate=12 October 2014}}</ref> == Ndụ Agadi ya == Evans nwere nkwụsị nke okwukwe na ndụ ya mgbe ọ kawara nka, na-ewere onwe ya dị ka onye na-ekweghị na Chineke nwa oge.<ref name="merêddoc">{{Cite web|title=Merêd|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Ov7YVFlmrw&t=1537s|work=Youtube|date=10 November 2014|publisher=S4C|accessdate=8 October 2022}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị ịwa ya olu, Evans nọgidere na-abụ abụ n'oge agadi ya.<ref name="arwel">{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=R. Arwel|title=EVANS, MEREDYDD ('MERÊD') (1919 - 2015), campaigner, musician, philosopher and television producer|url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-EVAN-MER-1919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=13&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F1491650%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=-264%2C1096%2C2462%2C2124|work=Y Bywgraffiadur Cymreig|accessdate=25 August 2022}}</ref> Ihe ndekọ ikpeazụ ya, "Cân y Dewis", pụtara na abọm Gai Toms', ''Betel'' (2012). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaitoms.com/english/news-gigs/|title=Archived copy|work=www.gaitoms.com|accessdate=17 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324081120/http://www.gaitoms.com/english/news-gigs/|archivedate=24 March 2014}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ kwa ụbọchị na ọmụmụ ihe ya ruo ọnwa ole na ole tupu ọnwụ ya.<ref name="PAW" /> Mgbe ọ rịara ọrịa nkụnwụ ahụ, Evans nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri itoolu na ise na 21 Febụwarị 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-31567287|title=Tributes paid to ex-BBC Wales man|date=21 February 2015|work=Bbc.com|accessdate=2020-07-05}}</ref> Ọtụtụ narị ndị na-eru uju bịara ememe olili ozu ya.<ref name="funeral">{{Cite news|title=Hundreds at funeral of ex-BBC Wales man Dr Meredydd Evans|work=BBC News|date=26 February 2015|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-mid-wales-31647322|accessdate=25 August 2022}}</ref> N'etiti ihe ndị ekwuru ito ya, [[Jamie Bevan]] nke Cymdeithas yr Iaith kwuru "na-ewezuga ya, anyị agaghị enwe ụfọdụ n'ime uru maka asụsụ Welsh, ọkachasị ọwa asụsụ Welsh, S4C, Iwu Asụsụ Welsh na Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol. " Evans na Kinney nyere ihe ndekọ ha na ọbá akwụkwọ mba Wales, ebe ha bụzi akụkụ nke Ndekọ Egwu Welsh ugbua. <ref name="kinney100">{{Cite web|title=Phyllis Kinney: 100|url=https://www.ticketsource.co.uk/whats-on/online/llyfrgell-genedlaethol-cymru-the-national-library-of-wales/phyllis-kinney-100/e-omqrxq|work=Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru|accessdate=25 September 2022}}</ref> == Nkwanye ùgwù == N'afọ 2013, e nyere Evans Tywysydd (onye nduzi) na [[:cy:Parêd Gŵyl Dewi Aberystwyth|Parêd Gŵyl Dewi Aberystwyth]] (St David's Day Parade) nke mbụ emerela kemgbe maka ọrụ ya na Wales na asụsụ Welsh. E nyere ya ihe nrite Good Tradition Award mgbe ọ nwụsịrị site na BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015 maka ntinye ya na mweghachi nke abụ ọdịnala Welsh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-32397847|title=BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards: Cat Stevens, Loudon Wainwright honours|author=Thomas|first=Huw|date=2015-04-22|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-08-30|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, e nyere Evans na Phyllis Kinney ihe nrite Welsh Music Prize Inspiration Award . <ref name="prs">{{Cite web|author=Bemrose|first=Bekki|title=Welsh Music Prize 2019 winner announced|url=https://www.prsformusic.com/m-magazine/news/welsh-music-prize-2019-winner-announced/|work=PRS for Music|accessdate=26 August 2022}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Evans bụ otu n'ime ndị UK nke oge a dị narị abụọ na iri abụọ na isii ndị nwụrụ na 2015 ndị a nabatara na ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. <ref name="trioimmortalised">{{Cite journal|author=McNicholls Vale|first=Julie|title=A trio immortalised|journal=Cambrian Times|date=3 February 2019|url=https://www.cambrian-news.co.uk/news/a-trio-immortalised-104117|accessdate=25 August 2022}}</ref> Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol na-enye ihe nrite nye Meredydd Evans Memorial Prize (Gwobr Merêd) kwa afọ. <ref name="gwobr">{{Cite web|title=Gwobr Merêd|url=https://www.colegcymraeg.ac.uk/en/aboutus/awards/gwobrmered/|work=Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol|accessdate=25 September 2022}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị O bipụtara == * ''Hume'' Gwasg Gee, Denbigh. 1984. * ''Merêd: detholiad ma ọ bụ當時rifau Dr. Meredydd Evans'' (edged Geraint Huw Jenkins, Ann Ffrancon), Gomer, Llandysul, 1994. * ''Canu'r Cymry'' Mpịakọta 1&2. Abụ ọdịnala Welsh. Welsh Folk-Song Society. == Nkọwapụta Egwu == === Nke Naanị ya kụrụ === * Abụ ọdịnala Welsh (Folkways, 1954) * Egwú ''Egwú Welsh'' (Delysé, 1962) * Merêd (Saint, 1976) === Nke ya na Triawd y Coleg kụrụ === * Triawd y Coleg (Sain, 1973) * Y Noson Lawen (Sain, 1973) {{Authority control}} == Ihe Ndị edeturu == {{Reflist|group=nb}} == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.folkways.si.edu/albumdetails.aspx?itemid=1200/ Welsh Folk Songs Album nkọwa] na Folkways RecordsIhe ndekọ Folkways * Ihe ndekọ Sain [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124232/http://www.sain.wales.com/sain/thing.aspx?thingid=251&letter=M][https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124119/http://www.sain.wales.com/sain/..%2fsain%2fproduct.aspx?productuid=219248&clickproductonpage=] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0r4x7bpiphzr2uzcm7fe1ncnt89umhi 0 73175 674413 596909 2026-07-09T08:10:44Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Okwu */ 674413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Guarú|familycolor=Arawakan|fam2=Northern|fam3=[[Upper Amazon Arawakan|Upper Amazon]]|fam4=Western Nawiki|iso3=none|states=[[Colombia]]|region=[[Miritiparaná River]]}} '''Guarú''' (Garú) bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] ma ọ bụ olumba nke Yucuna <ref>{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 5.2 - Guaru|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/guar1294|accessdate=2026-01-22|work=glottolog.org}}</ref> .<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Rivet|first=Paul|date=1947|title=La langue guarú.|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1947_num_36_1_2359|journal=Journal de la société des américanistes|volume=36|issue=1|pages=137–138|doi=10.3406/jsa.1947.2359}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Loukotka|first=Čestmír|url=https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Aloukotka-1968-classification/Loukotka_1968_ClassSAIndLang_001_278.pdf|title=Classification of South American Indian Languages|date=1968|publisher=Latin American Center, University of California Los Angeles|isbn=9780879031077|editor=Wilbert|edition=4th|location=Latin American Center, UCLA|pages=239}}</ref> == Okwu == {| class="wikitable" |+Okwu Guarú<ref name=":0" /> !ịma mma !Guarú |- |unere |Xaaːarú |- |ọtụtụ |makeixe-neča |- |ịdị mma (ịdị mma) |puːpoača |- |ụzọ |ñieñiepu |- |ntutu isi |xiči |- |kpakpando |N'ihi ya |- |nwanyị |nulakeyeguay |- |ezigbo nwanyị |puːpñana-čima |- |nwoke |ačiña |- |ezi nwoke |puːpoačiña |- |ajọ nwoke |imayaua-čima |- |ya |iča-leeé |- |ha |map-čima |- |M |nu-ča |- |aka |yatela-čima |- |aka |yamačela |- |iri nri |peña-kape-eno |- |anyị abụọ na-eri |xiyama guag-neča-pena ma-ama |- |nke m |N'ime ala |- |anụ ọhịa bea |na-ahapụ ačačina |- |anyị |ne-ča |- |ụkwụ |na |- |ụkwụ |vaːmagñuma |- |nke ya, nke gị |pi-lexe ača |- |anyanwụ |kaamu |- |gị (sg.) |pi-te-ča |- |gị (pl.) |iča-maneba |- |otu |paglua-čima |- |abụọ |iogwu |- |atọ |Uzbek |- |anọ |pako-keit |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 3mn7bl7vyuxcd2d2lg6zv5n7i83k3v5 0 73176 674414 596910 2026-07-09T08:12:44Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Schomburgk (1848) */ 674414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Guinau|familycolor=Arawakan|iso3=none|states=[[Venezuela]]|extinct=?|fam1=[[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]]|fam2=Rio Negro|region=[[Merevarí River]]}} '''Guinau''' bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Venezuela]], <ref>{{Cite book|author=Moseley|first=Christopher|title=Atlas of the world's languages|date=1994|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-01925-5|location=London}}</ref> nke a na-asụbu n'akụkụ Osimiri Merevarí, nke bụ isi iyi nke Osimiri Caura. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Schomburgk|first=Robert H.|date=June 1848|title=Contributions to the Philological Ethnography of South America|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-968X.1848.tb00093.x|journal=Proceedings of the Philological Society|language=en|volume=3|issue=74|pages=228–237|doi=10.1111/j.1467-968X.1848.tb00093.x|issn=2050-5914}}</ref> A na-ewere ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka olumba nke [[Asụsụ Barawana|Baré]] nwere njikọ chiri anya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Aikhenvald|first=Alexandra Y.|title=The Amazonian languages|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge university press|isbn=978-0-521-57021-3|editor=Dixon|series=Cambridge language surveys|location=Cambridge (GB)|chapter=The Arawak language family}}</ref> Ramirez na França (2019) kewara ya n'alaka Rio Negro. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ramirez|first=Henri|date=2019-09-23|title=Línguas Arawak da Bolívia|url=https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/view/8655045|journal=LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas|volume=19|pages=e019012|doi=10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655045|issn=2177-7160}}</ref> == Okwu == === Loukotka (1968) === Loukotka (1968) nyere ihe ndị a bụ isi okwu maka Guinau:<ref>{{Cite book|author=Loukotka|first=Čestmír|url=https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Aloukotka-1968-classification/Loukotka_1968_ClassSAIndLang_001_278.pdf|title=Classification of South American Indian Languages|date=1968|publisher=Latin American Center, University of California Los Angeles|isbn=9780879031077|editor=Wilbert|edition=4th|location=Latin American Center, UCLA|pages=239}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !ịma mma !Guinau |- |isi |na-achọghị |- |anya |na-uízyi |- |aka |n-kábi |- |mmiri |Otu |- |ọkụ |cheke |- |anyanwụ |gamũhũ |- |ụlọ |basi |- |tapir |zema |- |ọka |yúnu |- |otu |Abamédzya |- |abụọ |abiamáka |} === Schomburgk (1848) === A na-anọchite anya otu ụda.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Guinau !Nkọwa !Guinau !Nkọwa !Guinau !Nkọwa |- |Nọọpụ |ntutu isi |totoli |ikpere |yamkassi |oké ọhịa |- |intshebu |isi |katabu |ụkwụ |wamityo |savanna |- |teiburri |n'ihu |unkui |nkwonkwo ụkwụ |tshaeke-weima |nkụ |- |'nawisi' |anya |Inshibi |ụkwụ |tsaba |ugwu |- |intseibu |anya |intshibihanshi |mkpịsị ụkwụ |tshiba |nkume |- |intseibitzi |anya |intshibi-arahu |mkpịsị ụkwụ buru ibu |tshimari-tshebi |ụta |- |'nawisi tate |anya |intshibi-hityu |obere mkpịsị ụkwụ |tshimari |akụ́ |- |intshe |imi |Abba |nna |wataba |ọkpọkọ ikuku |- |'Noma' |ọnụ |amma |nne |hoih |klọb agha |- |intariha |egbugbere ọnụ |papa aeyeweni |nna |makuri |Akụ́ nwere nsí |- |'Nahe |ezé |paki homorra |nne nne |ennehri |Mgbọ ogbunigwe nwere nsí |- |tashini |ire |Yaenari |ụda |takaru |nkata maka ibu ibu |- |'N'afọ |olu |ọnụọgụ |nwa nwanyị |tshachi |nkata pụrụ iche na Guinau |- |kaukshi |ntì |enari |di¹ |Umatagh |ite |- |kakuta |akpịrịkpa |hennau |nwunye |Urukuma |matappa |- |intsanima |afụ ọnụ |yiwieni |nwanne nwoke |Manari |sieve maka ịcha ntụ ọka cassava |- |'noaku |ubu |matyu |nwanne nwanyị |tshiba |cassava rasp ma ọ bụ grater |- |takanne |ogwe aka |apaharikari, apaheu |nwoke |manokanna |jaguar |- |inkabo-akui |aka |bịa, apahoko |nwanyị |murayu |mgbada ọhịa |- |inkabo |aka |emi |nwa nwoke |purrika |"Savannah deer" (Pampas deer?) |- |kabhanshi |mkpịsị aka |hinahutyu |nwa agbọghọ |karriaku |"obere mgbada" (gray brocket?) |- |nabau-ita |mbọ mkpịsị aka |n'ime |ụwa |kwashi |nkịta |- |inkabo-yau |mkpịsị aka ukwu |tsheke |ọkụ |tsaema |tapir |- |inkabo |mkpịsị aka mbụ |Waenu |eluigwe |weiyurumish |agouti |- |inkabo-yetsebi |mkpịsị aka nke abụọ |kamuhu |anyanwụ |weiyuru |laba |- |inkabo-metahi |mkpịsị aka nke atọ |kewari |ọnwa |onisha |azụ |- |inkabo-hityuna |obere mkpịsị aka |yuwinti |kpakpando |wamiri |oke oke |- |intana |aka |Kaberi |igwe ojii |hinnau |hen |- |untoko |ara |awetshi |ifufe |merishi |Nkume na-acha uhie uhie |- |undura |afọ |hia |Mmiri ozuzo |Kerauka |peccary na-acha ọcha |- |taiiburu |ụgbọ mmiri |keimari |égbè eluigwe |wuisha |calabash |- |'nishinni |obi |kanhi |àmụ̀mà |bipụtara |osisi |- |Pashita |ọgịrịga |oni |mmiri |mekuru |unere |- |'naeta' |akpụkpọ ahụ |arahauko |osimiri |kantyeri |cassava |- |'nuiya |ọbara |egwu |ụlọ |tsari |achịcha cassava |- |'naetina' |anụ ahụ |moimahi |ahịhịa |teweshi |yam |- |'nabi' |azụ |tamon-hiha |osisi |ka-uh |Poteto na-atọ ụtọ |- |pashi |úkwù |tamona-yekta |okooko osisi |urari |ọgwụgwọ nsí |} {| class="wikitable" |+ !Guinau !Nkọwa !Guinau !Nkọwa |- |Yawari |Coaita |Ndị Kewa |ụbọchị |- |piwu |bat |ewi |mma |- |wari |nkịta savnnah |supara |cutlass |- |kabihi |Coati nke South America |Maria |axis |- |ibiha |Yawari |Ọ bụ ihe atụ |nko azụ |- |tebishima |Onye umengwụ na-acha odo odo |Mavassi |agụba |- |waetu |Armadillo nwere eriri itoolu |Kirre-kirre |Usoro |- |Marano |Armadillo nwere eriri atọ nke Brazil |meiyuru |Beads iko |- |keyu |capybara |kurarashi |beads na-acha ọbara ọbara |- |kurishai |Enzì Brazil |irashi |mma ogwu |- |ikuri |Nnukwu nnụnụ |wannamari |iko na-ele anya |- |karihu |Akịrịka Brazil |arripiriru |pin |- |muna |Dolphin nke osimiri Bolivia |makutsi |agịga |- |kukui |ugo |tsaeworrioko |acha anụnụ anụnụ, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ |- |kweh |toco toucan |kannioko |uhie |- |tshiwari |curassow ojii |kritoko |odo odo |- |Dakota |nnụnụ |kahauko |ojii |- |Iïya |hoatzin |parioko |ọcha |- |kwano |nkume manakin |Aha |ee |- |Maradi |guan |Egho marina |na |- |kuyuwi |guan na-acha ọcha |nia |ịkwa ákwá |- |karima |anhinga |tshakeitaba akakutyu |ịchị ọchị |- |Udoju |Jabiru | | |- |marima |nnụnụ cocoi | | |- |wanare |waccara (ogwe aka ọcha) | | |- |kunashimitzi |roseate spoonbill | | |- |huroma |Ọbọgwụ nke Moscow | | |- |visishiu |Ọbọgwụ na-afụ ụfụ | | |- |kuttua |cormorant neotropic | | |- |agha |Igurube Arrau | | |- |tarrikea |"obere mbe" | | |- |kaiman |Agụ iyi America | | |- |arraiyemanno |ezé | | |- |warramaka |iguana na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ | | |- |turraena |agwọ rattlesnake osisi | | |- |mattari |boa constrictor | | |- |tshibau |frog | | |- |tukurau |frog osisi na-akpụ ihe | | |- |timarui |Océlate River stingray | | |- |umaha |redye piranha | | |- |yarinuni |''Electrophorus electricus'' | | |- |mawishi |mkpokoro na-enweghị isi | | |- |kuibashi |"Svannah shell" | | |- |matutu |mkpuchi mkpuchi. | | |- |Ọkụ |mkpuchi mkpuchi. | | |- |toma-kurimashi |Krab | | |- |akwụkwọ |shrimp | | |- |tsiwoyu |akpị | | |- |araru |tarantula | | |- |ikyeba |''Scolopendra Morsitans'' | | |- |Tawai |igurube | | |- |hannejo |anwụnta | | |- |Mgbapụta |''Tunga penetrans'' | | |- |mawni |sandfly | | |- |ureta |ụgbala | | |- |tshaeweta |louse | | |- |pareita |1 | | |- |yamika |2 | | |- |piampatyam |3 | | |- |Kereha |4 | | |- |abba kawika |5 | | |- |yamunakatsi |6 | | |- |kabo abba watyam kab |8 | | |- |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a na-eme ihe nkiri |9 | | |- |abba kubba-kack |10 | | |- |tshohi |n'ebe ugwu | | |- |abbabatassi |ndịda | | |- |kamahu atsina |Ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ | | |- |kamahu asslabo |ọdịda anyanwụ | | |- |kibau |abalị | | |} === Ihe edeturu === # Ọ pụtakwara "'nwoke' n'echiche zuru oke" == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} nbaazvgfupgpr2u4zrgu4wrflhalcxq 0 73188 674417 596927 2026-07-09T08:31:13Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Ọnwụ */ 674417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Gwynfor Evans | image = BBC debate between Iorwerth Thomas (Rhondda MP) and Gwynfor Evans (1473664) (cropped).jpg | caption = Evans in 1951 | office = President of [[Plaid Cymru]] | honorific_suffix = | predecessor = [[Abi Williams]] | successor = [[Dafydd Wigley]] | term_start = 1945 | term_end = 1981 | office1 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] <br> for [[Carmarthen (UK Parliament constituency)|Carmarthen]] | termstart1 = 15 July 1966 | termend1 = 29 May 1970 | predecessor1 = [[Megan Lloyd George]] | successor1 = [[Gwynoro Jones]] | termstart2 = 10 October 1974 | termend2 = 7 April 1979 | predecessor2 = [[Gwynoro Jones]] | successor2 = [[Roger Thomas (British politician)|Roger Thomas]] | birth_name = Gwynfor Richard Evans | birth_date = {{birth date|1912|9|1|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Barry, Wales|Barry]], Wales | death_date = {{death date and age|2005|4|21|1912|9|1|df=y}} | death_place = [[Pencarreg]], [[Carmarthenshire]], Wales | spouse = {{marriage|Rhiannon Prys Thomas|1941|<!-- Omission per Template:Marriage instructions -->}} | children = 7 | nationality = [[Welsh people|Welsh]] | party = [[Plaid Cymru]] | alma_mater = [[University of Wales, Aberystwyth]]<br>[[St John's College, Oxford]] }} '''Gwynfor Richard Evans''' (1 Septemba 1912 - 21 Eprel 2005) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Wales, onye ọka iwu na onye edemede. Ọ bụụrụ onye isi oche nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Wales Plaid Cymru ruo afọ iri atọ na isii ma bụrụ onye omeiwu mbụ nọchitere anya ya na Westminster, nke o mere ugboro abụọ, site na 1966 ruo 1970, na ọzọ site na 1974 ruo 1979. Mgbe ọ banyere na House of Commons, ọ dara na mgbalị ya inweta ikike ịṅụ iyi oru n'Asụsụ Welsh. Ọ bụ onye omeiwu mbụ nwara ime nke a, mana e nyeghị ikike ịṅụ iyi ọrụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla na-abụghị Bekee na UK ruo 1974. Ihe kachasị a ma ọ rụzuru bụ mkpọsa ya gara nke ọma maka ịmepụta ọwa telivishọn asụsụ Welsh. == Ndụ Mmalite == A mụrụ Gwynfor Evans na Barry, dị nso na Cardiff, nye Dan Evans na Catherine Richard. O nwere nwanne nwoke aha ya bụ Alcwyn, na nwanne nwanyị aha ya bụ Ceridwen. Nna ya nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ azụmahịa na Barry, nne ya nweekwa ụdị ụlọ azụmahịa ndị China. Nne ya sụrụ asụsụ Welsh nke ọma. Dịka nwata nwoke, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Gladstone Road School. Ka e mesịrị, ọ gara akwụkwọ na Barry County School, ebe ọ bụ onye isi òtù egwuregwu ụmụ akwụkwọ maka egwuregwu krịket na họki. Gburugburu ahụ bụ asụsụ Bekee ka ha na-asụkarị; n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ malitere mụwa Asụsụ Welsh mana ọ sụghị ya nke ọma ruo mgbe o mere afọ iri na asaa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Evans gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Wales, Aberystwyth, yana na St John's College, Oxford, ebe o si tozuo ịbụ ọkaiwu. Mgbe ọ nọ na St John's, ọ ghọrọ onye òtù Dafydd ap Gwilym n'ebe ahụ. Ọ bụkwaara onye nlekọta ogige ahịa. Ọ dị afọ iri na ụma mgbe e guzobere òtù Welsh nationalist party Plaid Cymru n'afọ 1925, o wee hiwe alaka nke òtù ahụ mgbe ọ nọ na Oxford. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi òtù ahụ na 1945 ma nọgide n'ọ́kwá ahụ ruo 1981. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Onye bụ òkpé udo, ọ malitere na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Heddychwyr Cymru, ụlọ ọrụ Welsh nwere njikọ chiri anya n'òtù Peace Pledge Union, na-eje ozi dịka odeakwụkwọ yana onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka mpempe akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi a nọ na-ebi n'oge niile nke [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]]. Onye bụkwa onye na-eso ụzọ Kraịst dị uchu, ọ kpọrọ onwe ya conscientious objector nke a chọrọ na ọ ga apụta n'ụlọ ikpe kwuo nke, mgbe ahụrụ nkwesi ike n'okwukwe ya, e debanyere aha ya ozugbo na-enweghị ọnọdụ ọbụla a gbakwunyere na ya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A na-eto Evans maka idebe Plaid Cymru la ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'afọ ndị na-adịghị mma nke ndị 1940 na ndị 1950. N'afọ ndị 1950, o mere mkpọsa na-enweghị isi maka inwe ndị omeiwu Welsh. Ọ sonyeere ndị obodo ahụ Dafydd Roberts na Elizabeth May Watkin Jones na ngagharị iwe ha megide mmechi na idei mmiri na-eme n'obodo ha Capel Celyn. Nke a bụ n'ihi atụmatụ nke itinye dam n'osimiri Tryweryn iji nye obodo Liverpool mmiri. Nke a bụ ihe a ma ama na Wales na mbido afọ ndị 1960. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/story-outrage-shaped-welsh-politics-12173216|title=The story of the outrage that shaped Welsh politics for more than five decades|first=David|author=Williamson|date=14 November 2016|work=WalesOnline}}</ref> N'afọ 1962, Evans sonyeere Wales West na North Television, nke ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi n'ọrụ ahụ. O meriri ITV franchise maka mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ na mgbago ugwu Wales, mana ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dara n'ihi nsogbu ego, e wee jikọta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ọzọ, Television Wales na West.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rogers|first=Jeremy|title=WWN History|url=http://www.users.zetnet.co.uk/itw/WWN/history.html|work=Independent TeleWeb|accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref> == Ihe ndekọ ntuli aka == === Gọọmentị okpuru ọchịchị na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu mbụ === [[Faịlụ:1959_Election_in_Merioneth_(1492198).jpg|thumb|Evans mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu na Merioneth, n'oge ntuli aka UK nke afọ 1959]] A họpụtara Evans ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù kansụl Carmarthenshire County na 1949, na-anọgide n'oche ya ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise sochirinụ, na-abụkarị naanị onye nnọchi anya Plaid Cymru sọọsọ ya, na-enweta aha njirimara "Evans dual carriageway" maka nkwadosi ike ya n'imeziwanye njikọ njem. N'afọ 1973, mgbe e wepụrụ Kansụl Carmarthenshire County, a họpụtaghị Evans na Kansụl Dyfed County ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Western Mail|date=13 April 1973}}</ref> Evans zọrọ makaMerioneth na ntuli aka nke 1945, 1950, 1955 na 1959, na ntuliaka nke 1954 Aberdare. === 1966 Ntuli aka nke Carmarthen === N'afọ 1964, Evans wefere achụmnta vootu ya na Carmarthen. N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1966, Evans meriri oche onye omeiwu nke Carmarthen site n'òtù Labour na ntuli aka e mere naanị ya maka ọnwụ nke Lady Megan Lloyd George, nwa nwanyị nke onye bụbu praịm minista Liberal, David Lloyd George, ebe ọ bụ na ọ gbara onye nke atọ na ntuliaka ọha e mere izu ole na ole gara aga tupu mgbe ahụ. Ọ zọkwara oche ahụ na Ntuli aka nke afọ 1964. A na-ewere mmeri ya na ntuli aka a dị ka oge dị mkpa nye Plaid Cymru. Onye òkpé udo ibe ya bụ Emrys Hughes, ọgọ Keir Hardie, gosiri ya gburugburu House of Commons; mgbe ọ na-atụ aka na tebụl Welsh Labour n'ime ụlọ ọṅụṅụ tii nke Commons, Hughes dọrọ ya aka ná ntị, "Ọ ga-akakwara gị mma ka ị ghara ịnọdụ ala n'ebe ahụ, aha gị bụ apịtị n'etiti ọtụtụ ahụ dị ebe ahụ. "<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/gwynfor-evans-bdnmc8rbwmc|title=Gwynfor Evans: September 1, 1912 – April 21, 2005|work=[[The Times]]|date=April 21, 2005|accessdate=23 March 2020|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ banyere na House of Commons, ọ dara n'ụzọ dàrà ụda na mgbalị ya inweta ikike ịṅụ iyi ọrụ n'Asụsụ Welsh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1966/jul/21/oath-of-allegiance-welsh-language|title=Oath of Allegiance (Welsh language)|date=21 July 1966|work=Hansard|accessdate=10 March 2021}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye omeiwu mbụ nwara ime nke a, mana e nyeghị ikike ịṅụ iyi ọrụ n'asụsụ ọbụla na-abụghị Bekee na UK ruo n'afọ 1974.<ref>{{Cite book|author=British Academy|title=The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wNSIAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=British Academy|isbn=978-0-19-726271-9}}</ref> === Ihe ndekọ ntuli aka mgbe e mesịrị === Na Ntuli aka nke afọ 1970, Gwynoro Jones nke Labour merìrì Evans n'oche Carmarthen ya ma dakwaa n'iweghachite ya na ntuli aka Febụwarị 1974 site na naanị vootu atọ. Ọ weghachiri oche ahụ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke vootu puku atọ , narị isii na iri anọ na ntuli aka nke Ọktoba 1974, mgbe ọ laghachiri na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu ya na ndị omeiwu Plaid Cymru abụọ ọzọ, Dafydd Wigley na Dafydd Elis Thomas. Evans tufuru oche Carmarthen ọzọ na Ntuli aka nke afọ 1979, nye Roger Thomas (nke òtù Labour kwa). Ọ dakwara na Ntuli aka nke afọ 1983, wee kwụsịzie ịzọ ọkwa ọchịchị ọzọ. == Ọrụ dị ka onye omeiwu == Na House of Commons, Evans kwenyesiri ike n'ụkpụrụ ikpe udo ya n'ịbụ otu n'ime ndị omeiwu ole na ole na-emegide nkwado gọọmentị Britain na-enye gọọmentị etiti Naijiria site n'inye ha ngwá agha na agha obodo megide [[Bịafra|Biafra]] (1967-1970). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barry.cymru/history/great-barrians-the-influencers/|title=Great Barrians - the Influencers of politics and social reform}}</ref> O megidekwara Agha Vietnam: mgbe e gbochiri ya ịbanye na mba ahụ dị ka otu onye n'ime òtù ndị nnyocha, kama o mere ngagharị iwe n'èzí ọdụ ụgbọ elu US dị na Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hanesplaidcymru.org/gwynfor-evans-darlith/?lang=en|title=Gwynfor Evans – Lecture by Peter Hughes Griffiths – Hanes Plaid Cymru}}</ref> Evans bụ onye isi oche mbụ (na nke ikpeazụ) nke Celtic League 1961-71. Robert McIntyre nke SNP bụ osote onye isi oche n'oge ahụ. == Ndụ Agadi ya == Ihe kachasị ama ọ rụzuru bụ mkpọsa ya gara nke ọma maka ịmepụta ọwa telivishọn Asụsụ Welsh.<ref name="Crystal2002">{{Cite book|author=Crystal|first=David|authorlink=David Crystal|title=Language Death|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_s9fR8pczMC&pg=PA87|date=29 April 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-01271-3}}</ref> N'afọ 1980, egwu ọ nọ na-eyi na ọ ga-anọwa agụụ, mgbe gọọmentị Conservative lara azụ n'imezu nkwa ha kwere na mgbé ntuli aka iguzobe ọwa telivishọn n'asụsụ Welsh, nyere aka n'iweta mgbanwe n'oge Margaret Thatcher, nke mere na S4C malitere mgbasa ozi na 1 Nọvemba 1982.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-12062288|title=Hunger strike behind S4C creation|work=BBC News|date=30 December 2010}}</ref> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ ghọrọ onye edemede na-ede ọtụtụ ihe, ọkachasị n'isiokwu Welsh na ide akwụkwọ na Welsh na mbipụta ya n'asụsụ Bekee n'otu oge ahụ kwa ma ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị. Ọrụ ya {{Lang|cy|Aros Mae}} (''Ọ Na-adịgide adịgide'') (nke e bipụtara na 1971), akụkọ ihe mere eme zuru oke nke Wales, na nsụgharị n'asụsụ Bekee ya Land of my Fathers: 2000 Years of Welsh History (nke e bipụtara na 1974), aghọworị ndị a kacha ere n'ahịa. == Ndụ onwe onye == N'afọ 1941, Evans lụrụ Rhiannon Prys Thomas, onye nọrọ ọnwa itoolu nwụọ, ọ nwụrụ na 13 Jenụwarị 2006. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Goldman|first=Lawrence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA355|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005-2008|date=2013-03-07|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-967154-0|pages=355|language=en}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ asaa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/mid_/4610138.stm|title=Gwynfor Evans' widow dies at 86|date=13 January 2006}}</ref> Nwa ha nwanyị, [[Meinir Ffransis|Meinir]], ghọrọ onye a ma ama na-asụ asụsụ Welsh ma lụọ [[Ffred Ffransis]]. == Ọnwụ == Evans nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Pencarreg na 21 Eprel 2005 mgbe ọ dị afọ irí itoolu na abụọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2002565.stm|title=Plaid pioneer Gwynfor Evans dies|date=21 April 2005}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/gwynfor-evans-495883.html|title=Gwynfor Evans|date=22 April 2005|work=The Independent}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/apr/22/broadcasting.welshassembly|title=Obituary: Gwynfor Evans|first=Patrick|author=Hannan|work=The Guardian|date=22 April 2005}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> === Akụkọ Otuto === [[Faịlụ:Gwynfor_Evans_memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_452200.jpg|thumb|Ihe ncheta Gwynfor Evans, n'ụzọ Garn Goch hillfort, dị nso na Llandeilo]] Mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Welsh jikọtara ọnụ n'ịkwanyere Gwynfor Evans ùgwù: * "E wepụ Gwynfor Evans ịnọ n'isi Plaid Cymru nwere ike ọ gaghị anọ ndụ ịhụ agamnihu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ ndị sochiri. E nwetara mmetụta ya gafee gburugburu òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Wales agaghị abụ mba ọ bụ taa — eleghị anya agaghị agụ ya dịka mba chaachaa — m'ọbụrụ n'ọbụghị Gwynfor Evans." — [[Dafydd Iwan]], President of Plaid Cymru. * "N'agbanyeghị na mmekọrịta ya na ndị omeiwu òtù Labour adịchaghị mma mgbe niile, e nweghị nkwujọ ọnụ ọbụla dị basara ihe ntinye ya buru nnukwu ibu nye ndụ ọhaneze Welsh, ọkachasị n'ibulite akụkọ gbasara Wales yana okwu ndị metụtara asụsụ Welsh n'ogologo oge ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Welsh na Britain" – Rhodri Morgan, Minista nke mbụ nke Gọọmentị Welsh (Labour). * "Gwynfor Evans mere ntinye pụrụ iche na ndụ ọhaneze Welsh public onye a ga-echeta ọkachasị maka mbulite ya nke asụsụ Welsh." – Peter Hain, Odeakwụkwọ Steeti nke Wales (Labour). * "Wales etufuola otu n'ime ndị o nwere kachasị mkpa nke oge ndị a. Gwynfor Evans bụụrụ onye a na-akwanyere ùgwù n'ebe ọ dị elu onyw mere ntinye dàrà ụda na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Wales. Ndekọ ihe ọ rụzuru n'iweta mgbasa ozi n'asụsụ Welsh nye mba bụ n'onwe ya, nnukwu ihe uru." – Nick Bourne, onye ndú nke òtù Welsh Conservative Party. * "Gwynfor jere ozi n'òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya ọfụma ma.nwenwuo Ike iduba ha n'ịgs nke ọma nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ dọtara nsọpụrụ site n'akụkụ niile nke ọ̀gbọ́ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọnwụ ya gosiri ngwụcha nke otu àgbà n'akụkọ ihe méré eme nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Wales". – Mike German, Leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats. * A malitere ime mkpọsa maka iwu ihe onyonyo Gwynfor Evans na-adịgide adịgide na Carmarthen. * Ime mkpọsa sitere n'aka onye nkuzi praịmarị n'ógbè ahụ, Gwenno Hughes, iguzobe ihe ncheta na-adịgide adịgide nye Evans, n'obodo ebe a mụrụ ya, meziri ka a rụọ bust eji ọlanchara mee nke onye ọ̀kpụ́ ihe John Meirion Morris mere n'ọ́bá akwụkwọ Barry na 2010. Ego e ji wuo ihe ncheta ahụ bụ ndị ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nọ n'obodo ahụ Ysgol Gymraeg Sant Baruc tụkọtara ya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Akwụkwọ Ndị O Dere == * ''Aros Mae'' (1971) (English version: ''Land of my Fathers: 2000 Years of Welsh History'' (1974)  ) * ''Byw neu farw? : y frwydr dros yr iaith a'r Sianel deledu gymraeg / Life or death? : the struggle for the language and a Welsh TV channel'' (1980  , bilingual text) * ''Diwedd Prydeindod'' (1981,  ) * Autobiography: ''Bywyd Cymro'' (1982) (English version: ''For the Sake of Wales'' (1986)  ) * ''The Fight for Welsh Freedom'' (2000,  ) * ''Cymru o Hud'' (2001,  ) (English version: ''Eternal Wales'' (2001)  ) == Hụkwa == * Royal Commission on the Constitution (United Kingdom) == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} * Hansard1803–2005: intinye na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu site n'aka Gwynfor Evans * [http://www.gwynfor.net/ Gwynfor Evans Website - nke ezinụlọ ya na-elekọta] {{s-start}} {{s-par|uk}} {{succession box|title=Member of Parliament for [[Carmarthen (UK Parliament constituency)|Carmarthen]]|years=[[1966 Carmarthen by-election|1966]]–1970|before=[[Megan Lloyd George]]|after=[[Gwynoro Jones]]}} {{succession box|title=Member of Parliament for [[Carmarthen (UK Parliament constituency)|Carmarthen]]|years=1974–1979|before=[[Gwynoro Jones]]|after=[[Roger Thomas (British politician)|Roger Thomas]]}} {{s-ppo}} {{succession box|title=President of [[Plaid Cymru]]|years=1945–1981|before=[[Abi Williams]]|after=[[Dafydd Wigley]]}} {{s-new|post}} {{s-ttl|title=Honorary President of [[Plaid Cymru]]|years=1982–2005}} {{s-aft|after=[[Dafydd Wigley]]}} {{s-end}}{{Plaid Cymru}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6zbf4hhtovlrrh89v98s9ee0u886w2m 0 73534 674415 597513 2026-07-09T08:16:25Z Bigcee007 24507 Fixed reference error 674415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Gooniyandi|region=[[Western Australia]]|speakers={{sigfig|205|2}}|date=2021 census|familycolor=Australian|fam1=[[Bunuban languages|Bunuban]]|script=[[Latin script|Latin]]|iso3=gni}} '''Gooniyandi''' bụ asụsụ ndị Aborigine nke Australia nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 200 na-asụ ugbu a, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bi na Fitzroy Crossing ma ọ bụ nso ya na Western Australia.<ref name="og">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/gooniyandi.php|title=Gooniyandi language, alphabet and pronunciation|accessdate=2018-07-22|work=Omniglot}}</ref> Asụsụ Gooniyandi bụ asụsụ dị ize ndụ n'ihi na a naghị ebufe ya nye ụmụaka, ndị na-etolite na-asụ Kriol. == Nchịkọta == == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Gooniyandi nwere ụdaume atọ: /a, m, u/. /a/ nwere ogologo ụdaume dị iche iche.[5] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede ! !N'ihu !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !Elu |i |u |- !Ala Dị Ala | colspan="2" |a |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụ okwu ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Mpaghara ! colspan="2" |Akụkụ dị iche iche ! colspan="2" |Apical |- !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Velar !Palatal !Ezé ezé !Alveolar !Retroflex |- !Plosive |b |ɡ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨j⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Atụmatụ⟨th⟩ |d |Ọdịdị⟨rd⟩ |- !Ụgbọ imi |m |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨ng⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ny⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨nh⟩ |n |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨rn⟩ |- !Tap | | | | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨dd⟩ | |- !N'akụkụ | | |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ⟨ly⟩ | |l |Akụkụ nke a⟨rl⟩ |- !Ihe atụ |w | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |Akụkụ nke a⟨r⟩ |} == Orthography == Ndị obodo ahụ nakweere mkpụrụedemede Gooniyandi nke dabeere na mkpụrụedemede Latin n'afọ 1984, e mesịkwara gbanwee ya na 1990 na ọzọ na 1999. Ọ bụghị ụdaume, ebe ọ na-ewepu ụfọdụ ọdịiche e mere n'okwu. == Asụsụ == Gooniyandi enweghị nwoke na nwanyị, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ikpe; ọ na-eji usoro ergative-absolutive. Ọ bụ asụsụ ngwaa ikpeazụ, mana enweghị usoro dị n'etiti isiokwu na ihe ahụ. == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == *   * {{Cite book|author=McGregor|first=William|year=1990|title=A Functional Grammar of Gooniyandi|url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_gni_detail-1|location=Amsterdam|publisher=John Benjamins}} * <ref name="og" />{{Cite book|author=McGregor|first=William|year=1994|chapter=Gooniyandi|editor=Nick Thieberger & William McGregor|title=Macquarie Aboriginal Words|publisher=The Macquarie Library|pages=193–213}} * {{Cite book|author=McGregor|first=William|year=2004|title=The Languages of the Kimberley, Western Australia|location=London, New York|publisher=Taylor & Francis}} * {{Cite book|author=M Haspelmath|title=The World Atlas of Language Structures|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford}} 5ise1m2c7m1ysxr2r5w5a5kckepmz1z 0 73943 674406 672929 2026-07-09T07:38:17Z Ebube Clara 43871 674406 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Portrait114.gif|thumb|Foto nke Jane Addams, site na eserese icheku ọkụ na 1892 nke Alice Kellogg Tyler. Ebe e si nweta ya: Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), p. 114]] '''[[W:ig:Laura Jane Addams|Laura Jane Addams]]''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Addams|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/addams/biographical/|work=The Nobel Prize|publisher=The Norwegian Nobel Institute|accessdate=September 10, 2021}}</ref> (September 6, 1860 - May 21, 1935) bụ onye America na-eme ngagharị iwe, onye na-eme mgbanwe, onye ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chambers|first=Clarke A.|date=March 1986|title=Women in the Creation of the Profession of Social Work|journal=[[Social Service Review]]|volume=60|issue=1|pages=1–33|doi=10.1086/644347}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franklin|first=Donna L.|date=June 1986|title=Mary Richmond and Jane Addams: From Moral Certainty to Rational Inquiry in Social Work Practice|journal=[[Social Service Review]]|volume=60|issue=4|pages=504–525|doi=10.1086/644396}}</ref> onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmadụ, onye nchịkwa ọha na eze, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma, na onye edemede. Ọ bụ onye ndu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1889, Addams guzobere Hull House, otu n'ime ụlọ ndị a ma ama na America, na [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], na-enye ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị ukwuu maka ndị ogbenye, ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị si mba ọzọ. N'ihe gbasara nkà ihe ọmụma, ọ bụ "onye na-eme ihe n'ụzọ siri ike", a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-ahụ maka ọkà ihe ọmụma ọha na eze na United States. N'oge Progressive Era, mgbe ọbụna ndị isi ala dị ka Theodore Roosevelt na Woodrow Wilson gosipụtara onwe ha dị ka ndị na-eme mgbanwe ma nwee ike ile ha anya dị ka ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Addams bụ otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta mgbanwe a ma ama.  Onye na-akwado Udo ụwa, ma bụrụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye guzobere ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na United States, na 1931 Addams ghọrọ nwanyị America mbụ e nyere onyinye Nobel Peace Prize; <ref>{{Cite book|author=Stuart|first=Paul H.|title=Encyclopedia of Social Work|chapter=Social Work Profession: History|publisher=Oxford University Press and the National Association of Social Workers Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.623|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-997583-9}}</ref> ya na Nicholas Murray Butler kerịtara mmeri ahụ. Na mbido, e nyere Addams nzere Master of Arts na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] na 1910, na-aghọ nwanyị mbụ natara nzere nsọpụrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yalealumnimagazine.org/articles/4881-women-of-honor|title=Women of honor|work=yalealumnimagazine.org}}</ref> N'afọ 1920, ọ bụ onye guzobere American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrating Women's History Month: The Fight for Women's Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU|work=American Civil Liberties Union of Virginia|url=http://acluva.org/11229/celebrating-womens-history-month-the-fight-for-womens-rights-and-the-aclu/|publisher=ACLU Virginia|date=March 28, 2013}}</ref> Addams nyeere America aka idozi ma lekwasị anya n'okwu ndị na-echegbu ndị nne, yana ọrụ ụlọ e kenyere ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka mkpa ụmụaka, ahụike ọha na eze, na udo ụwa. N'ime edemede ya "Utilization of Women in City Government", Addams kwuru njikọ dị n'etiti ọrụ gọọmentị na ezinụlọ, na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ngalaba gọọmentị, dị ka ịdị ọcha na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka, nwere ike ịlaghachi azụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ọdịnala na mpaghara onwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Addams on Women in Government|url=https://sageamericanhistory.net/progressive/docs/Addams.htm|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=sageamericanhistory.net.net}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1935, Addams bụ nwanyị a ma ama na United States.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|author=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|pages=8}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams.jpg|thumb|Jane Addams dị ka nwa agbọghọ, onyinyo studio na-enweghị ụbọchị site na Cox, Chicago]] [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams_Birthplace.gif|thumb|Birthplace of Jane Addams in Cedarville, Illinois. ''Source'' Addams: ''Twenty Years at Hull House'' (1910), in the public domain.]] A amụrụ ya na Cedarville, Illinois, <ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000">{{Cite book|author=Kathryn Cullen-DuPont|title=Encyclopedia of women's history in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC&pg=PA374|year=2000|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-4100-8|pages=4–5}}</ref> Jane Addams bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya n'ebe ugwu Illinois nke sitere na ndị England na America nke laghachiri na Pennsylvania. N'afọ 1863, mgbe Addams dị afọ abụọ, nne ya, Sarah Addams (née Weber), nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị ime nwa ya nke itoolu. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ụmụnne ya nwanyị tọrọ ya lekọtara Addams. Ka ọ na-erule mgbe Addams dị afọ asatọ, anọ n'ime ụmụnne ya anwụọla: atọ n'oge ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ na otu mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii. <ref name="linn" /> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Linn|first=James Weber|title=Jane Addams:Biography|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2000|origyear=1935|location=Urbana|isbn=0-252-06904-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam00knig|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2005|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam00knig/page/n48 32]–33}}</ref> Addams nọrọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na-egwuri egwu n'èzí, na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ, ma na-aga Ụlọ akwụkwọ Sọnde. Mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, ọ butere ụkwara nta nke ọkpụkpụ azụ, nke a maara dị ka Ọrịa Potts, nke kpatara nkwonkwo azụ ya na nsogbu ahụike ogologo oge. Nke a mere ka o sie ike dị ka nwatakịrị iso ụmụaka ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ, na-atụle na ọ nwere nkwarụ ma ghara ịgba ọsọ nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Addams and Hull-House|url=http://www.teachspace.org/personal/research/addams/index.html|publisher=DeVry University|year=2001}}</ref> Dị ka nwatakịrị, o chere na ọ dị njọ ma mesịa cheta na ọ chọghị ime ihere nna ya, mgbe o yi uwe ya kachasị mma na Sọnde, site n'iso ya na-aga n'okporo ámá.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=36–37}}</ref> Jane Addams hụrụ nna ya n'anya, John H. Addams, mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ka ọ na-akọ na ncheta ya, Afọ iri abụọ na Hull House (1910). [1] Ọ bụ onye guzobere Illinois Republican Party, jere ozi dị ka onye Senator Illinois State (1855–1870), ma kwado enyi ya Abraham Lincoln na mkpọsa ya maka Congress (1854) na Onye isi ala (1860). O debere akwụkwọ ozi sitere na Lincoln na tebụl ya, na Addams nwere mmasị ile ya anya mgbe ọ bụ nwata. [2] Nna ya bụ onye ọchụnta ego bara ọgaranya nwere nnukwu ubi, ehi na ugbo; otu ntụ ọka na igwe osisi; na igwe igwe owu. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke abụọ National Bank of Freeport, Illinois. Ọ lụrụ ọzọ na 1868 mgbe Addams dị afọ asatọ. Nwunye ya nke abụọ bụ Anna Hostler Haldeman, nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Freeport. [1] N'oge ọ bụ nwata, Addams nwere nnukwu nrọ ime ihe bara uru n'ụwa. Dị ka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ukwuu, ọ malitere inwe mmasị na ndị ogbenye site na ọgụgụ ya nke Charles Dickens. N'ịbụ onye ọrụ ya na obiọma nne ya nwere n'ebe ndị ogbenye nọ na Cedarville nọ kpaliri, Addams kpebiri ịghọ dọkịta ka o wee nwee ike ibi ma rụọ ọrụ n'etiti ndị ogbenye. Nna Addams gbara ya ume ka ọ gaa agụmakwụkwọ ka elu mana ọ dị nso n'ụlọ. Ọ chọsiri ike ịga kọleji ọhụrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, Smith College na Massachusetts, mana nna ya chọrọ ka ọ gaa Rockford Female Seminary (nke bụzi Mahadum Rockford), na Rockford, Illinois.<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> Ahụmahụ ya na Rockford na-egosi ya n'iji teknụzụ US eme ihe. Ɔ Film na gburugburu ụmụaka anọ. Ọ deziri akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, bụ onye ikpeazụ ọkà okwu, isiokwu na onye ndú nke klas nke 1881. Addams akwụkwọ na ndị ọzọ na-etinye aka na post-secondary agụmakwụkwọ ga-enwe ọhụrụ ike na ihe ịma aka. O were nke a na ndị na-enye achịcha (1880), okwu o kwuru mgbe ọ bụ nwata.[1] O kwuru na "mgbanwe ahụ mere ... na ike nke ụmụaka gosipụtara." [2] Na usoro nke imetụta isi ha na ọrụ ha, ihe ọhụrụ na-eme.[3] "Ọ bụghị ịbụ ma ọ bụ ịdị ka ụmụ nwoke" mana ha kwuru "otu ike iche echiche na ime onwe ya." Nwanyị ya na mgba na-enweta "nkwado ọhụrụ na nhọrọ ya, LED na ngwaọrụ ya na-aga n'ihu." [2] [4] Mgbe ọ nọ na Rockford, ọgụgụ ya nke Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, [[Leo Tolstoy]] na ndị ọzọ ghọrọ mmetụta dị mkpa. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Rockford na 1881, na asambodo kọleji na onye otu na Phi Beta Kappa, ọ ka na-atụ anya ịga Smith iji nweta B.A. N'oge okpomọkụ ahụ, nna ya nwụrụ na mberede site na ọrịa appendicitis na mberede.<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> Nwatakịrị ọ bụla ketara ihe dịka $ 50,000 (nke ya na $ 1.67 na 2016). N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ahụ, Addams, nwanne ya nwanyị Alice, di Alice Harry, na nne nne ha, Anna Haldeman Addams, kwagara Philadelphia ka ndị ntorobịa atọ ahụ wee nwee ike ịchụso agụmakwụkwọ ahụike. Harry enwetala ọzụzụ na nkà mmụta ọgwụ ma gaa n'ihu na Mahadum Pennsylvania. Jane na Alice gụsịrị afọ mbụ ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike na Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania,<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> mana nsogbu ahụike Jane, ịwa ahụ n'ọkpụkpụ azụ <ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" />na nkụchi akwara gbochiri ya ịmecha akara ugo mmụta ahụ. Obi gbawara ya maka ọdịda ya. Nne nne ya Anna na-arịa ọrịa, ya mere ezinụlọ ahụ dum kagburu atụmatụ ha ịnọ afọ abụọ wee laghachi Cedarville.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam0000knig/page/77 77–79, 109, 119–120]|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-44699-9|url=https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam0000knig/page/77}}</ref> Nwanne di ya Harry mere ịwa ahụ n'azụ ya, iji dozie ya. Mgbe ahụ, ọ dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịga akwụkwọ kama, kama ọ ga-eme njem. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1883, ya na nne nne ya malitere njem afọ abụọ na Europe, na-eme njem ụfọdụ oge na ndị enyi na ndị ezinụlọ sonyeere ha. Addams kpebiri na ọ gaghị abụ dọkịta iji nwee ike inyere ndị ogbenye aka.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=124–25, 130–31, 138–39}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ na June 1887, ya na nne nne ya biri na Cedarville ma soro ya nọrọ n'oge oyi na Baltimore. Addams, ka jupụtara na oké ọchịchọ, dara n'ịda mbà n'obi, na-ejighị n'aka ọdịnihu ya ma na-eche na ọ baghị uru na-eduzi ndụ nkịtị a na-atụ anya na nwa agbọghọ bara ọgaranya. O degaara enyi ya si Rockford Seminary, Ellen Gates Starr, akwụkwọ ozi ogologo, karịsịa banyere Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na akwụkwọ mana mgbe ụfọdụ banyere obi nkoropụ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=139–142}}</ref> Nwa nwanne ya nwoke bụ James Weber Linn (1876-1939) onye kụziri Bekee na Mahadum Chicago ma jee ozi na Illinois General Assembly. Linn dekwara akwụkwọ na akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ka ọ dịgodị, Addams nwetara mkpali site n'ihe ọ gụrụ. Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ na akwụkwọ Tolstoy bụ My Religion masịrị ya, e mere ya baptizim dị ka Onye Kraịst na Cedarville Presbyterian Church n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1886. N'ịgụ akwụkwọ Giuseppe Mazzini's Duties of Man, echiche nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya dị ka ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya malitere ịkpali ya. Ma ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya banyere ọrụ ya dị ka nwanyị. Akwụkwọ John Stuart Mill's The Subjection of Women mere ka ọ jụọ nrụgide ọha na eze na nwanyị ịlụ di ma nyefee ndụ ya n'ezinụlọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=142–145, 147–48}}</ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1887, Addams gụrụ na magazin banyere echiche ọhụrụ nke ịmalite ụlọ obibi. O kpebiri ileta nke mbụ n'ụwa, Toynbee Hall, na [[London]]. Ya na ọtụtụ ndị enyi, gụnyere Ellen Gates Starr, gara Europe site na Disemba 1887 ruo n'oge ọkọchị nke 1888. Mgbe ọ kiriri ọgụ ehi na Madrid, ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka omenala pụrụ iche masịrị ya, Addams katọrọ mmasị a na enweghị ike iwe ya maka ahụhụ nke ịnyịnya na ehi. Na mbụ, Addams agwaghị onye ọ bụla banyere nrọ ya ịmalite ụlọ obibi, mana, ọ na-enwe obi amamikpe maka ịghara ime ihe na nrọ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=152–55, 157}}</ref> N'ikwere na ịkekọrịta nrọ ya nwere ike inyere ya aka ime ya, ọ gwara Ellen Gates Starr. Starr hụrụ echiche ahụ n'anya ma kweta isonyere Addams n'ịmalite ụlọ obibi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=162–65}}</ref> Addams na enyi ọzọ gara London na-enweghị Starr, onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=166, 175–76}}</ref> N'ileta Toynbee Hall, Addams nwere obi ụtọ. Ọ kọwara ya dị ka "otu obodo nke ụmụ nwoke Mahadum bi n'ebe ahụ, nwere klọb ntụrụndụ ha na ọha mmadụ niile n'etiti ndị ogbenye, ma, n'otu ụdị ahụ ha ga-ebi n'etiti ha. Ọ bụ n'efu nke 'ị na-eme ihe ọma,' n'ụzọ na-enweghị mmetụta ma na-arụpụta ezigbo nsonaazụ na klas ya na ọbá akwụkwọ ya yiri ka ọ dị mma. "Ọraụ Addams nke klas ndị na-agwakọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ha, dịka ha nwere na ndị Kraịst mbụ yiri ka ọ bụ n'ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen}}</ref> Ụlọ obibi dị ka Addams chọpụtara bụ oghere ebe enwere ike ịme njikọ ọdịbendị a na-atụghị anya ya na ebe enwere ike ịgbasa ókèala dị warara nke ọdịbendị, klas, na agụmakwụkwọ. Ha ji okpukpu abụọ dị ka ebe nka obodo na ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ha tọrọ ntọala maka ọha mmadụ America, oghere na-anọpụ iche ebe obodo dị iche iche na echiche dị iche iche nwere ike ịmụta ihe n'aka ibe ha ma chọọ otu ihe maka ọrụ ọnụ. Ọrụ ụlọ obibi ahụ bụ "mgbalị na-adịghị agwụ agwụ iji mee ka ọdịbendị na 'okwu nke ihe' gbakọọ ọnụ. " Mgbalị na'adịghị agwụ ike bụ akụkọ ndụ ya, ọgụ iji mee ka omenala nke ya dị ike site na ijikọ ya na ọdịiche na esemokwu nke obodo ndị mbịarambịa n'obodo America na mkpa nke mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bilton|first=Chris|title=Jane Addams Pragmatism and Cultural Policy|journal=International Journal of Cultural Policy|date=2006|volume=12|issue=2|pages=135–150<!--|access-date=2014-04-16-->|doi=10.1080/10286630600813644}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Hull_House_Entrance.gif|thumb|Ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke Hull House. Isi iyi Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), p.128]] [[Faịlụ:Doorway_at_Hull_House.gif|thumb|Ọnụ ụzọ n'ụlọ ikpe Hull. ''Ebe e si nweta ya'' bụ Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), p.149]] [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams_in_a_car_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Jane Addams, 1915]] N'afọ 1889 Addams na enyi ya na kọleji na onye ọ hụrụ n'anya Ellen Gates Starr <ref>{{Cite book|author=Morrow|first=Deana F.|title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice: Working with Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender People|url=https://archive.org/details/sexualorientatio00phdd|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2005|location=New York|isbn=0-231-12728-6}}</ref> jikọrọ aka guzobe Hull House, ụlọ obibi na Chicago. Charles Hull wuru nnukwu ụlọ ahụ mebiri emebi na 1856 ma chọọ nrụzi na mmelite. Addams na mbụ kwụrụ ụgwọ maka mmefu ego niile (ịrụzi elu ụlọ ahụ, imezigharị ọnụ ụlọ, ịzụta oche) na ọtụtụ n'ime ụgwọ ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, onyinye sitere n'aka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu kwadoro ụlọ ahụ malite n'afọ mbụ ya ma Addams nwere ike belata oke onyinye ya, ọ bụ ezie na mmefu ego kwa afọ toro ngwa ngwa. Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị bara ọgaranya ghọrọ ndị na-enye onyinye ogologo oge na ụlọ ahụ, gụnyere Helen Culver, onye na-elekọta ala nwa nwanne nne ya Charles Hull, onye mechara kwe ka ndị na-inye onyinye jiri ụlọ ahụ mee ihe n'efu. Ndị ọzọ nyere aka bụ Louise DeKoven Bowen, Mary Rozet Smith, [[Mary Wilmarth]], na ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Victoria Bissell|title=Jane Addams|work=American National Biography online|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=February 2000|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00004.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=195–96, 219, 224–25, 335, 378}}</ref> Addams na Starr bụ mmadụ abụọ mbụ bi na akụrụngwa ahụ, nke ga-emecha nwee ihe dị ka anụmanụ 25. N'ime ụbọchị ya, [1] ihe dị ka mmadụ 2,000 na-eleta Hull House kwa izu. Ụlọ Hull bụ ebe izu ike, ịdị ọcha, itinye uche na ọgwụgwọ, yana ebe obibi na maka imemma obodo. Otu n'ime ndị kacha nwee mmetụta na Hull House bụ onye nwere foto, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ndụ ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya.[2] Ndị bi na Hull House kere ebe obibi ezinụlọ, ụgbọ nwa, ike, ụkwara nta, typhoid, mkpofu ahịhịa, cocaine, na ọrụ. Ndị bi na Hull House bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma bụ ndị na-akwado ntọala ha na ndị ọrụ ọrụ, National Consumers League, na nhọpụta ntuli aka.[2] Dr. Harriett Alleyne Rice sonyeere Hull House iji nye ndị ogbenye ọrụ.[3] Ihe owuwu ya gụnyere ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị okenye, ụfọdụ maka ndị agadi, ụlọ nzukọ obodo, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, ụlọ mgbatị ahụ, ụfọdụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ịsa ahụ, ọbá akwụkwọ, ọbá akwụkwọ, ụlọ ihe nkiri, na ụlọ ihe nkiri. Usoro ide akwụkwọ ozi bụ ihe mmalite nke usoro na-aga n'ihu nke ọtụtụ mahadum na-enye taa. Na mgbakwunye na ịnye ohere mmekọrịta ọha na eze na omenala maka ọtụtụ ndị kwabatara bi na campus, Hull House nyere nhọrọ maka ndị ọrụ na-eto eto iji nweta ikike ha. N'ikpeazụ, Hull House nwere ụlọ obibi iri na atọ, ụlọ ihe nkiri, na ebe obibi okpomọkụ (nke a maara dị ka Bowen Country Club). Otu akwụkwọ nke Hull House nke dị ezigbo mkpa nye Jane Addams bụ Art Program. Ihe omume nka na Hull House nyere Addams ọhọpụta ikike ike ihe aka, nke "mmere" onye ahụ maka ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ. Ọ ụlọ ka ụlọ ahụ nye eze, oge na ngwaọrụ iji gbaa ndị mmadụ ume iche echiche n'onwe ha. Ọ nka dị ka isi ihe iji ụdị obodo dị iche nke ahụ site na dị n'otu, onye onwe onye, ​​Flash na echiche. Ihe osise bụ ndị dị mkpa nke kaadị ya obodo, na-emebi echiche ndị a na-ejighị n'aka ma na- ndu na-ahụ dị iche iche nke ọha mmadụ nwere ike na-adabere na ya, dabere na idepụta site na na-adịghị.[1] Site na ego sitere n'aka Edward Butler, Addams mepere ebe ngosi nka na oghere studio dị ka otu n'ime mgbakwunye mbụ na Hull House. Ala mbụ nke mgbakwunye ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ngalaba nke Chicago Public Library, ụlọ nke abụọ nwere ụlọ Butler Art Gallery, bụ nke gosipụtara nchịkọta ọrụ nkà a ma ama yana ọrụ ndị na-ese ihe n'ógbè ahụ. Oghere ihe nkiri dị n'ime ụlọ ngosi ahụ nyere ma ndị bi na Hull House na ndị obodo ebe ha ga-amụ ihe nka ma ọ bụ ịbata ma nụchaa ọrụ ha mgbe ọ bụla ha chọrọ. Ka Hull House tolitere, na mmekọrịta ya na ndị agbata obi ya na-abawanye, ohere ahụ ghọrọ obere ihe nkasi obi maka ndị ogbenye na ụzọ isi gosipụta na ịgbanwe omenala na obodo dị iche iche. Nkà na omenala na-aghọ akụkụ buru ibu na nke dị mkpa nke ndụ ndị kwabatara na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya ụmụaka abanyela n'omume ahụ. Enyere ụmụaka ndị a nkuzi n'ụdị na ọkwa nka niile. Ebe dị ka Butler Art Gallery ma ọ bụ Bowen Country Club na-enwekarị klaasị ndị a, mana a na-akụzikarị klas ndị ọzọ n'èzí. Addams, site n'enyemaka nke Ellen Gates Starr, hiwere Chicago Public School Art Society (CPSAS) na nzaghachi dị mma na klaasị nka ụmụaka. CPSAS nyere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha ihe osise nke ndị nka ama ama n'ụwa, goro ndị na-ese ihe ka ha kuziere ụmụaka ka e si emepụta nka, ma kpọga ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ gaa n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nka nke Chicago.[1] === Mpaghara dị nso n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ === [[Faịlụ:Polk_street_opposite_Hull_House.gif|thumb|Polk Street n'ihu Hull House. ''Ebe e si nweta ya'' bụ Addams: Afọ Iri Abụọ na Hull House (1910), p.95]] [[Faịlụ:South_Halsted_Street_Opposite_Hull_House.gif|thumb|South Halsted Street n'ihu Hull House. Isi iyi Addams: Afọ iri abụọ na Hull House. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]]] Mpaghara Hull House bụ ngwakọta nke agbụrụ Europe ndị kwagara Chicago na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20. Ngwakọta ahụ bụ ala ebe ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndị ọrụ ebere nke Hull House nwalere echiche ha ma maa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ aka. Bethlehem-Howard Neighborhood Center dekọrọ ngwakọta agbụrụ ahụ: "Ndị Germany na ndị Juu biri n'ebe ndịda nke etiti ahụ (n'ebe ndị ọzọ nke Twelfth Street)... Delta nke [[Greeks|Ndị Gris]] guzobere site na Harrison, Halsted Street, na Blue Island Streets jere ozi dị ka ihe mgbochi maka ndị Irish bi n'ebe ugwu na ndị French Canada bi n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ. " Ndị Ịtali bi n'ime etiti nke Hull House Neighborship ... site n'osimiri dị na nsọtụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, gaa na nsọtụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ihe a bịara mara dị ka Little Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.taylorstreetarchives.com|title=Stories from Chicago's Little Italy|publisher=Taylor Street Archives|accessdate=April 27, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228234400/http://taylorstreetarchives.com/|archivedate=December 28, 2018}}</ref> Ndị Gris na ndị Juu, tinyere ihe fọdụrụ n'ìgwè ndị ọzọ si mba ọzọ kwabata, malitere ọpụpụ ha site na agbata obi na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Naanị ndị Ịtali gara n'ihu dị ka obodo na-enweghị nsogbu ma na-aga nke ọma site na Great Depression, Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na karịa "ụkpụrụ omume ọma" atọ kachasị mma maka ebe obibi ọha na eze: "ịkụzi site na ihe atụ, imekọ ihe ọnụ, na ime ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ya bụ, ịha nhata, ma ọ bụ ọchịchị onye kwuo okwu, mmekọrịta ọha na eze gafee klas. Ya mere, Hull House nyere usoro zuru oke nke ọrụ obodo, ọdịbendị, ntụrụndụ, na agụmakwụkwọ ma dọta ndị ọbịa na-adọrọ mmasị site n'akụkụ ụwa niile, gụnyere [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], onye mechara bụrụ nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard. N'afọ 1890, [[Julia Lathrop]], [[Florence Kelley]], na ndị ọzọ bi n'ụlọ ahụ mere ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọrụ mgbanwe ọha na eze n'ụwa. Hull House jiri usoro kachasị ọhụrụ (ịsụ ụzọ na eserese ọnụ ọgụgụ) mụọ oke mmadụ, enweghị ọrụ, ịba na typhoid, cocaine, ịgụ ụmụaka, ndị nta akụkọ, ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ, na ịmụ nwa. Malite na mgbalị iji melite agbata obi dị nso, otu Hull House tinyere aka na mkpọsa obodo na steeti niile maka ụlọ ka mma, mmelite na ọdịmma ọha na eze, iwu ụmụaka siri ike, na nchedo nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. Addams wetara ndị ọbịa a ma ama site na gburugburu ụwa ma nwee njikọ chiri anya na ndị isi Chicago na ndị ọrụ ebere. N'afọ 1912, o nyere aka malite Progressive Party ọhụrụ ma kwado mkpọsa onye isi ala nke [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. "Filosophy Adams jikọtara mmetụta ụmụ nwanyị na mkpebi siri ike maka imeziwanye mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na mgbalị imekọ ihe ọnụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ọmịiko na ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze, na ndị na'udo, Addams jụrụ ka a kpọọ ya aha. Ọjụjụ a bụ nke bara uru karịa nke echiche. "<ref name="WWU">{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/|title=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy website|chapter=Jane Addams|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|year=2019}}</ref> === Mmetụta na ụmụaka === [[Faịlụ:In_the_Hull_House_Music_School.gif|thumb|Na Hull House Music School. ''Ebe e si nweta ya'' bụ Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), peeji nke 383]] [[Faịlụ:Sick_Mother_&_Children.gif|thumb|N'ụlọ obibi, Nne na-arịa ọrịa na Ụmụaka. ''Ebe e si nweta ya'' bụ Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), p. 164]] Ụlọ Hull kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị ịrụ ọrụ ụmụaka na Americanization nke ndị mbata ọhụrụ. Nkà ihe ọmụma a kwalitekwara egwuregwu na nyocha na mpaghara ntụrụndụ, ntorobịa, na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Addams rụrụ ụka na Mmụọ nke Ntorobịa na okporo ụzọ Obodo (1909) na egwuregwu na ntụrụndụ dị mkpa n'ihi na obodo ahụ na-emebi mmụọ ntorobịa. Ụlọ Hull gosipụtara ọtụtụ mmemme na nka na ihe nkiri, klaasị ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, klọb ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, klaasị asụsụ, otu ịgụ akwụkwọ, mmemme ịgbatị kọleji, yana ebe ịsa ahụ ọha, ụlọ mgbatị ahụ, ụlọ nka, na ebe egwuregwu, niile dị n'ime gburugburu ebe enwere ike ikwu okwu. E mere ha nile iji kwalite nkwado onye kwuo uche ya, ịdị n'otu, na omume onye ọ bụla. O nyeere aka ịgafe koodu ụlọ mbụ na iwu ụlọ ọrụ mbụ. Ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya sitere na Hull House, na 1901 Jane Addams tọrọ ntọala ihe ga-abụ Òtù Na-echebe Ụmụaka. JPA nyere ndị otu nchekwa ụmụaka mbụ na United States ruo oge ahụ. Site na 1907 ruo 1940, JPA na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụaka, na-ekpuchi isiokwu ndị dị ka mmegbu, ọrụ na mmegbu, iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, na mpụ na nsogbu nke Chicago. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, otu ahụ rụrụ ọrụ iji meziwanye ndụ ndị nwere nkwarụ na iji ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ka ha wee nwee ike iru eru ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, n'obodo, na n'ógbè ha.[1] === Nchịkọta ọrịa ọha na eze === Addams na ndị ọrụ ibe ya dere akụkọ ọdịdị obodo nke ịba ahụ ma kọọ na ndị ọrụ dara ogbenye na-ebu ihe kachasị njọ nke ọrịa ahụ. Ọ chọpụtara nrụrụ aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na anyaukwu azụmaahịa nke mere ka ndị ọchịchị obodo leghara ahụike, ịdị ọcha, na iwu ụlọ anya. N'ịgwakọta [[Ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi]] na mgbanwe obodo, o mechara merie ndị isi ma kwalite nkesa ziri ezi nke ọrụ obodo na omume nyocha nke oge a. Addams kwuru banyere "ike a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha nke ntụrụndụ ọha na eze iji mee ka klas nke obodo dị iche iche dị iche iche". Addams sooro Chicago Board of Health rụọ ọrụ ma bụrụ osote onye isi oche mbụ nke Playground Association of America. === Mmetụta banyere ịgba akwụna === N'afọ 1912, Addams bipụtara A New Conscience and Ancient Evil, banyere ịgba akwụna. Akwụkwọ a bụ ihe a ma ama nke ukwuu. Addams kwenyere na ịgba akwụna bụ naanị n'ihi ịtọrọ mmadụ. Akwụkwọ ya mechara kpalie Stella Wynne Herron's 1916 short story Shoes, nke Lois Weber mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri na-emepe emepe nke 1916 nke otu aha ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://silentfilm.org/archive/shoes|title=Shoes|author=Byrne|first=Rob|work=San Francisco Silent Film Festival}}</ref> Addams na ndị ọrụ ibe ya bu n'obi na Hull House bụ ngwaọrụ nnyefe iji weta ụkpụrụ nke omenala dị elu gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji nye ndị mmadụ, gụnyere Efficiency Movement, nnukwu mmegharị na mba ndị na-emepụta ihe na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 nke chọrọ ịchọpụta na iwepụ ihe mkpofu na akụ na ụba na ọha mmadụ, yana ịzụlite ma tinye n'ọrụ omume kachasị mma. Otú ọ dị, ka oge na-aga, a gbanwere anya site n'iweta nka na ọdịbendị n'ógbè ahụ (dị ka e gosipụtara na iwu ụlọ Butler) iji meghachi omume na mkpa nke obodo site n'inye nlekọta ụmụaka, ohere agụmakwụkwọ, na nnukwu oghere nzukọ. Hull House ghọrọ ihe karịrị ebe nnwale maka ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji, ndị ọkachamara: ọ ghọkwara akụkụ nke obodo ebe a tọrọ ntọala ya, mmepe ya na-ekpughe akụkọ ihe mere eme. [[Faịlụ:Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Jane_Addams_and_Alva_Belmont_-_NPG.95.54.jpg|alt=A sketch of Jane Addams and Alva Belmont sitting side by side|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe osise 1912 nke Addams na Alva Vanderbilt Belmont, ndị otu National American Woman Suffrage Association. Addams bụ osote onye isi oche nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Buell|first=Janet W.|date=1990|title=Alva Belmont: From Socialite to Feminist|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24447643|journal=The Historian|volume=52|issue=2|pages=219–241|doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1990.tb00779.x|issn=0018-2370}}</ref>]] Addams kpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'etiti nwere oge ntụrụndụ na ume yana ndị ọrụ ebere bara ọgaranya, ka ha rụọ ọrụ obodo ha itinye aka n'ihe omume obodo dị ka okwu nke "ịrụ ụlọ obodo". Addams si otú a gbasaa echiche nke ọrụ obodo iji tinye ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị karịa ịbụ nne (nke gụnyere ịzụlite ụmụaka). Ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agba gburugburu "ibu ọrụ, nlekọta, na ibu ọrụ", nke na-anọchite anya isi iyi nke ike ụmụ nwanyị. Echiche a nyere ntọala maka ọrụ ime obodo ma ọ bụ nke obodo nke Addams kọwara ma nyewanye ike na mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị nke Addams kwadoro. Addams kwuru na a zụrụ ụmụ nwanyị, n'adịghị ka ụmụ nwoke, n'ihe ndị dị nro nke ọdịmma mmadụ ma chọọ iwulite ọrụ ọdịnala ha nke ide ụlọ iji bụrụ ndị na-elekọta ụlọ. Ọrụ idebe ụlọ ka ukwuu gụnyere mgbalị mgbanwe gbasara nsị na-egbu egbu, mmiri ara ehi na-adịghị ọcha (nke na-ebu ụkwara nta), ikuku na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ, na ọnọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-adịghị mma. Addams duziri "agha mkpofu"; na 1894 ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara dị ka onye nyocha nke ịdị ọcha nke Chicago's 19th Ward. Site n'enyemaka nke Hull House Women's Club, n'ime otu afọ, a kọọrọ kansụl obodo ihe karịrị 1,000 mmebi iwu nke ngalaba ahụike na nchịkọta ihe mkpofu belatara ọnwụ na ọrịa. Addams na onye ọrụ ebere John Dewey nwere ike ịrụ ụka ogologo oge na ha kọwapụtara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'ihe gbasara pragmatism na localism, na-emesi ọrụ ike na oke ike.[1] Echiche nke abụọ nke na-eme ka Addams na mpaghara ya dị iche na ndị inyom nke oge a bụ mkpa ọ dị ịgbasa n'ime ndụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na obodo na nchọpụta nke usoro ochichi onye kwuo uche ya na omume nke na-ejedebe na ngwá ọrụ ngwá ọrụ, dị ka na mmemme Addams maka otu oge ọrụ na nke abụọ, oku ha na-akpọ maka ike ka e nye echiche nke ndị na-achị 2] oge otu na [. Ọrụ Addams lekwasịrị anya na ụmụ nwanyị, mmekọahụ, ihe ngosi, na ịbụ nne. N'ime akụkọ ndụ ya abụọ, Afọ iri abụọ na Hull House (1910) na afọ iri abụọ na abụọ na Hull House (1930), ọrụ okike Addams kwekọrọ na echiche Progressive-Era ya. N'akwụkwọ ya A New Conscience and An Ancient Evil (1912), ọ na-akọwa ihe ụmụ mmadụ na nke ọha mmadụ na-esi na ịgba ohu, ịgba ohu, na ụdị nrigbu ndị ọzọ n'etiti ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ America site na 1890 ruo 1910. Addams' autobiography bụ ma nghọta ma na-enye ike, ọ bụkwa ihe akaebe na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ime ka ikike ya nwee ike. Ọ na-egosipụta onwe ya dị ka nwunye ma ọ bụ esi nri na-ejere ndị mkpọrọ Hull House ozi, dị ka a ga-asị na ha bụ ụmụ ya. N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị nne n'onwe ya, a na-ewere Addams dị ka "nne nke mba", n'ihi ọdịdị nne ya n'anya ndị ya.[1]. [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams,_1906.jpg|thumb|Jane Addams, 1906, nke George de Forest Brush (1855-1941), National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution]] Addams nọgidere na-enwe usoro ihe omume ya dị arọ nke okwu ihu ọha gburugburu mba ahụ, ọkachasị na kọleji. Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-enye ọmụmụ kọleji site na Ngalaba Mgbasawanye nke Mahadum Chicago. Ọ jụrụ onyinye sitere na mahadum ka ọ bụrụ onye mmekọ ya, gụnyere onyinye sitere na Albion Small, onyeisi oche nke Ngalaba Sociology, nke ọnọdụ ngalaba gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ọ jụrụ iji nọgide na-arụ ọrụ onwe ya n'èzí agụmakwụkwọ. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkụziri ndị okenye na-edebanyeghị aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, n'ihi ịda ogbenye na / ma ọ bụ enweghị asambodo. Ọzọkwa, ọ chọghị ka mahadum chịkwaa ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. A họpụtara Addams ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na Chicago Board of Education . <ref>{{Cite web|author=FitzPatrick|first=Lauren|title=Who is your Chicago public school named for?|url=https://graphics.suntimes.com/education/school-names/|work=Chicago Sun-Times|accessdate=19 March 2023|language=en|date=December 30, 2020}}</ref> Addams bụ onye otu iwu nke American Sociological Society, nke e guzobere na 1905. O nyere ya akwụkwọ na 1912, 1915, na 1919. Ọ bụ nwanyị a ma ama n'oge ndụ ya. == Mmekọrịta == N'ozuzu, Addams nọ nso na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ ma dị ezigbo mma n'ịkpali ha itinye aka na klas dị iche iche na mmemme Hull House. Ka o sina dị, n'oge ndụ ya niile, Addams na ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya, gụnyere Mary Rozet Smith na Ellen Starr. Mmekọrịta ya nyere ya oge na ume iji chụsoo ọrụ mmekọrịta ya mgbe a na-akwado ya n'ụzọ mmetụta uche na ịhụnanya. Site na mmekọrịta ịhụnanya ya na ụmụ nwanyị, a ga-akọwa ya dị ka nwanyị na-edina nwoke n'oge a, dịka ọtụtụ ndị isi na Women's International League for Peace and Freedom nke oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lilian|title=To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History|date=June 8, 2000|publisher=Mariner Books}}</ref> Onye mbụ ya na ya na-ahụ n'anya bụ Ellen Starr, onye ya na ya guzobere Hull House, onye ọ zutere mgbe ha abụọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na Rockford Female Seminary. N'afọ 1889, ha abụọ gara Toynbee Hall ọnụ wee malite ọrụ ụlọ obibi ha, zụta ụlọ na Chicago.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lilian|title=To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History|date=June 8, 2000|publisher=Mariner Books}}</ref> Onye mmekọ ịhụnanya nke abụọ ya bụ Mary Rozet Smith, onye bara ọgaranya ma kwado ọrụ Addams na Hull House, onye ya na ya nwekọrọ ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Aldrich|chapter=Addams, Jane|author=Holmes|first=Sarah|title=Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History Volume 1: From Antiquity to the Mid-Twentieth Century|publisher=Routledge|date=2001|isbn=978-0-415-15982-1}}</ref> Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Lilian Faderman dere na Jane hụrụ onwe ya n'anya ma ọ kpọrọ Mary "My Ever Dear", "Darling" na "Dearest One", wee kwubie na ha nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya nke di na nwunye. Ha nọgidere na-emekọ ihe ọnụ ruo 1934, mgbe Mary nwụrụ n'ọrịa oyi bara ya n'ahụ, mgbe afọ 40 gachara.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lilian|title=To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History|date=June 8, 2000|publisher=Mariner Books}}</ref> E kwuru na, "Mary Smith ghọrọ ma nọgide na-abụ ihe kachasị elu na nke doro anya na egwu nke bụ ndụ onwe Jane Addams". <ref name="Brown">{{Cite book|author=Brown|first=Victoria Bissell|title=The Education of Jane Addams|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2003|location=Philadelphia, PA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=In0FyWy858gC&q=jane+addams+lesbian&pg=PP1|isbn=0-8122-3747-1}}</ref> Ha abụọ nwere ụlọ ezumike na Bar Harbor, Maine. Mgbe ha kewara, ha na-edegara ibe ha akwụkwọ ozi ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro n'ụbọchị - mgbe ụfọdụ ugboro abụọ. Addams ga-edegara Smith akwụkwọ ozi, "M na-achọ gị n'ụzọ dị egwu ma bụrụkwa nke gị 'ruo ọnwụ'. <ref name="Loerzel">{{Cite news|author=Loerzel|first=Robert|title=Friends—With Benefits?|work=Chicago Magazine|date=June 2008|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Friends-With-Benefits/|accessdate=March 29, 2009}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-egosikwa na ụmụ nwanyị ahụ lere onwe ha anya dị ka di na nwunye: "E nwere ihe kpatara ya n'omume nke ndị lụrụ di na nwunye na-anọkọ ọnụ", Addams degaara Smith akwụkwọ. == Okpukpe na ebumnuche okpukpe == Nkwenkwe okpukpe Addams sitere n'agụ akwụkwọ ya sara mbara na ahụmịhe ndụ ya. Ọ hụrụ ọrụ obibi ya dị ka akụkụ nke "Social Christian". Addams mụtara banyere Iso Ụzọ Kraịst nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'aka ndị guzobere Toynbee Hall, Samuel na Henrietta Barnett. Ndị Barnetts nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'ịtọghata ndị ọzọ ka ha bụrụ Ndị Kraịst, mana ha kwenyere na Ndị Kraịst kwesịrị itinye aka n'ụwa ma, n'okwu otu n'ime ndị isi nke òtù ndị Kraịst na England, W. H. Fremantle, "na-etinye mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmụọ nke ịhụnanya nke Kraịst". According to Christie and Gauvreau (2001), while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize, Jane Addams "had come to epitomize the force of secular humanism." Her image was, however, "reinvented" by the Christian churches. Dị ka Joslin si kwuo (2004), "Nkwado ọhụrụ, dị ka [Addams] na-akọwa ya sitere na nke ụwa, ọ bụghị nke okpukpe, ụkpụrụ nkwenye". Dị ka Jane Addams Hull-House Museum si kwuo, "Ụfọdụ ebe obibi ọha na eze nwere njikọ na ụlọ ọrụ okpukpe. Ndị ọzọ, dị ka Hull- House [nke Addams guzobere], bụ ndị ụwa".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/_learn/_aboutjane/aboutjane.html|title=Jane Addams Hull-House Museum|accessdate=November 29, 2014}}</ref> Hilda Satt Polacheck, onye bibu na Hull House, kwuru na Addams kwenyesiri ike na nnwere onwe okpukpe ma na-eweta ndị mmadụ nke okwukwe niile n'ime ọha na eze, nke ụwa nke Hull House. Otu ihe dị iche, ka ọ na-ekwu, bụ oriri Krismas kwa afọ, ọ bụ ezie na Addams hapụrụ akụkụ okpukpe na chọọchị ahụ. Bible jere ozi Addams dị ka isi iyi nke mkpali maka ndụ ya nke ije ozi na akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ịchụso ọkpụkpọ ya. Mmetụta a na-ekwusi ike n'ịgbaso ihe nlereanya Jizọs na ịkwalite nguzobe nke Alaeze Chineke n'ụwa pụtakwara ìhè n'ọrụ Addams na Social Gospel movement. == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams_&_Mary_Rozet_Smith,_1923.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Jane Addams [n'aka ekpe] & Mary Rozet Smith, 1923 (Jane Addams Collection/Swarthmore College Peace Collection.) ]] [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams_and_Miss_Elizabeth_Burke_(cropped).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|254x254px|Ndị nnọchiteanya na Women's Suffrage Legislature Jane Addams (n'aka ekpe) na Miss Elizabeth Burke nke Mahadum Chicago, 1911]] N'afọ 1898, Addams sonyeere Anti-Imperialist League, na-emegide US annexation nke Philippines. Onye na-akwado Progressive Party, ọ họpụtara Theodore Roosevelt maka onye isi ala n'oge Nzukọ nke Party, nke e mere na Chicago n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1912. Ọ debanyere aha na ikpo okwu, ọ bụ ezie na ọ chọrọ iwu Ụgbọ agha ndị ọzọ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu okwu ma na-eme mkpọsa maka mkpọsa onye isi ala nke afọ 1912 nke Roosevelt. Na Jenụwarị 1915, ọ banyere na Women's Peace Party ma họpụta ya dịka onye isi oche mba.<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /><ref name="spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/USApeaceW.htm|title=Woman's Peace Party|publisher=Spartacus-Educational.com|accessdate=February 27, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727103823/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USApeaceW.htm|archivedate=July 27, 2009}}</ref> Ndị inyom Europe na-ahụ maka udo kpọrọ Addams ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke International Congress of Women na The Hague, Eprel 28-30, 1915,<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> ma họrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi kọmitii iji chọta njedebe nke agha. Nke a gụnyere izute ndị isi iri na mba ndị na-anọpụ iche yana ndị nọ n'agha iji kwurịta banyere ogbugbo. Nke a bụ mgbalị mbụ dị ịrịba ama nke mba ụwa megide agha ahụ. Addams, tinyere ndị nnọchi anya [[Emily Greene Balch|Emily Balch]] na Alice Hamilton, dere ahụmahụ ha nke ọrụ a, bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ, Women at The Hague (Mahadum Illinois). [[Faịlụ:Jane-Addams-by-Manuel-Rosenberg.jpg|thumb|Jane Addams bịanyere aka na eserese nke Manuel Rosenberg 1917]] [[Faịlụ:International_Congress_of_Women1915_(22785230005).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|320x320px|International Congress of Women na 1915. aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri:1. [[Lucy Thoumaian]] - Armenia, 2. Leopoldine Kulka, 3. [[Laura Hughes (activist)|Laura Hughes]] - Canada, 4. Rosika Schwimmer - Hungary, 5. Anita Augspurg - Germany, 6. Jane Addams - USA, 7. Eugenie Hanner, 8. Aletta Jacobs - Netherlands, 9. Chrystal Macmillan - UK, 10. Rosa Genoni - Ịtali, 11. Anna Kleman - Sweden, 12. Thora Daugaard - Denmark, 13. Louise Keilhau - Norway]] Na 1917, ọ ghọrọ onye so na Fellowship of Reconciliation USA (alaka America nke International Fellowship of Reconciliation, hiwere na 1919) wee jee ozi na Council Fellowship ruo 1933.[1] Mgbe US banyere agha na 1917, Addams katọrọ nke ukwuu. Abara ya ezigbo mba dị ka onye na-akwado udo. A na-agụ okwu ya na 1915 na pacifism na Carnegie Hall n'akwụkwọ akụkọ dị ka New York Times, nke mbụ ya dị ka onye mba.[2] [3] Dị ka e kwuru, n'oge njem ya, ọ na-eji oge na-ezute ọtụtụ ndị mba ụwa na ndị mba ma na-ekwughachi echiche Victorian ya na ọrụ ụmụ anụmanụ na-eme n'udo. Nkwado ọzọ bịara na ihe nrite nke Nrite Nobel Peace Prize to Addams na 1931; ya na Nicholas Murray Butler kesara ihe nrite ahụ. [4] Dị ka onye mbụ meriri nturu ugo US, a matara Addams maka "nkwupụta ọchịchị onye kwuo uche America". O nyefere òkè ya nke ego nrite n'aka otu Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. [5][6] === Pacifism === Addams bụ onye isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụlọ na nke mba ụwa, na-eje ozi dịka onye ndu na onye ndu echiche; Onye edemede Russia bụ Leo Tolstoy na pragmatism nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma John Dewey na George Herbert Mead metụtara ya.[1] Akwụkwọ ya, Newer Ideals of Peace and Peace and Bread in Time of War, na ọrụ udo ya nyere aka weta nghọta ọhụrụ banyere udo na agha.[2] Ọ hụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ikpe ziri ezi na udo dị ka ihe na-agbakọ aka; ha niile ga-agbakọ aka iji nweta ihe ọ hụrụ. Addams abụrụla onye na-akwado ọgụ siri ike kemgbe 1899, dị ka ọ dị na ngagharị iwe ime ihe ike sochiri Agha Spen na America. Akwụkwọ ya Newer Ideals of Peace (1907) bụ òtù udo zuru ụwa ọnụ nke chọrọ itinye echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi. Ọ kpọrọ ndị inyom na-akwado ikpe ziri ezi dịka Alice Hamilton, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley, na Emily Greene Balch ka ha sonyere ya na International Animal Welfare League mgbe 1914 Free Movement gasịrị. Ọrụ Addams rụpụtara mkpụrụ mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, mgbe nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi jikọtara udo na ikpe ziri ezi na ọnọdụ mmadụ na ọchịchọ nke agha. N'afọ 1899 na 1907, ndị isi ụwa choro udo site n'ịkpọkọta nzukọ udo ọhụrụ na nke nwere mmetụta na The Hague. Nzukọ ndị a mepụtara Nzukọ Hague nke 1899 na 1907. A kagburu nzukọ nke afọ 1914 n'ihi Agha Ụwa nke Mbụ. Nzukọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke ụmụ nwanyị na Hague kpọkọtara jupụtara na oghere ahụ. N'oge ahụ, ma US na Netherlands nọpụrụ iche. Jane Addams bụ onye isi oche nke International Congress of Women na Hague, nke gụnyere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị otu 1,200 sonyere site na mba 12 na-alụ agha na mba na-anọpụ iche. Ebumnuche ha bụ ịmepụta usoro iji kwụsị ime ihe ike nke agha. Ma usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba na nke mba ụwa ewepụghị olu ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị nnọchiteanya nwanyị ahụ kwuru na iwepụ ụmụ nwanyị na mkparịta ụka iwu na mkpebi gbasara agha na udo kpatara iwu na-ezighị ezi. Ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ nabatara usoro mkpebi na-edozi nsogbu ndị a ma kpọọ oku maka ịgbatị ikike na itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ime usoro udo mba ụwa na njedebe agha. Mgbe nzukọ ahụ gasịrị, Addams na ndị nnọchi anya ndị omeiwu gara Europe niile na-ezute ndị isi, ìgwè ụmụ amaala, na ndị agha merụrụ ahụ site n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. A kpọtụrụ idu ndú ya n'oge nnọkọ ahụ na njem ya gaa n'isi obodo nke mpaghara ndị agha mebiri emebi aha na nhọpụta maka Nobel Peace Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1931|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/addams/nominations/|accessdate=2022-09-06|work=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Addams megidere itinye aka na Mgbasawanye nke US ma mesịa megide ndị na-achọ ọchịchị America na mba ofesi. N'afọ 1915, o kwuru okwu na Carnegie Hall ma boo ya n'èzí maka imegide itinye aka US n'Agha Ụwa Mbụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2003/5/21/new_york_times_reporter_chris_hedges|title=New York Times Reporter, Chris Hedges was Booed off the Stage and had his Microphone Cut Twice as he Delivered a Graduation Speech on War and Empire at Rockford College in Illinois|work=[[Democracy Now!]]}}</ref> Addams katọrọ agha dị ka ọdachi nke mebiri obiọma mmadụ, ịdị n'otu, na ọbụbụenyi obodo, ma mee ka ezinụlọ dị iche iche n'ụwa niile lụọ ọgụ. N'aka nke ya, ndị otu na akwụkwọ akụkọ na-ahụ mba n'anya katọrọ echiche ya n'''Oge'' Agha Ụwa Mbụ (1917-18). Oswald Garrison Villard bịara chebe ya mgbe ọ tụrụ aro ka ndị agha nye ndị agha mmanya na-aba n'anya obere oge tupu nnukwu mwakpo ala. "Were ikpe Jane Addams maka otu. Site na mmegbu [New York] Times na-ekpuchi ya, otu n'ime ndị inyom anyị kachasị mma, n'ihi na ọ gwara eziokwu dị mfe na a na-enyekarị ndị agha Allied mmanya ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ọjọọ tupu ha agafee Ala Ọ dịghị Nwoke. Ma mgbe eziokwu ahụ pụtara n'aka Sir Philip Gibbs na ndị ọzọ, ọ dịghị otu okwu mgbaghara na-abịa. " Ọbụna mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ndị mmegide gosipụtara usoro udo na iwepụ ngwá agha dị ka ndị na ndị na ndị agha dị ka ihe siri ike, ndị Kọmunist, ndị na-enweghị mba. Ndị agha ochie na-eto eto na American Legion, nke ụfọdụ ndị otu Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) na League of Women Voters kwadoro, adịghị njikere ịlụso ndị agadi, ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ ka mma, ndị nwere ego na ndị ama ama nke WILPF ọgụ. Ka o sina dị, DAR nwere ike ma chụpụ Addams na ndị otu ha. Mgbalị ndị Legion na-eme iji gosipụta ndị otu WILPF dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-amaghị nke a na-akọ kpaliri ndị na-ege ntị na-arụ ọrụ, mana Onye isi ala Calvin Coolidge na ndị nọ n'etiti kwadoro Addams na mbọ WILPF ya na 1920s iji machibido gas na-egbu egbu na agha iwu. Otú ọ dị, mgbe 1920, a na-ewere ya dị ka nwanyị kachasị ukwuu nke Progressive Era. N'afọ 1931, onyinye Nobel Peace nye ya na Nicholas Murray Butler mere ka ọ bụrụ otu onye otuto.    [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gpiyhzsmzi31o4b987q47378kkmjn5h 0 74508 674278 621215 2026-07-08T20:52:33Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Nhazi */ 674278 wikitext text/x-wiki Ministry of Health and Medical Services ('''MHMS''') bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị Solomon Islands. Ministri ahụ na-ebuga ọrụ gọọmentị maka ahụike gụnyere ịmepụta atụmatụ atụmatụ ahụike mba..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Solomon Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services paves the way for digital health transformation|url=https://www.who.int/westernpacific/about/how-we-work/pacific-support/news/detail/20-01-2025-solomon-islands-ministry-of-health-and-medical-services--paves-the-way-for--digital-health-transformation|accessdate=17 November 2025|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 November 2022|title=Health Ministry Launches Strategic Plan 2022-2031 - Solomon Islands Broadcasting Corporation (SIBC)|url=https://www.sibconline.com.sb/health-ministry-launches-strategic-plan-2022-2031/|accessdate=17 November 2025|language=en-US}}</ref> Minista na-ahụ maka ịhazi mmemme ahụike mba nke na-enyocha ọrịa ma na-eme ka ọha na eze mara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Government|first=Solomon Islands|date=2024|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Services|url=https://solomons.gov.sb/ministry-of-health-medical-services/)|accessdate=17 November 2025|work=Solomon Islands Government}}</ref> == Nhazi == MHMS nwere nkewa ndị a: <ref name=":0" /> * Isi ụlọ ọrụ na nchịkwa * Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Anya nke Mba * Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Atụmatụ * Nnyocha N'ime * Usoro Ezé Mba * Usoro Ahụike Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba * Nkwado Ahụike Mba * Ọzụzụ Ahụike Mba na Nnyocha * HIV mba / STI * National Public Health Laboratory Program * Ọrụ Nchịkọta Ihe Ndị Ọgwụ Mba * Ụlọ Ahịa Ọgwụ Mba * Ọdịmma Ọha na Mmekọahụ * Mberede Ahụike Ọha na Nlekọta * Physiotherapy na Rehabilitation * Kọmitii Nọọsụ * Nchịkwa Ọrịa Na-ebute Ụbụrụ * Usoro Mba nke Ịkụ Ọrịa Mgbasa Ozi * Ịmụ nwa na ahụike ụmụaka * Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mba * Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọgwụ nke Mba * Nọọsụ Mba * Ihe Omume Ọrịa Na-adịghị Akọrọ Akọrọ * Ahụike Uche Mba == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ministry of Health and Medical Services - Commonwealth of NationsCommonwealth nke Mba * Official website r6kp2a7cwbgzmc1kn6n4k3dma31cfao 0 74738 674306 628990 2026-07-08T21:50:28Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Mmalite nke Mgbalị */ 674306 wikitext text/x-wiki   Godavari Parulekar (14 Ọgọst 1907 – 8 Ọktoba 1996) bụ onye mgba nnwere onwe, onye ode akwụkwọ na onye na-akwado ọha. Echiche Marxist na ndị Kọmunist metụtara ya ma jiri ndụ ya na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ. Ọ lụrụ Shamrao Parulekar, onye ọzọ na-alụ ọgụ nnwere onwe na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ nwere echiche yiri ya.[1] == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Godavari Gokhale na 14 Ọgọst 1907 na Pune . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/08/09/godavari-parulekar-essay/|title=Godavari Parulekar: A Life Of Activism {{!}} #IndianWomenInHistory|author=Javalgekar|first=Aishwarya|date=2017-08-09|work=Feminism in India|accessdate=2017-08-20}}</ref> Nna ya Laxmanrao Gokhale bụ onye ọka iwu a ma ama. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma, ebe ọ bụ na a mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Fergusson College wee mụọ iwu, bụrụ nwanyị mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'iwu na Maharashtra . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Dhawale|first=Ashok|authorlink=Ashok Dhawale|date=2007|title=Godavari Parulekar: A Centenary Tribute|url=http://www.cpim.org/marxist/200704-marxist-godavari.pdf|journal=The Marxist|accessdate=20 August 2017}}</ref> == Mmalite nke Mgbalị == N'ime ụbọchị kọleji ya, Godavari sonyeere otu ụmụ akwụkwọ megide ndị Britain.[1] O tinyere aka na Satyagrahas n'otu n'otu ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ maka nke ahụ na 1932. Nke a adịghị amasị ezinụlọ ya, bụ ndị nwere ntụsara ahụ na ọchịchị Britain. Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ wee kpebie ịbanye ọrụ mmekọrịta na Mumbai.[2] Godavari sonyeere Ndị Ohu nke India Society. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ so na ndụ. N'afọ 1937, ọ haziri mkpọsa ịgụ na ide na Maharashtra. N'afọ 1938, ọ jikọtara ndị ọrụ ụlọ dị ka akụkụ nke ndị ọrụ. N'afọ 1938-39 ọ haziri ndị ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara Thane nke Maharashtra . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Dhawale|first=Ashok|authorlink=Ashok Dhawale|date=2007|title=Godavari Parulekar: A Centenary Tribute|url=http://www.cpim.org/marxist/200704-marxist-godavari.pdf|journal=The Marxist|accessdate=20 August 2017}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDhawale2007">[[Ashok Dhawale|Dhawale, Ashok]] (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190925214953/https://www.cpim.org/marxist/200704-marxist-godavari.pdf "Godavari Parulekar: A Centenary Tribute"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Marxist''. Archived from [http://www.cpim.org/marxist/200704-marxist-godavari.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị Britain tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ọtụtụ ugboro maka ọrụ ya. N'oge a, ọ zutere di ya Shamrao Parulekar. Ọ bụkwa onye otu Servants of India ma na-eme ngagharị iwe n'otu mpaghara ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&q=godavari+parulekar&pg=PA217|title=Women in Modern India|author=Forbes|first=Geraldine|date=1999-04-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521653770|language=en}}</ref> Godavari lụrụ Shamrao Parulekar na 1939. == Ị sonye n'òtù ndị Kọmunist == Echiche Godavari na Shamrao Parulekar ekwekọghị na nke Òtù Ndị Ọrụ India. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ha kwenyere na ịjụ ịkwado agha Britain bụ ụzọ kasị mma isi kpochapụ ha. Mgbe esemokwu ụfọdụ gasịrị, ha hapụrụ nzukọ ahụ ma banye n’Òtù Kọmunist nke India na 1939. Godavari kwenyere na ịhazi ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ ụzọ kasị mma isi kwatuo ọchịchị Britain. Ọ bụ Marxism kpaliri ya. Tinyere ndị isi nke CPI, ha haziri ọrụ mbụ nke ndị ọrụ na Mumbai. Ọbụna mgbe e jidere ndị isi ndị ọzọ, o mere ngagharị iwe ahụ. A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ site na 1940 ruo 1942. [1] == Na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo na adivasis == Mgbe ahụ, ọ tụgharịrị uche ya n'ịhazi ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ọ sonyeere All India Kisan Sabha wee guzobe alaka Maharashtra, Maharashstra Rajya Kisan Sabh. Ọ bụ onye odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke Sabha.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/80-years-and-fighting-all-india-kisan-sabha-today%E2%80%99s-moments-agrarian-distress|title=80 Years and Fighting: All India Kisan Sabha in Today's Moments of Agrarian Distress|date=2016-04-18|work=SabrangIndia|accessdate=2017-08-20|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, o tinyere ndụ ya n'ọgụ nke Warli Community na Thane, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ras.org.in/the_kisan_sabha_and_adivasi_struggles_in_thane_district_after_1947|title=RAS {{!}} The Kisan Sabha and Adivasi Struggles in Thane District after 1947|work=ras.org.in|language=en|accessdate=2017-08-20}}</ref> bụ ndị nwe ala bara ọgaranya na-amanye ha ịrụ ọrụ. Ndị nwe ụlọ na-edina ụmụ nwanyị Warli n'ike, ma bo ha ebubo amoosu ma gbuo ha. Ọ duziri Warli Adivasi Revolt site na 1945 ruo 1947 ya na di ya Shamrao.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&q=godavari+parulekar&pg=PA217|title=Women in Modern India|author=Forbes|first=Geraldine|date=1999-04-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521653770|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFForbesForbes1999">Forbes, Geraldine; Forbes, Geraldine Hancock (28 April 1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&q=godavari+parulekar&pg=PA217 ''Women in Modern India'']. Cambridge University Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780521653770|<bdi>9780521653770</bdi>]].</cite></ref> O dere ihe ndị ahụ n'akwụkwọ ya ''Jewha Manus Jaga Hoto'' (The Awakening of Man). Mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, Godavari nọgidere na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike nke Warlis na Adivasis. Ya na Shamrao guzobere ''Adivasi Pragati Mandal'' (Tribal Progress Council) na 1961. == Ịtọ ntọala CPI (M) na Thane District == Òtù Kọmunist nke Thane dara na 1964. ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị otu niile dị na mpaghara Thane, nke ndị Parulekars na-edu, batara na CPI (M) Communist Party of India (Marxist). Ma Shamrao na Godavari so n'ime ndị isi 163 nke pati ahụ na Maharashtra bụ ndị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'oge ahụ. A họpụtara Shamrao na Godavari ka ha bụrụ ndị odeakwụkwọ steeti. Mgbe Shamrao nwụsịrị na 1965, Godavari gara n'ihu na-eduga CPI (M). N'afọ 1986, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke All India Kisan Sabha . <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/80-years-and-fighting-all-india-kisan-sabha-today%E2%80%99s-moments-agrarian-distress|title=80 Years and Fighting: All India Kisan Sabha in Today's Moments of Agrarian Distress|date=2016-04-18|work=SabrangIndia|accessdate=2017-08-20|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170820115252/https://sabrangindia.in/article/80-years-and-fighting-all-india-kisan-sabha-today%E2%80%99s-moments-agrarian-distress "80 Years and Fighting: All India Kisan Sabha in Today's Moments of Agrarian Distress"]. ''SabrangIndia''. 18 April 2016. Archived from [https://sabrangindia.in/article/80-years-and-fighting-all-india-kisan-sabha-today%E2%80%99s-moments-agrarian-distress the original] on 20 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 8 Ọktoba 1996. == Edensibia == Godavari dere ọgụ ya n'akwụkwọ ya. Akwụkwọ ya kachasị ewu ewu bụ ''Jewha Manus Jaga Hoto'' (The Awakening of Man). <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=godavari+parulekar+writer&pg=PA1823|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|author=Datta|first=Amaresh|date=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126011940|language=en}}</ref> E bipụtara ya na 1970, ma nata onyinye Sahitya Akademi na 1972. Ọ nwetakwara Jawaharlal Nehru Award na Soviet Land Award. A sụgharịrị ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, gụnyere Bekee na Japanese. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Akwụkwọ ya ndị ọzọ bụ: Adivasi revolt: akụkọ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Warli na-alụ ọgụ na ''Bandivasachi aath varsh'' (Afọ asatọ nke Mkpọrọ) E nyere Godavari Lokmanya Tilak Award na Savitribai Phule Award maka ozi ya n'ebe ndị a na-akpa ókè na ndị a na'emegbu emegbu nọ na India.<ref name=":0" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4ndsnorhf2dnephn8iouvm4vzecxmxz 674307 674306 2026-07-08T21:51:22Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Mmalite nke Mgbalị */ 674307 wikitext text/x-wiki   Godavari Parulekar (14 Ọgọst 1907 – 8 Ọktoba 1996) bụ onye mgba nnwere onwe, onye ode akwụkwọ na onye na-akwado ọha. Echiche Marxist na ndị Kọmunist metụtara ya ma jiri ndụ ya na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ. Ọ lụrụ Shamrao Parulekar, onye ọzọ na-alụ ọgụ nnwere onwe na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ nwere echiche yiri ya.[1] == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Godavari Gokhale na 14 Ọgọst 1907 na Pune . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/08/09/godavari-parulekar-essay/|title=Godavari Parulekar: A Life Of Activism {{!}} #IndianWomenInHistory|author=Javalgekar|first=Aishwarya|date=2017-08-09|work=Feminism in India|accessdate=2017-08-20}}</ref> Nna ya Laxmanrao Gokhale bụ onye ọka iwu a ma ama. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma, ebe ọ bụ na a mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Fergusson College wee mụọ iwu, bụrụ nwanyị mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'iwu na Maharashtra . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Dhawale|first=Ashok|authorlink=Ashok Dhawale|date=2007|title=Godavari Parulekar: A Centenary Tribute|url=http://www.cpim.org/marxist/200704-marxist-godavari.pdf|journal=The Marxist|accessdate=20 August 2017}}</ref> == Mmalite nke Mgbalị == N'ime ụbọchị kọleji ya, Godavari sonyeere otu ụmụ akwụkwọ megide ndị Britain.[1] O tinyere aka na Satyagrahas n'otu n'otu ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ maka nke ahụ na 1932. Nke a adịghị amasị ezinụlọ ya, bụ ndị nwere ntụsara ahụ na ọchịchị Britain. Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ wee kpebie ịbanye ọrụ mmekọrịta na Mumbai.[2] Godavari sonyeere Ndị Ohu nke India Society. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ so na ndụ. N'afọ 1937, ọ haziri mkpọsa ịgụ na ide na Maharashtra. N'afọ 1938, ọ jikọtara ndị ọrụ ụlọ dị ka akụkụ nke ndị ọrụ. N'afọ 1938-39 ọ haziri ndị ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara Thane nke Maharashtra . <ref name=":0" /> Ndị Britain tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ọtụtụ ugboro maka ọrụ ya. N'oge a, ọ zutere di ya Shamrao Parulekar. Ọ bụkwa onye otu Servants of India ma na-eme ngagharị iwe n'otu mpaghara ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&q=godavari+parulekar&pg=PA217|title=Women in Modern India|author=Forbes|first=Geraldine|date=1999-04-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521653770|language=en}}</ref> Godavari lụrụ Shamrao Parulekar na 1939. == Ị sonye n'òtù ndị Kọmunist == Echiche Godavari na Shamrao Parulekar ekwekọghị na nke Òtù Ndị Ọrụ India. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ha kwenyere na ịjụ ịkwado agha Britain bụ ụzọ kasị mma isi kpochapụ ha. Mgbe esemokwu ụfọdụ gasịrị, ha hapụrụ nzukọ ahụ ma banye n’Òtù Kọmunist nke India na 1939. Godavari kwenyere na ịhazi ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ ụzọ kasị mma isi kwatuo ọchịchị Britain. Ọ bụ Marxism kpaliri ya. Tinyere ndị isi nke CPI, ha haziri ọrụ mbụ nke ndị ọrụ na Mumbai. Ọbụna mgbe e jidere ndị isi ndị ọzọ, o mere ngagharị iwe ahụ. A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ site na 1940 ruo 1942. [1] == Na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo na adivasis == Mgbe ahụ, ọ tụgharịrị uche ya n'ịhazi ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ọ sonyeere All India Kisan Sabha wee guzobe alaka Maharashtra, Maharashstra Rajya Kisan Sabh. Ọ bụ onye odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke Sabha.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/80-years-and-fighting-all-india-kisan-sabha-today%E2%80%99s-moments-agrarian-distress|title=80 Years and Fighting: All India Kisan Sabha in Today's Moments of Agrarian Distress|date=2016-04-18|work=SabrangIndia|accessdate=2017-08-20|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, o tinyere ndụ ya n'ọgụ nke Warli Community na Thane, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ras.org.in/the_kisan_sabha_and_adivasi_struggles_in_thane_district_after_1947|title=RAS {{!}} The Kisan Sabha and Adivasi Struggles in Thane District after 1947|work=ras.org.in|language=en|accessdate=2017-08-20}}</ref> bụ ndị nwe ala bara ọgaranya na-amanye ha ịrụ ọrụ. Ndị nwe ụlọ na-edina ụmụ nwanyị Warli n'ike, ma bo ha ebubo amoosu ma gbuo ha. Ọ duziri Warli Adivasi Revolt site na 1945 ruo 1947 ya na di ya Shamrao.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&q=godavari+parulekar&pg=PA217|title=Women in Modern India|author=Forbes|first=Geraldine|date=1999-04-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521653770|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFForbesForbes1999">Forbes, Geraldine; Forbes, Geraldine Hancock (28 April 1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&q=godavari+parulekar&pg=PA217 ''Women in Modern India'']. Cambridge University Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780521653770|<bdi>9780521653770</bdi>]].</cite></ref> O dere ihe ndị ahụ n'akwụkwọ ya ''Jewha Manus Jaga Hoto'' (The Awakening of Man). Mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, Godavari nọgidere na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike nke Warlis na Adivasis. Ya na Shamrao guzobere ''Adivasi Pragati Mandal'' (Tribal Progress Council) na 1961. == Ịtọ ntọala CPI (M) na Thane District == Òtù Kọmunist nke Thane dara na 1964. ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị otu niile dị na mpaghara Thane, nke ndị Parulekars na-edu, batara na CPI (M) Communist Party of India (Marxist). Ma Shamrao na Godavari so n'ime ndị isi 163 nke pati ahụ na Maharashtra bụ ndị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'oge ahụ. A họpụtara Shamrao na Godavari ka ha bụrụ ndị odeakwụkwọ steeti. Mgbe Shamrao nwụsịrị na 1965, Godavari gara n'ihu na-eduga CPI (M). N'afọ 1986, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke All India Kisan Sabha . <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/80-years-and-fighting-all-india-kisan-sabha-today%E2%80%99s-moments-agrarian-distress|title=80 Years and Fighting: All India Kisan Sabha in Today's Moments of Agrarian Distress|date=2016-04-18|work=SabrangIndia|accessdate=2017-08-20|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170820115252/https://sabrangindia.in/article/80-years-and-fighting-all-india-kisan-sabha-today%E2%80%99s-moments-agrarian-distress "80 Years and Fighting: All India Kisan Sabha in Today's Moments of Agrarian Distress"]. ''SabrangIndia''. 18 April 2016. Archived from [https://sabrangindia.in/article/80-years-and-fighting-all-india-kisan-sabha-today%E2%80%99s-moments-agrarian-distress the original] on 20 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 8 Ọktoba 1996. == Edensibia == Godavari dere ọgụ ya n'akwụkwọ ya. Akwụkwọ ya kachasị ewu ewu bụ ''Jewha Manus Jaga Hoto'' (The Awakening of Man). <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=godavari+parulekar+writer&pg=PA1823|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|author=Datta|first=Amaresh|date=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126011940|language=en}}</ref> E bipụtara ya na 1970, ma nata onyinye Sahitya Akademi na 1972. Ọ nwetakwara Jawaharlal Nehru Award na Soviet Land Award. A sụgharịrị ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, gụnyere Bekee na Japanese. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Akwụkwọ ya ndị ọzọ bụ: Adivasi revolt: akụkọ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Warli na-alụ ọgụ na ''Bandivasachi aath varsh'' (Afọ asatọ nke Mkpọrọ) E nyere Godavari Lokmanya Tilak Award na Savitribai Phule Award maka ozi ya n'ebe ndị a na-akpa ókè na ndị a na'emegbu emegbu nọ na India.<ref name=":0" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2brwifp6ootukusn5fj9cobk4puf0ol 674308 674307 2026-07-08T21:52:10Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo na adivasis */ 674308 wikitext text/x-wiki   Godavari Parulekar (14 Ọgọst 1907 – 8 Ọktoba 1996) bụ onye mgba nnwere onwe, onye ode akwụkwọ na onye na-akwado ọha. Echiche Marxist na ndị Kọmunist metụtara ya ma jiri ndụ ya na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ. Ọ lụrụ Shamrao Parulekar, onye ọzọ na-alụ ọgụ nnwere onwe na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ nwere echiche yiri ya.[1] == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Godavari Gokhale na 14 Ọgọst 1907 na Pune . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/08/09/godavari-parulekar-essay/|title=Godavari Parulekar: A Life Of Activism {{!}} #IndianWomenInHistory|author=Javalgekar|first=Aishwarya|date=2017-08-09|work=Feminism in India|accessdate=2017-08-20}}</ref> Nna ya Laxmanrao Gokhale bụ onye ọka iwu a ma ama. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma, ebe ọ bụ na a mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Fergusson College wee mụọ iwu, bụrụ nwanyị mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'iwu na Maharashtra . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Dhawale|first=Ashok|authorlink=Ashok Dhawale|date=2007|title=Godavari Parulekar: A Centenary Tribute|url=http://www.cpim.org/marxist/200704-marxist-godavari.pdf|journal=The Marxist|accessdate=20 August 2017}}</ref> == Mmalite nke Mgbalị == N'ime ụbọchị kọleji ya, Godavari sonyeere otu ụmụ akwụkwọ megide ndị Britain.[1] O tinyere aka na Satyagrahas n'otu n'otu ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ maka nke ahụ na 1932. Nke a adịghị amasị ezinụlọ ya, bụ ndị nwere ntụsara ahụ na ọchịchị Britain. Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ wee kpebie ịbanye ọrụ mmekọrịta na Mumbai.[2] Godavari sonyeere Ndị Ohu nke India Society. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ so na ndụ. N'afọ 1937, ọ haziri mkpọsa ịgụ na ide na Maharashtra. N'afọ 1938, ọ jikọtara ndị ọrụ ụlọ dị ka akụkụ nke ndị ọrụ. N'afọ 1938-39 ọ haziri ndị ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara Thane nke Maharashtra . <ref name=":0" /> Ndị Britain tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ọtụtụ ugboro maka ọrụ ya. N'oge a, ọ zutere di ya Shamrao Parulekar. Ọ bụkwa onye otu Servants of India ma na-eme ngagharị iwe n'otu mpaghara ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&q=godavari+parulekar&pg=PA217|title=Women in Modern India|author=Forbes|first=Geraldine|date=1999-04-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521653770|language=en}}</ref> Godavari lụrụ Shamrao Parulekar na 1939. == Ị sonye n'òtù ndị Kọmunist == Echiche Godavari na Shamrao Parulekar ekwekọghị na nke Òtù Ndị Ọrụ India. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ha kwenyere na ịjụ ịkwado agha Britain bụ ụzọ kasị mma isi kpochapụ ha. Mgbe esemokwu ụfọdụ gasịrị, ha hapụrụ nzukọ ahụ ma banye n’Òtù Kọmunist nke India na 1939. Godavari kwenyere na ịhazi ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ ụzọ kasị mma isi kwatuo ọchịchị Britain. Ọ bụ Marxism kpaliri ya. Tinyere ndị isi nke CPI, ha haziri ọrụ mbụ nke ndị ọrụ na Mumbai. Ọbụna mgbe e jidere ndị isi ndị ọzọ, o mere ngagharị iwe ahụ. A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ site na 1940 ruo 1942. [1] == Na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo na adivasis == Mgbe ahụ, ọ tụgharịrị uche ya n'ịhazi ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ọ sonyeere All India Kisan Sabha wee guzobe alaka Maharashtra, Maharashstra Rajya Kisan Sabh. Ọ bụ onye odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke Sabha.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/80-years-and-fighting-all-india-kisan-sabha-today%E2%80%99s-moments-agrarian-distress|title=80 Years and Fighting: All India Kisan Sabha in Today's Moments of Agrarian Distress|date=2016-04-18|work=SabrangIndia|accessdate=2017-08-20|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, o tinyere ndụ ya n'ọgụ nke Warli Community na Thane, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ras.org.in/the_kisan_sabha_and_adivasi_struggles_in_thane_district_after_1947|title=RAS {{!}} The Kisan Sabha and Adivasi Struggles in Thane District after 1947|work=ras.org.in|language=en|accessdate=2017-08-20}}</ref> bụ ndị nwe ala bara ọgaranya na-amanye ha ịrụ ọrụ. Ndị nwe ụlọ na-edina ụmụ nwanyị Warli n'ike, ma bo ha ebubo amoosu ma gbuo ha. Ọ duziri Warli Adivasi Revolt site na 1945 ruo 1947 ya na di ya Shamrao.<ref name=":2" /> O dere ihe ndị ahụ n'akwụkwọ ya ''Jewha Manus Jaga Hoto'' (The Awakening of Man). Mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, Godavari nọgidere na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike nke Warlis na Adivasis. Ya na Shamrao guzobere ''Adivasi Pragati Mandal'' (Tribal Progress Council) na 1961. == Ịtọ ntọala CPI (M) na Thane District == Òtù Kọmunist nke Thane dara na 1964. ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị otu niile dị na mpaghara Thane, nke ndị Parulekars na-edu, batara na CPI (M) Communist Party of India (Marxist). Ma Shamrao na Godavari so n'ime ndị isi 163 nke pati ahụ na Maharashtra bụ ndị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'oge ahụ. A họpụtara Shamrao na Godavari ka ha bụrụ ndị odeakwụkwọ steeti. Mgbe Shamrao nwụsịrị na 1965, Godavari gara n'ihu na-eduga CPI (M). N'afọ 1986, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke All India Kisan Sabha . <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/80-years-and-fighting-all-india-kisan-sabha-today%E2%80%99s-moments-agrarian-distress|title=80 Years and Fighting: All India Kisan Sabha in Today's Moments of Agrarian Distress|date=2016-04-18|work=SabrangIndia|accessdate=2017-08-20|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170820115252/https://sabrangindia.in/article/80-years-and-fighting-all-india-kisan-sabha-today%E2%80%99s-moments-agrarian-distress "80 Years and Fighting: All India Kisan Sabha in Today's Moments of Agrarian Distress"]. ''SabrangIndia''. 18 April 2016. Archived from [https://sabrangindia.in/article/80-years-and-fighting-all-india-kisan-sabha-today%E2%80%99s-moments-agrarian-distress the original] on 20 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 8 Ọktoba 1996. == Edensibia == Godavari dere ọgụ ya n'akwụkwọ ya. Akwụkwọ ya kachasị ewu ewu bụ ''Jewha Manus Jaga Hoto'' (The Awakening of Man). <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=godavari+parulekar+writer&pg=PA1823|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|author=Datta|first=Amaresh|date=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126011940|language=en}}</ref> E bipụtara ya na 1970, ma nata onyinye Sahitya Akademi na 1972. Ọ nwetakwara Jawaharlal Nehru Award na Soviet Land Award. A sụgharịrị ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, gụnyere Bekee na Japanese. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Akwụkwọ ya ndị ọzọ bụ: Adivasi revolt: akụkọ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Warli na-alụ ọgụ na ''Bandivasachi aath varsh'' (Afọ asatọ nke Mkpọrọ) E nyere Godavari Lokmanya Tilak Award na Savitribai Phule Award maka ozi ya n'ebe ndị a na-akpa ókè na ndị a na'emegbu emegbu nọ na India.<ref name=":0" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kfxebl4u01k6cu4do0pginm5rmsve1x 674309 674308 2026-07-08T21:53:00Z Bigcee007 24507 Fixed reference error 674309 wikitext text/x-wiki   Godavari Parulekar (14 Ọgọst 1907 – 8 Ọktoba 1996) bụ onye mgba nnwere onwe, onye ode akwụkwọ na onye na-akwado ọha. Echiche Marxist na ndị Kọmunist metụtara ya ma jiri ndụ ya na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ. Ọ lụrụ Shamrao Parulekar, onye ọzọ na-alụ ọgụ nnwere onwe na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ nwere echiche yiri ya.[1] == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Godavari Gokhale na 14 Ọgọst 1907 na Pune . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/08/09/godavari-parulekar-essay/|title=Godavari Parulekar: A Life Of Activism {{!}} #IndianWomenInHistory|author=Javalgekar|first=Aishwarya|date=2017-08-09|work=Feminism in India|accessdate=2017-08-20}}</ref> Nna ya Laxmanrao Gokhale bụ onye ọka iwu a ma ama. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma, ebe ọ bụ na a mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Fergusson College wee mụọ iwu, bụrụ nwanyị mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'iwu na Maharashtra . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Dhawale|first=Ashok|authorlink=Ashok Dhawale|date=2007|title=Godavari Parulekar: A Centenary Tribute|url=http://www.cpim.org/marxist/200704-marxist-godavari.pdf|journal=The Marxist|accessdate=20 August 2017}}</ref> == Mmalite nke Mgbalị == N'ime ụbọchị kọleji ya, Godavari sonyeere otu ụmụ akwụkwọ megide ndị Britain.[1] O tinyere aka na Satyagrahas n'otu n'otu ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ maka nke ahụ na 1932. Nke a adịghị amasị ezinụlọ ya, bụ ndị nwere ntụsara ahụ na ọchịchị Britain. Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ wee kpebie ịbanye ọrụ mmekọrịta na Mumbai.[2] Godavari sonyeere Ndị Ohu nke India Society. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ so na ndụ. N'afọ 1937, ọ haziri mkpọsa ịgụ na ide na Maharashtra. N'afọ 1938, ọ jikọtara ndị ọrụ ụlọ dị ka akụkụ nke ndị ọrụ. N'afọ 1938-39 ọ haziri ndị ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara Thane nke Maharashtra . <ref name=":0" /> Ndị Britain tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ọtụtụ ugboro maka ọrụ ya. N'oge a, ọ zutere di ya Shamrao Parulekar. Ọ bụkwa onye otu Servants of India ma na-eme ngagharị iwe n'otu mpaghara ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&q=godavari+parulekar&pg=PA217|title=Women in Modern India|author=Forbes|first=Geraldine|date=1999-04-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521653770|language=en}}</ref> Godavari lụrụ Shamrao Parulekar na 1939. == Ị sonye n'òtù ndị Kọmunist == Echiche Godavari na Shamrao Parulekar ekwekọghị na nke Òtù Ndị Ọrụ India. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ha kwenyere na ịjụ ịkwado agha Britain bụ ụzọ kasị mma isi kpochapụ ha. Mgbe esemokwu ụfọdụ gasịrị, ha hapụrụ nzukọ ahụ ma banye n’Òtù Kọmunist nke India na 1939. Godavari kwenyere na ịhazi ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ ụzọ kasị mma isi kwatuo ọchịchị Britain. Ọ bụ Marxism kpaliri ya. Tinyere ndị isi nke CPI, ha haziri ọrụ mbụ nke ndị ọrụ na Mumbai. Ọbụna mgbe e jidere ndị isi ndị ọzọ, o mere ngagharị iwe ahụ. A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ site na 1940 ruo 1942. [1] == Na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo na adivasis == Mgbe ahụ, ọ tụgharịrị uche ya n'ịhazi ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ọ sonyeere All India Kisan Sabha wee guzobe alaka Maharashtra, Maharashstra Rajya Kisan Sabh. Ọ bụ onye odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke Sabha.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/80-years-and-fighting-all-india-kisan-sabha-today%E2%80%99s-moments-agrarian-distress|title=80 Years and Fighting: All India Kisan Sabha in Today's Moments of Agrarian Distress|date=2016-04-18|work=SabrangIndia|accessdate=2017-08-20|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, o tinyere ndụ ya n'ọgụ nke Warli Community na Thane, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ras.org.in/the_kisan_sabha_and_adivasi_struggles_in_thane_district_after_1947|title=RAS {{!}} The Kisan Sabha and Adivasi Struggles in Thane District after 1947|work=ras.org.in|language=en|accessdate=2017-08-20}}</ref> bụ ndị nwe ala bara ọgaranya na-amanye ha ịrụ ọrụ. Ndị nwe ụlọ na-edina ụmụ nwanyị Warli n'ike, ma bo ha ebubo amoosu ma gbuo ha. Ọ duziri Warli Adivasi Revolt site na 1945 ruo 1947 ya na di ya Shamrao.<ref name=":2" /> O dere ihe ndị ahụ n'akwụkwọ ya ''Jewha Manus Jaga Hoto'' (The Awakening of Man). Mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, Godavari nọgidere na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike nke Warlis na Adivasis. Ya na Shamrao guzobere ''Adivasi Pragati Mandal'' (Tribal Progress Council) na 1961. == Ịtọ ntọala CPI (M) na Thane District == Òtù Kọmunist nke Thane dara na 1964. ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị otu niile dị na mpaghara Thane, nke ndị Parulekars na-edu, batara na CPI (M) Communist Party of India (Marxist). Ma Shamrao na Godavari so n'ime ndị isi 163 nke pati ahụ na Maharashtra bụ ndị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'oge ahụ. A họpụtara Shamrao na Godavari ka ha bụrụ ndị odeakwụkwọ steeti. Mgbe Shamrao nwụsịrị na 1965, Godavari gara n'ihu na-eduga CPI (M). N'afọ 1986, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke All India Kisan Sabha . <ref name=":3" /> Ọ nwụrụ na 8 Ọktoba 1996. == Edensibia == Godavari dere ọgụ ya n'akwụkwọ ya. Akwụkwọ ya kachasị ewu ewu bụ ''Jewha Manus Jaga Hoto'' (The Awakening of Man). <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=godavari+parulekar+writer&pg=PA1823|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|author=Datta|first=Amaresh|date=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126011940|language=en}}</ref> E bipụtara ya na 1970, ma nata onyinye Sahitya Akademi na 1972. Ọ nwetakwara Jawaharlal Nehru Award na Soviet Land Award. A sụgharịrị ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, gụnyere Bekee na Japanese. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Akwụkwọ ya ndị ọzọ bụ: Adivasi revolt: akụkọ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Warli na-alụ ọgụ na ''Bandivasachi aath varsh'' (Afọ asatọ nke Mkpọrọ) E nyere Godavari Lokmanya Tilak Award na Savitribai Phule Award maka ozi ya n'ebe ndị a na-akpa ókè na ndị a na'emegbu emegbu nọ na India.<ref name=":0" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bq9ac4asx65sa84krm9ptgxezmrei87 0 74751 674135 673619 2026-07-08T14:56:33Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 674135 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Molly Ball in 2017.jpg|thumb|216x216px|Molly Ball]]   '''Molly Ball''' bụ onye nta akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye edemede America. Ọ bụ onye dere akụkọ ndụ nke 2020 nke onye isi oche ụlọ Nancy Pelosi. Ball tolitere na Idaho na Colorado.<ref name="pc">{{Cite web|title=Molly Ball|url=https://pulitzercenter.org/people/molly-ball|work=Pulitzer Center|accessdate=May 22, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522193039/https://pulitzercenter.org/people/molly-ball|archivedate=May 22, 2020}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Cherry Creek High School na mpaghara Denver nke Greenwood Village na 1997. Ọ gara [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]], ebe o dere maka The Yale Herald ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2001 . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Washingtonpost.com: Journalism Internships for College Students|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/post/intern/intbio01.htm|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref><ref name="pbs-profile">{{Cite web|title=Molly Ball (profile of)|url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/profile/molly-ball|work=[[Washington Week]]|publisher=[[PBS]]|accessdate=2020-05-10|archivedate=April 30, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430051204/https://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/profile/molly-ball}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yale.edu/2013/07/11/yalewomen-boundless-ambition-local-action|title=For Yale Women, boundless ambition, local action|date=July 11, 2013|work=YaleNews}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, Ball nwere ọzụzụ n'''Oge'' ọkọchị na The Washington Post, <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Washingtonpost.com: Journalism Internships for College Students|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/post/intern/intbio01.htm|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> mgbe ahụ na Jenụwarị 2002 ọ kwagara Cambodia ma nọrọ otu afọ na ọnwa atọ na-akọ akụkọ maka The Cambodia Daily. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ball|first=Molly|authorlink=|date=September 27, 2023|title=An announcement And a reflection on my career in journalism|url=https://mollyball.substack.com/p/an-announcement|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=mollyball.substack.com}}</ref> Ọ laghachiri na United States mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ na-arịa ọrịa kansa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ball|first=Molly|date=2023-09-27|title=An announcement|url=https://mollyball.substack.com/p/an-announcement|accessdate=2025-07-18|work=Mollyesque}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ maka ''Las Vegas Sun'', Las Vegas Review-Journal, Politico, The Atlantic, Time, na The Wall Street Journal. == Nkwado == N'afọ 2019, Ball natara Gerald R. Ford Prize for Distinguished Reporting on the Presidency maka mkpuchi ya banyere Ọchịchị Trump. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Reporting Prizes: Reporting on the Presidency 2019|url=https://geraldrfordfoundation.org/reporting-on-the-presidency-2019/|publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Foundation|accessdate=2020-05-10|date=June 4, 2019}}</ref> Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ ọ natara gụnyere Lee Walczak Award for Political Analysis, Sandy Hume Memorial Award for Excellence in Political Journalism, Society of Professional Journalists' Sigma Delta Chi Award, na Toner Prize for Excellence na Political Reporting.<ref name="pc">{{Cite web|title=Molly Ball|url=https://pulitzercenter.org/people/molly-ball|work=Pulitzer Center|accessdate=May 22, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522193039/https://pulitzercenter.org/people/molly-ball|archivedate=May 22, 2020}}</ref> Ball natara 2020 Everett McKinley Dirksen Award for Distinguished Reporting of Congress site na National Press Foundation maka akụkọ ya banyere House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, nke ndị ọkàikpe kpọrọ "authoritative," "nkwado" na "nuanced". A matara ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ pụtara ìhè na Print na 2020 Washington Women in Journalism awards. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Molly Ball Wins Dirksen Award for Distinguished Reporting of Congress|url=https://nationalpress.org/award-story/molly-ball-of-time-wins-dirksen-award/|publisher=National Press Foundation|accessdate=2021-07-14|date=December 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the Winners of the 2020 Washington Women in Journalism Awards|url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2020/09/22/meet-the-winners-of-the-2020-washington-women-in-journalism-awards/|work=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119025124/https://www.washingtonian.com/2020/09/22/meet-the-winners-of-the-2020-washington-women-in-journalism-awards/|archivedate=January 19, 2021|accessdate=2021-07-14|date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> == Nkatọ, esemokwu na esemokwu iwu == N'afọ 2015, James Taranto nke The Wall Street Journal katọrọ mmeso Ball na-emeso ''Oge'' na-akwado Trump n'otu edemede Ball dere maka The Atlantic nke akpọrọ, "The Ecstasy of Donald Trump", <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ball|first=Molly|date=2015-11-26|title=The Ecstasy of Donald Trump|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/the-ecstasy-of-donald-trump/417870/|accessdate=2024-06-21|work=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> na-ekwu na ọ kọwara onye na-enye ya "akpụkpọ anụ na ezé odo", nke Taranto kwuru na ọ bụ ihe atụ nke ajọ mbunobi mgbasa ozi na enweghị nkwanye ùgwù nye ụmụ amaala nkịtị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ball|first=Molly|date=2015-12-02|title="Yellow Teeth" and Descriptive Journalism|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/yellow-teeth-and-descriptive-journalism/625633/|accessdate=2024-06-21|work=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Taranto|first=James|date=November 27, 2015|title=Bully for Whom|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bully-for-whom-1448647860|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=June 20, 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, akụkọ magazin Ball's Time, "Akụkọ Nzuzo nke Shadow Campaign That Saved the 2020 Election", kọwara mbọ ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị isi azụmaahịa, na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-emetụta ntuli aka 2020. Ọ bụ ezie na Ball kọwara nke a dị ka ichebe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ntuli aka, ndị nkatọ jụrụ ụkpụrụ omume ya na ebumnuche ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wulfsohn|first=Joseph|date=2021-02-05|title=Time report touts 'cabal of powerful people' behind 'conspiracy,' 'shadow campaign' to shape election|url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/time-mag-report-touting-cabal-of-of-powerful-people-behind-conspiracy-shadow-campaign-to-shape-election|accessdate=2024-06-21|work=Fox News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-10|title=Irresponsible Hype from Molly Ball and Time Magazine|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/02/irresponsible-hype-from-molly-ball-and-time-magazine/|accessdate=2024-06-21|work=National Review|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=PEYTON|first=arlie]|date=2022-12-03|title=Why Time Magazine's Shadow Campaign Story Is Frightening|url=https://arliepeyton.medium.com/why-time-magazines-shadow-campaign-story-is-frightening-c7b2e153178|accessdate=2024-06-21|work=Medium|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A Saintly Conspiracy to Save Democracy? -Capital Research Center|url=https://capitalresearch.org/article/a-saintly-conspiracy-to-save-democracy/|accessdate=2024-06-21|work=capitalresearch.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Groups and Persons Mentioned in Time's "Shadow Campaign" Article -Capital Research Center|url=https://capitalresearch.org/article/the-groups-and-persons-mentioned-in-times-shadow-campaign-article/|accessdate=2024-06-21|work=capitalresearch.org}}</ref> Na Disemba 2019, Ball na The Atlantic gbara akwụkwọ maka nkwutọ na mwakpo nke nzuzo na Courtlọ ikpe mpaghara Tokyo, Japan, site na ezinụlọ Bernard Krisher maka mpempe bọọlụ akpọrọ "Mgbe nkwụsị nkwụsị" nke ebipụtara na mbipụta Jenụwarị / Febụwarị 2018.[1] [2] Ikpe ahụ wee kpee ikpe wee dozie na Jenụwarị 2024. Dị ka akụkụ nke mmezi iwu, magazin ahụ mere ọtụtụ nhichapụ, mmezi na nkọwa na isiokwu ahụ. Nke a gụnyere imezi nkwudo Ball na Krisher, onye bụ onye were ya n'ọrụ na The Cambodia Daily, emeghị ihe ọ bụla iji nyere ya aka n'ihe gbasara mkpuchi ahụike, nke egosiri na ozi-e na-egosi na Krisher agbaala mbọ inyere ya aka n'ezie. [2] Na mgbakwunye, a chọrọ bọọlụ ka ihichapụ ma bibie foto niile o sere na-enweghị ọmụma na nkwenye nke isiokwu ahụ n'oge ọ gara n'ebe obibi ha.[3] == Ndụ onwe onye == Ball bụ nke ndị Juu. Ọ bi na Arlington, Virginia na di ya, David Kihara, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na Politico, na ụmụ ha atọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Friess|first=Steve|date=July 1, 2013|work=[[KNPR]]|title=The neon story machine: Former Vegas journos strike it big in D.C.|url=https://knpr.org/magazine-desert-companion/2013-07-01/the-neon-story-machine-former-vegas-journos-strike-it-big-in-d-c|accessdate=|quote=Ball, a staff writer for The Atlantic who lived in Las Vegas from 2004 to 2009 and whose husband, former R-J cops reporter David Kihara, is managing editor for the website of WJLA, the ABC affiliate in D.C}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, ọ meriri $ 100,000 na ihe ngosi egwuregwu Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . <ref name="pbs-profile" /> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] junhb79xz3lh90u2r8hbduwidqba6fu 0 74767 674387 670929 2026-07-09T07:05:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francis Okaroh''' // i (amụrụ n'August 25, 1963 na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], Nigeria) bụ onye na-agbachitere [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. N'ịgba bọọlụ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], ọ malitere ọrụ ya n'ime ụlọ na Cleveland Force na 1987-88 tupu ya etinye oge ise na Major League Soccer (MLS) na New England Revolution (1996-1997), Chicago Fire (1998-1999) na Miami Fusion (2000). Ọ bụ onye na-agbachitere na mkpọsa mmeghe maka Revolution na Fire, na-emeri MLS Cup '98 na nke ikpeazụ. Ọ bụ onye enyemaka onye nkuzi na mmemme bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke na Alma mater ya na Mahadum Boston kemgbe 2007. == Onye ọkpụkpọ == === Kọleji === Okaroh gbara bọọlụ kọleji na United States na Mahadum Boston (BU) site na 1982 ruo 1986. Ọ bụ onye otu nke abụọ nke 1986 All American.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nscaa.com/awards-detail.php?it=I&yr=1986|title=1986 All Americans|accessdate=2010-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003854/http://www.nscaa.com/awards-detail.php?it=I&yr=1986|archivedate=2011-06-15}}</ref> A nabatara ya na BU Athletic Hall of Fame n'afọ 2006. In November 1987, Okaroh signed with the Cleveland Force of Major Indoor Soccer League. He played only one season with the Force. In 1995, Okaroh played for the amateur Lowell Blues of the Luso-American Soccer Association. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 1996, na nkwadebe maka oge egwuregwu bọọlụ Major League na-abịanụ, Okaroh bịanyere aka na Cape Cod Crusaders nke USISL.<ref name="NESoccerToday" /> Okaroh bịanyere aka na Major League Soccer's New England Revolution na July 22, 1996. <ref name="ClubHistory_CoachandPlayerRegistry.pdf" /> O mere nke mbụ ya na June 23 na mmeri 4-1 na Dallas Burn.<ref name="2024 Media Guide">{{Cite book|title=2024 Media Guide|publisher=New England Revolution|url=https://revolution.1rmg.com/season/2024/media-guide/|accessdate=September 26, 2024}}</ref> Okaroh bụ onye egwuregwu pụtara ìhè na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Revolution backline n'oge ya na klọb ahụ. <ref name="NESoccerToday">{{Cite web|url=http://nesoccertoday.com/?p=1932|author=Donahue, Sean|accessdate=September 26, 2024|title=Revolution Best XI Ever|date=December 31, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="All-Star">{{Cite web|url=https://www.southcoasttoday.com/article/19970609/news/306099944|date=June 9, 1997|accessdate=September 26, 2024|title=Lals a likely All-Star, but Okaroh deserves it|author=Chapman, Doug}}</ref> A na-akpọ ya "The General," Okaroh malitere egwuregwu iri abụọ na mkpọsa mmeghe nke Revolution, n'agbanyeghị na ọ sonyeere n'etiti oge ahụ.<ref name="All-Star" /> A kpọrọ ya onye na-agbachitere otu nke afọ maka oge New England Revolution nke 1996 (nke a maara mgbe ahụ dị ka "Bic Tough Defensive Player of the Year" maka ebumnuche nkwado). <ref name="2024 Media Guide" /> N'afọ 1997, Okaroh nyeere klọb ahụ aka iru eru maka egwuregwu egwuregwu maka oge mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ha, na-amalite 29 n'oge oge, ma na-akpọkwa ya Revolution Defender of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcblazers.com/clubinfo/Coaches/448124.html|title=Francis Okaroh - Executive Director - FC Blazers|work=www.fcblazers.com|accessdate=March 19, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313113719/http://www.fcblazers.com/clubinfo/Coaches/448124.html|archivedate=March 13, 2015}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 4, 1997, Chicago Fire weghaara Okaroh na agba nke asaa nke 1997 MLS Expansion Draft. <ref name="ClubHistory_CoachandPlayerRegistry.pdf">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135826/https://newengland-mp7static.mlsdigital.net/elfinderimages/media/ClubHistory_CoachandPlayerRegistry.pdf|url=https://newengland-mp7static.mlsdigital.net/elfinderimages/media/ClubHistory_CoachandPlayerRegistry.pdf|title=ClubHistory_CoachandPlayerRegistry.pdf|archivedate=June 12, 2018|accessdate=September 26, 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore=""> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135826/https://newengland-mp7static.mlsdigital.net/elfinderimages/media/ClubHistory_CoachandPlayerRegistry.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ahụ, o nyeere Fire aka na 1998 MLS Cup na 1998 U.S. Open Cup okpukpu abụọ, na-apụta 33 n'asọmpi niile.<ref name="Chicago Fire SC Media Guide">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/chicagofire2011mediaguide/page/n71/mode/2up|accessdate=September 26, 2024|title=Chicago Fire SC 2011 media guide}}</ref> Na Machị 10, 2000, erere ya na Miami Fusion maka nhọrọ Fusion's 2001 nke abụọ MLS SuperDraft yana nhọrọ nhazi ọnọdụ.[1] Ọ mere ngosi 13 n'oge naanị ya na Fusion tupu erere ya na MetroStars. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-egwuri egwu maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ikpeazụ, a napụrụ ya tupu oge 2001. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ] Okaroh pụtara ugboro 114 n'oge ọrụ MLS ya, ọ dịghịkwa mgbe ọ gbara goolu. Ọgba ọsọ ahụ mere ka ọ bụrụ onye nke asaa n'oge niile na MLS na-enweghị ihe mgbaru ọsọ ka ọ na-erule afọ 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/first-xi-goal-less-wonders|title=First XI: Goal-less wonders|date=January 23, 2010|accessdate=September 26, 2024}}</ref> Na mbido 1990s, Okaroh zụrụ otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke High School Norwood. Ugbu a, [mgbe?] ọ na-agba Francis Okaroh's Ultimate Soccer Academy na New Hampton, New Hampshire. Na 2007, ọ ghọrọ osote onye nkuzi na otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke nke Mahadum Boston.[1] Ya na nwanne ya nwoke bụ Ben, ọ tọrọ ntọala FC Blazers, otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ntorobịa nke dabere na Massachusetts.[2] Francis Okaroh sonyeere ndị ọrụ Emmanuel College dị ka Onye isi nchịkwa bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị, na-eweghara mmemme ahụ n'ọnwa Eprel 2021, na-apụ mgbe oge 2025 gasịrị. N'ime oge abụọ mbụ ya na ndị otu ahụ, Okaroh duuru ndị nsọ gaa na GNAC postseason abụọ ma kpọọ ya GNAC Women's Soccer Coach of the Year nke afọ 2022. Ọ zụrụ 2022 GNAC Rookie of the Year, 2022 GNAc Goalkeeper of the Year na 2021 GNAC Defensive Player of the Year mgbe ọ nwere ndị otu asatọ a na-asọpụrụ na GNAC All-Conference squad.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Dec 1, 2023|title=Francis Okaroh|url=https://www.goecsaints.com/sports/w-soccer/coaches/Francis_Okaroh|accessdate=2023-12-24|work=Emmanuel College|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8nctt3fu1pjpluv53vh91an2rq5b8kt 0 75068 674495 657059 2026-07-09T11:37:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674495 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ginette Gamatis''' (née Bibi, amụrụ n'afọ 1944) bụ onye nkuzi na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Seychelles. Site na 1983 ruo mgbe ọ dara na 1993, ọ bụ onye otu Mgbakọ Ndị Mmadụ nke Seychelles. Site na 1993 ruo 2011, ọ bụ onye otu Mgbakọ Mba nke Seychelles dịka onye nnọchi anya Port Glaud. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=4 October 2008|title=Seychelles National Assembly {{!}} Members {{!}} MNA For Port-Glaud|url=http://www.nationalassembly.gov.sc/pages/memprof/pg.aspx|accessdate=2024-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004013927/http://www.nationalassembly.gov.sc/pages/memprof/pg.aspx|archivedate=2008-10-04}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Lablache|first=John|date=18 June 2015|title=The evolution of legislative representation in Seychelles – first parliamentary museum opens|url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/3164/The+evolution+of+legislative+representation+in+Seychelles+-+first+parliamentary+museum+opens|accessdate=2025-01-21|archivedate=2024-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412152137/http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/3164/The%20evolution%20of%20legislative%20representation%20in%20Seychelles%20-%20first%20parliamentary%20museum%20opens}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLablacheAmla2015">Lablache, John; Amla, Hajira (18 June 2015). . [[Seychelles News Agency]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Seychelles People's Progressive Front, <ref name=":0" /> na onye bụbu onye otu Seychelles Popular United Party. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=15 February 2011|title=Up Close … with the doyen of the National Assembly, Ginette Gamatis-My firm belief in the strength of our women|url=https://www.nation.sc/archive/229606/up-close-?-with-the-doyen-of-the-national-assembly-ginette-gamatis-my-firm-belief-in-the-strength-of-our-women|accessdate=2025-01-21|work=[[Seychelles Nation]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nation.sc/archive/229606/up-close-?-with-the-doyen-of-the-national-assembly-ginette-gamatis-my-firm-belief-in-the-strength-of-our-women "Up Close … with the doyen of the National Assembly, Ginette Gamatis-My firm belief in the strength of our women"]. ''[[Seychelles Nation]]''. 15 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A mụrụ Gamatis na 26 Disemba 1944. Ọ si Port Glaud. Ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi inye ihe mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii. Ọ gụrụ ọzụzụ nkuzi nke klas abụọ ma mechaa bụrụ onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.Gamatis hapụrụ nkuzi ma họpụta ya na Nzukọ Ndị Mmadụ nke Seychelles na 1983. N'afọ 1993, ọ sonyeere ndị Seychelles People's Progressive Front ma họpụta ya ka ọ nọchite anya Port Glaud na National Assembly . <ref name=":2"/> Ọ lara ezumike nká na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 2011. <ref name=":1"/> Ya na di ya, Philippe Gamatis (nwụrụ n'ihe dị ka ), nwere ụmụ iri. Otu n'ime ụmụ ha nwụrụ na mbido afọ 2000, mgbe ọ dị afọ 32.<ref name=":2"/> Otu n'ime ụmụnne ya ndị obere, Jordan Bibi (1946/1947-2020), rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka na onye ntụgharị maka Bruce Greatbatch.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 September 2020|title=Jourdan Bibi, former personal assistant to Governor Bruce Greatbatch, passes away|url=https://www.nation.sc/articles/6228/jourdan-bibi-former-personal-assistant-to-governor-bruce-greatbatch-passes-away|accessdate=2025-01-21|work=[[Seychelles Nation]]}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] qwobg5hcnfi2og8wcacsm3r2y28uro5 0 75079 674476 631496 2026-07-09T10:40:00Z ~2026-39076-17 64132 Fixed Reference error 674476 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nengineni Neelavathi''' (10 June 1977) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India si Andhra Pradesh. Ọ bụbu onye otu omeiwu nke ndị omeiwu na 2004 si Gooty na-anọchite anya Indian National Congress. . <ref>{{Cite web|title=IndiaVotes AC: Gooty 2004|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2004/andhra-pradesh/gooty/27/26611/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2004/andhra-pradesh/gooty/27/26611/176|accessdate=2026-04-26|work=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2004-05-13|title=Bonhomie brims over at CLP|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/bonhomie-brims-over-at-clp/articleshow/672439.cms|accessdate=2026-04-26|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye MLA kachasị nta na mgbakọ ahụ na 2004.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2011-07-28|title=Profile of N. Neelavathi – Anantapur District – hello ap|url=https://helloap.com/profile-of-n-neelavathi-anantapur-district/|accessdate=2026-04-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Neelavathi na 10 June 1977 na Guntakal, Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh. Aha nna ya bụ Nengineni Gadilingappa. Ọ lụrụ K. Palaksha Kumar. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Master of Computer Applications . <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == Neelavathi ghọrọ onye MLA na nke mbụ ya na-emeri na ntuli aka 2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly site na mpaghara Gooty Assembly na mpaghara Anantapur na-anọchite anya Indian National Congress.O nwetara votu 52,895 ma merie onye ya na ya kacha nso, K. C. Narayana nke otu Telugu Desam Party, site na oke votu 8,712..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gooty Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gooty-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency|accessdate=2026-04-26|work=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2004 - Constituency wise Results|url=https://m.rediff.com/election/ap04detail.htm|accessdate=2026-04-26|work=m.rediff.com}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] m5ny3utcvl6rsf4omb6hvvm4f7g6il2 0 75090 674300 631538 2026-07-08T21:21:03Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 674300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Morena Valdez | image = | caption = | office = [[Minister of Tourism of El Salvador]] | term_start = 1 June 2019 | term_end = | president = [[Nayib Bukele]] | predecessor = [[Napoleón Duarte]] | successor = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date |52 |2026}} | birth_place = [[El Salvador]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = | alma_mater = [[Central American University, San Salvador]] | occupation = }} Morena Ileana Valdez Vigil (amụrụ n'afọ 1973 ma ọ bụ n'afọ 1974) bụ onye mgbasa ozi, ọkà mmụta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị El Salvadore. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka Minista nke Njem Nlereanya nke El Salvador kemgbe 2019. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Valdez na 1973 ma ọ bụ 1974 na El Salvador n'ezinụlọ agha obodo El Salvadore metụtara ma bụrụ onye nne ya na nne nne ya zụlitere bụ ndị nlereanya ya abụọ.<ref name="infobae1">{{Cite news|author=Lemus|first=Roxana|title=Trayectoria, vocación y raíces: quién es Morena Valdez, ministra de Turismo de El Salvador|url=https://www.infobae.com/el-salvador/2026/04/18/trayectoria-vocacion-y-raices-quien-es-morena-valdez-ministra-de-turismo-de-el-salvador/|accessdate=28 April 2026|work=[[Infobae]]|date=18 April 2026|language=es}}</ref><ref name="pineda">{{Cite news|author=Pineda|first=Jonathan|title=Morena Valdez: mi abuela y mi mamá han sido mi mejor ejemplo|url=https://diarioelsalvador.com/morena-valdez-mi-abuela-y-mi-mama-han-sido-mi-mejor-ejemplo/632994/|accessdate=28 April 2026|work=[[Diario El Salvador]]|date=14 March 2025|language=es}}</ref> Ọ na-eme egwuregwu mmega ahụ mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị.<ref name="infobae1" /> Ọ gụrụ injinia eletrik ruo afọ abụọ na Mahadum Central American, San Salvador, tupu ọ gbanwee ọmụmụ ihe ma mesịa gụsịa akwụkwọ n'otu ebe ahụ n'isi ọmụmụ nchịkwa azụmahịa.<ref name="infobae1" /><ref name="prensa">{{Cite news|author=Campos Madrid|first=Gabriel|title=Morena Ileana Valdez Vigil dirigirá el Ministerio de Turismo|url=https://www.laprensagrafica.com/elsalvador/Morena-Ileana-Valdez-Vigil-dirigira-el-Ministerio-de-Turismo-20190530-0475.html|accessdate=28 April 2026|work=[[La Prensa Gráfica]]|date=31 May 2019|language=es}}</ref> Valdez mechara gụọ akwụkwọ na atụmatụ mgbasa ozi, nzụlite mmadụ, ụdịekere na iwu ọha na eze, na atụmatụ mmepe na nchedo ọha na eze. <ref name="prensa" /><ref name="mitur">{{Cite web|title=Morena Ileana Valdez Vigil|url=https://www.mitur.gob.sv/morena-ileana-valdez-vigil/|work=Ministry of Tourism|accessdate=28 April 2026|date=20 September 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1996, ọ sonyeere H. Marketing, ngalaba nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi McCann Erickson, ebe Valdez rụrụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ dịka Coca-Cola.<ref name="mitur" /><ref name="infobae1" /> Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ ndụmọdụ dị iche iche n'ịzụ ahịa na nnyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ngwụcha afọ 1990, n'etiti afọ 2001 na 2006 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na United Nations Development Programme, n'otu afọ ahụ ọ ghọrọ onye ndụmọdụ na nlekota na ngosipụta n'ihu ọha na eze maka ọrụ Conditional Cash Transfer, nke gọọmentị El Salvadore kwalitere. <ref name="mitur" /> <ref name="infobae1" /><ref name="prensa" /> N'afọ 2007, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Social Investment Fund for Local Development dị ka onye ọkachamara n'ime atụmatụ nakwa na mmekọrịta ọha na eze, e ruo na 2011 ọ ghọrọ onye njikwa mgbasa ozi na azụmahịa ụlọ ọrụ na PROESA, ụlọ ọrụ Export and Investment Promotion Agency nke El Salvadore.<ref name="mitur" /> Kemgbe afọ 2010, Valdez abụwo onye nkuzi na 'Mónica Herrera' School of Communication, na-akụzi ihe ọmụmụ ndị metụtara Integrated Marketing Communications and Strategic Design.<ref name="mitur" /><ref name="prensa" /> Ọ kụziekwala ihe ọmụmụ ndị gbasara Akụnaụba na Azụmahịa na Higher School of Economics and Business. <ref name="mitur" /><ref name="prensa" /> A họpụtara Valdez ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke ihe ndị a na-arụpụta na El Salvadore na Febụwarị 2017. <ref name="mitur" /><ref name="prensa" /> Na 30 Mee 2019, Onye isi ala a họpụtara ọhụrụ bụ Nayib Bukele họpụtara Valdez dị ka Minista ọhụrụ nke njem nlereanya nke El Salvador.<ref name="prensa" /> E duru ya n'iyi ọrụ na 1 Jun 2019, na-anọchi [[Napoleón Duarte|Napoleon Duarte]] <ref name="prensa" /> N'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị, ngalaba njem nlereanya nke mba ahụ nwere ọganihu na mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama, ebe ndị nta akụkọ hụtara Valdez dị ka otu n'ime ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kachasị ewu ewu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Aras|first=Liseth|title=Estos son los funcionarios que integrarán el gabinete de Nayib Bukele|url=https://historico.elsalvador.com/historico/608701/estos-son-los-funcionarios-que-integraran-el-gabinete-de-nayib-bukele.html|accessdate=28 April 2026|work=[[El Diario de Hoy]]|date=1 June 2019|language=es}}</ref><ref name="infobae1" /><ref name="pineda" /> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2025, o kwupụtara na mba ahụ gafere ihe gọọmentị chọrọ maka ndị njem nleta bụ ndè anọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cantizzano|first=Irma|title=Llegada de turistas a El Salvador supera los 4 millones|url=https://www.eleconomista.net/economia/llegada-de-turistas-a-el-salvador-supera-los-4-millones-20251230-0004.html|accessdate=28 April 2026|work=El Economista|date=30 December 2025|page=es}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ bụ onye na-egwu mmiri, onye na-agba ihe ọgbụgba n'elu mmiri, onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na onye na-agụ akwụkwọ. <ref name="pineda" /><ref name="infobae1" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}{{Cabinet of Nayib Bukele}}  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ks05t5gb2hto10rbmyimnq2sns32ncn 0 75149 674184 631656 2026-07-08T15:52:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = | name = Dorothée Aimée Malenzapa | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | order = | office = Minister of Rural Development | term_start = 3 February 2013 | term_end = 31 March 2013 | president = [[François Bozizé]]<br>[[Michel Djotodia]] | predecessor = [[Fidèle Gouandjika]] | successor = Jérémie Tchimanguere | order1 = | office1 = Minister of International Cooperation, Regional Integration and Francophonie | term_start1 = 22 April 2011 | term_end1 = 3 February 2013 | president1 = François Bozizé | predecessor1 = {{Ill|Antoine Gambi|lt=Antoine Gambi|de}} | successor1 = Anicet Parfait Mbaye | birth_date = 1951 | birth_place = | death_date = {{death date and age|2025|12|23|1951|df=yes}} | death_place = | spouse = | children = | alma_mater = | party = [[National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"|KNK]] | occupation = | signature = }} '''Dorothée Aimée Malenzapa''' (1951 - 23 Disemba 2025) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Central Afrịka, onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị, na prọfesọ. N'oge ọchịchị Bozize, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista Mmepe Ime Obodo (2013) na Minista nke Mmekọrịta Mba Nile, Njikọ Mpaghara na Francophonie (2011–2013). == Akụkọ Ndụ == A mụrụ Malenzapa n'afọ 1951, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka Prọfesọ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Afrịka na ''Ecole Normale Supérieure de Bangui'' (Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọzụzụ Ndị Nkụzi Ka Elu nke Bangui).<ref name="Aimee">{{cite web |last1=guide2womenleaders |first1=guide2womenleaders |title=Female Ministers of the Central African Republic/ République Centroafricaine/ Bê-Afrîca |url=https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Central_Africa.htm |website=guide2womenleaders.com |publisher=guide2womenleaders |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Institut Pédagogique National |first1=Institut Pédagogique National |title=Revue pédagogique |date=1989 |publisher=Institut Pédagogique National |page=67 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Revue_p%C3%A9dagogique/eFUNqyccDrkC?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Doroth%C3%A9e%20Aim%C3%A9e%20Malenzapa}}</ref> Site na 1993 ruo 1998, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nnọchi anya mba Françophonie na Paris.<ref name="Aimee"/> Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye nnọchi anya mba ofesi, o hiwere Association of Women Educators for Development na Central African Republic (AFEDEC) na 1994.<ref name="Malenzapa">{{cite web |last1=Yakpe |first1=Blaise |title=Hommage à l’ancienne ministre et pionnière de l’émancipation des femmes, Dorothée Aimée Malenzapa |url=https://afriqueenplus.com/hommage-a-lancienne-ministre-et-pionniere-de-lemancipation-des-femmes-dorothee-aimee-malenzapa/blaiseyakpe/09/23/4003/ |website=afriqueenplus.com |publisher=Afriqueen Plus |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> Na 1998, ọ gara nnọkọ nke 48 nke Mgbakọ nke Ndị Minista Mmụta nke Mba Ndị Na-eji Asụsụ French mere Asụsụ A Na-asụkarị (CONFEMEN) na [[Yamoussoukro]] site na 26 ruo 30 Ọktoba 1998 dịka onye na-ekiri ihe.<ref>{{cite report |author=CONFEMEN|date=1998 |title=Actes de la ministérielle 48e session de la CONFEMEN |url=https://www.confemen.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Actes-de-la-48e-session-ministerielle-Yamoussoukro-1998.pdf |work=CONFEMEN |location=Dakar |publisher=CONFEMEN |docket=|page=164 |access-date=}}</ref> O hibere otu NGO aha ya bụ Educational Relief in the Central African Republic (SECA) n'ime otu afọ a na-amaghị.<ref>{{cite web |last1=RJDH |first1=RJDH |title=L’AFEDC et le SECA se penchent sur le sort des filles déscolarisées |url=http://news.abangui.com/h/46528.html |website=news.abangui.com |publisher=RJDH |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> Tupu Malenzapa aghọọ minista, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ọrụ [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|OIF]].<ref name="Malenzapa"/> Ọ sonyeere [[National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"|Kwa Na Kwa]] n'ime afọ amabeghị.<ref name="Dorothee">{{cite web |last1=Ndeke Luka |first1=Ndeke Luka |title=La liste du Gouvernement d’union nationale rendue publique à Bangui |url=https://www.radiondekeluka.org/13676-la-liste-du-gouvernement-dunion-nationale-rendue-publique-a-bangui |website=radiondekeluka.org |publisher=Radio Ndeke Luka |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> [[Faustin-Archange Touadéra|Touadéra]] họpụtara ya dịka Minista nke Mmekọrịta Mba Nile, Njikọta Mpaghara na Francophonie na 22 Eprel 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ndeke Luka |first1=Ndeke Luka |title=Liste complète du nouveau gouvernement |url=https://www.radiondekeluka.org/3924-liste-complete-du-nouveau-gouvernement |website=radiondekeluka.org |publisher=Radio Ndeke Luka |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> Na ụbọchị atọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2013, ọ ghọrọ Minista nke Mmepe Ime Obodo, wee nọchie [[Fidèle Gouandjika]].<ref name="Dorothee"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ndeke Luka |first1=Ndeke Luka |title=Bangui au rythme des passations de service |url=https://www.radiondekeluka.org/13707-bangui-au-rythme-des-passations-de-service |website=radiondekeluka.org |publisher=Radio Ndeke Luka |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dịka Minista Mmepe Ime Obodo na Machị 31, 2013 mgbe Tiangaye gbanwere ndị kabinet ya, Jérémie Tchimanguere nọchiri ọkwa ya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=RJDH |first1=RJDH |title=Bangui : Le nouveau gouvernement d’Union nationale mis en place |url=https://reseaudesjournalistesrca.wordpress.com/2013/04/01/bangui-le-nouveau-gouvernement-dunion-nationale-mis-en-place/ |website=reseaudesjournalistesrca.wordpress.com |publisher=RJDH |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gbasịrị arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa minista, Malenzapa hiwere otu NGO abụọ, ndị bụ Network for Supporting Political Leadership of Central African Women (RESOLEP-FC) (2015) na Collective of Women of Central African Civil Society (2016). N'ime RESOLEP-FC, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nhazi ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name="Malenzapa"/> Mgbe ọ na-eje ozi dịka onye nhazi RESOLEP-FC, ọ ghọrọ ọkà okwu na Capacity Building Technical Workshop nke emere na [[Brazzaville]] na 14–15 Nọvemba 2016, ebe o mere nyocha gbasara mmejuputa atumatu na mpaghara Central Africa.<ref>{{cite report |author=CAMERCAP-PARC|date=2016|title=RELEVE DE CONCLUSIONS DE L’ATELIER TECHNIQUE DE RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES SUR LE THEME " DIALOGUE INTERPARTIS, GOUVERNANCE DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES ET TRANSFORMATION SOCIOECONOMIQUE DES PAYS D’AFIQUE CENTRALE "|url=https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/rapport.mission.brazza_1.pdf|work=CONFEMEN |location=Yaoundé|publisher=CAMERCAP-PARC|docket=|page=2|access-date=}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu nke The Francophone Network for Gender Equality (RF-EFH), nke na-anọchite anya AFEDEC.<ref>{{cite web |last1=RF-EFH |first1=RF-EFH |title=LES MEMBRES DE LA COORDINATION |url=https://rf-efh.org/realisateurs/ |website=rf-efh.org |publisher=Réseau Francophone pour l'Égalité Femme-Homme |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ ọkà okwu na nzukọ RF-EFH nke emere na Machị 2024 ebe o kwuru atụmatụ iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị iji lụso ịda ogbenye ọgụ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=RF-EFH |first1=RF-EFH |title=PANEL DE HAUT NIVEAU DU RESEAU FRANCOPHONE POUR L’EGALITE FEMME HOMME(RF-EFH) |url=https://rf-efh.org/generalites/panel-de-haut-niveau-du-reseau-francophone-pour-legalite-femme-hommerf-efh/ |website=rf-efh.org |publisher=Réseau Francophone pour l'Égalité Femme-Homme |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> Malenzapa nwụrụ na Disemba 23, 2025. E mere olili ozu ya na Jenụwarị 17, 2026, Touadera wee bịa.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Presidence RCA |first1=Presidence RCA |title=LE PRÉSIDENT DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE A RENDU UN DERNIER HOMMAGE AU NOM DE LA NATION À MADAME DOROTHÉE AIMÉE MALENZAPA |url=https://renaissance.cf/6633-le-president-de-la-republique-a-rendu-un-dernier-hommage-au-nom-de-la-nation-a-madame-dorothee-aimee-malenzapa/ |website=renaissance.cf |publisher=Presidence RCA |access-date=30 March 2026 |accessdate=2 May 2026 |archivedate=28 April 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428062356/https://renaissance.cf/6633-le-president-de-la-republique-a-rendu-un-dernier-hommage-au-nom-de-la-nation-a-madame-dorothee-aimee-malenzapa/ }}</ref> == Edensibia == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malenzapa, Dorothee}} [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:Women government ministers of the Central African Republic]] [[Category:National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa" politicians]] dxbue68shfeo7ne5dkwde4564gvvgs2 0 75350 674403 672729 2026-07-09T07:28:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674403 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogochukwu Franklin Onyeka''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578_(ibo)-Goodymeraj-Ogochukwu_Franklin_Onyeka.wav|Listen}}<sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable">[[:File:LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Goodymeraj-Ogochukwu Franklin Onyeka.wav|ⓘ]]</sup> MON (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1998) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agbachitere ndị na-agba ọsọ n'etiti etiti maka otu egwuregwu EFL Championship Coventry City, na mgbazinye site na Brentford, na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ogochukwu-onyeka-frank/434897/|title=O. Frank|work=Soccerway}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Onyeka na 1 Jenụwarị 1998 na Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, nke abụọ kasị okenye n'ime ụmụnne ise. O kwuru na nne ya anaghị akwado ya ka ọ na-egwu bọọlụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata: "Ọ chọrọ ka anyị m mụọ, n'ihi na ohere nke ịghọ onye na-agba bọọlụ na oge ahụ dị obere. Ọ ga-ahọrọ ka m gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ karịa igwu bọọlụ. "<ref name="longroad" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, mgbe ọ na-egwuri egwu maka klọb Faith Motors Academy, Churchill Oliseh, onye nwe ya na onye njikwa Ebedei - klọb nwere njikọ na Midtjylland na Danish Superliga - na nwoke a na-eto maka ịchọpụta mba Naijiria [[Obafemi Martins]].<ref name="longroad">{{Cite web|title=Frank Onyeka: I used to play barefoot on concrete; now I can put on any shoes I want|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview|work=Brentford F.C.|accessdate=13 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411064325/https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview|archivedate=11 April 2024|date=8 February 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. </cite></ref> Tupu ọ banye Ebedei, Onyeka kwadoro ezinụlọ ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'elu ụlọ. Ọ kwagara Ebedei, nke dị na [[Sagamu]], Ogun State, ihe karịrị kilomita 250 site na Benin City, bụ oge mbụ ọ hapụrụ ụlọ, ma chọọ mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama. N'agbanyeghị ebe dị anya na ọrụ ya n'oge gara aga, Onyeka nọgidere na-etinye aka n'ịchụso nrọ ya, ihe o mechara ghọta dị ka ihe enyemaka n'ịzụlite echiche siri ike.<ref name="longroad" /> == Ọrụ klọb == === Midtjylland === Mgbe ọ si na Ebedei nke Naijiria kwaga na ụlọ ọrụ imekọ ihe ọnụ Midtjylland na Denmark na January 2016, Onyeka guzobe onwe ya dị ka akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na 20 September 2017, o mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na Danish Cup na 7-0 meriri Greve, bụ ebe o meriri. Onyeka gara n'ihu mee egwuregwu Danish Superliga nke mbụ maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị na mgbasa ozi 2017-18 nke ụlọ ọgbakọ na egwuregwu megide Horsens na 9 February 2018. N'ebe ahụ, ọ gbakwara akara, ma bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa na mmeri 2-0. Onyeka mere onwe ya ọzọ na egwuregwu na-esote, na 18 February, megide otu Superliga na-eduga na Copenhagen, bụ ebe o meriri goolu nke abụọ ya maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ n'ọnọdụ aka nri ka Midtjylland meriri isi obodo 3-Onye isi nchịkwa Jess Thorup toro ya maka ngbanwe ọnọdụ ya na ntozu oke ya. Onyeka mere nke mbụ ya na UEFA Champions League n'oge na-esote, na Midtjylland's qualifier megide Astana na 24 July 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/07/24/europe/uefa-champions-league/fk-lokomotiv-astana/fc-midtjylland/2843858/|title=Astana vs. Midtjylland - 24 July 2018 - Soccerway|work=us.soccerway.com}}</ref> Onyeka bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ maka Brentford Premier League ọhụrụ emelitere na 20 Julaị 2021 maka ego akọwapụtaghị. O mere asọmpi mpụta mbụ ya maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ na 13 Ọgọst, ụbọchị egwuregwu mbụ nke oge, malite na mmeri 2-0 megide Arsenal; mmeri Premier League mbụ nke Bees nwetara. N'ime oge izizi ya na Brentford, ọ gbara mgba na ịchebe ebe ọ bụla n'otu egwuregwu mbụ, mmerụ ahụ na-anọkarị ya, na-egosipụtakwa dị ka onye nnọchi. Na 7 Ọgọst 2023, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ ọhụrụ, na-edebe ya na ọdịda anyanwụ London ruo 2027. Ọ gbara ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 13 Eprel 2024, na-enyere Brentford aka ka ọ merie Sheffield United 2 – 0 iji nweta mmeri mbụ ha na egwuregwu Premier League iri na-esochi. N'oge a na-akpọpụta vidio Premier League, ọ kpọrọ onwe ya "Frank the Tank". ==== Ịgbazinye FC Augsburg ==== ==== Ịgbazinye ego na Coventry City ==== Na 2 Febụwarị 2026, Onyeka bịanyere aka na EFL Championship club Coventry City na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha oge. Nkwekọrịta ahụ gụnyere ibu ọrụ ịzụta Onyeka ma ọ bụrụ na e buliri Coventry na Premier League.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Frank Onyeka: Brentford midfielder joins Coventry City on loan|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cy7mzzn3dg6o|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=BBC Sport|date=2 February 2026}}</ref> Onyeka mere nke mbụ ya, malite na esemokwu dị n'elu tebụl megide Middlesbrough, Coventry meriri 3-1 iji gaa n'elu nke Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coventry City 3-1 Middlesbrough: Haji Wright hat-trick takes Sky Blues top|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cze03ypy54et|accessdate=2026-02-17|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Team News: Coventry City v Middlesbrough|url=https://www.ccfc.co.uk/news/2026/february/16/team-news--coventry-city-v-middlesbrough/|accessdate=2026-02-17|work=www.ccfc.co.uk}}</ref> Onyeka natara oku mbụ ya maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] na 22 Septemba 2020 maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Algeria na Tunisia na [[Austria]] na 5 na 9 Ọktoba 2020, n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/full-list-of-super-eagles-invitees-for-friendlies/|title=Full list of Super Eagles invitees for friendlies|date=21 September 2020|accessdate=21 September 2020|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dalgård|first=Jonas|title=Frank Onyeka kan få landsholdsdebut|url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/frank-onyeka-kan-faa-landsholdsdebut/|work=bold.dk|accessdate=24 September 2020|language=Danish|date=22 September 2020}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka ndị otu mba ahụ na mmeri enyi na enyi 1-0 na Algeria na 9 Ọktoba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/09/world/friendlies/nigeria/algeria/3365306/|title=Nigeria vs. Algeria – 9 October 2020 – Soccerway|work=uk.soccerway.com}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka mba ya na 16 Ọktoba 2023, na mmeri 3-2 na Mozambique.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/international-frank-onyeka-mozambique-2-nigeria-3-friendly|work=Brentfordfc|accessdate=19 October 2023|title=ONYEKA SCORES FIRST NIGERIA GOAL|date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Onyeka bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Naijiria nke pụtara na-esote na 2023 African Cup of Nations . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=29 December 2023|title=AFCON 2023: Jose Peseiro releases 25-man squad [FULL LIST]|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/12/29/afcon-2023-jose-peseiro-releases-25-man-squad-full-list/|accessdate=17 February 2024|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge asọmpi ahụ, ọ malitere egwuregwu asaa niile nke Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Edward|first=Johnny|date=12 February 2024|title=Brentford hail Onyeka|url=https://punchng.com/brentford-hail-onyeka/|accessdate=17 February 2024|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2025, a kpọrọ Onyeka ka ọ bịa soro na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/nigeria-name-star-packed-afcon-squad-as-osimhen-and-lookman-lead-super-eagles-challenge/|title=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=11 December 2025|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> A mụrụ Onyeka ma zụlite ya na Benin City. A na-akpọ ya "The Tank".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/06/from-the-streets-of-benin-to-brentford-super-eagles-star-shares-his-emotional-story.html/amp|accessdate=29 June 2023|work=soccernet.ng|title=From the streets of Benin to Brentford: Super Eagles star shares his Emotional story|date=28 June 2023}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Midtjylland |2017–18 |Superliga Danish |15 |4 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |5 |- |2018–19 |Superliga Danish |21 |4 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5[c] |0 |29 |4 |- |2019–20 |Superliga Danish |32 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2[d] |1 |35 |4 |- |2020–21 |Superliga Danish |27 |3 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |10[e] |1 |41 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !95 !14 !11 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !17 !2 !123 !17 |- | rowspan="6" |Brentford |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |20 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |24 |0 |- |2022–23 |Njikọ Premier |21 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- |2023–24 |Njikọ Premier |26 |1 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |28 |1 |- |2024–25<ref name="sb2425" /> |Njikọ Premier |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- |2025–26<ref name=sb2526>{{soccerbase season|104025|2025|access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> |Njikọ Premier |6 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !75 !1 !0 !0 !12 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !87 !1 |- |FC Augsburg (onye a gbazinyere) |2024–25<ref name="sb2425">{{soccerbase season|104025|2024|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref> |Bundesliga |31 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |34 |0 |- |Obodo Coventry (nke a gbazitere) |2025–26<ref name="sb2526" /> |Mmeri |14 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !215 !17 !14 !1 !12 !0 !17 !2 !258 !20 |}   === Mba Nile === [[w:updated|match played 31 March 2026]]<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="7" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2020 |1 |0 |- |2021 |3 |0 |- |2022 |5 |0 |- |2023 |7 |1 |- |2024 |13 |0 |- |2025 |9 |2 |- |2026 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !43 !3 |} : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ndụ Onyeka ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Frank Onyeka gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |16 Ọktoba 2023 |[[Portimão]]" id="mwAkE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Estádio Municipal de Portimão">Estádio Municipal de Portimão, Portimão | Mozambique | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |3–2 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |2 |14 Ọktoba 2025 |Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria | Benin | align="center" |4–0 | align="center" |4–0 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |3 |16 Nọvemba 2025 |Moulay Hassan Stadium, Rabat, Morocco | DR Congo | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1-1 (e.g.) |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} * Onye nke abụọ na Africa Cup of Nations: 2023; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> ebe nke atọ: 2025 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport|language=}}</ref> == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4x6lod2kxd8rfahr7g91y40j9boow76 0 75431 674357 671650 2026-07-09T05:35:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị bụ usoro nkuzi nke dabeere na Echiche ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ na-agụnye usoro echiche epistemological, usoro nkuzi, ụzọ ọdịnaya, omume klas, na mmekọrịta onye nkuzi na nwa akwụkwọ.<ref name="Weiler">{{Cite journal|author=Weiler|first=Kathleen|title=Freire and a Feminist Pedagogy of Difference|journal=Harvard Educational Review|date=December 1991|volume=61|issue=4|pages=449–475|id={{ProQuest|212250218}}|doi=10.17763/haer.61.4.a102265jl68rju84}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Nkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị, tinyere ụdị nkuzi ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ihu na nke nkatọ, na-ewere ihe ọmụma dị ka nke a na-ewu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. == Nchịkọta == Ebumnuche nke nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị bụ ịmepụta ma ọ bụ wepụ ụkpụrụ na klas n'ụzọ ga-atọhapụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na mmụta ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, klas nke na-atọhapụ ma na-enweghị ụdị binary ọ bụla.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Shrewsbury|first=Carolyn M.|date=1987|title=What Is Feminist Pedagogy?|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=15|issue=3/4|pages=6–14}}</ref> Nkụzi ụmụ nwanyị na-emepụta usoro izi ihe ọhụrụ, ebe nkà na ihe ọmụma anaghị ejedebe na klas kamakwa ọha mmadụ n'ozuzu ya. Ụlọ klas ndị na-eji nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị eme ihe na-eji ahụmịhe dị iche iche dị n'ime oghere dị ka ohere ịzụlite mmụta site na iji; ahụmịhe ndụ dị ka nkuzi, imebi ihe ọmụma, na ile anya na okike, agbụrụ, na klas dị ka otu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=McClure|first=Laura|date=2000|title=Feminist Pedagogy and the Classics|journal=The Classical World|volume=94|issue=1|pages=53–55|doi=10.2307/4352498}}</ref> Nkụzi ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwu maka enweghị ike nke dị n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ ma na-arụ ọrụ iji wepụ ike ahụ. N'ime ọtụtụ ntọala agụmakwụkwọ ọdịnala, usoro ike kachasị na-etinye ndị nkuzi dị ka ndị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ. Nkụzi nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị jụrụ usoro klas a, na-achọ ịkwalite oghere ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na-arụ ọrụ na nghọta na ma ndị nkuzi na ụmụ akwụkwọ bụ isiokwu, ọ bụghị ihe.<ref name=":1" /> A na-agba ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ka ha jụ echiche nkịtị nke enweghị mmasị ma kama nke ahụ, ha ga-achịkwa mmụta ha. Site n'ime ihe na mmụta ha, a na-agba ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ịzụlite echiche dị oke egwu na nkà nyocha. A na-eji ikike ndị a eme ihe iji mebie ma maa nsogbu ndị dị na ọha mmadụ anyị aka dịka, "ihe mmegbu nke ọha mmadụ nke na-ejere ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị nwere ihe ùgwù akụ na ụba ozi". <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Ming-yeh|title=Challenges to the classroom authority of women of color|journal=New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education|date=2004|volume=2004|issue=102|pages=55–64|doi=10.1002/ace.138}}</ref> Ntọala nke nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị dabeere na echiche dị oke egwu nke mmụta na nkuzi dị ka nkuzi nke Paulo Freire nke ndị mmegbu. Nkụzi ụmụ nwanyị bụ usoro na-etinye aka na ebumnuche klas doro anya nke ndị otu na-amụta ịkwanyere ọdịiche nke ibe ha ùgwù, mezuo ebumnuche ibe ha, ma nyere ibe ha aka iru ebumnuche nke onwe ha. Usoro a na-eme ka ọ dịrị mmụta na-ekere òkè mfe, nkwenye nke ahụmịhe onwe onye, nkwalite nke nghọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ime ihe ike, na mmepe nke echiche dị oke egwu na uche ghere oghe.<ref name="Jimenez">{{Cite web|url=http://feministteacher.com/about/|title=About Ileana Jiménez|author=Jiménez|first=Ileana|accessdate=1 June 2012|date=2009-12-28}}</ref> Ọ na-akọwa ihe ndị bara uru nke echiche ụmụ nwanyị, ka ọ na-akwalite mkpa mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọkachasị n'ime usoro nhazi nke ụlọ ọrụ a na-ahụ na agụmakwụkwọ. A na-ejikarị nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị eme ihe na klas Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, nke na-achọ ịgbanwe ụmụ akwụkwọ site na ihe gaa na isiokwu nke nyocha. Otú ọ dị, ojiji nke nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị abụghị naanị maka ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. == Ọnọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ == Nkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ ịkatọ ma dozie ike a na-ahụ n'etiti ụdị ikike, dị ka ndị nkụzi na ụlọ ọrụ, na ụmụ akwụkwọ, ndị a kwenyere na a na-enyekarị ike na ụlọ ọrụ na usoro okike ihe ọmụma. N'echiche a, nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ ịhazigharị gburugburu mmụta ọdịnala iji kwado ahụmịhe agụmakwụkwọ nke obodo na nke mmekorita, nke na-ele ụmụ akwụkwọ anya dị ka ndị na-enye onyinye na isi mmalite nke nka. Ọnọdụ agụmakwụkwọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ, nsonaazụ nke echiche asọmpi neoliberal, anaghị ebute usoro mmụta, nyocha, na ọrụ obodo ụzọ. Ike ụlọ akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ neoliberal na-egosipụta ụdị asọmpi nke na-eji egwu na ihere eme ihe dị ka ihe na-akpali uto ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ụzọ ọdịnala maka agụmakwụkwọ na-anọgide na ọnọdụ dị ugbu a, na-eme ka usoro ike dị ugbu a nke ịchịkwa sie ike. "Ụzọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ bụ nke na-emegide ndị na-arụ ọrụ, na ndị agụmakwụkwọ, n'akụkụ ka ukwuu, na-ebi n'ụwa dị iche iche nke ọdịbendị, ụzọ dị iche iche na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke na-eguzogide ndụ ndị na-arụrụ ọrụ. " <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Teaching to transgress: education as the practice of freedom|author=Hooks|first=Bell|date=1994|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415908078|location=New York|language=en|oclc=30668295}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị iche, nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-ajụ usoro mmegbu ọha na eze, na-amata ma na-akatọ nkwenye nke ụlọ ọrụ na nke onwe onye metụtara agụmakwụkwọ nke na-emebi mmegbu ọha mmadụ. Ụlọ klas ahụ bụ microcosm nke otu esi emebi ike ma na-eji ya eme ihe n'etiti ọha mmadụ ka ukwuu. "Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eji ụzọ aghụghọ eme ihe iji chekwaa ike ha ma gbalịa ime ka ọ dị ike ma mepụta ọnọdụ dị na klas. "<ref name=":2" /> == Àgwà nke nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị == Nkà mmụta nkatọ na-akwalite echiche na ihe ọmụma abụghị ihe kwụ otu ebe na otu kama ọ na-esite na usoro mkparịta ụka na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti onye nkuzi na nwa akwụkwọ. Nkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka nkewa nke nkụzi nkatọ, na-ekwukwa na okike na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa na klas, na-emetụta ọ bụghị naanị "ihe a na-akụzi, kamakwa otu esi akụzi ya. " <ref name=":1" /> Dị ka ụdị niile nke nkụzi nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ "inyere ụmụ akwụkwọ aka ịzụlite nnwere onwe, ịmata ọchịchọ ọchịchị aka ike, ma jikọta ihe ọmụma na ike na ikike ime ihe na-ewuli elu. " <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/2010spring/2010spring_Hanisch.php|title=On The Issues Magazine The Progressive Woman's Magazine Winter 2010: Women's Liberation Consciousness-Raising: Then and Now by Carol Hanisch|work=www.ontheissuesmagazine.com|accessdate=2018-10-09}}</ref> Nkà mmụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na ọtụtụ ụdị nkụzi nkwenye gụnyere ndị ahụ lekwasịrị anya na agbụrụ, klas, post colonialism na ụwa. Okwu mmeghe nke nchịkọta Feminist Pedagogy: Looking Back to Move Forward kọwara àgwà na ọdịiche dị na nkuzi dị oke egwu:<blockquote>Dị ka nkuzi nnwere onwe nke Freire, nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị dabeere na echiche banyere ike na ịmara ihe, na-ekweta na mmegbu dị nakwa na enwere ike ịkwụsị ya, ma na-ebute ọchịchọ na ebumnuche bụ isi nke mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Otú ọ dị, echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-enye ihe mgbagwoju anya dị mkpa dị ka ịjụ echiche nke isiokwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụ njirimara dị mkpa, ịkọwa ọdịdị dị iche iche na nke na-agbanwe agbanwe nke njirimara na mmegbu, na-ele akụkọ ihe mere eme na uru nke ịmara ụmụ nwanyị anya dị ka ihe dị iche na usoro Freere, ma na-elekwasị anya nke ukwuu na ajụjụ nke onye nkuzi na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ya dị ka nke nwa akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminist Pedagogy: Looking Back to Move Forward|year=2009|editor=Crabtree|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=9780801892769}}</ref></blockquote>Nkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị na-echegbu onwe ya na nyocha nke mmegbu ọha na eze, na-arụ ọrụ iji kpochapụ mmepụta ha n'ime ntọala ụlọ ọrụ. Ndị nkụzi ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ iji dochie usoro agụmakwụkwọ ochie na nke ọhụrụ nke na-elekwasị anya na ahụmịhe onye ọ bụla yana nkwenye nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmadụ. Ọ na-ekwu maka mkpa maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma na-elekwasị anya n'ịkụziri ndị a na-ewepụ site na atụmatụ maka inye onwe ha ike, iwu obodo, na n'ikpeazụ ịzụlite idu ndú.<ref name="Bryson">{{Cite journal|author=Bryson|first=BJ|title=The Teaching and Learning Experience: Deconstructing and Creating Space Using a Feminist Pedagogy|journal=Race, Gender & Class|date=2003|volume=10|issue=2|pages=131–146|id={{ProQuest|218810099}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Nkụzi nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-agụnye echiche banyere nnyefe ihe ọmụma na klas site n'inye usoro agụmakwụkwọ, ụkpụrụ, na usoro iji mezuo ebumnuche ma ọ bụ nsonaazụ achọrọ. Ọtụtụ àgwà ndị pụrụ iche na-egosipụta nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na usoro nkuzi nke na-esite na ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị. N'ime àgwà ndị metụtara ya, ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama gụnyere mmepe nke reflexivity, echiche dị oke egwu, ike onwe onye na nke otu, nkesa ike n'ime ọnọdụ klas, na itinye aka na usoro nke re-imaging. Nkà ndị dị oke egwu a na-akwalite site n'iji usoro nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị eme ihe na-agba ume ịnakwere na iguzogide mmegbu na mmegbu ọha na eze. Ọzọkwa, nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye nyocha epistemological ya n'ime ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mgbanwe ọha na eze.<ref name=":0" /> Reflectivity, nke dị mkpa maka mmezu nke nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị, na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere inyocha ọnọdụ ha na-anọ n'ime ọha mmadụ n'ụzọ nkatọ. A na-agbanyụ ọnọdụ nke ihe ùgwù na nke a na-achụpụ, na-emepụta echiche na nghọta ka ukwuu banyere njirimara mmadụ nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ na ike ndị metụtara inwe otu njirimara. Echiche nkatọ bụ àgwà ọzọ nke nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị nke nwere njikọ miri emi na omume nke echiche. Echiche nkatọ nke nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-agba ume gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ ike na ahụmịhe ndụ kwa ụbọchị.<ref name=":0" /> A na-eji echiche nkatọ eme ihe n'ime na n'èzí oghere klas iji maa akụkọ ọdịbendị na usoro aka. Inpowerment n'ime klas bụ isi na usoro nkuzi nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị. A na-akwado ụmụ akwụkwọ na njirimara ha na ahụmịhe ha ma na-agba ha ume ka ha soro ohere ahụ kerịta nghọta onwe onye iji wuo ntọala dịgasị iche iche na nke dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma. Oghere klas nke na-arụ ọrụ site n'ime usoro nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-eji iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ndị sonyere na nkwanye ùgwù maka ọdịiche dị na ahụmịhe na ihe ọmụma.<ref name=":2" /> Nkwado nke eziokwu ụmụ akwụkwọ na-akwalite mmepe nke nkà na ikike n'otu n'otu na iwusi ike nke ịdị n'otu otu. A na-eme ka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwee ike site na ịkpachara anya gbasaa mmekọrịta ike klas ọdịnala. A na-aghọta ya ma na-emetụta ihe ịga nke ọma na ọganihu nke oghere klas ahụ na a na-ekerịta ike n'ime ndị niile mejupụtara ya. Na ntọala agụmakwụkwọ ọdịnala, a na-echekwa ọnọdụ ike site na ikike nke onye nkuzi. Ọdịdị nke mmekọrịta ike a na-akwado naanị ahụmịhe na ihe ọmụma onye nkuzi, na-ekwusi ike na ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere obere ihe ha ga-enye n'ịkwalite mmụta.<ref name=":2" /> Na isi ya, nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ ime ka ike dị nro na klas iji nye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere ikwupụta echiche ha, eziokwu, ihe ọmụma, na mkpa ha.<ref name="Bryson" /> Ngwá ọrụ a ga-eji usoro nke ike decentering, ebe onye nkuzi na-ewepụ onwe ya na ọnọdụ ikike ha ma mee ka ụmụ akwụkwọ ha nwee ọnọdụ ha nhata. N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ụzọ nkuzi ndị ọzọ, nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-ama nkuzi aka, iburu n'isi, na ule dị ka ụzọ maka ịzụlite na ịnyefe ihe ọmụma.<ref name="Bryson" /> Nkụzi ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwusi ike na ike na klas kwesịrị ịdị nro n'etiti onye nkuzi na ụmụ akwụkwọ iji mee ka usoro mmụta na omume klas mara. Ikekọrịta ike na-emepụta ohere maka mkparịta ụka nke na-egosipụta ọtụtụ olu na eziokwu nke ụmụ akwụkwọ. Site n'ịkekọrịta ike na ịkwalite olu n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ, onye nkụzi na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu na mmekọrịta ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na nkwanye ùgwù nke na-amata mmepụta nke ihe ọmụma site na akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Ike a na-ekerịta na-agbanyekwa nghọta ọdịnala nke mmụta site n'ikwe ka ụmụ akwụkwọ soro prọfesọ ahụ na-emekọrịta ihe n'enweghị ihe mgbochi, kama ka prọfesor nye ụmụ akwụkwọ ozi.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ bụghị naanị na ndị na-akụzi ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na-ajụ ọnọdụ dị ugbu a nke ụlọ klas kamakwa na-etinye aka na ịkọ nkọ banyere ihe ọ nwere ike ịdị dị ka.<ref name=":0" /> Nghọta a na-eme n'ime oghere klas abụghị ka ọ dịrị ndụ n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ mana a na-agba ya ume ịkwalite ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Stake|first=Jayne E.|title=Putting Feminist Pedagogy to the Test: The Experience of Women's Studies from Student and Teacher Perspectives|journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly|date=March 2000|volume=24|issue=1|pages=30–38|doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01019.x}}</ref> A na-etinye echiche na nyocha klas na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ha na ihe ọ pụtara. A na-agba ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ka ha were ihe ha mụtara na klas ma tinye nghọta ha n'ọrụ iji mee mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Nkụzi ụmụ nwanyị malitere na uto nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ. Mmụba nke ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na-eme na kọleji na mkpa ọ dị ịkwalite ọrụ aka n'ime akụkụ ụfọdụ nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị mere ka a malite mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Weiler" /> Nhazi nke mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, mere ka ihe ịma aka nke iwu na ọzụzụ dị ugbu a dị mfe nke gosipụtara na usoro nkuzi klas.<ref name="Weiler" /> "Ọhịa nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị agbasaala nke ukwuu ebe ọ bụ na a na-enye ọmụmụ ihe mbụ na 1970. Nkatọ nke ụkpụrụ ndị na-achịkwa na mbọ nyocha nkwụghachi ụgwọ nke gosipụtara ọkwa mbụ ya mepụtara mgbawa nke agụmakwụkwọ nke gbasaa nke ukwuu usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, mee ka mmepe nke nkuzi gụsịrị akwụkwọ nwee ike, ma kwalite mgbalị iji jikọta agụmakwụkwọ na-agbanwe agbanwe na ụmụ nwanyị gafee usoro ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, usoro nkuzi nke na-enweta nlebara anya dị ukwuu nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọmụmụ ihe. "<ref name="Weiler" /> == Ndị nwere mmetụta == === Paulo Freire === [[Faịlụ:Paulo_Freire_1977.jpg|thumb|Paulo Freire]] A maara onye na-akụzi ihe bụ Paulo Freire maka ọrụ ya n'ọhịa nke nkuzi nkatọ, nke nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị bụ ngosipụta pụrụ iche.<ref name="Weiler" /> N'akwụkwọ ya Pedagogy of the Oppressed 1968, Freire jiri echiche Marxist kwuo na mmekọrịta ụmụ akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi gosipụtara ma mee ka usoro ike ọha na eze sie ike.<ref name="Freire">{{Cite book|title=Pedagogy of the Oppressed|author=Freire|first=Paulo|publisher=Seabury Press|year=1968|isbn=9788577532285|location=New York}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ụka megide ihe ọ kpọrọ ụkpụrụ ụlọ akụ nke agụmakwụkwọ, nke a na-ele nwa akwụkwọ anya dị ka akaụntụ efu na-echere ka onye nkuzi jupụta ya, na-ede "ọ na-agbanwe ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha nata ihe. Ọ na-anwa ịchịkwa echiche na omume, na-eduga ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị ime mgbanwe na ụwa, ma na-egbochi ike okike ha. "<ref name="Freire" /> Ọrụ Freire mesiri ike mkpa ọ dị ndị nkuzi izere echiche klas ha ma hụ ma agụmakwụkwọ na mgbanwe dị ka usoro nghọta dị n'etiti onye nkuzi na onye a kụziiri, onye ndú na onye ndu.<ref name=":2" /> Nkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka ọ mepụtara na United States, na-enye ihe atụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkụzi nkatọ n'omume. Echiche ụmụ nwanyị banyere agụmakwụkwọ yiri nke nkuzi Freire n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche, ndị nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwukarị Freire dị ka onye nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ nke na-abịaru nso na ụzọ na ebumnuche nke nkuzi ụmụ nwoke. Ma nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị dị ka a na-akọwakarị ya na nkuzi Freirian dabere na ọhụụ nke mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya; ihe na-eme ka ha abụọ bụrụ echiche ụfọdụ gbasara mmegbu, ịma ihe, na mgbanwe akụkọ ihe mere eme. Nkụzi abụọ ahụ na-ekwusi ike na mmegbu dị na ọnọdụ ihe onwunwe nke ndị mmadụ na dịka akụkụ nke ịma ihe. Ha na-adabere n'echiche nke ịma ihe dị ka ihe karịrị ngụkọta nke okwu ndị na-achịkwa, mana dị ka ndị nwere ikike dị oke egwu n'ime ya - ihe Antonio Gramsci kpọrọ "ezi uche"; ha abụọ na-ahụ ụmụ mmadụ dị ka ndị a na-enyo enyo na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ma nwee nkwenye siri ike maka ikpe ziri ezi na ọhụụ nke ụwa ka mma na ikike maka nnwere onwe.<ref name="Weiler" /> === nko mgbịrịgba === [[Faịlụ:Bellhooks.jpg|thumb|nko mgbịrịgba]] [[bell hooks]] (1952-2021) bụ onye edemede, onye edemede, onye feminist, na onye na-akwado mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Amerịka. N'akwụkwọ Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom, ọ rụrụ ụka na ojiji onye nkụzi ji njikwa na ike eme ihe n'elu ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eme ka ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ụmụ akwụkwọ ghara ịdị mma ma na-akụzi nrubeisi nye ikike, "na-egbochi nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla ka ọ na-amụ ihe n'ụzọ dị mfe, nke a na-ejikọta ọnụ."[1] Ọ kwadoro ka mahadum gbaa ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nkuzi ume ka ha na-arụkọ ọrụ, na-eme ka mmụta dịkwuo jụụ ma na-atọ ụtọ n'otu oge. Ọ kọwara nkuzi dị ka "ihe na-akpali akpali nke na-akpọ onye ọ bụla ka ọ na-etinye aka karịa" n'ihe ọ kpọrọ nkuzi ndị na-etinye aka, mmekọrịta, na ndị na-emebi iwu. Omume nkuzi nke hooks dị ka njikọ nke usoro mmụta megide ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, nkatọ, na nke feminist ma dabere na nnwere onwe, "Ịmepụta Obodo n'ime Klas" nke yiri usoro ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ndụ ezinụlọ dị mma, dịka e si kpụzie ya site na 'njikere ọnụ ige ntị, ịrụ ụka, ikwetaghị, na ime udo'. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Nko ahụ wukwara àkwà mmiri n'etiti echiche dị mkpa na ọnọdụ ndụ n'ezie, iji mee ka ndị nkuzi nwee ike igosi ụmụ akwụkwọ ụwa kwa ụbọchị kama echiche dị iche iche nke ụwa. Nko ahụ na-arụ ụka na ndị nkuzi na ụmụ akwụkwọ kwesịrị itinye aka n'ajụjụ gbasara echiche omenala nke mmegbu na-akwado.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Patti Lather === Patti Lather akụziọla nnyocha gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị, usoro ikike ụmụ nwanyị, na okike na agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Steeti Ohio kemgbe 1988. Ọ bụ onye edemede a ma ama maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere mkpokọta akwụkwọ anọ ebipụtara. Lather lekwasịrị anya na okwu na echiche dị mkpa gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ma malitela nyocha n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gbasara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ikike ụmụ nwanyị na agụmakwụkwọ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ileana Jiménez === Ileana Jiménez bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na New York City nke na-akụzi ihe ọmụmụ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, akwụkwọ LGBT, Toni Morrison, na edemede ncheta.<ref name="Jimenez" /> A maara ya na mba niile maka akwụkwọ ya na ikwu banyere itinye aka na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọrụ ya ime ka ụlọ akwụkwọ dị nchebe maka ụmụ akwụkwọ LGBT, ma nweta ọtụtụ onyinye maka mmepe usoro mmụta.<ref name="Jimenez" /> O nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ụmụ nwanyị ya na nkuzi ya site na mgbịrịgba. Jiménez na-akụzi klas na Elisabeth Irwin High School na New York nke a na-akpọ "Fierce and Fabulous: Feminist Writers, Artists, and Activists". Klas a nwere juniors na seniors. Ebumnuche nke klas a bụ ime ka ndị na-eto eto mara ụmụ nwanyị. Kụziere site na oghere anya iji nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ aka ịghọta ndụ ha. Jiménez chọrọ itinye nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ iji tinye ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na nsogbu mba na nke ụwa nke ndụ anyị kwa ụbọchị. "Intersections, nke na-akọwa etu intersectionality si enyere aka ịghọta ike na mmegbu, njirimara na ụlọ ọrụ. "<ref name="Bryson" /> === Judy Chicago === Judy Chicago bụ onye America na-ese ihe, onye nkuzi nka na onye edemede. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na nka. Chicago mepụtara mmemme nka ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Fresno State College na 1970. N'afọ 1972, e gosipụtara Womanhouse na CalArts maka ndị na-ege ntị karịrị 10,000. Nnukwu ntinye a bụ ngwaahịa nke Judy Chicago na Miriam Schapiro Feminist Art Program na otu n'ime ihe osise mbụ nke ụdị ya iji lekwasị anya na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị. Kemgbe ahụ, Chicago aghọwo olu na-eduga na nka nka. A na-akọwa ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi nka n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2014 Institutional Time: A Critique of Art Education . A na-echekwa nchịkọta ihe nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị site na 1970 ruo 2005 na Mahadum Penn State ebe enwere ike ịnweta ya site na [https://web.archive.org/web/20251212061535/https://judychicago.arted.psu.edu/archives/ Judy Chicago Art Education Collection]. == Mmejuputa ihe bara uru == [[Faịlụ:Shimer_IS_5_fall_1994_Sappho_Bible.jpg|thumb|Ụmụ akwụkwọ Shimer College na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka dị mma banyere Sappho.]] Na isi ya, nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ ime ka ike dị nro na klas iji nye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere ikwupụta echiche ha, eziokwu, ihe ọmụma, na mkpa ha.<ref name="Bryson" /> Enwere ike iji nke a mee ihe site na usoro nke ike decentering, ebe onye nkuzi na-ewepụ onwe ya na ọnọdụ ikike ha ma mee ka ụmụ akwụkwọ ha nwee ọnọdụ ha nhata. A pụkwara itinye nkuzi n'ọrụ site na itinye aka na mmegide, n'ime klas na n'èzí ya. === Ike na-eme ka ọ dị ala === Otu n'ime isi nkwenkwe nke nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị bụ ịgbanwe mmekọrịta onye nkuzi na nwa akwụkwọ. N'okpuru usoro nkuzi a, ndị nkụzi na-achọ inye ụmụ akwụkwọ ike site n'inye ohere maka echiche dị oke egwu, nyocha onwe onye, na mmepe olu. N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke nkuzi, nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-ama nkuzi aka, iburu n'isi, na ule dị ka ụzọ maka ịzụlite na ịnyefe ihe ọmụma.<ref name="Bryson" /> Nkụzi ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwusi ike na ike na klas kwesịrị ịdị nro n'etiti onye nkuzi na ụmụ akwụkwọ iji mee ka usoro mmụta na omume klas mara. Ike a na-ekewapụ na-emepụta ohere maka mkparịta ụka nke na-egosipụta ọtụtụ olu na eziokwu nke ụmụ akwụkwọ. Site n'ịkekọrịta ike, onye nkụzi na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-aga n'ọnọdụ hà nhata ebe a na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere iji mepụta ihe ọmụma. === Ịzụlite Ịmara === Otu n'ime ụzọ ndị isi nke ndị nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-eji decentering nke ike a eme ihe bụ site na usoro a maara dị ka "ịkwalite uche". N'ịbụ nke a ma ama na mbido afọ 1970, a na-ejikarị usoro ahụ eme ihe site n'ịnọdụ ala na ikwurịta ahụmahụ nke onwe onye na site n'ịchọta ihe ndị mmadụ chere na ha bụ naanị ihe gbasara ndụ ha. N'ụzọ dị mma, a na-eji ịkwalite ịma ihe dị ka usoro iji mụbaa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị maara nsogbu ma ọ bụ nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name=":4" /> === Ịjụ ajụjụ na Ịgbapụta === Dị ka Consciousness Raising, ịjụ ajụjụ na ịgba ajụjụ na-akpọ maka mkparịta ụka. Echiche ya bụ inyere ụmụ akwụkwọ aka ịghọta echiche nke onwe ha nke sitere na agbụrụ, klas, na njirimara ọ bụla ọzọ. Ebumnuche ikpeazụ bụ ịmepụta mkparịta ụka na-echebara echiche banyere otu onye ọ bụla n'ime ha si bụrụ onye ụdị ịkpa ókè ụfọdụ metụtara ma kpọọ maka ime ihe site n'oge ahụ gaa n'ihu. Ọkpụkpọ maka ime ihe nwere ike ịgụnye iwebata ndị ọkà okwu ọbịa ma mee ka ha nụ akụkọ ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ maka ọrụ mmekọrịta ka mma na-eme ihe nkiri. Ihe ọ bụla ọ nwere ike ịbụ ebumnuche bụ ịnakwere na ịkwụsị omume ajọ mbunobi.<ref name=":2" /> === Ọrụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe === Ọrụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-agba ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ịchọpụta ụdị mmegbu nke ndụ na ịmata ikike nke okwu ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị nke agụmakwụkwọ. Ebumnuche nke itinye aka na nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-agụnye ịkwalite nghọta ụmụ akwụkwọ banyere mmegbu nna ochie, inye ha ike ime ihe, na inyere ha aka ịmụta atụmatụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụfọdụ maka ime ihe. Ọrụ ndị na-eme ihe omume nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ewerela ụdị dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ịhazi mkpọsa ide akwụkwọ ozi ma ọ bụ ide akwụkwọ ozi nye onye nchịkọta akụkọ, ịlụso ndị nchịkwa ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanye iwu mpaghara ọgụ, ịhazi ìgwè ndị na-aga ngagharị iwe, na isonye na ngagharị mba. Ndị nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị dere banyere ahụmịhe ha na-enye ọrụ ndị na-eme ihe ike ghọtara na usoro a na-abụghị omenala nwere ike isi ike maka ụmụ akwụkwọ. Otu onye kwuru ihe isi ike n'ụzọ, gụnyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị jụrụ itinye onwe ha n'ọnọdụ esemokwu na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị nwere nsogbu ịnagide mmeghachi omume. Ebe ọ bụ na ha chọrọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwee ahụmịhe dị mma, ma bụrụ ihe ịma aka (nke mbụ) na ime ihe ike, ha na-enyekarị ụmụ akwụkwọ nnwere onwe dị ukwuu n'ịhọrọ ọrụ. Ndị nkuzi nwere ike ịrịọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha mepụta ọrụ nke ga-eme "mkpesa ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, homophobia, ma ọ bụ 'ism' ọ bụla ọzọ metụtara echiche ụmụ nwanyị n'otu ọnọdụ" <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Rose|first=Suzanna|title=The Protest as a Teaching Technique for Promoting Feminist Activism|journal=NWSA Journal|date=1989|volume=1|issue=3|pages=486–490|id={{ERIC|ED302492}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> == Nnyocha ụmụ nwanyị == Akwụkwọ gbasara nyocha ụmụ nwanyị dị obere, ikekwe n'ihi ọdịiche dị n'etiti echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị na nyocha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nyocha ọdịnala dị ka ule a haziri ahazi na-akwado ụdị ụlọ akụ nke agụmakwụkwọ, na echiche nke nyocha n'ụdị akara ma ọ bụ ikike ịga n'ihu n'ime usoro mmụta a haziri nke ọma bụ ụdị ike nke ụlọ ọrụ nwere. Ka o sina dị, akwụkwọ gbasara nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị nwere ihe atụ ole na ole nke usoro nyocha ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":6" /> Usoro ndị a na-eme ka usoro ike nke nyocha ọdịnala kwadoro site na ilekwasị anya na olu na ahụmịhe ụmụ akwụkwọ, nke na-enye ohere ka ha na-ekere òkè na usoro nyocha ahụ.<ref name="Accardi, M. 2013 p. 77-78">{{Cite book|author=Accardi|first=Maria T.|title=Feminist Pedagogy for Library Instruction|year=2013|publisher=Library Juice Press|isbn=978-1-936117-55-0|pages=77–78}}</ref> A na-ewere ojiji nke akwụkwọ akụkọ dị ka otu usoro nyocha ụmụ nwanyị <ref name="Accardi, M. 2013 p. 77-78" /> yana echiche nke "nnyocha òkè, " ma ọ bụ nyocha nke a na-akọwa site na mmekọrịta na ntụkwasị obi. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shapiro|first=Joan Poliner|title=Participatory Evaluation: Towards a Transformation of Assessment for Women's Studies Programs and Projects|journal=Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis|date=September 1988|volume=10|issue=3|pages=191–199|doi=10.3102/01623737010003191}}</ref> A ga-atụle usoro nyocha ndị a gbazitere site na nkuzi dị oke egwu mgbe a na-eche echiche banyere usoro nyocha ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Accardi|first=Maria T.|title=Feminist Pedagogy for Library Instruction|year=2013|publisher=Library Juice Press|isbn=978-1-936117-55-0}}</ref> Ndị a nwere ike ịgụnye itinye ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ịmepụta ụkpụrụ nyocha ma ọ bụ nyocha ndị ọgbọ ma ọ bụ nnwale onwe onye.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Price|first=Margaret|title=Putting a social-constructivist assessment process model into practice: building the feedback loop into the assessment process through peer review|journal=Innovations in Education and Teaching International|date=May 2007|volume=44|issue=2|pages=143–152|doi=10.1080/14703290701241059|url=https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/file/537c1a04-5c96-4240-1535-e3b9cd217976/1/price2007putting.pdf}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, Accardi na-ekwu na enwere ike itinye usoro nyocha ụmụ nwanyị n'ụdị nyocha ọdịnala (dị ka Usoro nyocha klas ma ọ bụ usoro nyocha arụmọrụ) ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ekwe ka ụmụ akwụkwọ chee echiche ma ọ bụ nyochaa ahụmịhe ha. Nnyocha, ịgba ajụjụ ọnụ na ìgwè ndị na-elekwasị anya, nwekwara ike iwere nyocha na usoro ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụrụhaala na a na-achọ olu ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụma nwa akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Accardi|first=Maria T.|title=Feminist Pedagogy for Library Instruction|year=2013|publisher=Library Juice Press|isbn=978-1-936117-55-0|pages=83–87}}</ref> A ga-eme atụmatụ nyocha ndị a dabere na ụdị ntụziaka na-ewere ọnọdụ; usoro nyocha arụmọrụ nwere ike ịba uru maka ntụziaka dị mkpirikpi. Ọ bụrụ na onye nkuzi nwere oge ka ukwuu na onye mmụta ahụ, mgbe ahụ ohere maka nzaghachi miri emi, nzaghachi na nyocha ga-ekwe omume. == Ndị nkatọ == E nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ nke nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị nke a katọrọ kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. A na-enyo ọdịiche nke nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị site na nkuzi ndị ọzọ na-akatọ ma na-aga n'ihu enyo.<ref name=":5" /> Nkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị na-ekerịta ụbụrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na òtù ndị mejupụtara usoro agụmakwụkwọ nnapụta nke afọ 30 gara aga. Nzukọ ndị a agbaghawo echiche ọdịnala banyere ọdịdị na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị nkuzi, ndị mmụta, na ihe ọmụma. Ha akwalitewo mgbalị iji mee ka ụlọ klas bụrụ nke onye kwuo uche ya, iji mee ka mmekọrịta ike doo anya ma kpughee mmekọrịta n'ime na n'èzí ụlọ klas, yana ịgba ndị ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ume, ma nke onwe ma nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọzọkwa, ha akpọọla ka agụmakwụkwọ dị mkpa maka nchegbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na-arụ ụka na ihe ọmụma a na-emepụta ma na-enyefe na klas kwesịrị imetụta ndụ ndị ọ na-akọwa ma mee ka ikpe ziri ezi na ụwa n'ozuzu ya dị mfe.<ref name=":5" /> N'ịchọpụta myirịta dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na nkuzi ndị ọzọ na-akatọ ma na-aga n'ihu, arụmụka ahụ bụ na nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị abụghị ihe dị iche na nkuzi ndi ọzọ na echiche na atụmatụ ya nwere ụfọdụ izi ezi.<ref name=":5" /> Nkụzi ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ ịkekọrịta ike na klas niile. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-anwa ịhazigharị mmekọrịta ike, enwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe usoro agụmakwụkwọ ọdịnala na klas ụmụ nwanyị. "Ọbụna ndị prọfesọ na-anabata ụkpụrụ nke nkuzi dị oke egwu (ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị ọcha na ndị nwoke) ka na-eduzi klas ha n'ụzọ nke na-eme ka ụdị ndị ọgaranya nke omume ọma sie ike. " <ref name=":3" /> Ebumnuche dị n'azụ mgbalị iji kesaa ike nwere ohere nke ikpuchi mmekọrịta ike karịa ikpughe na ikwu okwu banyere ike. N'agbanyeghi mgbalị iji mepụta mmekọrịta onye nkuzi / nwa akwụkwọ, ndị nkuzi ka na-ekpebi ntụziaka nke klas ahụ, ọ bụ ndị nkuzi "na-etinye usoro ihe omume ma nye akara, ọ bụghị ụmụ akwụkwọ. Nkụzi ụmụ nwanyị, na-elekwasị anya na mmekọrịta ike n'etiti nwa akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi nwere ike ịghara ịnagide ike na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti ndị sonyere na klas ahụ. "Ka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-adịwanye iche, ndị nkuchi na-eche ụzọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ịchịkwa ihu na-emekarị na ọnọdụ agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":1" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke ọcha na-anọgide na-abụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na klas anyị. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-acha ọbara ọbara na ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na-ekwupụta egwu na ndị ọgbọ a ga-ekpe ha ikpe dị ka ndị na-enweghị ọgụgụ isi.<ref name=":3" /> A katọrọ ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na-acha ọcha maka ịbụ ndị mmegbu na ọdịda ya iji dozie ma tinye intersectionality n'ime echiche ya. Ọtụtụ ndị ebubowo Ụmụ nwanyị America na nkwupụta nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ site n'ime ókèala agụmakwụkwọ ya, na-ebo ebubo na ụmụ nwanyị America aghọwo akụkụ ọzọ nke agụmakwụkwọ. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta nwanyị ọcha (na ndị nwoke), ọbụnakwa ndị na-akpọ onwe ha ndị inyom, anaghị eji ọnụnọ onye ọ bụla kpọrọ ihe na mgbalị nke nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ mmadụ, nko na-ezo aka na ndị a dị ka ndị mmegbu na ọha mmadụ, yana ndị ọzọ sitere na klas ndị nwere ihe ùgwù na-esoghị na ọgụ megide mmegbu na obodo anyị dị mgbagwoju anya.<ref name=":3" /> Bernice Fisher na-akọwa etu usoro mmụta ụmụ nwanyị si dị iche na mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na omenala nke "ịzụlite uche." {ntụaka dị mkpa} Otu ndị na-akwalite uche bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ngagharị nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 1960 na 1970. Site na otu ndị a, ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ike ịghọta na ha na-enwe otu nsogbu ahụ. N'ihi ya, ọnụọgụgụ ndị maara maka otu okwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya mụbara. "A na-ahụ ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka gbasara nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị dị ka mgba iji mee ka ọhụụ na-akwalite mmụọ na eziokwu nke agụmakwụkwọ ka elu dị n'otu. Ebe ọ bụ na nke ikpeazụ na-eche ma na-akwado asọmpi na nhazi nkeonwe maka mmụta, otu n'ime nsogbu mbụ maka onye nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị bụ ịmepụta ụdị ntụkwasị obi nke ịzụlite mmụọ na-eche."[1] Site na nhazi nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ, a kesara onye nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị n'ime "mahadum ndị na-adịghị agbasi ike, kọleji obodo na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ ebe okwu banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-adịchaghị mma ma na-eyi egwu karịa, ọnọdụ ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, ndị nkuzi bụ ndị na-akwado mmụọ na-akpakọrịta, ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị na-agbanwe agbanwe, ma n'otu ụzọ bụrụ ndị nnọchi anya ya nye ụmụ akwụkwọ.<ref name=":22">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Ming-yeh|last2=Johnson-Bailey|first2=Juanita|title=Challenges to the classroom authority of women of color|journal=New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education|date=2004|volume=2004|issue=102|pages=55–64|doi=10.1002/ace.138}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Feminist theory}} [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị na agụmakwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Mmegharị na echiche nke pedagogical]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] l2yktijii1mh56gb5tmce7048e4doji 0 75521 674359 673799 2026-07-09T06:30:58Z SafariScribe 18560 SafariScribe moved page [[Pascale Petit (onye na-ede uri)]] to [[Pascale Petit]] 673799 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Pascale Petit''' (amụrụ na 20 Disemba 1953), <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pascale Petit|url=http://lidiavianu.scriptmania.com/pascale_petit.htm|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=lidiavianu.scriptmania.com}}</ref> bụ onye Britain na-ede uri nke a mụrụ na France, nke nwere ihe nketa French, Welsh na India. A mụrụ ya na Paris ma tolite na France na Wales. Ọ zụrụ ọzụzụ dị ka onye na-akpụ ihe na Royal College of Art ma bụrụ onye na-ese ihe anya maka akụkụ mbụ nke ndụ ya. Ọ gara ọtụtụ ebe, ọkachasị na Peruvian na Venezuelan Amazon na India. Petit ebipụtala otu akwụkwọ akụkọ na nchịkọta uri itoolu, anọ n'ime ha bụ ndị e depụtara maka onyinye T. S. Eliot. Nchịkọta nke asaa ya Mama Amazonica meriri Ondaatje Prize na 2018 na Laurel Prize for Poetry na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Petit takes inaugural Laurel Prize for Mama Amazonica {{!}} The Bookseller|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/petit-takes-inaugural-laurel-prize-mama-amazonica-1220977|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=www.thebookseller.com}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, a họpụtara Petit dị ka Fellow nke Royal Society of Literature . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pascale Petit|url=https://rsliterature.org/fellow/pascale-petit/|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=Royal Society of Literature|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Petit, Pascale.IMG 4648.JPG|thumb|Petit, Pascale]] == Ọrụ == Petit ebipụtala otu akwụkwọ akụkọ My Hummingbird Father (2024) na nchịkọta uri itoolu: Heart of a Deer (1998), The Zoo Father (2001), The Huntress (2005), The Treekeeper's Tale (2008), What the Water Gave Me: Poems After Frida Kahlo (2010), Fauverie (2014), Mama Amazonica (2017), Tiger Girl (2020) na Beast (2025). O bipụtakwara akwụkwọ nta nke uri The Wounded Deer: Fourteen Poems After Frida Kahlo (2005). Maka ọrụ ya na uri, ọ natala ọtụtụ onyinye, gụnyere Cholmondeley Award, anọ site na Arts Council England na atọ site na Society of Authors. A họpụtara Petit maka ihe nrite Forward Best Single Poem Prize mgbe o bipụtachara "The Strait-Jackets" (site na The Zoo Father) ma na 2001 ọ so n'ime ndị uri iri nke BBC Radio 4 nyere ọrụ ide uri maka Ụbọchị Abụ Mba. The Zoo Father (2001) bụ ndụmọdụ otu Poetry Book Society. The Zoo Father (2001), The Huntress (2005), What the Water Gave Me: Poems After Frida Kahlo (2010), na Fauverie (2014) ka a họpụtara maka ihe nrite T. S. Eliot. Akwụkwọ atọ bụ akwụkwọ nke afọ na The Observer, The Times Literary Supplement na The Independent. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ''What the Water Gave Me'' and ''Tiger Girl'' were both shortlisted for the Wales Book of the Year. Nchịkọta Petit nke afọ 2017, Mama Amazonica, meriri Laurel Prize for Poetry 2020, 2018 Ondaatje Prize, bụ Poetry Book Society Choice, ma depụta ya maka Roehampton Poetry Prize. E depụtara nchịkọta ya nke afọ 2020 Tiger Girl maka onyinye Forward maka nchịkọta kacha mma. A na-ebipụta Zoo Father na mbipụta asụsụ abụọ na Mexico ma kesaa ya na Spain na Latin America. Fauverie bụ nke Le Castor Astral bipụtara na Paris na mbipụta asụsụ abụọ. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ ya n'asụsụ Chinese, Serbian, Spanish (na Mexico) na French. Ọ sụgharịrị uri nke ọtụtụ ndị China na-ede uri nke oge a gụnyere Yang Lian, Wang Xiaoni na Zhai Yongming. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta uri nke Poetry London site na 1990 ruo 2005, Royal Literary Fund Fellow na Mahadum Middlesex site na 2007 ruo 2009 na Royal Literary fund Fellow na Courtauld Institute of Art na 2011-12. Ọ kụziri ihe ọmụmụ uri maka Tate Modern ruo afọ itoolu, ma bụrụkwa onye nkuzi maka Arvon Foundation, Poetry School and Literature Wales ugbu a. The Poetry Book Society họọrọ ya dị ka otu n'ime Ndị na-ede uri nke Ọgbọ Na-esote nke afọ 2004, ndepụta nkwalite maka ịkọwapụta ndị na-eto eto na ndị na-eme uri na Britain. Petit ghọrọ onye otu Royal Society of Literature na 2018. == Nnakwere == Onye na-ede uri si Australia bụ Les Murray etoola ọrụ ya na The Times Literary Supplement, ebe o dere, sị: "Ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla ọzọ na-ede uri si Britain m maara nke nwere ike ịka mma n'echiche akụkọ ifo dị ike nke Pascale Petit." Jackie Kay dere na The Observer, sị: "Uri Pascale dị ọhụrụ dị ka agba, ma mee ka ị legharịa anya ọzọ na Frida na ndụ ya dị egwu na nke mwute." Ruth Padel, na-enyocha ihe mmiri nyere m: Poems After Frida Kahlo na The Guardian, dere, sị: "Nchịkọta Petit abụghị akụkọ ndụ amaokwu, kama ọ bụ mma siri ike, nke na-akpali mmetụta nke ihe mberede ụgbọ ala nwere na ndụ na ọrụ Kahlo. 'Nke a bụ otú m si malite ise ihe. / Oge gbasaara ụdị ya / wee kpọọ brek ya.' WH Auden, n'akwụkwọ ya maka Yeats, gwara onye na-ede uri si Ireland: 'Mad Ireland merụrụ gị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ uri.' Nchịkọta Petit, na-enyocha ụzọ trauma si emerụ onye na-ese ihe n'ime okike, na-eme emume ike rebarbative nke Kahlo ji weghachite ihe mgbu ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Padel|first=Ruth|date=2010-06-11|title=What the Water Gave Me by Pascale Petit|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jun/12/what-water-gave-me-petit|accessdate=2024-11-26|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Onyinye, ihe nrite na mkpakọrịta ==   * {{Cite book|title=Icefall climbing|date=1994|publisher=Smith/Doorstep|location=Huddersfield <!--|isbn=978-1-869961-61-9 |oclc=32509795-->}} * Obi nke mgbada (Enitharmon, 1998) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|url=https://search.proquest.com/lion/publication/publications_2051642|title=Heart Of a Deer.|date=1998|publisher=Enitharmon|isbn=978-1-900564-16-8|location=London|language=English|oclc=1167596628}}</ref> * Nna Zoo (Seren, 2001) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=The zoo father|date=2001|publisher=Seren|isbn=978-1-85411-305-4|location=Bridgend|language=English|oclc=1170500661}}</ref> * El Padre Zoológico/The Zoo Father (El Tucan, Mexico City, 2004) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=El padre zoológico = The zoo father|date=2004|publisher=El Tucan de Virginia|isbn=978-968-6756-87-6|location=México DF|oclc=1025527051}}</ref> * ''Onye Na-achụ nta'' (Seren, 2005) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=The huntress|date=2005|publisher=Seren|isbn=978-1-85411-396-2|location=Bridgend|language=English|oclc=1170001478}}</ref> * The Wounded Deer: Abụ iri na anọ mgbe Frida Kahlo pamphlet (Smith Doorstop, 2005) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=The wounded deer: [fourteen poems after Frida Kahlo|date=2005|publisher=Smith/Doorstop Books|isbn=978-1-902382-75-3|location=Huddersfield|language=English|oclc=1172120161}}</ref> * ''Akụkọ Onye Na-edebe Osisi'' (Seren, 2008) [nke dị ala-alpha 6]<ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=The treekeeper's tale|date=2008|publisher=Seren|isbn=978-1-85411-471-6|location=Bridgend|language=English|oclc=213113734}}</ref> * Ihe Mmiri nyere M: Abụ mgbe Frida Kahlo (Seren, UK, 2010, Black Lawrence Press, US, 2011) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|url=http://qut.eblib.com.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1125074|title=What the Water Gave Me.|date=2013|publisher=Seren|isbn=978-1-78172-007-3|location=New York|language=English|oclc=1058276544}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners &#124; Manchester Poetry Prize &#124; Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU) |url=http://www.manchesterwritingcompetition.co.uk/archive/2013poetry/winners.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309065623/http://www.manchesterwritingcompetition.co.uk/archive/2013poetry/winners.php |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=8 March 2017 |df=dmy-all |accessdate=24 May 2026 |archivedate=9 March 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309065623/http://www.manchesterwritingcompetition.co.uk/archive/2013poetry/winners.php }}</ref> * Fauverie (Seren, 2014) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=Fauverie.|date=2014|isbn=978-1-78172-168-1|language=English|oclc=1023220332}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.societyofauthors.org/Prizes/Poetry/Cholmondeley/Past-winners Past winners of the Cholmondeley Awards"]. [[Society of Authors]]. Accessed 15 March 2018.</ref> * Mama Amazonica (Bloodaxe, 2017) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=Mama Amazonica|date=2017|publisher=Bloodaxe Books, Ltd.|language=English|oclc=1027577069}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keats-Shelley Prize 2020 |url=https://keats-shelley.org/prizes/keats_shelley_prize_2020 |access-date=2021-06-06 |website=keats-shelley.org}}</ref><ref name="laurelwinners2020">{{cite web |title=2020 Winners |url=https://laurelprize.com/2020-winners/ |access-date=9 April 2021 |website=Laurel Prize for Poetry in Association with Poetry School}}</ref> * Tiger Girl (Bloodaxe, 2020) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=Tiger girl|date=2020|publisher=Bloodaxe Books Limited|isbn=978-1-78037-526-7|language=English|oclc=1111792293}}</ref> * My Hummingbird Father a novel (Salt Publishing, 2024) https://www.saltpublishing.com/products/my-hummingbird-father-9781784633110 * Anụ ọhịa (Bloodaxe Books, 2025) https://www.bloodaxebooks.com/ecs/product/beast-1372 ; Ndepụta nke uri {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="25%" |Aha ya !Afọ !Nke mbụ e bipụtara !E bipụtaghachiri / chịkọtara |- |Ebe Ndị Agha Ụmụaka |2003 |{{Cite journal|author=Petit, Pascale|date=Jul–Aug 2003|title=The Children's Asylum|journal=Quadrant|volume=47|issue=7–8 [398]|pages=76}} | |- |Ememe ahụ |2003 |{{Cite journal|author=Petit, Pascale|date=Jul–Aug 2003|title=The feast|journal=Quadrant|volume=47|issue=7–8 [398]|pages=77}} | |- |Foto nke nne m dị ka Xipe Totec |2003 |{{Cite journal|author=Petit, Pascale|date=Jul–Aug 2003|title=Portrait of my mother as Xipe Totec|journal=Quadrant|volume=47|issue=7–8 [398]|pages=76}} | |- |Nne mineral |2003 |{{Cite journal|author=Petit, Pascale|date=Jul–Aug 2003|title=The mineral mother|journal=Quadrant|volume=47|issue=7–8 [398]|pages=83}} | |- |Onye na-achụ nta orchid |2003 |{{Cite journal|author=Petit, Pascale|date=Jul–Aug 2003|title=The orchid hunter|journal=Quadrant|volume=47|issue=7–8 [398]|pages=97}} | |} ; Anthologies (edited) * Njikọ Onye nchịkọta abụ na Mimi Khalvati (Enitharmon, 2000) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Khalvati|first=Mimi|title=Tying the song: a first anthology from the Poetry School, 1997-2000|date=2000|publisher=Enitharmon Press; Distributed in the USA and Canada by Dufour Editions|isbn=978-1-900564-76-2|location=London; Chester Springs, PA|language=English|oclc=44152912}}</ref> * ''Abụ sitere na Art na Tate Modern'' editor, pamphlet (Tate Publications, 2010) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=Poetry from art: at Tate Modern|date=2010|language=English|oclc=903084777}}</ref> === Nnyocha nkatọ na nyocha nke ọrụ Petit === ; ''Nne Amazonica'' * {{Cite journal|author=Van Hek, Lin|authorlink=Lin Van Hek|date=Jan–Feb 2018|title=Poetry of wildness|journal=Quadrant|volume=62|issue=1–2 [543]|pages=85–86}} * [https://www.ft.com/content/e2b45468-5d05-11e8-9334-2218e7146b04 Financial Times, 25 Mee 2018, In Praise of Pascale Petit, onye na-ede uri na-abanye n'ókèala ọhụrụ site na Nilanjana Roy] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} ; Ihe odide Bibliography {{Reflist|40em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Official blog * [http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/ecs/category/pascale-petit Profaịlụ] na Bloodaxe BooksAkwụkwọ Bloodaxe * Profile E debere ya na Wayback Machine na Seren BooksAkwụkwọ Seren * [https://poetryarchive.org/poet/pascale-petit/ Ihe ndekọ] na Poetry ArchiveEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220318193822/https://www.thepoetryextension.com/pascale/ Ajụjụ ọnụ] na The Poetry Extension''Mgbasawanye nke uri'' {{authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pketkfxkzr0ak1enz8z2aiw2d9wh0x7 674361 674359 2026-07-09T06:32:44Z SafariScribe 18560 ndezi 674361 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pascale Petit''' (amụrụ na 20 Disemba 1953) bụ onye Britain na-ede uri nke a mụrụ na France, nke nwere ihe nketa French, Welsh na India. A mụrụ ya na Paris ma tolite na France na Wales. Ọ zụrụ ọzụzụ dị ka onye na-akpụ ihe na Royal College of Art ma bụrụ onye na-ese ihe anya maka akụkụ mbụ nke ndụ ya. Ọ gara ọtụtụ ebe, ọkachasị na Peruvian na Venezuelan Amazon na India. Petit ebipụtala otu akwụkwọ akụkọ na nchịkọta uri itoolu, anọ n'ime ha bụ ndị e depụtara maka onyinye T. S. Eliot. Nchịkọta nke asaa ya Mama Amazonica meriri Ondaatje Prize na 2018 na Laurel Prize for Poetry na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Petit takes inaugural Laurel Prize for Mama Amazonica {{!}} The Bookseller|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/petit-takes-inaugural-laurel-prize-mama-amazonica-1220977|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=www.thebookseller.com}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, a họpụtara Petit dị ka Fellow nke Royal Society of Literature . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pascale Petit|url=https://rsliterature.org/fellow/pascale-petit/|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=Royal Society of Literature|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Petit, Pascale.IMG 4648.JPG|thumb|Petit, Pascale]] == Ọrụ == Petit ebipụtala otu akwụkwọ akụkọ My Hummingbird Father (2024) na nchịkọta uri itoolu: Heart of a Deer (1998), The Zoo Father (2001), The Huntress (2005), The Treekeeper's Tale (2008), What the Water Gave Me: Poems After Frida Kahlo (2010), Fauverie (2014), Mama Amazonica (2017), Tiger Girl (2020) na Beast (2025). O bipụtakwara akwụkwọ nta nke uri The Wounded Deer: Fourteen Poems After Frida Kahlo (2005). Maka ọrụ ya na uri, ọ natala ọtụtụ onyinye, gụnyere Cholmondeley Award, anọ site na Arts Council England na atọ site na Society of Authors. A họpụtara Petit maka ihe nrite Forward Best Single Poem Prize mgbe o bipụtachara "The Strait-Jackets" (site na The Zoo Father) ma na 2001 ọ so n'ime ndị uri iri nke BBC Radio 4 nyere ọrụ ide uri maka Ụbọchị Abụ Mba. The Zoo Father (2001) bụ ndụmọdụ otu Poetry Book Society. The Zoo Father (2001), The Huntress (2005), What the Water Gave Me: Poems After Frida Kahlo (2010), na Fauverie (2014) ka a họpụtara maka ihe nrite T. S. Eliot. Akwụkwọ atọ bụ akwụkwọ nke afọ na The Observer, The Times Literary Supplement na The Independent. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ''What the Water Gave Me'' and ''Tiger Girl'' were both shortlisted for the Wales Book of the Year. Nchịkọta Petit nke afọ 2017, Mama Amazonica, meriri Laurel Prize for Poetry 2020, 2018 Ondaatje Prize, bụ Poetry Book Society Choice, ma depụta ya maka Roehampton Poetry Prize. E depụtara nchịkọta ya nke afọ 2020 Tiger Girl maka onyinye Forward maka nchịkọta kacha mma. A na-ebipụta Zoo Father na mbipụta asụsụ abụọ na Mexico ma kesaa ya na Spain na Latin America. Fauverie bụ nke Le Castor Astral bipụtara na Paris na mbipụta asụsụ abụọ. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ ya n'asụsụ Chinese, Serbian, Spanish (na Mexico) na French. Ọ sụgharịrị uri nke ọtụtụ ndị China na-ede uri nke oge a gụnyere Yang Lian, Wang Xiaoni na Zhai Yongming. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta uri nke Poetry London site na 1990 ruo 2005, Royal Literary Fund Fellow na Mahadum Middlesex site na 2007 ruo 2009 na Royal Literary fund Fellow na Courtauld Institute of Art na 2011-12. Ọ kụziri ihe ọmụmụ uri maka Tate Modern ruo afọ itoolu, ma bụrụkwa onye nkuzi maka Arvon Foundation, Poetry School and Literature Wales ugbu a. The Poetry Book Society họọrọ ya dị ka otu n'ime Ndị na-ede uri nke Ọgbọ Na-esote nke afọ 2004, ndepụta nkwalite maka ịkọwapụta ndị na-eto eto na ndị na-eme uri na Britain. Petit ghọrọ onye otu Royal Society of Literature na 2018. == Nnakwere == Petit bu onye Australia. Na ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'', o dere sị: "Ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla ọzọ na-ede uri si Britain m maara nke nwere ike ịka mma n'echiche akụkọ ifo dị ike nke Pascale Petit." Jackie Kay dere na The Observer, sị: "Uri Pascale dị ọhụrụ dị ka agba, ma mee ka ị legharịa anya ọzọ na Frida na ndụ ya dị egwu na nke mwute." Ruth Padel, na-enyocha ihe mmiri nyere m: Poems After Frida Kahlo na The Guardian, dere, sị: "Nchịkọta Petit abụghị akụkọ ndụ amaokwu, kama ọ bụ mma siri ike, nke na-akpali mmetụta nke ihe mberede ụgbọ ala nwere na ndụ na ọrụ Kahlo. 'Nke a bụ otú m si malite ise ihe. / Oge gbasaara ụdị ya / wee kpọọ brek ya.' WH Auden, n'akwụkwọ ya maka Yeats, gwara onye na-ede uri si Ireland: 'Mad Ireland merụrụ gị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ uri.' Nchịkọta Petit, na-enyocha ụzọ trauma si emerụ onye na-ese ihe n'ime okike, na-eme emume ike rebarbative nke Kahlo ji weghachite ihe mgbu ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Padel|first=Ruth|date=2010-06-11|title=What the Water Gave Me by Pascale Petit|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jun/12/what-water-gave-me-petit|accessdate=2024-11-26|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Onyinye, ihe nrite na mkpakọrịta ==   * {{Cite book|title=Icefall climbing|date=1994|publisher=Smith/Doorstep|location=Huddersfield <!--|isbn=978-1-869961-61-9 |oclc=32509795-->}} * Obi nke mgbada (Enitharmon, 1998) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|url=https://search.proquest.com/lion/publication/publications_2051642|title=Heart Of a Deer.|date=1998|publisher=Enitharmon|isbn=978-1-900564-16-8|location=London|language=English|oclc=1167596628}}</ref> * Nna Zoo (Seren, 2001) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=The zoo father|date=2001|publisher=Seren|isbn=978-1-85411-305-4|location=Bridgend|language=English|oclc=1170500661}}</ref> * El Padre Zoológico/The Zoo Father (El Tucan, Mexico City, 2004) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=El padre zoológico = The zoo father|date=2004|publisher=El Tucan de Virginia|isbn=978-968-6756-87-6|location=México DF|oclc=1025527051}}</ref> * ''Onye Na-achụ nta'' (Seren, 2005) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=The huntress|date=2005|publisher=Seren|isbn=978-1-85411-396-2|location=Bridgend|language=English|oclc=1170001478}}</ref> * The Wounded Deer: Abụ iri na anọ mgbe Frida Kahlo pamphlet (Smith Doorstop, 2005) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=The wounded deer: [fourteen poems after Frida Kahlo|date=2005|publisher=Smith/Doorstop Books|isbn=978-1-902382-75-3|location=Huddersfield|language=English|oclc=1172120161}}</ref> * ''Akụkọ Onye Na-edebe Osisi'' (Seren, 2008) [nke dị ala-alpha 6]<ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=The treekeeper's tale|date=2008|publisher=Seren|isbn=978-1-85411-471-6|location=Bridgend|language=English|oclc=213113734}}</ref> * Ihe Mmiri nyere M: Abụ mgbe Frida Kahlo (Seren, UK, 2010, Black Lawrence Press, US, 2011) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|url=http://qut.eblib.com.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1125074|title=What the Water Gave Me.|date=2013|publisher=Seren|isbn=978-1-78172-007-3|location=New York|language=English|oclc=1058276544}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners &#124; Manchester Poetry Prize &#124; Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU) |url=http://www.manchesterwritingcompetition.co.uk/archive/2013poetry/winners.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309065623/http://www.manchesterwritingcompetition.co.uk/archive/2013poetry/winners.php |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=8 March 2017 |df=dmy-all |accessdate=24 May 2026 |archivedate=9 March 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309065623/http://www.manchesterwritingcompetition.co.uk/archive/2013poetry/winners.php }}</ref> * Fauverie (Seren, 2014) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=Fauverie.|date=2014|isbn=978-1-78172-168-1|language=English|oclc=1023220332}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.societyofauthors.org/Prizes/Poetry/Cholmondeley/Past-winners Past winners of the Cholmondeley Awards"]. [[Society of Authors]]. Accessed 15 March 2018.</ref> * Mama Amazonica (Bloodaxe, 2017) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=Mama Amazonica|date=2017|publisher=Bloodaxe Books, Ltd.|language=English|oclc=1027577069}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keats-Shelley Prize 2020 |url=https://keats-shelley.org/prizes/keats_shelley_prize_2020 |access-date=2021-06-06 |website=keats-shelley.org}}</ref><ref name="laurelwinners2020">{{cite web |title=2020 Winners |url=https://laurelprize.com/2020-winners/ |access-date=9 April 2021 |website=Laurel Prize for Poetry in Association with Poetry School}}</ref> * Tiger Girl (Bloodaxe, 2020) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=Tiger girl|date=2020|publisher=Bloodaxe Books Limited|isbn=978-1-78037-526-7|language=English|oclc=1111792293}}</ref> * My Hummingbird Father a novel (Salt Publishing, 2024) https://www.saltpublishing.com/products/my-hummingbird-father-9781784633110 * Anụ ọhịa (Bloodaxe Books, 2025) https://www.bloodaxebooks.com/ecs/product/beast-1372 ; Ndepụta nke uri {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="25%" |Aha ya !Afọ !Nke mbụ e bipụtara !E bipụtaghachiri / chịkọtara |- |Ebe Ndị Agha Ụmụaka |2003 |{{Cite journal|author=Petit, Pascale|date=Jul–Aug 2003|title=The Children's Asylum|journal=Quadrant|volume=47|issue=7–8 [398]|pages=76}} | |- |Ememe ahụ |2003 |{{Cite journal|author=Petit, Pascale|date=Jul–Aug 2003|title=The feast|journal=Quadrant|volume=47|issue=7–8 [398]|pages=77}} | |- |Foto nke nne m dị ka Xipe Totec |2003 |{{Cite journal|author=Petit, Pascale|date=Jul–Aug 2003|title=Portrait of my mother as Xipe Totec|journal=Quadrant|volume=47|issue=7–8 [398]|pages=76}} | |- |Nne mineral |2003 |{{Cite journal|author=Petit, Pascale|date=Jul–Aug 2003|title=The mineral mother|journal=Quadrant|volume=47|issue=7–8 [398]|pages=83}} | |- |Onye na-achụ nta orchid |2003 |{{Cite journal|author=Petit, Pascale|date=Jul–Aug 2003|title=The orchid hunter|journal=Quadrant|volume=47|issue=7–8 [398]|pages=97}} | |} ; Anthologies (edited) * Njikọ Onye nchịkọta abụ na Mimi Khalvati (Enitharmon, 2000) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Khalvati|first=Mimi|title=Tying the song: a first anthology from the Poetry School, 1997-2000|date=2000|publisher=Enitharmon Press; Distributed in the USA and Canada by Dufour Editions|isbn=978-1-900564-76-2|location=London; Chester Springs, PA|language=English|oclc=44152912}}</ref> * ''Abụ sitere na Art na Tate Modern'' editor, pamphlet (Tate Publications, 2010) <ref group="lower-alpha">{{Cite book|author=Petit|first=Pascale|title=Poetry from art: at Tate Modern|date=2010|language=English|oclc=903084777}}</ref> === Nnyocha nkatọ na nyocha nke ọrụ Petit === ; ''Nne Amazonica'' * {{Cite journal|author=Van Hek, Lin|authorlink=Lin Van Hek|date=Jan–Feb 2018|title=Poetry of wildness|journal=Quadrant|volume=62|issue=1–2 [543]|pages=85–86}} * [https://www.ft.com/content/e2b45468-5d05-11e8-9334-2218e7146b04 Financial Times, 25 Mee 2018, In Praise of Pascale Petit, onye na-ede uri na-abanye n'ókèala ọhụrụ site na Nilanjana Roy] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} ; Ihe odide Bibliography {{Reflist|40em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Official blog * [http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/ecs/category/pascale-petit Profaịlụ] na Bloodaxe BooksAkwụkwọ Bloodaxe * Profile E debere ya na Wayback Machine na Seren BooksAkwụkwọ Seren * [https://poetryarchive.org/poet/pascale-petit/ Ihe ndekọ] na Poetry ArchiveEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220318193822/https://www.thepoetryextension.com/pascale/ Ajụjụ ọnụ] na The Poetry Extension''Mgbasawanye nke uri'' {{authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0i8zp5dcim78xe8cr1eg5wq1i7kvc04 0 75793 674411 637838 2026-07-09T08:01:38Z Bigcee007 24507 Fixed reference error 674411 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Greta Knutson''', nke a makwaara dịka '''Greta Knutson-Tzara''' (1899–1983), bụ onye Sweden na-ese ihe onyonyo, onye na-akatọ nka, onye edemede akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, na onye na-ede uri. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ nke André Lhote ma nabatakwa ụdị nka dịka Abstraction, Cubism na Surrealism, a makwaara ya maka mmasị ya na phenomenology . Knutson lụrụ onye edemede a mụrụ na Romania na onye guzobere Dadaism Tristan Tzara, mana ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm. == Akụkọ Ndụ == A mụrụ Greta Knutson na [[Stockholm]], ọ bụkwa onye Sweden na- ese ihe, onye na-akatọ ihe osise, onye na-ede uri, na onye edemede. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya na 1899 ma na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ mba ọzọ nke ọma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/writers/knutson-tzara-greta/|title=Knutson-Tzara, Greta|work=Nordic Women's Literature|language=en-GB|accessdate=4 March 2019}}</ref> Ọ gara Carl Wilhelmson Academy of Fine Arts ruo otu afọ, wee gụọ akwụkwọ na Kungliga Konsthögskolan, wee biri na Paris, [[France]] na mmalite afọ 1920. Ọ bụ ebe ahụ ka ọ malitere ịgagharị na studio Andre Lhote wee bụrụ onye na-eso ụzọ ya.<ref name="prsurrgk" /> Mgbe ọ kwagara Paris, ọnụnọ ya ghọrọ nke na-adịgide adịgide, ọ na-alaghachi Sweden naanị mgbe ụfọdụ. Ọ nwere mmasị na Cubism, Surrealism, na Abstraction dị ka echiche nka.<ref name="icrmadame">{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.icr.ro/filiale/evenimente_a.php?cod=279&cod_filiala=28 ''Madame Tzara? Greta Knutson şi Tristan Tzara'' (October 3, 2007)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180740/http://www.icr.ro/filiale/evenimente_a.php?cod=279&cod_filiala=28|date=3 March 2016}}, at the [[Romanian Cultural Institute]] in Stockholm; retrieved 2 May 2008</ref> Ọ nwere mmasị na mgbanwe nke nka site n'ụwa dị adị gbara anyị gburugburu gaa n'ụwa dị egwu nke amaghị ihe. Ọ bụkwa na Frans ka Knutson zutere Tzara, akụkọ kwuru na ọ bụ na 1924. Ọ lụrụ ya na 8 Ọgọst 1925. Di na nwunye ahụ mụrụ nwa nwoke, Christophe, amụrụ na 15 Maachị 1927, na Neuilly-sur-Seine.<ref name="jycmelusine" /> Na 1925, Knutson ketara nnukwu akụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cooke|first=Rachel}}</ref> Site na ego sitere n'ihe nketa ya, Tzara wuru ebe obibi ezinụlọ na Montmartre, nke e nyere ọrụ dịka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Adolf Loos (onye bụbu onye otu Modernist Movement na Vienna). Ụlọ ahụ ghọrọ ebe ọha na eze maka ndị Surrealist ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Piette 136–142">{{Cite journal|author=Piette|first=Adam|date=March 2006|title=The Yale Anthology of Twentieth-Century French Poetry, edited by Mary Ann Caws|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2006.0012|journal=Translation and Literature|volume=15|issue=1|pages=136–142|doi=10.3366/tal.2006.0012|issn=0968-1361}}</ref> O gbanwere akụkụ ụfọdụ ihe owuwu ahụ iji mee ka ụlọ ọrụ nke ya dabara, nke Loos wepụrụ na imewe mbụ ya.<ref name="jycmelusine" /> Knutson nakweere Surrealism n'afọ 1930. Ma, ya na Tristan Tzara kewara na 1937 (a kpọrọ ha ka ha gbara alụkwaghịm na 25 Ọktoba 1942). N'oge agha ahụ, Knutson na onye France na-ede uri na onye ndu mmegide bụ René Char nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya. Knutson sere ọtụtụ foto Char.<ref name="Piette 136–142">{{Cite journal|author=Piette|first=Adam|date=March 2006|title=The Yale Anthology of Twentieth-Century French Poetry, edited by Mary Ann Caws|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2006.0012|journal=Translation and Literature|volume=15|issue=1|pages=136–142|doi=10.3366/tal.2006.0012|issn=0968-1361}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPiette2006">Piette, Adam (March 2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2006.0012 "The Yale Anthology of Twentieth-Century French Poetry, edited by Mary Ann Caws"]</span>. ''Translation and Literature''. '''15''' (1): <span class="nowrap">136–</span>142. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3366/tal.2006.0012|10.3366/tal.2006.0012]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0968-1361 0968-1361].</cite></ref> Ọ gbapụrụkwa Surrealism, na-achọ mmasị ya na Phenomenology (nkà ihe ọmụma), ọkachasị na ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma Edmund Husserl<ref name="prsurrgk" /> na Martin Heidegger.<ref name="leclair" /> N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1930, o sere foto nke onye na-akpụ ihe na Switzerland bụ Alberto Giacometti; o mechara kọọ na onye nlereanya ya kwetara na ihe o ji mee ihe n'ihe osise Afrịka, ọ bụ ezie na ndị nkatọ na-ekwu maka ya, bụ naanị ihe dakọtara, ma nwee njikọ na eziokwu ahụ bụ na primitivism dị n'ụdị ejiji. Knutson bụ onye edemede na-arụpụta ihe, na-ebipụta edemede nke nkatọ nka, na, naanị mgbe ụfọdụ, uri. O dere n'asụsụ Swedish na French. Mgbe ọ dị obere, o dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ uri prose. Ya na onye na-ede uri Gunnar Ekelöf, ọ sụgharịrị akwụkwọ edemede Swedish gaa na [[Asụsụ French|French]],<ref name="icrmadame" /> mana edebeghị uri nke ya dịka akwụkwọ n'oge ndụ ya.<ref name="prsurrgk" /> "Akụkọ nke ụzọ dị n'akụkụ ugwu/Ọ ga-abụ ụzọ nke na-ara nkume ọkọlọtọ/Ọ ga-ebuli aka ya gaa n'ebe ígwè/Ụzọ ga-eru ebe obibi nke ndị a na-achụ/abalị bịara n'ụtụtụ gara/n'ebe ìgwè atụrụ dị nwayọọ na ụgbọ mmiri na-ehi ụra/n'akụkụ ụlọ nsọ nke osimiri.", ihe e dere n'uri ya, nke e si na French sụgharịa, nke dị na mbụ na Le Surrealisme ASDLR.<ref name="prsurrgk" /> O nwekwara ọtụtụ ihe ngosi nka naanị ya, ọkachasị otu na Paris na 1929 na otu na Stockholm na 1932.<ref name=":0" /> Greta Knutson gburu onwe ya na Paris n'afọ 1983. == Ihe Nketa == Onye na-ede uri bụ́ Lasse Söderberg sụgharịrị uri Greta Knutson nke asụsụ French gaa na Swedish, ya na di ya sokwa mụọ ihe gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nka bụ́ Cecilia Sjöholm mere. Söderberg, Sjöholm, onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ́ Christian Fex na onye edemede bụ́ Jonas Ellerström sonyere na ihe omume ''Madame Tzara?,'' nke e mere na Romanian Cultural Institute na Stockholm n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2007.<ref name="icrmadame" /> == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] tcnej9krc9emglsltowr9h4fvt715m9 674412 674411 2026-07-09T08:02:59Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Akụkọ Ndụ */ 674412 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Greta Knutson''', nke a makwaara dịka '''Greta Knutson-Tzara''' (1899–1983), bụ onye Sweden na-ese ihe onyonyo, onye na-akatọ nka, onye edemede akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, na onye na-ede uri. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ nke André Lhote ma nabatakwa ụdị nka dịka Abstraction, Cubism na Surrealism, a makwaara ya maka mmasị ya na phenomenology . Knutson lụrụ onye edemede a mụrụ na Romania na onye guzobere Dadaism Tristan Tzara, mana ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm. == Akụkọ Ndụ == A mụrụ Greta Knutson na [[Stockholm]], ọ bụkwa onye Sweden na- ese ihe, onye na-akatọ ihe osise, onye na-ede uri, na onye edemede. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya na 1899 ma na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ mba ọzọ nke ọma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/writers/knutson-tzara-greta/|title=Knutson-Tzara, Greta|work=Nordic Women's Literature|language=en-GB|accessdate=4 March 2019}}</ref> Ọ gara Carl Wilhelmson Academy of Fine Arts ruo otu afọ, wee gụọ akwụkwọ na Kungliga Konsthögskolan, wee biri na Paris, [[France]] na mmalite afọ 1920. Ọ bụ ebe ahụ ka ọ malitere ịgagharị na studio Andre Lhote wee bụrụ onye na-eso ụzọ ya.<ref name="prsurrgk" /> Mgbe ọ kwagara Paris, ọnụnọ ya ghọrọ nke na-adịgide adịgide, ọ na-alaghachi Sweden naanị mgbe ụfọdụ. Ọ nwere mmasị na Cubism, Surrealism, na Abstraction dị ka echiche nka.<ref name="icrmadame">{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.icr.ro/filiale/evenimente_a.php?cod=279&cod_filiala=28 ''Madame Tzara? Greta Knutson şi Tristan Tzara'' (October 3, 2007)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180740/http://www.icr.ro/filiale/evenimente_a.php?cod=279&cod_filiala=28|date=3 March 2016}}, at the [[Romanian Cultural Institute]] in Stockholm; retrieved 2 May 2008</ref> Ọ nwere mmasị na mgbanwe nke nka site n'ụwa dị adị gbara anyị gburugburu gaa n'ụwa dị egwu nke amaghị ihe. Ọ bụkwa na Frans ka Knutson zutere Tzara, akụkọ kwuru na ọ bụ na 1924. Ọ lụrụ ya na 8 Ọgọst 1925. Di na nwunye ahụ mụrụ nwa nwoke, Christophe, amụrụ na 15 Maachị 1927, na Neuilly-sur-Seine.<ref name="jycmelusine" /> Na 1925, Knutson ketara nnukwu akụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cooke|first=Rachel}}</ref> Site na ego sitere n'ihe nketa ya, Tzara wuru ebe obibi ezinụlọ na Montmartre, nke e nyere ọrụ dịka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Adolf Loos (onye bụbu onye otu Modernist Movement na Vienna). Ụlọ ahụ ghọrọ ebe ọha na eze maka ndị Surrealist ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Piette 136–142">{{Cite journal|author=Piette|first=Adam|date=March 2006|title=The Yale Anthology of Twentieth-Century French Poetry, edited by Mary Ann Caws|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2006.0012|journal=Translation and Literature|volume=15|issue=1|pages=136–142|doi=10.3366/tal.2006.0012|issn=0968-1361}}</ref> O gbanwere akụkụ ụfọdụ ihe owuwu ahụ iji mee ka ụlọ ọrụ nke ya dabara, nke Loos wepụrụ na imewe mbụ ya.<ref name="jycmelusine" /> Knutson nakweere Surrealism n'afọ 1930. Ma, ya na Tristan Tzara kewara na 1937 (a kpọrọ ha ka ha gbara alụkwaghịm na 25 Ọktoba 1942). N'oge agha ahụ, Knutson na onye France na-ede uri na onye ndu mmegide bụ René Char nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya. Knutson sere ọtụtụ foto Char.<ref name="Piette 136–142" /> Ọ gbapụrụkwa Surrealism, na-achọ mmasị ya na Phenomenology (nkà ihe ọmụma), ọkachasị na ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma Edmund Husserl<ref name="prsurrgk" /> na Martin Heidegger.<ref name="leclair" /> N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1930, o sere foto nke onye na-akpụ ihe na Switzerland bụ Alberto Giacometti; o mechara kọọ na onye nlereanya ya kwetara na ihe o ji mee ihe n'ihe osise Afrịka, ọ bụ ezie na ndị nkatọ na-ekwu maka ya, bụ naanị ihe dakọtara, ma nwee njikọ na eziokwu ahụ bụ na primitivism dị n'ụdị ejiji. Knutson bụ onye edemede na-arụpụta ihe, na-ebipụta edemede nke nkatọ nka, na, naanị mgbe ụfọdụ, uri. O dere n'asụsụ Swedish na French. Mgbe ọ dị obere, o dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ uri prose. Ya na onye na-ede uri Gunnar Ekelöf, ọ sụgharịrị akwụkwọ edemede Swedish gaa na [[Asụsụ French|French]],<ref name="icrmadame" /> mana edebeghị uri nke ya dịka akwụkwọ n'oge ndụ ya.<ref name="prsurrgk" /> "Akụkọ nke ụzọ dị n'akụkụ ugwu/Ọ ga-abụ ụzọ nke na-ara nkume ọkọlọtọ/Ọ ga-ebuli aka ya gaa n'ebe ígwè/Ụzọ ga-eru ebe obibi nke ndị a na-achụ/abalị bịara n'ụtụtụ gara/n'ebe ìgwè atụrụ dị nwayọọ na ụgbọ mmiri na-ehi ụra/n'akụkụ ụlọ nsọ nke osimiri.", ihe e dere n'uri ya, nke e si na French sụgharịa, nke dị na mbụ na Le Surrealisme ASDLR.<ref name="prsurrgk" /> O nwekwara ọtụtụ ihe ngosi nka naanị ya, ọkachasị otu na Paris na 1929 na otu na Stockholm na 1932.<ref name=":0" /> Greta Knutson gburu onwe ya na Paris n'afọ 1983. == Ihe Nketa == Onye na-ede uri bụ́ Lasse Söderberg sụgharịrị uri Greta Knutson nke asụsụ French gaa na Swedish, ya na di ya sokwa mụọ ihe gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nka bụ́ Cecilia Sjöholm mere. Söderberg, Sjöholm, onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ́ Christian Fex na onye edemede bụ́ Jonas Ellerström sonyere na ihe omume ''Madame Tzara?,'' nke e mere na Romanian Cultural Institute na Stockholm n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2007.<ref name="icrmadame" /> == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] mv8csh9hpj2jvalds4ep58bfqqiaicp 0 75797 674281 637847 2026-07-08T20:57:15Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 674281 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Monique Keraudren-Aymonin''' (8 Disemba 1928 – 25 Mee 1981) bụ onye France na-amụ ihe gbasara osisi na yana onye na-ese ihe osise botanical na onye na-ese foto.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Monique Keraudren—Aymonin (1928–1981)|journal=Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Lettres Botaniques|date=1982|issn=0181-1797|pages=77–84|volume=129|issue=1|doi=10.1080/01811797.1982.10824530|first=Guy|author=Deysson}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Monique Keraudren-Aymonin (1928-1981)|journal=Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle|volume=Section B, Adansonia, botanique, phytochimie|url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753002679519#page/363/mode/2up|issue=4|pages=363–371|author=Leroy|first=Jean-François}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == Keraudren-Aymonin bụ nke atọ n'ime ụmụ isii Joseph Marie Keraudren na Rose Emilie Boëzennec mụrụ. Nna ya bụ onye nduzi nke ebe a na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ obodo na Cameret na mbụ, mana mgbe nne ya nwụsịrị na 1937, ọ gbanwere gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi na Quimper na Brest. Keraudren nwere mmasị na geography, sayensị, egwu na nka site na nwata. Site na ndụmọdụ nwanne nna ya nwoke, prọfesọ canon na mgbakọ na mwepụ, Keraudren-Aymonin malitere ọmụmụ ihe ka elu, na-aga Mahadum Katọlik nke West na Angers wee gaa ngalaba sayensị nke Mahadum Rennes na Mahadum Paris-Sorbonne. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị asambodo asatọ, ọ gụchara akwụkwọ mahadum ya n'okpuru nlekọta nke Pierre Pruvost. Na 1955, Henri Humbert, onye bụ onyeisi nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na French National Museum of Natural History, nyere ya ọrụ na nyocha okooko osisi na ihe osise osisi. Humbert goro ya ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka na ngalaba ya n'otu afọ ahụ. Mgbe ọ nọsịrị n'ọrụ nyocha abụọ na [[Madagascar]] n'afọ 1960 na 1962, o nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate na sayensị okike site na École Normale Supérieure na 1966 site na akwụkwọ edemede ''Researches sur les Cucurbitacées de Madagascar''. O mechara gaa n'ihu n'ọrụ ya na Chair of Phanerogamy, na 1971 a họpụtara ya osote onye isi nke National Museum of Natural History of France, na Paris.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ịmụ ihe gbasara osisi nke Madagascar na nke Comoros, karịsịa n'ezinụlọ osisi a na-akpọ Cucurbitaceae.[1] Nnyocha Keraudren-Aymonin lekwasịrị anya na usoro, ọdịdị ala, bayoloji na gburugburu ebe obibi nke osisi Malagasy. Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ezinụlọ cucurbit nke agwaetiti ahụ (Cucurbitaceae), ma sorokwa ezinụlọ osisi ndị ọzọ dịka ezinụlọ Annonaceae na ezinụlọ Begoniaceae rụọ ọrụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Keraudren-Aymonin gụnyere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 100, gụnyere Le Carporama de LMA de Robillard d'Argentelle (1979, ya na onye na-ese ihe bụ Jacqueline Saussotte-Guérel) na ụdị wax nke mkpụrụ osisi Mauritian nke Louis Robillard d'Argentelle mere na narị afọ nke 19, Madagascar (Recherches suurques) et ụdị de succulence chez quelques végétaux des fourrés du sud-ouest de Madagascar (1966), Les Flores sèches de l'Ancien Monde (1966) na Cucurbitacées (1967). O nyekwara aka nke ukwuu na usoro Flore de Madagascar et des Comores: plantes vasculaires nke Henri Humbert na Jean-François Leroy, ebe o bipụtara monographs asaa. Karaudren lụrụ onye France na-akọ ihe ọkụkụ bụ́ Gérard Guy Aymonin (1934–2014). A na-eji okwu ndị na-ede akwụkwọ a na-akpọ Keraudren egosi onye a dịka onye dere ya mgbe ọ na-ekwu maka aha ihe ọkụkụ.[3] == Mbipụta ahọpụtara == * Keraudren-Aymonin, Monique (1978), Akụkụ Taxonomic nke akụ na ụba botany nke Africa. Nkwupụta Nzukọ nke itoolu nke Association pour l'Etude Taxonomique de la Flore d'Afrique Tropicale, AETFAT, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 18-23 Machị 1978 * Keraudren-Aymonin, Monique (1970), Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München. 10 Proc. nke 7º plenary meeting of the Association wunye l'Etude Taxonomique of the Flore of l'Afrique Tropicale, AETFAT, Munich, 7–12 Septemba 1970 * {{Cite book|author=Keraudren|first=Monique|title=Recherches sur les cucurbitacées de Madagascar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIJjOwAACAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Éditions du Muséum|series=Nouvelle série. Série B, Botanique 16 (2)}} * {{Cite book|author=Keraudren-Aymonin|first=Monique|title=Bégoniacées|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHXUOwAACAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Lab. de Phanérogamie|isbn=978-2-85654-165-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Keraudren|first=Monique|title=Cucurbitacées|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFM2twAACAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle}} == Nsọpụrụ == A kpọrọ ọtụtụ osisi aha ya: * (Annonaceae) ''Polyalthia keraudreniae'' <small>[[Le Thomas]] & [[G.E.Schatz|GESchatz]]</small> * (Asclepiadaceae) ''Stapelianthus keraudreniae'' <small>Bosser & [[Phillipe Morat|Morat]]</small> * (Begoniaceae) ''Begonia keraudreniae'' <small>Bosser</small> * (Convolvulaceae) ''Ipomoea keraudreniae'' <small>[[Thierry Deroin|Deroin]]</small> * (Fabaceae) ''Vigna keraudrenii'' <small>[[David Du Puy|Du Puy]] & [[Jean-Noël Labat|Labat]]</small> * (Loranthaceae) ''Socratina keraudreniana'' <small>[[Simone Balle|Balle]]</small> Ọzọkwa, otu ụdị osisi sitere na etiti Eshia; * (Apiaceae) ''Keraymonia'' Farille<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Keraymonia'' Farille {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:893460-1|work=Plants of the World Online|accessdate=24 May 2021|language=en|quote=Candollea Vol.40 on page 528 in 1985}}</ref> == Ihe ndetu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|3}} 8o96xanbx4devbgde8r03t0zd79bbyp 0 75940 674299 641818 2026-07-08T21:12:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674299 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Elijah Olaniyi Odede''' (amụru 12 n'ọnwa Jenuwarị afọ 2007) bu onye okacha amara n’egwuregwu ndi Naijiria nke na-egwu egwu dika winger maka klọb Ligue 1 Troyes. == Ọrụ == Onye sitere na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ntorobịa nke Castle Football Academy, Odede sonyeere klọb Moldovan Super Liga Sheriff Tiraspol na 18 n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cheeronnigeria.blogspot.com/2025/02/elijah-odede-nigerian-academy-striker.html|title=Elijah Odede: Nigerian Academy Striker Impress at Moldovan Top Flight, FC Sheriff - Contract Sealed!}}</ref> Na 1 Septemba afọ 2025, ọ sonyeere otu Ligue 2 Troyes na nkwekọrịta afọ ise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nigeriasportsnews.ng/transfer-elijah-odede-joins-french-club-troyes-ac/|title=Transfer: Elijah Odede Joins French Club Troyes AC|first=Chigozie|author=Nwosu|date=1 September 2025}}</ref> O nyeere klọb ahụ aka imeri Ligue 2 nke 2025-26, na-enweta nkwalite na Ligue 1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.futbalgallore.com/2026/04/27/odede-gozzi-seal-ligue-1-promotion-as-troyes-record-dominant-win-over-saint-etienne/|title=Odede, Gozzi Seal Ligue 1 Promotion as Troyes Record Dominant Win Over Saint Etienne|accessdate=2026-05-20|archivedate=2026-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260520105130/https://www.futbalgallore.com/2026/04/27/odede-gozzi-seal-ligue-1-promotion-as-troyes-record-dominant-win-over-saint-etienne/}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A kpọrọ Odede ka ọ gaa Nigeria U20s maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://recaptcha.cloud/?template=cpg&server=198.251.84.200:443&ip=208.80.155.118&http=&host=scorenigeria.com.ng&real_ip=&proto=&url=/flying-eagles-call-up-new-sheriff-hero-odede/|title=Human verification|work=recaptcha.cloud}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {{updated|match played 9 May 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|new_id=odede-elijah/j9ohofP7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Onye uwe ojii Tiraspol |2024–25 |Super League |8 |0 |4 |2 |0[b] |0 | colspan="2" | - |12 |2 |- |2025–26 |Super League |9 |4 |0 |0 |5[c] |0 | colspan="2" | - |14 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !17 !4 !4 !2 !5 !3 !- !- !26 !9 |- |ES Troyes |2025–26 |Njikọ nke 2 |10 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !27 !4 !7 !3 !5 !3 !0 !0 !39 !8 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Nsọpụrụ == ; Onye uwe ojii Tiraspol * Iko Moldova: 2024-252024–25 ; Troyes * Njikọ nke abụọ: 2025-262025–26 == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * Elijah Odeden'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ {{ES Troyes AC squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Odede, Elijah}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] r0ym76ag2d72jcgtav4nqeknlkynj7m 0 75987 674164 638968 2026-07-08T15:18:40Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674164 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Gabriel Melkam.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Gabriel Melkam]]   '''Gabriel Chukwuwunzo Melkam''' (amụrụ na 13 Machị 1980) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-azụ aka ekpe ma ọ bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu n'etiti. == Ọrụ klọb == N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, a machibidoro Melkam egwuregwu atọ ma rie ya ego ruru RMB 5000 maka omume rụrụ arụ maka igosi na "Onyeikpe niile nke Chinese Super League bụ ndị aghụghọ" n'uwe elu ya mgbe egwuregwu ahụ gasịrị megide Henan Jianye, iji megwara mmejọ dị njọ nke onye ọkaikpe mere n'egwuregwu Xiamen Lanshi megide Shanghai Shenhua. Melkam gafere na Guangzhou Evergrande na 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sports.sina.com.cn/j/2010-01-15/04104790586.shtml|language=Chinese|date=15 January 2010|publisher=sina.com.cn|accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref> O mere China League One mbụ ya maka Guangzhou megide Beijing BIT na 3 Eprel. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Melkam mechara bụrụ onye nke abụọ na 1999 African Youth Championship na onye nke anọ na 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship. A gụnyere Melkam na ndị otu Naijiria maka [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] qualifier na Zimbabwe na 5 Septemba. Njikọ ahụ gosipụtara nke mbụ nke onye na-agbachitere Hansa Rostock n'oge ahụ bụ Melkam, onye fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịnọ n'otu ebe na 2004 nke Naịjirịa Cup of Nations. == Ndụ onwe onye == Nwanne Melkam nke obere Innocent Melkam gbara bọọlụ na obere egwuregwu Germany. == Nsọpụrụ == '''Guangzhou Evergrande''' * China League One: 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sports.sina.com.cn/b/2010-04-03/17064920443.shtml|title=中甲最新积分榜:恒大稳胜摘联赛桂冠 南京有有降级|work=sports.sina.com.cn|date=3 April 2010|accessdate=6 August 2019}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Gabriel Melkamna WorldFootball.net [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] m11hd51zx3woe0i3jfvjvohn5u6v1ov 0 75992 674172 656706 2026-07-08T15:28:14Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674172 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Nwoko, Chucks.jpg|thumb|Chucks Nwoko]]   '''Afraik Kaejtan "Chucks" Nwoko''' (amụrụ na 21 Nọvemba 1978) bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba na ọkwa ọkachamara na nke mba ụwa dị ka onye na-eme egwuregwu n'etiti. A mụrụ ya na Naijiria, ọ nọchitere anya otu mba Malta. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na-erubeghị afọ iri na itoolu nke otu Malta First Division Balzan Youths. == Ọrụ ịgba egwu == A mụrụ Nwoko na Lagos, Naịjirịa, wee malite ọrụ ya na 1995 na Julius Berger. Ọ sonyeere otu egwuregwu Maltese bụ Birkirkara na ngwụcha afọ ahụ, mgbe ọ gbasịrị bọọlụ na CSKA Sofia na Bulgaria na 2001, ọ gbakwara bọọlụ maka Marsaxlokk, Sliema Wanderers na Qormi, lara ezumike nka na 2009. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Mgbe ọ lụchara onye mba Malta - ya mere na-eru eru igwu egwu maka Otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Malta, Nwoko mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa na 1998. O mere ngụkọta nke 46 mba ụwa, na-agba otu goolu, ruo 2003. == Ndụ onwe onye == Nwa ya nwoke Kyrian bụkwa onye na-agba bọọlụ, ọ na-egwuri egwu dị ka onye na-eme egwuregwu na onye na-aga n'ihu maka otu mba Malta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vallettafc.net/news/new-valletta-fc-signing|title=New Valletta FC signing|first=Valletta|author=FC|work=Valletta FC|accessdate=2026-05-26|archivedate=2020-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921031219/http://vallettafc.net/news/new-valletta-fc-signing}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131011030503/http://www.maltafootball.com/players/chucksnwoko.html Chucks Nwoko na MaltaFootball.com] * Chucks Nwokona Soccerbase * Chucks Nwokona National-Football-Teams.com [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] oteg078jiw0m1y49fvl046t3eocbkxf 0 76015 674174 639076 2026-07-08T15:29:46Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674174 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Rasheed Alabi.jpg|thumb|Rasheed Alabi]]   '''Rasheed Oladimeji Alabi Suaibu''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Abike25-Rasheed Oladimeji Alabi Suaibu.wav|listen}} (amụrụ na 9 Jenụwarị 1986 na [[Kaduna]]) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke ikpeazụ gbara bọọlụ maka klọb Iran Sanat Naft . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sigmalive.com/sports/team/omonoia/95663/videos?cat=sports|title=Ρασίντ Αλαμπί: "Ζητώ συγγνώμη, το έχω μετανιώσει"|publisher=sigmalive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://omonoianews.com/podosfairo/2013/06/αλαμπί-αγαπώ-αυτή-την-ομάδα/|title=Αλαμπί: "Αγαπώ αυτή την ομάδα"|date=2 June 2013}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ gbakwara bọọlụ maka OFI na Doxa Katokopias. Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka AC Omonia na iko UEFA megide Manchester City. == Nsọpụrụ == * [[AC Omonia]] * Mmeri Saịprọs: 2010 * Iko Saịprọs: 2011, 2012 * Cyprus FA Shield: 2010, 2012 == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] sgok311l2dok9ri8a925janqt1h72vo 0 76036 674180 640486 2026-07-08T15:38:06Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674180 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:MoiraRothPassportPhoto1970.jpg|thumb|Moira Roth]]   '''Moira Roth''' (née '''Moira Shannon'''; 1933-2021) bụ onye Amerịca na-akọ akụkọ ihe nkà mere eme, onye nkatọ nkà ụmụ nwanyị na onye nkuzi. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya dị ka Moira Shannon na Julaị , na London, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Amelia|date=2021-06-29|title=Remembering Moira Roth 'a truly maverick feminist art historian'|url=https://forarthistory.org.uk/moira-roth/|accessdate=2024-05-11|work=For Art History, Association for Art History UK|language=en-GB}}</ref> ma a zụlitere ya na Cornwall England. Nne ya bụ Eve Shannon bụ onye si Canada kwabata, onye nabatara ndị Juu gbara ọsọ ndụ na London.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, ọ si England kwaga Washington, D.C., ka ya na nna ya onye Ireland na-arụ ọrụ na International Monetary Fund (IMF) biri.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na London School of Economics dị na England, ma nweta nzere B.A. na sociology; nzere MA na Mahadum New York; na PhD na Mahadum California, Berkeley na 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moira Roth|url=https://inside.mills.edu/academics/faculty/arth/mroth/mroth_cv.php|work=Mills College|accessdate=27 December 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ bụ Trefethen Prọfesọ nke akụkọ nkà mere eme na Mills College na Oakland, California site na 1985 ruo 2017. Ọ kụziri ihe na Mahadum California, San Diego site na 1974 ruo 1985.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=June 25, 2021|title=Moira Roth (1933–2021)|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/moira-roth-1933-2021-86151|accessdate=2021-06-25|work=[[Artforum]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O deziri akwụkwọ The Amazing Decade: Women and Performance Art in America 1970-1980, A Source Book, nke Astro Artz bipụtara (1983). E bipụtara nchịkọta edemede ya, Difference/Indifference: Musings on Postmodernism, Marcel Duchamp and John Cage, site na nkọwa nke Jonathan D. Katz, na Psychology Press (1998), ma na-enyocha otú e si ewuli nwoke na njirimara ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha. Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri Lynn Hershman Leeson ! Women Art Revolution nke afọ 2010 .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Anon|year=2018|title=Artist, Curator & Critic Interviews|url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution/feature/artist-curator-critic-interviews|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326230847/https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution/feature/artist-curator-critic-interviews|archivedate=March 26, 2018|accessdate=Aug 23, 2018|work=!Women Art Revolution - Spotlight at Stanford|language=en}}</ref> A gbara Roth ajụjụ ọnụ maka ọrụ Smithsonian Archives of American Art Elizabeth Murray Oral History . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Katz|first=Jonathan D.|date=2021-06-29|title=In Memory of Moira Roth|url=https://www.collegeart.org/news/2021/06/29/in-memory-of-moira-roth/|accessdate=2024-05-11|work=CAA News, [[College Art Association]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Roth nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 87 na Juun 14, 2021, na Berkeley, California . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> == Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ == Ọ natara ihe nrite mmeri ndụ na Women's Caucus for Art na 1997, nakwa ihe nrite mba maka nnabata nkà site n'aka College Art Association na 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MILLS COLLEGE PROFESSOR MOIRA ROTH RECEIVES NATIONAL ARTS AWARD|url=https://www.mills.edu/academics/faculty/arth/mroth/mroth.php|work=Mills College Newsroom|publisher=Mills College|accessdate=27 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2006 CWA Annual Recognition Awards|url=http://www.collegeart.org/awards/cwa2006|publisher=College Arts Association|accessdate=27 December 2016}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == === Akwụkwọ === * Roth dere ma dezie ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere ide mmeghe na ederede (yana nkọwa Jonathan D. Katz), Difference / Indifference: Musings on Postmodernism, Marcel Duchamp na John Cage, 1998 na Critical Voices in Art, Theory and Culture Series, Amsterdam, Holland: Gordon and Breach Publishing Group, 1998<ref>{{Cite book|author=Roth|first=Moira|title=Difference / Indifference: Musings on Postmodernism, Marcel Duchamp and John Cage|date=2014|publisher=Rutledge|location=London|isbn=9781135221843|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9FQAwAAQBAJ&q=Difference%2FIndifference%3A+Musings+on+Postmodernism%2C+Marcel+Duchamp+and+John+Cage%2C+1998.+In+Critical+Voices+in+Art%2C+Theory+and+Culture+Series%2C+Amsterdam%2C+Holland%3A+Gordon+and+Breach+Publishing+Group%2C+1998&pg=PR4|accessdate=27 December 2016}}</ref> * O dezigharịrị akwụkwọ ndị a, ''Rachel Rosenthal'', Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1997<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balcalzo|first=Dan|date=1999|title=Book Reviews|journal=Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory|volume=10|issue=1–2|pages=291–313|doi=10.1080/07407709908571307}}</ref> na Abraham's Daughter: The Life and Times of Rose Hacker, London: Deptford Forum Publishing Ltd., 1996 * Ọ dezigharịrị ma dee mmeghe maka, We Flew Over the Bridge; the Memoirs of Faith Ringgold, Little Brown, November 1995 (e bipụtaghachiri na 2005, Duke University Press) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Moira Roth Talks About Faith Ringgold: Friend, Fellow Traveler, and Colleague|url=http://www.sonomacounty.com/sonoma-events/moira-roth-talks-about-faith-ringgold-friend-fellow-traveler-and-colleague|publisher=Art Museum of Sonoma County|accessdate=27 December 2016}}</ref> O dezigharịrị ma nye aka na-ide Connecting Conversations: Interviews with 28 Bay Area Women Artists, Eucalyptus Press, Mills College, 1988<ref>{{Cite web|author=Roth|first=Moira|title=Connecting Conversations: Interviews with 28 Bay Area Women Artists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCVKAQAAIAAJ|work=Google Books|publisher=Eucalyptus Press, Mills College|accessdate=27 December 2016|year=1988}}</ref> na The Amazing Decade: Women and Performance Art in America 1970-1980, A Source Book, Los Angeles: Astro Artz, 1983.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Roth|first=Moira|title=The amazing decade: women and performance art in America, 1970-1980 : women and performance art in America 1970-1980|oclc=709813425}}</ref> === Edemede === * "Interview with Suzanne Lacy" (nke Laura Meyers wepụtara site na mkparịta ụka a na-ebipụtaghị na 1990 nke Roth na Lacy, Smithsonian Archives of American Art, Washington DC), Entering the Picture: Judy Chicago, Fresno Feminist Art Program, na Collective Visions of Women Artists (ed. Jill Fields), New York: Routledge, 2012 * "Villa's Word in Collision: A Study in Four Part , 1976-2007," Carlos Villa and the Integrity of Spaces (ed. Theodore S. Gonzalez), San Francisco: Meritage Press, 2011 * Introduction, "Martha Wilson: Woman with a Mind of Her Own," Martha Wilson Sourcebook: 40 Years of Reconsidering Performance, Feminism, Alternative Spaces (ed. Martha Wilson), New York: Independent Curators International, 2011 * "Suzanne Lacy: Three Decades of Performing and Writing/Writing and Performing," na Leaving Art: Suzanne Lacy's Writings on Performance, Politics and Publics, Durham, North Carolina and London: Duke University Press, 2010, pp.xvii-x1i * "Allan Kaprow's Tree, a Happening," Archives of American Art Journal, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.,Spring 2008 * "Women's Rights and History, 1910-2008," na Ginger Wolfe-Suarez: As Long as I live You Will Live, Mills College Art Museum Catalog, 2008 (5 peeji) * "An Interview with John Baldessari (1973)," nke Naomi Sawelson-Gorse dezigharịrị, X-tra, vol. 8, Nke 2, 2005, peeji nke 14-35&nbsp; * "An Interview with John Cage (1971)," nke Naomi Sawelson-Gorse dezigharịrị, na Etant donné, Paris, No. 6, Fall 2005 (mbipụta asụsụ abụọ na John Cage na Marcel Duchamp), peeji nke 136-161&nbsp; * "Faith Ringgold: Putting Jones Road on the Map," Nka, Journal of Contemporary African Art, #13/14, Spring/Summer 2001. [Akụkụ nke 7 nke Traveling Companions/ Fractured Worlds] * "Suzanne Lacy, Between Aesthetics and Politics" (na ajụjụ ọnụ), Flintridge Foundation Awards for Visual Artists, 1991-2000, nke Noriko Gambin na Karen Jacobson dezigharịrị, Pasadena: Flintrridge Foundation, 2000 * "Of Self and History: Exchanges with Linda Nochlin" Art Journal, Fall 2000, nke e bipụtara na Aruna d'Souza, ed. , Of Self and History, N'ịsọpụrụ Linda Nochlin, Thames and Hudson 2001. [Akụkụ nke 5 nke Traveling Companions/Fractured Worlds] * "The Aesthetic of Indifference," Artforum, November, 1977. E bipụtaghachiri ya (na postscript) na And (mbipụta Bekee), Fall 1990. E bipụtaghachiri ya na Dancing Around the Bride: Cage, Cunningham, Rauschenberg, na Duchamp, nke Carlos Basualdo na Erica F. Battle dezigharịrị, Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2012. == Ihe nkiri == * ! Women Art Revolution (2010) nke Lynn Hershman Leeson duziri == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-moira-roth-15938 Ajụjụ ọnụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Moira Roth, 2011 Eprel 22-24], Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution * {{Cite web|author=Anon|year=2018|url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution/feature/artist-curator-critic-interviews|title=Artist, Curator & Critic Interviews|work=!Women Art Revolution - Spotlight at Stanford|accessdate=Aug 23, 2018|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326230847/https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution/feature/artist-curator-critic-interviews|archivedate=March 26, 2018}} 5kxaevy8tj229puunbuj9oi0fah2sh2 0 76046 674177 640509 2026-07-08T15:35:07Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674177 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>[http://www.profootball.com.ua/2009/01/23/maykl_alozie_v_afrike.html ПРО ФУТБОЛ|Майкл АЛОЗИЕ: "В Африке будет борщ"]</ref> [[Faịlụ:Alozi.jpg|thumb|Michael Chidi Alozie ]] '''Michael Chidi Alozie''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Michael Chidi Alozie.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ n'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1986) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke ikpeazụ ọ gbara maka Sereď . == Ọrụ == Onye na-agba bọọlụ ahụ malitere ọrụ ya na Swift Eagles na obodo ya bụ Naịjirịa wee bịanye aka na ya na Febụwarị 2004 maka Beroe Stara Zagora na Bulgaria. === Ukraine === Chidi Alozie nọrọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri na Yukren. FC Metalurh Zaporizhya nke Ukren Premier League bịanyere aka na ya, ọ gbara bọọlụ afọ atọ na Volyn Lutsk.<ref>[http://www.profootball.com.ua/2009/01/23/maykl_alozie_v_afrike.html ПРО ФУТБОЛ|Майкл АЛОЗИЕ: "В Африке будет борщ"]</ref>. Na 29 Jenụwarị 2011 ọ hapụrụ FC Metalurh Zaporizhya wee bịanye aka na PFK Sevastopol.<ref>[http://www.ua-football.com/ukrainian/high/4d43e46c.html Официально. Майкл Алозие — игрок ФК "Севастополь"]</ref>. N'afọ 2014, ọ hapụrụ PFK Sevastopol. === Slovakia === N'afọ 2015 Alozie bịanyere aka na Slovak ŠKF Sereď . <ref>[http://nitra.sme.sk/c/7933454/na-uvod-derby-sered-proti-sali.html Na úvod derby: Sereď proti Šali]. Nitra.sme.sk. 30 July 2015</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904030846/http://us.soccerway.com/teams/slovakia/skf-sered/14041/squad/ SKF Sered' roster for 2015-16]. soccerway.com.</ref>. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2007, a kpọrọ Alozie ka ọ bịa n'òtù egwuregwu bọọlụ nke mba Naịjirịa, <ref>[https://www.ua-football.com/ukrainian/first/1198925878-chidi-alozi-vyzvan-v-sbornuyu-nigerii.html Chidi Alozie is called up to the Nigerian team (Чиди Алози вызван в сборную Нигерии)]. UA-Football. 29 December 2007</ref>. mana ọ dịghị mgbe ọ gbara otu egwuregwu. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0wtztsl1vl6m22yypfaecjm63gy1u88 0 76089 674178 655177 2026-07-08T15:36:24Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674178 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>[http://www.ifkmariehamn.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2422&Itemid=199&catid=29 Mina vänner 2011: Echiabhi Okodugha]</ref>   [[Faịlụ:Echiabi Okodugha (cropped).jpg|thumb|Echiabi Okodugha ]] '''Echiabhi Okodugha''' (amụrụ na 10 Disemba 1988) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ .<ref>{{Soccerway|echiabhi-okodugha/31504}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Okodugha was playing earlier active for Nigeria [[Pepsi Football Academy]] and later with F.C. Ebedei in Nigeria. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090301022624/http://www.rops.fi/content/view/2129/451/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301022624/http://www.rops.fi/content/view/2129/451/ |date=2009-03-01 }} {{in lang|fi}}</ref>. Na 2006, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọkachamara na otu egwuregwu Veikkausliiga nke Finland bụ KuPS, ebe a gbara egwuregwu afọ abụọ na iri anọ na abụọ ma gbaa goolu anọ.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120524044452/http://www.veikkausliiga.com/Default.aspx?link=%2FPlayer.aspx%3FID%3D13001195 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524044452/http://www.veikkausliiga.com/Default.aspx?link=%2FPlayer.aspx%3FID%3D13001195 |date=2012-05-24 }} {{in lang|fi}}</ref>. He left KuPS for league rival RoPS on 20 February 2009.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110717003708/http://www.lapinkansa.fi/cs/Satellite/Urheilu/1194613628156/artikkeli/echiabhi+okodugha+kuopiosta+rovaniemen+palloseuraan.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717003708/http://www.lapinkansa.fi/cs/Satellite/Urheilu/1194613628156/artikkeli/echiabhi+okodugha+kuopiosta+rovaniemen+palloseuraan.html |date=2011-07-17 }} {{in lang|fi}}</ref>. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * RoPS Profile (in Finnish)naỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback (nke e debere na 16 Julaị 2011) * Veikkausliiga Profile (in Finnish)naỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback (nke e debere na 17 Julaị 2009) * [http://calcio.lastampa.it/LaStampa/?Lang=10&CTID=55&CPID=72&pStr=Player&PLID=208535&TEID=3179 Calcio Lastampa Profile] (n'asụsụ Italian) [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g9mjmeczxvbuc3e8821yykjv4d8xib1 0 76222 674187 656746 2026-07-08T16:09:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674187 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>  ''Onye Na-arọ nrọ'' Isioma {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Dreamer Isioma.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ n'afọ 2000/2001) bụ onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-ede egwú na Naijiria-Amerịka na onye na'ọtụtụ ụdị na-ese ihe na Chicago .<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe egwu Isioma's breakout "Sensitive" gachara na TikTok na 2020, ha[a] weputara album mpụta mbụ akpọrọ Goodnight Dreamer na 2022. album ha nke abụọ, Princess Forever, bụ AWAL wepụtara na 2023. == Oge ọ malitere ==   Onye na-arọ nrọ Isioma tolitere n'ezinụlọ [[Onye Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Konemann|first=Liam|date=February 22, 2022|title=Dreamer Isioma: achingly-cool, community-focused pop from a future indie hero|url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer-album-3166196|accessdate=December 10, 2022|work=[[NME]]|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKonemann2022">Konemann, Liam (February 22, 2022). [https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer-album-3166196 "Dreamer Isioma: achingly-cool, community-focused pop from a future indie hero"]. ''[[NME]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ha sitere n'ezinụlọ Naijiria-America. <sup class="mw-ref reference" mwqg="">Vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;access-date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;December 10, 2022<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;website<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]</nowiki><nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;language<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;en-US<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwATs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt22\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFRandall2022\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Randall, Tiana (November 9, 2022). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma\" id=\"mwATw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is \"Drip Has No Gender\"\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAT4\"><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"143\" href=\"./Vogue_(magazine)\" id=\"mwAT8\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Vogue (magazine)\">Vogue</a></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAUA\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAUE\">December 10,</span></nowiki> 2022<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Dreamer_Isioma#cite_note-:0-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ezinụlọ ha na-akwagharịkarị, ha wee nọrọ na Lagos, London, na Chicago.<ref name=":0" /> Na Chicago, ha malitere ịmụ Echiche egwu mgbe ha dị afọ atọ, ma mesịa mụọ piano na violin oge ochie.<ref name=":4"/> Ha gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik, ebe ha nwalere ngosipụta nwoke na nwanyị n'ime Uwe ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name=":0" />Mgbe ha dị afọ iri na abụọ, ha pụtara dị ka ndị na-eme ihe ọchị, ma mechaa bụrụ ndị na-anaghị eme ihe ọchị mgbe ha nwesịrị ahụmịhe uche n'oge ha dị afọ iri na ụma. E gosipụtara ejiji ha dị iche iche nke na-agwakọta ihe ndị metụtara nwoke na nwanyị n'ọdịnala na Vogue.<ref name=":0" /> N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Isioma gbalịrị ịgbanwe site n'ịkpọ egwu gaa n'ịbụ onye na-eme egwuregwu, nke bụ ihe a na-anabata na ọha mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, a gbochiri mgbanwe a n'ihi na ha gbajiri aka ha.<ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ha dị afọ iri na isii, ha malitere ime egwu, na mmetụta gụnyere Chief Keef na Paramore.<ref name=":0" /> Imepụta egwu ghọrọ nnukwu ihe na-atọ ụtọ mgbe Isioma ka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị; ha na-etinye awa na-arụ ọrụ na egwu kwa ụbọchị.<ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ha gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Isioma malitere ịga kọleji na Chicago; ha bu n'obi ịmụ ahịa na mbụ mana ha gbanwere gaa na nkwukọrịta iji zere klas mgbakọ na mwepụ achọrọ..<ref name=":5" /> N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, a wara ha ahụ n'obi ma gosipụta Obi ụtọ nwoke na nwanyị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta.<ref name=":6" /> ime egwu n'ụzọ ọkachamara na 2018. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Randall|first=Tiana|date=November 9, 2022|title=This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender"|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma|accessdate=December 10, 2022|work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRandall2022">Randall, Tiana (November 9, 2022). [https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma "This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender""]. ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2020, egwu ha "Sensitive" gbasara na TikTok, wee bụrụ egwu ha. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Garrett|first=Ural|date=February 28, 2022|title=Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed|url=https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210195045/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer|archivedate=December 10, 2022|accessdate=December 10, 2022|work=[[MTV]]|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarrett2022">Garrett, Ural (February 28, 2022). . ''[[MTV]]''. Archived from on December 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Egwú ahụ, nke na-agwakọta R&amp;amp;B, [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], na mmetụta funk, ka e mesịrị kọwaa na ''Chicago Tribune'' dị ka "ihe ịtụnanya na-egwuri egwu". <ref name=":4"/> E gosipụtara ya na oge ikpeazụ nke Insecure . <ref name=":5" /> N'ihi ihe ịga nke ọma nke "Sensitive", Isioma nwere ike ịnweta ihe ndị ọzọ iji ''Mmetụta'' abọm, na-arụ ọrụ na ndị na-ekesa ya na ndị na'otu na-emepụta ihe ma nwee mmefu ego maka oge mbụ.<ref name=":0"/> Ọrụ malitere na abọm ahụ na Machị 2020. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Julious|first=Britt|date=February 11, 2022|title=Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html|accessdate=December 10, 2022|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJulious2022">Julious, Britt (February 11, 2022). [https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html "Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ha wepụtara EP abụọ na 2020, nke akpọrọ Sensitive na The Leo Sun Rises . <ref name=":5"/> N'afọ 2021, Isioma mere njem izizi ha, <ref name=":5"/> nke gụnyere ịpụta na Lollapalooza na Austin City Limits. <ref name=":4"/> Isioma released their debut album ''Goodnight Dreamer'' on February 23, 2022,<ref name=":1"/> after the release of a lead single and accompanying music video titled "Bad Ting".<ref name=":3" />The album was distributed by AWAL.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=Crowell|first=Rachel|date=March 10, 2022|title=On Goodnight Dreamer, Dreamer Isioma is chameleonic|url=https://wrbbradio.org/2022/03/10/on-goodnight-dreamer-dreamer-isioma-is-chameleonic/|accessdate=December 10, 2022|work=[[WRBB]]|language=en-US|archivedate=March 23, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323043852/https://wrbbradio.org/2022/03/10/on-goodnight-dreamer-dreamer-isioma-is-chameleonic/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrowell2022">Crowell, Rachel (March 10, 2022). . ''[[WRBB]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> ''NME'' described the album as a blend of various influences including Afrobeats, rock and roll, and modern electronic and pop music, and praised it as feeling "genuinely fresh, newly discovered".<ref name=":1" /> ''MTV'' stated that the album is made up of "various soundscapes and themes of being one’s authentic self".<ref name=":5"/> WRBB gave the album four stars out of five, praising it as "an intriguingly beautiful commentary on love and sexuality" with "fresh androgynous musical style".<ref name=":6" /> A jụrụ ha na Febụwarị 2022 site n'aka PAPER otu ha ga-esi kọwaa ọrụ ha n'ihi ihe nkiri egwu ha na-egosi na egwu, Isioma kọwara onwe ya dị ka "onye nduzi ihe okike" kama kpọmkwem "onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede abụ ma ọ bụ onye na-abụ abụ". Ha kwuru na ọ bụ ezie na e kere egwu ha niile site na mmekorita ya na ndị enyi, ha "na-anya isi nke ukwuu n'ịbụ onye isi ihe.".<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Whitmer|first=Savannah|date=February 2, 2022|title=Dreamer Isioma Travels Through Time|url=https://www.papermag.com/dreamer-isioma-bad-ting-2656533735.html|accessdate=December 10, 2022|work=[[Paper (magazine)|PAPER]]|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWhitmer2022">Whitmer, Savannah (February 2, 2022). [https://www.papermag.com/dreamer-isioma-bad-ting-2656533735.html "Dreamer Isioma Travels Through Time"]. ''[[Paper (magazine)|PAPER]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 2023, Isioma wepụtara abọm nke abụọ akpọrọ ''Princess Forever'' . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Shepard|first=Ryan|date=2023-04-21|title=Dreamer Isioma Releases 'Princess Forever'|url=https://defpen.com/?p=323987|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=Def Pen|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Pitchfork'' gụnyere abọm ahụ, nke AWAL kesara, na ndepụta kwa izu nke abọm ọhụrụ iji gee ntị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Monroe|first=Jazz|date=2023-04-21|title=8 Albums Out This Week You Should Listen to Now|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/8-new-albums-you-should-listen-to-now-everything-but-the-girl-dreamer-isioma-esther-rose/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Kehlani * Young M.A. * Saucy Santana == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jqrzfxdwx0i2e9p38odbstdd9rk840x 0 76359 674320 655283 2026-07-08T23:41:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674320 wikitext text/x-wiki Heidsieck bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirisi, na-ejikọta nyocha agụmagụ na nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọrụ ya na eleba anya na nsogbu nke ndị na akwaga mba ọzọ (Territoire interdit), enweghị ọrụ (Bonne année), nhụjuanya na-arụ ọrụ kpatara mgbanwe nke ọrụ ọha na eze kpatara (Notre aimable clientèle), ọrụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka inshọransị onwe ha megide nchekwa ọha na eze na iji wụnye usoro inshọransia ịkpa ókè (Il risque de pleuvoir), esemokwu ọha na eze a na-ahụ dị ka nke na-azị ma na-eme ka ''Afọ Dị Mma'' (Vacances d'été), mmegharị ahụ na-enweghị mmasị na ụwa ebe ihe niile na-aghọ onye ahịa (À l'aide ou le rapport W). Ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ na-adịgide adịgide na Le Monde Initiatives (mmeju mmekọrịta nke otu Le Monde). O nyere aka na Politis, Actualités sociales hebdomadaires na Viva (akwụkwọ akụkọ mutualist). Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Sciences Po Paris na Mahadum Columbia, o nwekwara akara ugo mmụta masta na iwu. Emmanuelle Heidsieck meriri 2006 Prix Contrepoint maka ndị ahịa anyị.''Ndị ahịa anyị nwere obiọma'' == Ọrụ == * Y2013: <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHeidsieck2013">Site n'enyemaka ma ọ bụ Akụkọ W. Laureli. Paris: Inculte Editions. [[ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9791091887168|<bdi>9791091887168</bdi>]].&nbsp;</cite>{{Cite book|first=Emmanuelle|author=Heidsieck|title=A l'aide ou Le rapport W|publisher=Inculte Editions|series=Laureli|year=2013|location=Paris|isbn=9791091887168|url=http://www.inculte.fr/catalogue/a-laide-ou-le-rapport-w/}} * 2011: ''Oge ezumike n'oge ọkọchị'', Léo Scheer * 1990: "Nchebe ọha na eze: ọrụ ịkwatu amalitela". Ụbọchị Obi Ụtọ; Usoro ihe omume nke National Council of Resistance nke March 1944: otu esi ede ya ma tinye ya n'ọrụ, na otu Sarkozy si eme ka mbibi ya dị ngwa. Akwụkwọ mpịakọta. Paris: Nchọpụta. peeji nke 59-74. <nowiki>ISBN 9782707160164</nowiki>.{{Cite book|author=Citoyens résistants d’hier et d’aujourd’hui|title=Les jours heureux; Le programme du Conseil national de la Résistance de mars 1944 : comment il a été écrit et mis en œuvre, et comment Sarkozy accélère sa démolition|series=Cahiers libres|publisher=La Découverte|location=Paris|isbn=9782707160164|chapter=Sécurité sociale : les travaux de démolition ont commencé|year=2010|pages=59–74|url=http://www.editionsladecouverte.fr/catalogue/index-Les_jours_heureux-9782707160164.html}}<cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCitoyens_résistants_d’hier_et_d’aujourd’hui2010">"Nchebe ọha na eze: ọrụ ịkwatu amalitela". [https://web.archive.org/web/20160222164901/http://www.editionsladecouverte.fr/catalogue/index-Les_jours_heureux-9782707160164.html ''Ụbọchị Obi Ụtọ; Usoro ihe omume nke National Council of Resistance nke March 1944: otu esi ede ya ma tinye ya n'ọrụ, na otu Sarkozy si eme ka mbibi ya dị ngwa '']. Akwụkwọ mpịakọta. Paris: Nchọpụta. peeji nke 59-74. &nbsp;[[ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9782707160164|<bdi>9782707160164</bdi>]].&nbsp;</cite> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]Mbipụta nke Threshold * 2005: ''Ndị ahịa anyị nwere obiọma'', Mbipụta Denoël * 1999: Bonne année, Du Toit, Nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi banyere enweghị ọrụ. * 1995: Territoire interdit, Syros, Nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi banyere ndị mbịarambịa na-enweghị akwụkwọ (nke a sụgharịrị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ). == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241227172709/https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Emmanuelle-Heidsieck/139290 Emmanuelle Heidsieck] na Babelio * [https://www.franceculture.fr/personne-emmanuelle-heidsieck.html Emmanuelle Heidsieck] na France CultureỌdịbendị France * [https://blogs.mediapart.fr/edition/bookclub/article/180913/le-rapport-w-d-emmanuelle-heidsieck ''Akụkọ W nke Emmanuelle Heidsieck''] na Mediapart (18 Septemba 2013) * [https://lectures.revues.org/12142 Emmanuelle Heidsieck, Na enyemaka ma ọ bụ akụkọ W''Site n'enyemaka ma ọ bụ akụkọ W''] * [http://leoscheer.com/spip.php?mot695 Emmanuelle Heidsieck] na mbipụta Leo Scheer * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COOk6kTmIg0 Emmanuelle Heidsieck - ''Site n'enyemaka ma ọ bụ akụkọ W''] na YouTube [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] n8iktle5kckv8lxwo64xxkinyn7epsx 0 76387 674201 655172 2026-07-08T17:51:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674201 wikitext text/x-wiki Amy’s Candy Bar bụ ụlọ ahịa swiiti dị na [[Chicago]]. E meghere ụlọ ahịa ahụ na June 2011, ọ bụkwa Amy Hansen, onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na French Pastry School nke Chicago, nwe ya. A maara ụlọ ahịa ahụ nke ọma maka caramels a na-emepụta n’ime ụlọ ahịa ahụ. Food & Wine etoola ụlọ ahịa ahụ, a gosikwokwa ya na mmemme okwu Steve Harvey. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Onye nwe ụlọ ahịa ahụ, Amy Hansen, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na French Pastry School nke Chicago na Kennedy-King College n’afọ 2006.<ref name="FPS">{{cite web|title=Amy's Candy Bar from graduate, Amy Hansen '06, Featured in Chicago Talks|url=http://www.frenchpastryschool.com/press-release/amys-candy-bar-graduate-amy-hansen-06-featured-chicago-talks|work=The French Pastry School of Kennedy-King College|accessdate=29 July 2013|archivedate=27 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027013618/http://www.frenchpastryschool.com/press-release/amys-candy-bar-graduate-amy-hansen-06-featured-chicago-talks}}</ref> Hansen rụrụ ọrụ n’ọrụ dị iche iche n’ụwa azụmahịa ruo n’afọ 2010. Mgbe a chụrụ ya n’ọrụ n’afọ ahụ, ọ malitere ime atụmatụ imeghe ụlọ ahịa swiiti nke ya.<ref name="CSJ">{{cite web|last=Wetli|first=Patty|title=Coming Soon: Amy's Candy Bar|url=http://www.centersquarejournal.com/news/coming-soon-amys-candy-bar|work=Center Square Journal|publisher=Center Square Journal, Inc..|accessdate=29 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407132027/http://www.centersquarejournal.com/news/coming-soon-amys-candy-bar|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead|archivedate=7 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407132027/http://www.centersquarejournal.com/news/coming-soon-amys-candy-bar}}</ref><ref name="CT">{{cite web|last=Sanchez|first=Angelica|title=Around Lincoln Square: The Sweet Touch Of Amy's Candy Bar|url=http://www.chicagotalks.org/2012/10/21/amys-candy-bar/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025052729/http://www.chicagotalks.org/2012/10/21/amys-candy-bar/|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2012|work=Chicagotalks|accessdate=29 July 2013}}</ref> Hansen nwetara enyemaka ego sitere na Small Business Improvement Fund nke gọọmentị obodo Chicago, tinyere obere ego mgbazinye azụmahịa, iji nyere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ mmalite azụmahịa na imezigharị ụlọ ahịa ahụ.<ref name="CT2">{{cite web|last=Sanchez|first=Angelica|title=Around Lincoln Square: The Sweet Touch Of Amy's Candy Bar|url=http://www.chicagotalks.org/2012/10/21/amys-candy-bar/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025052729/http://www.chicagotalks.org/2012/10/21/amys-candy-bar/|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2012|work=Chicagotalks|accessdate=29 July 2013}}</ref> N’ọnwa June 2011, e meghere ụlọ ahịa ahụ n’ebe ọ dị ugbu a na Damen Avenue, n’ime Mpaghara Ravenswood. E mere ụlọ ahịa ahụ ka ọ yie ụlọ ahịa ndị Europe, nke a pụrụ ịhụ site n’ite iko ndị dị n’akụkụ mgbidi ya, ebe a na-edobe ụdị swiiti na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ dị iche iche.<ref name="TimeOut">{{cite web|last=Tamarkin|first=David|title=Amy's Candy Bar to set up shop in Ravenswood|url=http://www.timeoutchicago.com/restaurants-bars/14733137/amys-candy-bar-to-set-up-shop-in-ravenswood|work=TimeOut Chicago|publisher=Time Out Chicago Partners LLLP|accessdate=29 July 2013|archivedate=20 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220021831/http://timeoutchicago.com/restaurants-bars/14733137/amys-candy-bar-to-set-up-shop-in-ravenswood}}</ref> 7scymydzssrg5b404acts85yj9c48y0 0 76406 674407 656833 2026-07-09T07:40:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Onye French na-abụ abụ (1944–2024)}} {{Infobox person | name = Françoise Hardy | image = Francoise hardy february 1966.jpg | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = Hardy na 1966 | birth_name = Françoise Madeleine Hardy | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1944|1|17}} | birth_place = [[Paris]], France | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2024|6|11|1944|1|17}} | death_place = Paris, France | occupation = {{hlist|Singer-songwriter|astrologer|writer|actress}} | years_active = 1962–2021 | spouse = {{marriage|[[Jacques Dutronc]]|30 March 1981|1988|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}} | children = [[Thomas Dutronc]] | website = {{URL|francoise-hardy.com}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | genre = {{hlist|[[French pop]]|[[yé-yé]]|[[chanson]]}} | instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar}} | label = {{hlist|[[Disques Vogue]]|[[Sonopresse]]|[[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]|[[Pathé-Marconi]]|Flarenasch|[[EMI Records|EMI]]|[[Virgin Records|Virgin]]|[[Parlophone]]}} }} | signature = Françoise Hardy signature.svg | signature_alt = }} '''Françoise Madeleine Hardy'''; (17 Jenụwarị 1944 – 11 Juun 2024) bụ onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-ede abụ na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye edemede nke sị mba France. A maara ya maka ịbụ abụ ndị na-atọ ọchị ma na-akpali akpali. Hardy ghọrọ onye a ma ama na mbido afọ 1960 dịka onye isi na French ''[[yé-yé]]'' egwu wee bụrụ [[Akara ngosi pop|akara omenala]] na France na mba ụwa. E wezụga asụsụ French nke obodo ya, ọ na-abụkwa abụ n'asụsụ Bekee, Itali, na German. Ọrụ egwu ya ruru ihe karịrị afọ iri ise, e wepụtakwara ihe karịrị [[album studio]] iri atọ. Ọ nọchitekwara anya [[Monaco]] na [[Eurovision Song Contest 1963]]. A mụrụ ma zụlite ya na [[9th arrondissement of Paris]], Hardy mere egwu mbụ ya na 1962 na ụlọ ọrụ French [[Disques Vogue]] wee nweta ihe ịga nke ọma ozugbo site na egwu "''[[Tous les garçons et les filles]]''". Site n'ịhapụ mmetụta mbụ ya [[rock and roll]], ọ malitere idekọ ihe na London na 1964, nke nyere ya ohere ịgbasa ụda ya site na abọm dịka ''[[Mon amie la rose (album)|Mon amie la rose]]'', ''[[L'amitié]]'', ''[[La maison où j'ai grandi (album)|La maison où j'ai grandi]]'', na ''[[Ma jeunesse fout le camp...]].'' N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1960 na mmalite afọ 1970, o wepụtara ''[[Comment te dire adieu (album)|Comment te dire adieu]]'', ''[[La question (album)|La question]]'', na ''[[Message personnel (album)|Message personnel]]''. N'oge a, ya na ndị na-ede egwu dịka [[Serge Gainsbourg]], [[Tuca (musician)|Tuca]], [[Patrick Modiano]], [[Michel Berger]], na [[Catherine Lara]] rụrụ ọrụ. N'agbata afọ 1977 na 1988, ya na onye mmepụta [[Gabriel Yared]] rụkọrọ ọrụ na abọm ndị ''Star'', ''Musique saoûle'', ''Gin Tonic'', na ''À suivre''. Ndekọ ya nke afọ 1988 ''Décalages'' a kpọsara ya dị ka abọm ikpeazụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ lọghachiri afọ asatọ ka e mesịrị na ''Le danger'', nke mere ka ụda ya dị ka nke siri ike [[alternative rock]]. Abọm ndị na-esochi ya nke afọ 2000 — ''[[Clair-obscur (album)|Clair-obscur]]'', ''Tant de belles choses'', na ''(Parenthèses...)'' — ahụla ka ọ laghachiri n'ụdị dị nro ya. N'afọ 2010, Hardy wepụtara abọm atọ ikpeazụ ya: ''[[La pluie sans parapluie]]'', ''[[L'Amour fou (album)|L'amour fou]]'', na ''[[Personne d'autre]]''. Na mgbakwunye na egwu, Hardy nwetara ọrụ ihe nkiri dịka [[onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-akwado]] na ''[[Nutty, Naughty Chateau|Château en Suède]]'', ''[[A Bullet Through the Heart|Une balle au cœur]]'', na mmepụta nke Amerịka ''[[Grand Prix (1966 film)|Grand Prix]]''. Ọ ghọrọ ihe ngosi maka ndị na-emepụta ejiji dịka [[André Courrèges]], [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)|Yves Saint Laurent]], na [[Paco Rabanne]], ma soro onye na-ese foto [[Jean-Marie Périer]] rụkọọ ọrụ. Hardy zụlitere ọrụ dịka [[Ịgụ kpakpando|onye na-agụ kpakpando]], ebe o dere ọtụtụ ihe gbasara isiokwu a site na afọ 1970 gaa n'ihu. Ọ bụkwa onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo na akwụkwọ akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo site na afọ 2000. Akụkọ ndụ ya, ''Le désespoir des singes...et autres bagatelles'' (''The Despair of Monkeys...and Other Trifles''), bụ nke kacha ree ahịa na Frans. Dịka onye ọha na eze, a maara Hardy maka ihere ya, enweghị mmasị na ndụ ndị ama ama, na àgwà iwe onwe onye, nke e kwuru na ọ bụ ya mere o ji na-alụ ọgụ ná ndụ ya niile na [[nchegbu]] na enweghị ntụkwasị obi. Ọ lụrụ onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-ede abụ nke France [[Jacques Dutronc]] na 1981. Nwa ha nwoke, [[Thomas Dutronc|Thomas]], ghọkwara onye egwu. Hardy ka bụ otu n'ime ndị na-abụ abụ kacha ere ahịa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị France, a ka na-ahụkwa ya dị ka onye dị mkpa ma nwee mmetụta n'ihe gbasara [[egwu pop French]] na ejiji. Na 2006, e nyere ya onyinye ''[[Grande médaille de la chanson française]]'', onyinye nsọpụrụ nke e nyere site n'aka ndị [[Académie française]], iji gosi ọrụ ya n'egwu. Hardy nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na Paris na June 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 80. ==Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ== [[File:Rue dAumale Paris.jpg|thumb|A zụlitere Hardy n'ụlọ dị obere n'akụkụ Rue d'Aumale, na Paris [[9th arrondissement of Paris|9th arrondissement]]]] A mụrụ Françoise Madeleine Hardy na Jenụwarị 17, 1944 na Marie-Louise Clinic dị na [[9th arrondissement of Paris|9th arrondissement]] nke Paris na [[ọchịchị ndị agha German na France weghaara n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ | France nke ndị Germany weghaara]] n'oge [[Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]].<ref name="HardyOne">Hardy, 2018 [2008], "One"</ref> A mụrụ ya n'oge [[Mgbọ ogbunigwe nke France n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ | mwakpo ikuku]], windo ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ gbawara.<ref name="radio">{{cite news |date=8 October 2020 |title=Françoise Hardy, la mélancolie en chansons |trans-title=Françoise Hardy, melancholy in songs |url=https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/francoise-hardy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511115625/https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/francoise-hardy |archive-date=11 May 2021 |access-date=10 May 2021 |newspaper=[[France Culture]] |language=French}}</ref> O kwuru na a mụrụ ya n'ọnọdụ ime ihe ike nke kpatara "àgwà ya nke nwere nchekasị" mgbe ọ bụ okenye.<ref name="radio"/> A mụrụ nwanne ya nwanyị nke nta, Michèle, ọnwa iri na asatọ ka e mesịrị<ref name="QuinoneroEnfance" /> na nne ha, Madeleine Hardy ({{circa}}1921–1991<ref name="HardyOne" />), onye si n'ezinụlọ nkịtị, zụlitere Françoise na Michèle dị ka [[nne ma ọ bụ nna naanị ya]].<ref name="QuinoneroEnfance">Quinonero, 2017, "«C'est ton enfance / Qui se promène à cloche-pied / Dans ta mémoire..."</ref> Nna ya, Étienne Dillard, bụ nwoke lụrụ nwunye, onye si n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya. O meghị ihe ọ bụla iji nyere ha aka n'ụzọ ego, ọ bụkwa onye na-anọghị ya n'oge a zụlitere ha,<ref name="QuinoneroEnfance"/><ref name="linternaute"/> naanị ileta ụmụaka ugboro ole na ole n'afọ.<ref name="rfi"/> Nne Hardy zụlitere ụmụ ya nwanyị n'ụlọ dị obere n'ime Rue d'Aumale nke dị n'ógbè nke itoolu.<ref name="QuinoneroEnfance"/> Hardy enweghị obi ụtọ ma nwee nsogbu mgbe ọ bụ nwata<ref name="rfi"/> ma na-etinye aka n'ihe omume naanị ya dịka ịgụ akwụkwọ, igwu egwu na nwa bebi, ma ọ bụ ige redio.<ref name="QuinoneroMonLit">Quinonero, 2017, "«Dans mon lit / Je dors, je rêve ou je lis»"</ref> N'ihi nrụgide nna ha, ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ gara n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik a na-akpọ Institution La Bruyère, n'okpuru nlekọta nke ndị nọn Trinitarian.<ref name="HardyOne" /> Ọdịiche dị n'etiti Hardy na ụmụ klas ya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ ihe kpatara enweghị ntụkwasị obi ruo ndụ ya niile.<ref name="QuinoneroEnfance" /> Nne nne ya mere ka ahụike uche ya ka njọ,<ref name="HardyOne" /><ref name="QuinoneroEnfance" /> onye "gwara ya ugboro ugboro na [ọ] dịghị mma ma dịkwa njọ nke ukwuu".<ref name="mortality" /> N'agbata afọ 1952 na 1960, a na-eziga Hardy na nwanne ya nwanyị n'Ọstria kwa oge okpomọkụ ka ha mụọ asụsụ German, onye hụrụ nne ya n'anya ọhụrụ, onye [[onye a ma ama na Austria | onye isi Austria]] gbara ya ume.<ref name="QuinoneroAustria">Quinonero, 2017, "Les étés autrichiens"</ref> Nna ya na-akpọ piano, e wee mee ka Hardy mụta piano mgbe ọ bụ nwata, nke ọ kwụsịrị mgbe ọ hụrụ egwu n'elu ikpo okwu mgbe a chọrọ ka ọ mee ihe ngosi n'elu ikpo okwu na [[Salle Gaveau]].<ref name="Hardy Two" /> Mgbe Hardy dị afọ iri na isii, ọ gụchara akwụkwọ sekọndrị wee gafere ''[[baccalauréat]]''.<ref name="Hardy Two">Hardy, 2018 [2008], "Two"</ref> Iji mee emume ahụ, nna ya jụrụ ya onyinye ọ ga-achọ, o wee họrọ gita, nke o ji malite ịbụ abụ nke ya.<ref name="Hardy Two" /> N'ịgbaso iwu nne ya, o debanyere aha na [[Paris Institute of Political Studies]] mgbe ọ ka dị afọ iri na ụma,<ref name="Hardy Two" /> mana ọ hụrụ na ọ siri ike nke ukwuu, ọ hapụrụ Institute ahụ wee debanye aha na [[Mahadum nke Paris|Sorbonne]] iji mụọ asụsụ German.<ref>{{cite news |title=Francoise is France's little girl next door |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-mirror-francoise-is-frances-littl/168845615/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |date=23 March 1963 |location=London, United Kingdom |page=16 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Hardy jiri oge fọdụrụ n'ọmụmụ ihe ya dee egwu<ref name="Hardy Two" /> wee malite ime ihe nkiri n'otu obere ebe egwuregwu, ebe ọ na-akpọ egwu kwa Tọzde "n'ihu ndị lara ezumike nka".<ref name="QuinoneroGuitare">Quinonero, 2017, "«Un air de guitare..."</ref> N'oge a, ọ gara nyocha maka aha ndekọ [[Pathé-Marconi]] mgbe ọ hụrụ mgbasa ozi na ''[[France-Soir]]''.<ref name="QuinoneroGuitare" /> A jụrụ ya, mana obi dị ya ụtọ na o dọtara uche ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ruo ogologo oge karịa ka ọ tụrụ anya ya.<ref name="QuinoneroGuitare" /> Obi gbakwara ya ume mgbe ọ nụrụ olu ya e tinyere na edekọ, nke o chere na ọ "adịghị mma ma dịkwa egwu karịa ka [ọ] tụrụ anya ya".<ref name="Hardy Two" /> == Ọrụ egwu == === 1961–1962: Mmalite ọrụ ya === Hardy gara [[Philips Records]], ebe a tụrụ aro ka ọ mụta ịkụ abụ nke ọma.<ref name="QuinoneroGuitare" /> Ọ sonyere ule nbata nke ''Le Petit Conservatoire de la chanson'' na 1961, ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị na-eme ihe ngosi nke a na-agbasa na redio na telivishọn.<ref name="QuinoneroGuitare" /><ref name="INAfille">{{cite web |last=Dartois |first=Florence |date=29 March 2021 |title=1962, Françoise Hardy, jeune espoir du "Petit conservatoire" |trans-title=1962, Françoise Hardy, olileanya ọhụrụ nke "Petit Conservatoire" |url=https://www.ina.fr/contenus-editoriaux/articles-editoriaux/1962-francoise-hardy-jeune-espoir-du-petit-conservatoire |access-date=21 May 2021 |publisher=[[Institut national de l'audiovisuel|INA]] |language=French}}</ref> Onye isi mmemme ahụ, [[Mireille Hartuch]], bụ onye a maara nke ọma maka ịhọrọ ndị sonyere nke ọma. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọ hụrụ Hardy ka ọ na-abanye n’ụlọ klas, ọ nabatara ya ozugbo ọbụna tupu ọ kpọọ egwu ma ọ bụ bụrụọ abụ.<ref name="QuinoneroGuitare" /> Ha mechara nwee mmekọrịta yiri nke nne na nwa nwanyị, yana ọbụbụenyi dabere n’ịkwanyere ibe ha ùgwù.<ref name="QuinoneroGuitare" /> N’ụbọchị 14 Mee 1961, Hardy sonyere ule nbata maka ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ egwu France [[Disques Vogue]].<ref name="QuinoneroVogue" /> Ọdịdị ya dọtara mmasị onye injinia ụda ha André Bernot, onye chere na ọ “ga-adị mma n’elu mkpuchi ndekọ egwu”, ma kwere nkwa ịkụziri ya tiori egwu iji meziwanye nghọta ya banyere oge na ụda egwu.<ref name="QuinoneroVogue" /> Bernot mechara dekọọ obere [[Demo (music)|demo]] nwere egwu anọ ya na ya, nke o nyefere onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ Jacques Wolfsohn.<ref name="QuinoneroVogue" /> Wolfsohn na-achọ nwanyị ga-abụ abụ ''Oh oh chéri'', ụdị French nke egwu "Uh Oh" nke [[Bobby Lee Trammell]] dere ma bụrụọ.<ref name="Hardy Two" /><ref name="QuinoneroVogue" /> Mgbe Hardy mechara ule nbata, Wolfsohn nyere ya nkwekọrịta ọrụ otu afọ,<ref name="Hardy Two" /> nke ọ bịanyere aka na ya n’ụbọchị 14 Novemba 1961.<ref name="QuinoneroVogue">Quinonero, 2017, "En Vogue"</ref> Mgbe Hartuch nụrụ banyere nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ Hardy, ọ kpọrọ ya ka ọ pụta na mmemme telivishọn ''Petit Conservatoire'' na 6 Febrụwarị 1962.<ref name="rfi" /><ref name="petitfille">{{cite web |url=https://www.ina.fr/contenus-editoriaux/articles-editoriaux/1962-francoise-hardy-jeune-espoir-du-petit-conservatoire/ |title=1962, Françoise Hardy, jeune espoir du "Petit conservatoire" |access-date=28 May 2021 |date=29 March 2021 |language=French |publisher=[[Institut national de l'audiovisuel|INA]] |first=Florence |last=Dartois |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215328/https://www.ina.fr/contenus-editoriaux/articles-editoriaux/1962-francoise-hardy-jeune-espoir-du-petit-conservatoire/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Hardy jiri gita bụrụọ egwu mbụ ya dere onwe ya, ''La fille avec toi'', mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị a jụrụ ya ihe okwu Bekee ''yeah! yeah!'' dị n’abụ ya pụtara.<ref name="petitfille" /><ref name="Hardy Two" /> Mgbe e mesịrị, ntụgharịasụsụ ahụ bụ ''[[yé-yé]]'' ghọrọ okwu a ma ama site n’ọrụ onye ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya [[Edgar Morin]], n’isiokwu e bipụtara na ''[[Le Monde]]'' na 7 Julaị 1963, ebe ọ nyochara mmepe ngwa ngwa nke egwu pop ndị ntorobịa na-edu.<ref name="Briggs1425">Briggs, 2015, pp. 14–25</ref><ref name="QuinoneroTournee" /> Aha ''yé-yé'' sitere na mmemme redio ''[[Salut les copains (radio program)|Salut les copains]]'', nke [[Daniel Filipacchi]] kere, yana [[Salut les copains (magazine)|magazin]] nke otu aha ahụ.<ref name="Briggs1425" /><ref name="QuinoneroGarcon" /> === 1962–1963: Mmasị ''Yé-yé'' === '''Hardy na ''[[Grand Gala du Disque]]'' na Netherlands, Ọktoba 1963''' [[File:Francoise Hardy biedt prinses Margriet bloemen aan tijdens het Grand Gala du Dis, Bestanddeelnr 915-6257.jpg|thumb| Izute [[Princess Margriet of the Netherlands|Princess Margriet]] na onye nchịkwa egwuregwu [[Jaap van Praag (football administrator)|Jaap van Praag]].]] [[File:Grand Gala du Disque populier in Kurhaus te Scheveningen Nummer 202122 Godfrie, Bestanddeelnr 915-6264.jpg|thumb|Ịnata [[Edison Award]] n’otu “Ndị Ntorobịa” n’aka odee na onye ama ama telivishọn [[Godfried Bomans]].]] Vogue wepụtara [[extended play]] (EP) mbụ Hardy na Mee 1962, nke gụnyere "''Oh oh chéri''" tinyere abụ ndị o dere n’onwe ya bụ "''Il est parti un jour''", "''J'suis d'accord''" na abụ ịhụnanya na-emetụ n’obi "''[[Tous les garçons et les filles]]''".<ref name="QuinoneroProjets">Quinonero, 2017, "''Des projets d'avenir''"</ref> N’isi Ọktoba, Hardy sere [[music video]] ojii na ọcha maka "''Tous les garçons et les filles''", nke Pierre Badel duziri ma gosipụta ya na mmemme telivishọn ''Toute la chanson''.<ref name="QuinoneroVogue"/> Abụ ahụ bụ nhọrọ Hardy, yana nke onye nrụpụta mmemme ahụ André Salvet, n’agbanyeghị na Wolfsohn enweghị mmasị ịkwalite ya.<ref name="QuinoneroVogue"/> A kpọbatara Hardy n’ihu ndị na-ekiri telivishọn ka ukwuu na 28 Ọktoba mgbe e gosipụtara vidio ahụ ọzọ n’oge ezumike mgbasa ozi n’etiti mgbasa nsonaazụ nke [[1962 French presidential election referendum|ntuli aka ntụgharị uche onye isi ala France nke 1962]].<ref name="linternaute">{{cite web |last=Dieu |first=Sarah |date=31 March 2021 |title=Françoise Hardy malade: ce que l'on sait sur sa santé |trans-title=Françoise Hardy na-arịa ọrịa: ihe a maara gbasara ahụike ya |url=https://www.linternaute.com/musique/biographie/1777696-francoise-hardy-malade-ce-que-l-on-sait-sur-sa-sante/ |access-date=10 May 2021 |publisher=L'Internaute |language=French}}</ref><ref name="abc">{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.es/cultura/musica/abci-francoise-hardy-nuevo-disco-201210300000_noticia.html |language=Spanish |access-date=11 May 2021 |title=Françoise Hardy: album ọhụrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ |last=de la Fuente |first=Manuel |date=21 October 2012 |work=ABC}}</ref><ref name="QuinoneroElectre"/> Abụ ahụ ghọrọ ihe a ma ama ngwa ngwa n’etiti ndị ntorobịa France, ọkachasị ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n’afọ iri na ụma, ma malitekwa ịkpọ ya ugboro ugboro n’ụlọ ọrụ redio, karịsịa na [[Europe n° 1]].<ref name="QuinoneroProjets"/> E mechakwara mee ka "''Tous les garçons et les filles''" bụrụ ihe a ma ama site na vidio [[Scopitone]] nke [[Claude Lelouch]] duziri.<ref name="QuinoneroElectre">Quinonero, 2017, "''Électre en ciré noir''"</ref> Vogue wepụtara ngwa ngwa EP abụọ ọzọ nke abụ Hardy. E mesịrị, a chịkọtara ha na EP mbụ ahụ wee bụrụ album studio mbụ ya, nke a maara dịka ''Tous les garçons et les filles''.<ref name="QuinoneroRois"/> Na France, a na-ele usoro [[LP record|LP]] anya n’oge ahụ dịka ihe a na-enyo enyo.<ref name="rsde">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.de/reviews/francoise-hardy-mon-amie-la-rose/ |language=German |title=Françoise Hardy: Mon amie la rose (Nyocha na Streaming) |last=Vetter |first=Marc |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=14 May 2021 |magazine=Rolling Stone |location=Germany}}</ref> N’ihi ya, album mbụ Hardy bụkarị nchịkọta nke [[7-inch record]] anọ a tọhapụrụ mbụ,<ref name="p4kreviews"/> usoro a maara dịka "super 45 [rpm]".<ref name="Hardy Two"/><ref name="QuinoneroRois"/> Ọtụtụ n’ime album ogologo ya enweghị aha pụrụ iche; naanị aha ya ka e dere n’elu mkpuchi, ma a na-akpọkarị ha site n’aha abụ kachasị ewu ewu dị na nchịkọta ahụ.<ref name="exclaim"/><ref name="QuinoneroQuestion">Quinonero, 2017, "«Question» mythique"</ref> Album studio mbụ Hardy nwetara ''Trophée de la Télévision'' yana onyinye a ma ama nke ''[[Grand Prix du Disque]]'' nke [[Académie Charles Cros]] na-enye.<ref name="QuinoneroRois">Quinonero, 2017, "«À vingt ans / On est les rois du monde»"</ref> Ka ọ na-erule mbido 1963, e rerela ndekọ 500,000 nke "''Tous les garçons et les filles''" na France,<ref name="QuinoneroFenetre"/> ma ọnụọgụ ahụ ruru nde 2.5 n’ime ọnwa ole na ole sochirinụ.<ref name="QuinoneroElectre"/> Abụ Hardy ndị bụ "''J'suis d'accord''", "''Le temps de l'amour''", na "''Tous les garçons...''" nọ n’elu chaatị abụ ndị kacha ere na France na ngwụcha 1962 na mbido 1963.<ref name="infodisc60s">{{cite web |last1=Lesueur |first1=Daniel |last2=Durand |first2=Dominic |year=2018 |title=Toutes les Chansons N° 1 des Années 60's |trans-title=Abụ niile rutere n’ọnọdụ mbụ n’afọ 1960s |url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Chanson_Number1_60.php |access-date=23 May 2021 |publisher=InfoDisc |language=French}}</ref> O binyere nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ afọ ise na Vogue yana nkwekọrịta na Editions Musicales Alpha, ụlọ ọrụ Wolfsohn guzobere.<ref name="QuinoneroElectre"/> O zutere [[:fr:Michel Bourdais|Michel Bourdais]], onye na-ese ihe na-emepụta atụmatụ nke [[Charles Aznavour]] chọpụtara n’oge na-adịbeghị anya,<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Richard Anthony (singer) |last=Anthony |first=Richard |title=Quand on choisit la liberté |isbn=978-2738226587 |publisher=Florent Massot |language=French |year=2010 |page=114}}</ref> onye kere ihe osise mbụ Françoise Hardy. Hardy, nke ihe osise ahụ masịrị nke ukwuu, zụtara ya.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Richard Anthony (singer) |last=Anthony |first=Richard |title=Quand on choisit la liberté |isbn=978-2738226587 |publisher=Florent Massot |language=French |year=2010 |page=115}}</ref> Na Maachị 1963, Hardy nọchitere anya [[Monaco]] na [[Eurovision Song Contest 1963]], nke e dere na [[London]]. O rụrụ abụ "''L'amour s'en va''", nke mechara bụrụ nke ise n’asọmpi ahụ. Mgbe e wepụtara ya dịka single, ọ ruru ọnọdụ nke ise na chaatị France na Juun 1963.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Billboard Hits of the World |magazine=Billboard |date=8 June 1963 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA31 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> Na Ọktoba, Hardy wepụtara album studio nke abụọ ya, ''[[Le premier bonheur du jour]]''.<ref name="QuinoneroTournee">Quinonero, 2017, "''La vie de tournée''"</ref> N’ọnwa ahụkwa, ọ natara [[Edison Award]] n’otu “Ndị Ntorobịa” na ''Grand Gala du Disque'' na Scheveningen, Netherlands.<ref name="QuinoneroRois" /> Onye odee [[Godfried Bomans]] nyere ya onyinye ahụ ma too ya dịka “onye nka nwere okike” nke maara otú e si wulite “usoro nke ya pụrụ iche n’enweghị iṅomi ndị America”.<ref name="QuinoneroRois" /> [[File:Francoise Hardy November 3 1963.png|thumb|upright=1.1|left|Hardy na-abata na [[Barcelona]] na 1963, ebe Luis Calvo, onye nduzi mba ụwa nke [[Hispavox]], nabatara ya]] Dị ka otu n’ime ndị isi nke mgbasa ''yé-yé'', Hardy ghọrọ otu n’ime ndị kacha pụta ìhè n’egwu France ma bụrụkwa nwanyị na-abụ abụ France kacha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n’ahịa mba ọzọ.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |url=http://www.rfimusic.com/artist/chanson/francoise-hardy/biography.html |title=Françoise Hardy – Biography |date=March 2013 |publisher=Radio France Internationale |access-date=27 October 2016 |accessdate=4 June 2026 |archivedate=30 April 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430034019/http://www.rfimusic.com/artist/chanson/francoise-hardy/biography.html }}</ref> Malite na 1963, e bugara ndekọ ọhụrụ nke "''Tous les garçons et les filles''" a sụgharịrị n’asụsụ Italian, German na Bekee n’ahịa mba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="QuinoneroFenetre">Quinonero, 2017, "«LA FENÊTRE OUVERTE SUR LE MONDE... ne vaut pas celle fermée sur mon amour...»"</ref> Mba mbụ na-abụghị nke na-asụ French ebe Hardy nwetara nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma bụ Italy, ebe a kpọrọ abụ ahụ "''Quelli della mia età''" ma ree ndekọ 255,000. Ọ nọ n’elu chaatị single site na Eprel ruo Ọktoba, ma e wezụga n’etiti Julaị na Ọgọstụ mgbe [[Rita Pavone]] ji "Cuore" gafee ya.<ref name="QuinoneroCachez">Quinonero, 2017, "«Dans quel pays vous cachez-vous?»"</ref> Na ngwụcha oge ọkọchị na [[Milan]], Hardy dekọrọ abụ ọhụrụ<ref name="QuinoneroCachez"/> ndị e tinyere na album Italian ya ''[[Françoise Hardy canta per voi in italiano]]''.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=[[Françoise Hardy canta per voi in italiano]] |author=Françoise Hardy |year=1963 |location=Italy |publisher=Disques Vogue |id=LPJ 5034 |type=LP record}}</ref> Single "''L'età dell'amore''" / "''E all'amore che penso''" ruru kwa n’elu chaatị Italy.<ref name="QuinoneroCachez"/> ===1964–1968: Ịghọ kpakpando a ma ama n’ụwa niile=== [[File:Francoise hardy 1964.jpg|left|thumb|258x258px|Hardy na 1964]] Na 1963, Hardy gara London ka ọ dekọọ egwu ọhụrụ.<ref name="mortality" /> N’oge [[British Invasion]] nọ n’elu ewu ewu ya, Hardy chọrọ ime ka ụdị egwu ya bụrụ nke oge a,<ref name="QuinoneroLondres">Quinonero, 2017, "«Des façons Londres de me promettre Corfou»"</ref> ya mere ọ kpebiri ịhapụ ogo adịghị mma nke ụlọ ndekọ na ndị injinia ụda France ma dekọọ egwu ya na ụlọ ọrụ [[Pye Records]].<ref name="Deluxe60">Deluxe, 2013. p. 60</ref> Mgbe ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na onye nrụpụta egwu [[Tony Hatch]] na Febrụwarị 1964, ọ dekọrọ EP nke gụnyere ụdị ọhụrụ nke "[[Catch a Falling Star]]" yana mmegharị atọ nke egwu ya ndị a ma ama: "Find Me a Boy" ("Tous les garçons et les filles"), "Only Friends" ("Ton meilleur ami"), na "I Wish It Were Me" ("J'aurais voulu").<ref name="QuinoneroCachez" /> Ndị na-ege egwu na England mbụ họọrọ egwu ya ndị e dere n’asụsụ French,<ref name="QuinoneroCachez" /> ebe "Tous les garçons et les filles" batara na [[UK Singles Chart]] na 1 Julaị 1964 n’ọnọdụ nke iri atọ na isii.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/tous-les-garcons-et-les-filles/|title=Tous les garçons et les filles|access-date=29 May 2021|publisher=[[UK Singles Chart|Official Singles Chart]]|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213856/https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/tous-les-garcons-et-les-filles/|url-status=live}}</ref> Egwu ya nke Bekee nke 1965, "[[All Over the World (Françoise Hardy song)|All Over the World]]", ghọrọ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma na United Kingdom, rutere n’ime Top 20 ma nọrọ na chaatị ahụ izu iri na ise.<ref name="allovertheworld">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/song/all-over-the-world-mt0028665336|author-link=Richie Unterberger|first=Richie|last=Unterberger|access-date=14 May 2021|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|title=All Over the World – Françoise Hardy|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515013212/https://www.allmusic.com/song/all-over-the-world-mt0028665336|url-status=live}}</ref> Ọ gara nke ọma kwa na South Africa, Australia, na New Zealand,<ref name="QuinoneroLondres" /> nke mere ka o kwe omume ịbụ ndekọ egwu ya kacha ewu ewu n’etiti ndị na-asụ Bekee.<ref name="allovertheworld" /> Na 1965, Hardy gara New York iji bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ndekọ egwu na [[Kapp Records|Kapp]] maka nkesa ndekọ egwu ya na United States.<ref name="QuinoneroMonde">Quinonero, 2017, "«Dans le monde entier»"</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wepụtara albọm studio mbụ ya n’okpuru aha ''The "Yeh-Yeh" Girl From Paris!'' yana egwu otu "However Much", ụdị Bekee nke egwu e bipụtarala mbụ, "Et même...".<ref name="QuinoneroMonde" /> A tọhapụrụkwa albọm asụsụ German ''[[In Deutschland]]'', nke nwere egwu ise o dere n’onwe ya na nsụgharị German nke ụfọdụ egwu ya gara aga.<ref name="QuinoneroMonde" /> Egwu kacha ewu ewu ya na Germany bụ "Frag' den Abendwind", nke nọrọ na chaatị egwu mba ahụ izu iri abụọ na anọ.<ref name="QuinoneroMonde" /> [[File:Hardy in orange.png|thumb|209x209px|Hardy na 1966]] Na 12 Eprel 1966, Hardy so n’ime ndị na-eme ihe ngosi iri anọ na isii sonyere na foto otu nke [[Jean-Marie Périer]] sere maka ''Salut Les Copains''. Foto ahụ ghọrọ akara ngosi nke oge yé-yé ma mesịa bụrụ nke a maara na France dịka "foto nke narị afọ" (French: ''photo du siècle'').<ref name="linternaute" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Flückiger |first=Laurent |date=12 April 2016 |title=La "photo du siècle" a 50 ans |trans-title=The "photo of the century" is 50 years old. |url=https://www.lematin.ch/story/la-photo-du-siecle-a-50-ans-238515438548 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512154919/https://www.lematin.ch/story/la-photo-du-siecle-a-50-ans-238515438548 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021 |work=[[Le Matin (Switzerland)|Le Matin]] |language=French}}</ref> Malite na ngwụcha afọ 1967, Hardy soro ndụmọdụ Wolfsohn wee malite ịtọhapụ ndekọ egwu ya site n’ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ya nke onwe ya, Asparagus, n’agbanyeghị na Vogue gara n’ihu na-ekesa ha.<ref name="QuinoneroSeptieme">Quinonero, 2017, "Septième album"</ref> O mechara kwaa ụta maka mkpebi ahụ, na-ekwu na 1999: "Onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Vogue, Léon Cabat, sonyekwara na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta a, ma n’etiti ha, ha nwere ọtụtụ n’ime òkè ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Nke a kpatara ọtụtụ ikpe na esemokwu gbasara mmegbu na nrụgide.|source=Hardy, 1999}} <ref name="QuinoneroSeptieme" /> Albọm French nke asaa ya, ''[[Ma jeunesse fout le camp...|Ma jeunesse fout le camp]]'', nke bụ nke mbụ e mepụtara n’okpuru Asparagus, pụtara na Nọvemba 1967.<ref name="QuinoneroSeptieme" /> Site na ndụmọdụ onye nrụpụta egwu Bekee Noel Rodgers, Hardy dekọrọ albọm Bekee nke abụọ ya n’oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1968. A maara albọm ahụ n’aha dị iche iche dịka ''[[En anglais]]'', ''The Second English Album'', ''Will You Love Me Tomorrow'', na ''Loving'', dabere na mba e bipụtara ya.<ref name="QuinoneroAnglais">Quinonero, 2017, "«En anglais»"</ref> Na 1968, Hardy wepụtara ụdị French nke egwu [[Vera Lynn]] "It Hurts to Say Goodbye", nke a kpọrọ "[[Comment te dire adieu]]", n’ime [[Comment te dire adieu (album)|albọm nke otu aha ahụ]]. [[Serge Gainsbourg]] dere okwu French nke egwu ahụ, ma ọ ghọrọ otu n’ime ọrụ ya kacha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beaumont-Thomas |first1=Ben |title=Françoise Hardy, French pop singer and fashion muse, dies aged 80 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/3066869250 |date=12 June 2024|website=The Guardian |access-date=19 July 2024|id={{ProQuest|3066869250}} }}</ref> ===1969–1976: Ntughari gaa n'ogo nka tozuru etozu=== [[File:Francoise Hardy (1969).jpg|left|thumb|254x254px|Hardy na Amsterdam, Disemba 1969]] N'afọ 1970, ọ kwụsịrị mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ egwu ahụ ma bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na [[Sonopresse]], nke bụ ngalaba nke [[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]].<ref name="QuinoneroDomicile">Quinonero, 2017, "Double changement de domicile"</ref> Ọ mekwara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta egwu ọhụrụ a kpọrọ Hypopotam ma guzobe ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta egwu nke ya nke a kpọrọ Kundalini.<ref name="QuinoneroDomicile" /> Hardy natara nnukwu ego n'ihu site na Sonopresse, nke nyere ya ohere ịkwado ọrụ ya n'onwe ya.<ref name="HardySeven" /> O mechara kọwaa oge a dịka "oge kacha nwee obi ụtọ" n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n'egwu ya n'enweghị nnukwu njide sitere n'aka ndị ọzọ.<ref name="QuinoneroDomicile" /> Oge mgbanwe a n'ọrụ ya malitere site n'ịpụta ọtụtụ [[compilation album|album nchịkọta]] n'afọ 1970, gụnyere album French ''Françoise'', yana album studio ''[[One-Nine-Seven-Zero]]'', nke e dere n'asụsụ Bekee, na ''[[Träume]]'', nke ghọrọ album ikpeazụ ya n'asụsụ German.<ref name="QuinoneroDomicile" /> Album studio French mbụ e mepụtara n'okpuru Hypopotam bụ {{ill|Soleil (Françoise Hardy album)|lt=Soleil|fr|Soleil (album)|italic=yes}}, nke ewepụtara n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1970.<ref name="QuinoneroSoleil" /> Album ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-ahazi egwu, gụnyere Bernard Estardy, [[Jean-Claude Vannier]], Jean-Pierre Sabar, [[Mick Jones (Foreigner guitarist)|Mick Jones]], [[Saint-Preux]], [[Simon Napier-Bell]], na Tommy Brown nke otu [[Nero and the Gladiators]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fp.nightfall.fr/index_6768_franoise-hardy-soleil.html|author=Waltersmoke|language=French|access-date=31 May 2021|title=Françoise Hardy – Soleil (1970)|publisher=Forces Parallèles. Nightfall.fr|date=30 May 2014|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215203/http://fp.nightfall.fr/index_6768_franoise-hardy-soleil.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|author=Françoise Hardy|title=Soleil|location=France|year=1970|publisher=[[Sonopresse]]|id=HY 39.902|type=LP record}}</ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1970, Hardy wepụtara otu egwu Italian nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke ikpeazụ ya, "Lungo il mare", nke Giuseppe Torrebruno, [[Luigi Albertelli]] na Donato Renzetti dere.<ref name="QuinoneroSoleil" /> Otu egwu a na nke sochirinụ, nke nwere nsụgharị Italian nke "Soleil" ("Sole ti amo") na "Le crabe" ("Il granchio"), enwebeghị nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa.<ref name="QuinoneroSoleil" /> Ọ deberekwa egwu n'asụsụ Spanish maka oge mbụ ya, maka otu egwu nwere nsụgharị Spanish nke "Soleil" ("Sol") na "J'ai coupé le téléphone" ("Corté el teléfono").<ref name="QuinoneroSoleil" /><ref>{{cite AV media notes |title=Sol|author=Françoise Hardy |year=1970|type=7-inch single|location=Spain|publisher=[[Hispavox]]|id=H 609}}</ref> N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1971, Hardy wepụtara otu egwu nke onye na-ede ma na-abụ abụ [[Patrick Dewaere|Patrick Dewaere]] nke a kpọrọ "T'es pas poli", mgbe arụmọrụ ya na [[Café de la Gare]] dị na Paris masịrị ya nke ukwuu.<ref name="HardySeven" /><ref name="QuinoneroSoleil">Quinonero, 2017, "Soleil ou lune"</ref> Dewaere na Hardy sonyere ọnụ n'ọtụtụ mmemme telivishọn iji kwalite egwu ahụ, ma ọ naghị enweta ihe ịga nke ọma a tụrụ anya ya.<ref name="HardySeven" /> N'afọ 1970, Hardy zutere Tuca (Valeniza Zagni da Silva), onye Brazil na-abụ abụ ma na-akpọ guitar nke bi na Paris, ma ha ghọrọ ezigbo enyi.<ref name="HardySeven" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Blay |first=Milton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AA6FAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27 |title=Direto de Paris: coq au vin com feijoada |year= 2014 |publisher=Editora Contexto |isbn=9788572448543 |page=27 |language=pt |trans-title=Direct from Paris: coq au vin with feijoada}}</ref> Hardy mepụtara album ya na Tuca mgbe ọ gara [[Festival Internacional da Canção]] na [[Rio de Janeiro]] ma mata ma nwee mmasị n'egwu Brazil.<ref name="QuinoneroQuestion" /><ref name="HardySeven" /><ref name="telerama16" /> Nke a bụ oge mbụ n'ọrụ ya ka ya na onye ọzọ dere abụ rụkọrọ ọrụ tupu ha abanye n'ụlọ ndekọ egwu. O nwekwara ohere isonye n'ịhọrọ nhazi nke ụda violin na ngwa egwu ndị ọzọ.<ref name="HardySeven" /> Album ahụ, ''[[La question (album)|La question]]'', ewepụtara na 16 Ọktoba 1971,<ref name="Weiner 19">{{cite news |last=Weiner|first=Judith|date=25 October 1971|title=Interview |language=fr|newspaper=[[France-Soir]]|location=Paris|page=19}}</ref> ma kwalite ya site n'otu egwu "Le martien",<ref>{{cite AV media notes |title=Le martien|author=Françoise Hardy |year=1971|type=7-inch single|location=France|publisher=[[Sonopresse]]|id=HY 45.908}}</ref> "Même sous la pluie"<ref>{{cite AV media notes |title=Même sous la pluie|author=Françoise Hardy |year=1971|type=7-inch single|location=France|publisher=[[Sonopresse]]|id=HY 45.909}}</ref> na "Rêve".<ref>{{cite AV media notes |title=Rêve|author=Françoise Hardy |year=1972|type=7-inch single|location=France|publisher=[[Sonopresse]]|id=HY 45.910}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nta akụkọ France toro album ahụ nke ukwuu,<ref name="rfi" /><ref name="vie">{{cite web |last=Lehoux |first=Valérie |date=27 April 2012 |title=La vie en musique de Françoise Hardy |url=https://www.telerama.fr/musique/la-vie-en-musique-de-francoise-hardy,80734.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510192036/https://www.telerama.fr/musique/la-vie-en-musique-de-francoise-hardy,80734.php |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |work=[[Télérama]] |language=French}}</ref> ọ naghị enweta nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa.<ref name="telerama16" /><ref name="Lesueur1938">Lesueur, 2015. p. 1938</ref> Mgbe ''La question'' dara n'ahịa, Hardy gbanwere ụzọ egwu ya ma kpọọ onye Britain na-ahazi egwu [[Tony Cox (record producer)|Tony Cox]] ka ọ mepụta album ya na-esote.<ref name="HardySeven" /> Album ahụ, nke a maara dịka ''Et si je m'en vais avant toi'', ''L'éclairage'', ma ọ bụ "Album Oroma" n'ihi mkpuchi ya, ewepụtara na Novemba 1972 ma kwalite ya site n'otu egwu "La berlue".<ref name="QuinoneroRouge" /> Mgbe arụchara ọrụ ahụ, Hardy na Cox dekọrọ album Bekee ''[[If You Listen]]'', nke nwere nsụgharị ọhụrụ nke ụfọdụ egwu America na Britain a na-amaghị nke ọma.<ref name="HardySeven" /> Mgbe nkwekọrịta Hardy na Sonopresse gwụsịrị, emebeghị ya ọhụrụ.<ref name="QuinoneroVI" /> Ihe dị ka afọ 1972, Hardy kpọrọ onye na-ede abụ na onye nrụpụta egwu [[Michel Berger]] ka ya na ya rụkọọ ọrụ mgbe ọrụ ya na [[Véronique Sanson]] masịrị ya nke ukwuu.<ref name="HardyEight" /><ref name="QuinoneroVI">Quinonero, 2017, "«TOUS CES MOTS QUI FONT PEUR QUAND ILS NE FONT PAS RIRE... [...] Je voudrais vous les dire / Et je voudrais les vivre...»"</ref> Berger dere abụ abụọ n'ime iri na abụọ dị na album ahụ, "[[Message personnel]]" na "Première rencontre".<ref name="HardyEight" /> N'agbanyeghị oge nnwere onwe nka ọ nwetara tupu ahụ, Hardy chọpụtara onwe ya ọzọ n'okpuru usoro ọrụ siri ike nke Berger, onye ọ kọwara mgbe e mesịrị dịka "nwoke na-eme ọsọ ọsọ, nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọ ga-eme, ọtụtụ ihe ọ ga-echebara echiche, na ọtụtụ mmadụ ọ ga-ahụ".<ref name="QuinoneroBerger" /> Ndekọ album ahụ mere na Julaị 1973, obere oge mgbe Hardy mụsịrị nwa ya nwoke, [[Thomas Dutronc]].<ref name="HardyEight" /> Album ahụ, ''[[Message personnel (album)|Message personnel]]'', ewepụtara n'afọ ahụ site na [[Warner Records|Warner Bros. Records]],<ref>{{cite AV media notes |title=[[Message personnel (album)|Message personnel]]|author=Françoise Hardy |year=1973|type=LP record|location=France|publisher=[[Warner Records|Warner Bros. Records]]|id=56 019}}</ref> bụkwa nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma n'akụkụ ahịa na nyocha ndị nkatọ.<ref name="rfi" /> Egwu isi ya mere ka ọrụ Hardy laghachi n'elu ọzọ na France.<ref name="QuinoneroBerger">Quinonero, 2017, "Michel Berger, l'homme pressé"</ref> Hardy dere abụ iri nwere otu isiokwu jikọrọ ha ọnụ maka album ya na-esote,<ref name="HardyNine" /><ref name="QuinoneroFaim" /> ebe enyi ya [[Catherine Lara]] tinyere egwu n'okwu ndị ahụ. Ọ rụkọkwara ọrụ na Jean-Pierre Castelain, Gérard Kawczynski, André Georget, na Michel Sivy.<ref name="QuinoneroFaim" /> N'okpuru mmepụta [[Hughes de Courson]], album echiche (concept album) ''Entr'acte'' ewepụtara na Novemba 1974 ma kwalite ya site n'abụ "Ce soir", "Je te cherche", na "Il y a eu des nuits".<ref name="QuinoneroFaim">Quinonero, 2017, "«Il y a eu des nuits / Où je mourais de toi / Comme on meurt de faim...»"</ref> Album ahụ dara n'ahịa,<ref name="HardyTen" /> nke mere ka Hardy were ezumike n'ọrụ egwu iji tinyekwuo oge n'ịzụlite nwa ya. Ọ wepụtara naanị otu egwu abụọ n'afọ 1975–1976.<ref name="rfi" /><ref name="QuinoneroFaim" /> Nke mbụ bụ egwu [[Jean-Michel Jarre]] dere, "Que vas-tu faire?", nke e jikọtara na "Le compte a rebours",<ref>{{cite AV media notes |title=Que vas-tu faire?|author=Françoise Hardy |year=1975|type=7-inch single|location=France|publisher=[[Warner Records|Warner Bros. Records]]|id=16664}}</ref> mana ọ rere nke ọma nke ukwuu.<ref name="HardyTen" /><ref name="QuinoneroFaim" /> Nke abụọ bụ "Femme parmi les femmes", egwu isi nke ihe nkiri [[Claude Lelouch]] ''Si c'était à refaire'', nke nwere okwu [[Pierre Barouh]] dere na egwu [[Francis Lai]] mepụtara.<ref name="QuinoneroFaim" /> Ihe dị ka afọ 1976, Berger kpọtụrụ Hardy ọzọ, chọrọ ka ọ sonye na ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ egwu ọhụrụ ya, Apache. Hardy zitere ya abụ "Ton enfance", "Star", na "L'impasse".<ref name="HardyTen">Hardy, 2018 [2008], "Ten"</ref> Berger tụrụ aro ka a wepụta album dabere na abụ ndị ahụ nke ga-enwe otu echiche jikọrọ ha ọnụ, mana Hardy jụrụ aro ahụ ma kama bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na [[Pathé-Marconi]].<ref name="QuinoneroYared">Quinonero, 2017, "Gabriel Yared, le gentil tyran"</ref> ===1977–1995: Ọrụ ya na Gabriel Yared na ezumike n’ọrụ=== [[File:Françoise Hardy05.JPG|thumb|upright|Hardy na Deauville, Normandy, Julaị 1992]] Maka ''Star'' nke afọ 1977, albọm mbụ ya e wepụtara n'okpuru Pathé-Marconi, Hardy kpọrọ [[Gabriel Yared]] ka ọ bụrụ onye nrụpụta na onye nhazi egwu.<ref name="QuinoneroYared" /> Albọm ahụ, nke a kọwara dịka “albọm ngwakọta”, nwere egwu isii Hardy dere yana abụ ndị [[Serge Gainsbourg]], [[William Sheller]], Catherine Lara, [[Luc Plamondon]], Roland Vincent, na [[Michel Jonasz]] dere.<ref name="QuinoneroYared" /> Na mbido, mmekọrịta Hardy na Yared jupụtara na esemokwu.<ref name="QuinoneroYared" /> Edekọrọ ''Star'' n’ime ọnọdụ e ji nrụgide mara, nke mere ka e kpọọ Hardy aha “eze nwanyị oyi”.<ref name="rfi" /><ref name="independent05" /> Dị ka Frédéric Quinonero si kwuo, “onye na-abụ abụ ahụ chere na ọ dị mkpa iwepụ nghọtahie ọ bụla, nke anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nke mmetụta uche, tupu mmekọrịta ha ghọọ ezigbo ọbụbụenyi.”<ref name="QuinoneroYared" /> ''Star'' ghọrọ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma n’ahịa, mee ka Hardy laghachi n’ihu mgbasa ozi ma mee ka ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ndị ntorobịa mara ọrụ ya.<ref name="rfi" /> N’agbanyeghị esemokwu dị n’etiti ha n’ụlọ ndekọ egwu, Hardy na Yared gara n’ihu ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ihe dị ka afọ isii ma dekọọ albọm ise ọnụ.<ref name="rfi" /><ref name="QuinoneroYared" /> N’afọ 1991, Hardy chetara ahụmahụ ya n’ọrụ ya na Yared: <blockquote> [Yared] na-achọsi ike n’ihe gbasara ọrụ ya... ma n’ọrụ ma n’enyi. Ọ nwere nnukwu mmetụta n’ahụ m. Albọm ise anyị mere ọnụ adịghị mfe... mana echere m na otu n’ime nnukwu ohere ndụ m bụ ịchọta onwe m ọzọ n’okpuru nduzi nke onye egwu nwere ogo dị otu a.<ref name="QuinoneroYared" /> </blockquote> Albọm sochirinụ nke Hardy n’afọ 1978, ''Musique saoûle'', gụnyere ihe ndị [[Gabriel Yared]], Alain Goldstein na Michel Jonasz dere.<ref>{{cite AV media|type=LP record|location=France|title=Musique saoûle|publisher=[[Pathé-Marconi]]|id=2C 070-14697|year=1978|author=Françoise Hardy}}</ref> Albọm ahụ gbanwere ntụziaka egwu Hardy gaa n’ụdị egwu a pụrụ ịgba egwu karịa, ma nweta nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma n’ahịa, nke ewu ewu nke egwu mbụ ya bụ “J'écoute de la musique saoûle”, karịsịa ụdị ya e mezigharịrị ogologo oge nyere aka.<ref name="QuinoneroTonic" /> A kwalitere ''Musique saoûle'' site n’ịpụta Hardy na mmemme telivishọn ebe a na-ahụ ya ka ọ na-eme egwu ahụ n’ụzọ a kọwara dịka nke na-adịghị adị ya mfe n’etiti igwe mmadụ na-agba egwú.<ref name="QuinoneroTonic" /> N’afọ 1980, Yared na onye ọrụ ibe ya Bernard Ilous nyere albọm ọzọ ya, ''Gin Tonic'', ụdị azụmahịa ka ukwuu.<ref name="QuinoneroTonic" /> Ihe mkpuchi albọm ahụ, nke onye ọrụ ibe magazin ''Façade'' sere, bụ magazin French e kere n’usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Influence'' nke [[Andy Warhol]], gosipụtara Hardy dịka onye oge a nke ukwuu.<ref name="QuinoneroTonic" /> A kwalitere ''Gin Tonic'' site na abụ ndị “Jazzy rétro Satanas” na “Juke-box”.<ref name="QuinoneroTonic" /> Albọm ọzọ Hardy, ''À suivre'', pụtara na Eprel 1981 n'okpuru akara Flarenasch, nke mebiri nkwekọrịta ya na Pathé-Marconi.<ref name="QuinoneroMariage" /> Albọm ahụ wetara ndị ọrụ ibe ọhụrụ, ebe Yared kpọrọ ndị dere egwu dịka [[Louis Chedid]], Pierre Groscolas, Jean-Claude Vannier, [[Michel Bernholc]], Daniel Perreau, Jean-Pierre Bourtayre, na [[Étienne Roda-Gil]].<ref name="QuinoneroMariage" /> A kwalitere ''À suivre'' site na abụ ndị “Tamalou” na “Villégiature”.<ref name="QuinoneroMariage" /> Albọm sochirinụ, ''Quelqu'un qui s'en va'', pụtara n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1981 ma nwee ihe mkpuchi albọm nke [[Serge Gainsbourg]] sere foto ya.<ref name="QuinoneroSortie">Quinonero, 2017, "Fausse sortie"</ref> ''Décalages'', nke e wepụtara na 2 Mee 1988,<ref name="QuinoneroDecalages" /> ka a kpọsara dịka albọm ikpeazụ Hardy. Ọ ghọrọ ihe ịga nke ọma n’ahịa ma nweta asambodo [[Gold disc|ọlaedo]] maka ire puku narị otu (100,000) nkeji.<ref name="QuinoneroDecalages">Hardy, 2017, "Décalages et dérapages"</ref> N’afọ 1990, Hardy dere abụ "[[Fais-moi une place]]" maka [[Julien Clerc]], a kpọnyekwara ya n’albọm ya nke nwere otu aha ahụ.<ref name="linternaute" /> Hardy laghachiri n’ọrụ egwu ya n’afọ ndị 1990 mgbe ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na [[Virgin Records]] na Disemba 1994.<ref name="linternaute" /> N’afọ 1995, Hardy rụkọrọ ọrụ na otu egwu Bekee [[Blur (band)|Blur]] maka ụdị French nke "[[To the End (Blur song)|To the End]]", nke e dekọrọ na [[Abbey Road Studios]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5sI04YpV3QC&pg=PA197|page=197|title=Abbey Road: The Best Studio in the World|access-date=13 May 2021|first=Alistair|last=Lawrence|year=2012|isbn=978-1608199990|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612072142/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5sI04YpV3QC&pg=PA197#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> E tinyere ya dịka [[B-side]] nke egwu otu ahụ bụ "[[Country House (Blur song)|Country House]]".<ref>{{cite AV media|title=Blur's Country House|author=[[Blur (band)|Blur]]|type=CD single|location=United Kingdom|id=7243 8 82338 2 8|publisher=[[Parlophone]]|year=1995}}</ref> === 1996–2021: Albọm ikpeazụ na ịla ezumike nka === N'afọ 1997, Hardy so ndị otu French abụọ ahụ, [[Air (French band)|Air]], rụọkọ ọrụ na egwu "Jeanne", nke bụ [[B-side]] dị na maxi-single ha bụ "[[Sexy Boy (Air song)|Sexy Boy]]".<ref>{{cite AV media|title=Sexy Boy|author=[[Air (French band)|Air]]|type=CD single|location=United States|id=CAR 6645-2|publisher=[[Caroline Records]]|year=1997}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, Hardy natara ihe nrite ''Female Artist of the Year'' maka albọm ya ''Tant de belles choses'' na emume [[Victoires de la Musique]]. N'afọ 2006, ọ natara ihe nrite [[Grande médaille de la chanson française]], nke [[Académie Française]] na-enye iji kwanyere ugwu ọrụ ya n’egwu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/grande-medaille-de-la-chanson-francaise|title=Grande médaille de la chanson française|language=French|publisher=[[Académie Française]]|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512153720/https://www.academie-francaise.fr/grande-medaille-de-la-chanson-francaise|url-status=live}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, Hardy mere emume ncheta afọ iri ise (50) ya n’ọrụ egwu site n’ịpụta akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya na albọm ọhụrụ, ha abụọ nwere aha ''[[L'Amour fou (album)|L'Amour fou]]''.<ref name=lefou/> Mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ nwere [[laryngeal cancer]], onye na-agụ egwú ahụ kwupụtara na ''L'Amour fou'' ga-abụ albọm ikpeazụ ya, mana ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ ise gachara, ọ laghachiri na mwepụta albọm ''[[Personne d'autre]]'' n'afọ 2018.<ref name=faroutmag>Far Out Staff [http://faroutmagazine.co.uk/francoise-hardy-to-release-new-studio-album-personne-dautre/ Françoise Hardy to release new studio album "Personne d'autre"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103132318/https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/francoise-hardy-to-release-new-studio-album-personne-dautre/ |date=3 November 2023 }}, ''Far Out Magazine'', Retrieved on 7 May 2018.</ref> N’ọnwa Maachị 2021, Hardy kwupụtara na ọ pụghịzi ịbụ abụ n’ihi mmetụta ọgwụgwọ kansa ya kpatara.<ref name="parismatch21">{{cite web|url=https://www.parismatch.com/People/Francoise-Hardy-Mes-chansons-m-aidaient-a-supporter-mes-douleurs-1731052|language=French|access-date=22 May 2021|work=[[Paris Match]]|title=Françoise Hardy : "Mes chansons m'aidaient à supporter mes douleurs"|date=28 March 2021|first=Benjamin|last=Locoge|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213815/https://www.parismatch.com/People/Francoise-Hardy-Mes-chansons-m-aidaient-a-supporter-mes-douleurs-1731052|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri== [[File:Francoise hardy grand prix (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Hardy na-eme ihe dị ka Lisa n’ihe nkiri 1966 ''[[Grand Prix (1966 film)|Grand Prix]]'']] Hardy sonyere n’ọrụ ihe nkiri, ma ọ naghị etinye onwe ya n’ọrụ ime ihe nkiri dịka ọrụ siri ike, ọ chọkwara ime ya otú ahụ.<ref name="HardyThree" /><ref name="montanes">{{cite web|url=https://www.eldiariomontanes.es/culturas/libros/francoise-hardy-sentia-20170826153636-nt.html|language=Spanish|access-date=12 May 2021|title="Françoise Hardy sentía amor por la música pero no por exponer su intimidad"|date=27 August 2017|last=González Ruiz|first=Pilar|work=[[El Diario Montañés]]|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123102532/https://www.eldiariomontanes.es/culturas/libros/francoise-hardy-sentia-20170826153636-nt.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ọ nabatara ọrụ ime ihe nkiri e nyere ya n’afọ ndị 1960 n’enweghị nnukwu mmasị, dịka ndụmọdụ [[Jean-Marie Périer]] si dị.<ref name="HardyThree" /> Ọ bụ ezie na echiche ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ndị nduzi ihe nkiri a ma ama masịrị ya, ọ ka họọrọ egwu karịa sinima.<ref name="nytimes" /> N’afọ 1963, Hardy mere mpụta mbụ ya n’ihe nkiri dịka Ophelia n’ihe nkiri [[Roger Vadim]] ''[[Château en Suède]]''.<ref name="HardyThree">Hardy, 2018 [2008], "Three"</ref><ref name="Deluxe58">Deluxe, 2013. p. 58</ref> Tupu ekenye ya ọrụ ahụ, Vadim nwara ikike ime ihe nkiri Hardy site n’ịdu ya ka ọ gụọ akwụkwọ ozi ịhụnanya [[Cécile de Roggendorf]] dere nye [[Giacomo Casanova]].<ref name="QuinoneroActress">Quinonero, 2017, "Actrice malgré elle"</ref> N’oge a na-emepụta ''Château en Suède'', Vadim kpọrọ Hardy asị n’ihi “enweghị mmasị ya na-enweghị njedebe”, nke ghọrọ “mbido egwu ya banyere oge a na-eme ihe nkiri na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri n’ozuzu ya”.<ref name="Deluxe60" /> Dị ka akụkụ nke mgbasa ozi ihe nkiri ahụ, Hardy gara [[Cannes Film Festival]], ebe ọ yi uwe mkpuchi ojii nke [[Pierre Cardin]] chepụtara.<ref name="QuinoneroActress" /> Mgbe o mechara obere mpụta ([[cameo appearance]]) na ''[[What's New Pussycat?]]'',<ref name="Deluxe60" /> Hardy nwetara ọrụ n’ihe nkiri [[Jean-Daniel Pollet]] nke 1966 ''[[A Bullet Through the Heart|Une balle au cœur]]'', nke e sere n’otu agwaetiti dịpụrụ adịpụ na Gris.<ref name="HardyThree" /> Ahụmahụ ahụ amasịghị ya, ma o kwuru, “mgbe ụbọchị otu ma ọ bụ abụọ gachara, aghọtara m na onye nduzi ahụ adịghị mma ma ihe nkiri ya bụ ọdịda.”<ref name="HardyThree" /> N’ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma ya n’ọrụ egwu na Italy, Hardy pụtara dịka onye na-eme egwu n’ihe nkiri ''[[musicarelli]]'', gụnyere ''I ragazzi dell'Hully Gully'' (1964),<ref name="ragazzi">{{Cite book|title=La canzone italiana del Novecento|last=Baldazzi|first=Gianfranco|language=Italian|page=306|publisher=[[Newton Compton Editori]]|year=1989}}</ref> ''[[Questo pazzo, pazzo mondo della canzone]]'' (1965),<ref name="questo">{{cite journal|title=Questo pazzo, pazzo mondo della canzone|year=1966|volume=27|language=Italian|page=55|journal=Bianco e Nero|publisher=[[Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia]]|location=Italy}}</ref> ''[[Altissima pressione]]'' (1965), na ''Europa canta'' (1965).<ref name="larkin">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0195313734|editor-first=Colin|editor-last=Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|edition=4th|page=132}}</ref> Ọ pụtakwara na mmemme telivishọn pụrụ iche nke 1968 ''[[Monte Carlo: C'est La Rose]]'', nke [[Grace Kelly]] bụ onye na-elekọta ya.<ref name="larkin" /> Onye nduzi America [[John Frankenheimer]] hụrụ Hardy ka ọ na-apụ n’otu ụlọ oriri abalị dị na London ma chee na ọ ga-adabara nke ọma n’ihe nkiri [[Formula One]] ya ''[[Grand Prix (1966 film)|Grand Prix]]'' (1966).<ref name="HardyFour">Hardy, 2018 [2008], "Four"</ref> N’agbanyeghị na ọ ka enweghị mmasị n’ọrụ ime ihe nkiri dịka ọrụ ndụ, Hardy nabatara ọrụ ahụ n’ihi na a na-akwụ ya ezigbo ụgwọ.<ref name="QuioneroCineaste">Quinonero, 2017, "Pour la «beauté renversante» d'un cinéaste"</ref> Ọ pụtakwara obere oge na ihe nkiri [[Jean-Luc Godard]] nke 1966 ''[[Masculin féminin]]'', ebe ọ yi uwe zuru ezu nke [[André Courrèges]] chepụtara.<ref name="godard">{{cite web|url=https://exhibitions.fitnyc.edu/paris-refashioned/masculin-feminin-and-french-youth-fashion/|access-date=12 May 2021|title=Masculin féminin and French Youth Fashion|date=3 March 2017|publisher=The Museum at FIT. [[Fashion Institute of Technology]]|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512182356/https://exhibitions.fitnyc.edu/paris-refashioned/masculin-feminin-and-french-youth-fashion/|url-status=live}}</ref> N’afọ 1969, ọ bụ kpakpando n’ihe nkiri telivishọn ''L'homme qui venait du Cher'' tinyere [[Eddy Mitchell]].<ref name="cher">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0EWr7ye9XEC&pg=PT126|language=French|access-date=12 May 2021|title=Il faut rentrer maintenant|author-link=Eddy Mitchell|last1=Mitchell|first1=Eddy|last2=Varrod|first2=Didier|year=2012|publisher=[[La Martinière Groupe|Editions de la Martinière]]|isbn=978-2732451473|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612072147/https://books.google.com/books?id=k0EWr7ye9XEC&pg=PT126#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> N’afọ ndị 1970, ọ mere obere mpụta n’ihe nkiri [[Jean-Claude Lord]] ''[[The Doves (film)|The Doves]] (Les Colombes)'' (1972)<ref name="colombes" /> na nke [[Claude Lelouch]] ''[[If I Had to Do It All Over Again]] (Si c'était à refaire)'' (1976).<ref name="QuinoneroFilmography" /> ==Ọrụ ya n’ihe gbasara ịgụ kpakpando (Astrology)== :Ekwenyere m na sayensị mmadụ a na-enye naanị ozi banyere otu n’ime ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-emetụta ndụ anyị, ya bụ nke jikọtara na usoro na mgbagharị nke usoro mbara igwe anyị. Ọ na-enyere anyị naanị ịghọta ebe anyị nọ ma mata nke ọma usoro dị iche iche nke mmepe anyị, nke dabere n’ọtụtụ ihe karịrị naanị okirikiri na nhazi nke mbara ala, ma ọ bụghịkwa mgbe niile ka a pụrụ ịkọwa ya dịka ihe omume ma ọ bụ nsonaazụ pụrụ iche. — Hardy banyere enweghị ntụkwasị obi ya n’ebe ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ kpakpando nọ na n’ebe “ịgụ kpakpando amụma” nọ, 2008.<ref name="HardySix" /> Hardy mekwara ọrụ dịka onye na-agụ kpakpando ([[astrologer]]), ma dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na edemede gbasara isiokwu ahụ. Ọ sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ echiche a na-akpọ “conditionalist”, nke [[Jean-Pierre Nicola]] kọwara n’akwụkwọ ya nke 1964, ''La condition solaire'', nke kwuru na ịgụ kpakpando abụghị usoro [[divination|ịkọ amụma]], kama na a ga-eji ya tụlee ihe ndị ọzọ dịka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, agụmakwụkwọ, na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na omenala.<ref name="HardyAtrologia">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtAwDwAAQBAJ|access-date=6 May 2021|last=Hardy|first=Françoise|author-link=Françoise Hardy|trans-title=La astrología universal|title=L'astrologie universelle|orig-year=1987|type=eBook|year=2007|isbn=978-8431535810|language=Spanish|location=Barcelona|publisher=De Vecchi Ediciones|chapter=Introducción|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612010044/https://books.google.com/books?id=RtAwDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lcMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|pages=103–104|language=French|access-date=10 May 2021|title=L'astrologie: le grand voyage en soi et dans l'avenir|first=Yves|last=Lenoble|year=2020|publisher=BoD|isbn=978-2382580141|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612010049/https://books.google.com/books?id=0lcMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> Hardy malitere inwe mmasị n’ịgụ kpakpando mgbe ọ gara hụ onye na-agụ kpakpando André Barbault n’etiti afọ 1960 ndị ahụ.<ref name="HardySix">Hardy, 2018 [2008], "Six"</ref> Ọ gara ọmụmụ ọha na eze, mụtara otu esi arụpụta [[birth chart|chaatị ọmụmụ]], ma gụọ ọtụtụ akwụkwọ pụrụ iche tupu ya ezute Catherine Aubier, onye tụrụ aro ka Hardy mụta n’aka onye nkụzi ya.<ref name="HardySix" /> Madame Godefroy kụziri Hardy ịgụ kpakpando ọdịnala ruo afọ abụọ na Paris.<ref name="HardySix" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye raara onwe ya nye nke ukwuu n’ọrụ a mgbe ọ zutere Nicola n’afọ 1974, onye kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke magazin ọhụrụ ọ na-arụpụta.<ref name="HardySix" /> Onye ọbụ abụ ahụ kọwara Nicola dịka “onye na-agụ kpakpando kacha mma n’ụwa”<ref name="clash">{{cite web|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/another-person-fran%C3%A7oise-hardy-interviewed|access-date=6 May 2021|date=23 April 2018|first=Hayley|last=Scott|work=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]|title=Another Person: Françoise Hardy Interviewed|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506054623/https://www.clashmusic.com/features/another-person-fran%C3%A7oise-hardy-interviewed|url-status=dead}}</ref> ma dee, sị: “Ọ bụ ya mere ka m ghọta ịgụ kpakpando n’ụzọ nwere ọgụgụ isi ma kụziere m otu esi eji ya nke ọma n’akụkụ ya.”<ref name="HardySix" /> Ewezuga ịgụ kpakpando, [[Alejandro Jodorowsky]] kụzikwaara Hardy otu esi agụ [[Tarot of Marseilles]].<ref name="HardyTwelve">Hardy, 2018 [2008], "Twelve"</ref> Dị ka ihe na-akwado ọmụmụ ya banyere ịgụ kpakpando, ọ gara ọmụmụ nke [[graphologist]] Germaine Tripier, onye bụ onye isi nke French Society of Graphology.<ref name="HardyTwelve" /> N’etiti oge ndekọ egwu maka album ya ''Gin Tonic'' na 1979, Hardy rụkọrọ ọrụ n’usoro akwụkwọ gbasara akara zodiac nke Tchou Editions bipụtara, ma sonye n’ide akwụkwọ banyere [[Virgo (astrology)|Virgo]]<ref name="HardyEleven">Hardy, 2018 [2008], "Eleven"</ref> ya na onye ọzọ na-agụ kpakpando, Béatrice Guénin.<ref name="HardyEleven" /> Ọ rụkọkwara ọrụ na magazin ''Quinze Ans''.<ref name="QuinoneroTonic" /> N’ọgwụgwụ afọ 1980, Pierre Lescure nke ụlọ mgbasa ozi redio [[RMC (France)|RMC]] kpọrọ Hardy ka ọ na-enye horoscope kwa ụbọchị na mmemme kwa izu.<ref name="HardyEleven" /> N’afọ 1982, Hardy malitere usoro mgbasa ozi ọhụrụ kwa izu a kpọrọ ''Entre les lignes, entre les signes'', nke ọ na-ajụ ndị ama ama n’ihe nkiri ma ọ bụ n’egwu ajụjụ dabere na chaatị ọmụmụ ha, ebe graphologist Anne-Marie Simmond, onye Hardy mụtara n’aka ya, na-emepụta nkọwa gbasara àgwà ha site n’aka ha dere.<ref name="HardyTwelve" /> E bipụtara nchịkọta ajụjụ ọnụ ndị ahụ na profaịlụ ndị ahụ site na RMC na 1986.<ref>{{cite book|title=Entre les lignes, entre les signes|author-link=Françoise Hardy|last1=Hardy|first1=Françoise|last2=Simmond|first2=Annne-Marie|language=French|publisher=[[RMC (France)|RMC Edition]]|year=1986|location=France|isbn=978-2868550064}}</ref><ref name="independent05" /> N’afọ 1990, Hardy gara n’ihu n’ọrụ ya banyere ịgụ kpakpando site n’ide akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Switzerland ''[[Le Matin (Switzerland)|Le Matin]]'' ma bụrụkwa onye na-ahụ maka akụkụ kwa izu n’usoro ihe omume [[Thierry Ardisson]] a kpọrọ ''Télé Zèbre'' na [[Antenne 2]].<ref name="QuinoneroPour">Quinonero, 2017, "Là pour personne ?"</ref> Na 7 Mee 2003, Hardy bipụtara ''Les rythmes du zodiaque'', akwụkwọ o were ihe karịrị afọ abụọ dee, nke o kwuru na ebumnuche ya bụ “akwụkwọ ga-enye m ohere itinye obere onyinye m n’ịgụ kpakpando nke oge a.”<ref name="HardyEighteen">Hardy, 2018 [2008], "Eighteen"</ref> == Ọrụ ide akwụkwọ == N’afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya, Hardy ghọrọ onye odee akwụkwọ [[akụkọ ifo]] na akwụkwọ [[na-abụghị akụkọ ifo]]. O dekwara akụkọ ndụ ya, ''Le désespoir des singes... et autres bagatelles (Nkụda Mmụọ Ndị Enwe... na Ihe Ndị Ọzọ Na-adịghị Mkpa)'', nke e bipụtara na 9 Ọktoba 2008. A rere akwụkwọ ahụ ihe ruru mkpụrụ 250,000 ma bụrụ [[bestseller]] na France.<ref name="ledevoir12">{{cite web |last=Cormier |first=Sylvain |date=17 November 2012 |title=Françoise Hardy, d'amour dévorée, d'amour nourrie |trans-title=Françoise Hardy, ịhụnanya riri ya, ịhụnanya zụlitere ya |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/musique/364069/francoise-hardy-d-amour-devoree-d-amour-nourrie |access-date=12 May 2021 |work=[[Le Devoir]] |language=French}}</ref> E mechara tụgharịa akwụkwọ ahụ n’asụsụ Spanish ma ụlọ mbipụta akwụkwọ nnwere onwe Expediciones Polares nke dị na [[San Sebastián]] bipụta ya n’afọ 2017.<ref name="simios">{{cite web|language=Spanish|url=https://www.efeeme.com/la-desesperacion-de-los-simios-y-otras-bagatelas-de-francoise-hardy/|date=14 March 2017|access-date=21 May 2021|first=Javier|last=De Castro|title="La desesperación de los simios... y otras bagatelas", de Françoise Hardy|publisher=Efe Eme|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613114902/https://www.efeeme.com/la-desesperacion-de-los-simios-y-otras-bagatelas-de-francoise-hardy/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mbipụta Bekee nke Jon E. Graham tụgharịrị ka [[Feral House]] bipụtara na 2018.<ref name="monkeyreview">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/28/despair-of-monkeys-other-trifles-francoise-hardy-review|date=28 July 2018|access-date=12 May 2021|first=Anthony|last=Quinn|title=The Despair of Monkeys and Other Trifles review – Françoise Hardy's memoir|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612012534/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/28/despair-of-monkeys-other-trifles-francoise-hardy-review|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Françoise Hardy 2012 c.jpg|thumb|left|Hardy na-ewebata akwụkwọ [[novel]] mbụ ya ''L'amour fou'' na Paris, Novemba 2012]] N’afọ 2012, Hardy bipụtara [[novel]] mbụ ya, ''L'amour fou'', n’ụlọ mbipụta [[Éditions Albin Michel]]. E wepụtara ya n’otu oge ahụ na album egwu nwere otu aha ahụ.<ref name="lapresse">{{cite news|url=https://www.lapresse.ca/arts/musique/entrevues/201211/21/01-4596063-francoise-hardy-comment-tecrire-adieu.php|title=Françoise Hardy : comment t'écrire adieu...|access-date=21 May 2021|work=[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]]|language=French|first=Marie-Christine|last=Blais|date=21 November 2012|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521044417/https://www.lapresse.ca/arts/musique/entrevues/201211/21/01-4596063-francoise-hardy-comment-tecrire-adieu.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Ọ malitere ide akụkọ ahụ, nke gbasara mmekọrịta ịhụnanya jupụtara n’ịrapara n’ahụ mmadụ nke ukwuu, ihe dị ka afọ iri atọ tupu ahụ,<ref name="lapresse" /> mana o debere akwụkwọ edemede ahụ n’akụkụ ma enweghị atụmatụ ibipụta ya. Onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya gbara ya ume ka o mee ya, ma ọ kwetara mgbe enyi ya Jean-Marie Périer kwadoro ya.<ref name="avisfigaro">{{cite web|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/musique/2012/11/09/03006-20121109ARTFIG00244-francoise-hardy-je-suis-une-angoissee.php|title=Françoise Hardy : " Je suis une angoissée "|access-date=21 May 2021|work=[[Le Figaro]]|first1=Pierre|last1=De Boishue|last2=Nuc|first2=Olivier|date=9 November 2012|language=French|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521051421/https://www.lefigaro.fr/musique/2012/11/09/03006-20121109ARTFIG00244-francoise-hardy-je-suis-une-angoissee.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Hardy chere na ọ dabara adaba ibipụta akwụkwọ ahụ iji mee emume afọ iri ise nke ọrụ egwu ya, ebe ọ kọwara ya dịka “akụkọ nke ghọrọ isi mmalite ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ abụ m niile kemgbe mmalite.”<ref name="avisfigaro" /> N’afọ 2013, ụlọ mbipụta Edizioni Clichy nke dị na [[Florence]] bipụtara ụdị Italian nke akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-8867990214|year=2013|orig-year=2012|trans-title=L'amour fou|language=Italian|location=Florence|publisher=Edizioni Clichy|title=L'amore folle|author-link=Françoise Hardy|first=Françoise|last=Hardy|translator-last1=Conti|translator-first1=Antonella}}</ref> Mgbe album ''La pluie sans parapluie'' na ''L'Amour fou'' rere ahịa nke ọma adịghị, Hardy kpebiri ịhapụ egwu ntakịrị ma tinye uche ya n’ide akwụkwọ.<ref name="avisnon">{{cite web|url=https://www.parismatch.com/People/Musique/Message-personnel-de-Francoise-Hardy-720438|access-date=21 May 2021|language=French|work=[[Paris Match]]|date=3 August 2015|title=Message personnel de Françoise Hardy|first=Marie-France|last=Chatrier|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521043114/https://www.parismatch.com/People/Musique/Message-personnel-de-Francoise-Hardy-720438|url-status=live}}</ref> Nke a butere [[essay]] ''Avis non autorisés'' ''(Echiche E Nyeghị Ikike)'', nke e bipụtara na 2015 site n’ụlọ mbipụta [[Éditions des Équateurs]], ebe ọ kọwara nsogbu ndị mmadụ na-eche ihu mgbe ha na-eru [[ịka nká]].<ref name="avisnon" /><ref name="avispoint">{{cite web |last=Mirande |first=Jean-Noël |date=3 April 2015 |title=Les vérités nues de Françoise Hardy |trans-title=Eziokwu doro anya nke Françoise Hardy |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/culture/les-verites-nues-de-francoise-hardy-04-03-2015-1909777_3.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521043115/https://www.lepoint.fr/culture/les-verites-nues-de-francoise-hardy-04-03-2015-1909777_3.php |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |work=[[Le Point]] |language=French}}</ref> N’akwụkwọ a, o kesakwara echiche ya banyere ihe ndị na-eme ugbu a n’ụwa, nke ọtụtụ ndị kpọrọ echiche “na-adịghị agbaso [[Political correctness|izi ezi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]].”<ref name="avisnon" /> ''Avis non autorisés'' ghọrọ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma n’ahịa akwụkwọ.<ref name="figaroavis" /> Otu afọ ka e mesịrị, o bipụtara ''Un cadeau du ciel (Onyinye Si N’Eluigwe)'', ebe ọ tụlere ahụmahụ ya n’ụlọ ọgwụ na Maachị 2015 n’ihi ọrịa kansa, oge ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ nwụọ.<ref name="figaroavis">{{cite web|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/livres/2016/10/17/03005-20161017ARTFIG00258-francoise-hardy-se-livre-sur-sa-maladie.php|language=French|access-date=12 May 2021|work=[[Le Figaro]]|date=17 October 2016|title=Françoise Hardy se livre sur sa maladie|first=Mohammed|last=Aïssaoui|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612072217/https://www.lefigaro.fr/livres/2016/10/17/03005-20161017ARTFIG00258-francoise-hardy-se-livre-sur-sa-maladie.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Ná mbido afọ ndị 2020, mgbe ọ naghịzi enwe ike ịga n’ihu na-abụ abụ ma kwuo na ọ “nweghị ihe ọzọ ọ ga-eme”, Hardy tinyere oge ya n’ịchịkọta [[song book]], ''Chansons sur toi et nous'', nchịkọta nke okwu abụ ya niile tinyere nkọwa ya. E bipụtara ''Chansons sur toi et nous'' n’afọ 2021 site n’ụlọ mbipụta Éditions des Équateurs.<ref name="ledevoir21" /> ==Ọrụ nka== ===Ụdị egwu=== :Ihe kpaliri m ide egwu m bụ, n'otu akụkụ, nchegbu m. N'ọtụtụ egwu, ekwuwo m egwu m nke ịghara ịrụ ọrụ ahụ na nke ịhapụ m gakwuru onye ọzọ ''a priori'' otu puku ugboro na-adọrọ mmasị ma na-adọrọ adọrọ karịa m. Egwu nke na-abụghị nke na-enweghị isi... — Hardy, ''[[L'Express]]'', 2013.<ref name="anxiety">{{cite web|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/psycho/l-anxiete-pour-francoise-hardy-j-y-puise-en-partie-mon-inspiration_1251314.html|title=L'anxiété pour Françoise Hardy: "J'y puise en partie mon inspiration"|language=French|work=[[L'Express]]|first1=Delphine|last1=Peras|first2=Marion|last2=Guérin|first3=Christophe|last3=Carrière|date=23 May 2013|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612072144/https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/bien-etre/psycho/l-anxiete-pour-francoise-hardy-j-y-puise-en-partie-mon-inspiration_1251314.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na egwu Hardy kpuchiri ọtụtụ [[ụdị egwu|ụdị egwu]], o jisiri ike nwee ụda pụrụ iche site na mmalite ọrụ ya<ref name="glide">{{cite web|url=https://glidemagazine.com/152060/french-songstress-francoise-hardy-gets-reissue-treatment-album-review/|title=French Songstress Françoise Hardy Gets Reissue Treatment (ALBUM REVIEW)|last=Ferguson|first=Maeri|work=Glide Magazine |date=13 November 2015|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515073447/https://glidemagazine.com/152060/french-songstress-francoise-hardy-gets-reissue-treatment-album-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> which was defined by breathy [[alto]] vocals<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web|access-date=6 May 2021|title=Françoise Hardy|last=Jurek|first=Thom|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/fran%C3%A7oise-hardy-mn0000186594/biography|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122007/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/fran%C3%A7oise-hardy-mn0000186594/biography|url-status=live}}</ref> na ihe na-amasịkarị abụ ndị na-eme ka obi daa mba.<ref name="popmatters">{{cite web|url=https://www.popmatters.com/francoise-hardy-essay-2569397045.html|access-date=10 May 2021|publisher=[[PopMatters]]|title=Capricorn vs. Cancer: The Story of French Singer-songwriter Françoise Hardy|date=17 May 2018|last=Marie|first=Brett|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510175417/https://www.popmatters.com/francoise-hardy-essay-2569397045.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="QuinoneroTete">Quinonero, 2017, "« es chansons plein la tête»"</ref> Basile Farkas nke ''[[Rock & Folk]]'' kọwara ya dị ka "eze nwanyị nke mwute",<ref name="rocknfolk">{{cite web|url=https://www.rocknfolk.com/interview/francoise-hardy-les-guitares-electriques-planantes-cest-ce-dont-jai-reve-toute-ma-vie/4087|language=French|access-date=15 May 2021|last=Farkas|first=Basile|date=20 May 2018|work=[[Rock & Folk]]|title=Les guitares électriques planantes, c'est ce dont j'ai rêvé toute ma vie|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516062953/https://www.rocknfolk.com/interview/francoise-hardy-les-guitares-electriques-planantes-cest-ce-dont-jai-reve-toute-ma-vie/4087|url-status=live}}</ref> Hardy n'onwe ya kwuru na 2012: "N'egwu, ihe kacha amasị m bụ egwu dị nwayọ na nke mwute... Ọ bụghị n'ụzọ na-ada ada, kama n'ụzọ na-ebuli elu... M ka na-achọ ịhụ egwu na-agbawa obi nke ga-eme ka anya mmiri gbaa m. Egwu nke àgwà ya na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị nsọ."<ref name="QuinoneroTete" /> Cosette Schulz nke ''[[Exclaim!]]'' kọwara ya dị ka "ọkachamara n'ịmepụta egwu dị mfe mana mara mma".<ref name="exclaim" /> Ndị edemede ejirila egwu Hardy tụnyere nke onye na-abụ abụ Bekee [[Marianne Faithfull]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hm5OCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT15|access-date=11 May 2021|title=Brit Girls of the Sixties Volume Two: Marianne Faithfull & Kathy Kirby|first=David|last=Bret|author-link=David Bret|year=2014|isbn=978-1291801408|publisher=[[Lulu.com]]}}</ref> N'ịtụnyere ndị ọbụ abụ abụọ ahụ, Keith Altham nke ''[[The Guardian]]'' dere na 2014: "Ha abụọ na-abụ abụ mwute n'ụdị dị mfe nke ndị mmadụ. Ha abụọ nwere otu mmasị ahụ dịka ihere, iwe, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ijuanya gbasara ha. Ha abụọ nwere àgwà dị egwu, nke 'naanị onwe ha' gbasara olu ha nke chọrọ ọmịiko na nlebara anya."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/aug/20/marianne-faithfull-more-of-beatles-than-a-stones-fan-classic-interview|title=Marianne Faithfull: 'I'm more of a Beatles than a Stones fan' – a classic interview|last=Altham|first=Keith|access-date=17 May 2021|date=20 August 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612010647/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/aug/20/marianne-faithfull-more-of-beatles-than-a-stones-fan-classic-interview|url-status=live}}</ref> E wezụga egwu ndị mbụ o dere, ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ya nke afọ 1960 gụnyere ụdị ndị omenkà si mba ọzọ nke gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere ndị America [[òtù ụmụ agbọghọ]], ndị mbụ [[rockabilly]], ndị tupu Beatles [[egwu rock nke Britain|egwu rock na roll nke Britain]], [[egwu obodo]], [[egwu ọdịnala nke oge a|egwu ọdịnala]], [[folk-rock]] na, ruo n'ókè dị nta, [[doo-wop]] na [[Mkpụrụ obi egwu|mkpụrụ obi]].<ref name="originales" /> Isi okwu ndị na-apụtakarị n'egwú ya bụ mwute, ihe mgbu nke onwe, [[Obi gbawara agbawa | ihe mgbu obi]], [[ịhụnanya otu akụkụ]], enweghị ụra, ike ọgwụgwụ, [[naanị onwe]], na njide onwe onye.<ref name="QuinoneroRouge" /><ref name="popmatters" /> A tụkwanyere okwu ya [[deadpan]], nke e ji "ikuku dị jụụ na nke na-adịghị ekpo ọkụ" mara, tụnyere nke onye na-abụ abụ German [[Nico (onye na-abụ abụ)|Nico]].<ref name="blurt">{{cite web |last=Kopp |first=Bill |date=14 October 2014 |title=BEYOND THE VALLEY OF THE FRANCOPHILES: Françoise Hardy |url=https://blurtonline.com/feature/beyond-the-valley-of-the-francophiles-francoise-hardy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505152753/https://blurtonline.com/feature/beyond-the-valley-of-the-francophiles-francoise-hardy/ |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=16 May 2021 |work=[[Blurt (magazine)|Blurt]] |accessdate=4 June 2026 |archivedate=5 May 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505152753/https://blurtonline.com/feature/beyond-the-valley-of-the-francophiles-francoise-hardy/ }}</ref> [[File:Francoise Hardy ad.jpg|thumb|Hardy na 1965|172x172px]] A maara Hardy maka ịkpachara anya n'egwu ya, dịka mkpebi ya ịhapụ ụlọ ihe nkiri French dị ala maka ụlọ ihe nkiri dị elu na London.<ref name="Deluxe60" /> Ka ọ na-etolite, Hardy malitere ide abụ nke na-eme ka obi dajụọ ya, mana ọ họrọkwara n'ime ọrụ ndị ọkachamara na-edu ndú.<ref name="sixties" /> Onye mmepụta [[Erick Benzi]] chetara: "Site na mgbe ọ dị afọ 18, ọ maara na ọ dị iche. O nwere ike ịga n'ihu ndị omenkà ukwu dịka [[Charles Aznavour]] wee sị, 'Abụ gị dị egwu, achọghị m ịbụ ya.' Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ dara ghi n'okwu ya."<ref name="uncut" /> [[Tony Cox (record producer)|Tony Cox]] chetara ahụmịhe ya na Hardy na-arụkọ ọrụ: "Françoise dị mma n'ihi na ọ na-enwe mmasị n'ihe dị iche iche karịa ka ọ na-adịkarị. E nwere ntakịrị nke Left Bank{{refn|group=note|name=Left Bank}} gbasara ya - ọ bụghị onye na-abụ abụ pop nkịtị gị, nke ahụ bụ eziokwu."<ref name="uncut" /><ref name="ledevoir21">{{cite web |last=Cormier |first=Sylvain |date=15 May 2021 |title="Chansons sur toi et nous": les mots de la parolière |trans-title="Songs about you and us": the lyricist's words |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/lire/601112/chansons-sur-toi-et-nous-les-mots-de-la-paroliere |access-date=30 May 2021 |work=[[Le Devoir]] |language=French}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-akwado [[yé-yé]] nke ukwuu, ọ dị iche na ndị ọgbọ ya n'ide ọtụtụ ihe o dere.<ref name="originales" /><ref name="npr" /> A makwaara ya maka ime ka nkà ya dị ka onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-akụ egwu dị ala.<ref name="internautes">{{cite web |last=Ollivier |first=Stéphane |date=7 July 2000 |title=L'interview des internautes : Françoise Hardy |trans-title=The internet users' interview: Françoise Hardy |url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/musique/linterview-des-internautes-francoise-hardy-98657-07-07-2000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510143831/https://www.lesinrocks.com/musique/linterview-des-internautes-francoise-hardy-98657-07-07-2000/ |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=8 May 2021 |work=[[Les Inrockuptibles]] |language=French}}</ref> Ihe ndị o dere emeghị ka ọ dị ka ọ na-emebu, dịka o gwara''Rock & Folk'' na 2018: "Aghọtara m na ọ bụrụgodị na m mụta ihe, agaghị m enwe ike ime nke ọma dịka ezigbo ndị na-abụ abụ. Ọ bụ ya mere m ji chee na ọ kacha mma ịkpọbata ndị egwu ọrụ ha metụrụ m n'ahụ."<ref name="rocknfolk" /> === Mmetụta === N’oge mbụ, mmasị egwu ya bụ ndị na-abụ French ''[[chanson]]'', gụnyere Cora Vaucaire, [[Georges Guétary]], [[Charles Trenet]], na [[Jacques Brel]], ebe ọ bụ na n’afọ 1950s nke a bụ naanị egwu a na-akpọ na redio.<ref name="allmusic" /><ref name="melodides">{{cite web |last=Norot |first=Anne-Claire |date=7 July 2000 |title=Françoise Hardy : ses mélodies du bonheur |url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/musique/francoise-hardy-ses-melodies-du-bonheur-98659-07-07-2000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508234645/https://www.lesinrocks.com/musique/francoise-hardy-ses-melodies-du-bonheur-98659-07-07-2000/ |archive-date=8 May 2021 |access-date=8 May 2021 |work=[[Les Inrockuptibles]] |language=French}}</ref><ref name="radio" /> O kwuru na Trenet metụrụ ya n’obi karịa ndị ọzọ n’ihi na egwu ya “na-ewute ma dịkwa nro”.<ref>{{cite web |last=Médioni |first=Gilles |date=21 November 2011 |title=Le musée imaginaire de Françoise Hardy |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/musique/le-musee-imaginaire-de-francoise-hardy_1189809.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508232040/https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/musique/le-musee-imaginaire-de-francoise-hardy_1189809.html |archive-date=8 May 2021 |access-date=8 May 2021 |work=[[L'Express]] |language=French}}</ref> Hardy bụkwa nnukwu onye na-akwado onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-ede egwu [[Barbara (singer)|Barbara]], bụ onye kpaliri ya ide abụ nke ya.<ref name="uncut" /> N’oge mmalite 1960s, e webatara ya na rock and roll nke asụsụ Bekee na [[Brill Building pop]] site na [[Radio Luxembourg]] ma were mmụọ nsọ site n’aka ndị omenkà dịka [[Brenda Lee]],<ref name="vie" /> [[the Everly Brothers]], [[the Shadows]], [[Cliff Richard]], [[Neil Sedaka]], [[Connie Francis]], ma karịsịa [[Elvis Presley]] na [[Paul Anka]].<ref name="allmusic" /><ref name="Deluxe57">Deluxe, 2013. p. 57</ref><ref name="melodides" /><ref name="life">{{cite web |last=Moreland |first=Quinn |date=15 October 2020 |title=French Icon Françoise Hardy on the Music of Her Life |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/5-10-15-20/french-icon-francoise-hardy-on-the-music-of-her-life/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427230731/https://pitchfork.com/features/5-10-15-20/french-icon-francoise-hardy-on-the-music-of-her-life/ |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=27 April 2021 |publisher=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> Hardy kwuru na ọ “juru ya anya kpamkpam” site n’aka ndị omenkà ndị a na-eto eto si mba ọzọ, wee malite ịgba egwu ma kpọọ guitar iji gbalịa iṅomi ha.<ref name="radio" /> O chetara na 2008: “Ozugbo ahụ m jikọtara onwe m na ha, n’ihi na ha na-egosipụta ịnọ naanị n’oge ntorobịa na ihere, n’elu melodi ndị na-akpali karịa okwu ha”.<ref name="Hardy Two" /> Egwu Hardy n’akụkụ nke abụọ nke afọ iri ahụ tinyere mmetụta sitere na British Invasion pop phenomenon na “mweghachi siri ike nke ụkpụrụ ọdịnala French ''chanson'', ọ bụghị yé-yé ma ọ bụ ‘Left Bank’,{{refn|group=note|name=Left Bank|The "Left Bank" scene—named after the [[Rive Gauche|left bank of the Seine]]—was a subgenre of French ''chanson'' that emerged in the 1940s, characterized by its stripped-down sound and "emphasis on poetic craftsmanship".<ref>{{cite book|access-date=31 May 2021|pages=93–94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KLrkA9LoIoC&pg=PA93|title=Music and the Elusive Revolution: Cultural Politics and Political Culture in France, 1968–1981|first=Eric|last=Drott|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0520268975|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612010652/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KLrkA9LoIoC&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>}} kama nke ahụ, kama nke ịhụnanya”.<ref name="QuinoneroFleur">Quinonero, 2017, "«La plus belle des fleurs de ton jardin»"</ref> Album ya nke 1964 ''Mon amie la rose'' tinyere mmetụta sitere na usoro [[Wall of Sound]] nke [[Phil Spector]],<ref name="dois" /> yana onye na-ede egwu Italiant [[Ennio Morricone]].<ref name="p4kreviews" /> Onye guitar na onye nhazi si Brazil Tuca mere ka Hardy mata [[bossa nova]], nke mechara rute na album 1971 [[La question (album)|''La Question'']].<ref name="telerama16" /><ref name="franceinter">{{cite web |last1=Varrod |first1=Didier |date=16 July 2016 |title=Comment te dire Hardy |url=https://www.franceinter.fr/emissions/comment-te-dire-hardy/comment-te-dire-hardy-16-juillet-2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028022834/https://www.franceinter.fr/emissions/comment-te-dire-hardy/comment-te-dire-hardy-16-juillet-2016 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |access-date=27 October 2016 |publisher=[[France Inter]] |language=fr}}</ref> Hardy bụ onye na-enwe mmasị n’aka onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-ede egwu folk nke Bekee [[Nick Drake]].<ref name="nickdrake">{{cite book |last=Humphries |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gu8xvkUc91cC&pg=PT190 |title=Nick Drake: The Biography |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1408841440 |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612010655/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gu8xvkUc91cC&pg=PT190#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=12 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> O chetara: “Maka m, ọ bụghị nke omenala Britain pụrụ iche... Ọ bụ mkpụrụ obi na-apụta n’egwu ya kpatara m mmetụta miri emi—ihe ịhụnanya, uri... kamakwa melodi ndị a nụchara anụcha. Tinyere ụda olu ya pụrụ iche, nke na-eme ka obi mgbu nke ihe ahụ dum dịkwuo omimi.”<ref name="nickdrake" /> A na-ahụkarị na àgwà ha, olu ha, na mmasị ha n’ụda chords na harmony yiri ibe ha.<ref name="uncut" /> N’afọ 1972, album mbụ [[Véronique Sanson]] mere mmetụta n’ahụ Hardy, nke mere ka ọ malite iche na egwu nke ya aghọwo nke oge gara aga.<ref name="life" /> O kọwara echiche ya banyere Sanson n’akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya: “Ọ dị ka mmetụta Bekee na Amerịka nke yé-yé ji obi ụtọ na-eṅomi... e tinyere ya nke ọma ma mepụta ihe ọhụrụ nke tozuru oke n’egwu, ma bụrụkwa nke onwe.”<ref name="HardyEight" /> Mpụta ọrụ Hardy na 1996 ''Le danger'' tinyere mmetụta sitere na otu Bekee [[Portishead (band)|Portishead]]<ref name="allmusic" /> yana ụdị egwu [[grunge]], [[Britpop]], na [[roots rock]].<ref name="LeDanger" /><ref name="telerama16" /> ===Mmepe=== ====1962–1967==== Album mbụ Hardy zuru ogologo oge, ''Tous les garçons et les filles'', nke nwere mmetụ rockabilly, bụ nke kacha nso o ruru n’ụdị yé-yé. A maara album ahụ maka ndokwa dị mfe na nke minimalizim, nke gụnyere gita acoustic na electric, bass, na percussion nke nwere mmetụta jazz.<ref name="p4kreviews"/><ref name="yehyeh">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-yeh-yeh-girl-from-paris-mw0000385568|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|title=The Yeh-Yeh Girl from Paris – Françoise Hardy|first=Stewart|last=Mason|access-date=14 May 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513165924/https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-yeh-yeh-girl-from-paris-mw0000385568|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dois"/> Album ya na-esote, ''Le premier bonheur du jour,'' tinyere ngwá ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya karị na uri egwu,<ref name="exclaim">{{cite web|url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/francoise_hardy-tous_les_garcons_et_les_filles_le_premier_bonheur_du_jour_mon_amie_la_rose_lamitie_la_maison_ou_jai_grandi|access-date=15 May 2021|title=Françoise Hardy – Tous les garçons et les filles / Le premier bonheur du jour / Mon amie la rose / L'Amitié / La maison où j'ai grandi|date=14 October 2015|work=[[Exclaim!]]|first=Cosette|last=Schulz|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515074500/https://exclaim.ca/music/article/francoise_hardy-tous_les_garcons_et_les_filles_le_premier_bonheur_du_jour_mon_amie_la_rose_lamitie_la_maison_ou_jai_grandi|url-status=live}}</ref> jiri [[electric organ]] na nhazi eriri “na-ebe akwa”,<ref name="dois"/> ma tinye egwu sitere n’ụdị jazz na otu ụmụ agbọghọ America dịka [[the Crystals]] na [[the Ronettes]].<ref name="p4kreviews"/> N’etiti afọ 1960, egwu ya ghọrọ nke juputara ma baa ụba karị<ref name="uncut"/> mgbe ọ kwagara London ka ya na onye nhazi egwu [[Charles Blackwell (music arranger)|Charles Blackwell]] rụọ ọrụ, onye nyere ya ohere “iru ọkwa ọhụrụ nke sophistication.”<ref name="Deluxe60"/> Album ''Mon amie la rose,'' nke e wepụtara na 1964, gosiri mmụba n’ịdị mgbagwoju anya n’egwu ya, jiri olu siri ike karị na nyocha ọhụrụ n’usoro abụ.<ref name="exclaim"/><ref name="blurt"/> Ihe Hardy mere na 1965–66 gosiri uto na mmepe ụdị ya, na mmepụta ndị “si na ụda yeh-yé dị ntakịrị ma dị thin gaa n’ụdị rock nhazi zuru oke karị.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-vogue-years-mw0000461878|title=The Vogue Years – Françoise Hardy|first=John|last=Bush|access-date=14 May 2021|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514175437/https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-vogue-years-mw0000461878|url-status=live}}</ref> Ụda zuru oke nke album ya na-esote, ''L'amitié,'' bụ nke sara mbara nke ukwuu.<ref name="bestfit">{{cite web|url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/features/articlestrack-by-track/francoise-hardy-reissues|work=[[The Line of Best Fit]]|access-date=16 May 2021|date=23 February 2016|title=The fleeting voice of a generation: Françoise Hardy's first five albums reassessed|last=Hayley|first=Scott|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516063437/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/features/articlestrack-by-track/francoise-hardy-reissues|url-status=live|accessdate=4 June 2026|archivedate=16 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516063437/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/features/articlestrack-by-track/francoise-hardy-reissues}}</ref> Dị ka [[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] Hazel Cills si kwuo: “Ọ bụ naanị ruo album nke ise ya, ''La maison où j'ai grandi,'' ka Hardy malitere inwe ụda tozuru etozu, nke [[Baroque pop|baroque]], nke dabara na omimi nke mwute ya na mgbagwoju ya.”<ref name="p4kreviews"/> Warfield chere na nke a bụ album ebe ọ “tọrọ ntọala nke ọma n’ụda ya, na-egosi anyị onye na-eme egwu anyị ka nwere ike ịmata ya ọbụna mgbe ọ dị afọ 70.”<ref name="dois"/> Na ''Ma jeunesse fout le camp,'' album ikpeazụ ya nke afọ 1960 e dekọrọ na London, ọ “kwagara n’ụdị ballad [[Orchestral pop|orchestrated pop]] nke tozuru etozu ma dị jụụ karị”<ref name="mjflc">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/ma-jeunesse-fout-le-camp-mw0000455346|title=Ma Jeunesse Fout Le Camp – Françoise Hardy|access-date=14 May 2021|first=Richie|last=Unterberger|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|author-link=Richie Unterberger|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507180645/https://www.allmusic.com/album/ma-jeunesse-fout-le-camp-mw0000455346|url-status=live}}</ref> nke a kọwara dị ka “nkwedebe ya na oge yé-yé.”<ref name="trodaec">{{cite web |last=Trodaec |first=Michel |date=8 April 2020 |title=Les trésors de nos discothèques. Françoise Hardy a chanté tant de belles choses |trans-title=The treasures of our record collections. Françoise Hardy sang so many beautiful things. |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/culture/musiques/les-tresors-de-nos-discotheques-francoise-hardy-chante-tant-de-belles-choses-6803149 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213817/https://www.ouest-france.fr/culture/musiques/les-tresors-de-nos-discotheques-francoise-hardy-chante-tant-de-belles-choses-6803149 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=30 May 2021 |work=[[Ouest-France]] |language=French}}</ref> ==== 1968–1974 ==== Na nloghachi Hardy na ụlọ ndekọ French, 1968 ''Comment te dire adieu'' nwere ụdị [[Middle of the road (music)|MOR]] karịa ọrụ ya gara aga.<ref name="ctda">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/comment-te-dire-adieu-mw0000745282|title=Comment Te Dire Adieu – Françoise Hardy|access-date=14 May 2021|first=Richie|last=Unterberger|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|author-link=Richie Unterberger|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513000744/https://www.allmusic.com/album/comment-te-dire-adieu-mw0000745282|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Richie Unterberger]] weere egwu ya dịka “ikekwe ọbụna nke jupụtara n’iru uju na mmetụta karịa ka ọ na-adị”.<ref name="ctda"/> Ka oge yé-yé na-apụ n’anya mgbe ngagharị [[May 68]] gasịrị na France, Hardy “gbanwere onwe ya bụrụ onye na-egosi folk-rock/jazz ''chanteuse'' nke na-adịghị mfe ịchọta” n’ọrụ ya n’afọ 1970s mbụ.<ref name="mattjames">{{cite web|url=https://www.popmatters.com/179429-francoise-hardy-message-personnel-40th-anniversary-edition-2495683722.html|title=Françoise Hardy: Message Personnel (40th Anniversary Edition)|access-date=11 May 2021|publisher=[[PopMatters]]|last=James|first=Matt|date=21 March 2014|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511133658/https://www.popmatters.com/179429-francoise-hardy-message-personnel-40th-anniversary-edition-2495683722.html|url-status=live}}</ref> O mepụtara ụdị dịkwuo tozuru etozu, nke na-adịchaghị pop, iji gosipụta akụkụ dị omimi nke onwe ya.<ref name="rfi"/> A kọwara ya dị ka “album mbụ Françoise Hardy nke dị ezigbo onwe”,<ref name="monroe"/> album 1971 ''La question,'' nke na-aga n’ụzọ ụda na-adịghị azụmahịa ma na-enweghị [[Hook (music)|hooks]] doro anya, weere dị ka mgbanwe dị mkpa n’ọrụ ya.<ref name="telerama16">{{cite web|url=http://www.telerama.fr/musique/francoise-hardy-en-question,140803.php|title=Françoise Hardy en question|last1=Rigoulet|first1=Laurent|date=9 April 2016|work=[[Télérama]]|publisher=Groupe Le Monde|access-date=25 October 2016|language=fr|archive-date=26 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026080152/http://www.telerama.fr/musique/francoise-hardy-en-question,140803.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2013/02/15/gente/1360951854_946751.html|title=La 'chanson' de la musa madura|last1=Galán|first1=Lola|date=15 February 2013|work=[[El País]]|publisher=Ediciones El País, S.L.|access-date=27 October 2016|language=es|quote=Atrás quedan los temas de su primera etapa, cancioncillas pegadizas de las que abomina. Hasta ''La question'', de 1971, a partir de la cual se inicia una segunda época de la que sí está orgullosa.|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612012528/https://elpais.com/elpais/2013/02/15/gente/1360951854_946751.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n’ime ọrụ ya kacha dị jụụ, nwere nhazi ụda dị nro na nke akụrụngwa acoustic, gụnyere guitar, ntakịrị bass na orchestration dị nro.<ref name="originales"/><ref name="allmusicquestion">{{cite web| author-link=Richie Unterberger| url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/la-question-mw0000473522| last=Unterberger| first=Richie| title=La Question – Françoise Hardy| publisher=[[AllMusic]]| access-date=4 May 2014| archive-date=29 July 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729073948/http://www.allmusic.com/album/la-question-mw0000473522| url-status=live}}</ref> A kọwara olu Hardy dị ka “nke na-adọrọ adọrọ” na “nke dị nro”, mgbe ụfọdụ “[na-eji] hum melodic [[humming]] kama ịbụ abụ, na-egosipụta mmetụta nke abụ ahụ n’enweghị okwu.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musthear.com/music/reviews/francoise-hardy/la-question/|title=Françoise Hardy – La question|last=Ballon|first=John|date=6 October 2008|publisher=MustHear|access-date=10 November 2016|archive-date=11 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111200219/http://www.musthear.com/music/reviews/francoise-hardy/la-question/|url-status=live|accessdate=4 June 2026|archivedate=11 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111200219/http://www.musthear.com/music/reviews/francoise-hardy/la-question/}}</ref> ''La question'' bụkwa oge mbụ Hardy sonyeere n’ịhọrọ nhazi strings maka ọrụ ya.<ref name="HardySeven">Hardy, 2018 [2008], "Seven"</ref> Mgbe ''La question'' gasịrị, Hardy gara n’ihu n’ụzọ egwu folk na rock kpaliri ya.<ref name="QuinoneroRouge">Quinonero, 2017, "Le rouge et l'orange"</ref> Nke a mere ka onye nrụpụta [[Joe Boyd]] kwuo ka Nick Drake dee album abụ maka Hardy, nke Tony Cox ga-emepụta.<ref name="uncut">{{cite web|url=https://www.uncut.co.uk/features/francoise-hardy-interviewed-head-im-still-young-105862/|title=Françoise Hardy interviewed: "In my head I'm still very young"|access-date=9 May 2021|first=Tom|last=Pinnock|work=[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]|date=15 June 2018|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509061403/https://www.uncut.co.uk/features/francoise-hardy-interviewed-head-im-still-young-105862/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ndị abụọ ahụ zutere ọtụtụ oge, gụnyere nleta Nick Drake na nnọkọ ndekọ Hardy na London, ma a naghị eme atụmatụ ahụ.<ref name="uncut"/><ref name="nickdrake"/> Cox nwere mmasị ịrụ ọrụ na Hardy, ma n’ọnwa ikpeazụ nke 1971 dekọọ ''If You Listen'', nke jiri “otu ndị egwu British folk-rock kacha mma”.<ref name="uncut"/> N’ihi mmetụta Drake,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aquariumdrunkard.com/2020/02/28/the-lagniappe-sessions-yann-tiersen/|title=The Lagniappe Sessions: Yann Tiersen|access-date=15 May 2021|date=28 February 2020|publisher=[[Aquarium Drunkard]]|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515185819/https://aquariumdrunkard.com/2020/02/28/the-lagniappe-sessions-yann-tiersen/|url-status=live}}</ref> album ahụ gosipụtara nhazi “cinematic” nke na-etinye guitar acoustic na strings dị nro.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/if-you-listen-mw0000462501|title=If You Listen – Françoise Hardy|author-link=Richie Unterberger|last=Unterberger|first=Richie|access-date=14 May 2021|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514171245/https://www.allmusic.com/album/if-you-listen-mw0000462501|url-status=live}}</ref> N’otu afọ ahụ, Hardy wepụtara ''Et si je m'en vais avant toi'', nke tinyere mmetụta blues, folk, na rock nke America<ref name="QuinoneroRouge"/><ref name="orangenightfall">{{cite web|author=Waltersmoke|date=31 May 2014|title=Françoise HARDY – Et Si Je M'en Vais Avant Toi (1972)|url=http://fp.nightfall.fr/index_6784_franoise-hardy-et-si-je-m-en-vais-avant-toi.html|publisher=Forces Parallèles. Nightfall.fr|language=French|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612012437/http://fp.nightfall.fr/index_6784_franoise-hardy-et-si-je-m-en-vais-avant-toi.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ma nwee, n’ụzọ pụrụ iche, ụda dị ntakịrị nke na-akpa ọchị na rhythm ndị na-adọrọ mmasị.<ref name="QuinoneroRouge"/> Hardy kpọrọ [[Michel Berger]], onye nrụpụta album mbụ Véronique Sanson, ka ọ duzie mmepụta album ya 1973 ''Message personnel.''<ref name="HardyEight"/> Album ahụ nwere nhazi nke [[Michel Bernholc]], onye duziri “otu rock band dị mfe na nke nwere strings jupụtara, [na-eme ka] olu Hardy dị nro ma na-adọrọ adọrọ pụta ìhè.”<ref name="mpr">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/message-personnel-mw0000728077|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=14 May 2021|title=Message Personnel – Françoise Hardy|first=Thom|last=Jurek|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612072647/https://www.allmusic.com/album/message-personnel-mw0000728077|url-status=live}}</ref> Album ahụ nwere ọnọdụ jupụtara n’iru uju na nke na-enyo enyo, yana “ụda tozuru etozu, nke dị mma maka ndị okenye”.<ref name="mattjames"/> Ndekọ 1974 ''Entr'acte'' bụ mgbalị mbụ Hardy mere n’ime [[concept album]], nke nwere okwu na-akọ “usoro nke abalị otu oge n’etiti onye ọbịa na nwa agbọghọ, onye a hapụrụ n’ihi nwoke ọ hụrụ n’anya, na-achọ ịkwụ ya ụgwọ”.<ref name="HardyNine">Hardy, 2018 [2008], "Nine"</ref> Ọ nwere nhazi orchestral nke [[Del Newman]], onye rụrụ ọrụ na album Elton John ''[[Goodbye Yellow Brick Road]]'' na album Cat Stevens ''[[Tea for the Tillerman]]''.<ref name="HardyNine"/> ==== 1975–2018 ==== Album ''Star,'' nke 1977, nke bụ ndekọ [[Jazz pop|''pop nwere ntụziaka jazz'']], bụ album mbụ Hardy mere ka Gabriel Yared hazie, onye mepụtara ihe ọ na-emepụta ruo afọ iri sochirinụ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fp.nightfall.fr/index_6929_franoise-hardy-star.html|language=French|access-date=27 May 2021|title=Françoise HARDY – Star (1977)|author=Waltersmoke|publisher=Forces Parallèles. Nightfall.fr|date=18 July 2014|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527030741/http://fp.nightfall.fr/index_6929_franoise-hardy-star.html|url-status=live}}</ref> N’afọ 1978, ka [[disco]] na-achị ụlọ ọrụ egwu, Yared gbalịrị ime ka ụda ya kwekọọ na oge ahụ site na mwepụta nke ''Musique saoûle'', nke tinyere rhythms sitere na [[funk music]].<ref name="QuinoneroTonic">Quinonero, 2017, "Saoule au gin-tonic"</ref> Onye na-abụ egwu kwuru mgbe e mesịrị na ọ naghị adị ya mma ma na-eme ya ihere mgbe ọ na-abụ abụ n’elu rhythms egwu ịgba egwu.<ref name="QuinoneroTonic"/> Album nke 1988 ''Décalages,'' nke a ma ama maka ụda ya nwere ọtụtụ layers na ikuku pụrụ iche,<ref name="ledangerrocks">{{cite web|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/musique/track-of-confinement-9-le-danger-de-francoise-hardy-147752-26-03-2020/|language=French|work=[[Les Inrockuptibles]]|title=Track of confinement #9 : Le Danger, de Françoise Hardy|date=26 March 2020|first=Franck|last=Vergeade|access-date=26 May 2021|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527023538/https://www.lesinrocks.com/musique/track-of-confinement-9-le-danger-de-francoise-hardy-147752-26-03-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> tinyere iji [[Synclavier]] synthesizer, n’agbanyeghị na onye na-abụ egwu achọghị ụda dijitalụ nke oge ahụ kama ọ họọrọ ụdị acoustic.<ref name="HardyThirteen"/> N’afọ 1996, site n’ike mmụọ nsọ sitere na [[alternative rock]] scene, Hardy gbanwere gaa n’ụdị egwu rock nke oge ọhụrụ, nke na-egosipụta ike na guitar, na album ''Le danger'', album mbụ ya mgbe afọ asaa gachara.<ref name="allmusic"/><ref name="LeDanger">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/le-danger-mw0000610510|author-link=Richie Unterberger|last=Unterberger|first=Richie|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=10 May 2021|title=Le Danger – Françoise Hardy|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509091056/https://www.allmusic.com/album/le-danger-mw0000610510|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]’s Jazz Monroe kọwara egwu ya dị ka "[[Adult contemporary music|adult-contemporary]] [[space rock]]".<ref name="monroe"/> Ụda siri ike na okwu nke album ahụ gosipụtara oge "ọchịchịrị nke ukwuu" nke onye na-abụ egwu nọ n’ime ya n’oge ahụ.<ref name="internautes"/> Ọdịda azụmaahịa nke ''Le danger'', tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ, mere ka Hardy laghachi n’ụdị egwu ya dị nro na nke dị mfe maka album sochirinụ, ''[[Clair-obscur (album)|Clair-obscur]]'', nke pụtara n’afọ 2000,<ref name="internautes"/> ma album ise ikpeazụ ya gosipụtara ụda mara mma ma juputara n’obi mgbu na ntụgharị uche.<ref name="trodaec"/> Album 2006 ''(Parenthèses...)'' bụ nchịkọta duet iri na abụọ nwere mmepụta nke jiri obere tricks na mixing dị larịị, nke mere ka e jiri ya tụnyere ọrụ mbụ dị ọcha dịka ''La question''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/parenth%C3%A8ses-mw0000771851|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=23 May 2021|title=Parenthèses – Françoise Hardy|last=McClintock|first=J. Scott|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523200637/https://www.allmusic.com/album/parenth%C3%A8ses-mw0000771851|url-status=live}}</ref> Tụnyere album ndị gara aga, album 2010 ''La pluie sans parapluie'' nwere ụda “na-enwu karịa”, nke ụfọdụ egwu ya dabere na drum na bass kama piano ma ọ bụ strings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/la-pluie-sans-parapluie-mw0001969720|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=23 May 2021|title=La Pluie Sans Parapluie – Françoise Hardy|last=Prunes|first=Mariano|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523200638/https://www.allmusic.com/album/la-pluie-sans-parapluie-mw0001969720|url-status=live}}</ref> Album ya nke 2012 ''L'amour fou'' gosipụtara olu a na-abụ nke ọkara-abụ, ọkara-okwu, ma nwee ọnọdụ "nwere nnabata, nke na-atụgharị uche",<ref name="lefou">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/apr/11/francoise-hardy-amour-fou-review|title=Françoise Hardy: L'Amour Fou – review|access-date=13 May 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Caroline|last=Sullivan|date=11 April 2013|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612072659/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/apr/11/francoise-hardy-amour-fou-review|url-status=live}}</ref> jiri piano “mara mma”, minor chords na brushed drums dị ka nkwado.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-francoise-hardy-l-amour-fou-emi-8571960.html|access-date=13 May 2021|title=Album: Françoise Hardy, L'Amour Fou (EMI)|date=13 April 2013|first=Simon|last=Price|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513045612/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-francoise-hardy-l-amour-fou-emi-8571960.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okwu n’abụ nke album ikpeazụ ya, ''[[Personne d'autre]]'', nke pụtara n’afọ 2018, metụtara afọ ya na-aga n’ihu na echiche banyere ọnwụ ya. Ọ lanarịrị nnukwu nsogbu ahụike kemgbe mwepụta album gara aga,<ref name="monroe">{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/francoise-hardy-personne-dautre/|title=Françoise Hardy: Personne d'autre Album Review|first=Jazz|last=Monroe|access-date=10 May 2021|publisher=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511211858/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/francoise-hardy-personne-dautre/|url-status=live}}</ref> ma arụ olu ya n’album ahụ metụtara ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="allmusicpersonne" /> Isiokwu ojii nke okwu n’abụ nke ''Personne d'autre'' dị iche na ụda dị nro na nke nso nke onye na-abụ egwu jiri mara ya na mbụ.<ref name="monroe" /><ref name="allmusicpersonne">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/personne-dautre-mw0003160885|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=23 May 2021|title=Personne d'Autre – Françoise Hardy|first=Thom|last=Jurek|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523200637/https://www.allmusic.com/album/personne-dautre-mw0003160885|url-status=live}}</ref> == Mmemme egwu dị ndụ == [[File:Francoise Hardy C'est La Rose.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Hardy ka ọ na-eme ihe n’egwu n’afọ 1968]] Na 11 Mee 1962, Hardy mere ngosipụta mbụ ya n’ihu ndị mmadụ dịka onye na-abụ abụ dị ndụ, ya na ndị ọzọ na-eto eto na-abụ abụ, n’emume Disco Revue gala dị na [[Nancy, France|Nancy]].<ref name="QuinoneroScenes">Quinonero, 2017, "Premières scènes"</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n’abalị ekeresimesi na [[Brussels]] ma sonyekwa n’ụzọ njem egwu gara nke ọma na [[Southern France]] site na njedebe afọ 1962 ruo mmalite afọ 1963.<ref name="QuinoneroScenes" /> N’ọnwa Febrụwarị 1963, ọ pụtara na mmemme telivishọn ''Cinq colonnes à la une'' ọnụ na [[Sylvie Vartan]] na [[Sheila (French singer)|Sheila]]. E mechara were ha dị ka arụsị atọ kachasị ukwuu nke oge yé-yé, onye ọ bụla n’ime ha na-anọchite anya ụdị nwa agbọghọ oge ọhụrụ dị iche iche.<ref name="QuinoneroGraces">Quinonero, 2017, "Les Trois Grâces"</ref> O mere ngosipụta mbụ ya na ụlọ egwu [[Olympia (Paris)|Olympia]] dị na Paris, ebe ọ bụ onye meghere mmemme maka [[Richard Anthony (singer)|Richard Anthony]].<ref name="HardyThree" /> N’agbata 26 Febrụwarị na 10 Eprel, Hardy sonyere na njem egwu Gala des Stars, nke Europe n° 1 na ''Salut les copains'' kwadoro.<ref name="QuinoneroEurovision">Quinonero, 2017, "«Gala des étoiles» et concours de l'Eurovision"</ref> N’etiti ụbọchị njem egwu ndị ahụ,<ref name="QuinoneroEurovision" /> ọ nọchitere Monaco anya na [[Eurovision Song Contest 1963|Eurovision Song Contest]] nke e mere na London, ebe ọ bụrụ abụ "{{lang|fr|[[L'amour s'en va]]|italic=no}}", ma nweta ọnọdụ nke ise site na isi 25, nke ọ kesara na onye France, [[Alain Barrière]].<ref>{{cite web |title=London 1963 |url=https://eurovision.tv/event/london-1963/final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330122650/https://eurovision.tv/event/london-1963/final |archive-date=30 March 2021 |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=Eurovision Song Contest}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pessis |first1=Jacques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDMYAQAAIAAJ |title=Chronique de la chanson française |last2=Leduc |first2=Emilie |date=2003 |publisher=Editions Chronique |isbn=9782205055214 |page=102 |language=fr |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612072212/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDMYAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=12 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> N’agbata 7 Nọvemba na 18 Disemba 1963, Hardy pụtara ọzọ dịka onye meghere mmemme Anthony na Olympia dị na Paris ma nweta nkwado ọma sitere n’aka ndị nta akụkọ, ndị bụbu ndị na-akatọ ụzọ ọ si arụ ọrụ n’ihu ọha n’ihi ịdị nkịtị ya.<ref name="QuinoneroVoie">Quinonero, 2017, "Suivre sa voie"</ref> Na 11 Ọktoba, Hardy rụrụ ọrụ na [[Barcelona]], Spain, dịka akụkụ nke Great Gala nke anọ nke Sedería Española.<ref name="QuinoneroCachez" /> N’ọnwa Nọvemba, ọ malitere njem egwu mbụ ya na Italy, nke gara ọtụtụ obere obodo ndị dị n’akụkụ osimiri.<ref name="QuinoneroCachez" /> Onye na-abụ abụ ahụ nwekwara nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma na Portugal ma gaa [[Lisbon]] na njedebe afọ 1963 iji pụta na mmemme telivishọn dị iche iche.<ref name="QuinoneroCachez" /> Na 21 Febrụwarị 1964, Hardy kwalitere "Catch a Falling Star" na mmemme telivishọn Britain ''[[Ready Steady Go!]]''<ref name="QuinoneroCachez" /> ma n’otu mmemme ahụ kwa, ọ bụrụ "All Around the World". Ọ pụtakwara na [[Five O'Clock Club|''Ollie and Fred's Five O'Clock Club'']], ''[[Thank Your Lucky Stars (TV series)|Thank Your Lucky Stars]]'', na ''[[Top of the Pops]]''.<ref name="QuinoneroMonde" /> Na United States, Hardy mere ngosipụta mbụ ya na mmemme ''[[Hullabaloo (TV series)|Hullabaloo]]'' nke [[NBC]], ebe ọ bụrụ "However Much", ụdị asụsụ abụọ nke abụ [[Charles Trenet]] "[[Que reste-t-il de nos amours ?]]", nakwa nsụgharị nke "[[The Girl from Ipanema]]".<ref name="QuinoneroMonde" /> Hardy ghọrọ onye a ma ama n’otu ntabi anya na Germany mgbe ọ pụtara na telivishọn na 28 Eprel 1965 na ''Portrait in Musik'', usoro mmemme egwu e haziri ma duzie site n’aka Truck Branss.<ref name="HardyThree" /><ref name="QuinoneroMonde" /> N’okpuru nrụgide sitere n’aka ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ egwu ya nke France na Italy,<ref name="HardyThree" /> Hardy sonyere na [[Sanremo Music Festival 1966]], ebe ọ rutere n’ọkwa ikpeazụ site n’abụ "Parlami di te" nke [[Edoardo Vianello]] dere.<ref>{{cite book |last=Giannotti |first=Marcello |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1HE8o8RTXgC&pg=PA233 |title=L'enciclopedia di Sanremo: 55 anni di storia del festival dalla A alla Z |publisher=Gremese Editore |year=2005 |isbn=978-8884403797 |page=233 |language=Italian |trans-title=The Sanremo Encyclopedia: 55 years of the festival's history from A to Z |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612072142/https://books.google.com/books?id=o1HE8o8RTXgC&pg=PA233#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=12 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hardy nyere ngosipụta ndụ ikpeazụ atọ ya na [[Kinshasa]], Congo, n’ọnwa Juun 1967.<ref name="QuinoneroAnglais" /> Ọ na-enwe nsogbu [[stage fright|ụjọ ịpụta n’ihu ọha]],<ref name="HardySix" /><ref>{{cite web |date=17 January 2014 |title=Chanson singer Francoise Hardy turns 70 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/chanson-singer-francoise-hardy-turns-70/a-17369531 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516210529/https://www.dw.com/en/chanson-singer-francoise-hardy-turns-70/a-17369531 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=16 May 2021 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> nke mere ka ọ kwụsị ime mmemme egwu dị ndụ kpamkpam n’afọ 1968.<ref name="rfi" /><ref name="franceinfointerview">{{cite web |last=Vial |first=Michel |date=17 June 2016 |title=INTERVIEW. Françoise Hardy : "J'ai l'impression d'avoir tout dit, je ne crois pas que je puisse faire mieux" |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/musique/chanson-francaise/interview-francoise-hardy-quot-jai-limpression-davoir-tout-dit-je-ne-crois-pas-que-je-puisse-faire-mieuxquot_3305387.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612012955/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/musique/chanson-francaise/interview-francoise-hardy-quot-jai-limpression-davoir-tout-dit-je-ne-crois-pas-que-je-puisse-faire-mieuxquot_3305387.html |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=18 May 2021 |publisher=[[France Info]] |language=French}}</ref> ==Ngosipụta ọha== ===Àgwà mmadụ=== Dị ka onye a ma ama n’ihu ọha, a maara Hardy nke ọma n’ihi [[ihere]] ya na omume ya nke ịdị jụụ ma ghara ịmasị ịpụta ìhè n’ihu mmadụ,<ref name="uncut"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160830-why-we-should-celebrate-shyness|title=Why we should celebrate shyness|access-date=10 May 2021|last=Robson|first=David|publisher=[[BBC Future]]|date=31 August 2016|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060158/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160830-why-we-should-celebrate-shyness|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dois">{{cite web|url=https://drownedinsound.com/releases/19179/reviews/4149696|title=Album Review: Françoise Hardy – 2016 reissues|publisher=[[Drowned in Sound]]|date=15 January 2016|first=Russell|last=Warfield|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511115725/https://drownedinsound.com/releases/19179/reviews/4149696|url-status=dead|accessdate=4 June 2026|archivedate=11 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511115725/https://drownedinsound.com/releases/19179/reviews/4149696}}</ref> ma ndị na-ekiri ya na-ekwukarị banyere “agwa ya nke na-adịghị amasị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dịka onye a ma ama.”<ref name="p4kreviews">{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21098-tous-les-garcons-et-les-filles-le-premier-bonheur-du-jour-mon-amie-la-rose-lamitie-la-maison-ou-jai-grandi/|access-date=13 May 2021|publisher=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|title=Françoise Hardy: Tous Les Garçons Et Les Filles / Le Premier Bonheur Du Jour / Mon Amie La Rose / La Maison Ou J'Ai Grandi / L'Amitié|first=Hazel|last=Cills|date=21 October 2015|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513183852/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21098-tous-les-garcons-et-les-filles-le-premier-bonheur-du-jour-mon-amie-la-rose-lamitie-la-maison-ou-jai-grandi/|url-status=live}}</ref> N’akwụkwọ ndụ ya na n’ajụjụ ọnụ dị iche iche, ọ na-ekwu n’ụzọ doro anya banyere ọgụ ya na [[anxiety]], [[self-doubt]], [[loneliness]] na [[inferiority complex]].<ref name="HardyThree"/><ref name="HardyEight">Hardy, 2018 [2008], "Eight"</ref> Tom Pinnock nke ''Uncut'' kwuru na “ọ bụ n’ihi na ọ jụrụ iso egwuregwu nke [[showbusiness]] na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ụdị [[icon]].”<ref name="uncut"/> Ọnọdụ ya nke ịbụ [[celebrity]] n’oge na-adịghị anya ghọrọ ihe na-enye ya nnukwu nsogbu, dịka o kwuru na 2011: “Ihe niile ahụ adịghị amasị m ma ọlị, tinyere ihe ndị na-esonyere ya, mgbe n’otu ntabi anya mmadụ ghọrọ onye a ma ama nke ukwuu. (...) [Ịrụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ejiji ndị a ma ama] bụ ọrụ, ihe ndị m ga-eme, ọrụ na-agwụ ike—ọ dịghị amasị m ma ọlị... Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ka mmadụ nwee ahụ iru ala mgbe a na-enwe mmasị n’ebe ya nọ nke ukwuu—ọ bụghị ọnọdụ nkịtị. Nke ahụ anaghị amasị m ma ọlị. Eziokwu bụ na anaghị m enwe ahụ iru ala n’ọrụ ndụ m n’ezie, ya mere okwu ‘icon’—ọ dị ka a na-ekwu maka onye ọzọ, ọ bụghị m n’ezie.”<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0118bgw|title=Falling for Francoise|date=21 May 2011|publisher=Falling Tree Productions. [[BBC Radio 4 Extra]]|access-date=22 May 2011|medium=radio program|others=Andrew, John (interviewer); Hall, Alan (producer)|archive-date=16 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516170724/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0118bgw|url-status=live}}</ref> Ọ naghịkwa enwe mmasị n’ụzọ ndụ nke [[jet-set]] na [[High society (social class)|ndị nọ n’ọkwa elu nke ọha mmadụ]].<ref name="allmusic" /><ref name="HardyThree" /> === Onye Na-ebute Ụzọ N’Ụwa Ejiji === [[File:Francoise Hardy in Venice.jpg|thumb|Hardy (nke e sere na Venice na 1966) nwere ntutu isi ya nke kpuchiri ọkpọiso ya na akpụkpọ ụkwụ ọcha ya, bụ́ ndị a na-ewere dịka ọdịdị pụrụ iche ya.]] Dị ka onye na-ese ya foto na onye nnọchi anya ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị ya n’ime afọ iri ahụ,<ref name="Deluxe58"/> Jean-Marie Périer ghọrọ ụdị onye yiri [[Pygmalion (mythology)|Pygmalion]] nye ya,<ref name="rfi"/><ref name="Deluxe29">Deluxe, 2013. p. 29</ref><ref name="tentaciones"/> ma gbanwee onyonyo ọha nke onye na-agụ egwú ahụ site n’ịbụ “nwa agbọghọ akwụkwọ na-eme ihere ma na-enweghị ntụkwasị obi n’ile anya” gaa n’ịbụ “nwata nwanyị oge a na-eduzi usoro ejiji ọhụrụ.”<ref name="rfi"/> O dere sị: “…[Périer] gbalịrị ime ka echiche m mepee ma nyere m aka n’akụkụ ndụ niile site n’obiọma pụrụ iche ya ... n’okpuru nduzi ya ka m ghọtara mkpa mma na ọdịdị, nke ghọrọ otu n’ime ihe ndị kacha mkpa m na-atụle. Ọ kụziri m otu esi ebu onwe m ma esi eyi uwe, ma nyekwa m ndụmọdụ gbasara omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.”<ref name="HardyThree"/> Ọ mere ka onye na-agụ egwú ahụ malite ịrụ ọrụ [[Model (person)|nlereanya ejiji]], ma n’oge na-adịghị anya ọ ghọrọ “kpakpando nke ụwa ejiji mba ụwa yana nke ụwa egwu France.”<ref name="rfi"/> Ndị na-ese foto dịka [[Gered Mankowitz]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/photos/10-iconic-rock-stars-shot-by-the-legendary-gered-mankowitz-1427944|title=10 Iconic Rock Stars Shot By The Legendary Gered Mankowitz|work=[[NME]]|access-date=15 May 2021|first=Emily|last=Barker|date=12 September 2013|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515195049/https://www.nme.com/photos/10-iconic-rock-stars-shot-by-the-legendary-gered-mankowitz-1427944|url-status=live}}</ref> [[William Klein (photographer)|William Klein]] na [[Richard Avedon]] sere ya foto maka ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="nytimes"/> Ịpụta ya ugboro ugboro n’ihu mkpuchi magazin mere ka a mara ya dịka ihe atụ kachasị pụta ìhè nke nwanyị French a na-etinye n’ihu mkpuchi magazin n’afọ ndị 1960.<ref name="tentaciones"/><ref name="mortality"/><ref name="npr"/> N’afọ 1968, Hardy gwara otu onye nta akụkọ, sị: “Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị n’ihi ụzọ m si eji uwe, ọ dịghị onye ga-achọpụta m.”<ref name="achieve" /> N’otu aka ahụ, ọ gwara ''[[Vanity Fair (magazines)|Vanity Fair]]'' na 2018, sị: “Egwu m enweghị nnukwu mmasị ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmepụta egwu Anglo-Saxon. Ya mere, m tinyere obi m n’iyi uwe ọma oge ọ bụla m gara London ma ọ bụ New York. Karịsịa, abụ m onye nnọchianya ejiji.”<ref name="vanityfair" /> Dị ka otu n’ime ndị a na-akpọ “[["it girl"]]<ref name="independent05" />” na onye ndu n’ụwa ejiji,<ref name="id" /> a na-ewere Hardy dịka ihe nnọchianya zuru oke nke “Nwanyị Oge A”<ref name="mattjames" /> nakwa nke ụdị [[chic]] French nke afọ ndị 1960<ref name="sixties">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/arts-don-t-talk-to-me-about-the-sixties-1337101.html|title=Arts: Don't talk to me about the Sixties|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128125214/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/arts-don-t-talk-to-me-about-the-sixties-1337101.html|archive-date=28 January 2021|access-date=15 May 2021|date=14 June 1996|first=Philip|last=Sweeney|work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name="independent05">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/belle-star-1528822.html|title=Belle star|access-date=20 May 2021|date=5 February 2005|work=[[The Independent]]|last=McNair|first=James|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330044111/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/belle-star-1528822.html|archive-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> na [[Coolness|ịdị jụụ na ịdị mma]],<ref name="Deluxe64">Deluxe, 2013. p. 64</ref><ref name="thetimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-rich-list/profile/article/francoise-hardy-2rzqtxjzplr|title=Françoise Hardy|date=8 January 2005|access-date=15 May 2021|work=[[The Times]]|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612012959/https://cdn.privacy-mgmt.com/wrapper/v2/messages?hasCsp=true&env=prod&body=%7B%22accountId%22%3A259%2C%22campaignEnv%22%3A%22prod%22%2C%22campaigns%22%3A%7B%22ccpa%22%3A%7B%22alwaysDisplayDNS%22%3Afalse%2C%22hasLocalData%22%3Afalse%2C%22targetingParams%22%3A%7B%7D%7D%2C%22gdpr%22%3A%7B%22consentStatus%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22targetingParams%22%3A%7B%7D%7D%7D%2C%22clientMMSOrigin%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.privacy-mgmt.com%22%2C%22hasCSP%22%3Atrue%2C%22includeData%22%3A%7B%22localState%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22string%22%7D%2C%22actions%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22RecordString%22%7D%2C%22cookies%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22RecordString%22%7D%7D%2C%22propertyHref%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%22%2C%22propertyId%22%3A5049%7D&localState=null&metadata=%7B%22ccpa%22%3A%7B%22applies%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22gdpr%22%3A%7B%22applies%22%3Afalse%7D%7D&nonKeyedLocalState=null&ch=446710079449740212bce6&scriptVersion=4.23.0&scriptType=unified|url-status=live}}</ref> nke a maara nke ọma n’ihi nhọrọ uwe ya ndị gara n’ihu oge ha na ụdị [[futuristic fashion]] ya.<ref name="uncut" /><ref name="vanguardistes" /> Brett Marie nke [[PopMatters]] kwuru na “echiche ya banyere ejiji na ahụ ya yiri nke ndị nlereanya nke afọ ndị 1960 mere ka ọ bụrụ akara ngosi ejiji dịka ọ bụkwa kpakpando n’ụlọ ọrụ egwu.”<ref name="popmatters" /> O chetara na 2008 na n’oge mmalite afọ ndị 1960, ahụ ya dị gịrịgịrị nke na-eme ka ihere na-eme ya ghọrọ ihe a na-ewere dị ka ejiji n’oge ahụ.<ref name="ellefr" /> A malitere ile ya anya dịka “''égérie''” ma ọ bụ mmụọ nsọ nye ndị nrụpụta ejiji France kachasị ama n’oge ahụ,<ref name="Deluxe63">Deluxe, 2013. p. 63</ref> gụnyere [[André Courrèges]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/le-mag/mode-et-beaute/le-couturier-andre-courreges-est-mort-92-ans-3958816|title=Mort d'André Courrèges, le couturier fétiche de Françoise Hardy|access-date=13 May 2021|date=1 August 2016|language=French|work=[[Ouest-France]]|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214342/https://www.ouest-france.fr/le-mag/mode-et-beaute/le-couturier-andre-courreges-est-mort-92-ans-3958816|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chanel]] na [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)|Yves Saint Laurent]].<ref name="rfi" /> Hardy kwadoro ụdị mbụ nke uwe [[Le Smoking]] nke Saint Laurent mere na 1966,<ref name="numero">{{cite web|url=https://www.numero.com/fr/mode/yves-saint-laurent-histoire-smoking-1966-rive-gauche-revolution-francoise-hardy|language=French|access-date=16 May 2021|title=Le smoking d'Yves Saint Laurent : histoire d'une révolution|first=Yasmine|last=Lahrichi|work=[[Numéro]]|date=19 June 2019|accessdate=4 June 2026|archivedate=21 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521132239/https://www.numero.com/fr/mode/yves-saint-laurent-histoire-smoking-1966-rive-gauche-revolution-francoise-hardy}}</ref> ma onye nrụpụta ahụ chetara na mgbe ọ kpọgara ya na [[Paris Opera]] ka o yi otu tuxedo ya, “Ndị mmadụ tiri mkpu ma kwuo okwu n’olu ike. Ọ bụ nnukwu esemokwu.”<ref name="smoking">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20140710-smoking-hot-the-womans-tuxedo|title=Smoking hot: The woman's tuxedo|first=Katya|last=Foreman|date=21 October 2015|access-date=16 May 2021|publisher=BBC|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612013016/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20140710-smoking-hot-the-womans-tuxedo|url-status=live}}</ref> Hardy bụkwa otu n’ime ndị mbụ hụrụ ọrụ [[Paco Rabanne]] n’anya, na-eme ka onye nrụpụta ejiji Spain ahụ bụrụ onye a ma ama site n’iyi uwe ya n’oge eserese foto na mmemme telivishọn.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.fr/fashion-culture/fashion-exhibitions/diaporama/why-you-should-see-the-paco-rabanne-fashion-metallurgist-exhibition/54179|title=Why you should see the "Paco Rabanne, Fashion Metallurgist" exhibition|access-date=13 May 2021|work=[[Vogue Paris]]|first=Manon|last=Garrigues|date=13 December 2018|translator-first=Rosa Cecilia|translator-last=Gosling|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513222407/https://www.vogue.fr/fashion-culture/fashion-exhibitions/diaporama/why-you-should-see-the-paco-rabanne-fashion-metallurgist-exhibition/54179|url-status=live}}</ref> N’afọ 1968, ọ gosipụtara uwe mkpirikpi e ji efere ọlaedo dị ọcha mee na International Diamond Fair.<ref name="scotsmanobit" /><ref>{{cite journal|author=Braunstein, Peter|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/231149382|title=Visiting Planet Paco|date=February 21, 2001|journal=[[Women's Wear Daily]]|id={{ProQuest|231149382}} |language=en}}</ref> A na-eme uwe ahụ site na efere ọlaedo 1,000, diamond karat 300, ma ọ tụrụ paụnd 20; a na-ewere ya dịka “uwe kachasị ọnụ n’ụwa n’afọ 1968.”<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Newbold |first=Alice |date=2024-06-12 |title=Françoise Hardy Was the French-Girl Style Blueprint |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/francoise-hardy-french-girl-style-blueprint |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> Uwe ndị Rabanne chepụtara, gụnyere uwe ọlaedo ahụ, ghọrọ ụfọdụ n’ime ọdịdị Hardy kacha ama ama.<ref name="10lessons"/><ref name="scotsmanobit">{{cite web |date=June 22, 2024|last1=Shepherd |first1=Fiona |title=Françoise Hardy: French singersongwriter whose melancholic ballads influenced a generation |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/3070768709 |website=[[The Scotsman]] |access-date=27 July 2024 |id={{ProQuest|3070768709}} |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lennon |first1=Peter |title=Newspaper Fashion: Prophet motives Paco Rabanne launched his 21st century designs 30 years ago and has been looking to the future ever since. Which is odd, because he's also a soothsayer who is certain that the end of our time is at hand |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/294978425 |date=June 10, 1995|page=48|work=The Guardian |id={{ProQuest|294978425}} }}</ref> Hardy gosipụtara uwe ndị ụlọ ọrụ ''[[ready-to-wear|prêt-à-porter]]'' ọhụrụ na-emepụta,<ref name="CRF">{{cite web|url=https://www.crfashionbook.com/culture/a15166094/francoise-hardy-ye-ye-girls-1960s-french-fashion/|title=The Enduring Style of Françoise Hardy and the Yé-Yé Girls|last=Darcella|first=Aria|work=CR Fashion Book|date=17 January 2018|access-date=15 May 2021|publisher=CR Fashion Book. [[Hearst Communications]]|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515033723/https://www.crfashionbook.com/culture/a15166094/francoise-hardy-ye-ye-girls-1960s-french-fashion/|url-status=live|accessdate=4 June 2026|archivedate=15 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515033723/https://www.crfashionbook.com/culture/a15166094/francoise-hardy-ye-ye-girls-1960s-french-fashion/}}</ref> yana ọrụ ndị otu ọhụrụ nke ndị nrụpụta ejiji nwanyị France a maara dịka “ụlọ akwụkwọ yé-yé”<ref name="radicalrags">{{cite book|title=Radical Rags: Fashions of the Sixties|last=Lobenthal|first=Joel|year=1990|page=45|publisher=[[Abbeville Press]]|isbn=0896599302}}</ref> ma ọ bụ “''stylistes''”,<ref name="refashioned">{{cite web|url=https://www.fitnyc.edu/museum/exhibitions/paris-refashioned.php|access-date=20 April 2021|date=15 April 2017|title=Paris Refashioned, 1957–1968|publisher=The Museum at FIT. [[Fashion Institute of Technology]]|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420194528/https://www.fitnyc.edu/museum/exhibitions/paris-refashioned.php|url-status=live}}</ref> ndị jụrụ iwu siri ike nke ''[[haute couture]]''.<ref name="richardmartin">{{cite book|title=Contemporary Fashion|page=300|editor-last=Martin|editor-first=Richard|isbn=978-1558621732|year=1995|publisher=[[St. James Press]]}}</ref> Ọ nyere aka ibido ọrụ [[Sonia Rykiel]] site n’iyi sweta ya a ma ama a na-akpọ “poor boy sweater” n’ihu mkpuchi ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'',<ref name="CRF" /><ref>{{cite news|access-date=15 May 2021|language=French|url=https://www.letemps.ch/lifestyle/sonia-rykiel-toute-une-vie-couleur|title=Sonia Rykiel, toute une vie en couleur|first=Séverine|last=Saas|date=26 August 2016|work=[[Le Temps]]|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511230023/https://www.letemps.ch/lifestyle/sonia-rykiel-toute-une-vie-couleur|url-status=live}}</ref> ma [[David Bailey]] sere ya foto ka o yi uwe mkpuchi [[Emmanuelle Khanh]] nke eji usoro [[color-blocking]] mee maka ''Vogue''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.es/moda/articulos/color-block-historia-disenadores-yves-saint-laurent-stephen-burrows|language=Spanish|access-date=15 May 2021|title=De Stephen Burrows a la Comedia del Arte: repaso visual a la historia del color block|last=Nuria|first=Luis|date=8 October 2020|location=Spain|work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515051401/https://www.vogue.es/moda/articulos/color-block-historia-disenadores-yves-saint-laurent-stephen-burrows|url-status=live}}</ref> A maara Hardy kwa maka ụdị ejiji dị mfe nke nwere ntutu isi na etemeete na-adịghị akpali akpali, na-eyi ọtụtụ mgbe naanị sweta na ogologo ọkpa.<ref name="CRF" /> Ihe pụrụ iche n’ile anya ya bụ [[Bangs (hair)|ntutu isi ya kpuchiri ọkpọiso]] na iji akpụkpọ ụkwụ ọcha nke Courrèges,<ref name="linternaute" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/musique/francoise-hardy-icone-francaise-de-la-chanson_1658165.html|access-date=11 May 2021|work=[[L'Express]]|language=French|title=Françoise Hardy, icône française de la chanson|date=5 March 2015|quote=C'est un soir de réréfendum sur le suffrage universel pour l'élection présidentielle, en 1962, que la France découvre l'interprète de Tous les garçons et les filles. Françoise Hardy séduit alors le pays et vend cette année-là 500 000 exemplaires de son 45 tours avant de connaître un succès international. Françoise Hardy, c'est aussi un style très affirmé: mini-jupe, boots blanches et longue frange, qui vont faire d'elle une égérie de la mode. Elle est enfin la mère de Thomas Dutronc, fils qu'elle a eu avec son mari le chanteur Jacques Dutronc.|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612012958/https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/musique/francoise-hardy-icone-francaise-de-la-chanson_1658165.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ma ọ bụkwa otu n’ime ndị mbụ yi [[miniskirt]].<ref name="ellefr">{{cite news|url=https://www.elle.fr/Loisirs/Livres/Dossiers/Quelqu-un-d-Hardy-745069|title=Quelqu'un d'Hardy|access-date=15 May 2021|first=Clémentine|last=Goldszal|work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|language=French|date=27 October 2008|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515230202/https://www.elle.fr/Loisirs/Livres/Dossiers/Quelqu-un-d-Hardy-745069|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="vanityfair">{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.fr/culture/people/story/article-mag-pourquoi-francoise-hardy-nous-enchante-toujours/3108|title=Pourquoi Françoise Hardy nous enchante toujours|access-date=11 May 2021|date=18 July 2018|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazines)|Vanity Fair]]|language=French|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511201321/https://www.vanityfair.fr/culture/people/story/article-mag-pourquoi-francoise-hardy-nous-enchante-toujours/3108|url-status=live}}</ref> Ọ nwakwara ụdị uwe na ọdịdị na-enweghị oke nkewa nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name="vanguardistes" /> A kọwara ya dịka “anti-[[Brigitte Bardot|Bardot]]”, onye wetara ụdị echiche ọhụrụ banyere mma nke mere ka “oke ịdị nwanyị nke ụdị sex-kitten nke oge ahụ bụrụ ihe ochie.”<ref name="achieve">{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/francoise-hardy-french-girl-style|work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|title=Françoise Hardy Forever: 10 Ways to Achieve the French Singer's Iconic Style|first=Laird|last=Borrelli-Persson|editor-first=Kelly|editor-last=Connor|date=16 January 2015|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516075235/https://www.vogue.com/article/francoise-hardy-french-girl-style|url-status=live}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1970, ọ hapụrụ onyonyo nke “nwata nwanyị ejiji ama ama na-eme njem n’obodo” nke Périer kere maka ya.<ref name="rfi" /> ===Akụkọ ifo zuru ụwa ọnụ nke afọ 1960=== Oyiyi ọha na eze ya na ụdị ejiji ya n’afọ ndị 1960 nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n’omenala [[pop culture]] ụwa, nke mere ka nkà ya dịka onye na-agụ egwu ghara ịhụrịrị anya nke ọma n’èzí France.<ref name="monkey">{{cite web|url=https://monkeybuzz.com.br/materias/francoise-hardy-e-suas-meninas/|language=Portuguese|title=Françoise Hardy e Suas Meninas|access-date=16 May 2021|first=Carlos Eduardo|last=Lima|date=17 October 2013|publisher=Monkeybuzz|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516203440/https://monkeybuzz.com.br/materias/francoise-hardy-e-suas-meninas/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="QuinoneroTravesti">Quinonero, 2017, "«Son allure de page travesti»"</ref> N’afọ 1967, akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ntorobịa [[teen magazine]] ''Special Pop'' dere: “Hardy na-enwe ike ịdọta ma ụmụaka ma ndị mụrụ ha, ma ụmụ nwoke ma ụmụ nwanyị. Karịa ịbụ naanị onye na-agụ egwu, ọ na-aghọ ụdị akụkọ ifo zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọtụtụ puku ụmụ agbọghọ na-arọ nrọ ịkọwa onwe ha dịka ya.”<ref name="Deluxe57"/> N’ọkara nke abụọ nke afọ iri ahụ, Hardy ghọrọ onye a ma ama dịka onye na-akpali mmụọ n’omenala ma bụrụkwa ihe mkpali (muse) nye ọtụtụ ndị okike na ndị nka.<ref name="sixties"/><ref name="Deluxe64"/> Ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe mere eserese ya, gụnyere {{ill|Michel Bourdais|fr}},<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Richard Anthony (singer)|last=Anthony|first=Richard|title=Quand on choisit la liberté|isbn=978-2738226587|publisher=Florent Massot|language=French|year=2010|page=115|quote=Françoise, elle aussi, lui acheta un petit portrait qu'il (Michel Bourdais) avait fait d'elle et qu'elle aimait beaucoup. Son pianiste lui acheta l'autre et l'un de mes musiciens lui passa une commande.}}</ref> [[Bernard Buffet]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/artwork/bernard-buffet-francoise-hardy|title=Bernard Buffet: Françoise Hardy (1963)|access-date=16 May 2021|publisher=[[Artsy (website)|Artsy]]|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516073600/https://www.artsy.net/artwork/bernard-buffet-francoise-hardy|url-status=live|accessdate=4 June 2026|archivedate=16 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516073600/https://www.artsy.net/artwork/bernard-buffet-francoise-hardy}}</ref> [[Gabriel Pasqualini]]<ref>{{cite magazine |location=France|magazine=[[Salut les copains (magazine)|Salut les copains]]|issue=31|date=February 1965|title=Tout, tout, tout et le reste sur Françoise|page=28|language=French}}</ref> na [[Jean-Paul Goude]].<ref>{{cite AV media|title=[[Comment te dire adieu (album)|Comment te dire adieu]]|author=Hardy, Françoise|year=1968|location=France|publisher=[[Disques Vogue]]|id=CLD-728|medium=LP record}}</ref> N’afọ 1965, [[Jacques Prévert]] dere uri e nyere onye na-agụ egwú ahụ aha ya bụ ''Une plante verte'', nke a gụrụ dịka akụkụ nke mmemme Hardy na Olympia.<ref>{{cite book|year=1992|language=French|title=Œuvres Complètes|publisher=[[Éditions Gallimard]]|page=808|author-link=Jacques Prévert|first=Jacques|last=Prévert|isbn=978-2070112302}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa isiokwu uri nke [[Manuel Vázquez Montalbán]] dere<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://revistacaracteres.net/revista/vol2n1mayo2013/manuel-vazquez-montalban-leyendo-sus-poemas-cuerpo-y-voz-escritura-y-autoria/|language=Spanish|title=Manuel Vázquez Montalbán leyendo sus poemas: cuerpo y voz, escritura y autoría|year=2013|first=Alessandro|last=Mistrorigo|journal=Caracteres. Estudios culturales y críticos de la esfera digital|issn=2254-4496|location=Salamanca|publisher=Editorial Delirio|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516174834/http://revistacaracteres.net/revista/vol2n1mayo2013/manuel-vazquez-montalban-leyendo-sus-poemas-cuerpo-y-voz-escritura-y-autoria/|url-status=live}}</ref> nakwa [[open letter]] nke [[Paul Guth]] dere.<ref>{{cite book|language=French|last=Guth|first=Paul|year=1968|title=Lettre ouverte aux idoles|author-link=Paul Guth|publisher=[[Éditions Albin Michel]]|pages=51–63}}</ref> Onye na-ese ihe Belgium [[Guy Peellaert]] jiri Hardy dịka ihe atụ maka agwa bụ isi nke akwụkwọ eserese ([[comic]]) ya nke 1968, ''Pravda la Survireuse'', nke sitere n’ike mmụọ nsọ [[pop art]] na echiche psychedelic, ma mee ya na mmekorita ya na onye odee ihe nkiri France [[Pascal Thomas]].<ref name="Deluxe64">Deluxe, 2013. p. 64</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2008/11/20/necrologicas/1227135602_850215.html|access-date=15 May 2021|language=Spanish|work=[[El País]]|title=Guy Peellaert, dibujante y fotógrafo|last=Pons|first=Álvaro|date=19 November 2008|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612072733/https://elpais.com/diario/2008/11/20/necrologicas/1227135602_850215.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Onye na-agụ egwú ahụ masịrị onye na-ese ihe Spain [[Salvador Dalí]],<ref name="sixties" /> onye kpọrọ ya ka ọ nọrọ otu izu na ya na [[Cadaqués]] n’afọ 1968.<ref name="Deluxe67">Deluxe, 2013. p. 67</ref> Hardy bụkwa onye a na-enwe mmasị n’ebe ndị nọ na gburugburu [[Swinging London]] nọ,<ref name="bagatelas" /><ref name="abc" /> ma o kwetara na ọ bụ “isi iyi nke mmasị pụrụ iche nye ndị na-egwu pop Bekee.”<ref name="mortality" /> [[Malcolm McLaren]] kọwara ya dịka “onye kachasị elu n’ụdị [[pinup girl]], nke e tinyere foto ya n’ụlọ ihi ụra nke ndị na-amụ egwu pop niile na-achọ ịdị n’ihu oge na [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]]. Ọtụtụ ndị otu egwu n’oge ha kacha ewu ewu, dịka [[the Beatles]] ma ọ bụ [[The Rolling Stones|the Stones]], na-arọ nrọ iso ya nwee mmekọrịta ịhụnanya.”<ref name="Deluxe60">Deluxe, 2013. p. 60</ref> Oyiyi ya dọtara mmasị nke [[David Bowie]] mgbe ọ ka bụ nwata,<ref name="monkeyreview" /> [[Mick Jagger]] (onye kpọrọ ya “nwanyị kacha zuru oke” n’anya ya),<ref name="mortality" /> [[Brian Jones]],<ref name="HardyThree" /> [[Morrissey]],<ref name="vanityfair" /> na [[Richard Thompson (musician)|Richard Thompson]].<ref name="uncut" /> [[Bob Dylan]] nwere nnukwu mmasị n’ebe Hardy nọ ma tinye [[beat poem]] e dere maka ya n’azụ mkpuchi albọm ya nke 1964, ''[[Another Side of Bob Dylan]]''.<ref name="uncut" /><ref name="mortality">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/apr/29/francoise-hardy-interview-personne-d-autre-album|access-date=10 May 2021|work=[[The Observer]]|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]|title=Françoise Hardy: 'I sing about death in a symbolic, even positive way'|first=Sean|last=O'Hagan|date=29 April 2018|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612011234/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/apr/29/francoise-hardy-interview-personne-d-autre-album|url-status=live}}</ref> Uri ahụ malitere: “for françoise hardy/at the seine's edge/a giant shadow/of notre dame/seeks t' grab my foot/sorbonne students/whirl by on thin bicycles/swirlin' lifelike colors of leather spin...”<ref name="npr" /><ref>{{cite AV media notes|author=[[Bob Dylan]]|year=1964|title=[[Another Side of Bob Dylan]]|type=LP record|publisher=[[Columbia Records]]|id=CS 8993}}</ref> N’afọ 2018, Hardy gwara ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'' na o nwere ụfọdụ akwụkwọ mbụ nke uri ahụ Dylan hapụrụ n’otu ụlọ kọfị. Ọ sịrị, “... Obi metụrụ m nnọọ aka. Ọ bụ nwoke dị afọ ntorobịa, onye na-ese ihe nwere mmetụta ịhụnanya nke ukwuu, onye nwere mmasị pụrụ iche n’ebe mmadụ nọ naanị n’ihi foto ya. Ị ma otú ndị ntorobịa si adị... Achọpụtara m na nke a dị ezigbo mkpa nye ya.”<ref name="uncut" /> Hardy na Dylan zutere na Mee 1966 n’azụ ikpo okwu nke ngosi ya na Olympia.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.fr/bob-dylan-francoise-hardy/|title=La chanteuse Françoise Hardy a reçu des ébauches de lettres d'amour écrites de la main de Bob Dylan, datant des années 60.|access-date=14 May 2021|date=18 April 2018|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|location=France|language=French|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514201543/https://www.rollingstone.fr/bob-dylan-francoise-hardy/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mgbe Dylan hụrụ na Hardy nọ n’etiti ndị na-ekiri ya, ọ jụrụ ịlaghachi n’ikpo okwu ka o mee akụkụ nke abụọ nke ngosi ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na Hardy agaghị abịa n’ụlọ mgbakwasa uwe ya.<ref name="HardyFour" /><ref name="passion">{{cite web|language=French|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/weekend/spectacles-musique/bob-dylan-une-passion-francaise-1314985|access-date=15 May 2021|title=Bob Dylan, une passion française|date=12 May 2021|first=Laurent-David|last=Samama|work=[[Les Echos (France)|Les Echos]]|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515053245/https://www.lesechos.fr/weekend/spectacles-musique/bob-dylan-une-passion-francaise-1314985|url-status=live}}</ref> Hardy na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ na-agụ egwú mechara soro Dylan gaa n’ụlọ nkwari akụ ya na [[Four Seasons Hotel George V]],<ref name="passion" /> ebe o nyere ya mbipụta mbụ nke egwu “[["Just Like a Woman]]” na “[["I Want You (Bob Dylan song)|I Want You]]”.<ref name="HardyFour" /> ===Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị=== Dị ka onye a ma ama n’ihu ọha, a maara Hardy nke ọma maka ịdị ya n’ezoghị ọnụ gbasara echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya,<ref name="sixties"/> nke a kọwara dịka nke [[right-wing]].<ref name="QuinoneroDecalages"/><ref name="gay"/> A zụlitere ya n’ezinụlọ [[Gaullist]], ma o kwuru na ''Télérama'' n’afọ 2011, sị: “Anaghị m akwado ihe niile a na-ekwu ma ọ bụ a na-eme n’aka nri, ma anaghịkwa m elelị ihe niile a na-eme ma ọ bụ a na-ekwu n’aka [[Left-wing politics|aka ekpe]]... n’eziokwu, abụ m onye nọ n’etiti ụzọ ([[centrist]]).”<ref name="QuinoneroEnfance"/> N’akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 2008, o dere na naanị ihe ọ na-ahụ onwe ya n’ime ya bụ [[Environmentalism|nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi]], nke ọ kpọrọ ihe “na-abụghị nke aka nri ma ọ bụ nke aka ekpe.”<ref name="HardyThirteen"/> Mgbe ọ na-akwalite album ya ''Décalages'', Hardy nyere magazin ''Rockland'' ajụjụ ọnụ. Mkparịta ụka ahụ gbagoro n’ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ebe [[1988 French presidential election]] mere ụbọchị gara aga,<ref name="QuinoneroDecalages"/> ma n’ihi na ọ chere na akụkụ ahụ bụ mkparịta ụka na-abụghị maka ibipụta, Hardy gosipụtara nlelị ya n’ebe ndị nọ n’aka ekpe nọ.<ref name="QuinoneroDecalages"/> O were iwe mgbe e bipụtara akụkụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, ma chebe onwe ya n’ajụjụ ọnụ telivishọn ya na [[Thierry Ardisson]] n’ụbọchị 13 Mee, ebe ọ kọwara esemokwu o nwere na onye na-abụ abụ [[Renaud]], na-ekwu na Renaud kparịrị ya n’ihi nkwado ya nye Minista Omenala [[François Léotard]].<ref name="QuinoneroDecalages"/> N’ajụjụ ọnụ ''Rockland'' ahụ, o kwukwara banyere [[racism in France]], sị: “A naghị ekwu maka [[Anti-French sentiment|ịkpa ókè megide ndị France]], ebe e nwere ụfọdụ ebe ị ga-adị mfe ịbanye ma ọ bụrụ na ị bụghị onye France,”<ref name="QuinoneroDecalages"/> ma kwukwara banyere [[antisemitism in France|mmegbu megide ndị Juu]], na-atụ aro na “ndị na-ahụ ya ebe niile nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ ya n’onwe ha.”<ref name="HardyThirteen">Hardy, 2018 [2008], "Thirteen"</ref> Onye na-abụ abụ ahụ mechara dee n’akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya na ọ wepụrụ onwe ya n’echiche ndị ahụ.<ref name="HardyThirteen"/> Hardy bụ onye na-emegide [[solidarity tax on wealth]] (French: ''impôt de solidarité sur la fortune''; ISF). Ọ kwadoro [[tax shield]] nke ọchịchị [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] tinyere n’ọrụ na 2010 ma katọọ atụmatụ ụtụ isi nke [[François Hollande]] n’oge [[2012 French presidential election]], na-agwa ''Paris Match'' sị: “Ekwenyere m na ọtụtụ mmadụ aghọtaghị ọdachi ISF na-ebute ndị nọ n’ọnọdụ m. A na-amanye m, mgbe m fọrọ nke nta ka m bụrụ afọ iri asaa ma na-arịa ọrịa, ire ụlọ m ma kwaga ebe ọzọ.”<ref name="QuinoneroISF"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20120410-programme-fiscal-hollande-deplait-francoise-hardy-chanteuse|title=Françoise Hardy dénonce le programme fiscal de François Hollande|access-date=12 May 2021|date=10 April 2012|publisher=[[France 24]]|first=Ségolène|last=Allemandou|language=French|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512195529/https://www.france24.com/fr/20120410-programme-fiscal-hollande-deplait-francoise-hardy-chanteuse|url-status=live}}</ref> Nke a mere ka nwa ya nwoke, Thomas Dutronc, dee na [[Twitter]]: “Ma mba mama, echegbula onwe gị, aga m akpọrọ gị ka ị bịa biri n’ụlọ m ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa...”<ref name="moches"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ThomasDutronc/status/190170066594181121|title=Mais non maman, ne t'inquiète pas je t'inviterais chez moi au cas où...|publisher=[[Thomas Dutronc]] on [[Twitter]]|access-date=12 May 2021|date=11 April 2012|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512195530/https://twitter.com/ThomasDutronc/status/190170066594181121|url-status=live}}</ref> Hardy mechara gọnarị akụkọ na ọ ga-abụ onye na-enweghị ebe obibi ma kọwaa na “ọdachi ahụ bụ ndị mmadụ na-efunahụ ọrụ ha n’ihi mbufe ọrụ gaa mba ọzọ na [[European debt crisis|nsogbu ụgwọ Europe]].”<ref name="QuinoneroISF"/> Hardy kwupụtara nkwado ya maka ime ka [[legality of abortion|ime ime akwụsị n’afọ]] bụrụ ihe iwu kwadoro, n’agbanyeghị na ọ kewapụrụ onwe ya na [[feminism]].<ref name="HardyFive">Hardy, 2018 [2008], "Five"</ref> N’afọ 2015, onye na-abụ abụ ahụ katọrọ [[Feminist movement|ndị na-akwado feminism]] n’edemede ([[essay]]) ya "Avis non autorisés ...", ebe o dere: “Ahụrụ m ha dịka ndị iwe na-ejide, ndị na-adịghị mma n’anya, ya bụ, ndị na-enweghị àgwà nwanyị ọbụla. Enwebeghị m ike ịhụ ihe ọ bụla jikọrọ m na ndị feminists. N’agbanyeghị nke ahụ, e nwere ụfọdụ n’ime ha m gaara eji bụrụ ihe atụ...”<ref name="moches">{{cite web|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/actu/pour-francoise-hardy-les-feministes-sont-hargneuses-et-moches-363365-06-03-2015/|language=French|work=[[Les Inrockuptibles]]|access-date=12 May 2021|date=6 March 2015|title=Pour Françoise Hardy, les féministes sont " hargneuses " et " moches "|last=Boinet|first=Carole|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512052217/https://www.lesinrocks.com/actu/pour-francoise-hardy-les-feministes-sont-hargneuses-et-moches-363365-06-03-2015/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/eloise-bouton/francoise-hardy-feminisme_b_6826950.html|title=Françoise Hardy ou la misogynie à l'ancienne|access-date=12 May 2021|date=9 March 2015|work=[[HuffPost]]|first=Éloïse|last=Bouton|language=French|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512052217/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/eloise-bouton/francoise-hardy-feminisme_b_6826950.html|url-status=live}}</ref> N’oge [[2017–2018 protests in France]], Hardy kwupụtara nkwado ya nye Onye isi ala [[Emmanuel Macron]]. O kwuru, sị: “Anyị kwesịrị ikwe ka ọ gbanwee France. Otu akụkụ nke ndị France achọghị ịhụ eziokwu ma rapara n’ime [[Marxist ideology]]. Ihe masịrị m banyere Onye isi ala Macron bụ na ọ bụ onye nwere ọhụụ ma ọ bụghị onye na-agbaso echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kpuru ìsì, ma o guzoro ike n’eziokwu.”<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109041625/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/arts/francoise-hardy-interview.html|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/arts/francoise-hardy-interview.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|access-date=12 May 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Françoise Hardy, a French National Treasure, Is Back from the Brink|date=9 May 2018|first=Agnès C.|last=Poirier}}</ref> N’oge [[2023 French pension reform strikes]], ọ gwara [[Le Journal du Dimanche]] na “ihere na-eme m maka ihe na-eme na France,” n’ihi na ọ na-atụ egwu na “mgba ọrụ ugboro ugboro” ga-eme ka ndị njem nleta ghara ịbịa, ma ọ kwadorokwa [[2023 French pension reform law|iwu mgbanwe ụgwọ ezumike nka]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Loridan |first1=Carla |title="J'ai honte de ce qui se passe en France" : Francoise Hardy défend la réforme des retraites |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/people/j-ai-honte-de-ce-qui-se-passe-en-france-francoise-hardy-defend-la-reforme-des-retraites_AN-202304090146.html |website=BFM TV |date=9 April 2023 |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612072649/https://www.bfmtv.com/people/j-ai-honte-de-ce-qui-se-passe-en-france-francoise-hardy-defend-la-reforme-des-retraites_AN-202304090146.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Ihe nketa na mmetụta== :Ole na ole n’ime ihe ndị mara mma na-anọgide ogologo oge n’echiche mmadụ. Ọ bụrụ na egwu ụmụ agbọghọ yé-yé bụ mgbe niile ìhè na-atọ ụtọ nke na-adọrọ mmasị, nke Françoise Hardy na-adịgide dịka nke kacha emetụta n’ihi mgbagwoju anya mmetụta uche ya, ngwakọta zuru oke nke agụụ maka oge gara aga na nke ga-abịa, nke a na-abụ n’ụzọ dị oke nso n’obi. Taa, ọ pụrụ ịdị ka obere ihe na-enweghị nnukwu mkpa, ma n’oge ahụ, n’afọ iri isii nke narị afọ gara aga, ịnụ egwu gbasara obi mgbawa n’ọnụ nwanyị a nwere olu dị nro ma na-abanye n’ime obi mmadụ bụ ihe ama ama pụrụ iche. — Fernando Navarro, ''[[El País]]'', 2020.<ref name="bagatelas">{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2020/08/26/ruta_norteamericana/1598470753_686835.html|title=Rompedoras (IV): Françoise Hardy, la bagatela más esplendorosa|language=Spanish|work=[[El País]]|last=Navarro|first=Fernando|date=26 August 2020|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021000/https://elpais.com/cultura/2020/08/26/ruta_norteamericana/1598470753_686835.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A na-eme emume Hardy dịka “akụ mba France”<ref name="allmusic"/><ref name="uncut"/><ref name="npr">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/09/12/647068156/fran-oise-hardy-remains-frances-national-treasure|title=Françoise Hardy Remains France's National Treasure|access-date=26 May 2021|date=12 September 2018|last=Beardsley|first=Eleanor|publisher=[[NPR]]|archive-date=28 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628124508/https://www.npr.org/2018/09/12/647068156/fran-oise-hardy-remains-frances-national-treasure|url-status=live}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa otu n’ime ndị kasị ukwuu n’akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[Music of France|egwu France]].<ref name="monkey" /> Ọ bụ otu n’ime ndị na-ese egwu rere ndekọ kacha ukwuu n’akụkọ ihe mere eme France, ebe e rere ihe karịrị nde 7.6 nke ndekọ ya ruo Novemba 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Vente_Artiste.php|language=French|title=Bilan des Ventes globales (Albums & Chansons) par Artiste|access-date=23 May 2021|year=2018|publisher=InfoDisc|first1=Daniel|last1=Lesueur|first2=Dominic|last2=Durand|archive-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160404203703/http://www.infodisc.fr/Vente_Artiste.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Onye nkatọ America [[Richie Unterberger]] kọwara ya dịka “n’enweghị mgbagha, onye na-ese pop-rock kacha mma sitere na mba ahụ n’afọ iri isii nke 1960s”,<ref name="originales">{{cite web|url=http://www.richieunterberger.com/wordpress/francoise-hardy-les-versions-originales/|author-link=Richie Unterberger|date=3 December 2015|title=Françoise Hardy: Les Versions Originales|publisher=Folkrocks|access-date=13 May 2021|last=Unterberger|first=Richie|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513042445/http://www.richieunterberger.com/wordpress/francoise-hardy-les-versions-originales/|url-status=live}}</ref> ma kwuo na ọ ga-achọ ịhụ ka a na-etinye Hardy n’ụlọ nsọ [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richieunterberger.com/wordpress/the-rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-an-alternate-top-ten/|author-link=Richie Unterberger|date=17 June 2014|title=The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: An Alternate Top Ten|publisher=Folkrocks|access-date=13 May 2021|last=Unterberger|first=Richie|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513043925/http://www.richieunterberger.com/wordpress/the-rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-an-alternate-top-ten/|url-status=live}}</ref> N’afọ 2011, a tinyere Hardy n’ime ''[[Petit Larousse|Le Petit Larousse Illustré]]''.<ref name="QuinoneroISF">Quinonero, 2017, "La pluie..., Hollande et l'ISF"</ref> Ọtụtụ afọ mgbe oge kachasị ewu ewu ya n’afọ 1960s gasịrị, a ka na-ewere Hardy dịka onye dị mkpa ma nwee mmetụta n’akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ejiji.<ref name="id">{{cite web|url=https://i-d.co/article/francoise-hardy-most-iconic-outfits-fashion-french-style/|title=7 of Françoise Hardy's most iconic outfits|first=Zoë|last=Kendall|access-date=6 May 2021|date=22 January 2021|work=[[i-D]]|publisher=[[Vice Media]]|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211343/https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/epdqm7/francoise-hardy-most-iconic-outfits-fashion-french-style|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="vanguardistes">{{cite web|url=https://www.journaldesfemmes.fr/mode/styles-de-people/1869854-francoise-hardy-look-tenues-photos/|language=French|access-date=10 May 2021|title=Les looks avant-gardistes de Françoise Hardy|publisher=Le Journal des femmes. [[Groupe Figaro]]|date=29 January 2019|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510204504/https://www.journaldesfemmes.fr/mode/styles-de-people/1869854-francoise-hardy-look-tenues-photos/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="achieve"/><ref name="10lessons">{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/style-lessons-from-francoise-hardy|work=[[British Vogue]]|access-date=21 May 2021|last=Fearon|first=Faye|title=10 Style Lessons To Take From Françoise Hardy For The Season Ahead|date=17 January 2018|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521183824/https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/style-lessons-from-francoise-hardy|url-status=live}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na [[Balenciaga]], onye nrụpụta ejiji [[Nicolas Ghesquière]] kọwara ya na ''Vogue'' dịka “ezigbo ọdịdị nke ụdị ejiji France”.<ref name="achieve" /> Foto ndị na-egosi onye na-abụ abụ ahụ yi uwe ígwè nke [[Paco Rabanne]] mere kpaliri [[Lizzy Gardiner]] n’ichepụta uwe maka ''[[Priscilla, Queen of the Desert]]'' nakwa uwe [[67th Academy Awards|Oscar]] nke ya.<ref name="gay"/> Hardy bụkwa onye na-enye mmụọ nsọ nye onye nrụpụta Japan [[Rei Kawakubo]], onye kpọrọ akara ejiji ya [[Comme des Garçons]] aha sitere n’otu ahịrịokwu n’abụ “Tous les garçons et les filles”.<ref name="10lessons"/> N’oge ọrụ ya niile, Hardy nwetara nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-akwado ya n’etiti [[gay men]], ma obodo ahụ na-ewere ya dịka [[gay icon]]. Ọ kwuru ọtụtụ ugboro na ndị enyi ya na ndị na-akwado ya kacha ntụkwasị obi bụ ndị nwoke nwere mmasị n’ebe nwoke ibe ha nọ.<ref name="gay">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zCxfDwAAQBAJ |title=Gay Icons: The (Mostly) Female Entertainers Gay Men Love |last=Guilbert |first=Georges-Claude |year=2018 |publisher=McFarland |access-date=1 August 2018 |pages=85–86 |isbn=9781476674339 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612011218/https://books.google.com/books?id=zCxfDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> A na-ahụ mmetụta egwu Hardy n’ọrụ ndị na-ese egwu Francophone dịka [[Coralie Clément]],<ref name="monkey"/> [[La Femme (band)|La Femme]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rocknfolk.com/albums/la-femme-mystere/8680|title=La Femme: Mystère|language=French|access-date=15 May 2021|work=[[Rock & Folk]]|date=17 September 2016|last=Farkas|first=Basile|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515202138/https://www.rocknfolk.com/albums/la-femme-mystere/8680|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Juliette Armanet]],<ref name="vanityfair"/> [[Melody's Echo Chamber]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undertheradarmag.com/interviews/melodys_echo_chamber_interview|access-date=15 May 2021|title=Melody's Echo Chamber: Location, Location, Location|date=7 September 2012|first=Laura|last=Studarus|work=[[Under the Radar (magazine)|Under the Radar]]|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515185222/http://www.undertheradarmag.com/interviews/melodys_echo_chamber_interview|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Keren Ann]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2004/music/reviews/keren-ann-1200531509/|title=Keren Ann|date=25 August 2004|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=15 May 2021|last=Sprague|first=David|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515193652/https://variety.com/2004/music/reviews/keren-ann-1200531509/|url-status=live}}</ref> na [[Carla Bruni]], onye ṅomiri ụdị Hardy mgbe ọ malitere ọrụ egwu ya.<ref name="tentaciones">{{cite web|url=https://tentaciones.elpais.com/2011/11/hardy.html|work=Tentaciones. [[El País]]|language=Spanish|access-date=13 May 2021|date=8 November 2011|title=Françoise Hardy, la más bella del baile|first=Carles|last=Gámez|archive-date=10 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110131838/https://tentaciones.elpais.com/2011/11/hardy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ndị odee akọwawo mmetụta ya n’egwu otu [[avant-pop]] Bekee [[Stereolab]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FI3dVT9t34C&pg=PA150|page=150|access-date=11 May 2021|author-link=Simon Reynolds|last=Reynolds|first=Simon|year=2011|title=Retromania: Pop Culture's Addiction to Its Own Past|isbn=978-0865479944|publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]|archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612011140/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FI3dVT9t34C&pg=PA150#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/where-to-start-stereolab|access-date=11 May 2021|title=Where To Start... Stereolab|date=19 June 2019|work=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512090247/https://www.clashmusic.com/features/where-to-start-stereolab|url-status=live}}</ref> gụnyere myirịta dị n’etiti olu Hardy na nke onye ndu otu ahụ [[Lætitia Sadier]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/stereolab,-le-retour-dun-groupe-de-rock-aussi-culte-que-meconnu,n6280919.php|language=French|access-date=11 May 2021|title=Stereolab, le retour d'un groupe de rock aussi culte que méconnu|date=8 June 2019|first=Marc|last=Zisman|work=[[Télérama]]|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511183427/https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/stereolab,-le-retour-dun-groupe-de-rock-aussi-culte-que-meconnu,n6280919.php|url-status=live}}</ref> N’èzí ụwa na-asụ French, a kpọtụrụ Hardy dịka onye nyere mmụọ nsọ nye ọtụtụ ndị nwanyị na-ede ma na-abụ abụ dịka [[Caroline Polachek]], [[Charli XCX]], [[Angel Olsen]], [[Candie Payne]], [[Erin Rae]], [[Heather Trost]], [[Violetta Zironi]], [[Zooey Deschanel]] na [[Cat Power]].<ref name="monkey"/> Hardy metụtakwa ọtụtụ ndị na-ese egwu ọzọ dịka [[Broadcast (band)|Broadcast]], [[Goldfrapp]], [[Jeremy Jay]], [[The Chap (band)|The Chap]] na [[Xeno & Oaklander]]. N’otu isiokwu e dere maka Into Creative, onye nduzi ihe nkiri Grant McPhee kọwara ya dịka “nwa agbọghọ nnọchianya maka ndị ihere na-eme na ihe oyiyi nrọ nke na-eme ka ha kwere na ha nwekwara ike ịdị mma ma maa mma.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Girl Pop – An Introduction |url=https://intocreative.co.uk/french-girl-pop-an-introduction/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Into Creative |date=24 November 2022 |language=en-GB |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103205344/https://intocreative.co.uk/french-girl-pop-an-introduction/ |url-status=live }}</ref> N’afọ 2021, [[Rivers Cuomo]] nke otu rock America [[Weezer]] kpọrọ Hardy otu n’ime “echiche ụda” ya kacha mkpa,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/weezer-ok-human/|title=Weezer: OK Human Album Review|publisher=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|access-date=11 May 2021|date=1 February 2021|last=Cohen|first=Ian|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428172855/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/weezer-ok-human/|url-status=live}}</ref> ma kwuo na album ya ''Message personnel'' metụtara ya nke ukwuu.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/weezer-new-album-ok-human-all-my-favorite-songs-video-1116969/|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=5 June 2021|title=Weezer Preview New LP 'OK Human' With 'All My Favorite Songs'|date=21 January 2021|last1=Kreps|first1=Daniel|last2=Legaspi|first2=Althea|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619134954/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/weezer-new-album-ok-human-all-my-favorite-songs-video-1116969/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Greg Gonzalez]] nke otu [[dream pop]] America [[Cigarettes After Sex]] kpọrọ Hardy otu n’ime mmetụta egwu ya kachasị ukwuu,<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68IuU4Xnb2Y|access-date=11 May 2021|date=10 January 2018|medium=[[YouTube]]|title=Cigarettes After Sex : " Mes grandes influences ? Françoise Hardy et Erik Satie "|publisher=[[Radio Nova (France)|Radio Nova]]|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511055948/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68IuU4Xnb2Y|url-status=live}}</ref> na-ekwu na 2016: “''La question'' zuru oke nke ukwuu; achọrọ m ụdị ịma mma ahụ.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-diehard-romanticism-of-cigarettes-after-sex/|title=The Diehard Romanticism of Cigarettes After Sex|last1=Cacouris|first1=Christina|date=17 February 2016|publisher=Noisey. [[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-date=28 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028020323/https://noisey.vice.com/en_us/article/the-diehard-romanticism-of-cigarettes-after-sex|url-status=live}}</ref> Album cult nke 1971, ''La question'', pụtara na ndepụta ''The Guardian'' nke “album 1000 a ga-anụ tupu mmadụ anwụọ”.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/nov/19/1000tohearbeforeyoudie5|work=The Guardian|title=1000 albums to hear before you die: Artists beginning with H (part 1)|access-date=12 May 2021|date=19 November 2007|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612011653/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/nov/19/1000tohearbeforeyoudie5|url-status=live}}</ref> Album ahụ nwetara [[cult following]] mgbe e wepụtara ya<ref name="telerama16" /><ref name="franceinter" /><ref name="indiehoy">{{cite web |last=Allermann |first=Juan Ignacio |date=15 October 2021 |title=Françoise Hardy y los 50 años de La question, su obra maestra de culto |url=https://indiehoy.com/indieayer/francoise-hardy-y-los-50-anos-de-la-question-su-obra-maestra-de-culto/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016000715/https://indiehoy.com/indieayer/francoise-hardy-y-los-50-anos-de-la-question-su-obra-maestra-de-culto/ |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=16 October 2021 |work=[[Indie Hoy]] |language=es}}</ref> ma mesịa bụrụ nke a na-ewere dịka elu kachasị elu nke nka Hardy.<ref name="efequestion">{{cite web |date=30 May 2020 |title=La question (1971), de Françoise Hardy |url=https://www.efeeme.com/la-question-1971-de-francoise-hardy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412191312/https://www.efeeme.com/la-question-1971-de-francoise-hardy/ |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=27 April 2021 |publisher=Efe Eme |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="indiehoy" /> N’afọ 2017, Pitchfork tinyere ''Tous les garçons et les filles'' n’ọnọdụ nke iri itoolu (90) n’ime ndepụta ya nke “Album 200 Kachasị Mma nke Afọ 1960s”, ebe Marc Hogan kọwara ya dịka “nguzo siri ike n’etiti ụda egwu rockabilly na echiche miri emi nke ndị France, nke nwanyị kasị maa mma ma bụrụkwa onye na-anọkarị n’azụ ìgwè mmadụ na France nyefere n’ụzọ pụrụ iche.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/the-200-best-albums-of-the-1960s/?page=6|publisher=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|title=The 200 Best Albums of the 1960s|access-date=12 May 2021|date=22 August 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225231319/https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/the-200-best-albums-of-the-1960s/?page=6|url-status=live}}</ref> N’afọ 2023, ''Rolling Stone'' tinyere Hardy n’ọnọdụ nke 162 n’ime ndepụta ya nke Ndị Na-abụ Egwu 200 Kasị Ukwuu n’Oge Niile.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=1 January 2023|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-singers-all-time-1234642307/francoise-hardy-1234642907/|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307220908/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-singers-all-time-1234642307/francoise-hardy-1234642907/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nyocha nke onwe ya banyere ọrụ ya === Hardy na-akatọ album mbụ ya abụọ, ''Tous les garçons et les filles'' na ''Le premier bonheur du jour'', n’agbanyeghị nnukwu ewu ewu ha nwere.<ref name="uncut" /> O kwuru n’ajụjụ ọnụ e mere ya n’afọ 2018 na ọ “na-enwe nnukwu nkụda mmụọ n’ihi na ọchịchọ ya bụ ịnwe guitar eletrik mara mma... Kama nke ahụ, enwere m ndị na-egwu egwu France na-adịghị mma na mmepụta egwu jọgburu onwe ya.”<ref name="clash" /> Mgbe ọ gara London n’afọ 1963 iji dekọọ album ọhụrụ, o chere na ya enweela ohere “ime ụdị egwu ọzọ, ọ bụghị ụdị egwu igwe ahụ nke m tọrọ n’ime ya.”<ref name="mortality" /> N’agbanyeghị na album ndị o wepụtara na mbido afọ 1970s—''La question'', ''Et si je m'en vais avant toi'', na ''If You Listen''—emeghị nke ọma n’ahịa, Hardy chere na ha gosipụtara nke ọma nkà nka ya.<ref name="HardySeven" /> Karịsịa, o nwere nnukwu mpako banyere ''La question'', ma kwuo n’afọ 2008, sị: “Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwetaghị nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma n’etiti ọha mmadụ n’ozuzu ha, enwere m ike ikwu na o metụrụ ụdị ndị na-ege ntị ọzọ aka... Ọtụtụ mgbe, album nwere nnukwu ebumnuche nwere ike ileghara anya mgbe mbụ e wepụtara ya, ma n’ikpeazụ ọ na-adịgide ogologo oge.”<ref name="HardySeven" /> N’ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ''[[The Independent]]'' n’afọ 1996, Hardy kwuru na o kwenyere na ọtụtụ mmadụ amaghị nke ọma nkà ya dịka onye na-ese egwu, nakwa na ọ na-adịkarị mkpa ka ọ na-ekwu maka afọ 1960s na [[the Beatles]].<ref name="sixties" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == === Ezinụlọ === [[File:Fanclub1966JacquesDutronc.jpg|thumb|Hardy na onye egwu ibe ya [[Jacques Dutronc]] malitere mmekọrịta ha n’afọ 1967 ma lụọ di na nwunye n’afọ 1981.]] N’afọ 1962, Hardy malitere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya na nke ọrụ ya na onye na-ese foto nke ''Salut Les Copains'', Jean-Marie Périer.<ref name="QuinoneroGarcon">Quinonero, 2017, "«L'amour d'un garçon / Peut tout changer»"</ref><ref name="Deluxe58"/> Ha anaghị ebikọ ọnụ, ma n’ihi ọrụ ha, ha na-anọkarị iche ogologo oge, nke metụtara mmekọrịta ahụ n’ụzọ na-adịghị mma.<ref name="HardyThree"/> Ha kewara n’afọ 1966,<ref name="HardyFour"/> mana ha gara n’ihu bụrụ ezigbo ndị enyi na ndị mmekọ ọrụ.<ref name="parismatch21"/> N’afọ 1967, Hardy malitere mmekọrịta a na-ekwukarị banyere ya n’ihu ọha na eze na onye na-abụ abụ [[Jacques Dutronc]].<ref name="NightfallJeneusse">{{cite web|url=http://fp.nightfall.fr/index_6755_franoise-hardy-ma-jeunesse-fout-le-camp.html|title=Françoise HARDY – Ma Jeunesse Fout Le Camp (1967)|author=Waltersmoke|access-date=27 May 2021|date=24 May 2014|language=French|publisher=Forces Parallèles. Nightfall.fr|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527030919/http://fp.nightfall.fr/index_6755_franoise-hardy-ma-jeunesse-fout-le-camp.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="QuinoneroVoudras">Quinonero, 2017, "«Le jour où tu voudras / Je serai là pour toi»"</ref> Mgbe nwa ha naanị ya, nwa nwoke aha ya bụ [[Thomas Dutronc|Thomas]], mụrụ na 16 Juun 1973,<ref name="QuinoneroThomas">Quinonero, 2017, "Thomas, l'enfant de l'amour"</ref> Hardy na Dutronc kwagara n’ụlọ nwere okpukpu atọ dị nso na [[Parc Montsouris]] n’oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 1974.<ref name="QuinoneroThomas"/> Ezinụlọ ahụ na-aga kwa oge ọkọchị n’ụlọ Dutronc nwere na [[Lumio]] n’agwaetiti [[Corsica]].<ref name="QuinoneroThomas"/> Mgbe Thomas Dutronc toro, ọ malitekwara ọrụ ya dịka onye egwu.<ref name="resurreccion">{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2016/05/17/actualidad/1463486870_815121.html|language=Spanish|work=[[El País]]|access-date=29 May 2021|title=La resurrección musical de Françoise Hardy|date=19 May 2016|last=Gámez|first=Carles|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212320/https://elpais.com/cultura/2016/05/17/actualidad/1463486870_815121.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hardy na Dutronc lụrụ di na nwunye na 30 Maachị 1981 n’emume nzuzo.<ref name="ina81">{{cite web|url=https://www.ina.fr/contenus-editoriaux/articles-editoriaux/1981-francoise-hardy-revele-son-opinion-sur-le-mariage/|language=French|access-date=11 May 2021|title=1981, Françoise Hardy révèle son opinion sur le mariage|date=29 March 2021|publisher=[[Institut national de l'audiovisuel|INA]]|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510042057/https://www.ina.fr/contenus-editoriaux/articles-editoriaux/1981-francoise-hardy-revele-son-opinion-sur-le-mariage/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dị ka Hardy si kwuo, ha kwadoro mmekọrịta ha n’iwu n’ihi “ihe gbasara ụtụ isi”,<ref name="independent05"/> nakwa n’ihi ndụmọdụ onye ọka iwu Hardy nyere ya maka ihe gbasara ahụike na nchekwa.<ref name="ina81"/> Di na nwunye ahụ kewara n’afọ 1988 n’ihi mmekọrịta ịhụnanya ha na ndị ọzọ na nsogbu mmanya Dutronc nwere.<ref name="QuinoneroFaim"/><ref name="QuinoneroVII">Quinonero, 2017, "«ME PASSER DU MYSTÈRE DE MISTER» «Qu'y a-t-il sous votre carapace ? / Quels jardins secrets ? / L'un après l'autre / Tout est passé...»"</ref> Ha akwụsịghị alụmdi na nwunye ha n’iwu, ma mmekọrịta ha ghọrọ ụdị “enyi pụrụ iche”.<ref name="QuinoneroVII"/> N’afọ 2016, Hardy gwara ''Le Parisien'' na ọbụna mgbe Dutronc nwere onye òtù ọlụlụ ọhụrụ, ọ chọghị ịgba ya alụkwaghịm.<ref name="parisien16">{{cite web|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/rechanter-sait-on-jamais-06-12-2016-6418329.php|title=VIDEOS. Françoise Hardy : " Rechanter ? Sait-on jamais... "|access-date=29 May 2021|date=6 December 2016|language=French|work=[[Le Parisien]]|last1=((Bureau))|first1=Éric|last2=Jaeglé|first2=Yves|last3=Kastler-Le Scour|first3=Élisabeth|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213816/https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/rechanter-sait-on-jamais-06-12-2016-6418329.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Ná mmalite afọ ndị 1980, ọ mụtara na nna ya, onye ọ na-anọghị nso, biri ndụ abụọ dịka nwoke nwoke ibe ya na-achọ n’ime nzuzo, mgbe otu n’ime ndị ntorobịa ọ hụrụ n’anya jiri nkwado ego nna ya na-enye ya mee nganga n’ihu otu n’ime ndị enyi Dutronc.<ref name="HardyEleven"/> Nna ya nwụrụ n’ụlọ ọgwụ na 6 Febrụwarị 1981 mgbe e merụsịrị ya ahụ n’ọgụ,<ref name="HardyEleven"/> ma eleghị anya site n’aka otu nwoke na-ere mmekọahụ,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/vip/videos-francoise-hardy-se-confie-sur-l-homosexualite-de-son-pere_1764577.html|title=VIDEOS. Françoise Hardy se confie sur l'homosexualité de son père|access-date=10 May 2021|date=17 February 2016|work=[[L'Express]]|language=French|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612013023/https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/people/videos-francoise-hardy-se-confie-sur-l-homosexualite-de-son-pere_1764577.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ihe a na-akọghị n’akụkọ mgbasa ozi n’oge ahụ.<ref name="QuinoneroMariage">Quinonero, 2017, "Mariage et élections"</ref> Nwanne nwanyị Hardy, Michèle, tolitere n’enweghị ịhụnanya sitere n’aka nne na nna ha, ma nwee omume igbu onwe ya na mgbaàmà nke [[paranoid schizophrenic|paranoid schizophrenia]].<ref name="HardyFive"/> N’ọnwa Mee 2004, a hụrụ ya nwụrụ anwụ n’ụlọ ya dị na [[L'Île-Rousse]], ma eleghị anya n’ihi igbu onwe ya.<ref name="HardyEighteen"/> === Ahụike na ọnwụ === N’agbata njedebe afọ 2004 na mmalite afọ 2005, a chọpụtara na Hardy nwere [[MALT lymphoma]],<ref name="avisnon"/><ref name="QuinoneroDefera">Quinonero, 2017 "«Rien ne défera jamais nos liens»"</ref> nke malitere oge ọ kọwara dịka “oge ọkụ mmụọ” nke gbagburu ndụ ya n’usoro.<ref name="HardyEighteen"/> Ọ natara ọgwụgwọ [[chemotherapy]], nke rụpụtara ezigbo nsonaazụ na mbụ.<ref name="HardyEighteen"/> N’ọnwa Maachị 2015, ọnọdụ ahụike ya ka njọ, a kpọbatara ya n’ụlọ ọgwụ, ebe e tinyere ya n’ime [[artificial coma]] ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ nwụọ.<ref name="figaroavis"/> Mgbe ọ nọ n’ụlọ ọgwụ, ọ gbajiri ikpere ụkwụ na ikpere aka.<ref name="figaroavis"/> Ọ gwara ''Le Figaro'' n’afọ 2015: “Enwekwara m nnukwu nsogbu n’ịga ije... E nwere oge m na-enweghị ike ịhụ onye ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ịpụ apụ. Ma ana m anọgide na-enwe olileanya ọma... Ana m ezere iche banyere ya; ọ naghị achịkwa echiche m.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/livres/2015/03/04/03005-20150304ARTFIG00318-les-coups-de-griffe-de-francoise-hardy.php|title=Les coups de griffe de Françoise Hardy|language=French|work=[[Le Figaro]]|access-date=26 May 2021|first=Mohammed|last=Aïssaoui|date=4 March 2015|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526181643/https://www.lefigaro.fr/livres/2015/03/04/03005-20150304ARTFIG00318-les-coups-de-griffe-de-francoise-hardy.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Hardy gara n’ihu ịnata ọgwụgwọ chemotherapy ọzọ na [[immunotherapy]].<ref name="diseasertl">{{cite web|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/debats-societe/euthanasie-je-ne-peux-rester-a-attendre-que-la-mort-arrive-confie-francoise-hardy-7900017283|language=French|access-date=6 May 2021|title=Euthanasie : "Je ne peux rester à attendre que la mort arrive", confie Françoise Hardy|first1=Flavie|last1=Flament|first2=Emmanuelle|last2=Brisson|date=7 April 2021|publisher=[[RTL (French radio)|RTL]]|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506053245/https://www.rtl.fr/actu/debats-societe/euthanasie-je-ne-peux-rester-a-attendre-que-la-mort-arrive-confie-francoise-hardy-7900017283|url-status=live}}</ref> Ahụike ya gara n’ihu ịka njọ, ma n’afọ 2021 ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama n’ịkwado iwu ga-eme ka [[physician-assisted suicide]] bụrụ ihe kwere omume na France. O kwuru na ajụjụ ọnụ dị iche iche na, ma ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ ya aghọọ ihe na-adịghị anabata ma mee ka ọ ghara ime “ihe ndị ndụ [ya] chọrọ”, ọ ga-achọ euthanasia, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gaghị enwe ohere ime ya n’iwu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parismatch.com/People/Francoise-Hardy-l-hymne-a-l-amour-1729389|language=French|access-date=6 May 2021|quote=Quand mon état deviendra encore plus insupportable, je n'aurai, hélas, pas le soulagement de savoir que je peux me faire euthanasier. La France est inhumaine sur ce plan-là.|title=Françoise Hardy: "Je n'ai pas peur de mourir mais j'ai très, très peur de souffrir"|work=[[Paris Match]]|date=17 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506053250/https://www.parismatch.com/People/Francoise-Hardy-l-hymne-a-l-amour-1729389|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="diseasertl" /> N’otu afọ ahụkwa, ọ kpughere na ọ pụghịzi ịbụ abụ n’ihi mmetụta ọgwụgwọ ndị ahụ nwere n’ahụ ya.<ref name="parismatch21" /> Hardy nwụrụ n’ihi [[laryngeal cancer]] na Paris na 11 Juun 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 80.<ref name="lemonde">{{cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/06/11/francoise-hardy-icone-de-la-culture-pop-est-morte_6238944_3382.html|title=Françoise Hardy, icône de la culture pop, est morte|publisher=Le Monde|accessdate=11 June 2024|date=11 June 2024|language=French|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612011748/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/06/11/francoise-hardy-icone-de-la-culture-pop-est-morte_6238944_3382.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tupu ọnwụ ya, ọ tara ahụhụ site n’ịda ugboro ugboro na mgbaji ọkpụkpụ dị iche iche.<ref name="lemonde" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/article/2024/jun/12/francoise-hardy-french-pop-singer-and-fashion-muse-dies-aged-80|title=Françoise Hardy, French pop singer and fashion muse, dies aged 80|work=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2024|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612013919/https://www.theguardian.com/music/article/2024/jun/12/francoise-hardy-french-pop-singer-and-fashion-muse-dies-aged-80|url-status=live |last1=Beaumont-Thomas |first1=Ben }}</ref> Nwa ya nwoke kwupụtara ọnwụ ya na [[Instagram]], dee, “Mama apụọla...”<ref name="letempsobit">{{cite web |last1=Perrin |first1=Oliver |title=Françoise Hardy, notre âme en peine: Hommage Malade depuis deux décennies, la chanteuse et icône de la culture pop s'en est allée à l'âge de 80 ans. Elle était admirée pour son talent, son courage, et sa volonté tenace cachée dans l'ombre de ses doutes susurrés pendant un demi-siècle |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/3066988225 |id={{ProQuest|3066988225}}|website=[[Le Temps]] |language=fr |access-date=18 July 2024 |date=13 June 2024}}</ref> e mere emume ikpeazụ maka ya na [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] n’ụlọ crematorium na columbarium ya.<ref name="Figaro/AFP 2024-06-15">{{cite news |agency=AFP |title=Les obsèques de Françoise Hardy se tiendront jeudi à Paris |trans-title=The funeral of Françoise Hardy will be held on Thursday in Paris |website=Le Figaro |date=2024-06-15 |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/musique/les-obseques-de-francoise-hardy-se-tiendront-jeudi-a-paris-20240615 |language=fr |access-date=2024-06-16}}</ref> ==Ihe nkiri egwu ahọpụtara== {{columns-list|colwidth=35em| * Abọm na-enweghị aha (''[[Tous les garçons et les filles (album)|Tous les garçons et les filles]] (All The Boys And Girls)'') (1962)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spectrumculture.com/2015/10/27/francoise-hardy-tous-les-garcons-et-les-filles-le-premier-bonheur-du-jour-mon-amie-la-rose-lamitie-la-maison-ou-jai-grandi/|title=Françoise Hardy: Tous les garçons et les filles, Le Premier Bonheur du jour, Mon Amie la rose, L'Amitié, La Maison oú j'ai grandi|last1=Paul|first1=John|date=27 October 2015|website=|publisher=Spectrum Culture|access-date=18 August 2016|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125230751/http://spectrumculture.com/2015/10/27/francoise-hardy-tous-les-garcons-et-les-filles-le-premier-bonheur-du-jour-mon-amie-la-rose-lamitie-la-maison-ou-jai-grandi/|url-status=live}}</ref> * Abọm na-enweghị aha (''[[Françoise Hardy (1963 album)|Le premier bonheur du jour]] (The First Good Time Of The Day)'') (1963)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/master/202934-Fran%C3%A7oise-Hardy-Fran%C3%A7oise-Hardy|title=Françoise Hardy – Françoise Hardy|access-date=4 April 2022|website=Discogs.com|date=1963 |archive-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324203725/https://www.discogs.com/master/202934-Fran%C3%A7oise-Hardy-Fran%C3%A7oise-Hardy|url-status=live}}</ref> * Abọm na-enweghị aha (''[[Françoise Hardy canta per voi in italiano]] (English: Françoise Hardy Sings For You In Italian'') (1963)<ref>Catalogue number: LPJ 5034.</ref> * Abọm na-enweghị aha (''[[Mon amie la rose (album)|Mon amie la rose]] (My Friend The Rose'') (1964)<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Jones |first1=Peter |author-link1=Peter Jones (journalist) |last2= Jopling |first2= Norman |date=27 February 1965 |title=Francoise Hardy |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Record-Mirror/60s/65/Record-Mirror-1965-02-27-S-OCR.pdf |magazine=[[Record Mirror]] |issue=207 |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401225353/https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Record-Mirror/60s/65/Record-Mirror-1965-02-27-S-OCR.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2022|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> * Abọm na-enweghị aha (''[[L'amitié]] (Friendship'') (1965)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ariza Lázaro |first=Sergio |date=17 January 2017 |title=Las 10 mejores canciones de Françoise Hardy |url=https://www.diariocritico.com/musica/francoise-hardy-mejores-canciones |access-date=26 March 2021 |publisher=Diariocrítico.com |language=Spanish |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130054053/https://www.diariocritico.com/musica/francoise-hardy-mejores-canciones |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[Françoise Hardy Sings in English|In English]]'' (1966)<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Jones |first1=Peter |author-link1=Peter Jones (journalist) |last2= Jopling |first2= Norman |date=14 May 1966 |title=Francoise Hardy: ''Sings in English'' |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Record-Mirror/60s/66/Record-Mirror-1966-05-14.pdf |magazine=[[Record Mirror]] |issue=270 |page=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401225734/https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Record-Mirror/60s/66/Record-Mirror-1966-05-14.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2022|access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref> * Abọm na-enweghị aha (''[[La maison où j'ai grandi (album)|La maison où j'ai grandi]] (The House Where I Grew Up)'') (1966)<ref>[{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r330373|pure_url=yes}} Maison Ou J'ai Grandi – overview], [[Allmusic]]. Accessed on line 1 May 2009.</ref> * ''[[Ma jeunesse fout le camp...]] (My Youth Is Leaving...)'' (1967)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/culture/musiques/les-tresors-de-nos-discotheques-francoise-hardy-chante-tant-de-belles-choses-6803149|language=French|title=Les trésors de nos discothèques. Françoise Hardy a chanté tant de belles choses|last=Trodaec|first=Michel|date=8 April 2020|work=[[Ouest-France]]|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213817/https://www.ouest-france.fr/culture/musiques/les-tresors-de-nos-discotheques-francoise-hardy-chante-tant-de-belles-choses-6803149|url-status=live}}</ref> * Abọm na-enweghị aha (''[[Françoise Hardy (1968 album)|Comment te dire adieu]] (How To Say Goodbye To You)'') (1968)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.secondhandsongs.com/song/44754|title = Cover versions of It Hurts to Say Goodbye by Margaret Whiting &#124; SecondHandSongs|website = SecondHandSongs|access-date = 11 June 2024|archive-date = 8 October 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081008023158/http://www.secondhandsongs.com/song/44754|url-status = live|accessdate = 4 June 2026|archivedate = 8 October 2008|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081008023158/http://www.secondhandsongs.com/song/44754}}</ref> * Abọm na-enweghị aha ([[La question (album)|''La Question'']] (''The Question'') (1971)<ref name="Weiner 19" /> * ''[[Personne d'autre]] (Nobody Else)'' (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/personne-dautre-mw0003160885|title=Personne d"Autre – Françoise Hardy|publisher=AllMusic.com|last=Jurek|first=Thom|accessdate=23 May 2018|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523200637/https://www.allmusic.com/album/personne-dautre-mw0003160885|url-status=live}}</ref> }} ==Ihe nkiri== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- !scope="col"| Year !scope="col"| Title !scope="col"| Role !Director !scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes !scope="col"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | 1963 !scope=row| ''[[Château en Suède|Nutty, Naughty Chateau]] (Château en Suède)'' | Ophélie | [[Roger Vadim]] | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Deluxe60"/> |- | 1964 !scope=row| ''[[The Hully Gully Boys]]'' ({{ill|I Ragazzi Dell'Hully Gully|it|italic=yes}}) | rowspan="2"| Herself | Marcello Giannini na [[Carlo Infascelli]] | rowspan="2"| onye na-eme egwu | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="ragazzi"/> |- | rowspan="3"| 1965 !scope=row| ''[[Questo pazzo, pazzo mondo della canzone|This Crazy, Crazy World of Song]] (Questo Pazzo, Pazzo Mondo Della Canzone)'' | [[Bruno Corbucci]] na [[Giovanni Grimaldi]] | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="questo"/> |- !scope=row| ''[[What's New Pussycat?]]'' | Mayor's secretary | [[Clive Donner]] | ọdịdị cameo | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Deluxe60"/> |- !scope=row| ''[[Altissima pressione|Highest Pressure]] (Altissima Pressione)'' | Herself | [[Enzo Trapani]] | onye na-eme egwu | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="larkin"/> |- | rowspan="4"| 1966 !scope=row| ''[[Une balle au cœur|Devil at My Heels]] (Une balle au cœur)'' | Anna | [[Jean-Daniel Pollet]] | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="HardyThree"/> |- !scope=row| ''[[Masculin Féminin|Masculine Feminine]]'' | American officer's companion | [[Jean-Luc Godard]] | ọdịdị cameo | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="godard"/> |- !scope=row| ''Europe Sing (Europa Canta)'' | Herself | [[José Luis Merino]] | onye na-eme egwu | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="larkin"/> |- !scope=row| ''[[Grand Prix (1966 film)|Grand Prix]]'' | Lisa | [[John Frankenheimer]] | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="QuioneroCineaste"/> |- | 1968 !scope=row| ''[[Monte Carlo: C'est La Rose|Monte Carlo: It's The Rose]] (Monte Carlo: C'est La Rose)'' | Herself | [[Michael Pfleghar]] | ihe ngosi telivishọn pụrụ iche | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="larkin"/> |- | 1969 !scope=row| ''The Man Who Came From Cher (L'Homme Qui Venait du Cher)'' | Suzanne | Pierre Desfons | ihe nkiri telivishọn | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="cher"/> |- | 1972 !scope=row| ''[[The Doves]]'' ({{ill|Les Colombes|fr|italic=yes}}) | Young hippie | [[Jean-Claude Lord]] | ọdịdị cameo | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="colombes">{{cite web |last=Ramond |first=Charles-Henri |date=6 October 2020 |title=Colombes, Les – Film de Jean-Claude Lord |trans-title=The Doves – Film by Jean-Claude Lord |url=https://www.filmsquebec.com/films/colombes-jean-claude-lord/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521075854/https://www.filmsquebec.com/films/colombes-jean-claude-lord/ |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |publisher=Films du Québec |language=French}}</ref> |- | 1976 !scope=row| ''[[Second Chance (1976 film)|If I Had to Do It All Over Again]] (Si C'Était à Refaire)'' | Herself | [[Claude Lelouch]] | onye na-eme egwu | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="QuinoneroFilmography">Quinonero, 2017, "Annexe: Filmographie"</ref> |} ==Ọrụ ebipụtara== ;Ọgụgụ Eluigwe * ''Le grand livre de la Vierge (The Great Book Of The Virgin'') (ya na Béatrice Guénin) (1979)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://booknode.com/le_grand_livre_de_la_vierge_0264192|title=Le grand livre de la Vierge|publisher=Booknode|accessdate=11 June 2024|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505163334/http://booknode.com/le_grand_livre_de_la_vierge_0264192|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''Entre les lignes, entre les signes (Between The Lines, Between The Signs)'' (ya na Anne-Marie Simond) (1986) * ''L'astrologie universelle (Universal Astrology)'' (1987)<ref>{{cite web |title=L'astrologie universelle: Le zodiaque comme vous ne l'avez jamais vu (French Edition) |trans-title=Universal Astrology: The Zodiac as You've Never Seen It (French Edition) |url=https://www.abebooks.com/Lastrologie-universelle-zodiaque-lavez-jamais-French/31468886569/bd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612012204/https://www.abebooks.com/Lastrologie-universelle-zodiaque-lavez-jamais-French/31468886569/bd |archive-date=12 June 2024 |accessdate=11 June 2024 |publisher=Abe books}}</ref> * ''Les rythmes du zodiaque (The Rhythms Of The Zodiac)'' (2003)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://mediatheque.chartres.fr/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/185255/les-rythmes-du-zodiaque-francoise-hardy?_lg=en-US|title=Les rythmes du zodiaque / Françoise Hardy|date=2003 |publisher=Madiatheque|isbn=978-2-7491-0101-9 |accessdate=11 June 2024|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612012254/https://mediatheque.chartres.fr/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/185255/les-rythmes-du-zodiaque-francoise-hardy?_lg=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> ;Akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo * ''Notes secrètes: entretiens avec Eric Dumont (Secret Notes: Interviews With Eric Dumont)'' (1991) (ajụjụ ọnụ)<ref>{{cite book|title=Notes secrètes : Françoise Hardy : entretiens avec Eric Dumont|publisher=Worldcat |oclc=30916651 }}</ref> * ''Le désespoir des singes... et autres bagatelles (The Despair Of The Monkeys... And Other Trifles)'' (2008) (akụkọ ndụ onwe onye)<ref>{{cite web |title=Le désespoir des singes et autres bagatelles |trans-title=The Despair of Monkeys and Other Trifles |url=https://www.babelio.com/livres/Hardy-Le-desespoir-des-singes-et-autres-bagatelles/90475 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303034056/https://www.babelio.com/livres/Hardy-Le-desespoir-des-singes-et-autres-bagatelles/90475 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |accessdate=11 June 2024 |publisher=Babelio |archivedate=3 March 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303034056/https://www.babelio.com/livres/Hardy-Le-desespoir-des-singes-et-autres-bagatelles/90475 }}</ref> * ''Avis non autorisés... (Unauthorized Reviews...)'' (2015) (edemede)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9782290130124/Avis-autoris%C3%A9s-Documents-11527-French-2290130125/plp|title=Avis non autorisés|publisher=Abebooks|accessdate=11 June 2024|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612012210/https://www.abebooks.com/9782290130124/Avis-autoris%C3%A9s-Documents-11527-French-2290130125/plp|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''Un cadeau du ciel... (A Gift From Heaven...)'' (2016) (essay)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.babelio.com/livres/Hardy-Un-cadeau-du-ciel/903592|title=Un cadeau du ciel|publisher=Babelio|accessdate=11 June 2024|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815104001/https://www.babelio.com/livres/Hardy-Un-cadeau-du-ciel/903592|url-status=live|archivedate=15 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815104001/https://www.babelio.com/livres/Hardy-Un-cadeau-du-ciel/903592}}</ref> * ''Chansons sur toi et nous (Songs About You And Us)'' (2021) (akwụkwọ egwu)<ref>{{cite web |title=Chansons sur toi et nous |trans-title=Songs about you and us |url=https://www.jailu.com/chansons-sur-toi-et-nous/9782290359761 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128223341/https://www.jailu.com/chansons-sur-toi-et-nous/9782290359761 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |accessdate=11 June 2024 |publisher=Jailu}}</ref> ;Akwụkwọ akụkọ * ''L'amour fou (Crazy Love)'' (2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=12925998800&cm_sp=plp-_-9782290070703-_-new|title=L'amour fou|publisher=Abebooks|accessdate=11 June 2024|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612012251/https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=12925998800&cm_sp=plp-_-9782290070703-_-new|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Hụkwa== *[[Ejiji ndị France]] *[[Egwu rock na France]] *[[Ndepụta ndị na-agụ kpakpando (astrologers)]] *[[Ndepụta ndị na-ese ma ọ bụ na-eme egwu baroque pop]] *[[Ndepụta ndị na-ese ma ọ bụ na-eme egwu folk rock]] *[[Ndepụta ndị na-abụ abụ France]] *[[Ndepụta ndị na-abụ abụ yé-yé]] ==Edensibia== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Ndekọ Akwụkwọ== * {{cite book|title=Sounds French: Globalization, Cultural Communities, and Pop Music in France, 1958–1980|first=Jonathyne|last=Briggs|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2015|isbn=978-0199377060}} * {{cite book|last=Deluxe|first=Jean-Emmanuel|publisher=[[Feral House]]|year=2013|isbn=978-1936239719|title=Yé-Yé Girls of '60s French Pop}} * {{cite book|title=The Despair of Monkeys and Other Trifles: A Memoir by Françoise Hardy|last=Hardy|first=Françoise |year=2018|translator-last1=Graham|translator-first1=Jon E.|publisher=[[Feral House]]|trans-title= Le désespoir des singes... et autres bagatelles|orig-year=2008|isbn=978-1-62731-0734|type=eBook}} * {{cite book | last = Lesueur | first = Daniel | title = Françoise Hardy: Catch a Rising Star | publisher = Camion Blanc | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-2357797666 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=a8aZCwAAQBAJ | language = fr | access-date = 31 May 2021 }} * {{cite book|last=Quinonero|first=Frédéric|year=2017|language=French|publisher=Éditions l'Archipel|title=Françoise Hardy, un long chant d'amour|isbn=978-2809822267|type=eBook}} ==Njikọ mpụga== {{commons}} * {{Official website|http://www.francoise-hardy.com/}} {{in lang|fr}} * {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0000186594|label=Françoise Hardy}} * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/457980-Fran%C3%A7oise-Hardy Françoise Hardy] na [[Discogs]] * {{IMDb name|id=0362634|name=Françoise Hardy}} * [https://www.last.fm/music/Fran%C3%A7oise+Hardy Françoise Hardy] na [[Last.fm]] * [https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/11186/francoise-hardy/ Françoise Hardy] na [[Official Charts Company]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hardy, Francoise}} [[Category: Ụmụ nwanyị]] t5xid7w1c8br9x0f3b5jzx6u2sxnqft 0 76469 674471 656841 2026-07-09T10:03:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Ọkà mmụta French nke na-amụ asụsụ na ederede ochie (amụrụ na 1942)}} '''Geneviève Hasenohr''' (amụrụ na 3 Julaị 1942) bụ onye France na-amụ [[philology|filọlọjị]] na ọkà mmụta ama ama nke [[medieval French literature|akwụkwọ French nke oge etiti]] na nke oge Renaissance. Ọ bụ onye dere ma ọ bụ nyere aka n’ide ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri anọ, dee ihe ruru edemede agụmakwụkwọ na nyocha akwụkwọ iri ise ma ọ bụ karịa, ma kwadebe ọtụtụ mbipụta agụmakwụkwọ. O nyere aka n’akwụkwọ abụọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe n’ọhịa ọmụmụ akwụkwọ French nke oge etiti. Otu n’ime ha bụ ''Introduction à l'ancien français'', nke Guy Raynaud de Lage dere ma Hasenohr megharịa.<ref>(Paris: SEDES, 1990 and 1993. {{ISBN|2718116536}} and {{ISBN|978-2718116532}})</ref> Ya na [[:fr:Michel Zink|Michel Zink]], o megharịrị mpịakọta nke mbụ nke nnukwu akwụkwọ ''Dictionnaire des lettres françaises'',<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28082636 Dictionnaire des lettres françaises]</ref> nke nwere isiokwu nta ''Le Moyen Age''.<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/431449238 Le Moyen Age]</ref><ref>(Paris: Fayard, 1992, {{ISBN|2253056626}} / {{ISBN|978-2253056621}})</ref> Zink na Hasenohr bụkwa ndị nchịkọta ọnụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ mba ụwa ''Romania''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.college-de-france.fr/site/michel-zink/romania_revue.htm |title=Romania |accessdate=4 June 2026 |archivedate=21 January 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121075638/https://www.college-de-france.fr/site/michel-zink/romania_revue.htm }}</ref> Mbipụta mbụ ya pụtara n'okpuru aha Geneviève Esnos; mgbe ahụ, site na 1969 ruo 2002, ọtụtụ ọrụ ya pụtara n'okpuru aha Geneviève Hasenohr-Esnos.<ref>[https://www.google.com/#q=inauthor:%22Genevi%C3%A8ve+Hasenohr-Esnos%22&tbm=bksGeneviève Hasenohr-Esnos]</ref> Ruo ogologo oge, ọ bụ prọfesọ na [[University of Paris (post-1970)|Mahadum Sorbonne]] dị na Paris na ngalaba Roman nke Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irht.cnrs.fr/en/ |title=Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes |access-date=9 January 2014 |archive-date=9 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109115827/http://www.irht.cnrs.fr/en/ |url-status=dead |accessdate=4 June 2026 |archivedate=9 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109115827/http://www.irht.cnrs.fr/en/ }}</ref> nke [[Centre National de Recherche Scientifique]] (CNRS) dị na Paris. Ọ ka na-enwe mmekọrịta ọrụ na [[Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes]] na Centre de recherche sur la création littéraire en France à la Renaissance.<ref>[http://www.ephe.sorbonne.fr/en/%20Centre de recherche sur la création littéraire en France à la Renaissance]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A kwanyere ya ugwu dịka Knight nke [[National Order of Merit (France)]], nakwa dịka [[Ordre des Palmes Académiques|Chevalier des Palmes académiques]]. Kemgbe afọ 2000, ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya (correspondent) nke [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109071700/http://www.aibl.fr/membres/liste-des-correspondants-francais/article/hasenohr-genevieve?lang=fr Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109071700/http://www.aibl.fr/membres/liste-des-correspondants-francais/article/hasenohr-genevieve?lang=fr |date=9 January 2014 }}. Prọfesọ Hasenohr ka na-ebipụta ọmụmụ miri emi banyere akwụkwọ aka Latin na French, ma bụrụ ọkachamara n’ihe gbasara [[philology|filọlọjị]], [[paleography|palịọgrafi]], [[French literature|akwụkwọ French]], [[Christian spirituality|mmụọ nsọ Kraịst]], na [[women's literature|edemede ụmụ nwanyị]]. ==Akwụkwọ edemede ahọpụtara== *"A propos de la ''Vie de Nostre Benoit Saulveur Jhesus Crist''." ''Romania'' 102 (1981): 352-391. *[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/lfr_0023-8368_1998_num_119_1_6257 "Abréviations et frontières de mots."] ''Langue Française'' 119, ''Segments graphiques du français: Pratiques et normalisations dans l'histoire'' (September 1998): 24-29. *"Les anciennes traductions italiennes du ''De civitate dei''". Thesis, 1968. *"Aperçu sur la diffusion et la réception de la littérature de spiritualité en langue française au dernier siècle du Moyen Age," ''Wissenorganisierende und wissensvermittelnde Literatur im Mittelalter'', ed. Norbert Richard Wolf (Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1987), 57-90. *"[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhef_0300-9505_1991_num_77_198_3509?luceneQuery=%28%2B%28content%3AHasenohr+title%3AHasenohr^2.0+fullContent%3AHasenohr^100.0+fullTitle%3AHasenohr^140.0+summary%3AHasenohr+authors%3AHasenohr^5.0+illustrations%3AHasenohr^4.0+bibrefs%3AHasenohr^4.0+toctitles%3AHasenohr^4.0+toctitles1%3AHasenohr^3.0+toctitles2%3AHasenohr^2.0+toctitles3%3AHasenohr%29%29+AND+%28+%2BarticleType%3A%28article%29+%2Baccess_right%3A%28free%29+%29&words=Hasenohr&words=100&words=140&words=article&words=free Aspects de la littérature de spiritualité en langue française], 1480-1520." ''Revue de l'histoire de l'église en France'' 77 (1991): 29-45. *"Bible française." In ''Dictionnaire des lettres françaises. Le Moyen Âge'' (1992) p.&nbsp;179-196. *"Bibles et psautiers." In ''Mise en page et mise en texte du livre manuscrit'' (1990) p.&nbsp;316-327. *"Le christianisme méridional au miroir de sa littérature (XIIIe-XIVe siècles)." ''Heresis'' 11 (1988): 29-40. *"Copistes italiens du ''Lancelot'': le manuscrit fr. 354 de la Bibl. Nationale." In ''Lancelot, Lanzelet. Hier et aujourdhui'' (1995) p.&nbsp;219-226. *"Le Credo apostolique dans la littérature française du Moyen Âge." In ''Pensée, image et communication en Europe médiévale'' (1993) p.&nbsp;175-178. *''Culture et travail intellectuel dans l'occident médiéval: bilan des "Colloques d'humanisme médiéval (1960-1980) fondés par le R.P. Hubert, O.P.,'' ed. Geneviève Hasenohr-Esnos and Jean Longère. Paris: Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1981. *''Le'' Cur Deus homo ''d'Anselme de Canterbury et le'' De arrha animae ''de Hugues de Saint-Victor'', ed. Pierre Crapillet; Geneviève Hasenohr; Robert Bultot. Louvain-la-Neuve: Institut d'études médiévales de l'Université catholique de Louvain, 1984. *"De l'écriture à la lecture: réflexion sur les manuscrits d'''Erec et Enide.'' In ''Les Manuscrits de Chrétien de Troyes'' ed. Françoise Gasparri and Christine Ruby (1993) Pt. 1, p. 97-148. *"Deux chansons franciscaines françaises du XIIIe siècle." ''Revista portuguesa de história do livro'' 10 (2007) p. 35-69. *''Dictionnaire des lettres françaises'' volume 1, ''Le moyen âge'', by Georges François-Xavier Marie Grente, Robert Bossuat, Louis Pichard, and Guy Raynaud de Lage. Revised by [[Michel Zink]] and Geneviève Hasenohr-Esnos. Paris: Le Livre de Poche / Fayard, 1992. Also 1994 edition "Ed. entièrement revue et mise à jour sous la dir. de Geneviève Hasenohr." *"Dire la verité", "oir la verité": quelle vérité ? À propos de quelques occurrences de vérité relevées dans les sermons de Gerson." ''La transmission des savoirs au Moyen Âge et à la Renaissance'' 1 (2005) p. 13-28. *"Discours vernaculaire et autorités latines. In ''Mise en page et mise en texte du livre manuscrit'' (1990) p. 289-315. *"Le dit de l'arbre." In ''Ensi firent li ancessor : mélanges de philologie médiévale offerts à Marc-René Jung'' (Alessandria : Edizioni dell'Orso, 1996) p.&nbsp;559-572. *"Un ''Donat'' de dévotion en langue d'oc du XIIIe siècle: le ''Liber divini amoris''." ''Eglise et culture en France méridionale'', ed. Jacques Monfrin (2000) p.&nbsp;219-243. *"Du bon usage de la galette des rois." ''Romania'' 114 (1996) p.&nbsp;445-467. *[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/crai_0065-0536_2006_num_150_2_87096%20 "D’une « poésie de béguine » à une « poétique des béguines ». Aperçus sur la forme et la reception des textes (France, XIIIe-XIVe s.)."] ''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres'' 150 (2006) p.&nbsp;913-943. *"Écrire en latin, ecrire en roman: réflexions sur la pratique des abréviations dans les manuscrits francais des XIIe et XIIIe siècles." In ''Langages et peuples d'Europe'' (2002) p.&nbsp;79-110. *"Écrits moraux et lectures religieuses à la fin du Moyen âge: étude et édition de quelques textes en langue vernaculaire." Thesis, 1985. *"En Auvergne au XVe siècle: le chanoine Roger Benoiton et ses livres." In ''Mélanges André Vernet'', ed. Anne-Marie Chagny-Sève (1998) p.&nbsp;421-466. *Un enseignement de vie chrétienne du XIII siècle et sa postérité: la "Regle des coeurs ordonnés." ''Romania'' 124.3 (2006) p.&nbsp;324-360. *"L'essor des bibliothèques privées aux XIVe et XVe siècles." ''Histoire des Bibliothèques françaises'' 1 (1989) p.&nbsp;215-263. *''Études de lexicologie et dialectologie'' ed. {{Interlanguage link|Jacqueline Picoche|fr}}; Nelly Andrieux-Reix; Geneviève Hasenohr-Esnos. Paris: Conseil international de la langue française, 1995. *"Un exemple d'accommodation linguistique au début du XVIe siècle." In ''Les formes du sens : études de linguistique française, médiévale et générale offertes à Robert Martin à l'occasion de ses 60 ans'' (Louvain: Duculot, 1997) p.&nbsp;167-174. *"Une exposition 'humaniste' du ''Pater'' en langue d'oïl du XIIIe siècle. In ''Religion et mentalités au Moyen Âge : mélanges en l'honneur d'Hervé Martin.'' ([[Presses Universitaires de Rennes]], 2003) p. 271-281. *"Un faux Pierre de Luxembourg, un vrai Arnoul de Bohéries un Isidore travesti dans la bibliothèque de Marguerite d'York." In ''Miscellanea in memoriam Pierre Cockshaw (1938-2008) : aspects de la vie culturelle dans les Pays-Bas méridionaux (XIVe-XVIIIe siècle) = aspecten van het culturele leven in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden (14de-18de eeuw)'' (Bruxelles : Archives et Bibliothèques de Belgique, 2009.2009) p.&nbsp;175-193. *"Gace de La Bigne, maître chapelain de trois rois de France." In ''Mélanges Félix Lecoy'' (1973) p.&nbsp;181-192. *''Introduction à l'ancien français'', by Guy Raynaud de Lage, revised by Geneviève Hasenohr. Paris: SEDES, 1990 and 1993. {{ISBN|2718116536}} and {{ISBN|978-2718116532}}. *"Isidore de Séville, [[auteur]] ascétique 'français'?" ''Romania'' vol. 128 (2010) p.&nbsp;299-351 and vol. 129 (2011) p.&nbsp;23-56. *"'Lacrimae pondera vocis habent': Typologie des larmes dans la littérature de spiritualité française des XIIIe-XVe siècles." ''Le Moyen Français'' 37.1 (2009): 45-63. *''Les langues du sud: entre érosion et émergence'', ed. Geneviève Hasenohr-Esnos. Congrès national des sociétés historiques et scientifiques, Toulouse, 2001. Paris: Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, 2004. {{ISBN|9782735505425}}. *''Lettres communes'', by Pope Urban 5, Tome 3, fasc. 2, ed. Pierre Botineau, Danielle Gaborit, Nicole Gotteri, Geneviève Hasenohr, Anne-Marie Hayez, Chantal Reydellet et François-Charles Uginet ; sous la dir. de Michel Hayez. École française de Rome (Rome), 1976. Bibliothèque des Ecoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome. 3e série, ''Lettres communes des papes du 14e siècle'' num. 5 bis, p.&nbsp;383-672. *"La littérature religieuse." ''La littérature française aux XIVe et XVe siècles. Grundriss der romanischen Literaturen des Mittelalters''. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1988. 266-305. *"La locution verbale figure dans l'oeuvre de Jean Le Fèvre." ''Le Moyen français'' 14/15 (1984) p. 229-281 *"Un manuscrit autographe de l'"Instruction de la vie mortelle" de Jean Baudouin de Rosiéres-aux-Salines." ''Romania'' 104 (1983) p. 257-260. *"Méditation méthodique et mnemonique: un témoignage figuré ancien (XIIIe - XIVe siècles)." In ''Mélanges Jacques Stiennon'' (1982) p. 365-382. *"Modèles de vie féminine dans la littérature morale et religieuse d'oc." In ''La femme dans la vie religieuse du Languedoc'' (1986) p. 153-170. *"Note sur un fragment de la ''Naissance du chevalier au cygne (Beatrix)''" ''Romania'' 115 (1997) p. 250-258. *"Note sur un lexique technique monolingue de la fin du XVe siècle." ''Romania'' 105 (1984) p. 114-129. *"Note sur une ancienne traduction lorraine (XIIe siècle ?) du ''Benjamin minor''." ''Revue d'histoire des textes'' 21 (1991) p. 237-242. *"Note sur une traduction française de la ''Règle de Saint Benoît'' à Saint-Germain-des-Prés (14.-16. siècles)." ''Le livre et l'historien: études offertes en l'honneur du professeur Henri-Jean Martin'', ed. Frédéric Barbier, et al. (date?) p. 25-39. *"Un nouveau témoignage de la concurrence entre futur II et subjonctif imparfait en moyen français." In ''Mélanges Jacques Chaurand'' (1995) p. 43-48. *''Œuvres complètes de Marguerite de Navarre'', vol. 4, ''Théâtre'', ed. Nicole Cazauran, "édition critique établie, présentée et annotée par Geneviève Hasenohr et Olivier Millet." Paris: Honoré Champion, 2002. *"Les origines monastiques. Le rythme et la versification. Les chansons de geste. Les romans en vers." In ''Mise en page et mise en texte du livre manuscrit'' (1990) p. 231-243. *"Les prologues des textes de dévotion en langue française (XIIIe-XVe siècles): formes et fonctions." In ''Les prologues médiévaux'' (2000) p. 593-638. *[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/mefr_0223-4874_1970_num_82_1_7603 "Un recueil inédit de lettres de direction spirituelle du XVe siècle : le manuscrit Vat. lat. 11259 de la Bibliothèque Vaticane."] ''Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire'' 82.1 (1970) p. 401-500. *"Les recueils littéraires français du XIIIe siècle: public et finalité." In ''Codices Miscellanearum'' (Brussels: Van Hulthem Colloquium, 1999) p. 37-50. *"Les recueils lyriques. Les manuscrits théâtraux. Vers une nouvelle esthétique." In ''Mise en page et mise en texte du livre manuscrit'' (Paris : Editions du Cercle de la librairie-Promodis, 1990) p.&nbsp;329-352. *"''Le respit de la mort'' par Jean Le Fèvre," Thesis by Geneviève Hasenohr-Esnos. Paris: A. and J. Picard, 1969. [http://www.persee.fr/web/ouvrages/home/prescript/article/ephe_0000-0001_1969_num_1_1_5428?luceneQuery=%28%2B%28authors%3AHasenohr^5.0%29+%2B%28authors%3AGenevieve^5.0%29%29+AND+%28+%2BarticleType%3A%28notecritique%29+%2Baccess_right%3A%28free%29+%29&words=Hasenohr&words=Genevieve&words=notecritique&words=free Summary]. *“Retour sur les caractères linguistiques du manuscrit de Chantilly et de ses ancêtres” (avec 8 pages de corrections à l'édition Guarnieri/Verdeyen). In ''Marguerite Porete et le “Miroir des simples âmes”: Perspectives historiques, philosophiques et littéraires'', ed. Sean L., Field, Robert E. Lerner, and Sylvain Piron, Paris: Vrin, 2014. p.&nbsp;103-126. {{ISBN|9782711625246}}. *''Pages manuscrites de la littérature médiévale''. By Geneviève Hasenohr and Michel Zink. Paris: Librairie Générale Française / Le Livre de Poche, 1999. *''Paléographie du Moyen Âge.'' By [[Jacques Stiennon]] and Geneviève Hasenohr-Esnos. Paris: Armand Colin, 1973 and 1982 and 1991. *"Une ''Passion'' provençale inédite du XIVe siècle." In ''Mélanges Jean Duvernoy'' (2005) p.&nbsp;207-231. *''Pierre Crapillet, recteur de l'Hôpital du Saint-Esprit de Dijon''. Louvain-la-Neuve: Institut d'études médiévales de l'Université catholique de Louvain, 1984. *"Place et rôle des traductions dans la pastorale française du XVe siècle." In ''Traduction et traducteurs au Moyen Age,'' ed. Geneviève Contamine. Paris: Editions du CNRS, 1989. 265-275. *"La prédication aux fidéles dans la première moitié du XIIe siècle: l'enseignement des sermons "'limousins'." ''Romania'' 116 (1998): 34-71. *"La prose." In ''Mise en page et mise en texte du livre manuscrit'' (1990) p.&nbsp;264-271. *Quelques opuscules spirituels du XIIIe siècle en langue d'oc (ms. Egerton 945)." In ''Mélanges Nicole Cazauran'' (2002) p. 493-509. *"Un recueil de "distinctiones" bilingue du début du XIVe siècle: le manuscrit 99 de la Bibliothèque municipale de Charleville." ''Romania'' vol. 99 (1978) p. 47-96 and p. 183-206. *"Réflexions sur la genèse du ''Livre des oraisons''." In ''Froissart à la cour de Béarn: l’écrivain, les arts et le pouvoir'', ed. Valérie Fasseur. Series Texte, Codex & Contexte. Turnhout: Brepols, 2009, pages 223-247. {{ISBN|978-2-503-52867-0}} (Print) and 978-2-503-53889-1. *"Religious Reading Amongst the Laity in France in the Fifteenth Century." ''Heresy and Literacy, 1000-1530,'' ed. Peter Biller and Anne Hudson. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1996. p.&nbsp;205-221. *"Représentations et lectures de la Nativité à l'aube de la Renaissance." In ''Marguerite de Navarre 1492-1992. Actes du colloque international de Pau'' (Saint-Pierre-du-Mont, 1995) p.&nbsp;365-401. *“La seconde vie du ''Miroir des simples âmes'' en France : Le ''Livre de la discipline d’amour'' (XVe-XVIIIe s.)” (avec édition d'extraits du ''Livre de la discipline d’amour''). In ''Marguerite Porete et le “Miroir des simples âmes”: Perspectives historiques, philosophiques et littéraires'', ed. Sean L., Field, Robert E. Lerner, and Sylvain Piron, Paris: Vrin, 2014. p.&nbsp;263-317. {{ISBN|9782711625246}}. *"Le sermon sur la passion de Jean Courtecuisse: étude de la tradition manuscrite et édition." Montréal: Éditions CERES, 1985. ''Le Moyen Français'' 16 (1985-1986):&nbsp;7-114. *"Le "Stabat mater dolorosa": poésie et spiritualité aux derniers siècles du moyen âge." ''La Maison-Dieu'' 176 (1989) p. 81-115. *"Si 'de picart en franczoys': de l'ancien au moyen français." (source & date?) p.&nbsp;145-152. *"La société ecclésiale selon le chancelier Gerson: Typologies et vocabulaire." In ''Pfaffen und Laien - ein mittelalterlicher Antagonismus?'' (1999) p.&nbsp;209-234. *"Sur une ancienne traduction lorraine (XIIe s.?) du Beniamin minor." ''Revue d'histoire des textes'' 21 (1991):&nbsp;237-242. *"Les systèmes de repérage textuel." In ''Mise en page et mise en texte du livre manuscrit'' (1990) p.&nbsp;272-287/ *[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/crai_0065-0536_1999_num_143_4_16088 "La tradition du ''Miroir des simples âmes'' au XVe siècle: de Marguerite Porète († 1310) à Marguerite de Navarre."] ''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'' 4 (1999): 1347-1366. *''Tradition du texte et tradition de l'image: à propos d'un programme d'illustration du Theodolet''. Ghent: E. Story-Scientia, 1979. *"Les traductions françaises du ''Stabat mater dolorosa''." ''Recherches Augustiniennes et patristiques'' 24 (January 1989) p.&nbsp;241-355. *[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/mefr_0223-4874_1967_num_79_1_7539 "Les traductions médiévales françaises et italiennes des ''Soliloques'' attribués à Saint-Augustin."] Rome: Ecole Française de Rome; Paris: De Boccard, 1967. *"Les traductions romanes du ''Civitate Dei''." Paris: Éditions du CNRS, 1975. ''Les traductions romanes du'' De Civitate Dei. ''I - La traduction italienne. Revue d'histoire des textes'' 5 (1975) p.&nbsp;169-238. *"Traductions et littérature en langue vulgaire." ''Mise en page et mise en texte du livre manuscrit. VIII'' ed. Martin and Vezin. Paris, 1990, p.&nbsp;229-352. *"Typologie spirituelle et morphologie lexicale. Remarques sur le vocabulaire français de la solitude (XIIe-XVe siècles)." ''Cultura neolatina'' 62.3-4 (2002) p.&nbsp;229-245. *"Variation régionale, réception des textes et localisation des témoins quelques remarques à propos d'un manuscrit occitan du premier quart du XIVe siècle. " In ''Les langues du Sud'' (2004) p.&nbsp;43-50. *"Vie culturelle et vie spirituelle des hôpitaux bourguignons dans la seconde moitié du XVe siècle." ''Les sources littéraires et leurs publics dans l'espace bourguignon (XIVe-XVIe s.) : Recontres de Middelbourg/Bergen-op-Zoom (27 au 30 septembre 1990)''. 31.1 (Neuchâtel : Centre européen d'études bourguignonnes, 1991) : 93-100. *"La vie quotidienne de la femme vue par l'Église au bas Moyen Âge." ''Medium Aevum Quotidianum'' 4 (1984) p.&nbsp;17-20. *"La vie quotidienne de la femme vue par l'Église: l'enseignement des "journées chrétiennes" de la fin du Moyen Age." In ''Frau und spätmittelalterlicher Alltag'' (Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1986) p.&nbsp;19-101. ==Edensibịa== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hasenohr, Genevieve}} [[Category: Living people]] [[Category: Ụmụ nwanyị]] aliwfnq9g4c4mm6h1l6tcl3zcmrvryo 0 76576 674474 672598 2026-07-09T10:15:14Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674474 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:FANG WEI TA.jpg|thumb|FANG WEI TA]] ''' Wei-Ta Fang''' (Chinese: 方偉達; pinyin: Fāng Wěidá) bu onye Ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye nkuzi gburugburu ebe obibi nke Taiwan, prọfesọ a ma ama, osote onyeisi nke Kọleji Sayensị, na onye nduzi nke Graduate Institute of Sustainability Management and Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University.[1] Onyeisi nke Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS) Asia Chapter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 Society of Wetland Scientists Asia Chapter|url=http://www.swsasia.org/president.html|accessdate=2020-07-27|work=www.swsasia.org}}</ref> A mụrụ Fang na Kaohsiung, Taiwan na ụbọchị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1966. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke nka na akụnụba ala na nchịkwa site na Mahadum Mba Taipei na 1989. Ọ gụchara nzere masta na nhazi gburugburu ebe obibi (MEP) na Mahadum Steeti Arizona, na 1994, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nke abụọ na nhazi ala na ọmụmụ ihe nhazi (MDes.S.) site na Harvard Graduate School of Design na 2001. O nwetara nzere Ph.D. site na Ngalaba Sayensị na Njikwa Ecosystem, Mahadum Texas A&M na 2005. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wei-Ta Fang|url=https://www.intechopen.com/profiles/23077/wei-ta-fang|accessdate=29 October 2020|publisher=Intechopen}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka ọkachamara na Taipei Land Management Bureau na 1991 na 1992 nakwa ọkachamara dị elu na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi na nyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (EIAs) na isi ụlọ ọrụ Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) site na 1994 ruo 2006. Ọ bụkwa onye nyocha dị mkpa (onye na-eso PI) maka National Environmental Literacy Survey na Taiwan n'oge 2012 na 2020. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka prọfesọ a ma ama, osote onyeisi nke College of Science, nakwa dị ka onye nduzi nke Graduate Institute of Sustainability Management and Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University, ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche nke Society of Wetland Scientists. (SWS) Asia Chapter.<ref name=":0" /> na onyeisi oche nke Taiwan Wetland Society. E nyere ya ọkwa dịka onye nyocha nleta site n'aka onye nduzi, Dr. Xingyuan He na Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences na Changchun, China na Machị.2016 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Congratulations Dr. Wei- Ta Fang|url=https://www.sws.org/Blog/Congratulations-dr-wei-ta-fang.html|accessdate=2020-07-27|work=Society of Wetland Scientists|language=en-gb|archivedate=2020-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727054955/https://www.sws.org/Blog/Congratulations-dr-wei-ta-fang.html}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ihe ya ugbu a lekwasịrị anya na njirimara gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na anụ ahụ iji buo amụma mgbanwe omume gburugburu ebe obibi, dịka iji ekwentị ụmụaka n'oge COVID-19. == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] con23dps3tv5zw6vwb8bz4rxnaarg2o 0 76578 674475 655392 2026-07-09T10:18:24Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674475 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Florence Gschwend at Slush 100.jpg|thumb|Florence Gschwend]] <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Agụmakwụkwọ na mmalite ọrụ == A mụrụ Gschwend na Switzerland. Ọ gara Gymnasium Bäumlihof na Basel ma nweta onyinye Novartis Maturanden. . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wwwf.imperial.ac.uk/blog/chemical-engineering/2018/06/23/inwed18-tips-for-success-from-a-chemical-engineering-entrepreneur/|title=INWED18: Tips for success from a chemical engineering entrepreneur - Department of Chemical Engineering|date=2018-06-23|work=Department of Chemical Engineering|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ kemistri na Mahadum Basel, gụchaa akwụkwọ na 2011. Ọ bụ onye na-amụ ọrụ na Syngenta na Mahadum Teknụzụ West Pomeranian. . <ref name=":1" /> O sonyeere Imperial College London iji gụchaa nzere Masters of Research in Green Chemistry, na-eleba anya na mmiri mmiri ionic maka ndị na-eme ihe na-eme nanoreactors.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ nọgidere ebe ahụ maka ọmụmụ doctorate ya, ọ bụkwa onye otu Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment na-arụ ọrụ na Jason Hallett na Paul Fennell.<ref name=":1" /> Ph.D. ya lere anya n'otú e si edozi osisi chromated copper arsenate (CCA) dị ka ihe a na-emepụta maka bio-refining site na iji mmiri ionic.<ref name=":1" /> N'oge nnyocha ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Joint BioEnergy Institute na Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory na-arụ ọrụ na hydrothermal liquefaction nke algae.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/f.gschwend12|title=Home - Dr Florence Gschwend|work=www.imperial.ac.uk|accessdate=2018-10-29}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nke abụọ na mmemme Althea Imperial nke afọ 2016 maka ụmụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego, na-enweta ego £ 10,000 iji zụlite ọrụ PhD ya n'ime azụmahịa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/172199/water-filtration-innovation-wins-2016-althea-imperial/|title=Water filtration innovation wins 2016 Althea-Imperial prize {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London|work=Imperial News|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://granthaminstitute.com/2016/08/08/taking-the-waste-out-of-waste-wood/|title=Taking the waste out of waste wood|date=2016-08-08|work=Climate & Environment at Imperial|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-US}}</ref> 6Gschwend nwere mmasị n'otú anyị ga-esi gbanwee osisi mkpofu ka ọ bụrụ kemịkal na mmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sustainablegasinstitute.org/woman-from-imperial-college-are-finding-innovative-energy-solutions/|title=Women from Imperial College are finding innovative energy solutions {{!}} Sustainable Gas Institute|work=www.sustainablegasinstitute.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-10-29|archivedate=2018-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035720/https://www.sustainablegasinstitute.org/woman-from-imperial-college-are-finding-innovative-energy-solutions/}}</ref> E nyere ya ihe nrite European Institute of Innovation and Technology Change Award (€15,000) maka ọrụ nyocha ya, nke mere ka biomass nwee ike iji ya mepụta bioethanol na bioplastics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eit.europa.eu/sites/default/files/florence_gschwend_chrysalix_technologies_eit_awards_change.pdf|title=A cleaner world with biofue|author=|first=|date=|work=EIT|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eit-health.de/news/press-releases/2017/10/18/eit-health-takes-three-of-four-eit-awards/|title=EIT Health takes three of four EIT Awards – EIT Health Germany|author=Neumann|first=Christine|date=2017-10-18|work=EIT Health Germany|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-US}}</ref> E nyere Gschwend onyinye Royal Academy of Engineering Enterprise Fellowship na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raeng.org.uk/grants-and-prizes/support-for-entrepreneurs/enterprise-fellowships/current-and-recent-awards|title=Enterprise Fellowships - Current and recent awards|author=|first=|date=|work=RAEng|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035653/https://www.raeng.org.uk/grants-and-prizes/support-for-entrepreneurs/enterprise-fellowships/current-and-recent-awards|archivedate=2018-10-30|accessdate=2018-10-29}}</ref> E nyere ya onyinye Future in Engineering Award. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/newsletters/autumn-newsletter-2017|title=Addressing Global Grand Challenges|author=|first=|date=|work=RAEng|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035753/https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/newsletters/autumn-newsletter-2017|archivedate=2018-10-30|accessdate=2018-10-29}}</ref> A kpọrọ ya aha na Forbes 30 Under 30 na 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/florence-gschwend/#7a87fe2537ec|title=Florence Gschwend|work=Forbes|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en}}</ref> E gosipụtara ya na Injinia na Physical Sciences Research Council Pioneer showcase. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epsrc.ukri.org/newsevents/pubs/pioneer18/|title=EPSRC Pioneer|author=|first=|date=|work=EPSRC|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-10-29}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot itinye akwụkwọ maka Lean Launchpad maka Synthetic Biology . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.synbicite.com/news-events/synbicite-blog/lean-launchpad-synthetic-biology-alumni/|title=Lean LaunchPad for Synthetic Biology Alumni Part 2 {{!}} Blog {{!}} SynbiCITE|work=www.synbicite.com|accessdate=2018-10-29}}</ref> Na Mee 2018 a họpụtara Gschwend dị ka otu n'ime Information Age's Future Stars of Tech.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.information-age.com/future-stars-tech-finalists-revealed-123472509/|title=Future Stars of Tech - finalists revealed|date=2018-05-22|work=Information Age|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ tụlere ọrụ ya na podcast The Sustainable Jungle . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sustainablejungle.podbean.com/e/03-%C2%B7-florence-gschwend-%C2%B7-disruptive-sustainable-chemistry-startup-chrysalix-technologies/|title=03 · FLORENCE GSCHWEND · DISRUPTIVE SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY STARTUP, CHRYSALIX TECHNOLOGIES|author=Development|first=PodBean|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en}}</ref> Ya na Jason Hallett na Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot, Gschwend bụ akụkụ nke Lixea, onye bụbu Chrysalix Technologies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ellawalding.com/chrysalistechnologies/|title=Chrysalis Technologies: A Start-up|work=Ella Walding|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-10-29|archivedate=2018-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035736/http://ellawalding.com/chrysalistechnologies/}}</ref> Na 2017, e nyere Chrysalix Technologies onyinye. Òtù Ndị Eze Onyinye Nsụgharị iji mee ka nnyocha ha dịkwuo elu n'ụzọ e si eji mmiri ionic agwọ biomass osisi..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/178859/imperial-researcher-wins-50000-award-commercialise/|title=Imperial researcher wins £50,000 award to commercialise research {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London|work=Imperial News|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ha hiwere Chrysalix Technologies n'ọkwa mbụ na June 2017..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lixea Limited - Overview|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/10839236|publisher=Companies House|accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> A na-echekwa teknụzụ a site na ikike ikike atọ, gụnyere BioFlex na Ionosolv, nke nwere ike ikewapụ lignin na hemicellulose na osisi. Onye isi sayensị, Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot, bụ onye nyocha Imperial College London na-arụ ọrụ na lignin. Ha enwetala ego site n'aka Climate-KIC na European Investment Bank.<ref name="sustainable_innovation">{{Cite news|url=https://www.climate-kic.org/innovation-spotlight/chrysalix-technologies-sustainable-innovation-could-replace-the-petrochemicals-industry/|title=Chrysalix Technologies' sustainable innovation could replace the petrochemicals industry - Climate-KIC|work=Climate-KIC|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Ha na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ Biobase Europe dị na Ghent.<ref name="sustainable_innovation" /> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] qtzoxm3fn5tr0ujxcpgdg61ob0lizmh 0 76619 674470 655243 2026-07-09T10:03:16Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674470 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Prof. Irene Neverla bei Podiumsdiskussion zur Klimakommunikation an der FU Berlin (52488440332).jpg|thumb|Prof. Irene Neverla]] '''Irene Neverla''' (amụrụ na 11 Febụwarị 1952) bụ prọfesọ nkwurịta okwu nke [[Austria|Austrian]]. Neverla bụ onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi steeti Austria. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Neverla na Graz n'afọ 1952. Ọ malitere site n'ịmụ ọrụ nta akụkọ na Vienna International Press Centre, tupu ọ gaa n'ihu mụọ sayensị nkwurịta okwu, sosiọlọjị na akparamàgwà mmadụ na Mahadum Vienna na Mahadim Salzburg.<ref name="fub">{{Cite web|date=2019-12-02|title=The Institute welcomes Irene Neverla as new Honorary Professor|url=https://www.polsoz.fu-berlin.de/en/kommwiss/institut/aus_dem_institut/2019/ineverla/index.html|accessdate=2022-11-12|work=www.polsoz.fu-berlin.de|language=en}}</ref> O nwetara nzere doctorate ya na LMU Munich.<ref name="fub" /> [[Faịlụ:Podiumsdikusssion_„Ist_die_Welt_noch_zu_retten%3F“_zur_Klimakommunikation_an_der_Freien_Universität_Berlin,_02.11.2022_(52489476233).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Nkwurịta okwu panel "A ka nwere ike ịzọpụta ụwa?" na nkwukọrịta ihu igwe na Freie Universität Berlin, November 2nd, 2022 site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri:]] N'afọ 1992, ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ na Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences na Mahadum Hamburg, ọkachamara na akwụkwọ akụkọ na sayensị nkwukọrịta. N’afọ 1980, ọ bipụtara ọmụmụ ya Female Journalists: Women in a Male Profession , ebe o kwuru na ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị pere mpe n’ọrụ nta akụkọ, nakwa na e nwere echiche a na-ewere dịka ihe nkịtị na ụmụ nwoke ga-abụ ndị na-edu mkparịta ụka.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Frauen als Nachrichtensprecherinnen: Frühe Welterklärerinnen|language=de-DE|work=Der Tagesspiegel Online|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/fruhe-welterklarerinnen-8109079.html|accessdate=2022-11-13}}</ref> Nnyocha ya na-elekwasị anya na akụkọ na nyocha nke nnabata, nkwurịta okwu anya, gburugburu ebe obibi, sayensị na nkwurịta Okwu ihu igwe na-elekwasịrị anya na mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Bodker|first=Henrik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x8iBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22irene+neverla%22&pg=PA1|title=Environmental Journalism|date=2014-10-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-85004-5|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na Septemba 2017,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Dr. Irene Neverla : Fachbereich Sozialwissenschaften : Universität Hamburg|url=https://www.wiso.uni-hamburg.de/fachbereich-sowi/ueber-den-fachbereich/personen/neverla-irene.html|accessdate=2022-11-12|work=www.wiso.uni-hamburg.de|language=de}}</ref> ọ natara prọfesọ nsọpụrụ na Ngalaba nke Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke Ọha na Eze na Freie Universität Berlin na 2018 wee malite ịkụzi na Institute for Journalism and Communication Sciences.<ref name="fub" /> N’afọ 2022, ọ sonyere na mkparịta ụka otu ndị ọkachamara na Free University of Berlin nke jụrụ ajụjụ, “Ò ka enwere ike ịzọpụta ụwa?” Ya na Antje Wilton,onye nta akụkọ Sara Schurmann, Simon Horst na Carolin Schwegler sonyere na ya. == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * Environmental Journalism, 2014 (onye nchịkọta akụkọ na Henrik Bødker)<ref name=":0" /> * ''Mgbasa ozi, nkwurịta okwu na ọgụ maka mgbanwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya: Nnyocha ikpe na mgbanwe ndị a na-ese okwu''<ref>{{Cite book|author=Voltmer|first=Katrin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPGrDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22irene+neverla%22&pg=PA59|title=Media, Communication and the Struggle for Democratic Change: Case Studies on Contested Transitions|date=2019-08-28|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-16748-6|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 51xn8gedz72rnifltnc12271plidio0 0 76633 674465 655366 2026-07-09T09:53:00Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674465 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Karen Helen Wiltshire Scientists for Future 2019-03-12.jpg|thumb|Karen Helen Wiltshire]]   '''Karen Helen Wiltshire''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1962) bụ ọkammụta Sayensị Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe na Mmiri nke Ireland na German. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke Sayensị Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe na E3 CRH Onyeisi Sayensị Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe na Trinity College Dublin, yana Prọfesọ nke Shelf-Ecosystems na Mahadum Kiel na Germany. Karen bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ nọ na Directorate nke ebe nyocha Helmholtz na Germany, wee bụrụ osote onye isi nke Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) 2006-2024.<ref name="R1">{{Cite web|title=Leitung|url=https://www.awi.de/ueber-uns/organisation/leitung.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706212808/http://www.awi.de/ueber-uns/organisation/leitung.html|archivedate=2015-07-06|work=[[AWI.de]]|language=DE}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Dublin, Wiltshire gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Maynooth na Trinity College Dublin, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere masta na [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]]. Ọ natara PhD ya (1992) na Habilitation (2001) na Hydrobiology na Mahadum Hamburg. O nweela ọkwa ndu n'ọtụtụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ sayensị mba ụwa - GKSS Geesthacht [de], Mahadum St. Andrews, Scotland, Mahadum Groningen, Netherlands na Max Planck Institute of Limnology, Germany. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ nke Geomicrobiology na Mahadum Jacobs, Germany na 2006. <ref name="R2">{{Cite web|title=Prof. Dr. Karen Helen Wiltshire|url=https://www.awi.de/ueber-uns/organisation/mitarbeiter/karen-helen-wiltshire.html|work=[[AWI.de]]|language=DE}}</ref> N'ime ikike nyocha ya, o nyere aka n'ichekwa data North Sea "Helgoland Roads Time Series", [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/watching-the-sea-change-from-a-tiny-german-island site na ijikọ ya na nchekwa data mba ụwa na ụdị na-egosi mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi ihu igwe na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi]. Karen Wiltshire guzobere Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị maka ọdịnihu na Germany, ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ nọ n'oche nke POGO (Partnership for Observations in the Global Oceans). <ref name="R3">{{Cite web|date=12 March 2019|title="Scientists for Future" zu den Protesten für mehr Klimaschutz – BPK vom 12. März 2019|url=http://www.jungundnaiv.de/2019/03/12/scientists-for-future-zu-den-protesten-fuer-mehr-klimaschutz-bpk-vom-12-maerz-2019/|work=Jung & Naiv|language=DE}}</ref> O nyere aka ịhazi iwu sayensị nke mba na nke mba ụwa na-enye aka na [[Ihe Omume Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|UNEP]], [https://scor-int.org/work/groups/scor-ocean-carbon-working-groups/ SCOR-UNESCO], [[Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe|IPCC]], IIASA, [https://www.ices.dk/Pages/default.aspx ICES] na dịka onye na-eduzi nhazi edemede maka GEO07 Ocean and Coasts. Wiltshire guzobere Ocean Training Partnership na POGO, yana All-Atlantic Sea Network maka ọzụzụ ndị ọkachamara n'oké osimiri. Ọ bụ onye nduzi nke [https://www.awi.de/en/about-us/sites/helgoland/guest-research/centre-of-excellence-nf-pogo/10-years-of-excellence.html NIPPON-POGO Centre for Excellence for Oceanography] maka afọ iri. N'afọ 2024, a họpụtara Wiltshire dị ka Prọfesọ nke Sayensị ihu igwe na Trinity College Dublin ma nwee oche CRH nke Sayensụ ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dublin|first=Trinity College|title=Trinity welcomes Professor Karen Wiltshire as first CRH Chair of Climate Science - E3 {{!}} Trinity College Dublin|url=https://www.tcd.ie/e3/news/trinity-welcomes-professor-karen-wiltshire-as-first-crh-chair-of-climate-science/|accessdate=2025-06-16|work=www.tcd.ie|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2025, e mere ya onye otu Trinity College Dublin . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/2025/new-scholars-and-fellows-announced-at-trinity-/|title=New Scholars and Fellows announced at Trinity|date=28 April 2025|work=tcd.ie|publisher=Trinity College Dublin|accessdate=2025-05-12}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2025, e nyere Karen Helen Wiltshire onyinye AG Huntsman nke mba ụwa (https://www.huntsmanaward.org/) maka Ọkachamara na Sayensị Mmiri. E nyere ya nsọpụrụ maka nnyocha o mere gbasara mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, mmalite ya nke ikpo okwu ọzụzụ ụgbọ mmiri mmiri (Pogo Ocean Training Partnership) na ọrụ mba ụwa ya na amụma mmiri na ihu igwe.. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=FXT6Ft4AAAAJ&hl=en Ndepụta akwụkwọ na Google Scholar] {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fmourt74dm7ydzlepw4veeum2bqe5jg 0 76652 674473 655401 2026-07-09T10:12:22Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674473 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Peter W. Heller.jpg|thumb|Peter W. Heller]] A mụrụ Peter W. Heller na Frankfurt am Main, nwa Wolfgang Heller, onye ọchụnta ego na ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ, na Ingeborg Heller. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ gbasara akụnụba na nkà ihe ọmụma na mahadum St. Gallen, mahadum Lausanne (Switzerland) na mahadum Freiburg (Germany) ebe o nwetara PhD ya (Dr. rer.pol.) na 1988 site na edemede ya na "Nsogbu nke Mmebi Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Echiche Akụnụba". Na 1988, ọ lụrụ Micaela Heller. Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ, Julia (*1989) na Jakob (*1991), na ụmụ ụmụ abụọ, Romeo. (*2023). == Ọrụ ọkachamara == N'afọ 1984, a họpụtara Heller ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Kansụl Obodo Freiburg ma jee ozi na kọmitii kansụl maka mmefu ego obodo, gburugburu ebe obibi, na omenala. Ọ hapụrụ kansụl ahụ n'afọ 1990 mgbe a họpụtachara ya dịka osote onyeisi obodo. Na 1990, kansụl nke Obodo Freiburg im Breisgau họpụtara ya dịka osote onyeisi obodo ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi ngalaba nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọchịchị obodo ahụ, nke mbụ n'ụdị ya na ndịda Germany (ruo 1996). Ọ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ iwu na ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke obodo, njikwa ihe mkpofu, ọrụ ogige obodo na oke ọhịa, njikwa ike mpaghara na amụma ihu igwe.. 1993 kọmitii ndị isi nke ICLEI – Gọọmentị Obodo maka Nkwado họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche (ruo 1997). ICLEI bụ nnukwu netwọk na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ime obodo zuru ụwa ọnụ nke raara onwe ya nye maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na nkwado mpaghara.. N'afọ 1997, Heller hiwere ụlọ ọrụ itinye ego maka forseo GmbH, nke nwere ọkwa nha nhata n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ahụ maka ike anyanwụ, ike ikuku, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ike ike. O sonyeere ya hibere ụlọ ọrụ mmepe ike anyanwụ na ike ikuku na Chile, Brazil na France, ọ bụkwa onye otu bọọdụ nke ọtụtụ bọọdụ nlekọta na ndụmọdụ. Heller bụ onye hiwere ma bụrụkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke Canopus Foundation, otu nzukọ na-abụghị nkeonwe nke ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-eme ihe enyemaka na Germany. Kemgbe afọ 2000, ntọala ahụ anọwo na-enye onyinye na enyemaka mmepe azụmaahịa nye ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa nke ịnweta ike ime obodo maka obodo ndị na-enweta obere ego na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. Na 2001, o hiwere "Basel Agency for Sustainable Energy (BASE)". Ruo 2016, Canopus Foundation haziri atụmatụ Solar for All zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke ya na Ashoka (òtù) hiwere na 2008.. Kemgbe afọ 2014, ntọala ahụ anọwo na-akwalite òtù dị iche iche n'ọhịa nke echiche akụ na ụba ọhụrụ gbasara ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na sayensị akụ na ụba, ma na-agba ume ka a tụlee ihe ndị dị mkpa maka akụnụba na ọha mmadụ na-adịgide adịgide. Na 2024, a họpụtara ya na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke Thales Academy dị na Freiburg i.Br. * Mmepe Mmadụ Na-adịgide Adịgide n'Obodo Dị Mfe: Ihe Nlereanya nke Freiburg, Germany, 2002, nke S. Sassen deziri, na Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Emepụtara n'okpuru Auspices nke UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK, * Mgbanwe ihu igwe - Achọrọ: Ndị Mbụ Movers, Alliance Magazine Vol. 14, Nr. 1, March 2009, peeji nke 39 ff.&nbsp; * (onye nchịkọta akụkọ) Innovative Funding Mechanisms for Social Change, Baden-Baden 2009 * "Nchụpe ihe ịga nke ọma na itinye ha n'ọrụ maka eletrik: microgrids nwere 100% renewable energies na Global South na Germany" (ya na Kirchhoff / Kebir / Neumann / Strunz) na: Journal of Cleaner Production Vol. 128 (2016), 190-200 * "The Philosophy of Theory U: A Critical Examination", na: Philosophy nke Management (2018), DOI 10.1007/s40926-018-0087-0, 1-20; <nowiki>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s426-018</nowiki> -0087-0?wt_mc=Internal.Ihe omume.1.SEM.Akụkọ Onye dere ya n'ịntanetịMbụ * "Ọchụnta ego na ihe gbasara Western vs. East Asian Economic Models", na: Seoul Journal nke Economics 2020, Vol. 33, Nke 4, peeji nke 539-559 [DOI: 10.22904/sje.2020.33.4.003]&nbsp; * "Ihe mmụta nke Microcredit". Na: K. Wendt (ed.): Theories of Change, Springer Nature Switzerland 2021, peeji nke 153-168 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52275-9&nbsp; * "Epilogue - omenala ọchụnta ego na East Asia na West: a practitioner's perspective", na: C. Herrmann-Pillath, Qian Zhao (ed.): East Asian Ethical Life and Socio-Economic Transformation in the Twenty-First Century - The Ethical Sources of the Entrepreneurial Renewal of Companies and Communities, Routledge, Oxon 2024, pp. 249-262, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-032-48498-3</nowiki> * "Stiftungen hacken, Interview mit Sebastian Möller", In: L. Hochmann, S. Möller (Hrsg.): Cultiv hacken - Einfallstore in eine nachhaltige Arbeitswelt, oekom Verlag, München 2024, S. 239-252, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-98726-085-8</nowiki> * "Social Entrepreneurship und das unternehmerische Selbst", In: P. Kenel / J. Eschweiler / H. Hackenberg / M. Wihlenda (Hrsg.): Social Entrepreneurships in Deutschland - Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Praxis, utb/transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2024, S. 155-168, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-8252-6333-1</nowiki> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tmpwbyk84lvnn6oixsag6xmfu66brwm 0 76661 674163 655560 2026-07-08T15:18:29Z Ennydavids 13406 /* Mgbari mbụ na ihe kpatara ya */ Fix reference error 674163 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Line5138_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg|thumb|''Mega Borg'' na-agba ọkụ]] [[Faịlụ:The_Mega_Borg_fire,_1990-06-02_-a.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ iji gbochie agbam ọkụ ahụ]] [[Faịlụ:The_Mega_Borg_fire,_1990-06-02_-b.jpg|thumb]] [[Faịlụ:The_Mega_Borg_fire,_1990-06-02_-c.jpg|thumb]] '''Mwụfu mmanụ ''Mega Borg''''' mere na Gulf nke Mexico n'abalị asaa nke ọnwa June nke afọ 1990, ihe dị ka maịlụ iri ise site n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Texas]], mgbe ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ ''Mega Borg'' gbara ọkụ wee gbarie. Nhicha ahụ bụ otu n'ime ojiji mbụ nke bioremediation bara uru . == Mgbari mbụ na ihe kpatara ya == N'elekere iri na otu na ọkara nke abalị n'uhuruchi Fraịdee, nke abalị asatọ nke ọnwa Juun afọ 1990, mgbari n'ime ụlọ ibu nke tankị mmanụ [[Norway]] bụ ''Mega Borg'' "gbariri isi iyi dị n'etiti ụlọ mgbapụta na ụlọ injin", <ref name="Leveille" /> nke mere ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbaa ọkụ ma malite ịmịpụta mmanụ. <ref name="Galveston" /> Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị afọ iri na ise, nke dị mita narị asatọ na iri ise na atọ n'ogologo, dị ihe dị ka maịlụ iri ise site n'ụsọ oké osimiri Galveston, Texas mgbe mgbari ahụ mere. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}</ref> Ihu igwe dị jụụ n'oge ahụ, tanka ahụ agafeela nnyocha nchekwa Coast Guard n'ọnwa Eprel na mbido afọ ahụ. <ref name="NYTimes" /> Ọ bụ ezie na a ka matabeghị ihe kpatara mgbawa ụlọ injin ahụ kpọmkwem, mgbawa mbụ ahụ mere n'oge usoro ọkụ ebe ''Mega Borg'' na-ebufe mmanụ na obere tankị Itali, ''Fraqmura'', iji buru mmanụ ahụ gaa Houston . Mbufe a dị mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na ''Mega Borg'' buru ibu nke ukwuu ịkwụsị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Texas. E nwere ike ibufe galọn nde atọ n'ime mmanụ dị mfe nke nde galọn iri atọ na asatọ nke mmanụ ala [[Angola]] Palanca dị n'ime tankị ahụ gaa Fraqmura tupu mgbawa ahụ. <ref name="Suro">{{Cite news|author=Suro|first=Robero|title=Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html|accessdate=24 January 2014|work=New York Times|date=June 17, 1990}}</ref> Ụbọchị abụọ ka mgbari mbụ ahụ gasịrị, e nwere mgbawa ise n'usoro n'ime windo nkeji iri. Mgbarị ndị a mere ka nsọpụta mmanụ si na tankị ahụ pụta na-aba na mmiri dịkwuo elu. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ụbọchị ahụ (abalị iri na otu nke ọnwa June), ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ adaala ụkwụ iri ise na asatọ ma kwụsie ike ụkwụ ise n'elu eriri mmiri. <ref name="NYTimes" /> Nke a bụ n'ihi ibugharị maọbụ na tankị ahụ na-ebu mmiri, nke ga-egosi na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ga-ada. Mmanụ dị nro a wụfuru n'ihe mberede ''Mega Borg'' na-acha aja aja ma na-agbapụta ngwa ngwa karịa mmanụ dị arọ a wụfuru n'ime mmiri dịka ''Exxon Valdez'' . Nke a pụtara na mmanụ ahụ anaghị ekpuchi osimiri, osisi na anụmanụ dị nso nke ukwuu, mana tanka ahụ buru mmanụ karịa ihe mberede ''Exxon Valdez'' wụfuru kpamkpam, ya mere e nwere ọtụtụ nchegbu gbasara mmanụ ahụ agaghị agbapụta ma ọ bụrụ na ọkpụkọrọ nke ukwuu. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBelkin1990">Belkin, Lisa (June 11, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ọkụ nke mgbawa mbụ ahụ kpatara were ụbọchị asatọ iji gbachaa ọkụ, nke mere ka o siere ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ ike ịbanye na tanka ahụ ma kwụsị mgbapụ mmanụ. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBelkin1990">Belkin, Lisa (June 11, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Agbanyeghị nke a, ọkụ ahụ nyeere aka na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ebumpụta ''ụwa'' na-ere ọkụ - n'ime ihe karịrị galọn nde anọ na ụma isii wụfuru, naanị puku iri na abụọ ruo puku iri anọ fọdụrụ mgbe ọkụ ahụ gbachara ma n'elu mmiri ma n'elu tanka ahụ. <ref name="Suro">{{Cite news|author=Suro|first=Robero|title=Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html|accessdate=24 January 2014|work=New York Times|date=June 17, 1990}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSuro1990">Suro, Robero (June 17, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html "Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Mkpocha na njikwa ya == Ụbọchị abụọ ka mmanụ ahụ ahụ gbawachara, na Mọnde abalị iri na otu nke ọnwa Juun, ụgbọ mmiri asatọ nwere [[Ngwaọrụ nwepu mmanụ|skimmers]], booms, na ngwa mgbanyụ ọkụ gbara ''Mega Borg'' gburugburu, ya na ụgbọ mmiri iri na abụọ ọzọ na-abịa. Elf Acquitane Petroleum Company nke Houston (ndị nwe akụkụ nke ibu ''Mega Borg'' ) jiri ụgbọelu gbasaa ihe ndị na-agbasa ihe n'ime maịlụ ise site na ebe tanka ahụ gbawara. <ref name="NYTimes" /> Ka ọ na-erule abalị iri na atọ nke ọnwa Juun, mmanụ dị n'ime maịlụ iri atọ na maịlụ iri ebelatala ruo maịlụ iri na atọ site na maịlụ ise n'obosara. Ka ọgbụgba ọkụ gara ụbọchị asatọ, site n'abalị asatọ nke ọnwa Juun ruo n'abalị iri na isii nke ọnwa Juun, ndị nche Coast Guard nwere ike ijikwa ma gbanyụọ ọkụ ahụ. Nke a mere ka ndị ọrụ nwee ike ime ka ụlọ injin ahụ sie ike ma malite ịgbapụta ma wepụ mmanụ ọ bụla fọdụrụ. <ref name="Suro">{{Cite news|author=Suro|first=Robero|title=Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html|accessdate=24 January 2014|work=New York Times|date=June 17, 1990}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSuro1990">Suro, Robero (June 17, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html "Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ozugbo ọkụ ahụ kwụsịrị, "e wetara nnukwu ihe mgbochi mmiri iji jide mmanụ ndị ọzọ na-agbapụta N'ime ụbọchị asatọ ahụ ọkụ ahụ dịgidere, ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ na-eji mmiri eme ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị jụụ mgbe niile, ozugbo ọkụ ahụ kwụsịrị nke ọma, ha na-eji egbe ụfụfụ eme ihe. Otu, n'agbanyeghị nnwale, akụkụ nke usoro nhicha ahụ bụ mwepụta nke ihe dị ka kilogram otu narị nke nje bacteria n'elu otu eka nke ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. A maara ya dị ka bioremediation, ejirila usoro a na ụlọ nyocha, mana ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla n'oké osimiri mepere emepe. Mkpụrụ nje ndị ahụ na-arụ ọrụ site n'ịgbaji mmanụ site na "iri" ya na ịtụgharị "hydrocarbons ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndị na-adịghị mma." Nanị ihe na-akpata nsogbu dị na usoro a bụ na n'oge ahụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị amaghị ma nje bacteria ahụ ọ na-akpata nsị ndị ọzọ n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ na ọ naghị. Ndị nche Coast zigara "ụgbọ mmiri na-amị amị" ma na-eche ka ''Mega Borg'' mikpuo ma hapụ mmanụ ya niile n'ime oké osimiri. == Arụmụka == Ngwa njikwa ọkụ kacha nso dị ka nke dị mkpa maka ọkụ nke nha na ụdị a dị na [[Luwisiánà|Louisiana]], yabụ a ga-ebubata ya ma ọ dịghị ngwa ngwa dịka ụfọdụ ndị chere na ọ kwesịrị ịdị. E si [[Netherlands]] bubata ngwa ndị ọzọ, nke na-eme ka e kwenye na a gaara enwetata ya nso ebe a na-awụfu mmanụ ahụ, ya mere a gaara ejide mmanụ ahụ na mbụ. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBelkin1990">Belkin, Lisa (June 11, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị ọrụ obodo na Galveston rụrụ ụka na mkpebi iji ngwa mba ọzọ nhicha ya ruo ụbọchị abụọ, mana Tony Redding, onye na-ekwuchitere ụlọ ọrụ Dutch nke na-edu ndị na-azọpụta (Smit Tak BV), kwuru na a chịkọtara ihe niile dị mkpa "ihe na-erughị otu ụbọchị mgbe mgbari mbụ ahụ gasịrị" nakwa na "E nweghị oge ọ bụla e gburu n'ihi ibufe ngwa si na Europe site na ikuku." <ref name="Suro">{{Cite news|author=Suro|first=Robero|title=Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html|accessdate=24 January 2014|work=New York Times|date=June 17, 1990}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSuro1990">Suro, Robero (June 17, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html "Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ obodo jụkwara ihe kpatara na e jighị ụfụfụ kwụsị nke a ruo ụbọchị ise ka mgbari ahụ gasịrị. Redding zara nke a site n'ịkọwa na "Mwakpo ụfụfụ na-enweghị oke oyi enweghị ohere ịkwụsị ọkụ dị otu a." <ref name="Suro">{{Cite news|author=Suro|first=Robero|title=Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html|accessdate=24 January 2014|work=New York Times|date=June 17, 1990}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSuro1990">Suro, Robero (June 17, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html "Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi == Mgbari ahụ mebiri ihe mbụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri iri anọ na otu ahụ mere - mmadụ abụọ n'ime ha nwụrụ, abụọ furu efu ma a na-eche na ha nwụrụ, ebe mmadụ iri na asaa ndị ọzọ merụrụ ahụ. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBelkin1990">Belkin, Lisa (June 11, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ọwara Oké Osimiri Meksiko bụ otu n'ime ebe ịkụ azụ kacha ịba ọgaranya na mba United States, na mwụfu mmanụ ''Mega Borg'' tinyere ọtụtụ mwụfu mmanụ nke mere na mpaghara ahụ. Mwụfu mmanụ Deep Water Horizon n'afọ 2010 nwekwara nnukwu mmetụta na Gulf Coast n'afọ 2010. Ndị a anaghị emetụta naanị ụmụ nje dị n'ime mmiri miri emi, kamakwa azụ̀ miri emi buru ibu, ya mere ma ndị na-akụ azụ̀ ntụrụndụ na ndị na-azụ ahịa. Nke a nwere ike ibute mmechi nke ịkụ azụ̀ mpaghara Gulf. Ọzọkwa, mmanụ sitere na mwụfu ahụ nwere ike iru azụ̀ mpaghara ahụ ma mebie ikike onye na-akụ azụ ire ha n'ihi na ọ na-etinye ihe egwu maka nchekwa ndị ahịa. Ndị ọrụ metụtara mwụfu ndị dị otú ahụ na nhicha ha na-enwekarị ihe egwu dị elu nke nsogbu ahụike n'ihi ikpughe na mmanụ nkịtị na kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ nsogbu ahụike nwere ike ịgụnye PTSD, nsogbu iku ume, myocardial infarction na-anaghị egbu egbu, isi ọwụwa, na ọgbụgbọ obere oge mgbe ekpughere ya. Na mgbakwunye, National Wildlife Refuges dị nso n'ụsọ osimiri Galveston, ngagharị nnu dị nso, na oyster reefs niile nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dabere na oke mgbasa nke slick ahụ. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBelkin1990">Belkin, Lisa (June 11, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Mwụfu mmanụ na-emebi ndụ oké osimiri site n'imebi usoro nri ma nwee ike ibibi ụfọdụ osisi na anụmanụ. Mwụfu mmanụ dị otú ahụ abụghị naanị na ọ na-emebi anụ ọhịa dị n'okpuru mmiri kamakwa ọ na-emebi akụrụngwa obodo na ụlọ obibi. Ndị nwere ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ọha na eze dị ala nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke mmebi ma bie n'ebe mmanụ na-agbasa, dịka n'akụkụ osimiri. N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu nke ọnwa June, afọ1990, a kọrọ na bọọlụ tar sitere na mmiri ''Mega Borg'' pụtara n'ebe dị anya dịka osimiri Louisiana. == Mmetụta iwu == Mwụfu ''Mega Borg'' dọtara uche gaa na usoro iwu 984 nke a na-agbaso na Sineti kemgbe afọ 1985. Usoro iwu ndị a gafere na Ụlọikpe ahụ, mana a kwadobeghị ha n'ihi arụmụka gbasara ibu ọrụ mba ụwa na ma US kwesịrị isonyere otu ndị na-enye ego mba ụwa maka mwụfu mmanụ ma ọ bụkwanụ agaghị. Ọ bụrụ na a kwadoro ya, usoro iwu ndị a ga-eme ọtụtụ ihe gụnyere ịmepụta ọtụtụ ndị otu nzaghachi gọọmentị etiti ọhụrụ na otu ọhụrụ nke ndị na-egbochi ihe mgbochi na ndị na-eme ihe ike pụrụ iche. Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị atụleela obodo gbasara enyemaka mberede yana data maka ọkwa ihe iyi egwu kemịkalụ. Ụfọdụ obodo etinyela Ngwaọrụ Nlele Ihe Ndị Na-adịghị Mma (PSD's) iji nwalee kemịkalụ dị iche iche maka ọkwa ihe egwu ha nwere ike inwe. Ọzọkwa, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ejikọla aka na obodo ndị o metụtara iji nyochaa ma nwalee ihe iyi egwu mgbawa iji mee ka nkwadebe mberede dịkwuo elu ma kwalite iguzogide mgbake. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   * AP. "FIREFIGHTERS START GAINING CONTROL OVER STUBBORN SUPERTANKER BLAZE." Journal of Commerce [Galveston] 13 June 1990, sec. MARITIME: 8B. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Belkin, Lisa. "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker." The New York Times 11 June 1990, sec. A: 1.lexisnexis.com. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. * Booth, William. "Test of Oil-Eating Microbes Starts in Gulf; Supertanker Still Leaking Crude off Texas Coast Near Galveston." The Washington Post 16 June 1990, sec. First Section: A1. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Compilation. "Gulf firefighters battle wind, waves." St. Petersburg times [St. Petersburg] 14 June 1990, City Edition ed., sec. NATIONAL: 1A. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Compilation. "Oil-eating microbes used to curb supertanker spill." St. Petersburg Times 16 June 1990, sec. NATIONAL: 3A.Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Compilation. "Tanker is Still Losing Oil." St. Petersburg Times 13 June 2013, City Edition ed., sec. NATIONAL: 1A.Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * DiBenedetto, William. "SKINNER URGES PASSAGE OF OIL SPILL LEGISLATION, ADOPTION OF TREATIES." Journal of Commerce [Washington] 14 June 1990, sec. MARITIME: 8B. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Fehr, Stephen C.. "New Blasts Wrack Tanker Burning off Texas; Spill of Light Crude Oil Is Accelerated; Four Are Feared Dead." The Washington Post[Washington] 11 June 1990, sec. First Section: A1. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Leavitt, Paul. "Mega Borg tar balls appear in Louisiana." USA Today [Galveston] 29 June 1990, Final Edition ed., sec. NEWS: 3A. Print. * Leveille, Thomas P.. "The Mega Borg Fire and Oil Spill: A Case Study." U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office Oil Spill Conference (1991): n. pag.ioscproceedings.org. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Maraniss, David. "Shipowner's Choice of Firefighters Stirs Dispute; Local Crews Could Have Arrived Faster, Competitor Says; Situation at Tanker Stabilized." The Washington Post 13 June 1990, Final Edition ed., sec. First Section: A4. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Morris, Julie, and Mark Mayfield. "'Gulf is just being trashed'; Oil spill stirring up more troubled waters,' More and more risk for the gulf'." USA Today [Galveston] 12 June 1990, Final Edition ed., sec. NEWS: 1A. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Morris, Julie. "Legacy of the Mega Borg; Bacteria could mop up oil; Wary Texas keeps an eye on beaches." USA Today[Galveston] 15 June 1990, sec. NEWS: 3A. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. * Reports, Wire. "FIREBOATS ATTACK GULF TANKER BLAZE." Journal of Commerce [Galveston] 12 June 1990, sec. MARITIME: 3B. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Rigby, Peter. "Norwegian Tanker Me6ga Borg Rocked by Explosion." Sunday Tasmanian [Hobart Mercury] 13 June 1990: 1. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Staff, Journal of Commerce. "MEXICAN SHIP AIDED MEGA BORG OIL CLEANUP." Journal of Commerce [Mexico City] 6 July 1990, sec. MARITIME: 6B. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Suro, Roberto. "Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why." The New York Times 17 June 1990, Late Edition ed., sec. Section 1, National Dest: 18. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * "THE MEGA BORG FIRE AND OIL SPILL: A CASE STUDY." U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office Oil Spill Conference (1991): n. pag. ioscproceedings.org. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * {{Cite journal|author=Sandifer|first=Paul|date=2021-03-01|title=Human Health and Socioeconomic Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico|url=https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.125|journal=Oceanography|volume=34|issue=1|pages=174–191|doi=10.5670/oceanog.2021.125|issn=1042-8275}} * {{Cite journal|author=Yin|first=Fang|date=2015-02-25|title=A Tale of Two Recent Spills—Comparison of 2014 Galveston Bay and 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Residues|url=https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118098|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=2|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118098|issn=1932-6203}} * {{Cite journal|author=Margaret A. Reams|title=Response, Recovery, and Resilience to Oil Spills and Environmental Disasters: Exploration and Use of Novel Approaches to Enhance Community Resilience.|url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd%3A13%3A2117293/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aplink%3Ascholar&id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A125086836&crl=c|journal=Journal of Environmental Health|year=2017|volume=80|issue=2|issn=0022-0892}} {{1990 shipwrecks}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tuox1g4vbjjvj2mr36qfpyf5bz17zjs 674165 674163 2026-07-08T15:19:06Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ f 674165 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Line5138_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg|thumb|''Mega Borg'' na-agba ọkụ]] [[Faịlụ:The_Mega_Borg_fire,_1990-06-02_-a.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ iji gbochie agbam ọkụ ahụ]] [[Faịlụ:The_Mega_Borg_fire,_1990-06-02_-b.jpg|thumb]] [[Faịlụ:The_Mega_Borg_fire,_1990-06-02_-c.jpg|thumb]] '''Mwụfu mmanụ ''Mega Borg''''' mere na Gulf nke Mexico n'abalị asaa nke ọnwa June nke afọ 1990, ihe dị ka maịlụ iri ise site n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Texas]], mgbe ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ ''Mega Borg'' gbara ọkụ wee gbarie. Nhicha ahụ bụ otu n'ime ojiji mbụ nke bioremediation bara uru . == Mgbari mbụ na ihe kpatara ya == N'elekere iri na otu na ọkara nke abalị n'uhuruchi Fraịdee, nke abalị asatọ nke ọnwa Juun afọ 1990, mgbari n'ime ụlọ ibu nke tankị mmanụ [[Norway]] bụ ''Mega Borg'' "gbariri isi iyi dị n'etiti ụlọ mgbapụta na ụlọ injin", <ref name="Galveston" /> nke mere ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbaa ọkụ ma malite ịmịpụta mmanụ. <ref name="Galveston" /> Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị afọ iri na ise, nke dị mita narị asatọ na iri ise na atọ n'ogologo, dị ihe dị ka maịlụ iri ise site n'ụsọ oké osimiri Galveston, Texas mgbe mgbari ahụ mere. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}</ref> Ihu igwe dị jụụ n'oge ahụ, tanka ahụ agafeela nnyocha nchekwa Coast Guard n'ọnwa Eprel na mbido afọ ahụ. <ref name="NYTimes" /> Ọ bụ ezie na a ka matabeghị ihe kpatara mgbawa ụlọ injin ahụ kpọmkwem, mgbawa mbụ ahụ mere n'oge usoro ọkụ ebe ''Mega Borg'' na-ebufe mmanụ na obere tankị Itali, ''Fraqmura'', iji buru mmanụ ahụ gaa Houston . Mbufe a dị mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na ''Mega Borg'' buru ibu nke ukwuu ịkwụsị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Texas. E nwere ike ibufe galọn nde atọ n'ime mmanụ dị mfe nke nde galọn iri atọ na asatọ nke mmanụ ala [[Angola]] Palanca dị n'ime tankị ahụ gaa Fraqmura tupu mgbawa ahụ. <ref name="Suro">{{Cite news|author=Suro|first=Robero|title=Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html|accessdate=24 January 2014|work=New York Times|date=June 17, 1990}}</ref> Ụbọchị abụọ ka mgbari mbụ ahụ gasịrị, e nwere mgbawa ise n'usoro n'ime windo nkeji iri. Mgbarị ndị a mere ka nsọpụta mmanụ si na tankị ahụ pụta na-aba na mmiri dịkwuo elu. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ụbọchị ahụ (abalị iri na otu nke ọnwa June), ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ adaala ụkwụ iri ise na asatọ ma kwụsie ike ụkwụ ise n'elu eriri mmiri. <ref name="NYTimes" /> Nke a bụ n'ihi ibugharị maọbụ na tankị ahụ na-ebu mmiri, nke ga-egosi na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ga-ada. Mmanụ dị nro a wụfuru n'ihe mberede ''Mega Borg'' na-acha aja aja ma na-agbapụta ngwa ngwa karịa mmanụ dị arọ a wụfuru n'ime mmiri dịka ''Exxon Valdez'' . Nke a pụtara na mmanụ ahụ anaghị ekpuchi osimiri, osisi na anụmanụ dị nso nke ukwuu, mana tanka ahụ buru mmanụ karịa ihe mberede ''Exxon Valdez'' wụfuru kpamkpam, ya mere e nwere ọtụtụ nchegbu gbasara mmanụ ahụ agaghị agbapụta ma ọ bụrụ na ọkpụkọrọ nke ukwuu. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBelkin1990">Belkin, Lisa (June 11, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ọkụ nke mgbawa mbụ ahụ kpatara were ụbọchị asatọ iji gbachaa ọkụ, nke mere ka o siere ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ ike ịbanye na tanka ahụ ma kwụsị mgbapụ mmanụ. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBelkin1990">Belkin, Lisa (June 11, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Agbanyeghị nke a, ọkụ ahụ nyeere aka na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ebumpụta ''ụwa'' na-ere ọkụ - n'ime ihe karịrị galọn nde anọ na ụma isii wụfuru, naanị puku iri na abụọ ruo puku iri anọ fọdụrụ mgbe ọkụ ahụ gbachara ma n'elu mmiri ma n'elu tanka ahụ. <ref name="Suro">{{Cite news|author=Suro|first=Robero|title=Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html|accessdate=24 January 2014|work=New York Times|date=June 17, 1990}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSuro1990">Suro, Robero (June 17, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html "Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Mkpocha na njikwa ya == Ụbọchị abụọ ka mmanụ ahụ ahụ gbawachara, na Mọnde abalị iri na otu nke ọnwa Juun, ụgbọ mmiri asatọ nwere [[Ngwaọrụ nwepu mmanụ|skimmers]], booms, na ngwa mgbanyụ ọkụ gbara ''Mega Borg'' gburugburu, ya na ụgbọ mmiri iri na abụọ ọzọ na-abịa. Elf Acquitane Petroleum Company nke Houston (ndị nwe akụkụ nke ibu ''Mega Borg'' ) jiri ụgbọelu gbasaa ihe ndị na-agbasa ihe n'ime maịlụ ise site na ebe tanka ahụ gbawara. <ref name="NYTimes" /> Ka ọ na-erule abalị iri na atọ nke ọnwa Juun, mmanụ dị n'ime maịlụ iri atọ na maịlụ iri ebelatala ruo maịlụ iri na atọ site na maịlụ ise n'obosara. Ka ọgbụgba ọkụ gara ụbọchị asatọ, site n'abalị asatọ nke ọnwa Juun ruo n'abalị iri na isii nke ọnwa Juun, ndị nche Coast Guard nwere ike ijikwa ma gbanyụọ ọkụ ahụ. Nke a mere ka ndị ọrụ nwee ike ime ka ụlọ injin ahụ sie ike ma malite ịgbapụta ma wepụ mmanụ ọ bụla fọdụrụ. <ref name="Suro">{{Cite news|author=Suro|first=Robero|title=Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html|accessdate=24 January 2014|work=New York Times|date=June 17, 1990}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSuro1990">Suro, Robero (June 17, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html "Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ozugbo ọkụ ahụ kwụsịrị, "e wetara nnukwu ihe mgbochi mmiri iji jide mmanụ ndị ọzọ na-agbapụta N'ime ụbọchị asatọ ahụ ọkụ ahụ dịgidere, ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ na-eji mmiri eme ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị jụụ mgbe niile, ozugbo ọkụ ahụ kwụsịrị nke ọma, ha na-eji egbe ụfụfụ eme ihe. Otu, n'agbanyeghị nnwale, akụkụ nke usoro nhicha ahụ bụ mwepụta nke ihe dị ka kilogram otu narị nke nje bacteria n'elu otu eka nke ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. A maara ya dị ka bioremediation, ejirila usoro a na ụlọ nyocha, mana ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla n'oké osimiri mepere emepe. Mkpụrụ nje ndị ahụ na-arụ ọrụ site n'ịgbaji mmanụ site na "iri" ya na ịtụgharị "hydrocarbons ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndị na-adịghị mma." Nanị ihe na-akpata nsogbu dị na usoro a bụ na n'oge ahụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị amaghị ma nje bacteria ahụ ọ na-akpata nsị ndị ọzọ n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ na ọ naghị. Ndị nche Coast zigara "ụgbọ mmiri na-amị amị" ma na-eche ka ''Mega Borg'' mikpuo ma hapụ mmanụ ya niile n'ime oké osimiri. == Arụmụka == Ngwa njikwa ọkụ kacha nso dị ka nke dị mkpa maka ọkụ nke nha na ụdị a dị na [[Luwisiánà|Louisiana]], yabụ a ga-ebubata ya ma ọ dịghị ngwa ngwa dịka ụfọdụ ndị chere na ọ kwesịrị ịdị. E si [[Netherlands]] bubata ngwa ndị ọzọ, nke na-eme ka e kwenye na a gaara enwetata ya nso ebe a na-awụfu mmanụ ahụ, ya mere a gaara ejide mmanụ ahụ na mbụ. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBelkin1990">Belkin, Lisa (June 11, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị ọrụ obodo na Galveston rụrụ ụka na mkpebi iji ngwa mba ọzọ nhicha ya ruo ụbọchị abụọ, mana Tony Redding, onye na-ekwuchitere ụlọ ọrụ Dutch nke na-edu ndị na-azọpụta (Smit Tak BV), kwuru na a chịkọtara ihe niile dị mkpa "ihe na-erughị otu ụbọchị mgbe mgbari mbụ ahụ gasịrị" nakwa na "E nweghị oge ọ bụla e gburu n'ihi ibufe ngwa si na Europe site na ikuku." <ref name="Suro">{{Cite news|author=Suro|first=Robero|title=Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html|accessdate=24 January 2014|work=New York Times|date=June 17, 1990}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSuro1990">Suro, Robero (June 17, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html "Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ obodo jụkwara ihe kpatara na e jighị ụfụfụ kwụsị nke a ruo ụbọchị ise ka mgbari ahụ gasịrị. Redding zara nke a site n'ịkọwa na "Mwakpo ụfụfụ na-enweghị oke oyi enweghị ohere ịkwụsị ọkụ dị otu a." <ref name="Suro">{{Cite news|author=Suro|first=Robero|title=Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html|accessdate=24 January 2014|work=New York Times|date=June 17, 1990}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSuro1990">Suro, Robero (June 17, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html "Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi == Mgbari ahụ mebiri ihe mbụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri iri anọ na otu ahụ mere - mmadụ abụọ n'ime ha nwụrụ, abụọ furu efu ma a na-eche na ha nwụrụ, ebe mmadụ iri na asaa ndị ọzọ merụrụ ahụ. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBelkin1990">Belkin, Lisa (June 11, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ọwara Oké Osimiri Meksiko bụ otu n'ime ebe ịkụ azụ kacha ịba ọgaranya na mba United States, na mwụfu mmanụ ''Mega Borg'' tinyere ọtụtụ mwụfu mmanụ nke mere na mpaghara ahụ. Mwụfu mmanụ Deep Water Horizon n'afọ 2010 nwekwara nnukwu mmetụta na Gulf Coast n'afọ 2010. Ndị a anaghị emetụta naanị ụmụ nje dị n'ime mmiri miri emi, kamakwa azụ̀ miri emi buru ibu, ya mere ma ndị na-akụ azụ̀ ntụrụndụ na ndị na-azụ ahịa. Nke a nwere ike ibute mmechi nke ịkụ azụ̀ mpaghara Gulf. Ọzọkwa, mmanụ sitere na mwụfu ahụ nwere ike iru azụ̀ mpaghara ahụ ma mebie ikike onye na-akụ azụ ire ha n'ihi na ọ na-etinye ihe egwu maka nchekwa ndị ahịa. Ndị ọrụ metụtara mwụfu ndị dị otú ahụ na nhicha ha na-enwekarị ihe egwu dị elu nke nsogbu ahụike n'ihi ikpughe na mmanụ nkịtị na kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ nsogbu ahụike nwere ike ịgụnye PTSD, nsogbu iku ume, myocardial infarction na-anaghị egbu egbu, isi ọwụwa, na ọgbụgbọ obere oge mgbe ekpughere ya. Na mgbakwunye, National Wildlife Refuges dị nso n'ụsọ osimiri Galveston, ngagharị nnu dị nso, na oyster reefs niile nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dabere na oke mgbasa nke slick ahụ. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBelkin1990">Belkin, Lisa (June 11, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Mwụfu mmanụ na-emebi ndụ oké osimiri site n'imebi usoro nri ma nwee ike ibibi ụfọdụ osisi na anụmanụ. Mwụfu mmanụ dị otú ahụ abụghị naanị na ọ na-emebi anụ ọhịa dị n'okpuru mmiri kamakwa ọ na-emebi akụrụngwa obodo na ụlọ obibi. Ndị nwere ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ọha na eze dị ala nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke mmebi ma bie n'ebe mmanụ na-agbasa, dịka n'akụkụ osimiri. N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu nke ọnwa June, afọ1990, a kọrọ na bọọlụ tar sitere na mmiri ''Mega Borg'' pụtara n'ebe dị anya dịka osimiri Louisiana. == Mmetụta iwu == Mwụfu ''Mega Borg'' dọtara uche gaa na usoro iwu 984 nke a na-agbaso na Sineti kemgbe afọ 1985. Usoro iwu ndị a gafere na Ụlọikpe ahụ, mana a kwadobeghị ha n'ihi arụmụka gbasara ibu ọrụ mba ụwa na ma US kwesịrị isonyere otu ndị na-enye ego mba ụwa maka mwụfu mmanụ ma ọ bụkwanụ agaghị. Ọ bụrụ na a kwadoro ya, usoro iwu ndị a ga-eme ọtụtụ ihe gụnyere ịmepụta ọtụtụ ndị otu nzaghachi gọọmentị etiti ọhụrụ na otu ọhụrụ nke ndị na-egbochi ihe mgbochi na ndị na-eme ihe ike pụrụ iche. Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị atụleela obodo gbasara enyemaka mberede yana data maka ọkwa ihe iyi egwu kemịkalụ. Ụfọdụ obodo etinyela Ngwaọrụ Nlele Ihe Ndị Na-adịghị Mma (PSD's) iji nwalee kemịkalụ dị iche iche maka ọkwa ihe egwu ha nwere ike inwe. Ọzọkwa, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ejikọla aka na obodo ndị o metụtara iji nyochaa ma nwalee ihe iyi egwu mgbawa iji mee ka nkwadebe mberede dịkwuo elu ma kwalite iguzogide mgbake. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   * AP. "FIREFIGHTERS START GAINING CONTROL OVER STUBBORN SUPERTANKER BLAZE." Journal of Commerce [Galveston] 13 June 1990, sec. MARITIME: 8B. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Belkin, Lisa. "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker." The New York Times 11 June 1990, sec. A: 1.lexisnexis.com. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. * Booth, William. "Test of Oil-Eating Microbes Starts in Gulf; Supertanker Still Leaking Crude off Texas Coast Near Galveston." The Washington Post 16 June 1990, sec. First Section: A1. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Compilation. "Gulf firefighters battle wind, waves." St. Petersburg times [St. Petersburg] 14 June 1990, City Edition ed., sec. NATIONAL: 1A. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Compilation. "Oil-eating microbes used to curb supertanker spill." St. Petersburg Times 16 June 1990, sec. NATIONAL: 3A.Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Compilation. "Tanker is Still Losing Oil." St. Petersburg Times 13 June 2013, City Edition ed., sec. NATIONAL: 1A.Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * DiBenedetto, William. "SKINNER URGES PASSAGE OF OIL SPILL LEGISLATION, ADOPTION OF TREATIES." Journal of Commerce [Washington] 14 June 1990, sec. MARITIME: 8B. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Fehr, Stephen C.. "New Blasts Wrack Tanker Burning off Texas; Spill of Light Crude Oil Is Accelerated; Four Are Feared Dead." The Washington Post[Washington] 11 June 1990, sec. First Section: A1. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Leavitt, Paul. "Mega Borg tar balls appear in Louisiana." USA Today [Galveston] 29 June 1990, Final Edition ed., sec. NEWS: 3A. Print. * Leveille, Thomas P.. "The Mega Borg Fire and Oil Spill: A Case Study." U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office Oil Spill Conference (1991): n. pag.ioscproceedings.org. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Maraniss, David. "Shipowner's Choice of Firefighters Stirs Dispute; Local Crews Could Have Arrived Faster, Competitor Says; Situation at Tanker Stabilized." The Washington Post 13 June 1990, Final Edition ed., sec. First Section: A4. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Morris, Julie, and Mark Mayfield. "'Gulf is just being trashed'; Oil spill stirring up more troubled waters,' More and more risk for the gulf'." USA Today [Galveston] 12 June 1990, Final Edition ed., sec. NEWS: 1A. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Morris, Julie. "Legacy of the Mega Borg; Bacteria could mop up oil; Wary Texas keeps an eye on beaches." USA Today[Galveston] 15 June 1990, sec. NEWS: 3A. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. * Reports, Wire. "FIREBOATS ATTACK GULF TANKER BLAZE." Journal of Commerce [Galveston] 12 June 1990, sec. MARITIME: 3B. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Rigby, Peter. "Norwegian Tanker Me6ga Borg Rocked by Explosion." Sunday Tasmanian [Hobart Mercury] 13 June 1990: 1. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Staff, Journal of Commerce. "MEXICAN SHIP AIDED MEGA BORG OIL CLEANUP." Journal of Commerce [Mexico City] 6 July 1990, sec. MARITIME: 6B. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Suro, Roberto. "Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why." The New York Times 17 June 1990, Late Edition ed., sec. Section 1, National Dest: 18. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * "THE MEGA BORG FIRE AND OIL SPILL: A CASE STUDY." U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office Oil Spill Conference (1991): n. pag. ioscproceedings.org. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * {{Cite journal|author=Sandifer|first=Paul|date=2021-03-01|title=Human Health and Socioeconomic Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico|url=https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.125|journal=Oceanography|volume=34|issue=1|pages=174–191|doi=10.5670/oceanog.2021.125|issn=1042-8275}} * {{Cite journal|author=Yin|first=Fang|date=2015-02-25|title=A Tale of Two Recent Spills—Comparison of 2014 Galveston Bay and 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Residues|url=https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118098|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=2|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118098|issn=1932-6203}} * {{Cite journal|author=Margaret A. Reams|title=Response, Recovery, and Resilience to Oil Spills and Environmental Disasters: Exploration and Use of Novel Approaches to Enhance Community Resilience.|url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd%3A13%3A2117293/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aplink%3Ascholar&id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A125086836&crl=c|journal=Journal of Environmental Health|year=2017|volume=80|issue=2|issn=0022-0892}} {{1990 shipwrecks}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8e53zclyroymw5jj8guj5vzgh73vkcz 674166 674165 2026-07-08T15:19:47Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ f 674166 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Line5138_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg|thumb|''Mega Borg'' na-agba ọkụ]] [[Faịlụ:The_Mega_Borg_fire,_1990-06-02_-a.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ iji gbochie agbam ọkụ ahụ]] [[Faịlụ:The_Mega_Borg_fire,_1990-06-02_-b.jpg|thumb]] [[Faịlụ:The_Mega_Borg_fire,_1990-06-02_-c.jpg|thumb]] '''Mwụfu mmanụ ''Mega Borg''''' mere na Gulf nke Mexico n'abalị asaa nke ọnwa June nke afọ 1990, ihe dị ka maịlụ iri ise site n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Texas]], mgbe ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ ''Mega Borg'' gbara ọkụ wee gbarie. Nhicha ahụ bụ otu n'ime ojiji mbụ nke bioremediation bara uru . == Mgbari mbụ na ihe kpatara ya == N'elekere iri na otu na ọkara nke abalị n'uhuruchi Fraịdee, nke abalị asatọ nke ọnwa Juun afọ 1990, mgbari n'ime ụlọ ibu nke tankị mmanụ [[Norway]] bụ ''Mega Borg'' "gbariri isi iyi dị n'etiti ụlọ mgbapụta na ụlọ injin", <ref name="Galveston" /> nke mere ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbaa ọkụ ma malite ịmịpụta mmanụ. <ref name="Galveston" /> Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị afọ iri na ise, nke dị mita narị asatọ na iri ise na atọ n'ogologo, dị ihe dị ka maịlụ iri ise site n'ụsọ oké osimiri Galveston, Texas mgbe mgbari ahụ mere. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}</ref> Ihu igwe dị jụụ n'oge ahụ, tanka ahụ agafeela nnyocha nchekwa Coast Guard n'ọnwa Eprel na mbido afọ ahụ. <ref name="NYTimes" /> Ọ bụ ezie na a ka matabeghị ihe kpatara mgbawa ụlọ injin ahụ kpọmkwem, mgbawa mbụ ahụ mere n'oge usoro ọkụ ebe ''Mega Borg'' na-ebufe mmanụ na obere tankị Itali, ''Fraqmura'', iji buru mmanụ ahụ gaa Houston . Mbufe a dị mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na ''Mega Borg'' buru ibu nke ukwuu ịkwụsị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Texas. E nwere ike ibufe galọn nde atọ n'ime mmanụ dị mfe nke nde galọn iri atọ na asatọ nke mmanụ ala [[Angola]] Palanca dị n'ime tankị ahụ gaa Fraqmura tupu mgbawa ahụ. <ref name="Suro">{{Cite news|author=Suro|first=Robero|title=Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html|accessdate=24 January 2014|work=New York Times|date=June 17, 1990}}</ref> Ụbọchị abụọ ka mgbari mbụ ahụ gasịrị, e nwere mgbawa ise n'usoro n'ime windo nkeji iri. Mgbarị ndị a mere ka nsọpụta mmanụ si na tankị ahụ pụta na-aba na mmiri dịkwuo elu. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ụbọchị ahụ (abalị iri na otu nke ọnwa June), ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ adaala ụkwụ iri ise na asatọ ma kwụsie ike ụkwụ ise n'elu eriri mmiri. <ref name="NYTimes" /> Nke a bụ n'ihi ibugharị maọbụ na tankị ahụ na-ebu mmiri, nke ga-egosi na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ga-ada. Mmanụ dị nro a wụfuru n'ihe mberede ''Mega Borg'' na-acha aja aja ma na-agbapụta ngwa ngwa karịa mmanụ dị arọ a wụfuru n'ime mmiri dịka ''Exxon Valdez'' . Nke a pụtara na mmanụ ahụ anaghị ekpuchi osimiri, osisi na anụmanụ dị nso nke ukwuu, mana tanka ahụ buru mmanụ karịa ihe mberede ''Exxon Valdez'' wụfuru kpamkpam, ya mere e nwere ọtụtụ nchegbu gbasara mmanụ ahụ agaghị agbapụta ma ọ bụrụ na ọkpụkọrọ nke ukwuu. <ref name="NYTimes" /> Ọkụ nke mgbawa mbụ ahụ kpatara were ụbọchị asatọ iji gbachaa ọkụ, nke mere ka o siere ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ ike ịbanye na tanka ahụ ma kwụsị mgbapụ mmanụ. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBelkin1990">Belkin, Lisa (June 11, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Agbanyeghị nke a, ọkụ ahụ nyeere aka na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ebumpụta ''ụwa'' na-ere ọkụ - n'ime ihe karịrị galọn nde anọ na ụma isii wụfuru, naanị puku iri na abụọ ruo puku iri anọ fọdụrụ mgbe ọkụ ahụ gbachara ma n'elu mmiri ma n'elu tanka ahụ. <ref name="Suro">{{Cite news|author=Suro|first=Robero|title=Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html|accessdate=24 January 2014|work=New York Times|date=June 17, 1990}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSuro1990">Suro, Robero (June 17, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html "Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Mkpocha na njikwa ya == Ụbọchị abụọ ka mmanụ ahụ ahụ gbawachara, na Mọnde abalị iri na otu nke ọnwa Juun, ụgbọ mmiri asatọ nwere [[Ngwaọrụ nwepu mmanụ|skimmers]], booms, na ngwa mgbanyụ ọkụ gbara ''Mega Borg'' gburugburu, ya na ụgbọ mmiri iri na abụọ ọzọ na-abịa. Elf Acquitane Petroleum Company nke Houston (ndị nwe akụkụ nke ibu ''Mega Borg'' ) jiri ụgbọelu gbasaa ihe ndị na-agbasa ihe n'ime maịlụ ise site na ebe tanka ahụ gbawara. <ref name="NYTimes" /> Ka ọ na-erule abalị iri na atọ nke ọnwa Juun, mmanụ dị n'ime maịlụ iri atọ na maịlụ iri ebelatala ruo maịlụ iri na atọ site na maịlụ ise n'obosara. Ka ọgbụgba ọkụ gara ụbọchị asatọ, site n'abalị asatọ nke ọnwa Juun ruo n'abalị iri na isii nke ọnwa Juun, ndị nche Coast Guard nwere ike ijikwa ma gbanyụọ ọkụ ahụ. Nke a mere ka ndị ọrụ nwee ike ime ka ụlọ injin ahụ sie ike ma malite ịgbapụta ma wepụ mmanụ ọ bụla fọdụrụ. <ref name="Suro">{{Cite news|author=Suro|first=Robero|title=Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html|accessdate=24 January 2014|work=New York Times|date=June 17, 1990}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSuro1990">Suro, Robero (June 17, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html "Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ozugbo ọkụ ahụ kwụsịrị, "e wetara nnukwu ihe mgbochi mmiri iji jide mmanụ ndị ọzọ na-agbapụta N'ime ụbọchị asatọ ahụ ọkụ ahụ dịgidere, ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ na-eji mmiri eme ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị jụụ mgbe niile, ozugbo ọkụ ahụ kwụsịrị nke ọma, ha na-eji egbe ụfụfụ eme ihe. Otu, n'agbanyeghị nnwale, akụkụ nke usoro nhicha ahụ bụ mwepụta nke ihe dị ka kilogram otu narị nke nje bacteria n'elu otu eka nke ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. A maara ya dị ka bioremediation, ejirila usoro a na ụlọ nyocha, mana ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla n'oké osimiri mepere emepe. Mkpụrụ nje ndị ahụ na-arụ ọrụ site n'ịgbaji mmanụ site na "iri" ya na ịtụgharị "hydrocarbons ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndị na-adịghị mma." Nanị ihe na-akpata nsogbu dị na usoro a bụ na n'oge ahụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị amaghị ma nje bacteria ahụ ọ na-akpata nsị ndị ọzọ n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ na ọ naghị. Ndị nche Coast zigara "ụgbọ mmiri na-amị amị" ma na-eche ka ''Mega Borg'' mikpuo ma hapụ mmanụ ya niile n'ime oké osimiri. == Arụmụka == Ngwa njikwa ọkụ kacha nso dị ka nke dị mkpa maka ọkụ nke nha na ụdị a dị na [[Luwisiánà|Louisiana]], yabụ a ga-ebubata ya ma ọ dịghị ngwa ngwa dịka ụfọdụ ndị chere na ọ kwesịrị ịdị. E si [[Netherlands]] bubata ngwa ndị ọzọ, nke na-eme ka e kwenye na a gaara enwetata ya nso ebe a na-awụfu mmanụ ahụ, ya mere a gaara ejide mmanụ ahụ na mbụ. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBelkin1990">Belkin, Lisa (June 11, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị ọrụ obodo na Galveston rụrụ ụka na mkpebi iji ngwa mba ọzọ nhicha ya ruo ụbọchị abụọ, mana Tony Redding, onye na-ekwuchitere ụlọ ọrụ Dutch nke na-edu ndị na-azọpụta (Smit Tak BV), kwuru na a chịkọtara ihe niile dị mkpa "ihe na-erughị otu ụbọchị mgbe mgbari mbụ ahụ gasịrị" nakwa na "E nweghị oge ọ bụla e gburu n'ihi ibufe ngwa si na Europe site na ikuku." <ref name="Suro">{{Cite news|author=Suro|first=Robero|title=Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html|accessdate=24 January 2014|work=New York Times|date=June 17, 1990}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSuro1990">Suro, Robero (June 17, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html "Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ obodo jụkwara ihe kpatara na e jighị ụfụfụ kwụsị nke a ruo ụbọchị ise ka mgbari ahụ gasịrị. Redding zara nke a site n'ịkọwa na "Mwakpo ụfụfụ na-enweghị oke oyi enweghị ohere ịkwụsị ọkụ dị otu a." <ref name="Suro">{{Cite news|author=Suro|first=Robero|title=Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html|accessdate=24 January 2014|work=New York Times|date=June 17, 1990}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSuro1990">Suro, Robero (June 17, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/us/ship-burned-all-week-salvagers-explain-why.html "Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi == Mgbari ahụ mebiri ihe mbụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri iri anọ na otu ahụ mere - mmadụ abụọ n'ime ha nwụrụ, abụọ furu efu ma a na-eche na ha nwụrụ, ebe mmadụ iri na asaa ndị ọzọ merụrụ ahụ. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBelkin1990">Belkin, Lisa (June 11, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ọwara Oké Osimiri Meksiko bụ otu n'ime ebe ịkụ azụ kacha ịba ọgaranya na mba United States, na mwụfu mmanụ ''Mega Borg'' tinyere ọtụtụ mwụfu mmanụ nke mere na mpaghara ahụ. Mwụfu mmanụ Deep Water Horizon n'afọ 2010 nwekwara nnukwu mmetụta na Gulf Coast n'afọ 2010. Ndị a anaghị emetụta naanị ụmụ nje dị n'ime mmiri miri emi, kamakwa azụ̀ miri emi buru ibu, ya mere ma ndị na-akụ azụ̀ ntụrụndụ na ndị na-azụ ahịa. Nke a nwere ike ibute mmechi nke ịkụ azụ̀ mpaghara Gulf. Ọzọkwa, mmanụ sitere na mwụfu ahụ nwere ike iru azụ̀ mpaghara ahụ ma mebie ikike onye na-akụ azụ ire ha n'ihi na ọ na-etinye ihe egwu maka nchekwa ndị ahịa. Ndị ọrụ metụtara mwụfu ndị dị otú ahụ na nhicha ha na-enwekarị ihe egwu dị elu nke nsogbu ahụike n'ihi ikpughe na mmanụ nkịtị na kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ nsogbu ahụike nwere ike ịgụnye PTSD, nsogbu iku ume, myocardial infarction na-anaghị egbu egbu, isi ọwụwa, na ọgbụgbọ obere oge mgbe ekpughere ya. Na mgbakwunye, National Wildlife Refuges dị nso n'ụsọ osimiri Galveston, ngagharị nnu dị nso, na oyster reefs niile nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dabere na oke mgbasa nke slick ahụ. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web|author=Belkin|first=Lisa|title=Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=24 January 2014|date=June 11, 1990}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBelkin1990">Belkin, Lisa (June 11, 1990). [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/us/flaming-oil-is-spilled-into-gulf-as-blasts-rack-tanker.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Mwụfu mmanụ na-emebi ndụ oké osimiri site n'imebi usoro nri ma nwee ike ibibi ụfọdụ osisi na anụmanụ. Mwụfu mmanụ dị otú ahụ abụghị naanị na ọ na-emebi anụ ọhịa dị n'okpuru mmiri kamakwa ọ na-emebi akụrụngwa obodo na ụlọ obibi. Ndị nwere ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ọha na eze dị ala nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke mmebi ma bie n'ebe mmanụ na-agbasa, dịka n'akụkụ osimiri. N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu nke ọnwa June, afọ1990, a kọrọ na bọọlụ tar sitere na mmiri ''Mega Borg'' pụtara n'ebe dị anya dịka osimiri Louisiana. == Mmetụta iwu == Mwụfu ''Mega Borg'' dọtara uche gaa na usoro iwu 984 nke a na-agbaso na Sineti kemgbe afọ 1985. Usoro iwu ndị a gafere na Ụlọikpe ahụ, mana a kwadobeghị ha n'ihi arụmụka gbasara ibu ọrụ mba ụwa na ma US kwesịrị isonyere otu ndị na-enye ego mba ụwa maka mwụfu mmanụ ma ọ bụkwanụ agaghị. Ọ bụrụ na a kwadoro ya, usoro iwu ndị a ga-eme ọtụtụ ihe gụnyere ịmepụta ọtụtụ ndị otu nzaghachi gọọmentị etiti ọhụrụ na otu ọhụrụ nke ndị na-egbochi ihe mgbochi na ndị na-eme ihe ike pụrụ iche. Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị atụleela obodo gbasara enyemaka mberede yana data maka ọkwa ihe iyi egwu kemịkalụ. Ụfọdụ obodo etinyela Ngwaọrụ Nlele Ihe Ndị Na-adịghị Mma (PSD's) iji nwalee kemịkalụ dị iche iche maka ọkwa ihe egwu ha nwere ike inwe. Ọzọkwa, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ejikọla aka na obodo ndị o metụtara iji nyochaa ma nwalee ihe iyi egwu mgbawa iji mee ka nkwadebe mberede dịkwuo elu ma kwalite iguzogide mgbake. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   * AP. "FIREFIGHTERS START GAINING CONTROL OVER STUBBORN SUPERTANKER BLAZE." Journal of Commerce [Galveston] 13 June 1990, sec. MARITIME: 8B. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Belkin, Lisa. "Flaming Oil Is Spilled Into Gulf as Blasts Rack Tanker." The New York Times 11 June 1990, sec. A: 1.lexisnexis.com. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. * Booth, William. "Test of Oil-Eating Microbes Starts in Gulf; Supertanker Still Leaking Crude off Texas Coast Near Galveston." The Washington Post 16 June 1990, sec. First Section: A1. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Compilation. "Gulf firefighters battle wind, waves." St. Petersburg times [St. Petersburg] 14 June 1990, City Edition ed., sec. NATIONAL: 1A. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Compilation. "Oil-eating microbes used to curb supertanker spill." St. Petersburg Times 16 June 1990, sec. NATIONAL: 3A.Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Compilation. "Tanker is Still Losing Oil." St. Petersburg Times 13 June 2013, City Edition ed., sec. NATIONAL: 1A.Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * DiBenedetto, William. "SKINNER URGES PASSAGE OF OIL SPILL LEGISLATION, ADOPTION OF TREATIES." Journal of Commerce [Washington] 14 June 1990, sec. MARITIME: 8B. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Fehr, Stephen C.. "New Blasts Wrack Tanker Burning off Texas; Spill of Light Crude Oil Is Accelerated; Four Are Feared Dead." The Washington Post[Washington] 11 June 1990, sec. First Section: A1. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Leavitt, Paul. "Mega Borg tar balls appear in Louisiana." USA Today [Galveston] 29 June 1990, Final Edition ed., sec. NEWS: 3A. Print. * Leveille, Thomas P.. "The Mega Borg Fire and Oil Spill: A Case Study." U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office Oil Spill Conference (1991): n. pag.ioscproceedings.org. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Maraniss, David. "Shipowner's Choice of Firefighters Stirs Dispute; Local Crews Could Have Arrived Faster, Competitor Says; Situation at Tanker Stabilized." The Washington Post 13 June 1990, Final Edition ed., sec. First Section: A4. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Morris, Julie, and Mark Mayfield. "'Gulf is just being trashed'; Oil spill stirring up more troubled waters,' More and more risk for the gulf'." USA Today [Galveston] 12 June 1990, Final Edition ed., sec. NEWS: 1A. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Morris, Julie. "Legacy of the Mega Borg; Bacteria could mop up oil; Wary Texas keeps an eye on beaches." USA Today[Galveston] 15 June 1990, sec. NEWS: 3A. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. * Reports, Wire. "FIREBOATS ATTACK GULF TANKER BLAZE." Journal of Commerce [Galveston] 12 June 1990, sec. MARITIME: 3B. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Rigby, Peter. "Norwegian Tanker Me6ga Borg Rocked by Explosion." Sunday Tasmanian [Hobart Mercury] 13 June 1990: 1. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Staff, Journal of Commerce. "MEXICAN SHIP AIDED MEGA BORG OIL CLEANUP." Journal of Commerce [Mexico City] 6 July 1990, sec. MARITIME: 6B. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * Suro, Roberto. "Ship Burned All Week; Salvagers Explain Why." The New York Times 17 June 1990, Late Edition ed., sec. Section 1, National Dest: 18. Lexis Nexis. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * "THE MEGA BORG FIRE AND OIL SPILL: A CASE STUDY." U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office Oil Spill Conference (1991): n. pag. ioscproceedings.org. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. * {{Cite journal|author=Sandifer|first=Paul|date=2021-03-01|title=Human Health and Socioeconomic Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico|url=https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.125|journal=Oceanography|volume=34|issue=1|pages=174–191|doi=10.5670/oceanog.2021.125|issn=1042-8275}} * {{Cite journal|author=Yin|first=Fang|date=2015-02-25|title=A Tale of Two Recent Spills—Comparison of 2014 Galveston Bay and 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Residues|url=https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118098|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=2|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118098|issn=1932-6203}} * {{Cite journal|author=Margaret A. Reams|title=Response, Recovery, and Resilience to Oil Spills and Environmental Disasters: Exploration and Use of Novel Approaches to Enhance Community Resilience.|url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd%3A13%3A2117293/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aplink%3Ascholar&id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A125086836&crl=c|journal=Journal of Environmental Health|year=2017|volume=80|issue=2|issn=0022-0892}} {{1990 shipwrecks}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7bwj88hioti4gx1dkmapq796zkdjkd6 0 76669 674457 656697 2026-07-09T09:44:09Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674457 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Charles Marion Russell.jpg|thumb|Charles Marion Russell]] '''Charles Marion Russell''' (onwa Machị 19, afọ 1864 – onwa Ọktoba 24, afọ 1926), <ref name="Mantle Fielding's">{{Cite book|editor=Opitz|title=Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of american Painters, Sculptors & Engravers|year=1987|publisher=Apollo Book|location=Poughkeepsie, NY|isbn=0-938290-04-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mantlefieldingsd0000fiel/page/1047 1047]|url=https://archive.org/details/mantlefieldingsd0000fiel/page/1047}}</ref> a makwaara dịka '''CM Russell''', '''Charlie Russell''', na " '''Kid''' " '''Russell''', bụ onye Amerịka na-ese ihe nke American Old West . O kere ihe karịrị puku abụọ eserese nke ndị cowboy, ndị America, na ala dị iche iche e tinyere na ọdịda anyanwụ United States na Alberta, Canada, na mgbakwunye na ihe oyiyi ọla nchara. A maara ya dị ka "onye na-ese ihe cowboy" ma bụrụkwa onye na-akọ akụkọ na onye edemede. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-akwado ndị Obodo Amerịka noo n'ọdịda anyanwụ, na-akwado nkwa Chippewa na-enweghị ala ka e guzobe ha na Montana. N'afọ 1916, Ndị omeiwu mere iwu iji mepụta ebe a na-edebe ihe nke Rocky Boy . Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka CM Russell dị na Great Falls, Montana nwere ihe karịrị ihe osise Russell 2,000, ihe ndị mmadụ na-ahụ anya, na ihe ochie. A na-ahazi nchịkọta ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na Òtù Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Montana dị na Helena, Montana, Buffalo Bill Center nke West dị na Cody, Wyoming, Amon Carter Museum of American Art dị na Fort Worth, Texas, na Sid Richardson Museum dị na Fort Worth. Ihe osise ya nke afọ 1912 ''bụ Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians na Ross' Hole,'' nke dị n'ime ụlọ nke Montana Capitol dị na Helena, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Montana Historical Society Museum Collections Online|url=https://mhsmuseum.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/E20B4EB1-9FC2-4FDF-9B0F-119049484337|work=Montana Historical Society Museum Collections Online|accessdate=February 13, 2023}}</ref> na ihe osise ''Piegans'' ya nke afọ 1918 rere maka $5.6&nbsp;nde na ahịa n'afọ 2005. <ref>{{Cite web|title=2005 auction results|work=Coeur d'Alene Art Auction|url=http://cda.stremmelgallery.com/past/index.html|accessdate=July 26, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505011619/http://cda.stremmelgallery.com/past/index.html|archivedate=May 5, 2008}}</ref> N'afọ 1955, e tinyere ya n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ nke Ebe ngosi ihe nketa nke mba Cowboy na Western Heritage dị na Oklahoma City, Oklahoma . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hall of Great Westerners|url=https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/hall-of-great-westerners/|work=National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum|accessdate=November 22, 2019}}</ref> == Oge nwata == Nka bụ akụkụ nke ndụ Russell mgbe niile. Mgbe ọ na-etolitere na [[Mizurị|Missouri]], ọ sere ihe osise ma na-eme ihe oyiyi anụmanụ dị ka ụrọ. Russell nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na "ọdịda anyanwụ ọhịa" ma na-etinye ọtụtụ awa na-agụ banyere ya. Russell na-ekiri ndị nchọpụta na ndị na-azụ ahịa ajị anụ bụ́ ndị na-abịakarị na Missouri. Ọ mụtara ịnya ịnyịnya na Hazel Dell Farm dị nso na Jerseyville, Illinois, n'elu ịnyịnya Agha Obodo a ma ama aha ya bụ Great Britain. Onye nkụzi Russell bụ Kọnịl William H. Fulkerson, onye lụrụ di na nwunye n'ezinụlọ Russell. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, Russell hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ wee gaa [[Montana]] ịrụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-azụ atụrụ. <ref name="russell2">{{Cite web|title=125 Montana Newsmakers: Charles Marion Russell|url=http://www.greatfallstribune.com/multimedia/125newsmakers6/cmrussell1.html|work=Great Falls Tribune|author=Tribune Staff|accessdate=August 28, 2011|archivedate=July 19, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719015742/http://www.greatfallstribune.com/multimedia/125newsmakers6/cmrussell1.html}}</ref> == Montana na Ọdịda Anyanwụ == [[Faịlụ:Charles_Marion_Russell_–_Smoke_of_a_.45_–_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''Anwụrụ ọkụ nke .45'', mmanụ dị na kanvas, afọ 1908]] Russell hapụrụ ebe a na-azụ atụrụ wee chọta ọrụ na Jake Hoover, onye dinta na onye na-azụ anụ nke ghọburu onye na-azụ anụ. O nwere ala na Judith Basin nke Central Montana. Russell mụtara ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ụzọ ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ n'aka ya, ha abụọ ka bụkwa enyi ruo ogologo ndụ ha niile. <ref name="Paladin"/> Mgbe Russell letara ezinụlọ ya na Missouri obere oge n'afọ 1882, ọ laghachiri Montana, wee biri ma rụọ ọrụ ebe ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-azụ ehi maka ọtụtụ uwe dị iche iche, ma dekọọ oge oyi siri ike nke 1886-1887 n'ọtụtụ agba mmiri. <ref name="Paladin"/> Russell nọ na-arụ ọrụ na O-H Ranch dị na Judith Basin n'oge ahụ. Onye nlekọta ugbo natara akwụkwọ ozi n'aka onye nwe ya, na-ajụ ya otú ìgwè ehi ahụ si nagide oge oyi. N'ịzaghachi ya, onye nlekọta ahụ zigara mmiri mmiri dị ka kaadị nke Russell sere nke ụgbọ mmiri siri ike nke anụ ọhịa wolf na-ekiri n'okpuru mbara igwe oyi na-acha ntụ ntụ. Onye nwe ugbo ahụ gosiri ndị enyi na ndị ha na ha maara azụmaahịa kaadị ozi ahụ, ma mesịa gosipụta ya na windo ụlọ ahịa na Helena, Montana . Mgbe nke a gasịrị, onye omenkà ahụ malitere ịnata ọrụ maka ọrụ ọhụrụ. Ihe e dere na Russell n'elu eserese ahụ, nke a kpọrọ 'Na-eche Chinook', ghọrọ aha nke agba mmiri. Russell mechara see nkọwa zuru ezu nke ihe nkiri ahụ nke ghọrọ otu n'ime ọrụ ya kacha mara amara. Malite n'afọ 1888, Russell biri ndụ na ndị Blood Indians ruo oge ụfọdụ, otu alaka nke mba Blackfeet . <ref name="Osmundson">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWjFHd4ER34C&q=keeoma+story+of&pg=PT14|title=Osmundson, Linda L. ''How the West Was Drawn: Cowboy Charlie's Art''|date=2011-02-15|isbn=9781455615155|accessdate=2012-05-05|author=Osmundson|first=Linda L.|publisher=Pelican}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na o nwetara ọtụtụ ihe ọmụma miri emi banyere omenala ndị obodo Amerịka n'oge a. <ref name="Paladin">{{Cite web|author=Paladin|first=Vivian A|title=Facts and Reflections About Charles M. Russell|publisher=Art Montana|url=http://artmt.com/cmr/cmrbio.html|accessdate=November 6, 2011}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Judith Basin n'afọ 1889, ọ hụrụ na ọ na-ejupụta na ndị ọbịa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ndị mepere emepe ruo afọ ole na ole tupu ya ebiri na mpaghara Great Falls, Montana, n'afọ 1892. N'ebe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji nweta ihe onwunwe dịka onye na-ese ihe oge niile. <ref name="Paladin" /> N'afọ 1896, Russell lụrụ nwunye ya bụ́ Nancy. Ọ dị afọ 32, nwunye ya dịkwa afọ 18. <ref name="Paladin"/> N'afọ 1897, ha si n'obodo nta dị na Cascade, Montana kwaga n'obodo ukwu nke Great Falls. Russell nọrọ ihe ka ukwuu ná ndụ ya fọdụrụ ebe ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na nka ya, ghọọ onye a ma ama n'obodo ahụ ma nweta otuto site n'aka ndị nkatọ n'ụwa niile. Ebe ọ bụ na Russell enweghị nkà n'ịzụ ahịa ọrụ ya, a na-enye Nancy otuto maka ime ya onye omenkà a ma ama n'ụwa niile. O mere ọtụtụ ihe ngosi maka Russell n'ofe United States na [[London]], wee mepụta ọtụtụ ndị na-eso ụzọ Russell. N'afọ 1912, o sonyeere onye na-ese ihe osise cowboy bụ Frank Tenney Johnson na njem eserese gaa Blackfoot Reservation n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ogige Mba Glacier di na [[Montana]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sidrichardsonmuseum.org/collection/trouble-on-the-pony-express/|title=Trouble on the Pony Express}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:When_the_Land_Belonged_to_God_by_C.M._Russell.jpg|thumb|''Mgbe Ala ahụ Bụ nke Chineke'', afọ 1914, onyonyo yiri ya nke e gosipụtara ruo ọtụtụ afọ na Sineti Montana]] N'afọ 1913, Russell sere ''Wild Horse Hunters'', nke na-egosi ndị na-agba ịnyịnya na-ejide ịnyịnya ọhịa, nke otu ìgwè ọ bụla nwere ịnyịnya ịnyịnya. O jiri agba dị iche iche dịka onye omenkà nwere ike iji mee ihe n'ugwu ya. Dịka onye na-ese ihe, Russell pụtara n'oge Wild West nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'ebe ndị bi n'obodo ukwu nọ, a ka na-akwagharị ehi n'ebe dị anya. O sere foto nke Old West nke ndị Western mechara jiri, nke ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na ihe nkiri. Russell nwere mmasị n'ụdị nka ndị ama ama ma meekwa ọtụtụ enyi n'etiti ndị na-anakọta ọrụ ya bara ọgaranya, gụnyere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dịka William S. Hart, Harry Carey, Will Rogers, na Douglas Fairbanks . Russell sokwa ndị omenkà ibe ya nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-akpakọrịta, gụnyere ndị na-ese ihe Edgar Samuel Paxson, onye na-ese ihe [[Edward Borein|Edward "Ed" Borein]], onye na-ese ihe osise na onye na-ese ihe Maynard Dixon na Will Crawford onye na-ese ihe osise. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Russell’s West: Friend Dixon|url=https://cmrussell.org/remembering-russells-west-friend-dixon/|work=C. M. Russell Museum}}</ref> N'ụbọchị e liri Russell n'afọ 1926, ụmụaka nọ na Great Falls ka atọhapụrụ n' akwụkwọ ka ha wee nwee ike ikiri ngagharị olili ozu ahụ. E gosipụtara igbe ozu Russell n'ime ụgbọ ala nwere iko, nke ịnyịnya ojii anọ dọtara. Russell mepụtara ihe dị ka ọrụ nka 4,000, gụnyere ihe osise mmanụ na mmiri, eserese na ihe ọkpụkpụ e ji wax, ụrọ, plasta na ihe ndị ọzọ kpụọ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụkwa ndị e ji ọla nchara kpụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://centerofthewest.org/explore/western-art/research/charles-m-russell/|title=Charles M. Russell – Whitney Western Art Museum – Buffalo Bill Center of the West}}</ref> == Ihe osise nke Charles Marion Russell == <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150" caption="Ọrụ ndị ọzọ rụrụ"> Faịlụ:Charles_M._Russell.jpg|alt=Portrait by A.O. Gregory| Foto nke AO Gregory sere Faịlụ:MVI_2799_Russell_in_studio_at_Amon_Carter_Museum.jpg|alt=Russell working in his studio in Great Falls, Montana| Russell na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ya na Great Falls, Montana Faịlụ:CMR_MacKay.jpg|alt=C. M. Russell statue by John Weaver; Identical statues are held in the National Statuary Hall Collection and by the Montana Historical Society.| Ihe oyiyi CM Russell nke John Weaver ; E debere ihe oyiyi ndị yiri ya na Nchịkọta Ụlọ Nzukọ Ihe Ochie nke Mba na Montana Historical Society . </gallery><gallery mode="packed" heights="150" caption="Foto Charles Marion Russell"> Faịlụ:CMR_and_Friends.jpg|alt=C. M. Russell and his friends. A detail of the picture was used for a Montana U.S. Postage Stamp in 1989.| ''C.&nbsp;M. Russell na ndị enyi ya'' . E jiri nkọwa nke foto ahụ mee stampụ ozi US nke Montana na 1989. Faịlụ:CMR_Xmas_greeting.jpg|alt=Self-portrait with Christmas greeting, 1914| Foto onwe onye na ekele ekeresimesi, 1914 </gallery> == Ekele == [[Faịlụ:Charles_M_Russell_Log_Cabin_Studio_-_Great_Falls_Montana_-_September_1976.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ osisi Russell dị na Great Falls, Montana. E chekwara ya ugbu a, ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke CM Russell Museum Complex]] E bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi akpọrọ ''Trails Plowed Under'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks07/0700941h.html|title=Trails Plowed Under|publisher=Gutenberg.net.au|accessdate=2012-03-06}}</ref> otu afọ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. [[Faịlụ:Charles_Marion_Russell_-_The_Tenderfoot_(1900).jpg|thumb|''Ụkwụ Tenderfoot'' (1900)]] N'afọ 1960, e wuru ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị nke Charles M. Russell na Missoula, Montana . N'afọ 1965, e wuru ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'akụkụ ugwu nke Osimiri Missouri na Great Falls, Montana ma kpọọ ya Charles M. Russell High School, iji sọpụrụ Russell. Abọm Ian Tyson nke afọ 1987, ''Cowboyography'', gụnyere abụ akpọrọ "The Gift" nke na-akọ akụkọ Russell. Michael Nesmith, onye a ma ama na Monkees,dekọrọ egwu akpọrọ "Ọchị Kpoo Obi Mkpọmkpọ" nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ, ma kọwaa ihe dị n'ime ya, ihe osise Russell a ma ama nke nwere otu aha ahụ. Onye na-abụ abụ ọdịnala Blackfeet bụ Jack Gladstone dere abụ raara nye Russell nke akpọrọ "When the Land Belonged to God." Abụ ahụ na-akọwa ihe osise Russell nke nwere otu aha ahụ. N'afọ 1985, A họpụtara Russell n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Na-ese Ihe na New York. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.societyillustrators.org/programs/hall-fame|title=Homepage|accessdate=2020-05-07|archivedate=2020-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416102025/https://www.societyillustrators.org/programs/hall-fame}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, A họpụtara Russell n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị A Ma Ama na St. Louis . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement|title=St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees|author=St. Louis Walk of Fame|publisher=stlouiswalkoffame.org|accessdate=25 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031162946/http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement|archivedate=31 October 2012}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Russell_Meat_for_Wild_Men_Amon_Carter_Museum.jpg|thumb|''Anụ maka ụmụ nwoke ọhịa,'' ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla nchara, nke na-egosi ịchụ nta ehi]] E gosipụtara ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise Russell n'oge ihe ngosi nke usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn ABC ama dika ''How the West Was Won'', nke James Arness gosipụtara. James McDowell Sr. nke Tulsa, Oklahoma nyere mpịakọta iri abụọ na anọ nke ihe osise ya nye Nchịkọta Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ na Mahadum Oklahoma n'afọ 1997. A họpụtara Russell na klas mbụ nke Ụlọ Nzukọ Ama Ama nke Mpụga n'afọ 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://missoulian.com/lifestyles/recreation/montana-outdoor-hall-of-fame-inducts-inaugural-class/article_ca3d81a3-c77c-5501-8a30-9c114bd4b34e.html|title=Montana Outdoor Hall of Fame inducts inaugural class|date=3 December 2014}}</ref> A sọpụrụ ya na Ncheta nke Stockmen na Cochrane, Alberta, Canada. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smflibrary.ca/r.html|title=Stockmen's Memorial Foundation Library and Archives - Subject Headings - R|accessdate=2020-06-07|archivedate=2020-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607061749/http://www.smflibrary.ca/r.html}}</ref> A buru ebe mgbaba anụ ọhịa nke mba Charles M. Russell aha maka Russell, aha ụgbọ mmiri nnwere onwe nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ''SS Charles M. Russell'', ka e nyere aha ya ma wepụta ya n'afọ 1943 na Portland, Oregon. Ụlọ Nkwari Akụ na Ụlọ Nkwari Akụ Bull Head, nke dị n'akụkụ Ụzọ Going-to-the-Sun na Ogige Mba Glacier, bụ ebe obibi Russell n'oge okpomọkụ, a dekwara ya na Ndekọ Mba nke Ebe Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme . == Ọrịre ahịa == [[Faịlụ:Russell_The_Buffalo_Hunt_No_26_1899.jpg|thumb|''Ịchụ nta Buffalo'' nke afọ 1899. Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Amon Carter, Fort Worth]] E rere Russell's Piegans na 2005 maka nde dọla $5.6, nke karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke ọnụ ahịa kachasị elu nke ọrụ ya rere n'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga. Na ahịa ọrịre ahịa n'afọ 2008, e rere ihe osise mmanụ Russell ''bụ The Hold Up (Maịlụ 20 ruo Deadwood)'' maka $5.2&nbsp;nde mmadụ, a reekwa ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla nchara ya bụ́ ''Buffalo Hunt'' (nke gosiri ndị Amerịka abụọ na-awakpo bison na-agba ọsọ) maka $4.1&nbsp;nde. <ref name="GriffithFetch">Griffith, Martin. "Bierstadt, Russell Paintings Fetch Millions at Reno Auction." ''Great Falls Tribune.'' July 26, 2011.</ref> Na Julaị afọ 2009, agba mmiri na gouache nke Russell afọ 1907 bụ ''The Truce'' ruru $2.03&nbsp;nde nye onye na-enye ekwentị aha ya. Russell nke 1911 18 inches (460 mm) na 13 inches (330 mm) ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla nchara, ''Bronc Twister'', a ree ya n'ahịa n'afọ 2008 maka $805,000—karịa nke ukwuu karịa atụmatụ $300,000 tupu a ree ya. N' onwa Julaị afọ 2011, ọnụ ahịa ọrụ Russell rịrị elu ọzọ. Ihe osise mmanụ ya nke afọ 1892 ''bụ Water for Camp'' (nke gosiri ụmụ nwanyị ndị Amerịka bi n'ime ite mmiri) na agba mmiri ya nke afọ 1924 ''bụ A Dangerous Sport'' (nke e ji nkume cowboys abụọ a na-akpọ lasso a mountain lion) rere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ $1.5.&nbsp;nde nke ọ bụla. E rere ihe osise iri atọ nke Russell n'ọtụtụ nde dollar na Coeur d'Alene Art Auction (nke emere na Reno, Nevada ) n' onwa Julaị afọ 2014, nke mere ka e nwee ndekọ ọhụrụ maka ọtụtụ ihe osise. E rere ihe osise Russell's ''Trail of the Iron Horse'' (nke na-egosi otu ndị obodo Amerịka na-agba ịnyịnya na-eche echiche banyere ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè) maka $1.9&nbsp;nde, ebe a na-ere ahịa ''Dakota Chief'' (nke gosiri otu nwa okorobịa onyeisi Lakota nọ n'elu ịnyịnya) maka $1.1&nbsp;nde (ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ nke ọnụ ahịa ikpeazụ o nyere). E rere ọbụna obere eserese pensụl maka $25,000. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/charles-m-russells-artwork-sells-for-millions-at-reno-auction/2014/07/31/76a1a67a-1684-11e4-9e3b-7f2f110c6265_story.html|author=Griffith|first=Martin|title=Charles M. Russell's Artwork Sells for Millions at Reno Auction|work=The Washington Post|date=August 2, 2014|accessdate=August 3, 2014}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama == [[Faịlụ:Charles_Marion_Russell_-_Buccaroos_(1902).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Buccaroos'', 1902]] Ọrụ Russell nwere ọtụtụ isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọrụ ya pụtara ìhè maka ugboro ole o ji gosi ihe omume ndị a ma ama site n'echiche nke ndị Obodo Amerịka kama echiche nke ndị na-abụghị ndị Obodo. A maara ya maka ileba anya nke ọma n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na izi ezi nke o ji gosipụta uwe na ngwa nke ma ndị ehi na ndị obodo. Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-amụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ akatọla nkọwa Russell banyere ụmụ nwanyị. Ha na-ahụ ọkwa dị iche iche nke mmetụta uche n'ihe osise ya nke ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ndị obodo, ebe o yiri ka ọ na-ebufe mmekọahụ site na ndị ọcha gaa na ụmụ nwanyị ndị obodo, iji kwekọọ n'ụkpụrụ omume na echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ya. A na-egosi ọtụtụ ihe osise Russell nke ụmụ nwanyị ọcha dị ka "ndị dị ọcha" na ndị na-abụghị ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, ewezuga ihe osise ndị ahụ kpọmkwem na-egosi ndị akwụna. N'ụzọ dị iche, usoro ihe osise Keeoma ise ya na onyonyo ndị yiri ya na-egosi nwanyị obodo nwere mmetụta uche. E dekọrọ ha site na nkwupụta na Keeoma bụ ezigbo nwanyị Russell hụrụ n'anya. E nwere foto ndị gosiri na ihe nlereanya nke onyonyo ndị a bụ nwunye Russell, Nancy. <ref name="Armitage">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/womenswest00armi|quote=keeoma story of.|author=Susan Armitage|title=The Women's West|year=1987|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=9780806120430|accessdate=2012-05-05}}</ref> === Ndụ onye na-agba ịnyịnya === <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> Faịlụ:LaughKillsLonesome.jpg|alt=Laugh Kills Lonesome, oil on canvas, 1925. Along with Bronc to Breakfast and In Without Knocking, arguably the most famous of Russell's "cowboy" paintings.| ''Ọchị Na-egbu Naanị Mmadụ'', mmanụ n'elu ákwà, 1925. Tinyere ''Bronc to Breakfast'' and ''In Without Knocking'', ihe osise Russell kacha mara amara. Faịlụ:Bronc_Breakfast_web.jpg|alt=Bronc to Breakfast, oil, 1908| ''Bronc ruo nri ụtụtụ'', mmanụ, 1908 Faịlụ:Charles_Marion_Russell_–_In_Without_Knocking_–_Google_Art_Project.jpg|alt=In Without Knocking 1909| ''Na-enweghị ịkụ aka'' na 1909 Faịlụ:Russell_Loops_and_Swift_Horses_are_Surer_than_Lead_1916.jpg|alt=Loops and Swift Horses are Surer than Lead, 1916| ''Ịnyịnya ndị a na-akpọ Loops na Swift Horses dị ike karịa Lead'', 1916 Faịlụ:HerdQuit.jpg|alt=The Herd Quitter, oil on canvas, 1897| ''Ihe e ji kpụọ ihe n'ime ákwà'', mmanụ e ji mee ihe n'elu ákwà, 1897 Faịlụ:Roundup2CMR.jpg|alt=Roundup #2, oil 1913| ''Nchịkọta #2'', mmanụ 1913 Faịlụ:Cowpunching_Sometimes_Spells_Trouble.jpg|alt=Cowpunching Sometimes Spells Trouble, 1889, Oil on canvas, Sid Richardson Museum, Fort Worth, Texas| ''Ịkụ ehi mgbe ụfọdụ na-akpata nsogbu'', 1889, Mmanụ n'elu ákwà, Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Sid Richardson, Fort Worth, Texas <ref name="sidrichardsonmuseum.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sidrichardsonmuseum.org/|title=Home - Sid Richardson Museum - Fort Worth, Texas|accessdate=2016-06-30|archivedate=2021-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512215956/https://sidrichardsonmuseum.org/}}</ref> Faịlụ:When_Cowboys_Get_in_Trouble_(The_Mad_Cow).jpg|alt=When Cowboys Get in Trouble (The Mad Cow), 1899, Oil on canvas, Sid Richardson Museum, Fort Worth, Texas| ''Mgbe Ndị Cowboys Nọ n'Ọnọdụ Nsogbu (The Mad Cow)'', 1899, Mmanụ n'elu ákwà, Ụlọ Ihe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Sid Richardson, Fort Worth, Texas <ref name="sidrichardsonmuseum.org" /> </gallery> === Ndị Obodo Amerịka === <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> Faịlụ:Russell_charles_marion-the_cryer.jpg|alt=The Cryer, bronze sculpture| Ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla nchara nke a ''kpọrọ The Cryer'' Faịlụ:Charles_Marion_Russell_-_Cree_Indian.jpg| ''Cree Indian'' Faịlụ:CM_Russell_The_Scouts.jpeg|alt=The Scouts| ''Ndị Skọt'' Faịlụ:CM_Russell_When_Blackfoot_And_Sioux_Meet.jpeg|alt=When Blackfoot and Sioux Meet| ''Mgbe Blackfoot na Sioux Zukọrọ'' Faịlụ:Charles_Marion_Russell_-_Buffalo_Hunt.jpg|alt=Buffalo Hunt| ''Ịchụ nta Buffalo'' Faịlụ:The_Marriage_Ceremony_(Indian_Love_Call).jpg|alt=The Marriage Ceremony (Indian Love Call), 1894, Oil on cardboard, Sid Richardson Museum, Fort Worth, Texas| ''Emume Alụmdi na Nwunye (Oku Ịhụnanya Ndị India)'', 1894, Mmanụ e tinyere na katọn, Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Sid Richardson, Fort Worth, Texas <ref name="sidrichardsonmuseum.org" /> Faịlụ:Bringing_Up_the_Trail.jpg|alt=Bringing Up the Trail, 1895, Oil on canvas, Sid Richardson Museum, Fort Worth, Texas| ''Ịmalite Ụzọ'', 1895, Mmanụ n'elu ákwà, Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Sid Richardson, Fort Worth, Texas <ref name="sidrichardsonmuseum.org" /> Faịlụ:Maney_Snows_Have_Fallen...(Letter_from_Ah-Wa-Cous_(Charles_Russell)_to_Short_Bull).jpg|alt=Maney Snows Have Fallen...(Letter from Ah-Wa-Cous (Charles Russell) to Short Bull), ca.1909 - 1910, Watercolor, pen & ink on paper, Sid Richardson Museum, Fort Worth, Texas| ''Maney Snow Adaala... (Akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka Ah-Wa-Cous (Charles Russell) gaa na Short Bull)'', ihe dịka 1909 - 1910, Mmiri mmiri, pen na ink n'akwụkwọ, Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Sid Richardson, Fort Worth, Texas <ref name="sidrichardsonmuseum.org" /> </gallery> === Ụmụ nwanyị === === Ndị ọzọ === <gallery mode="packed" heights="140"> Faịlụ:Camp_Cook's_Troubles_by_Charles_Marion_Russell.jpg|alt=Camp Cook's Troubles| ''Nsogbu nke Onye Na-esi Nri n'ogige'' Faịlụ:Blackfeet_Burning_Crow_Buffalo_Range.jpg|alt=Burning Crow Buffalo Range| ''Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ere ọkụ nke na-ere ọkụ nke oke bekee'' Faịlụ:Utica_(A_Quiet_day_in_Utica).jpg|alt=Utica (A Quiet day in Utica), 1907| ''Utica (Ụbọchị Nọrọ N'udo na Utica)'', 1907 Faịlụ:Deer_in_Forest_(White_Tailed_Deer).jpg|alt=Deer in Forest (White Tailed Deer), 1917, Oil on canvasboard| ''Mgbada n'ime Oke ọhịa (Mgbada ọdụ ọcha)'', 1917, Mmanụ n'elu kanvasboard <ref name="sidrichardsonmuseum.org" /> </gallery><gallery mode="packed" heights="160"> Faịlụ:Chinook2.gif|alt=Waiting for a Chinook, also known as Last of the 5000. One of several depictions of the winter of 1886–87| ''Na-eche Chinook'', nke a makwaara dị ka ''Ikpeazụ nke 5000.'' Otu n'ime ọtụtụ ihe osise nke oge oyi nke 1886–87 Faịlụ:Flying_hoofs_-_Charles_M_Russell_(1894).jpg|alt=Flying hoofs, 1894| ''Akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-efe efe'', 1894 Faịlụ:To_The_Victor_Belongs_The_Spoils_by_Charles_Marion_Russell.jpg|alt=To The Victor Belongs The Spoils| ''Nke Victor bụ ihe ndị a na-emebu'' </gallery> === Ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme === <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> Faịlụ:Indians_DiscoveringLC.jpg|alt=The Indians discovering Lewis and Clark. Russell depicted various stages of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in a number of works.| ''Ndị India chọpụtara Lewis na Clark'' . Russell gosipụtara ọtụtụ usoro nke Lewis na Clark Expedition n'ọtụtụ ọrụ. Faịlụ:Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg|alt=Lewis and Clark on the Lower Columbia.| ''Lewis na Clark dị na Lower Columbia'' . Faịlụ:Charles_Marion_Russell_-_The_Custer_Fight_(1903).jpg|alt=The Custer Fight (lithograph, 1903). Depicts the Battle of the Little Bighorn from the point of view of the Native American combatants.| ''Ọgụ Custer'' ( lithograph, afọ 1903). Ọ na-egosi Agha nke Little Bighorn site n'echiche nke ndị agha obodo Amerịka. </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Earl W. Bascom, onye na-ese ihe/onye na-akpụ ihe nke Charlie Russell nwere mmetụta na ndị mmekọ ya. * Charles Beil, onye na-akpụ ihe osise na onye na-akwado Russell * Harold Dow Bugbee, onye omenkà ọdịda anyanwụ nke Russell metụtara * Dan Muller, onye omenkà cowboy nke CM Russell metụtara * JK Ralston, onye omenkà ọdịda anyanwụ * Frederic Remington, onye omenkà ọdịda anyanwụ == Edesibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] shwsleqpm9z3gnnomlea0sij7fkg33m 0 76682 674447 673472 2026-07-09T09:36:41Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674447 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Neil Cherry.jpg|thumb|Neil Cherry]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Neil James Cherry''' ONZM (29 Septemba 1946 - 24 Mee 2003) bụ onye [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]] nke New Zealand. == Akụkọ Ndụ == === Ndụ mbụ na ezinụlọ === A mụrụ Cherry na Christchurch na Septemba 29, 1946.<ref name="HBTQ">{{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Alister|title=Honoured by the Queen – New Zealand|year=1994|publisher=New Zealand Who's Who Aotearoa|location=Auckland|isbn=0-908578-34-2}}</ref> Ndị mụrụ ya bụ James Conrad Cherry na Mona Hartley, ndị lụrụ di na nwunye na 1940.<ref name="Part 1" /> Cherry nwere ike ịkọ akụkọ nna nna ya na ''Cressy'', otu n'ime ụgbọ mmiri anọ mbụ malitere ibi na Canterbury.<ref name="Part 1">{{Cite web|author=Hunt|first=Dorothy|title=Neil Cherry ONZM – his life and work: Part 1|url=http://www.nzine.co.nz/features/neilcherry_lifestory_part1.html|publisher=NZine|accessdate=14 May 2017|date=28 March 2003|archivedate=18 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218230437/http://www.nzine.co.nz/features/neilcherry_lifestory_part1.html}}</ref> A gụrụ Cherry akwụkwọ na Christchurch Technical College, wee gaa n'ihu mụọ physics na Mahadum Canterbury, gụchaa BSc(Hons) na 1969 na PhD na 1971.<ref name="HBTQ"/> Akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya, nke RGT Bennett na GJ Fraser na-elekọta, akpọrọ ''A study of wind and wavelength''. Na 1968, Cherry lụrụ Gae Denise Miller, di na nwunye ahụ wee ga n'iru e mụta ụmụ abụọ.<ref name="HBTQ"/> === Ọrụ === <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  Cherry bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmetụta nke [[Radiation electromagnetic|radieshon elektrọnik]] n'ahụike mmadụ, mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ mbụ ya na meteorology na ike ifufe. === Ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị === <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>Na 1987 election ọ nọchitere anya otu Labour Party na ntuli aka Christchurch nke Fendalton. O mere ka ntuli aka Labour dịkwuo elu site na 6.73%, mana o dara votu 311 tupu o merie onye omeiwu nọ n'ọkwa Philip Burdon.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Norton|first=Clifford|title=New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science|year=1988|publisher=Victoria University of Wellington Press|location=[[Wellington]]|isbn=0-475-11200-8}}</ref> Tupu 1990 election o tinyere onwe ya n'ọkwa iji dochie onye bụbu Praịm Minista Geoffrey Palmer dị ka onye ga-azọ ọkwa Labour na Christchurch Central. O tụfuru nhọpụta Labour nye Lianne Dalziel mana, dịka echiche ya si dị, ọ bụ onye nke abụọ ma kwe nkwa ịzọ ọkwa maka Dalziel.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Malthus|first=Nigel|title=Cherry says he was 'runner-up'|work=[[The Press]]|date=20 September 1990|page=7}}</ref> Cherry jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Kansụl Ógbè Canterbury (Environment Canterbury) site na 1992.<ref name="HBTQ"/> === Ndụ na ọnwụ mgbe e mesịrị === [[Faịlụ:Windflow's_prototype_windmill.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|213x213px|A kpọrọ ihe igwe ikuku nke Windflow Technology "Neil" iji sọpụrụ Cherry]] A chọpụtara na Cherry nwere ọrịa neurone moto na 2001, ọ malitekwara ịpụ apụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2003.<ref name="Herald obit">{{Cite news|title=Obituary: Dr Neil Cherry|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/iobituaryi-dr-neil-cherry/XUJL2R3NVH2NHGYR2VYVQ5N4NI/|accessdate=8 November 2021|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|date=30 May 2003}}</ref> == Nkwanye ugwu na ihe nrite == Na 1990, e nyere Cherry ihe nrite ncheta afọ 1990 nke New Zealand.<ref name="HBTQ"/> N'afọ 2002, a họpụtara Cherry ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Òtù Ihe nrite nke New Zealand, maka ọrụ sayensị, agụmakwụkwọ na obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/new-year-honours-list-2002|title=New Year honours list 2002|date=31 December 2001|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=28 June 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Cherry|first=Neil|title=Schumann Resonances, a plausible biophysical mechanism for the human health effects of Solar|journal=[[Natural Hazards]]|volume=26|issue=3|year=2002|pages=279–331|doi=10.1023/A:1015637127504}} * {{Cite journal|author=White|first=Warren B.|title=Influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave upon New Zealand temperature and precipitation during autumn–winter|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=12|issue=4|year=1999|pages=960–976|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<0960:IOTACW>2.0.CO;2}} * {{Cite journal|author=Cooper|first=Duncan|url=https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/153/2/202/118459|title=Re:"Cancer incidence near radio and television transmitters in Great Britain. I. Sutton Coldfield transmitter; II. All high power transmitters"|journal=American Journal of Epidemiology|volume=153|issue=2|year=2001|pages=202–205|doi=10.1093/aje/153.2.202|pmid=11159167}} * {{Cite book|author=Trought|first=M.C.T.|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/35465078.pdf|title=Practical considerations for reducing frost damage in vineyards|publisher=Report to New Zealand Winegrowers|year=1999}} == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] rfzb46twjor809cl8501gd74h8oh50k 0 76695 674459 655683 2026-07-09T09:47:13Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674459 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>{{Reflist|30em}} [[Faịlụ:20160209 KarinLochte 004 MBuchholz.jpg|thumb|KarinLochte]]  {{Reflist|30em}}Karin Lochte (amụrụ 20 Septemba 1952) bụ onye Germany na-ahụ maka oke osimiri, onye nyocha na ọkachamara mgbanwe ihu igwe.[1][2] Ọ bụ onye isi nke German Polar Research Alfred Wegener Institute site na 2007 ruo 2017 yana onye isi oche nke kọmitii njikwa nke Mahadum Jacobs Bremen. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.awi.de/ueber-uns/organisation/mitarbeiter/karin-lochte.html|title=Prof. Dr. Karin Lochte - AWI|work=www.awi.de|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Lochte na Hanover. Ọ nwetara PhD ya na bayoloji mmiri na Mahadum Mahadum North Wales na 1984. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị PhD, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na microbiology miri emi na Institut für Meereskunde, Mahadum Kiel. Na mbụ n'ọrụ ya, Lochte bụ prọfesọ nke Biological Oceanography na Leibniz Institute for Marine Sciences na Mahadum Christian-Albrechts dị na Kiel ebe o duuru otu nyocha nke lekwasịrị anya na okirikiri kemịkalụ na oke osimiri. Ọ kụziri biological oceanography na Mahadum Rostock na Kiel site na 1995 ruo 2000 wee mesịa na Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research na Warnemünde ruo 2007. Ọ bụkwa onye nhazi oru ngo maka Atlantic Data Base for Exchange Processes na Deep Sea Floor (ADEPD) marine 00 site na European Union 0. itinye aka na nyocha polar malitere na 2007, mgbe ọ malitere ọrụ na Alfred Wegener Institute na Bremerhaven.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.awi.de/ueber-uns/organisation/mitarbeiter/karin-lochte.html|title=Prof. Dr. Karin Lochte - AWI|work=www.awi.de|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciencepoles.org/interview/karin-lochte-on-the-work-of-the-alfred-wegener-institute|title=The work of the Alfred Wegener Institute|author=de Pomereu|first=Jean|date=2009-08-20|work=www.sciencepoles.org|publisher=SciencePoles|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref> A họpụtara Lochte ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Alfred Wegener Institute na 2007 wee jide ọnọdụ ahụ ruo 2017.Nchọpụta ya lekwasịrị anya na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okirikiri nri oke osimiri na ihu igwe.Ọ bụbu onye osote onye isi oche nke nyocha mpaghara ụwa na gburugburu maka otu Helmholtz Association. == Mmekọrịta == Lochte bụ onye otu ọtụtụ bọọdụ mba na mba ụwa, kọmitii sayensị na otu ndị na-enye ego nyocha. Ọ bụ onye so na German Scientific Council, nke na-adụ ọdụ German Federal na steeti Gọọmenti na mmepe nke mahadum, sayensị na nnyocha na bụ onye isi oche nke Scientific Commission of Lower Saxony. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchiteanya nke Kọmitii Sayensị na nyocha Antarctic na onye isi oche nke Board of Governors of Jacobs University.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jacobs-university.de/drupal_lists/archives/pressreleases/14467/index.html|title=Change at the head of Jacobs University's Board of Governors: Karin Lochte takes over the Chair from Theodor Berchem|work=www.jacobs-university.de|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref> Ọ nọ na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke Arctic Circle .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/81479730|title=Arctic Circle Assembly|author=Lochte|first=Karin|date=2014|work=Vimeo|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/144899364|title=Arctic Circle Assembly|author=Lochte|first=Karin|date=2015-11-06|work=Vimeo|accessdate=2016-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924004716/https://vimeo.com/144899364|archivedate=2016-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arcticcircle.org/board|title=Board|publisher=Arctic Circle|work=arcticcircle.org|accessdate=2016-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701215956/http://www.arcticcircle.org/board|archivedate=2016-07-01}}</ref>Ọ nọ na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke Arctic Circle. == Nsọpụrụ == * Order of Merit nke Federal Republic of Germany, klas nke mbụ, 2017,[1] nke Lochte nabatara (lee nju Hanseatic) == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} * Karin Lochte profaịlụ E debere Wayback Machine - na academia-net.org * Curriculum Vitae - asụsụ German [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 6rmbwifq4m3wiobuar2quqb8kfzlab3 0 76711 674073 655719 2026-07-08T13:13:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox hospital|name=Delta State University Teaching Hospital|org_group=|logo=|logo_size=|logo_alt=|image=Delta State University Teaching Hospital.jpg|image_size=225|alt=|caption=|coordinates={{coord|5.9594109088495495|5.7024243507326|type:landmark|display=it}}|location=[[Oghara]], [[Ethiope West]]|region=Southern|state=Delta State|country=Nigeria|healthcare=<!-- UK: NHS; AU/CA: Medicare; ELSE free-form text, e.g. Private -->|funding=Government|type=Teaching|religious_affiliation=|affiliation=[[Delta State University]]|patron=|network=|standards=|emergency=Available|beds=|speciality=|helipad=|h1-number=|h1-length-f=|h1-length-m=|h1-surface=<!-- up to h12 -->|former_names=|constructed=|opened=June 10, 2020<!-- cite in article as well -->|closed=|demolished=|website=https://delsuth.org.ng/|other_links=|module=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" |Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Mahadum Delta State |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Delta_State_University_Teaching_Hospital.jpg|225x225px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Delta State University Teaching Hospital","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#525252","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#dbdbdb"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q104089551"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":3,"stroke":"#525252","title":"Delta State University Teaching Hospital"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q104089551"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[5.7024243507326,5.9594109088495],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#919090","title":"Delta State University Teaching Hospital","marker-symbol":"hospital"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Ọdịdị ala |- ! 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colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Nhazi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data category" |Ịkụzi ihe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Mahadum jikọtara ya</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Mahadum Delta State]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Ọrụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ngalaba mberede</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ọ dị |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Akụkọ ihe mere eme |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Emeghe | class="infobox-data" |June 10, 2020 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Njikọ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |https://delsuth.org.ng/ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndepụta | class="infobox-data" |Ụlọ ọgwụ na Naịjirịa |} Delta State University Teaching Hospital (nke a maara nke ọma dị ka DELSUTH) bụ ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Oghara, Naịjirịa. Goodluck Jonathan, onye bụbu onyeisiala mba Naịjirịa, malitere ya na ụbọchị iri nke ọnwa Juun afọ 2020 iji nye nlekọta ahụike nke mahadum site na ọzụzụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum na Mahadum Delta State, Abraka. Ụlọ ọrụ a dị na Oghara na Ethiope West Local Government Area nke Delta State, South East, Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-04-09|title=Delta State Teaching Hospital will rise again, says CMD|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/delta-state-teaching-hospital-will-rise-again-says-cmd/|accessdate=2020-12-10|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Front Page|url=https://delsuth.com.ng/|accessdate=2020-12-10|work=Delta State University Teaching Hospital|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120071645/https://delsuth.com.ng/}}</ref> Delta State University Teaching Hospital (DELSUTH), bụkwa onye mmekọ nke Delta State University (Abraka). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Front Page|url=https://delsuth.com.ng/|accessdate=2020-12-27|work=Delta State University Teaching Hospital|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120071645/https://delsuth.com.ng/}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] okigqjhvsas9i1ykj37vrwocil3yl2g 0 76719 674463 655731 2026-07-09T09:50:58Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674463 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Faịlụ:Hans von Storch.jpg|thumb|Hans von Storch]] Hans von Storch (amụrụ 13 Ọgọst n'afo 1949) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe nke German. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Meteorological Institute nke Mahadum Hamburg, na (ebe ọ bụ na 2001) Director nke Institute for Coastal Research na Helmholtz Research Center (na mbụ: GKSS Research Center) na Geesthacht, Germany. Ọ bụ onye so na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Journal of Climate. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Max Planck Institute for Meteorology site na 1986 ruo 1995 wee duru otu nyocha Statistical Analysis na Modeling ebe ahụ. == Echiche gbasara okpomọkụ ụwa == Storch kwuru n'agba akaebe nye Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya US na 2006 na mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ na-enwe: : "Dabere na ihe akaebe sayensị, ekwenyere m na anyị na-eche mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ na-enwe site na mwepụta nke gas griinhaus n'ime ikuku ihu."<ref>{{Cite web|author=Storch|first=Hans von|title=Statement to the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce, July 19, 2006 Hearing "Questions Surrounding the 'Hockey Stick' Temperature Studies: Implications for Climate Change Assessments"|url=http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/prometheus/archives/060619_ushouse_energycommercehvs.pdf|accessdate=6 August 2010|archivedate=13 June 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613190319/http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/prometheus/archives/060619_ushouse_energycommercehvs.pdf}}</ref> A makwaara ya maka edemede dị na ''Der Spiegel'' nke ya na Nico Stehr dere, nke kwuru na: : "Nnyocha sayensị na-eche nsogbu ihu n'ihi na ndị mmadụ na-ere okwu ndị a gabigara ókè iji dọta uche n'ahịa a na-ese okwu maka ozi kwesịrị ekwesị." : "Ndị na-eme ihe ike chere na mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ ihe dị oke egwu, dị oke njọ, nakwa na ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-emezu ihe dị mma, ọ dịghị njọ otú ahụ."<ref name="bbc060420">{{Cite news|author=Simon Cox, Richard Vadon|title=A load of hot air?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4923504.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=20 April 2006|quote=Even government agencies have been criticised for overselling climate change.}}</ref> Na Disemba 2009, o gosipụtara nchegbu gbasara ntụkwasị obi nke sayensị ma katọọ ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a na-ahụ anya n'ihu ọha maka ime ka nkwukọrịta ha dị mfe ma mee ka ọ dị ka ihe nkiri. O kwuru okwu banyere ngagharị iwe nke German Waldsterben (Forest dieback) nke afọ 1980: : Nnyocha gbasara ihe ndị dị n'ime ọhịa ndị dị na Germany nwere ike ịbụ ihe atụ n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke usoro ahụ. Sayensị nke mmebi ọhịa dị na 1980s bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma jiri ya dịka nkwado maka amụma "ezi" nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke e chepụtara echepụta. Mbelata nke ire ere na ihe nkiri sitere na ya mebiri na 1990s, akụkọ gbasara ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na oke ọhịa ndị Germany abụrụla ihe siri ike ugbu a na Germany. Onye na-ekiri ihe nkiri dere na 2004: "Mmebi ahụ nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị oke ukwuu. Ọ dịghị onye na-ekwere ha ọzọ." N'ezie, mmebi ahụ abụghị naanị maka ndị nchọpụta ọhịa, kamakwa nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ. Na 20 Juun 2013, Storch kwuru sị "Ruo ugbu a, ọ dịghị onye nwere ike inye azịza doro anya maka ihe mere mgbanwe ihu igwe ji yie ka ọ na-akwụsị. Anyị na-eche ihe mgbagwoju anya ihu. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ikuku CO2 amụbaala nke ukwuu karịa ka anyị tụrụ anya ya. N'ihi ya, dịka ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe si kwuo, anyị kwesịrị ịhụ ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu site na ihe dị ka 0.25 Celsius (0.45 Celsius) n'ime afọ 10 gara aga. Nke ahụ emebeghị. N'ezie, mmụba ahụ n'ime afọ 15 gara aga bụ naanị 0.06 Celsius (0.11 degrees Fahrenheit) -- uru dị nnọọ nso na efu. Nke a bụ nsogbu sayensị siri ike nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ga-eche ihu mgbe ọ na-egosi Akụkọ Nyocha ya na-esote n'ọgwụgwụ afọ na-abịa." == Esemokwu Climategate == Hans von Storch, onye kwenyekwara na echiche a ma ama gbasara okpomọkụ ụwa,<ref name="Storch"> {{Cite web|url=http://coast.gkss.de/G/Mitarbeiter/storch/|title=Hans von Storch|publisher=coast.gkss.de|accessdate=28 November 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719032400/http://coast.gkss.de/G/Mitarbeiter/storch/|archivedate=19 July 2011}}</ref>kwuru na Mahadum East Anglia (UEA) "emebila ụkpụrụ sayensị dị mkpa" site n'ịjụ ịkọrọ ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ data. "Ha na-egwu sayensị dị ka egwuregwu ike," ka o kwuru.<ref name="wsjms"> {{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Keith|title=Lawmakers Probe Climate Emails|date=24 November 2009|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125902685372961609|accessdate=26 July 2010}}</ref> == Arụmụka ''Nnyocha ihu igwe'' == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Na 2003, site na 1 Ọgọst, a họpụtara Hans von Storch dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Climate Research, mgbe ọ nọsịrị na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ ya kemgbe 1994. Ọnwa ole na ole tupu edemede na-ese okwu (Soon and Baliunas 2003<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.3354/cr023089|author=Soon|first=Willie|date=January 31, 2003|title=Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years|journal=Climate Research|volume=23|pages=89–110|url=https://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2003/23/c023p089.pdf}}</ref>) ewelite ajụjụ gbasara usoro nyocha nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, na-enweghị onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na gbasara amụma nchịkọta akụkọ nke otu onye nchịkọta akụkọ, Chris de Freitas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sgr.org.uk/climate/StormyTimes_NL28.htm|title=Stormy Times for Climate Research|publisher=Scientists for Global Responsibility|date=28 November 2003|accessdate=1 September 2005|archivedate=22 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722021410/http://www.sgr.org.uk/climate/StormyTimes_NL28.htm}}</ref> Storch dere ma kesaa edemede gbasara usoro ọhụrụ ahụ, na-edobe ikike dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ isi ịjụ isiokwu ndị otu n'ime ndị nchịkọta akụkọ tụrụ aro ka a nabata. Mgbe onye mbipụta jụrụ ibipụta akụkọ ahụ ma ọ gwụla ma ndị nchịkọta akụkọ niile na-eje ozi na bọọdụ ahụ kwadoro amụma ọhụrụ ahụ, Storch gbara arụkwaghịm ụbọchị anọ tupu ọ ga-ewere ọnọdụ ọhụrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Hans von Storch|title=The CR Problem|date=23 November 2009|url=http://coast.gkss.de/G/Mitarbeiter/storch/CR-problem/cr.2003.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821080304/http://coast.gkss.de/G/Mitarbeiter/storch/CR-problem/cr.2003.htm|archivedate=21 August 2010}}</ref> Ndị nchịkọta akụkọ anọ ọzọ mechara hapụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ. Storch mechara gwa Chronicle of Higher Education na "ndị na-enyo enyo sayensị ihu igwe" "achọpụtala Nnyocha Ihu Igwe dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ebe ụfọdụ ndị nchịkọta akụkọ anaghị agbaso usoro nyocha dịka ọ na-adịkarị."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/05/some_like_it_hot.html|title=Some Like It Hot|work=Mother Jones|date=May 2005}}</ref> == Mbipụta na ihe nrite == N'ọgwụgwụ 2004, ndị otu Storch bipụtara otu akụkọ n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Science nke nwalere ụzọ multiproxy dị ka nke Mann, Bradley, na Hughes, 1998 ji mee ihe, nke a na-akpọkarị MBH98,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mann M.E.|title=Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries|journal=Nature|volume=392|issue=6678|pages=779–787|year=1998|url=http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/pubs/mann1998/frames.htm|doi=10.1038/33859}}</ref> ma ọ bụ Mann na Jones,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jones P. D.|title=Climate Over Past Millennia|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=42|issue=2|pages=RG2002|date=6 May 2004|doi=10.1029/2003RG000143|url=http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/pubs/jones2004/jones2004.html}}</ref> iji nweta mgbanwe okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ime afọ 1000 gara aga. Nnwale ahụ tụrụ aro na usoro ejiri na MBH98 ga-eleda nnukwu mgbanwe anya ma ọ bụrụ na ha mere; mana nke a mechara bụrụ ihe ịma aka: lee eserese osisi hockey maka nkọwa ndị ọzọ. Iji ruo nkwubi okwu a, Storch na ndị otu ya jiri ihe nlereanya ihu igwe mepụta usoro maapụ okpomọkụ kwa afọ maka ụwa n'ime ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga. Ha wee tinye ụda ọcha na data proxy ma tinye usoro ejiri na MBH98, mgbanwe nke nyocha akụkụ bụ isi, na maapụ okpomọkụ agbakọrọ ma chọpụta na ọnụọgụ mgbanwe ahụ ebelatala nke ukwuu. Na Eprel 2006, ''Sayensị'' bipụtara okwu Wahl na ndị ọrụ ibe ya dere, na-ekwu na njehie dị na akwụkwọ 2004, na-ekwu na "nkwubi okwu ha dabere na mmejuputa usoro nhazigharị na-ezighi ezi" mmejọ na Repercussions;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2006/04/a-correction-with-repercussions/|title=A Mistake with Repercussions|work=RealClimate|date=27 April 2006}}</ref> na VS Reply na-arụ ụka. Na nzaghachi a, VS na ndị otu ya gosipụtara na ịdọ aka ná ntị e welitere na okwu Wahl emeghị ka nkwubi okwu mbụ ha ghara ịdị irè. E mesịrị kwado enweghị ike nke usoro MBH98 maka nhazigharị ihu igwe n'onwe ya na mbipụta ndị ọzọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ site n'aka Lee, Zwiers na Tsao, 2008<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00382-007-0351-9|author=Lee|first=Terry C. K.|title=Evaluation of proxy-based millennial reconstruction methods|journal=Climate Dynamics|date=August 2008|volume=31|issue=2–3|pages=263–281|url=http://ugrad.stat.ubc.ca/~stat547/Leeetal.pdf}}</ref> ma ọ bụ site n'aka Christiansen et al., 2009.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1175/2008JCLI2301.1|author=Christiansen|first=B.|title=A surrogate ensemble study of climate reconstruction methods: stochasticity and robustness|journal=Journal of Climate|year=2009|volume=22|issue=4|pages=951–976}}</ref> Na 2010, Storch natara ihe nrite IMSC maka ihe nrite na [[International Meetings on Statistical Climatology|Nzukọ Mba Nile na Statistical Climatology]] na Edinburgh, iji "ghọta ihe ndị dị mkpa o tinyere n'ibelata ọnụọgụgụ, nhazigharị usoro okpomọkụ, nyocha nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, na nchọpụta na nkọwapụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cccma.seos.uvic.ca/imsc/awards_storch.shtml|title=Hans von Storch was awarded the IMSC achievement award at the 11IMSC in Edinburgh, 2010 to recognize his key contributions to statistical downscaling, reconstruction of temperature series, analyses of climatic variability, and detection and attribution of climate change|work=International Meetings on Statistical Climatology|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008112656/http://cccma.seos.uvic.ca/imsc/awards_storch.shtml|archivedate=8 October 2011|accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref> == Donald Duck == Na 1977, Hans von Storch so guzobe otu Donald Duck Club nke nwere mmadụ 100, na-agbachitere Donald Duck megide ebubo omume rụrụ arụ. N'agbata 1976 na 1985, ọ bụ onye na-ebipụta magazin gbasara Donald Duck, ''Der Hamburger Donaldist''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.donald.org/DD/hd/|title=Der Hamburger Donaldist|accessdate=8 August 2010|archivedate=31 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731091028/http://www.donald.org/DD/hd/}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] q4j9hkh7mtqfcssvr4dicth7g6ybguw 0 76722 674450 655734 2026-07-09T09:40:07Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674450 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:HenrikSvensmark.jpg|thumb|HenrikSvensmark]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Henrik Svensmark''' (amụrụ na 1958) bụ onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara fiziki na Danish na prọfesọ na Ngalaba Fiziki nke Sistemụ Anyanwụ na Danish National Space Institute (DTU Space) na Copenhagen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.space.dtu.dk/English/Staff/Solar_System_Physics.aspx?lg=showcommon&id=38287&type=person|title=Henrik Svensmark|publisher=[[Danish National Space Center|Danish National Space Institute (DTU Space)]]|accessdate=2012-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922074712/http://www.space.dtu.dk/English/Staff/Solar_System_Physics.aspx?lg=showcommon&id=38287&type=person|archivedate=2011-09-22}}</ref> A maara ya maka ọrụ ya na echiche na obere [[Mbara igwe radieshon|ụzarị eluigwe]] na-akpata okpomọkụ ụwa site na nhazi igwe ojii.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gray, Richard|date=February 11, 2007|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1542332/Cosmic-rays-blamed-for-global-warming.html|title=Cosmic rays blamed for global warming|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=2012-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Svensmark, Henrik|title=Cosmoclimatology: a new theory emerges|journal=[[Astronomy & Geophysics]]|volume=48|issue=1|pages=1.18–1.24|year=2007|doi=10.1111/j.1468-4004.2007.48118.x}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == Henrik Svensmark nwetara Master of Science in Engineering (Cand. Polyt) na 1985 na Ph.D. na 1987 site na Physics Laboratory I na Technical University of Denmark.<ref name="cv">{{Cite web|url=http://www.33igc.org/coco/entrypage.aspx?t=climate%2Bchange&containerid=11714&parentid=11078&entrypage=true&guid=1&lnodeid=7&pageid=5002&ObjectID=12092|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210214955/http://www.33igc.org/coco/entrypage.aspx?t=climate%2bchange&containerid=11714&parentid=11078&entrypage=true&guid=1&lnodeid=7&pageid=5002&ObjectID=12092|archivedate=2012-02-10|title=CV - Henrik Svensmark|publisher=33rd International Geological Congress|accessdate=2012-07-14|year=2008}}</ref> == Ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:Paleo-cosmic_flux.svg|thumb|350x350px|'''Njikọ dị n'etiti ọdịiche dị na cosmic ray flux (red) na mgbanwe na okpomọkụ oké osimiri (black) '''.]] Henrik Svensmark bụ onye isi nke Center for Sun-Climate Research na Danish Space Research Institute (DSRI), akụkụ nke Danish National Space Center. Ọ bụbu onye isi otu anyanwụ-climate na DSRI. Ọ nọ n'ọkwa postdoctoral na physics na òtù atọ ndị ọzọ: Mahadum California, Berkeley, Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics, na Niels Bohr Institute.<ref>{{Cite news|author=[[Lawrence Solomon]]|title=The sun moves climate change|url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=fee9a01f-3627-4b01-9222-bf60aa332f1f&k=0|work=online|publisher=National Post|id=The Deniers, Part VI|date=2007-02-02|accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, Svensmark na Eigil Friis-Christensen kwalitere echiche nke jikọtara ụzarị mbara igwe nke mbara igwe na mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ nke agbaziri site na ọdịiche dị na ike nke ifufe anyanwụ, nke ha kpọrọ cosmoclimatology. Dickinson enyochala echiche a na mbụ A mụrụ otu n'ime obere usoro nke metụtara njikọ a na nnwale ụlọ nyocha emere na Danish National Space Center (akwụkwọ e bipụtara na Proceedings of the Royal Society A, February 8, 2007). Nkwubi okwu Svensmark site na nnyocha ya wedara mkpa mmetụta nke mmụba mmadụ mere na ikuku CO2 na nso nso a na nke akụkọ ihe mere eme zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe ihu igwe nke gas griin haus dị ukwuu, ọdịiche nke anyanwụ na-arụ ọrụ ka ukwuu. == Ozizi Cosmoclimatology nke mgbanwe ihu igwe == Svensmark kọwara ozizi ya nke [[Mbara igwe radieshon|cosmoclimatology]] n'akwụkwọ e bipụtara na 2007.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cosmoclimatology: a new theory emerges|author=Svensmark, Henrik|journal=Astronomy & Geophysics|issn=1366-8781|year=2007|volume=48|issue=1|pages=18–24|doi=10.1111/j.1468-4004.2007.48118.x}}</ref> Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Anwụ-Ihu Igwe na Denmark National Space Institute "na-enyocha njikọ dị n'etiti ọrụ anyanwụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ụwa".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spacecenter.dk/research/sun-climate/cosmoclimatology/a-brief-summary-on-cosmoclimatology|title=A brief summary of cosmoclimatology|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=Danish National Space Center|date=February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.space.dtu.dk/English/Research/Research_sections/Sun_Climate.aspx|title=Connection between Solar Activity and Climate Changes|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=Center for Sun-Climate Research, Danish National Space Institute|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621100951/http://www.space.dtu.dk/English/Research/Research_sections/Sun_Climate.aspx|archivedate=June 21, 2008}}</ref> Peeji mbido ya depụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara n'oge gara aga metụtara cosmoclimatology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spacecenter.dk/research/sun-climate/Scientific%20work%20and%20publications|title=Scientific work and Publications|publisher=Danish National Space Center|accessdate=25 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esa-spaceweather.net/spweather/workshops/eswwII/proc/Session2/ESTECsww_20051.pdf|title=Influence of Solar Cycles on Earth's Climate|author=Freddy Christiansen|publisher=Danish National Space Center|date=4 September 2007|accessdate=25 November 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120023759/http://www.esa-spaceweather.net/spweather/workshops/eswwII/proc/Session2/ESTECsww_20051.pdf|archivedate=20 November 2008}}</ref> Svensmark na Nigel Calder bipụtara akwụkwọ ''The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change'' (2007) na-akọwa ozizi Cosmoclimatology na ụzarị mbara igwe "nwere mmetụta na ihu igwe karịa CO2 mmadụ mere": : "N'ime 100 afọ gara aga ụzarị mbara igwe bịara dị ụkọ n'ihi na ọrụ siri ike nke Sun meriri ọtụtụ n'ime ha. Ụzarị mbara igwe pere mpe pụtara igwe ojii pere mpe - yana ụwa na-ekpo ọkụ." Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị achọtabeghị ọrụ Svensmark na ndị ọzọ bipụtara nke na-eme ka mmadụ kwenye. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Lockwood na ndị otu ya<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mike Lockwood|date=July 2012|title=Solar Influence on Global and Regional Climates|journal=Surveys in Geophysics|volume=33|issue=3|pages=503–534|doi=10.1007/s10712-012-9181-3}}</ref> chọpụtara na "Aro nke ígwé ojii na-egosi na ígwé ojii anaghị adabara ihe a hụrụ". Mmekọrịta Spanish/Japan nke ndị ọkachamara na ray anyanwụ/astrophysics chọpụtara na mgbanwe dị na mkpuchi ígwé ojii zuru ụwa ọnụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na El Niño-Southern Oscillation na enweghị njikọ ya na ray anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Laken|first=Benjamin|year=2012|title=A Decade of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer: Is a Solar–Cloud Link Detectable?|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=25|issue=13|pages=4430–4440|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00306.1}}</ref> [[Lars Oxfeldt Mortensen]] mepụtara ihe nkiri vidio gbasara ozizi Svensmark, ''The Cloud Mystery'', ma gosipụta ya na Jenụwarị 2008 na Danish TV 2. Na Eprel 2012, Svensmark bipụtara mgbasawanye nke ozizi ya na Ọkwa Ọnwa nke Royal Astronomical Society<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evidence of nearby supernovae affecting life on Earth|author=Svensmark, Henrik|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|issn=1365-2966|year=2012|volume=423|issue=2|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20953.x|pages=1234–1253}}</ref> N'ime ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ ọ na-ekwu na ụdị ndụ dị iche iche nke ụwa n'ime afọ 500 gara aga nwere ike ịkọwa site na tectonics na-emetụta oke osimiri yana ọdịiche dị na ọnụego supernova mpaghara, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ. Nke a na-egosi na ọganihu nke evolushọn na-emetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na-adabere na flux cosmic cosmic ray.. Onye isi DTU Space, Prọfesọ Eigil Friis-Christensen, kwuru, sị: "Mgbe ajụjụ a banyere mmetụta nke ụzarị mbara igwe sitere na remnants supernova malitere 16 afọ gara aga, ọ dịghị mgbe anyị chere na ọ ga-eduga anyị n'ime oge, ma ọ bụ n'ime ọtụtụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa. Njikọ na evolushọn bụ njedebe nke ọrụ a." == Ule echiche == E meela ule nnwale mbụ na nnwale SKY na Danish National Space Science Center. CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research na Geneva, na-akwado nkwenye zuru oke na Ọrụ CLOUD . === Nnwale Eluigwe === Svensmark mere ihe akaebe nke nnwale echiche na nnwale SKY na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Oghere Ụwa nke Denmark.<blockquote>Iji nyochaa ọrụ nke ụzarị mbara igwe na nhazi igwe ojii dị ala na ikuku ụwa, nnwale SKY jiri muons eke (electrons dị arọ) nke nwere ike ịbanye ọbụna na okpuru ulo nke National Space Institute na Copenhagen. Echiche a, nke nnwale ahụ gosipụtara, bụ na elektrọn ndị a na-ewepụta na ikuku site na muons na-agafe agafe na-akwalite nguzobe nke ụyọkọ molekụla ndị na-ewu ihe maka oghere ikuku ikuku.</blockquote>Ndị nkatọ n'echiche ahụ kwuru na ụyọkọ urughuru emepụtara tụrụ naanị nanometer ole na ole gafee, ebe ikuku ikuku na-achọkarị inwe dayameta nke opekata mpe 50 nm iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka ihe a na-akpọ oghere condensation igwe ojii. Nnwale ndị ọzọ nke Svensmark na ndị mmekọ e bipụtara na 2013<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Svensmark|first=Henrik|title=Response of cloud condensation nuclei (>50 nm) to changes in ion-nucleation|journal=Physics Letters A|date=2013|volume=377|issue=37|doi=10.1016/j.physleta.2013.07.004}}</ref> gosiri na ikuku ndị nwere dayameta karịrị 50 nm bụ ọkụ ultraviolet na-emepụta ya (site na ọnụọgụ ozone, sulfur dioxide, na vapor mmiri), buru ibu nke zuru oke iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka oghere ikuku igwe ojii. === Nnwale Ọrụ Ígwé Ojii === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akwado nnwale fiziki nke ikuku zuru ezu iji nwalee akwụkwọ edemede Svensmark, na-ewulite na nchọpụta ndị Denmark. CERN malitere ọrụ nwere ọtụtụ usoro na 2006, gụnyere ịmegharị nnwale Danish ọzọ. CERN na-eme atụmatụ iji ihe na-eme ka ihe dị ngwa ngwa kama ịdabere na ụzarị eluigwe na ụwa eke. Ọrụ CERN nke ọtụtụ mba ga-enye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ebe ha ga-enwe ike ịmụ mmetụta nke ụzarị eluigwe na ihe ndị a na-agbaze n'ime ikuku ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lawrence Solomon|title=The sun moves climate change|url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=fee9a01f-3627-4b01-9222-bf60aa332f1f&k=0|work=[[National Post]]|id=The Deniers, Part VI|date=2007-02-02|accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref> A na-akpọ ọrụ CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUTdoor Droplets).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cloud.web.cern.ch/cloud/|title=CLOUD Project Documents|accessdate=25 November 2008|archivedate=24 December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224163439/http://cloud.web.cern.ch/cloud/}}</ref> Dunne ''na ndị otu ya'' (2016) egosipụtala isi ihe si na nsonaazụ afọ iri nke afọ e nwetara na nnwale CLOUD emere na CERN. Ha amụọla nke ọma usoro physico-chemical na kinetics nke nhazi aerosols. Usoro nucleation nke mmiri ntapụ mmiri/ice micro-crystals sitere na uzu mmiri nke a mụpụtara na nnwale CLOUD ma hụkwa ozugbo na ikuku ụwa anaghị agụnye naanị nhazi ion n'ihi ụzarị mbara igwe kamakwa ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ dị mgbagwoju anya na sulfuric acid, ammonia na ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ewepụta n'ikuku site na ọrụ mmadụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ bi n'ala ma ọ bụ n'oké osimiri (plankton).<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.aaf2649|pmid=27789796|issn=0036-8075|volume=354|issue=6316|pages=1119–1124|author=Dunne|first=E. M.|title=Global atmospheric particle formation from CERN CLOUD measurements|journal=Science|date=2016-12-02}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ha na-ahụ na obere nuclei igwe ojii na-emepụta nke ọma site na ionization n'ihi mmekọrịta nke ụzarị mbara igwe na ihe ndị mejupụtara ikuku ụwa, usoro a ezughi oke iji kọwaa mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ugbu a na mgbanwe nke ike ụzarị mbara igwe nke mgbanwe na ọrụ anyanwụ na magnetosphere Ụwa gbanwere. == Arụmụka na esemokwu == === Ìhè Ọgbara Ọhụrụ nke Galactic na Okpomọkụ Ụwa === Onye na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oke osimiri bụ́ Paul Farrar (2000)<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1005672825112|title=Are Cosmic Rays Influencing Oceanic Cloud Coverage – Or Is It Only El Niño?|journal=Climatic Change|volume=47|issue=1|pages=7–15|year=2000|author=Farrar|first=Paul D.}}</ref> rụrụ ụka na, dabere na nkesa oghere nke mgbanwe igwe ojii n'oge ọmụmụ ihe Svensmark, mgbanwe ahụ sitere na El Niño nke e jikọtara ya na akara ray nke mbara igwe nke Svensmark jiri n'oge data nke ọmụmụ ihe ya. Nkatọ (2003) nke ọkà mmụta physics bụ́ Peter Laut nke ozizi Svensmark nyochaghachiri data Svensmark ma kwuo na ọ kwadoghị njikọ dị n'etiti radieshon mbara igwe na mgbanwe okpomọkụ ụwa; ọ na-agbaghakwa ụfọdụ ntọala echiche maka ozizi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S1364-6826(03)00041-5|url=http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/Laut2003.pdf|title=Solar activity and terrestrial climate: An analysis of some purported correlations|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics|volume=65|issue=7|pages=801–812|year=2003|author=Laut|first=Peter}}</ref> Svensmark zara akwụkwọ ahụ, na-ekwu na "...ọ dịghị ebe ọ bụla n'akwụkwọ Peter Laut (PL) o nwere ike ịkọwa, ebe e jighị data anụ ahụ mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi, otu àgwà nke akwụkwọ m si eduhie, ma ọ bụ ebe ọrụ m anaghị ebi ndụ dịka ọkọlọtọ sayensị si dị" Mike Lockwood nke Rutherford Appleton Laboratory [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|nke UK]] na Claus Froehlich nke World Radiation Center na Switzerland bipụtara akwụkwọ na 2007 nke kwubiri na mmụba nke okpomọkụ ụwa nke a hụrụ kemgbe 1985 jikọtara ya na mgbanwe anyanwụ nke na enweghị ụdị usoro ihe kpatara ya, ọ bụ ezie na ha kwenyere na enwere "ihe akaebe dị ukwuu" maka mmetụta anyanwụ na ihu igwe tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=[[Mike Lockwood (scientist)|Mike Lockwood]] & [[Claus Fröhlich]]|title=Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society A]]|doi=10.1098/rspa.2007.1880|year=2007|volume=463|pages=2447–2460|issue=2086}}</ref> Calder, onye so dee Svensmark, zara ajụjụ ọnụ ya na LondonBookReview.com, ebe o kwuru okwu megidere na okpomọkụ ụwa amụbabeghị kemgbe 1999. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2007, Svensmark na Friis-Christensen weputara nzaghachi nye Lockwood na Fröhlich nke kwubiri na ndekọ okpomọkụ nke elu nke Lockwood na Fröhlich ji mee ihe na-egosi na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma na-eduzi usoro anụ ahụ nke Sun-driven, ma ihe ndekọ okpomọkụ nke ikuku tropospheric na-egosi njikọ na-adịghị mma n'etiti cosmic-ray okpomọkụ ma ọ bụrụ na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ. A na-ewepụ oscillations oké osimiri na ugwu mgbawa na data okpomọkụ. Ha na-arụtụ aka na Lockwood na Fröhlich na-ewepụta data ha site na iji ụzọ na-agba ọsọ nke ihe dị ka afọ 10, nke na-emepụta nrọ nke mmụba okpomọkụ na-aga n'ihu, ebe data niile na-adịghị mma na-ezo aka na ikpo ọkụ nke okpomọkụ, dabara na ugbu a maxing site na magnetik ọrụ nke Sun, na nke na-aga n'ihu ngwa ngwa na CO2 ntinye uche yiri ka ọ gaghị agwụ agwụ. === Ìhè Galactic Cosmic vs Mkpuchi Ígwé ojii === Na Eprel afọ 2008, Prọfesọ Terry Sloan nke Mahadum Lancaster bipụtara akwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Environmental Research Letters'' nke akpọrọ "Ịnwale njikọ a tụrụ aro n'etiti ụzarị eluigwe na mkpuchi igwe ojii",<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sloan|first=Terry|title=Testing the proposed causal link between cosmic rays and cloud cover|journal=[[Environmental Research Letters]]|volume=3|issue=April–June 2008|date=2008-04-03|url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1748-9326/3/2/024001/erl8_2_024001.html|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/024001|accessdate=2008-04-05}}</ref> nke ahụghị njikọ dị mkpa n'etiti mkpuchi igwe ojii na ike ụzarị eluigwe n'ime afọ 20 gara aga. Svensmark zara site n'ikwu na "Terry Sloan aghọtaghị otú ụzarị eluigwe si arụ ọrụ n'igwe ojii".<ref name="bbc20080403">{{Cite news|author=Black|first=Richard|title='No Sun link' to climate change|work=BBC News|date=2008-04-03|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7327393.stm|accessdate=2008-04-05}}</ref> Dr. Giles Harrison nke Mahadum Reading, kọwara ọrụ ahụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa "ebe ọ na-enye oke elu na mmetụta ụzarị eluigwe na igwe ojii na data igwe ojii satịlaịtị zuru ụwa ọnụ". Harrison mụrụ mmetụta nke ụzarị eluigwe na UK.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Harrison|first=Giles|title=Empirical evidence for a nonlinear effect of galactic cosmic rays on clouds|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences]]|volume=462|pages=1221–1233|doi=10.1098/rspa.2005.1628|url=http://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/~swshargi/WebStuff/Pubs/Abstracts/Harrison&Stephenson06.htm|accessdate=2008-04-05|issue=2068|year=2006}}</ref> O kwuru, sị: "Ọ bụ ezie na mmetụta ụzarị eluigwe na-abụghị nke kwụ ọtọ dị obere, ọ ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe ogologo oge (dịka ọmụmaatụ narị afọ) mgbe mgbanwe kwa ụbọchị na-apụta na nkezi". Brian H. Brown (2008) nke Mahadum Sheffield chọpụtakwara njikọ dị mkpa n'ọnụọgụgụ (p<0.05) n'etiti Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) na ígwé ojii dị ala n'ime afọ 22 yana igbu oge awa 15. Mgbanwe ogologo oge na mkpuchi ígwé ojii (> ọnwa 3) na GCR nyere njikọ nke p=0.06.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/4060/|author=Brown, B.H.|year=2008|title=Short-term changes in global cloud cover and in cosmic radiation|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics|volume=70|issue=7|pages=1122–1131|doi=10.1016/j.jastp.2008.02.003}}</ref> === Mmelite arụmụka === N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Laken et al. (2012)<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00306.1|title=A Decade of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer: Is a Solar–Cloud Link Detectable?|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=25|issue=13|pages=4430–4440|year=2012|author=Laken|first=Benjamin}}</ref> chọpụtara na data satịlaịtị ọhụrụ dị elu na-egosi na El Niño Southern Oscillation bụ ihe kpatara ọtụtụ mgbanwe na mkpuchi igwe ojii na ọkwa ụwa na mpaghara. Ha chọpụtakwara na ụzarị mbara igwe galactic, na ọkụ anyanwụ zuru oke enweghị mmetụta dị mkpa na mgbanwe na mkpuchi igwe ojii. Lockwood (2012)<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10712-012-9181-3|volume=33|issue=3–4|title=Solar Influence on Global and Regional Climates|journal=Surveys in Geophysics|pages=503–534|year=2012|author=Lockwood|first=Mike}}</ref> mere nyocha zuru oke nke akwụkwọ sayensị gbasara "mmetụta anyanwụ" na ihu igwe. A chọpụtara na mgbe etinyere mmetụta a n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị na ụdị ihu igwe, a na-egosi na a na-emebiga ihe ókè n'ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe dịka ndị Svensmark kwuru. Nyocha Lockwood gosikwara ike nke ihe akaebe na-akwado mmetụta anyanwụ na ihu igwe mpaghara. Sloan na Wolfendale (2013)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sloan|first=T.|title=Cosmic rays, solar activity and the climate|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=8|issue=4|date=November 7, 2013|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/045022}}</ref> gosiri na ọ bụ ezie na ụdị okpomọkụ na-egosi obere njikọ kwa afọ 22, ihe na-erughị pasent 14 nke okpomọkụ ụwa kemgbe afọ 1950 nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ọnụego ray nke eluigwe. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ kwubiri na ọnụego ray nke eluigwe erughị mgbanwe na okpomọkụ, na-egosi na ọ bụghị mmekọrịta kpatara ya. Nnyocha ọzọ nke 2013 chọpụtara, n'ụzọ megidere nkwupụta Svensmark, "enweghị njikọ dị mkpa n'etiti radieshon mbara igwe na albedo zuru ụwa ọnụ ma ọ bụ elu ígwé ojii nkezi zuru ụwa ọnụ."<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Krissansen-Totton|first=J.|title=Investigation of Cosmic Ray-Cloud Connections Using MISR|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|year=2013|volume=40|issue=19|pages=5240–5245|doi=10.1002/grl.50996}}</ref> Na 2013, nnyocha ụlọ nyocha nke Svensmark, Pepke na Pedersen bipụtara na ''Physics Letters A'' gosiri na n'eziokwu enwere njikọ dị n'etiti ụzarị eluigwe na mmepụta nke aerosols nke ụdị mkpụrụ igwe ojii. Site na ụlọ nyocha gaa na ikuku n'ezie, ndị dere akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na ọrụ anyanwụ na-akpata ihe dị ka pasent 50 nke mgbanwe okpomọkụ.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|author=Svensmark|first=H.|title=Response of cloud condensation nuclei (>50 nm) to changes in ion-nucleation|journal=Physics Letters A|year=2013|volume=377|issue=37|pages=2343–2347|doi=10.1016/j.physleta.2013.07.004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://videnskab.dk/miljo-naturvidenskab/nye-resultater-stotter-omstridt-klimateori|title=Nye resultater støtter omstridt klimateori|date=11 September 2013}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi zuru ezu nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dere na 2007 na blọgụ RealClimate nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, Rasmus E. Benestad gosipụtara arụmụka maka ịtụle nkwupụta Svensmark dị ka "ihe a na-ekwubigaghị ókè".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Benestad|first=Rasmus E.|title='Cosmoclimatology' – tired old arguments in new clothes|date=9 March 2007|url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2007/03/cosmoclimatology-tired-old-arguments-in-new-clothes/|accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref> (Magazin <nowiki><i id="mwARw">Time</i></nowiki> akọwaala isi ihe mere e ji dee blọgụ a dị ka "ngosipụta doro anya nke ihe akaebe anụ ahụ maka okpomọọkụ ụwa".) == Mbipụta ahọpụtara == * {{Cite journal|author=Henrik Svensmark|title=Influence of Cosmic Rays on Earth's Climate|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]|year=1998|volume=81|pages=5027–5030|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.5027|issue=22}} * {{Cite journal|author=Henrik Svensmark|title=Experimental evidence for the role of ions in particle nucleation under atmospheric conditions|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences]]|volume=463|year=2007|pages=385–396|doi=10.1098/rspa.2006.1773|url=http://fruitsens.com/cosmic.pdf|issue=2078}} * {{Cite journal|author=Henrik Svensmark|title=Astronomy & Geophysics Cosmoclimatology: a new theory emerges|journal=[[Astronomy & Geophysics]]|volume=48|issue=1|pages=1.18–1.24|doi=10.1111/j.1468-4004.2007.48118.x|year=2007}} * {{Cite journal|author=Henrik Svensmark|title=Cosmic Ray Decreases Affect Atmospheric Aerosols and Clouds|journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]]|volume=36|issue=15|year=2009|pages=L15101|doi=10.1029/2009GL038429|url=http://www.deas.harvard.edu/climate/eli/Courses/FRSEMR22l/Sources/03-Cosmic-rays/3-Svensmark-et-al-2009-GRL.pdf}} * {{Cite journal|author=M.B. Enghoff|title=Aerosol nucleation induced by a high energy particle beam|journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]]|volume=38|issue=9|year=2011|pages=A33F–0232|doi=10.1029/2011GL047036}} === Akwụkwọ === * {{Cite book|first=Henrik|author=Svensmark|title=The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change|publisher=Totem Books|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84046-815-1}} * Enyemaka na Die kalte Sonne. ''Warum die Klimakatastrophe nicht stattfindet'' (Anyanwụ oyi), nke Fritz Vahrenholt na [[Sebastian Lüning]] dere === Fim === * Ihe Omimi nke Igwe Ojii == Ihe nrite == * 2001, Ihe nrite nyocha Energy-E2 * 1997, Knud Hojgaard Anniversary Research Prize == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] k28fxr55pdgdllw2d5mj0d9rm81ffym 0 76732 674319 655762 2026-07-08T23:37:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674319 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah''' (Jenụwarị 16, 1975 – Maachị 26, 2025) bụ onye nkuzi Mahadum nke Naịjirịa, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na prọfesọ nke kemistri ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Africasti|date=April 2, 2025|title=First winner of NAS Gold Medal in Physical Sciences Passes at 50|url=https://africasti.net/first-winner-of-nas-gold-medal-in-physical-sciences-passes-at-50/|accessdate=September 21, 2025}}</ref> A maara ya maka nnyocha ya gbasara ọgwụgwọ mmiri na nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ bụ onye isi ntọala nke African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER) na Mahadum Redeemer's na Naịjirịa. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onyeisi oche nke Nigerian Young Academy. == Akụkọ Ndụ == Unuabona nwetara akara ugo mmụta B.Sc. na kemistri ụlọ ọrụ na [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|Mahadum Benin]] na 1999, nakwa akara ugo mmụta M.Sc. na PhD na kemistri ụlọ ọrụ na Mahadum Ibadan n'afọ 2003 na 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Global Young Academy|date=2025|title=Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah|url=https://globalyoungacademy.net/eiunuabonah/|accessdate=September 21, 2025}}</ref> N'oge ọrụ nkuzi ya na Mahadum Redeemer's dị na [[Ȯra Osun|Osun State]], Naịjirịa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke Directorate of Academic Planning and Quality Assurance<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 5, 2025|title=Brief History|url=https://run.edu.ng/directorate-of-academic-planning-and-quality-assurance/|accessdate=August 5, 2025}}</ref> na African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 5, 2025|title=About ACEWATER|url=https://run-acewater.org/about-acewater/|accessdate=August 5, 2025}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke Nigerian Young Academy.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigerian Young Academy|title=In Loving Memory of Professor Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah, Founding President, Nigerian Young Academy (NYA)|url=https://nigerianyoungacademy.org/tribute/|accessdate=September 8, 2025}}</ref> Unuabona nwụrụ n'ọnwa Maachị afọ 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|work=The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS)|title=In memoriam|url=https://twas.org/memoriam|accessdate=2025-09-08|language=en}}</ref> == Mbipụta == Unuabonah bụ onye na-eme nchọpụta nwere akwụkwọ 100 e nyochara nke ọma, nwere ihe karịrị 5500 ntụle na h-index nke 41,<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=August 5, 2025|title=Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=qLOKMCgAAAAJ|accessdate=September 19, 2025|work=Google Scholar|archivedate=January 6, 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106132636/https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=qLOKMCgAAAAJ}}</ref> ọtụtụ n'ime ha lekwasịrị anya na teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri, [[Mmetọ|ihe ndị na-emerụ gburugburu ebe obibi]], na nyocha ihe ndị na-adịgide adịgide. Ndị otu nyocha ya mepụtara ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime ala dị ọnụ ala, nke e si n'ógbè ahụ nweta maka iwepụ ọgwụ nje, [[Endocrine disrupters|ihe ndị na-emebi endocrine]], microplastics, na ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime ya dị ọcha site na mmiri ndị e metọrọ emetọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=PositiveNaija|date=October 24, 2022|title=Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah Wins 2017 NAS Gold Medal Prize|url=https://www.positivenaija.com/emmanuel-iyayi-unuabonah-wins-2017-nas-gold-medal-prize/|accessdate=September 21, 2025}}</ref> O so hazie akwụkwọ Springer Water Strategic Management of Wastewater sitere na Intensive Rural Industries (2025),<ref>{{Cite book|author=Oladoja|first=Nurudeen|title=Strategic Management of Wastewater from Intensive Rural Industries|date=July 22, 2025|publisher=Springer Cham|isbn=978-3-031-90313-7|edition=1st|location=Switzerland}}</ref> nke na-enye aka na isiakwụkwọ gbasara mmiri mkpofu sitere na agba agba, ákwà, nhazi nkwụ mmanụ, na ngalaba ime obodo ndị ọzọ. Isi ihe ndị a họọrọ maka nnyocha gụnyere: Akpụkpọ ahụ fotocatalytic nke e ji ụrọ mee, ihe ndị ọzọ dị ọnụ ala maka ọgwụgwọ mmiri,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ugwuja|first=Chidinma|date=August 5, 2025|title=Clay-based Photocatalytic Membranes: Low-cost Alternative Materials for Water Treatment|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ma/d5ma00313j|journal=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref> Ngwakọta biomass-clay na-adịgide adịgide maka iwepụ benzenediols, Nhazi usoro na ike maka ịsacha mmiri,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Alfred|first=Moses|date=August 5, 2025|title=Sustainable biomass-clay-ZnWO4 combos for the abatement of benzenediols: Process optimization and dynamics for water purification|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214714425013145|journal=Journal of Water Process Engineering|volume=76|doi=10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108242}}</ref> Nyocha ihe egwu na iwepụ ihe fọdụrụ na nje [[Igbochi nje|bacteria na-eguzogide ọgwụ nje]] na mmiri sitere na Ede, Naịjirịa,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Gloria|date=August 5, 2025|title=Risk assessment and photo-disinfection of antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water sources from Ede, Nigeria|journal=Heliyon|volume=11|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41538|pmid=39866425}}</ref> Nyochaa ohere nke ịmepụta sistemụ aquaculture efu (Eprel 2025),<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oladoja|first=NA|date=2025|title=Evaluating the feasibility of creating a zero waste discharge aquaculture system|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2025/ew/d4ew01080a|journal=Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology|volume=11|issue=5|pages=1325–1338|doi=10.1039/D4EW01080A}}</ref> Nyocha dị oke mkpa nke nsí na iwepụ parabens na mmiri,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bolujoko|first=Nathaniel|date=September 20, 2021|title=Toxicity and removal of parabens from water: A critical review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721031636|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=792|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148092|pmid=34147811}}</ref> Atụmatụ mmeghari ohuru maka matrices siri ike ejiri mee ihe na mmịpụta nke ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ sitere na mmiri dị n'elu: nyocha dị oke mkpa (2016),<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Omorogie|first=Martins|date=August 1, 2016|title=Regeneration strategies for spent solid matrices used in adsorption of organic pollutants from surface water: a critical review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1944398624037020|journal=Desalination and Water Treatment|volume=57|issue=2|pages=518–544|doi=10.1080/19443994.2014.967726}}</ref> na Nhazi Multistage nke Adsorption nke Methylene Blue Dye na Mkpụrụ papaya Defatted (2009).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Unuabonah|first=Emmanuel|date=December 15, 2009|title=Multistage optimization of the adsorption of methylene blue dye onto defatted Carica papaya seeds|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894709004999|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=155|issue=3|pages=567–579|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.07.012}}</ref> === Mmetụta na ntụaka dị na akwụkwọ sayensị === A kpọtụrụ akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2013 gbasara ụrọ ngwakọ e ji mkpụrụ pọpọ Carica na Kaolinite kwadebe dị ka ihe ọzọ dị ọnụ ala maka iwepụ ígwè dị arọ na nyocha ndị e mechara na ngwakọta ọgwụgwọ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jaspal|first=Dipika|date=2020-05-01|title=Composites for wastewater purification: A review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653519330292|journal=Chemosphere|volume=246|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125788|pmid=31918098|issn=0045-6535}}</ref> Ndị mgbasa ozi sayensị mba ụwa kpuchikwara nnyocha ahụ, nke gosipụtara ike ịchekwa ego maka mmiri dị ọcha na ntọala akụrụngwa dị ala.<ref>{{Cite web|author=American Chemical Society|date=June 12, 2013|title=Papaya-clay combo could cut cost of water purification in developing countries|url=https://phys.org/news/2013-06-papaya-clay-combo-purification-countries.html|accessdate=September 11, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Bernstein|first=Michael|date=June 12, 2013|title=Papaya-clay combo could cut cost of water purification in developing countries|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/689760|accessdate=September 11, 2025}}</ref> E jirila nyocha dị mkpa nke afọ 2016 gbasara atụmatụ mmeghari maka ihe ndị na-amịpụta ihe dị ka ihe e ji amata ihe na akwụkwọ ndị sochirinụ na-enyocha mmeghari na iji ihe ndị na-amịpụta ihe dị ọnụ ala eme ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Omorogie|first=Martins|date=2016|title=Regeneration strategies for spent solid matrices used in adsorption of organic pollutants from surface water: a critical review.|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19443994.2014.967726|journal=Desalination and Water Treatment|volume=57|issue=2|pages=518–544|doi=10.1080/19443994.2014.967726}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=El Messaoudi|first=Noureddine|date=2024|title=Regeneration and reusability of non-conventional low-cost adsorbents to remove dyes from wastewaters in multiple consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles: a review.|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19443994.2014.967726|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|volume=14|issue=11|pages=11739–11756|doi=10.1080/19443994.2014.967726}}</ref> Nyocha sara mbara nke ihe ndị na-amịpụta ihe dị n'ákwà na-akpọtụ ma na-akọwa ụzọ mmeghari ihe dị mkpa maka onyinye ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Momina|first=Mohammad Shahadat|date=July 10, 2018|title=Regeneration performance of clay-based adsorbents for the removal of Industrial dyes: a review|journal=Royal Society of Chemistry|volume=8|issue=43|pages=24571–24587|doi=10.1039/C8RA04290J|pmid=35539168}}</ref> Nyocha ndị sochirinụ na-enyocha mkpụrụ pọpọ dị ka ihe na-amịpụta ihe/ihe na-amịpụta ihe ma na-atụle ihe ndị mejupụtara mkpụrụ pọpọ/ihe na-amịpụta ihe, na-ezo aka na ịgbatị ụzọ e si eduzi ọmụmụ ihe HYCA.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khee|first=Y.L|date=2023|title=Valorizing papaya seed waste for wastewater treatment: a review|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-022-04178-9|journal=International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology|volume=20|issue=2|pages=2327–2346|doi=10.1007/s13762-022-04178-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bayode|first=Ajibola|date=May 2, 2023|title=A review on the versatility of Carica papaya seed: an agrogenic waste for the removal of organic, inorganic and microbial contaminants in water|journal=Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology|volume=98|issue=9|pages=2095–2109|doi=10.1002/jctb.7415}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ihe nnwale na ụdị teknụzụ ndị ọzọ mechara dabere na echiche mbụ nke ụrọ ngwakọ iji gbasaa arụmọrụ na ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ nke anionic na nje bacteria, na-egosi mgbasa usoro.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jun An|first=Hyung|date=April 8, 2020|title=Adsorptive removal of bulky dye molecules from water with mesoporous polyaniline-derived carbon|url=https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjnano/articles/11/47?utm_source=researcher_app&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound|journal=Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology|volume=11|pages=597–605|doi=10.3762/bjnano.11.47|pmid=32318320}}</ref> == Mkpuchi mgbasa ozi == Otu profaịlụ nke World Academy of Sciences kọwara nyocha nhicha dị ọnụ ala ya site na iji mkpụrụ ụrọ na pọpọ ma kwuo nkwado TWAS ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Serra|first=Cristina|date=August 27, 2015|title=Clean water for Nigeria|url=https://www.twas.org/article/clean-water-nigeria|accessdate=September 11, 2025}}</ref> Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Naịjirịa kpuchiri ihe nrite ọlaedo nke Nigerian Academy of Science, gụnyere Vanguard, The Guardian, na The Punch.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Eyoboka|first=Sam|date=February 25, 2018|title=Unuabonah wins 2017 NAS Gold Medal Prize|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/02/unuabonah-wins-2017-nas-gold-medal-prize/|accessdate=September 11, 2025|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Egbejule|first=Michael|date=February 15, 2018|title=Unuabonah wins 2017 NAS Gold Medal Prize|url=https://guardian.ng/appointments/unuabonah-wins-2017-nas-gold-medal-prize/|accessdate=September 19, 2025|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=PUNCHNG|date=February 21, 2018|title=Unuabonah wins science academy's gold prize|url=https://punchng.com/unuabonah-wins-science-academys-gold-prize/|accessdate=September 11, 2025|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Akụkọ zuru ụwa ọnụ gbasara ihe ọhụrụ ụrọ ya pụtara na mgbasa ozi ama ama na-ekwusi ike na ike dị ọnụ ala maka mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=American Chemical Society|date=June 12, 2013|title=Papaya-clay combo could cut cost of water purification in developing countries|url=https://phys.org/news/2013-06-papaya-clay-combo-purification-countries.html|journal=American Chemical Society}}</ref> Agência FAPESP kọrọ gbasara mmekorita Brazil na Naịjirịa nke ndị nchọpụta, gụnyere Unuabonah, na-edu, na-ejikọta ihe mejupụtara dị ọnụ ala na ike anyanwụ maka iwepụ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Agencia FAPESP|date=April 28, 2021|title=Novel Water Decomination Method Combines Low-Cost Composites and Solar Energy|url=https://agencia.fapesp.br/novel-water-decontamination-method-combines-low-cost-composites-and-solar-energy/35716|accessdate=September 19, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 5, 2025|title=TWAS Directory|url=https://twas.org/directory/unuabonah-emmanuel-iyayi|work=}}</ref> == Nduzi na Mmekọrịta == Dịka onye isi oche nke Nigerian Young Academy (2010–2014).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigerian Young Academy|date=2025|title=In Loving Memory of Professor Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah|url=https://nigerianyoungacademy.org/tribute/|accessdate=September 21, 2025}}</ref> O nwere njikọ na ọtụtụ òtù agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere: Mmemme Ọchịchị Sayensị Afrịka (Alumnus),<ref>{{Cite web|author=Africa Science Leadership Programme|date=2015|title=Africa Science Leadership Programme 2015|url=https://www.aslp.science/our-cohorts/africa-science-leadership-programme-2015/|accessdate=September 19, 2025}}</ref> Global Young Academy (Alumnus),<ref>{{Cite web|author=Global Young Academy|date=2014|title=Alumni of the GYA - Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah|url=https://globalyoungacademy.net/eiunuabonah/|accessdate=September 19, 2025}}</ref> Nigerian Academy of Science (Fellow),<ref>{{Cite web|author=Africasti|date=April 2, 2025|title=First winner of NAS Gold Medal in Physical Sciences Passes at 50|url=https://africasti.net/first-winner-of-nas-gold-medal-in-physical-sciences-passes-at-50/|accessdate=September 9, 2025}}</ref> na African Academy of Sciences (Fellow-eletc).<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 2, 2025|title=The African Academy of Sciences Welcomes 88 Newly Elected Fellows|url=https://aasciences.africa/news/the-african-academy-of-sciences-welcomes-88-newly-elected-fellows|accessdate=September 19, 2025|work=The African Academy of Sciences}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 04svdaxvf6ehtpa8uxdvo8szayvoou1 0 76870 674347 656809 2026-07-09T02:54:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674347 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezekiel Anaka''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye na-ahụ maka ego nke jere ozi dị ka onye otu ụlọ ndị nnọchiteanya site na afọ 2003 ruo afọ 2007, na-anọchite anya Abak / Etim [[Etim Ekpo|Ekpo]] / [[Ika, Akwa Ibom|Ika]] mpaghara ntuli aka gọọmenti etiti nke Akwa Ibom State . <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Representatives, Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=http://www.nassnig.org/House/RepMembers.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221092342/http://www.nassnig.org/House/RepMembers.htm|archivedate=2007-12-21|accessdate=2025-07-20|work=www.nassnig.org}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Anaka na July 1964. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na [[Mahadum nke Uyo]], ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na ndekọ ego.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Ezekiel Anaka|url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/AkwaIbom/anaka.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021064056/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/AkwaIbom/anaka.htm|archivedate=2007-10-21|accessdate=2025-07-20|work=nassnig.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''nassnig.org''. Archived from on 2007-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A họpụtara Anaka ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchianya na ntuli aka 2003 n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite news|author=Olagunju|first=David|date=2018-07-06|title=A'Ibom Reps seat and third term syndrome|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/aibom-reps-seat-and-third-term-syndrome/|accessdate=2025-07-20|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200609080608.html|title=Nigeria: Reps Postpone Abuja Cultural Summit}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ di ma mụọ nwa.<ref name=":0"/> == Hụkwa == Ndepụta nke ndị otu House of Representatives nke Nigeria, 2003-2007 == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qw9sbfk0welrgm483iixpzpscknex4o 0 76912 674409 656684 2026-07-09T07:49:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674409 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}  '''Siegfried Fred Singer''' (September 27, 1924 - April 6, 2020) <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Dr. S. Fred Singer, R.I.P.|url=https://www.heartland.org/news-opinion/news/dr-s-fred-singer-rip|accessdate=April 7, 2020|work=The Heartland Institute|language=en}}</ref> bụbụ onye ọka mmụta sayensị na America a mụrụ na Austria na prọfesọ emeritus nke sayensị gburugburu na Mahadum Virginia, zụrụ azụ dịka onye physics ikuku. A maara ya maka ịjụ nkwekọrịta sayensị n'ọtụtụ okwu, gụnyere Mgbanwe ihu igwe, njikọ dị n'etiti UV-B na ọnụọgụgụ melanoma, mmebi ozone stratospheric nke chlorofluoro compounds, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dịka refrigerants, na ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke ịṅụ sịga.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2013|author=Dunlap|first=R. E.|title=Climate Change Denial Books and Conservative Think Tanks: Exploring the Connection|journal=The American Behavioral Scientist|volume=57|issue=6|pages=699–731|pmid=24098056|doi=10.1177/0002764213477096}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/science/naomi-oreskes-a-lightning-rod-in-a-changing-climate.html|title=Naomi Oreskes, a Lightning Rod in a Changing Climate|work=The New York Times|date=June 15, 2015|author=Gillis|first=Justin}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye edemede ma ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere Global Effects of Environmental Pollution (1970), The Ocean in Human Affairs (1989), Global Climate Change (1989), The Greenhouse Debate Continued (1992), na Hot Talk, Cold Science (1997). O deekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ Unstoppable Global Warming: Kwa afọ 1,500 Years (2007) na Dennis Avery, na Climate Change Reconsidered (2009) na Craig Idso.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html|title=S. Fred Singer, Ph.D.|accessdate=March 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125045629/http://sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html|archivedate=January 25, 2009}}</ref> Onye na-abụ abụ nwere ọrụ dị iche iche, na-eje ozi na ndị agha, gọọmentị, na agụmakwụkwọ. O rụrụ ogbunigwe maka ndị agha mmiri US n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, tupu ọ nweta Ph.D. ya na physics na Mahadum Princeton n'afọ 1948 ma rụọ ọrụ dịka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta sayensị na U.S. Embassy na London. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi na nyocha mbara igwe mbụ, na-etinye aka na mmepe nke satellites na-ahụ maka ụwa, n'afọ 1962 guzobere National Weather Bureau's Satellite Service Center. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Mahadum nke Miami School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences n'afọ 1964, ma nwee ọtụtụ ọkwa gọọmentị, gụnyere osote osote onye nchịkwa maka Ngalaba Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, na onye isi sayensị maka Ngalaba Transportation. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Virginia site n'afọ 1971 ruo n'afọ 1994, na Mahadum George Mason ruo n'afọ 2000. N'afọ 1990, onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Science & Environmental Policy Project, n'afọ 2006 ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Canada kpọrọ ya aha dịka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ole na ole kwuru na ha na-emepụta nkwekọrịta na mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref name="CBCsmoking" /> Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru, n'ụzọ megidere nkwekọrịta sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ọ nweghị ihe aka ebe na okpomọkụ ụwa bụ n'ihi mmụba nke carbon dioxide ikuku sitere na mmadụ, nakwa na ụmụ mmadụ ga-erite uru ma ọ bụrụ na okpompe arịgo.<ref name="Gray2009">{{Cite news|author=Louise Gray|title=Fred Singer to speak at climate change sceptics conference|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/copenhagen-climate-change-confe/6592414/Fred-Singer-to-speak-at-climate-change-sceptics-conference.html|accessdate=October 4, 2019|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|date=November 18, 2009}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-emegide Kyoto Protocol, ma kwuo na ụdị ihu igwe anaghị adabere na eziokwu ma ọ bụ ihe akaebe. A na-ebo onye na-abụ abụ ebubo ịjụ ihe aka ebe sayensị nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara ma kwado n'onwe ya na nkwupụta ya gbasara ahụike ọha na eze na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref name="scheuering2004" /> <ref name="CBCsmoking"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Oreskes|first=Naomi|title=Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming|url=https://archive.org/details/merchantsofdoubt00ores|location=New York|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|date=2010|isbn=9781596916104}}</ref><ref name="Singer, S. Fred 2003">{{Cite book|author=Singer|first=S. Fred|chapter=The Revelle-Gore Story: Attempted Political Suppression of Science|editor=Gough|chapterurl=http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817939326_283.pdf|title=Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking|publisher=Hoover Press|date=2003|accessdate=May 10, 2007}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ onye na-abụ abụ na Vienna, Austria, n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu. Nna ya bụ onye na-ere ọla na nne ya bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ. Mgbe Anschluss gasịrị n'etiti Nazi Germany na Austria n'afọ 1938, ezinụlọ ahụ gbapụrụ Austria, onye na-abụ abụ wee soro ụmụaka ndị Juu ndị ọzọ banye n'ụgbọ okporo igwe ụmụaka. Ọ gara England, ebe ọ biri na Northumberland, na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge dịka onye na-ahụ maka anya n'afọ iri na ụma. Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ gachara, ọ kwagara Ohio wee ghọọ nwa amaala America n'afọ 1944. Ọ natara nzere Bachelor nke Injinia Eletrik (B.E.E.) na Mahadum steeti Ohio n'afọ 1943. Ọ kụziri physics na Princeton mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na masters ya na doctorate ya, na-enweta Ph.D. ya n'ebe ahụ n'afọ 1948. A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya, "The density spectrum and latitude dependence of extensive cosmic ray air shoers". Onye nlekọta ya bụ John Archibald Wheeler, na kọmitii edemede ya gụnyere J. Robert Oppenheimer na Niels Bohr. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Singer, S. Fred|year=1949|title=The density spectrum and latitude dependence of extensive cosmic ray air showers|journal=American Doctoral Dissertations}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === 1950: Ndị Agha Mmiri nke United States === Mgbe nna ya ukwu gasịrị, onye na-abụ abụ sonyeere ndị agha, na-arụ ọrụ maka ndị agha mmiri United States na agha ogbunigwe na mgbochi site n'afọ 1944 ruo n'afọ 1946. Mgbe ọ nọ na Naval Ordnance Laboratory, ọ mepụtara ihe arithmetic maka Kọmputa dijitalụ nke ọ kpọrọ "ụbụrụ eletrọniki". A tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ 1946 wee sonye na Upper Atmosphere Rocket Program na Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory na Silver Spring, Maryland, na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 1950. O lekwasịrị anya na ozone, cosmic rays, na ionosphere, niile a tụrụ site na balloons na rocket ndị sitere na White Sands, New Mexico, ma ọ bụ site na ụgbọ mmiri na oké osimiri. [[Rachel White Scheuering]] dere na maka otu ọrụ iji gbaa rọket, ọ ji ụgbọ mmiri gaa [[Arktik|Arctic]], ma na-agbapụ rọket site na ụgbọ mmiri na equator. Site n'afọ 1950 ruo n'afọ 1953, ọ nọ na U.S. Embassy na London dị ka onye ọrụ mmekọrịta sayensị na Office of Naval Research, ebe ọ mụrụ mmemme nyocha na Europe na radiation cosmic na physics nuklia. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya asatọ nwere nzụlite na ọrụ Ngwá agha ndị a na-eduzi iji kwuo okwu na Nzukọ nke anọ nke International Congress of Astronautics na Zurich n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1953, n'oge, dịka ''The New York Times'' kọrọ, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị hụrụ ụgbọ elu dịka akụkọ sayensị zoro ezo. [[Faịlụ:MOUSE_(Fred_Singer).jpg|thumb|188x188px|Satellite Singer's MOUSE, nke o mepụtara na mbido afọ 1950 ]] Onye na-abụ abụ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ gbara ume ka a tụọ satellites ụwa maka nyocha sayensị n'oge afọ 1950. N'afọ 1951 ma ọ bụ n'afọ 1952, ọ tụrụ aro MOUSE ("Minimal Orbital Unmanned Satellite, Earth"), satịlaịtị 100 pounds (45 kg) nke ga-enwe Geiger counters maka ịlele ụzarị mbara igwe, mkpụrụ ndụ foto maka inyocha ụwa, telemetry electronics maka iziga data azụ n'ụwa, ngwaọrụ nchekwa data magnetic, na mkpụrụ ndụ ike anyanwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na MOUSE enwetụbeghị ụgbọelu, ''Baltimore News-Post'' kọrọ n'afọ 1957 na arụmụka Singer banyere mkpa maka satellites ka a na-ege ntị, US gaara emeri Russia site na ịmalite Satellite mbụ nke ụwa. Ọ tụkwara aro (ya na R. C. Wentworth) na enwere ike iji nyocha satellite nke ultraviolet backscatter mee ihe dịka usoro iji tụọ profaịlụ ozone ikuku.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Singer|first=S. F|title=A method for the determination of the vertical ozone distribution from a satellite|journal=J. Geophys. Res.|date=June 1957|volume=62|issue=2|pages=299–308|doi=10.1029/JZ062i002p00299|issn=2156-2202}}</ref> E mechara jiri usoro a mee ihe na Satellite ihu igwe mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Zerefos|title=Chemistry and Radiation Changes in the Ozone Layer|date=2000|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-4353-0|url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780792365136|series=Nato Science Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=[[Dordrecht]]|isbn=978-0-7923-6513-6|quote=Recent studies have demonstrated a link between ozone changes caused by human activities and changing UV levels at the Earth's surface, as well as a link to climate through changes in radiative forcing and links to changes in chemical composition.}}</ref> === 1953: Mahadum nke Maryland === Onye na-abụ abụ laghachiri na United States n'afọ 1953, ebe ọ malitere ọrụ dịka prọfesọ na physics na Mahadum Maryland, ma n'otu oge ahụ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Center for Atmospheric and Space Physics. Scheuering dere na ọrụ ya gụnyere ịme nnwale na rọket na satellites, remote sensing, radiation belts, [[magnetosphere]], na meteorites. Ọ mepụtara usoro ọhụrụ nke ịtụba rọket na mbara igwe: ịgba ha site na ụgbọ elu na-efe elu, ma na-enweghị onye na-anya ụgbọelu. Ndị agha mmiri nabatara echiche ahụ ma Singer lekọtara ọrụ ahụ. Ọ natara White House Special Commendation site n'aka Onye isi ala Eisenhower n'afọ 1954 maka ọrụ ya. Ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị otu 12 nke American Astronautical Society, otu e guzobere n'afọ 1954 iji nọchite anya ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia 300 na-eduga na mpaghara nke mgbọ ogbunigwe - ọ bụ otu n'etiti ndị otu asaa gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọnwa disemba 1956 mgbe usoro esemokwu banyere ntụziaka na njikwa nke otu ahụ. N'ọnwa nọvemba afọ 1957, onye na-abụ abụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ nọ na mahadum ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta ma gbaa bọmbụ "Oriole" ọhụrụ atọ na Virginia Capes. Rocket ndị ahụ dị ihe na-erughị pounds 25 (11 kg) ma nwee ike iwu ya maka ihe dịka $ 2000. A chụpụrụ ha site na LSM Navy a gbanwere agbanwe, ha nwere ike iru n'ịdị elu nke 50,000 feet (15,000 m) ma nwee usoro telemetry zuru oke iji zipụ ozi gbasara cosmic, ultraviolet na X-rays. Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na ịgba égbè ahụ debere "nnyocha nke mbara igwe dị elu na rọket dị elu n'otu ihe ahụ, ọnụahịa na mgbalị, dị ka ọnụọgụ ikuku dị ala na balloons ihu igwe. Site ugbu a gaa n'ihu, anyị nwere ike ịgba ọtụtụ puku rọket ndị a n'ụwa niile na obere ego". N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1958, mgbe ọ bụ onye isi nke otu cosmic ray nke ngalaba physics nke Mahadum Maryland, ọ natara otuto pụrụ iche site n'aka Onye isi ala Eisenhower maka "ihe ndị pụtara ìhè ọ rụzuru na mmepe nke satellites maka ebumnuche sayensị". N'ọnwupụta n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1958. A họpụtara ya dịka onye ndụmọdụ na Kọmitii Nhọrọ Ụlọ na Astronautics na Space Exploration, nke na-akwadebe ịnwe ntị na aro Onye isi alaisenhower maka ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ iji jikwaa nyocha mbara igwe mee nchọpụta, otu ọnwa ka ọ nwetakwuo ihe nrite Distinguished Alumnus nke Mahadụ. Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ zuru oke na Maryland n'afọ 1959, ma họrọ ya n'afọ ahụ site na United States Junior Chamber of Commerce dịka otu n'ime ụmụ okorobịa iri pụtara ìhè na mba ahụ. N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 1960 na American Physical Society, Singer depụtara ọhụụ ya banyere ihe gburugburu ụwa nwere ike ịgụnye, na-agbasa ruo 40,000 kilomita (64,000 km) n'ime mbara igwe. A maara ya maka amụma mbụ ya banyere njirimara nke ụmụ irighiri eletrik ndị tọrọ n'ụwa, nke nchọpụta ndị e mechara chọpụta na nnwale satellite. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1960, ọ tụrụ aro ịdị adị nke mkpokoro ájá a na-ahụ anya gburugburu ụwa ihe dịka 600 ruo 1,000 kilomita (1,600 km) na mbara igwe, karịa nke e nwere obere ihe, micrometer ma ọ bụ obere n'obosara, na-agbasa 2,000 ruo 4,000 kilomita (6,400 km). N'ọnwa Maachị 1961, onye na-abụ abụ na onye ọzọ na-ahụ maka physics na Mahadum Maryland, E. J. Opik, nyere onyinye $ 97,000 site na NASA iji mee nyocha afọ atọ nke gas na uzuzu interplanetary. === 1960: Echiche nke Phobos aka mere === N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Astronautics nke afọ 1960, onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na echiche Iosif Shklovsky na usoro ọnwa Phobos na-atụ aro na ọ bụ oghere, nke na-egosi na ọ bụ nke aka mere. onye na-abụ abụ dere, sị: "Nkwupụta m dị, ebe a ka m kwadoro Shklovsky, na ọ bụrụ na satellite na agbagharị n'ime dịka e si nweta ya site na nyocha nke mbara Egwu, mgbe ahụ enwere obere ihe ọzọ maka echiche ahụ na ọ bụ oghere ma ya mere e mere na Mars. Nnukwu 'ọ bụrụ' dị na nyocha nke astronomical; ha nwere ike ịbụ na ha na-ezighị ezi. Ebe ọ bụ na ha dabere na ọtụtụ usoro nke ndị na-ekiri dị iche iche na-ekiri ihe dị iche iche jiri ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche iche iche mee ihe, njehie nwere ike ịmetụta ha. " Foto site na nyocha malitere n'afọ 1972 na-egosi elu nkume sitere n'okike nwere oghere. Ndị na-ahụ maka Ufology na-aga n'ihu na-egosi onye na-abụ abụ dịka onye na-akwado echiche Phobos nke Shklovsky. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sema4.com.au/an/211-AN.pdf|title=Andrew Kelleher, "Phobos: the odd moon of Mars", in Alienation News #211 Nov 2002.|accessdate=May 26, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902064151/http://www.sema4.com.au/an/211-AN.pdf|archivedate=September 2, 2004}}</ref> Mag Time dere n'afọ 1969 na onye na-abụ abụ nwere mmasị ndụ ya niile na Phobos na ọnwa nke abụọ nke Mars, Deimos. Ọ gwara o''''ge'''' na ọ nwere ike ikwe omume ịdọrọ Deimos n'ime usoro ụwa ka e wee nwee ike inyocha ya. N'oge nnọkọ mbara igwe mba ụwa n'ọnwa Mee 1966, nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbara igwe si United States na Soviet Union bịara, ọ bu ụzọ kwuo na ịdakwasị ndị mmadụ n'ọnwa Martian ga-abụ nzọụkwụ ezi uche dị na ya mgbe ndị mmadụ rutere n'ọnwụrụ ụwa. O kwuru na obere nha nke Phobos na Deimos - ihe dịka iri na anọ na asatọ (23 na 13 km) n'obosara na ikike ndọda nke sub milli-g - ga-eme ka ọ dịrị ụgbọ mbara igwe mfe ịdakwasị ma bido ọzọ. === 1962: National Weather Center na Mahadum Miami === N'afọ 1962, o''ge'' ọ nọ na ezumike na mahadum ahụ, a kpọrọ Singer dịka onye nduzi mbụ nke ọrụ satellite ihu igwe maka National Weather Satellite Center, nke bụzi akụkụ nke National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, ma duzie mmemme maka iji satellites ịkọ ihu igwe. Ọ nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 1964. Ọ gwara magazin Time n'afọ 1969 na ọ na-atọ ya ụtọ ịgagharị. "Njem ọ bụla nyere m echiche ọhụrụ", ka o kwuru. "Ọ bụrụ na m nọdụrụ ala, ma eleghị anya m ka na-atụle ụzarị mbara igwe, isiokwu nke thesis m na Princeton. Nke ahụ bụ ihe na-eme ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. " Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị dịka onye nduzi, ọ natara ihe nrite Gold Medal nke Ngalaba Azụmaahịa maka Ọrụ Federal. N'afọ 1964, ọ ghọrọ onye isi mbụ nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Environmental and Planetary Sciences na University of Miami n'afọ 1964, ụlọakwụkwọ mbụ nke ụdị ya na mba ahụ, raara onwe ya nye nyocha nke afọ.. N'ọnwa Disemba 1965, akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times kọrọ banyere otu ogbako Singer kwadoro na Miami Beach n'oge nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ise, na-arụ ọrụ n'adabereghị onwe ha, gosipụtara nyocha nke na-egosi ihe ha kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe foduru nke ọkụ primordial nke mere mgbe a mụrụ eluigwe na ụwa.. === 1967–1994 === N'afọ 1967, ọ nakweere ọkwa osote odeakwụkwọ na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime Obodo nke United States, ebe ọ na-ahụ maka ịdị mma mmiri na nyocha. Mgbe e guzobere [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] na 1970, ọ ghọrọ osote osote onye nchịkwa iwu ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=S. Fred Singer (1924 - 2020)|url=https://heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/s-fred-singer/|accessdate=2025-03-27|work=The Heartland Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/s-fred-singer|title=S. FRED SINGER (1924 - 2020)|publisher=Heartland Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=October 31, 2019}}</ref> where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> In 1987 he took up a two-year post as chief scientist at the U.S. Department of Transportation, and in 1989 joined the [[Institute of Space Science and Technology]] in Gainesville, Florida where he contributed to a paper on the results from the Interplanetary Dust Experiment using data from the Long Duration Exposure Facility satellite. When he retired from Virginia in 1994, he became Distinguished Research Professor at the Institute for Humane Studies at George Mason University until 2000. Naomi Oreskes na Erik Conway na-ekwu na Singer tinyere aka na mbọ gọọmentị Reagan na-agba iji gbochie usoro nchịkwa iji belata mmiri ozuzo acid. == Arụmụka ọha na eze == === Ide ihe === N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, Singer na-ede ugboro ugboro na akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere ''The New York Times'', The Washington Post, na Wall Street Journal, na-ekwukarị n'ọnọdụ ndị na-ese okwu n'echiche. Ọnọdụ ya n'ozuzu ya bụ otu n'ime enweghị ntụkwasị obi na iwu gọọmentị etiti na nkwenye siri ike na ịdị irè nke ahịa nweere onwe ya. O kwenyere na ihe Rachel White Scheuering na-akpọ "nwere onwe ahịa gburugburu ebe obibi": na ụkpụrụ ahịa na ihe mkpali kwesịrị ezu iji duga na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe. Isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị n'isiokwu ya bụ ike, mmachibido iwu mmanụ, OPEC, Iran, na ọnụahịa na-arị elu. N'ime afọ ndị 1970 niile, dịka ọmụmaatụ, o belatara echiche nke Nsogbu ike ma kwuo na ọ bụ ihe omume mgbasa ozi.<ref name="scheuering2004" /> N'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na 1990s na 2000s, ọ kpughere ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ megide isi, na-ajụ njikọ dị n'etiti UV-B na ọnụọgụ melanoma, na nke dị n'agbata CFCs na ọnwụ ozone stratospheric. YArụmụka ọha na eze nke Singer nwetara ọtụtụ nkatọ bụ maka anwụrụ ọkụ na okpomọkụ ụwa. Ọ jụrụ njikọ dị n'etiti anwụrụ ọkụ na ọrịa kansa akpa ume, ọ bụkwa onye na-emegide echiche sayensị gbasara Mgbanwe ihu igwe; ọ rụrụ ụka na enweghị ihe akaebe na mmụba nke carbon dioxide nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta na-akpata okpomọkụ ụwa na okpomọkụ nke ụwa agbanweela mgbe niile.<ref name="Gray2009"/> Ihe ngosi CBC Fifth Estate na 2006 jikọtara arụmụka abụọ a, na-akpọ Singer dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị nke rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka ụlọ ọrụ na mpaghara abụọ ahụ, ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ site na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze.<ref name="CBCsmoking"/> Naomi Oreskes na Erik Conway kpọrọ Singer n'akwụkwọ ha, Merchants of Doubt, dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị atọ na-emegide onwe ha - tinyere Fred Seitz na Bill Nierenberg - bụ ndị na-etinye onwe ha n'ime arụmụka ọha na eze banyere okwu sayensị na-ese okwu, na-etinye ha n'ọnọdụ dị ka ndị na-enwe obi abụọ, echiche ha na-enweta ike n'ihi na mgbasa ozi na-enye ha oge hà nhata n'ihi echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Seth|date=2010-06-01|title='Merchants of Doubt' delves into contrarian scientists|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/books/reviews/2010-06-01-deathmerchants01_ST_N.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601083553/https://www.usatoday.com/money/books/reviews/2010-06-01-deathmerchants01_ST_N.htm|archivedate=2010-06-01|accessdate=2023-08-04|work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> Dịka [[David Biello]] na John si kwuo na Scientific American, a maara onye na-abụ abụ nke ọma maka ịgọnahụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke ịṅụ sịga. O sonyere n'afọ 1994 dịka onye edemede na onye nyocha nke akụkọ banyere okwu ahụ site na Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, ebe ọ bụ onye isi. Akụkọ ahụ katọrọ Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EPA) maka nyocha ha n'afọ 1993 banyere ihe ize ndụ cancer nke ịṅụ sịga, na-akpọ ya "sayensị mkpofu". Onye na-abụ abụ gwara CBC's Ụlọ nke ise n'afọ 2006 na ọ kwụsiri ike n'ọnọdụ na EPA "esiri data" iji gosi na anwụrụ ọkụ nke abụọ na-akpata ọrịa kansa akpa ume. CBC kwuru na ego ụtaba akwụla ụgwọ maka nyocha onye na-abụ abụ na nkwalite ya, nakwa na ọ bụ APCO haziri ya. Onye na-abụ abụ gwara CBC na ọ dịghị ihe dị iche ebe ego ahụ si. "Ha anaghị ebu akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ ego dollar na-asị 'Nke a sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba,'" ka o kwuru. "N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla amaghị m banyere ya, ajụghịkwa m APCO ebe ha na-enweta ego ha. Nke ahụ abụghị azụmahịa m. "<ref name="CBCsmoking">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/video.html|title=The Denial Machine|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=November 15, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026050126/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/video.html|archivedate=October 26, 2007}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi n'afọ 2003 degara ''Financial Times'', Onye na-abụ abụ dere na "enweghị ihe akaebe doro anya na ihu igwe ụwa na-ekpo ọkụ n'ezie."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Climate concern is just a tax ruse|author=Singer|first=S.|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=November 26, 2003}}</ref> N'afọ 2006, CBC's Fifth Estate kpọrọ onye na-abụ abụ dị ka otu n'ime obere ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mepụtara ihe akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kpọrọ nkwụsị nke na-emebi nzaghachi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpomọkụ ụwa. .<ref name="CBCsmoking"/> N'afọ sochirinụ ọ pụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ British Channel 4 ''The Great Global Warming Swindle''. Onye na-abụ abụ na-arụ ụka na ọ nweghị ihe akaebe na-egosi na mmụba nke carbon dioxide nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta na-akpata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, na ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ ebili na ọ ga-adị mma maka mmadụ. Ọ gwara CBC: "Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ otu puku afọ gara aga karịa ka ọ dị taa. Vikings biri Greenland. Nke ahụ ọ dị mma ma ọ bụ ihe ọjọọ? Echere m na ọ dị mma. Ha na-eto mmanya na England, n'ebe ugwu England. echere m na nke ahụ dị mma. Ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụfọdụ ndị na-eche otú ahụ." "Anyị na-etinyekwu carbon dioxide na ikuku, "ka ọ gwara Daily Telegraph na 2009. Otú ọ dị, ikuku dị nnọọ mgbagwoju anya na mmadụ enweghị ike ịrụ ụka na nnị n'ihi na CO2 bụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-akpat okpomọkụ."<ref name="Gray2009"/> O kwenyere na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-emebiga ihe ókè na-ekwubiga okwu ókè. "Mgbalị dị n'okpuru ebe a yiri ka ọ bụ iji okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka ihe ngọpụ iji belata iji ike eme ihe," ka o kwuru. "Ọ dị nnọọ mfe: ọ bụrụ na ị belata iji ike eme ihe, mgbe ahụ, ị na-ebelata ọganihu akụ na ụba. Ma kwere ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, e nwere ndị mmadụ n'ụwa kwenyere na anyị agafewo oke na ụba akụ na ụba." Echiche ndị na-agụ egwú na-emegide nkwekọrịta sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, <ref name="The MIT Press">{{Cite book|title=Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren|editor=DiMento|year=2007|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-54193-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/climatechangewha00dime/page/n82 65]–66|chapter=The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: How Do We Know We’re Not Wrong?|author=Oreskes|first=Naomi|url=https://archive.org/details/climatechangewha00dime}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|quote=The evidence for human influence on the climate system has grown since the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). It is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations and other anthropogenic forcings together|publisher=IPCC|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPMcorr2.pdf|title=CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers|accessdate=March 7, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227220848/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPMcorr2.pdf|archivedate=February 27, 2015}}</ref> ebe enwere nkwekọrịta siri ike maka okpomọkụ ụwa nke mmadụ kpatara, yana njikọ dị n'etiti oke carbon dioxide na okpomọkụ nke ụwa, yana nkwekọrịta na mgbanwe dị otú ahụ na ihu igwe ga-enwe ihe dị ize ndụ. <ref name="Stern"> {{Cite book|title=The Economics of Climate Change — The Stern Review|first=Nicholas Herbert|author=Stern|authorlink=Nicholas Stern|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-70080-1|url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/earth-and-environmental-science/climatology-and-climate-change/economics-climate-change-stern-review|accessdate=February 19, 2014}}</ref><ref> {{Cite news|title=How Dangerous Is Global Warming?|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=April 14, 2007|date=June 17, 2001|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/74167018.html?dids=74167018:74167018&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+17%2C+2001&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=M.3&desc=DIALOGUE}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, magazin nne Jones kọwara Singer dị ka "nna nna nke ịGọnahụ okpomọkụ ụwa". Otú ọ dị, onye na-abụ abụ kọwara onwe ya dị ka "onye na-enwe obi abụọ" kama ịbụ "onye na'agọnahụ" mgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa.<ref name="mj200505">{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/05/put-tiger-your-think-tank|title=Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank|date=May 2005|work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|accessdate=October 20, 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1990, onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Science & Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) iji rụrịta ụka megide usoro mgbochi megide okpomọkụ ụwa. Mgbe 1991 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Earth Summit, onye na-abụ abụ malitere ide ma kwuo okwu iji mee ka obi abụọ na sayensị. O buru amụma na ọdachi akụ na ụba sitere na mgbochi ọ bụla na ojiji mmanụ ala, ma kwuo na ụwa okike na usoro ihu igwe ya dị mgbagwoju anya ma bụrụ nke a na-aghọtaghị nke ọma, nakwa na a maghị ihe gbasara mgbanwe okpomọkụ site n'oké osimiri gaa na ikuku, ma ọ bụ ọrụ igwe ojii. Ka nkwekọrịta sayensị na-eto, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ụka site na ọnọdụ na-eleghara anya. Ọ katọrọ ụdị ihu igwe nke na-ebu amụma okpomọkụ ụwa ugboro ugboro. N'afọ 1994, o jiri nsonaazụ ihe nlereanya tụnyere okpomọkụ a hụrụ ma chọpụta na okpomọkụ e buru n'amụma maka afọ 1950 rụọ afọ 1980 si na okpompe nke mere n'ezie, nke o kwubiri na kọlụm ya na The Washington Times - na isiokwu nke ụbọchị ahụ "Mkpesa ihu igwe na-ada n'okpuru ọkụ Sayensị na-egbuke egbuke" - na ụdị ihu igwe adịghị mma. N'afọ 2007, ọ rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha nke chọpụtara na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ tropospheric nke ụdị "Ihu igwe nke narị afọ nke 20"" dị iche na nyocha satellite site na okpukpu abụọ nke ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ejighị n'aka. Rachel White Scheuering dere na, mgbe SEPP malitere, ọ nwere njikọ na Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche nke onye isi Unification Church Sun Myung Moon guzobere. Akụkọ n'afọ 1990 maka Cato Institute gosipụtara onye na-abụ abụ dịka onye nduzi nke ọrụ sayensị na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, na ezumike site na Mahadum Virginia.<ref>Singer, S. Fred. {{Cite web|url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg13n1-singer.html|title=Environmental Strategies with Uncertain Science|accessdate=January 15, 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110224712/http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg13n1-singer.html|archivedate=January 10, 2008}}</ref> Scheuering dere na Singer akwụsịla mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ kwadoro ya.<ref name="scheuering2004" /> O dere na ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ARCO, ExxonMobil, Shell, Sun Oil Company, na Unocal, nakwa na SEPP natara enyemaka site na ExxonMobil. Singer kwuru na mmekọrịta ego ya emetụtaghị nyocha ya. Scheuering na-ekwu na nkwubi okwu ya kwekọrọ na ọdịmma akụ na ụba nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-akwụ ya ụgwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ chọrọ ịhụ mbelata na nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="scheuering2004" /> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2007, ''Newsweek'' kọrọ na n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1998, mmadụ iri na abụọ sitere n'ihe ọ kpọrọ "ngwunye ịgọnahụ" zutere n'isi ụlọ ọrụ American Petroleum Institute na Washington. Nzukọ ahụ gụnyere otu onye na-abụ abụ, George C. Marshall Institute, na ExxonMobil. ''Newsweek'' kwuru na, dị ka akwụkwọ ozi dị peeji asatọ nke e wepụtara, nzukọ ahụ tụrụ aro mkpọsa nde $ 5 iji mee ka ọha na eze kwenye na sayensị nke okpomọkụ ụwa bụ arụmụka na ejighị n'aka. A kọọrọ ndị nta akụkọ atụmatụ ahụ ma ọ dịghị mgbe a rụzuru ya. N'izu mgbe akụkọ ahụ gasịrị, Newsweek bipụtara echiche dị iche site n'aka Robert Samuelson, otu n'ime ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, onye kwuru na akụkọ nke igwe na agọnahụ ego bụ nke e chepụtara echepụta ma na-eduhie eduhie. ABC News kọrọ na Machị 2008 na onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na ọ bụghị na ụgwọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ike, mana ọ kwetara na SEPP natara otu onyinye ebere a na-arịọghị arịrịọ nke $ 10,000 site na ExxonMobil, nakwa na ọ bụ otu pasent nke onyinye niile natara. Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na njikọ ya na Exxon dịka ịnọ na ndepụta ozi ha karịa ịnwe ọnọdụ a kwụrụ ụgwọ. Mmekọrịta ahụ emebiwo nyocha Singer n'etiti ndị otu sayensị, dị ka Scheuering si kwuo. Onye omebe iwu Lynn Rivers jụrụ ntụkwasị obi onye na-abụ abụ n'oge a na-ege ya ntị n'afọ 1995, na-ekwu na o nweghị ike ibipụta ihe ọ bụla na akwụkwọ sayensị a na-enyocha ndị ọgbọ ya maka afọ 15 gara aga, ma e wezụga otu nkọwa teknụzụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Michaels|first=P. J.|title=Analyzing Ultraviolet-B Radiation: Is There a Trend?|journal=Science|date=May 27, 1994|volume=264|issue=5163|pages=1341–1342|doi=10.1126/science.264.5163.1341|pmid=17780851}}</ref> ==== Nkatọ nke IPCC ====   N'afọ 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) wepụtara [[Akụkọ nnyocha nke Abụọ nke IPCCnyocha|akụkọ]] na-egosipụta nkwekọrịta ''Sayensị'' na nguzozi nke ihe akaebe na-egosi na enwere mmetụta mmadụ a na-ahụ anya na ihu igwe ụwa. Onye na-abụ abụ ji akwụkwọ ozi zaghachi na sayensị na-ekwu na akụkọ IPCC gosipụtara ihe ahọpụtara. O dere, sị: "Nchịkọta ahụ ekwughị na afọ iri na asatọ nke data satellite ihu igwe nke na-egosi obere ọnọdụ oyi zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-emegide ụdị niile nke okpomọkụ ihu igwe. " Scheuering dere na onye na-abụ abụ kwetara na thermometers nke elu site na ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe na-egosi okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ekwu na satellites na-enye data ka mma n'ihi na nha ha na-ekpuchi ogidi na ogidi. Dịka Edward Parson na Andrew Dessler si kwuo, data satịlaịtị egosighi okpomọkụ elu ozugbo, mana a ghaghị idozi ya site na iji ụdị. Mgbe emere mgbanwe maka ihe omume ndị na-agafe agafe, data ahụ gosipụtara obere okpomọkụ, na nyocha tụrụ aro na ọdịiche dị n'etiti data elu na nke satellite bụ nsogbu dị ka odịiche dị na satellite. Onye na-abụ abụ dere "Leipzig Declaration on Global Climate Change in the U.S." n'afọ 1995, na emelite ya n'afọ 1997 iji gbaghaa Kyoto Protocol. [[Nkwekọrịta Kyoto]] bụ nsonaazụ nke mgbakọ mba ụwa nke e mere na Kyoto, Japan, n'oge ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe kwetara belata gas ha na-eme ka okpomọkụ. Nkwupụta onye na-abụ abụ na-agụ, sị: "Ike dị mkpa maka uto akụ na ụba ... Anyị ghọtara ihe na-akpali iwepụ ihe a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka mgbanwe ihu igwe nwee ike; mana anyị kwenyere na Kyoto Protocol - iji belata ikuku carbon dioxide site na naanị akụkụ nke obodo ụwa dị ize ndụ, ọ naghị arụ ọrụ, ma na-ebibi akụ na ụba na ọrụ na ụkpụrụ ndụ. " Scheuering dere na onye na-abụ abụ gbasara nke a na United States na Europe ma kpọkọta 100 ndị bịanyere aka, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwu na a na-enyo ụfọdụ n'ime asambodo ndị bịa nyekwara aka enyo. Ọ dịkarịa ala 20 bụ ndị nta akụkọ ihu igwe televishọn, ụfọdụ enweghị nzere sayensị, na ụbọchị iri na anọ edepụtara dịka ndị prọfesọ n'ekwughị otu mpaghara. Dịka Scheuering si kwuo, ụfọdụ n'ime ha mechara kwuo na ha kwenyere na ha na-abịanye aka n'akwụkwọ iji kwado ime ihe megide mgbanwe ihu igwe. Onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) n'afọ 2004 mgbe 2003 United Nations Climate Change Conference na Milan. NIPCC haziri ogbako ihu igwe mba ụwa na Vienna n'ọnwa eprel afọ 2007, <ref name="nature1" /> iji nye ihe ha kpọrọ nyocha onwe onye nke ihe akaebe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. Singer kwadebere akụkọ NIPCC akpọrọ "Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate," nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Heartland Institute bipụtara n'ọnwa maachị 2008. ABC Ozi kwuru n'otu ọnwa ahụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe a na-akpọghị aha sitere na NASA, Stanford, na Princeton bụ ndị gwara ABC okwu banyere akụkọ ahụ jụrụ ya dị ka "ihe nzuzu efu". N'akwụkwọ ozi mkpesa o degaara ABC Ozi, Singer kwuru na akwụkwọ ha jiri "okwu ajọ mbunobi, eziokwu gbagọrọ agbagọ, nkwutọ, na nkwutọ na-amaghị aha". N'ọnwa Septemba 18, 2013, e bipụtara akụkọ nke anọ nke NIPCC, nke akpọrọ Climate Change Reconsidered II: Physical Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020171042/http://heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf|archivedate=2013-10-20|title=Summary for Policymakers|publisher=[[The Heartland Institute]]|date=September 2013|accessdate=March 14, 2014}}</ref> Dịka akụkọ NIPCC gara aga, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi katọrọ ya mgbe e bipụtara ya; dịka ọmụmaatụ, David Suzuki dere na ọ "jupụtara na nkwupụta a na ekwughị, gụnyere na ikuku carbon dioxide dị mma n'ihi na ha na-akpali ndụ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/david-suzuki/climate-change-deniers_b_3984750.html|title=Climate Change Deniers Don't Deserve an Equal Voice|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=September 25, 2013|accessdate=March 14, 2014|author=Suzuki, David}}</ref> Mgbe akụkọ ahụ nwetara akụkọ dị mma site n'aka Doug McKelway nke Fox News Channel, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe Kevin Trenberth na Michael Oppenheimer katọrọ akụkọ a, Trenberth kpọrọ ya "ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-enweghị isi" na Oppenheims na-akpọ ya "ihe na-ezighi ezi". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/new-study-says-threat-of-man-made-global-warming-greatly-exaggerated|title=New study says threat of man-made global warming greatly exaggerated|work=[[Fox News Channel]]|date=September 19, 2013|accessdate=March 16, 2014|author=McKelway, Doug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/blog/2013/09/18/fox-equates-faux-un-climate-report-with-the-rea/195947|title=Fox Equates Faux UN Climate Report With The Real Thing|work=[[Media Matters for America]]|date=September 18, 2013|accessdate=March 16, 2014|author=McKelway, Doug}}</ref> ==== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe ==== N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2009, mgbe esemokwu email nke Climatic Research Unit gasịrị, onye na-abụ abụ dere otu echiche maka Reuters nke o kwuru na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ejirila Nnyocha ndị ọgbọ mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, rụgidere ndị editọ ka ha gbochie mbipụta nke echiche ndị ọzọ, ma mebie ndị mmegide. O kwukwara na ozi ịntanetị ndị a na-agbapụta gosipụtara na "ihe ọmụma okpomọkụ nke [[Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe|IPCC]] dabere na ya dabere na data na algọridim gbagọrọ agbagọ nke ha na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị agaghị ekerịta. " O kwuru na ihe omume ahụ kpughere usoro na-adịghị mma, nakwa na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-aga n'okpuru ọbụna ka gas ndị na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka CO<nowiki><sub id="mwAvA">2</sub></nowiki> na-abawanye na ikuku. O dere, sị: "Njikọ a na-adịghị mma na-emegide nsonaazụ nke ụdị nke IPCC dabere na ya ma na-egosi na okpomọkụ ụwa nke mmadụ (AGW) dị obere," na-ekwubi "ma ugbu a ọ na-apụta na okpomanya ụwa nwere ike ịbụ 'mmadụ mere' n'ezie. " Kọmitii British House of Commons Science and Technology Select mechara wepụta akụkọ nke wepụrụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/science/earth/08climate.html|author=Gillis|first=Justin|title=British Panel Clears Climate Scientists|date=July 8, 2010|work=The New York Times|accessdate=August 23, 2025}}</ref> na kọmitii asatọ nyochara ebubo ahụ, na-enweghị ihe aka ebe nke aghụghọ ma ọ bụ omume ọjọọ sayensị. == Ọnwụ == N'ọnwa Eprel 6, 2020, onye na-abụ abụ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ndị agadi na Rockville, Maryland. <ref name=":0"/> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} == Hụkwa == * Sayensị dịpụrụ adịpụ * Ịṅụ sịga nke abụọ * ''Ike nke Nnukwu Mmanụ'' == Ihe edeturu == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721005121/https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/merchants-of-doubt-9781596916104/ Oreskes, Naomi na Erik Conway. 2010. Ndị na-ere ahịa nke obi abụọ: Otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si kpuchie eziokwu na nsogbu site na anwụrụ sịga ruo okpomọkụ ụwa. Bloomsbury] E debere ya na July 21, 2017, na Wayback Machine == Njikọ mpụga == *   [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fukzjsdvzs1mibb1r2483rejw0unvbe 0 76929 674170 656779 2026-07-08T15:25:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674170 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Donella Hager''' "'''Dana'''" Meadows<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.carleton.edu/alumni/classes/1963/memoriam/?story_id=868244|title=Donella Hager Meadows - Carleton College|accessdate=September 11, 2020|archivedate=April 16, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416102514/https://apps.carleton.edu/alumni/classes/1963/memoriam/?story_id=868244}}</ref> (March 13, 1941 - February 20, 2001) bụ onye sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi nke America, Onye nkuzi , na onye edemede. A maara ya nke ọma dị ka onye edemede nke akwụkwọ The Limits to Growth na Thinking In Systems: A Primer . A mụrụ ya na Elgin, Illinois, Meadows gụrụ akwụkwọ na sayensị, na-enweta B.A. na chemistry Site na Carleton College na 1963 na PhD na Biophysics na [[Harvard University|Harvard]] na 1968. Njem ụnyaahụ si England gaa Sri Lanka na azụ, ọ ghọrọ onye nyocha na Massachusetts Institute of Technology dị ka onye otu na ngalaba nke Jay Forrester, onye mepụtara usoro usoro yana ụkpụrụ nke nchekwa data magnetik maka kọmputa. == Ọrụ == A na-asọpụrụ ya dịka Pew Scholar na Conservation and Environment (1991) na dịka MacArthur Fellow (1994). Ọ natara Walter C. Paine Science Education Award na 1990. Mgbe ọ nwụsịr na ị, ọ natara John H. Chafee Excellence in Environmental Affairs Award maka afọ 2001, nke Conservation Law Foundation nyere. Meadows dere "The Global Citizen," A na-enyocha ihe ndị na-eme n'ụwa kwa izu site n'echiche nke usoro ihe omume ahụ. A na-achịkọta ọtụtụ n'ime kọlụm ndị a ma bipụta ya dị ka akwụkwọ nke otu aha ahụ. . A ghọtara ọrụ ya dị ka mmetụta dị iche iche na ọtụtụ narị ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na atụmatụ iwu gọọmentị na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> She was a longtime member of the United States Association for the Club of Rome, which instituted an award in her memory, the US Association for the Club of Rome Donella Meadows Award in Sustainable Global Actions. The award is given to an outstanding individual who has created actions in a global framework toward the sustainability goals Meadows expressed in her writings. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ọrụ == === ''Ihe Na-akpata Uto'' === N'afọ 1972, Meadows nọ na ndị otu MIT nke mepụtara ụdị kọmputa zuru ụwa ọnụ "World3" maka Club of Rome, na-enye ihe ndabere maka The Limits to Growth. Akwụkwọ ahụ kọrọ banyere ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ihe na-eme n'ụwa niile na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, akụ na ụba, na gburugburu ebe obibi. Akwụkwọ ahụ mere isi akụkọ gburugburu ụwa wee malite arụmụka banyere oke nke ikike ụwa iji kwado mgbasawanye akụ na ụba mmadụ - arụmụka na-aga n'ihu ruo taa. Meadows bụ onye isi dere akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ nwekwara ndị edemede atọ: di ya Dennis Meadows, [[Jørgen Randers]], na William W. Behrens III. === Ìgwè Balaton === N'afọ 1982, Donella na Dennis Meadows mepụtara A na-enye ndị na-eme nchọpụta na netwọk netwọk maka ndị na-eme nchọpụta na gburugburu ebe obibi. gburugburu ebe obibi, nhazi usoro, na nkwado. Kemgbe a tọrọ ntọala ya, ndị otu ahụ ezutewo na Lake Balaton, Hungary, n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ọ bụla. Ọ bụ ezie na aha iwu maka netwọk ahụ bụ International Network of Resource Information Centres (INRIC), ọ ghọrọ ihe a ma ama dị ka Balaton Group, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Balaton Group History|url=http://www.balatongroup.org/FAQ.html|date=February 5, 2010|accessdate=October 25, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205175146/http://www.balatongroup.org/FAQ.html|archivedate=February 5, 2010}}</ref> mgbe ebe nzukọ ya dị. Meadows guzobere Sustainability Institute na 1996, nke jikọtara nyocha na usoro ụwa na ngosipụta bara uru nke ndụ na-adịgide adịgide, gụnyere mmepe nke cohousing (ma ọ bụ Ecovillage) na ugbo organic na Cobb Hill na Hartland, Vermont. N'afọ 2011, a gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ Sustainability Institute, nke dị nso na Cobb Hill, ka ọ bụrụ Donella Meadows Institute wee kwaga Norwich, Vermont. Òtù ndị ọzọ sitere na Sustainability Institute gụnyere Sustainable Food Lab, Climate Interactive, na Sustainabilidad Leaders Network. N'afọ 2016, a gbanwere aha Donella Meadows Institute maka oge nke abụọ, ma ugbu a na-arụ ọrụ dị ka Ụlọ akwụkwọ maka mgbanwe sistemụ : https://www.academyforchange.org === Akụkọ obodo ahụ === N'afọ 1990, Meadows bipụtara akụkọ State of the Village n'okpuru isiokwu, "Ònye bi na 'Obodo zuru ụwa ọnụ '?" nke jiri ụwa tụnyere obodo nke 1000 mmadụ. Kemgbe ahụ, "Ọ bụrụ na ụwa bụ obodo nke mmadụ 100", nke sitere n'ọrụ ya ma na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na nke obodo nke mmadụ 100, ndị ọzọ bipụtara ya na Bekee, Spanish, na Japanese. === Ihe iri na abụọ e ji eme ihe === Meadows bipụtara Leverage Points: Places to Intervene in a System, otu n'ime edemede ya a ma ama, na 1999. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sustainabilityinstitute.org/pubs/Leverage_Points.pdf|title=Leverage Points: Places to Intervene in a System|date=1999|accessdate=October 25, 2015|work=The Sustainability Institute|author=Meadows|first=Donella|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008160618/http://www.sustainabilityinstitute.org/pubs/Leverage_Points.pdf|archivedate=October 8, 2013}}</ref> Ọ na-akọwa ụdị ntinye aka kachasị dị irè na nke kachasị njọ na usoro (nke ụdị ọ bụla). == Ndụ onwe onye == Donella Meadows lụrụ Dennis Meadows. Ọ nwụrụ na [[Meninjaịtis|Ọrịa ụbụrụ]] na 2001 mgbe ọ dị afọ 59. == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * Donella H. Meadows, et al. ''Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind'', New American Library, 1977, paperback,  ; Universe Books, paperback, 1972, 0–87663–165–0 (scarce); ISBN Universe Books, hardcover, 1972,   (scarce); [http://collections.dartmouth.edu/teitexts/meadows/diplomatic/meadows_ltg-diplomatic.html digital edition of 1972 printing], produced by the Dartmouth College Library. * Dennis L. Meadows, Donella H. Meadows, Eds. ''Toward Global Equilibrium: Collected Papers'', Pegasus Communications, 1973, hardcover   * Donella H. Meadows, John M. Richardson and Gerhart Bruckmann, ''Groping in the Dark: The First Decade of Global Modelling'', [http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/ John Wiley & Sons], 1982, paperback,   * Donella H. Meadows and J. M. Robinson, ''The Electronic Oracle: Computer Models and Social Decisions'', [http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/ John Wiley & Sons], 1985, hardcover, 462 pages,   * Michael J. Caduto, foreword by Donella H. Meadows, illustrated by Joan Thomson, ''Pond and Brook: A Guide to Nature in Freshwater Environments'', [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~upne/ University Press of New England], 1990, paperback, 288 pages,   * Donella H. Meadows, ''Global Citizen'', [http://www.islandpress.org/ Island Press], 1991, paperback 197 pages,   * Donella H. Meadows et al. ''Beyond the limits : global collapse or a sustainable future'', [http://www.earthscan.co.uk/ Earthscan Publications], 1992,   * Dennis L. Meadows, Donella H. Meadows and Jorgen Randers, ''Beyond the Limits: Confronting Global Collapse, Envisioning a Sustainable Future'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20090905054448/http://www.chelseagreen.com/index.asp?bhcp=1 Chelsea Green Publishing], 1993, paperback, 320 pages,   * edited by Sandi Brockway, foreword by Marilyn Ferguson, introduction by Denis Hayes, preface by Donella H. Meadows, ''Macrocosm U. S. A.: Possibilities for a New Progressive Era...'', [http://www.macronet.org/ Macrocosm], 1993, paperback, 464 pages,   * Donella H. Meadows, Jorgen Randers and Dennis L. Meadows ''Limits to Growth-The 30 year Update'', 2004, hardcover   * Donella H. Meadows (2008) ''Thinking in Systems: A Primer'', Chelsea Green Publishing  . == Hụkwa == * Ndị hụrụ n'anya * Ugwu Cobb * Dennis Meadows * Ọganihu usoro * DYNAMO (asụsụ mmemme) * [https://www.academyforchange.org Academy for Systems Change] == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Ikeda Kayoko, C. Douglas Lummis, Si El Mundo Fuera Una Aldea De 100 Personas/if The World Were A Village Of 100 People, Paperback, peeji 64, . Nsụgharị Japanese/English:    == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * [http://www.donellameadows.org/ Ọrụ Donella Meadows] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150328060406/http://ead.dartmouth.edu/html/ms1152_fullguide.html Ntuziaka maka akwụkwọ Donella H. Meadows, 1941-2007, na Dartmouth College Library] E debere na March 28, 2015, na Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030218010326/http://iisd1.iisd.ca/pcdf/meadows/ The Global Citizen, kọlụm kwa izu site na Meadows] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060424071634/http://www.pcdf.org/meadows/ Njikọ ọzọ maka Global Citizen] * [http://www.balatongroup.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Balaton Group (International Network of Resource Information Centers)] * [http://www.cobbhill.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Cobb Hill] * [http://www.empowermentresources.com/info2/theglobalvillage.html Otu akwụkwọ nke akụkọ Global Village mbụ ya (dabere na mmadụ 1000)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120803050550/http://www.miniature-earth.com/ Ọrụ Obere Ụwa nke dabeere na ederede Donella Meadows] {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 41tr10e7q9bgf36rb2jj57snmeref71 0 77107 674198 665851 2026-07-08T17:18:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Protected area in the Republic of the Congo}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Lac Télé Community Reserve | alt_name = | image = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_size = | map = Republic of the Congo | relief = 1 | map_alt = | map_caption = Location in the Congo Republic | map_width = | location = | nearest_city = [[Mbandaka]] | coordinates = {{coord|1.347589|N|17.154121|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = | area = {{convert|4389|km2}} | established = 10 May 2001 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = | url = | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Lac Télé / [[Likouala-aux-herbes]] | designation1_date = 18 June 1998 | designation1_number = 950<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sangha-Nouabalé-Ndoki|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/950|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Lake Télé Community Reserve''' bụ ebe a na-echebe na Republic of the Congo. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere ebe nchekwa ahụ na 10 Mee 2001. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2010, nkwekọrịta imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti gọọmentị nke Republic of the Congo na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) na Lake Tele - Lake Tumba landscape nyere maka ịmepụta mpaghara echedoro mba gụnyere Lake Télé Community Reserve na mpaghara Ngiri-Tumba-Maindombe na DRC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/accord_sur_la_binationale_lac_tele_lac_tumba.pdf|title=Accord de coopération entre les gouvernements de la République démocratique du Congo et la République du Congo relatif à la mise en place de la binationale lac Télé - lac Tumba|date=5 August 2010|language=French|publisher=COMMISSION DES FORETS D'AFMOUE CENTRALE|accessdate=2012-01-30|archivedate=2016-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171425/http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/accord_sur_la_binationale_lac_tele_lac_tumba.pdf}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala na gburugburu ebe obibi == Ogige ahụ bụ nnukwu mpaghara nke oké ọhịa mmiri na-enweghị ike iru, na-enweghị okporo ụzọ. Ite na-ekpuchi 4,389 square kilomita (1,695 sq mi) gburugburu Lake Télé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://protectedplanet.net/sites/313494|title=Lac Télé Community Reserve|work=Protected Planet|accessdate=2012-01-30|archivedate=2012-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316010356/http://protectedplanet.net/sites/313494}}</ref> Ala dị n'okpuru ebe nchekwa ahụ nwere nnukwu ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nke jupụtara na carbon. Nchọpụta a na-eme ka nchekwa nke mpaghara ahụ dị oke mkpa, dị ka a ga-asị na a na-enye ya nsogbu, carbon nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ikuku na-emebi okpomọkụ ụwa. N'ihi nchọpụta a, Wildlife Conservation Society kwadoro mgbasawanye nke ebe nchekwa ahụ.<ref name="WaPo">{{Cite news|author=Harvey|first=Chelsea|title=Scientists just discovered a massive pool of carbon in central Africa that nobody knew was there|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/01/11/scientists-just-discovered-a-massive-pool-of-carbon-in-central-africa-that-nobody-knew-was-there/|accessdate=13 January 2017|work=Washington Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref> === Anụ Ọhịa === N'afọ 2006 na 2007, ndị nchọpụta sitere na otu Nchekwa Anụmanụ nke dị na US nyochachara mpaghara ahụ, wee chọta ihe akaebe na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị 125,000 nke gorillas dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Nke a karịrị ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ niile a na-eme atụmatụ ugbu a na ụdị anụmanụ a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD|title=More than 100,000 rare gorillas found in Congo|date=August 5, 2008|work=CNN World|accessdate=2012-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120015018/http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD|archivedate=January 20, 2012}}</ref> BirdLife International akpọọla ogige ntụrụndụ a Mpaghara Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ dị iche iche.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-t%C3%A9l%C3%A9-community-reserve-iba-congo|title=Lake Télé Community Reserve|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-12-03}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 4w62piv13g26s92slxq0bs9vgszmqmf 0 77141 674352 671193 2026-07-09T04:14:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674352 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Fasuwa Abayomi Johnson''' nke a na-akpọkwa '''Yomi-FAJ''', bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria, onye na-eje ozi dị ka onye kọmishọna gọọmentị etiti nke na-anọchite anya Ogun Steeti na Naijiria National Population Commission. <ref name=":0" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Fasuwa Abayomi Johnson na Ododeyo, Ijebu North-East, Ogun Steeti, Naịjirịa. Ọ gara St. Michael Primary School, Ododeyo maka agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị ya, wee gaa Deyo Tuwo Comprehensive High School maka agụmakọta sekọndrị ya. Johnson gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu na [[Mahadum Olabisi Onabanjo|Mahadum Ogun State (nke bụzi Mahadum Onabanjo, Ago Iwoye)]] , ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere na Geography na Regional Planning n'afọ 1998. N'afọ 2004, o nwetara nzere Master of Science na Geography na Mahadum Ibadan. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya ma n'afọ 2012 nweta [[Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa|Master of Business Administration (MBA)]] na Mahadum Ladoke Akintola, ọkachamara na ahịa. N'afọ 2020, Johnson malitere PhD ya na Geography na Environmental Management na Tai Solarin University of Education, na-elekwasị anya na Climate Change na River Basin Management.<ref>{{Cite web|author=hamzat|date=2018-08-30|title="I'm In Politics To Spread Joy" ...Ogun Assembly Hopeful, FAJ|url=https://globalexcellenceonline.com/im-in-politics-to-spread-joy-ogun-assembly-hopeful-faj/|accessdate=2024-10-07|work=Global Excellence Online|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007110833/https://globalexcellenceonline.com/im-in-politics-to-spread-joy-ogun-assembly-hopeful-faj/}}</ref> nke o mechiri n'afọ 2024. == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ === Johnson malitere ọrụ ọkachamara ya na Ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, na-arụ ọrụ na ndụmọdụ, ngwa ngwa ndị ahịa (FMCG), na ngwá eletrọniki.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Akintola Williams Deloitte n'afọ 2003, ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ, tupu ọ gaa n'ụlọ ọrụ Nigerian Bottling Company, ebe o tinyere aka n'ahịa na ire ngwaahịa Coca-Cola. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ sonyeere FrieslandCampina, ebe ọ jere ozi dị ka Onye njikwa ahịa dị elu maka ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi Peak nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka Onye njikwa ahịa mba maka Royal Philips Netherlands, ọkwa o ji site na afọ 2013 ruo afọ 2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2018-08-29|title=WHY I AM LEAVING MY BUSINESS FOR POLITICS – Fasuwa Abayomi Johnson|url=https://www.societyreporters.com/why-i-am-leaving-my-business-for-politics-fasuwa-abayomi-johnson/|accessdate=2024-10-07|work=SocietyReporters {{!}} Welcome to SocietyReporters.com ...News as it happens!!!|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFadmin2018">admin (2018-08-29). [https://www.societyreporters.com/why-i-am-leaving-my-business-for-politics-fasuwa-abayomi-johnson/ "WHY I AM LEAVING MY BUSINESS FOR POLITICS – Fasuwa Abayomi Johnson"]. ''SocietyReporters | Welcome to SocietyReporters.com ...News as it happens!!!''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Johnson malitere n'afọ 2014, ógbè ọ gbara ọsọ maka Ogun Steeti House of Assembly mana o meriri. O sonyere ọzọ n'afọ 2019, a họpụtakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ụlọ omebe iwu steeti Ogun na-anọchite anya mpaghara steeti Ijebu North East.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Amarachi|date=2024-03-06|title=Senate Confirms Tinubu's Nominees, Raheem, Abayomi As NPC Commissioner|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/263759/senate-confirms-tinubus-nominees-raheem-abayomi-as.html|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=Tori.ng|language=English}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa, o lekwasịrị anya na mmepe akụrụngwa na itinye aka na obodo, ndị omeiwu na ọchịchị ime obodo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=OgunToday|date=2022-04-21|title=2023: Ijebu North-East APC stakeholders endorse Ogun lawmaker, Fasuwa for second term|url=https://oguntoday.com/2023-ijebu-north-east-apc-stakeholders-endorse-ogun-lawmaker-fasuwa-for-second-term/|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=Oguntoday Newspaper|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241015225404/https://oguntoday.com/2023-ijebu-north-east-apc-stakeholders-endorse-ogun-lawmaker-fasuwa-for-second-term/}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2024-02-19|title=Otunba Faj: President Tinubu Paves Way for Effective Governance - News Reporters|url=https://newsreporters.com.ng/2024/02/19/otunba-faj-president-tinubu-paves-way-for-effective-governance/|accessdate=2024-10-07|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007143441/https://newsreporters.com.ng/2024/02/19/otunba-faj-president-tinubu-paves-way-for-effective-governance/}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, a họpụtara Johnson dị ka Kọmishọna [[Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)|Federal]] na National Population Commission na-anọchite anya Ogun State n'okpuru nchịkwa nke [[Bola Tinubu|Onye isi ala Bola Tinubu]]. Ọrụ ya n'ọrụ a gụnyere ilekọta Ọrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mba na atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, ọ rụkwara ọrụ iji melite nchịkọta data maka iwu ndị mmadụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Editorial 01|first=Premier|date=2024-03-06|title=JUST IN: THE SENATE CONFIRMS RAHEEM AND ABAYOMI, TINUBU'S NOMINEES, AS NPC COMMISSIONERS.|url=https://thepremiernews.com/just-in-the-senate-confirms-raheem-and-abayomi-tinubus-nominees-as-npc-commissioners/|accessdate=2024-10-07|work=The Premier News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEditorial_012024">Editorial 01, Premier (2024-03-06). [https://thepremiernews.com/just-in-the-senate-confirms-raheem-and-abayomi-tinubus-nominees-as-npc-commissioners/ "JUST IN: THE SENATE CONFIRMS RAHEEM AND ABAYOMI, TINUBU'S NOMINEES, AS NPC COMMISSIONERS"]. ''The Premier News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]]</ref> === Ọrụ Ọnụọgụgụ mba === N'afọ 2024, a họpụtara Johnson na National Population Commission (NPC) dị ka [[Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)|Federal]] Commissioner, na-anọchite anya Ogun State. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ilekọta ọrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, Atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na njikwa data ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ maka mba ahụ. Dị ka akụkụ nke NPC, ọ na-arụ ọrụ iji hụ na a na-anakọta data ndị bi na Naịjirịa n'ụzọ ziri ezi, nyochaa, ma jiri ya mee ihe maka Iwu mmepe mba, ọkachasị na mpaghara ndị dị ka [[Nlekọta ahụike ma ọ|nlekọta ahụike]], [[Education|agụmakwụkwọ]], na atụmatụ akụrụngwa.<ref name=":0"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Fasuwa Johnson lụrụ di, ọmụrụ ụmụ atọ.<ref name=":1"/> == Utu aha na nsọpụrụ == Iji gosi ekele maka onyinye ya n'ọrụ ọha na eze na obodo ya, Johnson nwere aha Otunba Apesin nke Ilugun-South Ijebu na Apesin nke Alaeze Ukwu. Aha Otunba bụ nsọpụrụ ọdịnala na Naịjirịa, nke a na-enyekarị ndị mmadụ tinyere aka dị ukwuu n'obodo ha, ọtụtụ mgbe n'ịchịisi, ọrụ ebere, ma ọ bụ ọrụ ya.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Reporter|date=2017-07-03|title=Meet AWUJALE's 50 Otunbas & High Chiefs+ Why Oba SIKIRU ADETONA Likes Them|url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-awujales-50-otunbas-high-chiefs-oba-sikiru-adetona-likes/|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=City People Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] qblv7lkcowxhj1rzlnjobml6ep6e6vx 0 77165 674440 672828 2026-07-09T09:31:40Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674440 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Faịlụ:Sala Senkayi at Converses with Students (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sala Senkayi]] Sala Nanyanzi Senkayi bụ onye sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi nke [[Uganda|Ugandan]] na United States Environmental Protection Agency. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a mụrụ na Uganda iji merie Presidential Early Career Award maka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Senkayi bụ nwa nwanyị [[Abu Senkayi]] na Sunajeh Senkayi. Ezinụlọ ya si na Butambala District na Uganda. Nna ya bụ onye sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi ma rụọ ọrụ na Mahadum Texas A&amp;amp;M dị ka onye sayentist na-eme nchọpụta site na 1977. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press-release/454480/abu-lwanga-senkayi-celebrates-40-years-of-professional-excellence-in-environmental-science|title=Abu Lwanga Senkayi Celebrates 40 Years of Professional Excellence in Environmental Science|work=24-7 Press Release Newswire|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marquistopscientists.com/2018/08/14/abu-senkayi/|title=Abu Lwanga Senkayi, Ph.D.|author=Moderator|first=Marquis Who's Who|date=2018-08-14|work=Marquis Who's Who Top Scientists|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-26}}</ref> Senkayi nwetara nzere bachelọ na Sayensị biomedicine na Mahadum Texas A&M na College Station, Texas. Ọ sonyeere Mahadum Texas na Arlington, nweta nzere bachelọ abụọ ọzọ na Microbiology na biology. O mechara nweta nzere masta (2010) na nzere PhD (2012) na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na nke ụwa n'otu mahadum ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://eadm.news/39-carousel/big/262-youthful-dr-sala-senkayi-smashes-glass-ceiling-wins-top-us-science-award|title=Youthful Dr. Sala Senkayi smashes glass ceiling, wins top US science award|author=Ph.D|first=Samuel Muwanguzi|work=eadm.news|language=en-gb|accessdate=2018-12-26}}</ref>Akwụkwọ edemede PhD ya tụlere njikọ dị n'etiti ọrịa kansa ọbara n'oge ụmụaka na ịdị nso ọdụ ụgbọelu dị na Texas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2014-04-01|title=Investigation of an association between childhood leukemia incidences and airports in Texas|journal=Atmospheric Pollution Research|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=189–195|doi=10.5094/APR.2014.023|issn=1309-1042|author=Senkayi|first=Sala N.}}</ref> Ọ chọpụtara na ikuku benzene bụ ihe na-egosi ọrịa leukemia n'oge ọ dị nwata.<ref name=":0" /> N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, Muwenda Mutebi nke Abụọ nke Buganda na Sylvia Nnaginda gara leta ya na Texas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugandandiasporanews.com/2012/05/18/meet-the-first-ugandan-american-female-environmental-scientist-in-dallas-fort-worth-dr-sala-senkayi/|title=Meet The First Ugandan-American PhD Female Environmental Scientist In Dallas – Dr. Sala Senkayi {{!}} Welcome to the Ugandan Diaspora News Online|work=www.ugandandiasporanews.com|accessdate=2018-12-26|archivedate=2018-12-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227084812/http://www.ugandandiasporanews.com/2012/05/18/meet-the-first-ugandan-american-female-environmental-scientist-in-dallas-fort-worth-dr-sala-senkayi/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Senkayi sonyeere Otu na ahụ maka Nchekwa gburu gburu na United Steeti n'afọ 2007. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.federalpay.org/employees/environmental-protection-agency/senkayi-sala|title=Employee Profile of Sala Senkayi — General Physical Scientist|work=www.federalpay.org|accessdate=2018-12-26}}</ref> Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ yana ụmụaka obodo n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji na-ekwu maka gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":1"/> Ọ malitere mkparịta ụka [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|EPA]] na ụmụ akwụkwọ webcast, ohere ụmụaka nwere ịgwa ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na Ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/students/epa-converses-students-webcasts|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227084724/https://www.epa.gov/students/epa-converses-students-webcasts|archivedate=December 27, 2018|title=EPA Converses with Students Webcasts|author=US EPA|first=OA|date=2015-07-30|work=US EPA|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/newsletter-issue/weekly-enews-events-grantsawards-workshops-webinars-volunteer-opportunities-resourc|title=WEEKLY eNEWS: Events, Grants/Awards, Workshops, Webinars, Volunteer Opportunities, Resources {{!}} Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries|work=www.wlf.louisiana.gov|accessdate=2018-12-26|archivedate=2018-12-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227040631/http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/newsletter-issue/weekly-enews-events-grantsawards-workshops-webinars-volunteer-opportunities-resourc}}</ref> Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na nchekwa mma mmiri, ọ bụkwa ya bụ onye ọrụ nchekwa mma nke ngalaba mma mmiri.<ref name=":2"/> N'afọ 2017, e nyere Senkayi ihe nrite Presidential Early Career Award maka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia maka mgbasa ozi na nyocha ya.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/09/president-obama-honors-federally-funded-early-career-scientists|title=President Obama Honors Federally-Funded Early-Career Scientists|date=2017-01-09|work=whitehouse.gov|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-26}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lhegqxjp5n0cxjvqs1fxz1jz1z0sya7 0 77171 674203 670547 2026-07-08T18:15:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Protected area of Maio, Cape Verde}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Porto Inglês salt flats<br>''Salinas do Porto Inglês'' | map = Cape Verde | label = Porto Inglês salt flats | label_position = top | coordinates = {{Coord|15.154|-23.225|display=inline,title}} | alt_name = | image = Salina do porto ingles.jpg | image_caption = | created = 2013 (Ramsar site) | area = {{convert|534|ha}} | length = | width = | elevation = | iucn_category = | location = southwestern part of [[Maio, Cape Verde|Maio]] northwest of [[Porto Inglês]] | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 3 July 2013 | designation1_number = 2182<ref name=Ramsar>{{Cite web|title=Salinas of the English Port |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2182|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Porto Inglês salt flats''' bụ saline wetland na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke agwaetiti Maio, Cape Verde, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo Porto Inglês. Ọ bụ ebe nchekwa {{convert|5.34|km2|abbr=on}} (''Paisagem Protegida das Salinas do Porto Inglês'')<ref name=resol>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210118230515/http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/cvi154186.pdf Resolução nº 36/2016], Estratégia e Plano Nacional de Negócios das Áreas Protegidas</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180813175345/http://fmb-maio.org/pt/protected-areas/ Áreas protegidas Maio], Maio Biodiversity Foundation</ref><ref>[http://www.areasprotegidas.gov.cv/images/Paisagens%20Protegidas_pdf.pdf Paisagens Protegidas], Áreas protegidas Cabo Verde</ref> and a Ramsar site.<ref name=Ramsar/> Ọ gụnyere ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ọdịdị ala, akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala. Ụdị nnụnụ ndị na-achọ nchekwa na-agakarị ebe ahụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ndị iwu mba na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa na-echebe, ebe ụfọdụ jupụtara na agwaetiti. ==Fauna== Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ a na-akwado nkuzi agba ude (''cursorius cursor'') na mbe mmiri loggerhead nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ (''Caretta caretta'').<ref name=Ramsar/> O nwere nnụnụ ájá a ma ama na nke dị n'ime ala, gụnyere nnukwu nnụnụ hoopoe-lark (''Alaemon alaudipes''), nnụnụ sparrow-crowned black-crowned (''Eremopterix nigriceps''), lark bar-tailed (''Ammomanes cinctura''), sanderling (''Calidris alba''') na bar-tailed godwit (''Limosa lapponica''). O nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa nke Kentish plover: 50% nke mkpokọta ndị bi na Cape Verde (mmadụ 150-300).<ref name=Ramsar/> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ebe echedoro na Cape Verde == Edensibịa ==   mm9o0vat0u03ba7sl69s8pe0ba8uael 0 77217 674348 670650 2026-07-09T02:59:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674348 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Bello Muhammad Goronyo | office = State Representative | constituency = [[Goronyo]] | occupation = Politician, Lawyer | birth_date = January 1, 1966 }} '''Bello Muhammad Goronyo'''(amụrụ na ọnwa Jenụwarị n'ụbọchi mbụ, afọ puku iri na itoolu iri isii na isii) bụ onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye na ahụ maka Ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Tokunbo2|date=2024-12-18|title=Works Minister Goronyo lauds progress on Sokoto-Funtua-Zaria road project|url=https://thesun.ng/works-minister-goronyo-lauds-progress-on-sokoto-funtua-zaria-road-project/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Reporter|first=Our|date=2024-12-05|title=Minister: partner Fed Govt in infrastructure|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-partner-fed-govt-in-infrastructure/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu ụlọ Nzukọ nke Sokoto Steeti ,na-anọchite anya mpaghara Goronyo site n'afọ puku abụọ na asaa ruo n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise , ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị Ka onye ndú na osote ọkà okwu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Benjamin|first=Isaiah|date=2023-07-30|title=Bello Muhammad Goronyo: A ministerial nominee, hardworking party loyalist with proven track records|url=https://blueprint.ng/bello-muhammad-goronyo-a-ministerial-nominee-with-proven-track-records/#google_vignette|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Goronyo na mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Goronyo, na steeti Sokoto.Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Kofar Marke, Sokoto site n'afọ 1975 ruo n'afọ 1981 na Kọleji Gọọmentị, Sokoto sitena n'afọ 1981 ruo 1986 , O nwetara diplọma na iwu site na College of Arts and Science ,Sokoto, na 1990, na LLB sitere na Mahadum Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sokoto na 1997, a kpọkwara ya na Bar nke Naijiria na 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-23|title=The Honourable Minister of State - Africa Development Bank Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project|url=https://afdb-rwssp.ng/the-honourable-minister/|accessdate=2025-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Goronyo bụ onye otu ụlọ omeiwu steeti Sokoto ugboro abụọ site na 2007 ruo 2015. E mechara họpụta ya dịka kọmishọna na gọọmentị steeti Sokoto (2015–2018), na-eje ozi na Ministri nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala siri ike, mmepe ike, na ozi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2024-07-28|title=Protest: FG'II take comprehensive measures to address issues- Minister Goronyo|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/protest-fgii-take-comprehensive-measures-to-address-issues-minister-goronyo/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Goronyo Reaffirms FG Commitment to Boost Food Production|url=https://nta.ng/2024/06/22/goronyo-reaffirms-fg-commitment-to-boost-food-production/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=Nigerian Television Authority - Africa's Largest TV Network|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-02-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211104927/https://nta.ng/2024/06/22/goronyo-reaffirms-fg-commitment-to-boost-food-production/}}</ref>N'afọ 2023, onyeisiala [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]]<ref>{{Cite news|author=Olafusi|first=Ebunoluwa|date=2024-12-02|title=Era of abandoned projects is over, says minister|url=https://www.thecable.ng/era-of-abandoned-projects-is-over-says-minister/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Support fight against corruption, Minister of State for Works tasks lawyers – Trending News|url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/11/support-fight-against-corruption-minister-of-state-for-works-tasks-lawyers/|accessdate=2025-02-08|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125155933/https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/11/support-fight-against-corruption-minister-of-state-for-works-tasks-lawyers/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-23|title=New ministers list: Bianca Ojukwu, Jumoke Oduwole nominated as Tinubu reshuffle cabinet|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c937p4ge1xgo|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> họpụtara ya dịka onye nlekọta na ahụ maka ọrụ Steeti. == Edensibịa == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1966]] emrhbrx1wzb6zeo4hsz9ywe3t624gni 0 77291 674426 671058 2026-07-09T09:16:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674426 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mallam Garba Shehu (amụrụ na Disemba 12, 1959) bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke jere ozi dịka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche, mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi nye onye bụbu onyeisiala Naịjirịa Muhammadu Buhari. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-31|title=Buhari appoints Garba Shehu, Femi Adesina as spokesmen {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/184119-buhari-appoints-garba-shehu-femi-adesina-as-spokesmen.html|accessdate=2020-10-14|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Atiku Abubakar|Ọ bụ onyeisi ndị nchịkọta akụkọ nke Nigerian Guild of Editors na onye na-ekwuchitere onye bụbu osote onyeisiala Naịjirịa, Atiku Abubakar]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-11-27|title=Garba Shehu: A quintessential presidential spokesman|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/garba-shehu-quintessential-presidential-spokesman/|accessdate=2020-10-14|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-08-31|title=Garba Shehu: I'm a Driver's Son...I Wasn't Born with a Silver Spoon, I Worked Hard to Propel Myself|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/08/31/garba-shehu-im-a-drivers-son-i-wasnt-born-with-a-silver-spoon-i-worked-hard-to-propel-myself/|accessdate=2020-10-14|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Shehu na Dutse, Jigawa State, ebe o tolitere na nne na nna ya.<ref name=":0" /> == Mmụta == Shehu gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Dutse n'afọ 1970. Ọ gara n'ihu n'agụmakwụkwọ ya na Barewa College n'afọ 1975. Na afọ 1981, ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na Mahadum Bayero Kano. . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nwabueze|first=Chinenye|date=6 August 2020|title=Garba Shehu biography, early life, marriage, education|url=https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archivedate=23 September 2020|accessdate=13 July 2025|work=MassMediaNG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNwabueze2020">Nwabueze, Chinenye (6 August 2020). . ''MassMediaNG''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/ the original] on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Shehu malitere ọrụ ya dịka onye nta akụkọ na Nigerian Television Authority, Sokoto, na 1982. Ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ ike na Network News Lagos na 1984. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi nchịkwa (MD) nke Triumph, onye bụbu onyeisi nke Guild of Editors.<ref name=":1" /> Onye bụbu osote onyeisiala Naịjirịa bụ Alhaji Atiku Abubakar họpụtara ya dịka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche na mgbasa ozi n'afọ 2003. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-11-27|title=Garba Shehu: A quintessential presidential spokesman|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/garba-shehu-quintessential-presidential-spokesman/|accessdate=2022-03-03|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọnwa isii gachara, onye bụbu onyeisiala Olusegun Obasanjo chụpụrụ Shehu, onye iwu kwadoro ịhọpụta ma wepụ ndị enyemaka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka osote onyeisiala. Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na Atiku Media Office (AMO), ngalaba mgbasa ozi nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke osote onyeisiala ahụ, mgbe achụchara ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-04|title=Who is Garba Shehu? Biography, Education, Marriage and Politics|url=https://lanrenews.com/who-is-garba-shehu-biography-education-marriage-and-politics/|accessdate=2021-05-04|work=Lanre News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://lanrenews.com/who-is-garba-shehu-biography-education-marriage-and-politics/ "Who is Garba Shehu? Biography, Education, Marriage and Politics"]. ''Lanre News''. 2021-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2015, a họpụtara ya onyeisi mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi nke All Progressive Congress maka kansụl mkpọsa onyeisiala. Onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari họpụtara ya dịka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche, mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi, a họpụtakwara ya ọzọ mgbe onyeisiala meriri ọzọ n'ọkwa. Ọ na-ede akwụkwọ dịka onye edemede na Nigerian Premium Times ugbu a. . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-11-27|title=Garba Shehu at 60: A tribute|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/garba-shehu-at-60-a-tribute/|accessdate=2020-10-14|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> == Arụmụka == N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2020, ndị otu Boko Haram gburu mmadụ iri isii na isii, ọkachasị ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọkụ azụ n'obodo Koshobe dị nso na Zabarmari, Jere Local Government Area nke Borno State.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-29|title=Boko Haram terrorists kill 66 farmers, fishermen in Borno|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/boko-haram-terrorists-kill-66-farmers-fishermen-in-borno/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A katọrọ Shehu mgbe ọ gbara BBC ajụjụ ọnụ ebe o kwuru na ndị ahụ merụrụ ahụ enwetaghị ikike ndị agha ịga ugbo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Newsday - Nigeria massacre: farmers death toll may rise - BBC Sounds|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p08zzpkw|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-30|title=Borno Killings: Farmers didn't get military clearance to farm — Garba Shehu|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/borno-killings-farmers-didnt-get-military-clearance-to-farm-garba-shehu/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Disemba afọ 2020, a tọọrọ ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 333 n'obodo Kankara, na steeti Katsina. Shehu nwetara nnukwu nkatọ mgbe o kwuru na naanị ụmụ akwụkwọ iri ka a tọọrọ n'ụzọ megidere ihe gọọmentị steeti na mgbasa ozi kwuru. Ọ ga-emecha rịọ mgbaghara maka iduhie ọha na eze..<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-18|title=Kankara school abduction: Garba Shehu apologizes for giving misleading figure|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/kankara-school-abduction-garba-shehu-apologizes-for-giving-misleading-figure/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Disemba 23, 2020, onye bụbu onye na-ekwuchitere onyeisiala, Reno Omokri, gbara Garba Shehu aka, mgbe o kwuchara na Onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari emeela ka Naịjirịa dị nchebe karịa ka ọ dị, ịnọ otu abalị na-enweghị nchekwa na Koshobe, ma ọ bụ Kware, nke onye nta akụkọ nọọrọ onwe ya kwadoro. Reno kwere nkwa inye ya onyinye $20,000. Shehu zara site n'ikwu, "Ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ ego sitere na nchịkọta e mere n'aha Leah Sharibu, nwa agbọghọ Kraịst dara ogbenye nke Boko Haram zuru, agaghị m emetụ ya aka ogologo oge. Biko debe 'USD20000<nowiki>'''</nowiki> gị'. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-23|title=Reno Omokri offers Garba Shehu $20,000 for a night in Borno; he declines|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/reno-omokri-offers-to-gift-garba-shehu-20000-if-he-accepts-to-spend-a-night-without-security-in-koshobe/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị Naịjirịa katọrọ ya, ndị chere na nkọwa ya banyere Leah Sharibu dịka "nwa agbọghọ Kraịst na-adịghị mma" abụghị ihe na-emetụ ya n'obi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-23|title=Nigerians attack Garba Shehu for describing Leah Sharibu as 'unfortunate Christian girl'|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/nigerians-attack-garba-shehu-for-describing-leah-sharibu-as-unfortunate-christian-girl/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] hl8rjps1nzk2aztr0023hefcr7flxod 0 77420 674188 673590 2026-07-08T16:18:40Z Timzy D'Great 12485 /* Plastik */ 674188 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Faịlụ:Slime.mold.jpg|thumb|Ọdịdị na-acha odo odo na-eto n'elu ite akwụkwọ mmiri]] Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ bụ mmebi nke Ihe ndị dị ndụ site na microorganisms, dị ka nje bacteria na fungi. [a] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Young|first=Reginald|title=Improved, reference quality genome sequence of the plastic-degrading greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella|url=https://academic.oup.com/g3journal/advance-article/doi/10.1093/g3journal/jkae070/7639139?login=true|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=2024|volume=14|issue=6|doi=10.1093/g3journal/jkae070|pmid=38564250}}</ref> N'adịghị ka Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ, phytodegradation nke nwere ngwa ole na ole, na-adabere na osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ iji mee ka mmebi ahụ. N'eziokwu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwakọta kemịkalụ (chemical compounds) na ihe (materials) niile na-enwe Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ, ya bụ, mmebi ha site n'aka ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ihe kacha ekpebi ọsọ mmebi a bụ oge. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akwụkwọ nri nwere ike ire ma ọ bụ mebie n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ebe ụfọdụ ụdị plastik nwere ike iwe ogologo oge tupu ha emebie. Ụkpụrụ European Union (EU) na-eji atụ biodegradability na-ekwu na ihe karịrị pasent 90% nke ihe mbụ (original material) ga-agbanwerịrị site n'ọrụ ihe ndị dị ndụ ka ọ bụrụ carbon dioxide (CO₂), mmiri, na mineral n'ime ọnwa isii. Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ anaghị emetụta elements, n'ihi ya, ihe ndị na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi sitere na ọla dị arọ (heavy metals) anaghị emebi site n'ọrụ ihe ndị dị ndụ. == Usoro == Enwere ike kewaa usoro nke Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ n'ime nzọụkwụ atọ: biodeterioration, biofragmentation, na assimilation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques|journal=Chemosphere|volume=73|issue=4|pages=429–42|date=September 2008|pmid=18723204|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.064}}</ref> A na-akọwa ọdịda nke ihe ndị dị ndụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ọdịda nke elu nke na-agbanwe njirimara igwe, nke anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal nke ihe ahụ. Nzọụkwụ a na-eme mgbe a na-ekpughe ihe ahụ na ihe ndị na-adịghị adị n'èzí ma na-enye ohere maka mmetọ site na imebi ọdịdị ihe ahụ. Ụfọdụ ihe abiotic na-emetụta mgbanwe ndị a bụ mkpakọ (mechanical), ìhè, okpomọkụ na kemịkal na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ ezie na biodeterioration na-emekarị dị ka ọkwa mbụ nke biodegradation, ọ nwere ike n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-agbakọta na biofragmentation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Muller|first=Rolf-Joachim|editor=Steinbüchel|chapter=Biodegradability of Polymers: Regulations and Methods for Testing|title=Biopolymers|publisher=Wiley-VCH|isbn=978-3-527-30290-1|chapterurl=https://application.wiley-vch.de/books/biopoly/pdf_v10/vol10_19.pdf|doi=10.1002/3527600035.bpola012|year=2005|accessdate=2018-09-19}}</ref> Hueck, Otú ọ dị, kọwara biodeterioration dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe ndị mmadụ, na-agụnye ihe ndị dị ka mmebi nke ihu nkume nke ụlọ, corrosion nke ọla site na microorganisms ma ọ bụ naanị mgbanwe mara mma nke sitere na ihe ndị dị adị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hueck|first=Hans|date=January 1966|title=The biodeterioration of materials as part of hylobiology|journal=Material und Organismen|volume=1|pages=5–34}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Biodeterioration|author=Allsopp|first=Dennis|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-511-61706-5|location=Cambridge}}</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=":4" /> Nkụwasasị Polymer site n'ọrụ ndu bụ usoro mgbaji nke polymer ebe a na-agbaji njikọ kemịkal dị n'ime polymer ahụ, na-emepụta oligomer na monomer n'ọnọdụ ya.[1] Usoro e si agbaji ihe ndị a na-adịkwa iche dabere ma oksịjen ọ dị ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị n'ime usoro ahụ. Mgbaji ihe site n'aka ụmụ irighiri ndụ (microorganisms) mgbe oksịjen dị bụ mgbaze aerobic (aerobic digestion), ebe mgbaji ihe mgbe oksịjen adịghị bụ mgbaze anaerobic (anaerobic digestion).[2] Isi ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro abụọ a bụ na usoro anaerobic na-emepụta methane, ebe usoro aerobic anaghị emepụta ya (agbanyeghị na usoro abụọ ahụ na-emepụta carbon dioxide, mmiri, ụdị fọdụrụnụ, na biomass ọhụrụ).[3] Na mgbakwunye, mgbaze aerobic na-emekarị ngwa ngwa karịa mgbaze anaerobic. Otú ọ dị, mgbaze anaerobic na-arụ ọrụ ka mma n'ibelata olu na ibu (mass) nke ihe a na-emebi emebi.[4] N'ihi na mgbaze anaerobic nwere ike ibelata olu na ibu nke mkpofu ma na-emepụtakwa gas sitere n'okike (methane), a na-eji teknụzụ mgbaze anaerobic eme ihe n'ọtụtụ usoro ijikwa mkpofu. A na-ejikwa ya dị ka isi iyi nke ume ọhụrụ a pụrụ imeghari (renewable energy) nke obodo nwere ike iji. N'oge assimilation, a na-ejikọta ngwaahịa ndị sitere na biofragmentation n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ microbial.<ref name=":0" /> Ụfọdụ n'ime ngwaahịa ndị sitere na nkwarụ na-ebugharị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ site na ndị na-ebu membrane. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ ka ga-enwe mmeghachi omume biotransformation iji mepụta ngwaahịa ndị a ga-ebugharị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Ozugbo n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ, ngwaahịa ndị ahụ na-abanye n'Ụzọ catabolic nke na-eduga na mmepụta nke adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref name=":0" /> ; Usoro nhazi nke biodegradation nke ikuku : Cpolymer + O2 → Cresidue + Cbiomass + CO2 + H2O ; Anaerobic biodegradation equation : Cpolymer → Cresidue + Cbiomass + CO2 + CH4 + H2O == Ihe ndị na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Decomposition_rates_of_marine_debris_items,_OWID.svg|thumb|Oge a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ga-emebi ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị n'oké osimiri. A na-egosi ihe plastik na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.]] N'ọrụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ '''ngwakọta kemịkal (chemical compounds)''' na '''ihe dị iche iche (materials)''' niile na-agafe usoro '''mbibi sitere n'aka ihe dị ndụ (biodegradation)'''. Otú ọ dị, ihe kacha mkpa bụ '''ọsọ''' mbibi ahụ na-eme. Usoro mbibi ahụ nwere ike were '''ụbọchị ole na ole, izu, afọ, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ narị afọ'''. Ọtụtụ ihe na-ekpebi ọsọ mbibi nke ngwakọta organic ndị a. Ha gụnyere '''ìhè''', '''mmiri''', '''oksịjen (oxygen)''', na '''okpomọkụ'''.[1] Otu ihe ọzọ dị mkpa bụ '''bioavailability''', nke pụtara ogo ma ọ bụ ọsọ ihe ahụ si bụrụ nke a pụrụ ịnata n'ime usoro ihe dị ndụ ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke dị n'ebe ihe omume ndu na-eme.[2] Tupu ụmụ irighiri ndụ (microorganisms) enwee ike imebi ngwakọta ahụ, ọ ga-ebu ụzọ gbazee n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ ngwọta (solution) ka ọ bụrụ nke ha nwere ike iji. A pụrụ ịtụ ọsọ '''biodegradation''' n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Otu ụzọ bụ iji '''ule respirometry''', nke a na-eji tụọ ọrụ ụmụ irighiri ndụ na-eji '''oksịjen (aerobic microbes)'''. N'ule a, a na-etinye '''nlele mkpofu siri ike (solid waste sample)''' n'ime akpa nwere '''ụmụ irighiri ndụ''' na '''ala''', e mesịa a na-enye ngwakọta ahụ oksịjen. Ka ụbọchị na-aga, ụmụ irighiri ndụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emebi ihe nlele ahụ ma na-emepụta '''carbon dioxide (CO₂)'''. Ọnụ ọgụgụ CO₂ a na-emepụta na-egosi ogo ma ọ bụ ọsọ mbibi ahụ. A pụkwara ịtụ '''biodegradability''' site n'ọrụ ụmụ irighiri ndụ na-adịghị achọ oksịjen ('''anaerobic microbes'''), site n'ịtụ oke '''methane''' ma ọ bụ '''alloy''' ha na-emepụta n'oge usoro ahụ.[3] Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche ihe ndị na-emetụta ọnụego biodegradation n'oge nnwale ngwaahịa iji hụ na nsonaazụ ndị a na-emepụta ziri ezi ma bụrụ ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ha. Ọtụtụ ihe ga-anwale dị ka ndị nwere ike imebi n'okpuru ọnọdụ kachasị mma na ụlọ nyocha maka nkwado mana nsonaazụ ndị a nwere ike ọ gaghị egosipụta ezigbo nsonaazụ ụwa ebe ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Research of the biodegradability of degradable/biodegradable plastic material in various types of environments|journal=Przegląd Naukowy. Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska|volume=26|year=2017|pages=3–14|doi=10.22630/PNIKS.2017.26.1.01}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe nwere ike ịnwale dị ka biodegrading na ọnụego dị elu na ụlọ nyocha nwere ike ọ gaghị emebi na ọnụego kachasị elu n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa n'ihi na ebe a na-akpofu ahịha anaghị enwekarị ìhè, mmiri, na ọrụ microbial dị mkpa maka mmebi.<ref name="SLH">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1543-measuring-biodegradability|title=Measuring biodegradability|work=Science Learning Hub|accessdate=2018-09-19|language=en}}</ref> Ya mere, ọ dị ezigbo mkpa na e nwere ụkpụrụ maka ngwaahịa plastik biodegradable, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi. Mmepe na ojiji nke usoro nyocha ziri ezi nwere ike inye aka hụ na plastik niile a na-emepụta ma na-ere ahịa ga-emebi n'ezie na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite book|date=1995|editor=Scott|title=Degradable Polymers|publisher=Dordrecht Springer|location=Netherlands|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-0571-2|isbn=978-94-010-4253-6}}</ref> Otu ule e mepụtara maka nzube a bụ DINV 54900.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradable Polymeric Materials-Not the Origin but the Chemical Structure Determines Biodegradability|journal=Angewandte Chemie|volume=38|issue=10|pages=1438–1442|date=May 1999|pmid=29711570|doi=10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19990517)38:10<1438::aid-anie1438>3.0.co;2-u}}</ref> Ọganihu ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya emeela ka nlekota oge nke polymer biodegradation site na iji biosensors jikọtara ya na mmụta igwe, na-emeziwanye izi ezi nke nyocha mmebi n'okpuru ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Javed2024">{{Cite journal|author=Javed|first=M.|title=Real-time monitoring of polymer biodegradation using biosensors and machine learning|journal=Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical|volume=417|year=2024|doi=10.1016/j.snb.2024.134294}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Oge a na-atụle maka ngwakọta iji mebie na gburugburu mmiri ! scope="col" style="width:175px;" |Ngwaahịa ! scope="col" style="width:175px;" |Oge Ịga Biodegrade |- |[[Akpụkpọ anụ akwụkwọ]] |Izu 2-4 |- |Akwụkwọ akụkọ |Izu 6 |- |[[Apple|Isi apụl]] |Ọnwa 2 |- |Igbe kaadị |Ọnwa 2 |- |[[Katọn|katọn mmiri ara ehi]] e ji wax kpuchie |Ọnwa 3 |- |Ogwe aka owuwe ihe ubi |1-5 ọnwa |- |Gloves [[Ajị anụ]] |1 afọ |- |Plywood |Afọ 1-3 |- |Ogwe [[Ńkú|osisi]] ndị e sere ese |Afọ 13 |- |Igbe plastik |Afọ 10-20 |- |Igbe tin |Afọ 50 |- |Diaper ndị a na-atụfu |Afọ 50-100 |- |Bottle plastik |100 Afọ |- |Igbe aluminum |Afọ 200 |- |Igbe iko |Enweghị mkpebi |} {| class="wikitable" |+Oge maka ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị iji mebie na gburugburu ụwa <ref name="SLH">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1543-measuring-biodegradability|title=Measuring biodegradability|work=Science Learning Hub|accessdate=2018-09-19|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1543-measuring-biodegradability "Measuring biodegradability"]. </cite></ref> |Nri |Ụbọchị 5 - 1 ọnwa |- |Akwụkwọ |Ọnwa 2-5 |- |T-shirt Cotton |Ọnwa 6 |- |Akpụkpọ anụ oroma |Ọnwa 6 |- |Akwụkwọ osisi |1 afọ |- |Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ajị anụ |Afọ 1-5 |- |Katọn mmiri ara ehi e ji plastik kpuchie |Afọ 5 |- |akpụkpọ ụkwụ Akpụkpọ anụ |Afọ 25-40 |- |Nylon akwa |Afọ 30-40 |- |Igbe tin |Afọ 50-100 |- |Igbe aluminum |Afọ 80-100 |- |Igbe iko |Otu nde afọ |- |Iko Styrofoam |Afọ 500 ruo mgbe ebighi ebi |- |Igbe plastik |Afọ 500 ruo mgbe ebighi ebi |} == Ụdị ihe onwunwe n'otu n'otu == === Ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ === Polycyclic aromatics bụ ihe nwere ike ibute ọrịa kansa nke a na-emepụta site na nhazi nke mmanụ na coal. === Plastik === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Okwu ahụ bụ plastik mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.882682/full|title=Effect of Different Ratios of Glycerol and Erythritol on Properties of Corn Starch-Based Films|journal=Frontiers in Nutrition|date=2022-04-25|doi=10.3389/fnut.2022.882682|accessdate=2026-03-06}}</ref> na-ezo aka n'ihe ndị na-anọgide na-enwe ike ha n'oge a na-eji ha eme ihe ma na-agbada n'ime ihe ndị dị ala na ihe ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu mgbe ejiri ha mee ihe. <ref name="Ikada_2000">{{Cite journal|author=Ikada|first=Yoshito|date=February 2000|title=Biodegradable polyesters for medical and ecological applications|journal=Macromolecular Rapid Communications|volume=21|issue=3|pages=117–132|doi=10.1002/(sici)1521-3927(20000201)21:3<117::aid-marc117>3.0.co;2-x|url=http://web.mit.edu/course/10/10.569/www/ikadaPEreview.pdf|accessdate=2011-03-08}}</ref> A na-eme ka mmebi a nwee ike site na mwakpo nke microorganisms na ihe ahụ, nke na-abụkarị polymer na-adịghị agbaze na mmiri.<ref name=":1" /> Enwere ike inweta ihe ndị dị otú ahụ site na njikọ kemịkal, fermentation site na microorganisms, na site na kemịkal gbanwere kemịkal.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradable plastics from renewable sources|journal=Folia Microbiologica|volume=48|issue=1|pages=27–44|date=January 2003|pmid=12744074|doi=10.1007/bf02931273}}</ref> Plastik na-agbada na ọnụego dịgasị iche iche. A na-ahọrọ pọmpụ dabeere na PVC maka ijikwa [[Mmiri mkpofu|nsị]] n'ihi na PVC na-eguzogide mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-emepụta ụfọdụ ihe nkwakọba ihe nke ga-emebi ngwa ngwa mgbe ọ na-ekpughe gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kyrikou|first=Ioanna|date=12 Apr 2007|title=Biodegradation of Agricultural Plastic Films: A Critical Review|journal=Journal of Polymers and the Environment|volume=15|issue=2|pages=125–150|doi=10.1007/s10924-007-0053-8}}</ref> Ihe atụ nke polymer ndị na-emepụta ihe na-agbada ngwa ngwa gụnyere polycaprolactone, polyesters ndị ọzọ na aromatic-aliphatic esters, n'ihi na njikọ ester ha nwere ike ịwakpo mmiri. Ihe atụ a ma ama bụ poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, Polylactic acid a na-enweta na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ndị ọzọ bụ cellulose-based cellulose acetate na celluloid (cellulose nitrate). [[Faịlụ:Polylactid_sceletal.svg|thumb|Polylactic acid bụ ihe atụ nke plastik nke na-agbada ngwa ngwa.]] N'okpuru ọnọdụ oxygen dị ala, plastik na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbaji. Enwere ike ime ka usoro mmebi ahụ dị ngwa n'ime ụyọkọ compost a haziri n'ụzọ pụrụ iche. Plastic ndị dabeere na starch ga-emebi n'ime ọnwa abụọ ruo anọ n'ime ụlọ compost, ebe polylactic acid bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka, na-achọ okpomọkụ dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/33773706.PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602155241/http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/33773706.PDF|archivedate=2013-06-02|title=Section 6: Biodegradability of Packaging Waste|publisher=Imperial College London|accessdate=2014-03-02}}</ref> Polycaprolactone na polycaprolactona-starch composites na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ emebi, mana ihe dị n'ime ya na-eme ka ọ dị ngwa site n'ịhapụ polycaprolactorone nwere oghere, ebe dị elu. Ka o sina dị, ọ na-ewe ọtụtụ ọnwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wu|first=Chin-San|title=Physical properties and biodegradability of maleated-polycaprolactone/starch composite|journal=Polymer Degradation and Stability|date=January 2003|volume=80|issue=1|pages=127–134|doi=10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00393-2|url=http://www.kyu.edu.tw/93/epaperv6/93-129.pdf|accessdate=2012-06-23}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, a chọpụtara nje bacteria aha ya bụ ''Ideonella sakaiensis'' ka ọ na-emebi PET. N'afọ 2020, enzyme na-emebi PET nke nje bacteria, PETase, agbanweela ma jikọta ya na MHETase iji mebie PET ngwa ngwa, ma mebie PEF. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Carrington|first=Damian|title=New super-enzyme eats plastic bottles six times faster|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/28/new-super-enzyme-eats-plastic-bottles-six-times-faster|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=The Guardian|date=28 September 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Plastic-eating enzyme 'cocktail' heralds new hope for plastic waste|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-09-plastic-eating-enzyme-cocktail-heralds-plastic.html|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=phys.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Knott|first=Brandon C.|title=Characterization and engineering of a two-enzyme system for plastics depolymerization|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=24 September 2020|volume=117|issue=41|pages=25476–25485|doi=10.1073/pnas.2006753117|pmid=32989159|language=en|issn=0027-8424}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, ndị na-eme nchọpụta kọrọ na ngwakọta nke microorganisms sitere na afọ ehi nwere ike imebi ụdị plastik atọ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Spary|first=Sara|title=Cows' stomachs can break down plastic, study finds|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/02/world/cows-plastic-scli-intl-scn/index.html|accessdate=14 August 2021|work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Quartinello|first=Felice|title=Together Is Better: The Rumen Microbial Community as Biological Toolbox for Degradation of Synthetic Polyesters|journal=Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology|date=2021|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fbioe.2021.684459|language=English|issn=2296-4185}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta plastik agafeela ọbụna ikwu na plastik ha nwere ike ime compostage, na-edekarị starch ọka dị ka ihe mejupụtara ya. Otú ọ dị, nkwupụta ndị a bụ ihe a na-enyo enyo n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ plastik na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru nkọwa nke ya nke compostable: : "nke nwere ike ịnata ire ure nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ebe a na-eme compost nke mere na ihe ahụ anaghị ahụ anya ma na-agbawa n'ime carbon dioxide, mmiri, inorganic compounds na biomass na ọnụego kwekọrọ na ihe ndị a maara compostable. " (Ref: ASTM D 6002) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.compostable.info/compostable.htm|title=Compostable|publisher=Compostable.info|accessdate=2014-03-02|archivedate=2020-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012056/http://www.compostable.info/compostable.htm}}</ref> A na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ "composting" eme ihe n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi iji kọwaa biodegradation nke ihe nkwakọba ihe. Nkọwa iwu dị maka compostability, usoro nke na-eduga na compost. European Union na-enye ụkpụrụ anọ: <ref name="EN 13432">{{Cite web|title=Requirements of the EN 13432 standard|url=https://docs.european-bioplastics.org/publications/bp/EUBP_BP_En_13432.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924190657/https://docs.european-bioplastics.org/publications/bp/EUBP_BP_En_13432.pdf|archivedate=2018-09-24|date=April 2015|work=European Bioplastics|accessdate=July 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Polymers, Biodegradable|title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|date=2012|publisher=Wiley-VCH|location=Weinheim|doi=10.1002/14356007.n21_n01|isbn=978-3-527-30673-2}}</ref> # Ihe mejupụtara kemịkal: ihe na-agbaze agbaze na ọla dị arọ yana fluorine kwesịrị ịbụ nke a kpaara ókè. # Biodegradability: ntụgharị nke >90% nke ihe mbụ na , mmiri na mineral site na usoro ndụ n'ime ọnwa 6. # Disintegrability: ọ dịkarịa ala 90% nke ịdị arọ mbụ ga-agbaze n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị nwere ike ịgafe 2x2 mm sieve. # Quality: enweghị ihe na-egbu egbu na ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbochi composting. == Nkà na ụzụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ == Nkà na ụzụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ bụ teknụzụ e guzobere na ngwa ụfọdụ na nkwakọ ngwaahịa, mmepụta, na ọgwụ. <ref name="pmid12161646">{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradable polymers for the environment|journal=Science|volume=297|issue=5582|pages=803–7|date=August 2002|pmid=12161646|doi=10.1126/science.297.5582.803|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231185|accessdate=2019-06-27}}</ref> Isi ihe mgbochi maka mmejuputa zuru oke bụ mgbanwe n'etiti biodegradability na arụmọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, plastik ndị dabeere na lactide bụ ihe nkwakọba dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ọdịnala. CEN (European Standards Organisation) na-akọwa mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ dị ka "mmebi nke sitere na ihe omume oxidative na cell-mediated, ma ọ bụ n'otu oge ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu". Ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akọwakọta ya dị ka "oxo-fragmentable, na "oxo -degradable" okwu ndị a na- akọwa naanị nke mbụ ma ọ gaghị eji emebi ihe site na usoro nke oxo-biadegradation akọwapụtara ma mee ihe iji mee ihe iji nye ya dị ukwuu iji mee ihe eji emebi usoro ndụ dị ka ọ dị mma iji mee ka usoro biodegradation: nkọwa dị mma iji nye usoro mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ iji mee ka ọ dị mkpa iji mee ka ihe iji mee ka<ref name="pmid15864950">{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradability of degradable plastic waste|journal=Waste Management & Research|volume=23|issue=2|pages=95–100|date=April 2005|pmid=15864950|doi=10.1177/0734242X05051045}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ahụike na-eji teknụzụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ eme ihe karịsịa. A na-ekewa polymers ndị a na-emebi emebi n'ìgwè atọ: ọgwụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, na itinye n'ọrụ abụọ, ebe a na-eke ha n'ìhè abụọ: nke okike na nke aka mere.<ref name="Ikada_2000" /> Ndi Nka nu uzu ocha na-eji ojiji nke supercritical carbon dioxide, nke n'okpuru nrụgide dị elu na okpomọkụ ime ụlọ bụ ihe na-agwọ agwọ nke nwere ike iji plastik biodegradable mee polymer ọgwụ mkpuchi. A na-eji polymer (nke pụtara ihe mejupụtara mkpụrụ ndụ nwere usoro nhazi ugboro ugboro nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ogologo) iji tinye ọgwụ tupu etinye ya n'ime ahụ ma dabere na lactic acid, ihe a na-emepụta n'ime anụ ahụ, ya mere enwere ike iwepụ ya n'ụzọ okike. A na-emepụta mkpuchi ahụ maka ịhapụ ya n'oge ụfọdụ, na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọgwụ ndị achọrọ ma na-eme ka uru ọgwụgwọ dịkwuo ukwuu. Prọfesọ Steve Howdle na-ekwu na polymer biodegradable na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa maka iji ya na nnyefe ọgwụ, dịka ozugbo a kpọbatara ha n'ime ahụ ha anaghị achọ iweghachite ma ọ bụ mmegharị ọzọ ma na-emebi ha n'ihe ndị na-agbari agbari, ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu. Polymer dị iche iche na-emebi na ọnụego dị iche iche n'ime ahụ ya mere enwere ike ịhazi nhọrọ polymer iji nweta ọnụego ntọhapụ achọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Using Green Chemistry to Deliver Cutting Edge Drugs|author=The University of Nottingham|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070913132945.htm|work=Science Daily|date=September 13, 2007|accessdate=September 24, 2018|archivedate=September 24, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070721/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070913132945.htm}}</ref> Ngwa ndị ọzọ nke biomedic gụnyere ojiji nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ, elastic shape-memory polymers. Enwere ike iji ihe ndị a na-etinye na ya eme ihe ugbu a maka usoro ịwa ahụ na-emetụta obere site na polymer thermoplastic. Polymer ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị ha ugbu a site na mmụba nke okpomọkụ, na-akpata ikike ncheta ọdịdị yana sutures na-emebi ngwa ngwa. N'ihi ya, ihe ndị a na-etinye n'ime ya nwere ike ịbanye ugbu a site na obere incisions, ndị dọkịta nwere ike ime nkwarụ dị mgbagwoju anya n'ụzọ dị mfe, na sutures na ihe ndị ọzọ na-enyere aka nwere ike imebi mgbe a wasịrị ya.<ref name="pmid11976407">{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradable, elastic shape-memory polymers for potential biomedical applications|journal=Science|volume=296|issue=5573|pages=1673–6|date=May 2002|pmid=11976407|doi=10.1126/science.1066102}}</ref> == Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na Imepụta kọmpọọsụ == Enweghị nkọwa zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ ma enwere nkọwa dị iche iche nke composting, nke dugara na mgbagwoju anya dị ukwuu n'etiti okwu ndị ahụ. A na-ejikọkarị ha ọnụ; Otú ọ dị, ha enweghị otu ihe ọ pụtara. Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ bụ mmebi nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala site na microorganisms dị ka nje bacteria na fungus ma ọ bụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gómez|first=Eddie F.|title=Biodegradability of conventional and bio-based plastics and natural fiber composites during composting, anaerobic digestion and long-term soil incubation|journal=Polymer Degradation and Stability|date=December 2013|volume=98|issue=12|pages=2583–2591|doi=10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.018}}</ref> Composting bụ usoro mmadụ na-akpali nke biodegradation na-eme n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bpiworld.org/Composting|title=Biodegradable Products Institute – Composting|work=bpiworld.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-24|archivedate=2018-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924185940/https://bpiworld.org/Composting}}</ref> Ihe dị iche n'etiti ha abụọ bụ na otu usoro na-eme n'ụzọ okike na otu bụ nke mmadụ na-akpali. Ihe na-emebi emebi nwere ike ire ure na-enweghị isi iyi oxygen (anaerobically) n'ime carbon dioxide, mmiri, na biomass, mana akọwaghị usoro iheomume ahụ kpọmkwem. N'otu aka ahụ, ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ carbon dioxide, mmiri, na biomass; Otú ọ dị, ihe a ga-eme ka a bụrụ ihe na-emefu na-emebi n'ime ihe ndị na-abụghị ihe. A na-akọwa usoro maka composting n'ụzọ doro anya karị, ebe ọ bụ na ụmụ mmadụ na-achịkwa ya. N'ụzọ bụ isi, composting bụ usoro biodegradation ngwa ngwa n'ihi ọnọdụ kachasị mma.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Magdoff|first=Fred|date=November 1993|title=Building Soils for Better Crops|journal=Soil Science|volume=156|issue=5|doi=10.1097/00010694-199311000-00014}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ngwaahịa ikpeazụ nke composting ọ bụghị naanị na ọ laghachiri na ọnọdụ mbụ ya, kamakwa ọ na-emepụta ma na-agbakwunye microorganisms bara uru na ala a na-akpọ [[humus]]. Enwere ike iji ihe a sitere n'okike mee ihe n'ogige na n'ugbo iji nyere aka ịzụlite osisi ndị dị mma n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.accessscience.com/content/325510|title=Humus|author=Morris|first=Schnitzer|journal=AccessScience|doi=10.1036/1097-8542.325510|accessdate=2018-09-24}}</ref> Composting na-eme mgbe niile n'ime oge dị mkpirikpi ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ usoro akọwapụtara nke ọma ma mee ka ọ dị ngwa site na ntinye aka mmadụ. Biodegradation nwere ike ime n'oge dị iche iche n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche, mana a na-ezube ime ya n'ụzọ okike na-enweghị ntinye aka mmadụ. [[Faịlụ:Organic_Waste_Disposal_Streams.pdf|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-anọchite anya ụzọ dị iche iche nke mkpofu ihe.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Composting in the Framework of the EU Landfill Directive|date=2002|title=Microbiology of Composting|pages=473–486|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-08724-4_39|isbn=978-3-642-08705-9}}</ref>]] Ọbụna n'ime composting, enwere ọnọdụ dị iche iche nke nke a nwere ike ime. Ụdị composting abụọ bụ n'ụlọ na azụmahịa. Ha abụọ na-emepụta ala dị mma iji mee ihe ọzọ - isi ihe dị iche bụ ihe ndị nwere ike ịbanye na usoro ahụ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Magdoff|first=Fred|date=November 1993|title=Building Soils for Better Crops|journal=Soil Science|volume=156|issue=5|doi=10.1097/00010694-199311000-00014}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMagdoff1993">Magdoff F (November 1993). </cite></ref> A na-ejikarị composting n'ụlọ eme ihe maka ihe oriri na ihe ubi karịrị akarị, dị ka ahịhịa. Commercial composting nwere ike imebi ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya, dị ka plastik sitere na ọka na nnukwu ihe, dị ka alaka osisi. Commercial composting na-amalite site na ntuziaka nke ihe eji eme ihe site na iji igwe ma ọ bụ igwe ọzọ iji malite usoro ahụ. N'ihi na composting n'ụlọ na-emekarị na obere ma ọ naghị agụnye nnukwu ígwè ọrụ, ihe ndị a agaghị emebi n'ụzọ zuru ezu na composting ụlọ. Ọzọkwa, otu nnyocha atụwo ma gosipụta ọdịiche dị n'ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na-ekwu na enwere uru na ọghọm na ha abụọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The use of life cycle assessment for the comparison of biowaste composting at home and full scale|journal=Waste Management|volume=30|issue=6|pages=983–94|date=June 2010|pmid=20211555|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2010.02.023|url=http://ddd.uab.cat/record/163720|accessdate=2018-09-27}}</ref> Nnyocha ndị na-esonụ na-enye ihe atụ nke akọwapụtara composting dị ka akụkụ nke biodegradation na ọnọdụ sayensị. Nnyocha mbụ, "Nnyocha nke Biodegradability nke Plastics n'okpuru Simulated Composting Conditions in a Laboratory Test Setting," na-enyocha composting n'ụzọ doro anya dị ka usoro ọnọdụ ndị na-adaba n'okpuru ụdị mmebi.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1996-01-01|title=Assessment of biodegradability of plastics under simulated composting conditions in a laboratory test system|journal=International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation|volume=37|issue=1–2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1016/0964-8305(95)00089-5}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, nnyocha a na-esote lere anya na biodegradation na mmetụta composting nke polylactic acid na-agwakọta na kemịkal.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012-02-01|title=Some composting and biodegradation effects of physically or chemically crosslinked poly(lactic acid)|journal=Polymer Testing|volume=31|issue=1|pages=83–92|doi=10.1016/j.polymertesting.2011.09.012|author=Żenkiewicz|first=Marian}}</ref> Karịsịa ịkọwa composting na biodegrading dị ka okwu abụọ dị iche iche. Nnyocha nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ na-enyocha ụkpụrụ Europe nke ihe biodegradable na compostable na ụlọ ọrụ nkwakọba ihe, ọzọ na-eji okwu ahụ iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2001-01-01|title=European current standardization for plastic packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation|journal=Polymer Testing|language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=517–521|doi=10.1016/S0142-9418(00)00068-4}}</ref> Ọdịiche dị n'etiti okwu ndị a dị oke mkpa n'ihi na mgbagwoju anya na-[[Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu]] na-eduga n'ịtọhapụ ihe ndị mmadụ n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị kwa ụbọchị. Nkà na ụzụ nke mbibi emeela ka e nwee ọganihu dị ukwuu n'otú anyị si ewepụ ihe mkpofu; ugbu a, e nwere ihe mkpofu, imegharị ihe, na ihe mkpofu iji melite usoro mkpofu. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na a na-agbagwoju anya na iyi mkpofu ndị a ugboro ugboro, mgbe ahụ usoro mkpofu ahụ adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Plastic Bag Externalities and Policy in Rhode Island|url=http://seattlebagtax.org/referencedpdfs/en-akullianetal.pdf|journal=Brown Policy Review|date=2006|accessdate=2018-09-24}}</ref> E mepụtara ihe ndị a na-emebi emebi na ihe ndị a ga-eme ka ha gbasaa iji hụ na ihe mkpofu mmadụ nwere ike imebi ma laghachi na ọnọdụ mbụ ya, ma ọ bụ n'ihe gbasara composting ọbụna tinye ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=364|issue=1526|pages=2127–39|date=July 2009|pmid=19528060|doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0289}}</ref> Mgbe a tụpụrụ ngwaahịa a na-etinye compostable karịa composted ma zigara ya n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, ihe ndị a mepụtara na mgbalị na-efu efu. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ka ụmụ amaala ghọta ọdịiche dị n'etiti okwu ndị a ka e wee nwee ike iwepụ ihe ndị ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nke ọma. == Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya == [[Mmetọ plastik]] sitere na ịtụfu iwu na-akwadoghị na-eweta ihe ize ndụ ahụike nye anụ ọhịa. Ụmụ anụmanụ na-ejikarị plastik eme ihe maka nri, na-akpata mgbagwoju anya nke eriri afọ. Chemicals na-eji nwayọ emebi, dị ka polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), nonylphenol (NP), na pesticides a na-ahụkwa na plastik, nwere ike ịhapụ n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi ma mesịa bụrụ nke anụ ọhịa riri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Webb|first=Hayden|date=2012-12-28|title=Plastic Degradation and Its Environmental Implications with Special Reference to Poly(ethylene terephthalate)|journal=Polymers|volume=5|issue=1|pages=1–18|doi=10.3390/polym5010001}}</ref> Chemicals ndị a na-arụkwa ọrụ na ahụike mmadụ, dịka iri nri na-adịghị mma (n'usoro a na-akpọ biomagnification na bioaccumulation) ejikọtara ya na nsogbu ndị dị ka ọrịa kansa, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Food web-specific biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants|journal=Science|volume=317|issue=5835|pages=236–9|date=July 2007|pmid=17626882|doi=10.1126/science.1138275}}</ref> nsogbu akwara, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Human mercury exposure and adverse health effects in the Amazon: a review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=24|pages=s503–20|date=2008|issue=Suppl 4|pmid=18797727|doi=10.1590/s0102-311x2008001600004}}</ref> na mgbanwe homonụ. Ihe atụ a ma ama nke biomagnification na-emetụta ahụike n'oge na-adịbeghị anya bụ mmụba nke ikpughe na ọkwa dị elu nke mercury n'ime azụ, nke nwere ike imetụta homonụ mmekọahụ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Perspectives in endocrine toxicity of heavy metals--a review|journal=Biological Trace Element Research|volume=160|issue=1|pages=1–14|date=July 2014|pmid=24898714|doi=10.1007/s12011-014-0023-7}}</ref> In efforts to remediate the damages done by slow-degrading plastics, detergents, metals, and other pollutants created by humans, economic costs have become a concern. Marine litter in particular is notably difficult to quantify and review.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Newman|first=Stephanie|chapter=The Economics of Marine Litter|date=2015|title=Marine Anthropogenic Litter|pages=367–394|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_14|isbn=978-3-319-16509-7}}</ref> Researchers at the World Trade Institute estimate that cleanup initiatives' cost (specifically in ocean ecosystems) has hit close to thirteen billion dollars a year.<ref name="Matsangou_2018">{{Cite news|first=Elizabeth|author=Matsangou|date=2 July 2018|url=https://www.worldfinance.com/markets/counting-the-cost-of-plastic-pollution|title=Counting the cost of plastic pollution|accessdate=17 September 2018|work=World Finance}}</ref> The main concern stems from marine environments, with the biggest cleanup efforts centering around garbage patches in the ocean. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a garbage patch the size of Mexico, is located in the Pacific Ocean. It is estimated to be upwards of a million square miles in size. While the patch contains more obvious examples of litter (plastic bottles, cans, and bags), tiny microplastics are nearly impossible to clean up.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Plastic debris and policy: Using current scientific understanding to invoke positive change|journal=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry|volume=35|issue=7|pages=1617–26|date=July 2016|pmid=27331654|doi=10.1002/etc.3408}}</ref> ''National Geographic'' reports that even more non-biodegradable materials are finding their way into vulnerable environments – nearly thirty-eight million pieces a year.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Shaena|author=Montanari|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/07/ocean-plastic-patch-south-pacific-spd/|title=Plastic Garbage Patch Bigger Than Mexico Found in Pacific|date=2017-07-25|accessdate=2018-09-17|work=National Geographic}}</ref> Ihe ndị na-emebibeghị nwekwara ike ịbụ ebe mgbaba maka ụdị ndị na-awakpo, dị ka ikpuru tube na barnacles. Mgbe gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbanwe na nzaghachi maka ụdị ndị na-awakpo, ụdị ndị bi na ya na nguzozi nke ihe onwunwe, ọdịiche dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ọgaranya nke ụdị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings--entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=364|issue=1526|pages=2013–25|date=July 2009|pmid=19528053|doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0265}}</ref> Ihe ndị a nwere ike ịkwado akụ na ụba mpaghara n'ụzọ ịchụ nta na aquaculture, nke na-ata ahụhụ na nzaghachi maka mgbanwe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-10-01|title=Marine plastic pollution as a planetary boundary threat – The drifting piece in the sustainability puzzle|journal=Marine Policy|language=en|volume=96|pages=213–220|doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.035}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na njem nleta gburugburu ebe obibi na-efunahụ ego site na mmụba nke mmetọ, ebe ọ bụ na osimiri ma ọ bụ ụsọ mmiri ha anaghịzi achọ ndị njem. Ụlọ ọrụ World Trade Institute na-ekwukwa na obodo ndị na-enwekarị mmetụta nke mmebi nke biodegradation bụ mba ndị dara ogbenye na-enweghị ụzọ ịkwụ ụgwọ maka nhicha ha.<ref name="Matsangou_2018">{{Cite news|first=Elizabeth|author=Matsangou|date=2 July 2018|url=https://www.worldfinance.com/markets/counting-the-cost-of-plastic-pollution|title=Counting the cost of plastic pollution|accessdate=17 September 2018|work=World Finance}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMatsangou2018">Matsangou E (2 July 2018). </cite></ref> N'ime mmetụta nzaghachi dị mma, ha n'aka nke ha nwere nsogbu ịchịkwa isi iyi mmetọ nke ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Socioeconomic Disparities and Air Pollution Exposure: a Global Review|journal=Current Environmental Health Reports|volume=2|issue=4|pages=440–50|date=December 2015|pmid=26381684|doi=10.1007/s40572-015-0069-5}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite nke "Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ" == Ojiji mbụ a maara nke Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ na 1959 mgbe e ji ya kọwaa mmebi nke ihe n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ site na microorganisms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biodegradable|title=Definition of BIODEGRADABLE|work=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-24|archivedate=2018-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924190238/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biodegradable}}</ref> Ugbu a, a na-ejikọkarị Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na ngwaahịa ndị na-adịghị emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi bụ akụkụ nke okirikiri ụwa dị ka Okirikiri carbon ma nwee ike ịtọgbọ azụ n'ime ihe okike. == Hụkwa ==  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} === Ụkpụrụ site na ASTM International === * D5210- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials na Ọnụnọ nke Obodo Mmiri Mmiri Mmị * D5526- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru Ọnọdụ Nchịkọta Ngwa ngwa * D5338- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru Ọnọdụ Nchịkwa Composting, Na-etinye Okpomọkụ Thermophilic * D5511- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru High-Solids Anaerobic-Digestion Conditions * D5864- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation nke Lubricants ma ọ bụ Ihe Ha * D5988- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials na Ala * D6139- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation nke Lubricants ma ọ bụ Ihe Ha Na-eji Gledhill Shake Flask * D6006- Ntuziaka ọkọlọtọ maka Ịtụle Biodegradability nke Hydraulic Fluids * D6340- Ụzọ Nnyocha Aerobic Biodegradation nke Radiolabeled Plastic Materials na Aqueous ma ọ bụ Compost Environment * D6691- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials na Marine Environment site na Consortium Microbial ma ọ bụ Natural Sea Water Inoculum * D6731-Ụzọ Nnyocha Aerobic, Aquatic Biodegradability nke Lubricants ma ọ bụ Lubricant Components na Respirometer mechiri emechi * D6954- Ntuziaka ọkọlọtọ maka ikpughe na ịnwale plastik nke na-emebi na gburugburu ebe obibi site na ngwakọta nke oxidation na Biodegradation * D7044- Nkọwapụta ọkọlọtọ maka Biodegradable Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids * D7373-Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka ịkọ ọdịdị nke Lubricants site na iji Bio-kinetic Model * D7475- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Degradation na Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru Accelerated Bioreactor Landfill Conditions * D7665- Ntuziaka ọkọlọtọ maka Nnyocha nke Mmiri Na-ebufe Okpomọkụ == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.european-bioplastics.org/ European Bioplastics Association] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130723014926/http://www.fpintl.com/resources/wp_biodegradable_plastics.htm Sayensị nke Plastic Biodegradable: Eziokwu n'azụ Biodegradable Plastic Packaging Material] * [http://www.biosphereplastic.com/uncategorized/what-is-biodegradation/ Nkọwa plastik a na-emebi emebi] {{Waste}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6yagbyccwwvtpwn6ewzl1x99dss2rh2 674190 674188 2026-07-08T16:21:26Z Timzy D'Great 12485 /* Ihe ndị na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ */ fixed reference errors 674190 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Faịlụ:Slime.mold.jpg|thumb|Ọdịdị na-acha odo odo na-eto n'elu ite akwụkwọ mmiri]] Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ bụ mmebi nke Ihe ndị dị ndụ site na microorganisms, dị ka nje bacteria na fungi. [a] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Young|first=Reginald|title=Improved, reference quality genome sequence of the plastic-degrading greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella|url=https://academic.oup.com/g3journal/advance-article/doi/10.1093/g3journal/jkae070/7639139?login=true|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=2024|volume=14|issue=6|doi=10.1093/g3journal/jkae070|pmid=38564250}}</ref> N'adịghị ka Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ, phytodegradation nke nwere ngwa ole na ole, na-adabere na osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ iji mee ka mmebi ahụ. N'eziokwu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwakọta kemịkalụ (chemical compounds) na ihe (materials) niile na-enwe Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ, ya bụ, mmebi ha site n'aka ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ihe kacha ekpebi ọsọ mmebi a bụ oge. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akwụkwọ nri nwere ike ire ma ọ bụ mebie n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ebe ụfọdụ ụdị plastik nwere ike iwe ogologo oge tupu ha emebie. Ụkpụrụ European Union (EU) na-eji atụ biodegradability na-ekwu na ihe karịrị pasent 90% nke ihe mbụ (original material) ga-agbanwerịrị site n'ọrụ ihe ndị dị ndụ ka ọ bụrụ carbon dioxide (CO₂), mmiri, na mineral n'ime ọnwa isii. Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ anaghị emetụta elements, n'ihi ya, ihe ndị na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi sitere na ọla dị arọ (heavy metals) anaghị emebi site n'ọrụ ihe ndị dị ndụ. == Usoro == Enwere ike kewaa usoro nke Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ n'ime nzọụkwụ atọ: biodeterioration, biofragmentation, na assimilation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques|journal=Chemosphere|volume=73|issue=4|pages=429–42|date=September 2008|pmid=18723204|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.064}}</ref> A na-akọwa ọdịda nke ihe ndị dị ndụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ọdịda nke elu nke na-agbanwe njirimara igwe, nke anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal nke ihe ahụ. Nzọụkwụ a na-eme mgbe a na-ekpughe ihe ahụ na ihe ndị na-adịghị adị n'èzí ma na-enye ohere maka mmetọ site na imebi ọdịdị ihe ahụ. Ụfọdụ ihe abiotic na-emetụta mgbanwe ndị a bụ mkpakọ (mechanical), ìhè, okpomọkụ na kemịkal na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ ezie na biodeterioration na-emekarị dị ka ọkwa mbụ nke biodegradation, ọ nwere ike n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-agbakọta na biofragmentation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Muller|first=Rolf-Joachim|editor=Steinbüchel|chapter=Biodegradability of Polymers: Regulations and Methods for Testing|title=Biopolymers|publisher=Wiley-VCH|isbn=978-3-527-30290-1|chapterurl=https://application.wiley-vch.de/books/biopoly/pdf_v10/vol10_19.pdf|doi=10.1002/3527600035.bpola012|year=2005|accessdate=2018-09-19}}</ref> Hueck, Otú ọ dị, kọwara biodeterioration dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe ndị mmadụ, na-agụnye ihe ndị dị ka mmebi nke ihu nkume nke ụlọ, corrosion nke ọla site na microorganisms ma ọ bụ naanị mgbanwe mara mma nke sitere na ihe ndị dị adị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hueck|first=Hans|date=January 1966|title=The biodeterioration of materials as part of hylobiology|journal=Material und Organismen|volume=1|pages=5–34}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Biodeterioration|author=Allsopp|first=Dennis|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-511-61706-5|location=Cambridge}}</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=":4" /> Nkụwasasị Polymer site n'ọrụ ndu bụ usoro mgbaji nke polymer ebe a na-agbaji njikọ kemịkal dị n'ime polymer ahụ, na-emepụta oligomer na monomer n'ọnọdụ ya.[1] Usoro e si agbaji ihe ndị a na-adịkwa iche dabere ma oksịjen ọ dị ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị n'ime usoro ahụ. Mgbaji ihe site n'aka ụmụ irighiri ndụ (microorganisms) mgbe oksịjen dị bụ mgbaze aerobic (aerobic digestion), ebe mgbaji ihe mgbe oksịjen adịghị bụ mgbaze anaerobic (anaerobic digestion).[2] Isi ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro abụọ a bụ na usoro anaerobic na-emepụta methane, ebe usoro aerobic anaghị emepụta ya (agbanyeghị na usoro abụọ ahụ na-emepụta carbon dioxide, mmiri, ụdị fọdụrụnụ, na biomass ọhụrụ).[3] Na mgbakwunye, mgbaze aerobic na-emekarị ngwa ngwa karịa mgbaze anaerobic. Otú ọ dị, mgbaze anaerobic na-arụ ọrụ ka mma n'ibelata olu na ibu (mass) nke ihe a na-emebi emebi.[4] N'ihi na mgbaze anaerobic nwere ike ibelata olu na ibu nke mkpofu ma na-emepụtakwa gas sitere n'okike (methane), a na-eji teknụzụ mgbaze anaerobic eme ihe n'ọtụtụ usoro ijikwa mkpofu. A na-ejikwa ya dị ka isi iyi nke ume ọhụrụ a pụrụ imeghari (renewable energy) nke obodo nwere ike iji. N'oge assimilation, a na-ejikọta ngwaahịa ndị sitere na biofragmentation n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ microbial.<ref name=":0" /> Ụfọdụ n'ime ngwaahịa ndị sitere na nkwarụ na-ebugharị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ site na ndị na-ebu membrane. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ ka ga-enwe mmeghachi omume biotransformation iji mepụta ngwaahịa ndị a ga-ebugharị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Ozugbo n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ, ngwaahịa ndị ahụ na-abanye n'Ụzọ catabolic nke na-eduga na mmepụta nke adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref name=":0" /> ; Usoro nhazi nke biodegradation nke ikuku : Cpolymer + O2 → Cresidue + Cbiomass + CO2 + H2O ; Anaerobic biodegradation equation : Cpolymer → Cresidue + Cbiomass + CO2 + CH4 + H2O == Ihe ndị na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Decomposition_rates_of_marine_debris_items,_OWID.svg|thumb|Oge a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ga-emebi ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị n'oké osimiri. A na-egosi ihe plastik na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.]] N'ọrụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ '''ngwakọta kemịkal (chemical compounds)''' na '''ihe dị iche iche (materials)''' niile na-agafe usoro '''mbibi sitere n'aka ihe dị ndụ (biodegradation)'''. Otú ọ dị, ihe kacha mkpa bụ '''ọsọ''' mbibi ahụ na-eme. Usoro mbibi ahụ nwere ike were '''ụbọchị ole na ole, izu, afọ, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ narị afọ'''. Ọtụtụ ihe na-ekpebi ọsọ mbibi nke ngwakọta organic ndị a. Ha gụnyere '''ìhè''', '''mmiri''', '''oksịjen (oxygen)''', na '''okpomọkụ'''.[1] Otu ihe ọzọ dị mkpa bụ '''bioavailability''', nke pụtara ogo ma ọ bụ ọsọ ihe ahụ si bụrụ nke a pụrụ ịnata n'ime usoro ihe dị ndụ ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke dị n'ebe ihe omume ndu na-eme.[2] Tupu ụmụ irighiri ndụ (microorganisms) enwee ike imebi ngwakọta ahụ, ọ ga-ebu ụzọ gbazee n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ ngwọta (solution) ka ọ bụrụ nke ha nwere ike iji. A pụrụ ịtụ ọsọ '''biodegradation''' n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Otu ụzọ bụ iji '''ule respirometry''', nke a na-eji tụọ ọrụ ụmụ irighiri ndụ na-eji '''oksịjen (aerobic microbes)'''. N'ule a, a na-etinye '''nlele mkpofu siri ike (solid waste sample)''' n'ime akpa nwere '''ụmụ irighiri ndụ''' na '''ala''', e mesịa a na-enye ngwakọta ahụ oksịjen. Ka ụbọchị na-aga, ụmụ irighiri ndụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emebi ihe nlele ahụ ma na-emepụta '''carbon dioxide (CO₂)'''. Ọnụ ọgụgụ CO₂ a na-emepụta na-egosi ogo ma ọ bụ ọsọ mbibi ahụ. A pụkwara ịtụ '''biodegradability''' site n'ọrụ ụmụ irighiri ndụ na-adịghị achọ oksịjen ('''anaerobic microbes'''), site n'ịtụ oke '''methane''' ma ọ bụ '''alloy''' ha na-emepụta n'oge usoro ahụ.[3] Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche ihe ndị na-emetụta ọnụego biodegradation n'oge nnwale ngwaahịa iji hụ na nsonaazụ ndị a na-emepụta ziri ezi ma bụrụ ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ha. Ọtụtụ ihe ga-anwale dị ka ndị nwere ike imebi n'okpuru ọnọdụ kachasị mma na ụlọ nyocha maka nkwado mana nsonaazụ ndị a nwere ike ọ gaghị egosipụta ezigbo nsonaazụ ụwa ebe ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Research of the biodegradability of degradable/biodegradable plastic material in various types of environments|journal=Przegląd Naukowy. Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska|volume=26|year=2017|pages=3–14|doi=10.22630/PNIKS.2017.26.1.01}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe nwere ike ịnwale dị ka biodegrading na ọnụego dị elu na ụlọ nyocha nwere ike ọ gaghị emebi na ọnụego kachasị elu n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa n'ihi na ebe a na-akpofu ahịha anaghị enwekarị ìhè, mmiri, na ọrụ microbial dị mkpa maka mmebi.<ref name="SLH">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1543-measuring-biodegradability|title=Measuring biodegradability|work=Science Learning Hub|accessdate=2018-09-19|language=en}}</ref> Ya mere, ọ dị ezigbo mkpa na e nwere ụkpụrụ maka ngwaahịa plastik biodegradable, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi. Mmepe na ojiji nke usoro nyocha ziri ezi nwere ike inye aka hụ na plastik niile a na-emepụta ma na-ere ahịa ga-emebi n'ezie na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite book|date=1995|editor=Scott|title=Degradable Polymers|publisher=Dordrecht Springer|location=Netherlands|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-0571-2|isbn=978-94-010-4253-6}}</ref> Otu ule e mepụtara maka nzube a bụ DINV 54900.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradable Polymeric Materials-Not the Origin but the Chemical Structure Determines Biodegradability|journal=Angewandte Chemie|volume=38|issue=10|pages=1438–1442|date=May 1999|pmid=29711570|doi=10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19990517)38:10<1438::aid-anie1438>3.0.co;2-u}}</ref> Ọganihu ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya emeela ka nlekota oge nke polymer biodegradation site na iji biosensors jikọtara ya na mmụta igwe, na-emeziwanye izi ezi nke nyocha mmebi n'okpuru ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Javed2024">{{Cite journal|author=Javed|first=M.|title=Real-time monitoring of polymer biodegradation using biosensors and machine learning|journal=Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical|volume=417|year=2024|doi=10.1016/j.snb.2024.134294}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Oge a na-atụle maka ngwakọta iji mebie na gburugburu mmiri ! scope="col" style="width:175px;" |Ngwaahịa ! scope="col" style="width:175px;" |Oge Ịga Biodegrade |- |[[Akpụkpọ anụ akwụkwọ]] |Izu 2-4 |- |Akwụkwọ akụkọ |Izu 6 |- |[[Apple|Isi apụl]] |Ọnwa 2 |- |Igbe kaadị |Ọnwa 2 |- |[[Katọn|katọn mmiri ara ehi]] e ji wax kpuchie |Ọnwa 3 |- |Ogwe aka owuwe ihe ubi |1-5 ọnwa |- |Gloves [[Ajị anụ]] |1 afọ |- |Plywood |Afọ 1-3 |- |Ogwe [[Ńkú|osisi]] ndị e sere ese |Afọ 13 |- |Igbe plastik |Afọ 10-20 |- |Igbe tin |Afọ 50 |- |Diaper ndị a na-atụfu |Afọ 50-100 |- |Bottle plastik |100 Afọ |- |Igbe aluminum |Afọ 200 |- |Igbe iko |Enweghị mkpebi |} {| class="wikitable" |+Oge maka ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị iji mebie na gburugburu ụwa <ref name="SLH" /> |Nri |Ụbọchị 5 - 1 ọnwa |- |Akwụkwọ |Ọnwa 2-5 |- |T-shirt Cotton |Ọnwa 6 |- |Akpụkpọ anụ oroma |Ọnwa 6 |- |Akwụkwọ osisi |1 afọ |- |Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ajị anụ |Afọ 1-5 |- |Katọn mmiri ara ehi e ji plastik kpuchie |Afọ 5 |- |akpụkpọ ụkwụ Akpụkpọ anụ |Afọ 25-40 |- |Nylon akwa |Afọ 30-40 |- |Igbe tin |Afọ 50-100 |- |Igbe aluminum |Afọ 80-100 |- |Igbe iko |Otu nde afọ |- |Iko Styrofoam |Afọ 500 ruo mgbe ebighi ebi |- |Igbe plastik |Afọ 500 ruo mgbe ebighi ebi |} == Ụdị ihe onwunwe n'otu n'otu == === Ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ === Polycyclic aromatics bụ ihe nwere ike ibute ọrịa kansa nke a na-emepụta site na nhazi nke mmanụ na coal. === Plastik === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Okwu ahụ bụ plastik mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.882682/full|title=Effect of Different Ratios of Glycerol and Erythritol on Properties of Corn Starch-Based Films|journal=Frontiers in Nutrition|date=2022-04-25|doi=10.3389/fnut.2022.882682|accessdate=2026-03-06}}</ref> na-ezo aka n'ihe ndị na-anọgide na-enwe ike ha n'oge a na-eji ha eme ihe ma na-agbada n'ime ihe ndị dị ala na ihe ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu mgbe ejiri ha mee ihe. <ref name="Ikada_2000">{{Cite journal|author=Ikada|first=Yoshito|date=February 2000|title=Biodegradable polyesters for medical and ecological applications|journal=Macromolecular Rapid Communications|volume=21|issue=3|pages=117–132|doi=10.1002/(sici)1521-3927(20000201)21:3<117::aid-marc117>3.0.co;2-x|url=http://web.mit.edu/course/10/10.569/www/ikadaPEreview.pdf|accessdate=2011-03-08}}</ref> A na-eme ka mmebi a nwee ike site na mwakpo nke microorganisms na ihe ahụ, nke na-abụkarị polymer na-adịghị agbaze na mmiri.<ref name=":1" /> Enwere ike inweta ihe ndị dị otú ahụ site na njikọ kemịkal, fermentation site na microorganisms, na site na kemịkal gbanwere kemịkal.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradable plastics from renewable sources|journal=Folia Microbiologica|volume=48|issue=1|pages=27–44|date=January 2003|pmid=12744074|doi=10.1007/bf02931273}}</ref> Plastik na-agbada na ọnụego dịgasị iche iche. A na-ahọrọ pọmpụ dabeere na PVC maka ijikwa [[Mmiri mkpofu|nsị]] n'ihi na PVC na-eguzogide mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-emepụta ụfọdụ ihe nkwakọba ihe nke ga-emebi ngwa ngwa mgbe ọ na-ekpughe gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kyrikou|first=Ioanna|date=12 Apr 2007|title=Biodegradation of Agricultural Plastic Films: A Critical Review|journal=Journal of Polymers and the Environment|volume=15|issue=2|pages=125–150|doi=10.1007/s10924-007-0053-8}}</ref> Ihe atụ nke polymer ndị na-emepụta ihe na-agbada ngwa ngwa gụnyere polycaprolactone, polyesters ndị ọzọ na aromatic-aliphatic esters, n'ihi na njikọ ester ha nwere ike ịwakpo mmiri. Ihe atụ a ma ama bụ poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, Polylactic acid a na-enweta na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ndị ọzọ bụ cellulose-based cellulose acetate na celluloid (cellulose nitrate). [[Faịlụ:Polylactid_sceletal.svg|thumb|Polylactic acid bụ ihe atụ nke plastik nke na-agbada ngwa ngwa.]] N'okpuru ọnọdụ oxygen dị ala, plastik na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbaji. Enwere ike ime ka usoro mmebi ahụ dị ngwa n'ime ụyọkọ compost a haziri n'ụzọ pụrụ iche. Plastic ndị dabeere na starch ga-emebi n'ime ọnwa abụọ ruo anọ n'ime ụlọ compost, ebe polylactic acid bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka, na-achọ okpomọkụ dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/33773706.PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602155241/http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/33773706.PDF|archivedate=2013-06-02|title=Section 6: Biodegradability of Packaging Waste|publisher=Imperial College London|accessdate=2014-03-02}}</ref> Polycaprolactone na polycaprolactona-starch composites na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ emebi, mana ihe dị n'ime ya na-eme ka ọ dị ngwa site n'ịhapụ polycaprolactorone nwere oghere, ebe dị elu. Ka o sina dị, ọ na-ewe ọtụtụ ọnwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wu|first=Chin-San|title=Physical properties and biodegradability of maleated-polycaprolactone/starch composite|journal=Polymer Degradation and Stability|date=January 2003|volume=80|issue=1|pages=127–134|doi=10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00393-2|url=http://www.kyu.edu.tw/93/epaperv6/93-129.pdf|accessdate=2012-06-23}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, a chọpụtara nje bacteria aha ya bụ ''Ideonella sakaiensis'' ka ọ na-emebi PET. N'afọ 2020, enzyme na-emebi PET nke nje bacteria, PETase, agbanweela ma jikọta ya na MHETase iji mebie PET ngwa ngwa, ma mebie PEF. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Carrington|first=Damian|title=New super-enzyme eats plastic bottles six times faster|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/28/new-super-enzyme-eats-plastic-bottles-six-times-faster|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=The Guardian|date=28 September 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Plastic-eating enzyme 'cocktail' heralds new hope for plastic waste|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-09-plastic-eating-enzyme-cocktail-heralds-plastic.html|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=phys.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Knott|first=Brandon C.|title=Characterization and engineering of a two-enzyme system for plastics depolymerization|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=24 September 2020|volume=117|issue=41|pages=25476–25485|doi=10.1073/pnas.2006753117|pmid=32989159|language=en|issn=0027-8424}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, ndị na-eme nchọpụta kọrọ na ngwakọta nke microorganisms sitere na afọ ehi nwere ike imebi ụdị plastik atọ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Spary|first=Sara|title=Cows' stomachs can break down plastic, study finds|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/02/world/cows-plastic-scli-intl-scn/index.html|accessdate=14 August 2021|work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Quartinello|first=Felice|title=Together Is Better: The Rumen Microbial Community as Biological Toolbox for Degradation of Synthetic Polyesters|journal=Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology|date=2021|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fbioe.2021.684459|language=English|issn=2296-4185}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta plastik agafeela ọbụna ikwu na plastik ha nwere ike ime compostage, na-edekarị starch ọka dị ka ihe mejupụtara ya. Otú ọ dị, nkwupụta ndị a bụ ihe a na-enyo enyo n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ plastik na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru nkọwa nke ya nke compostable: : "nke nwere ike ịnata ire ure nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ebe a na-eme compost nke mere na ihe ahụ anaghị ahụ anya ma na-agbawa n'ime carbon dioxide, mmiri, inorganic compounds na biomass na ọnụego kwekọrọ na ihe ndị a maara compostable. " (Ref: ASTM D 6002) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.compostable.info/compostable.htm|title=Compostable|publisher=Compostable.info|accessdate=2014-03-02|archivedate=2020-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012056/http://www.compostable.info/compostable.htm}}</ref> A na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ "composting" eme ihe n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi iji kọwaa biodegradation nke ihe nkwakọba ihe. Nkọwa iwu dị maka compostability, usoro nke na-eduga na compost. European Union na-enye ụkpụrụ anọ: <ref name="EN 13432">{{Cite web|title=Requirements of the EN 13432 standard|url=https://docs.european-bioplastics.org/publications/bp/EUBP_BP_En_13432.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924190657/https://docs.european-bioplastics.org/publications/bp/EUBP_BP_En_13432.pdf|archivedate=2018-09-24|date=April 2015|work=European Bioplastics|accessdate=July 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Polymers, Biodegradable|title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|date=2012|publisher=Wiley-VCH|location=Weinheim|doi=10.1002/14356007.n21_n01|isbn=978-3-527-30673-2}}</ref> # Ihe mejupụtara kemịkal: ihe na-agbaze agbaze na ọla dị arọ yana fluorine kwesịrị ịbụ nke a kpaara ókè. # Biodegradability: ntụgharị nke >90% nke ihe mbụ na , mmiri na mineral site na usoro ndụ n'ime ọnwa 6. # Disintegrability: ọ dịkarịa ala 90% nke ịdị arọ mbụ ga-agbaze n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị nwere ike ịgafe 2x2 mm sieve. # Quality: enweghị ihe na-egbu egbu na ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbochi composting. == Nkà na ụzụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ == Nkà na ụzụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ bụ teknụzụ e guzobere na ngwa ụfọdụ na nkwakọ ngwaahịa, mmepụta, na ọgwụ. <ref name="pmid12161646">{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradable polymers for the environment|journal=Science|volume=297|issue=5582|pages=803–7|date=August 2002|pmid=12161646|doi=10.1126/science.297.5582.803|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231185|accessdate=2019-06-27}}</ref> Isi ihe mgbochi maka mmejuputa zuru oke bụ mgbanwe n'etiti biodegradability na arụmọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, plastik ndị dabeere na lactide bụ ihe nkwakọba dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ọdịnala. CEN (European Standards Organisation) na-akọwa mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ dị ka "mmebi nke sitere na ihe omume oxidative na cell-mediated, ma ọ bụ n'otu oge ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu". Ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akọwakọta ya dị ka "oxo-fragmentable, na "oxo -degradable" okwu ndị a na- akọwa naanị nke mbụ ma ọ gaghị eji emebi ihe site na usoro nke oxo-biadegradation akọwapụtara ma mee ihe iji mee ihe iji nye ya dị ukwuu iji mee ihe eji emebi usoro ndụ dị ka ọ dị mma iji mee ka usoro biodegradation: nkọwa dị mma iji nye usoro mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ iji mee ka ọ dị mkpa iji mee ka ihe iji mee ka<ref name="pmid15864950">{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradability of degradable plastic waste|journal=Waste Management & Research|volume=23|issue=2|pages=95–100|date=April 2005|pmid=15864950|doi=10.1177/0734242X05051045}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ahụike na-eji teknụzụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ eme ihe karịsịa. A na-ekewa polymers ndị a na-emebi emebi n'ìgwè atọ: ọgwụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, na itinye n'ọrụ abụọ, ebe a na-eke ha n'ìhè abụọ: nke okike na nke aka mere.<ref name="Ikada_2000" /> Ndi Nka nu uzu ocha na-eji ojiji nke supercritical carbon dioxide, nke n'okpuru nrụgide dị elu na okpomọkụ ime ụlọ bụ ihe na-agwọ agwọ nke nwere ike iji plastik biodegradable mee polymer ọgwụ mkpuchi. A na-eji polymer (nke pụtara ihe mejupụtara mkpụrụ ndụ nwere usoro nhazi ugboro ugboro nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ogologo) iji tinye ọgwụ tupu etinye ya n'ime ahụ ma dabere na lactic acid, ihe a na-emepụta n'ime anụ ahụ, ya mere enwere ike iwepụ ya n'ụzọ okike. A na-emepụta mkpuchi ahụ maka ịhapụ ya n'oge ụfọdụ, na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọgwụ ndị achọrọ ma na-eme ka uru ọgwụgwọ dịkwuo ukwuu. Prọfesọ Steve Howdle na-ekwu na polymer biodegradable na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa maka iji ya na nnyefe ọgwụ, dịka ozugbo a kpọbatara ha n'ime ahụ ha anaghị achọ iweghachite ma ọ bụ mmegharị ọzọ ma na-emebi ha n'ihe ndị na-agbari agbari, ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu. Polymer dị iche iche na-emebi na ọnụego dị iche iche n'ime ahụ ya mere enwere ike ịhazi nhọrọ polymer iji nweta ọnụego ntọhapụ achọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Using Green Chemistry to Deliver Cutting Edge Drugs|author=The University of Nottingham|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070913132945.htm|work=Science Daily|date=September 13, 2007|accessdate=September 24, 2018|archivedate=September 24, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070721/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070913132945.htm}}</ref> Ngwa ndị ọzọ nke biomedic gụnyere ojiji nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ, elastic shape-memory polymers. Enwere ike iji ihe ndị a na-etinye na ya eme ihe ugbu a maka usoro ịwa ahụ na-emetụta obere site na polymer thermoplastic. Polymer ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị ha ugbu a site na mmụba nke okpomọkụ, na-akpata ikike ncheta ọdịdị yana sutures na-emebi ngwa ngwa. N'ihi ya, ihe ndị a na-etinye n'ime ya nwere ike ịbanye ugbu a site na obere incisions, ndị dọkịta nwere ike ime nkwarụ dị mgbagwoju anya n'ụzọ dị mfe, na sutures na ihe ndị ọzọ na-enyere aka nwere ike imebi mgbe a wasịrị ya.<ref name="pmid11976407">{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradable, elastic shape-memory polymers for potential biomedical applications|journal=Science|volume=296|issue=5573|pages=1673–6|date=May 2002|pmid=11976407|doi=10.1126/science.1066102}}</ref> == Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na Imepụta kọmpọọsụ == Enweghị nkọwa zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ ma enwere nkọwa dị iche iche nke composting, nke dugara na mgbagwoju anya dị ukwuu n'etiti okwu ndị ahụ. A na-ejikọkarị ha ọnụ; Otú ọ dị, ha enweghị otu ihe ọ pụtara. Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ bụ mmebi nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala site na microorganisms dị ka nje bacteria na fungus ma ọ bụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gómez|first=Eddie F.|title=Biodegradability of conventional and bio-based plastics and natural fiber composites during composting, anaerobic digestion and long-term soil incubation|journal=Polymer Degradation and Stability|date=December 2013|volume=98|issue=12|pages=2583–2591|doi=10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.018}}</ref> Composting bụ usoro mmadụ na-akpali nke biodegradation na-eme n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bpiworld.org/Composting|title=Biodegradable Products Institute – Composting|work=bpiworld.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-24|archivedate=2018-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924185940/https://bpiworld.org/Composting}}</ref> Ihe dị iche n'etiti ha abụọ bụ na otu usoro na-eme n'ụzọ okike na otu bụ nke mmadụ na-akpali. Ihe na-emebi emebi nwere ike ire ure na-enweghị isi iyi oxygen (anaerobically) n'ime carbon dioxide, mmiri, na biomass, mana akọwaghị usoro iheomume ahụ kpọmkwem. N'otu aka ahụ, ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ carbon dioxide, mmiri, na biomass; Otú ọ dị, ihe a ga-eme ka a bụrụ ihe na-emefu na-emebi n'ime ihe ndị na-abụghị ihe. A na-akọwa usoro maka composting n'ụzọ doro anya karị, ebe ọ bụ na ụmụ mmadụ na-achịkwa ya. N'ụzọ bụ isi, composting bụ usoro biodegradation ngwa ngwa n'ihi ọnọdụ kachasị mma.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Magdoff|first=Fred|date=November 1993|title=Building Soils for Better Crops|journal=Soil Science|volume=156|issue=5|doi=10.1097/00010694-199311000-00014}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ngwaahịa ikpeazụ nke composting ọ bụghị naanị na ọ laghachiri na ọnọdụ mbụ ya, kamakwa ọ na-emepụta ma na-agbakwunye microorganisms bara uru na ala a na-akpọ [[humus]]. Enwere ike iji ihe a sitere n'okike mee ihe n'ogige na n'ugbo iji nyere aka ịzụlite osisi ndị dị mma n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.accessscience.com/content/325510|title=Humus|author=Morris|first=Schnitzer|journal=AccessScience|doi=10.1036/1097-8542.325510|accessdate=2018-09-24}}</ref> Composting na-eme mgbe niile n'ime oge dị mkpirikpi ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ usoro akọwapụtara nke ọma ma mee ka ọ dị ngwa site na ntinye aka mmadụ. Biodegradation nwere ike ime n'oge dị iche iche n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche, mana a na-ezube ime ya n'ụzọ okike na-enweghị ntinye aka mmadụ. [[Faịlụ:Organic_Waste_Disposal_Streams.pdf|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-anọchite anya ụzọ dị iche iche nke mkpofu ihe.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Composting in the Framework of the EU Landfill Directive|date=2002|title=Microbiology of Composting|pages=473–486|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-08724-4_39|isbn=978-3-642-08705-9}}</ref>]] Ọbụna n'ime composting, enwere ọnọdụ dị iche iche nke nke a nwere ike ime. Ụdị composting abụọ bụ n'ụlọ na azụmahịa. Ha abụọ na-emepụta ala dị mma iji mee ihe ọzọ - isi ihe dị iche bụ ihe ndị nwere ike ịbanye na usoro ahụ.<ref name=":3" /> A na-ejikarị composting n'ụlọ eme ihe maka ihe oriri na ihe ubi karịrị akarị, dị ka ahịhịa. Commercial composting nwere ike imebi ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya, dị ka plastik sitere na ọka na nnukwu ihe, dị ka alaka osisi. Commercial composting na-amalite site na ntuziaka nke ihe eji eme ihe site na iji igwe ma ọ bụ igwe ọzọ iji malite usoro ahụ. N'ihi na composting n'ụlọ na-emekarị na obere ma ọ naghị agụnye nnukwu ígwè ọrụ, ihe ndị a agaghị emebi n'ụzọ zuru ezu na composting ụlọ. Ọzọkwa, otu nnyocha atụwo ma gosipụta ọdịiche dị n'ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na-ekwu na enwere uru na ọghọm na ha abụọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The use of life cycle assessment for the comparison of biowaste composting at home and full scale|journal=Waste Management|volume=30|issue=6|pages=983–94|date=June 2010|pmid=20211555|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2010.02.023|url=http://ddd.uab.cat/record/163720|accessdate=2018-09-27}}</ref> Nnyocha ndị na-esonụ na-enye ihe atụ nke akọwapụtara composting dị ka akụkụ nke biodegradation na ọnọdụ sayensị. Nnyocha mbụ, "Nnyocha nke Biodegradability nke Plastics n'okpuru Simulated Composting Conditions in a Laboratory Test Setting," na-enyocha composting n'ụzọ doro anya dị ka usoro ọnọdụ ndị na-adaba n'okpuru ụdị mmebi.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1996-01-01|title=Assessment of biodegradability of plastics under simulated composting conditions in a laboratory test system|journal=International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation|volume=37|issue=1–2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1016/0964-8305(95)00089-5}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, nnyocha a na-esote lere anya na biodegradation na mmetụta composting nke polylactic acid na-agwakọta na kemịkal.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012-02-01|title=Some composting and biodegradation effects of physically or chemically crosslinked poly(lactic acid)|journal=Polymer Testing|volume=31|issue=1|pages=83–92|doi=10.1016/j.polymertesting.2011.09.012|author=Żenkiewicz|first=Marian}}</ref> Karịsịa ịkọwa composting na biodegrading dị ka okwu abụọ dị iche iche. Nnyocha nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ na-enyocha ụkpụrụ Europe nke ihe biodegradable na compostable na ụlọ ọrụ nkwakọba ihe, ọzọ na-eji okwu ahụ iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2001-01-01|title=European current standardization for plastic packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation|journal=Polymer Testing|language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=517–521|doi=10.1016/S0142-9418(00)00068-4}}</ref> Ọdịiche dị n'etiti okwu ndị a dị oke mkpa n'ihi na mgbagwoju anya na-[[Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu]] na-eduga n'ịtọhapụ ihe ndị mmadụ n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị kwa ụbọchị. Nkà na ụzụ nke mbibi emeela ka e nwee ọganihu dị ukwuu n'otú anyị si ewepụ ihe mkpofu; ugbu a, e nwere ihe mkpofu, imegharị ihe, na ihe mkpofu iji melite usoro mkpofu. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na a na-agbagwoju anya na iyi mkpofu ndị a ugboro ugboro, mgbe ahụ usoro mkpofu ahụ adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Plastic Bag Externalities and Policy in Rhode Island|url=http://seattlebagtax.org/referencedpdfs/en-akullianetal.pdf|journal=Brown Policy Review|date=2006|accessdate=2018-09-24}}</ref> E mepụtara ihe ndị a na-emebi emebi na ihe ndị a ga-eme ka ha gbasaa iji hụ na ihe mkpofu mmadụ nwere ike imebi ma laghachi na ọnọdụ mbụ ya, ma ọ bụ n'ihe gbasara composting ọbụna tinye ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=364|issue=1526|pages=2127–39|date=July 2009|pmid=19528060|doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0289}}</ref> Mgbe a tụpụrụ ngwaahịa a na-etinye compostable karịa composted ma zigara ya n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, ihe ndị a mepụtara na mgbalị na-efu efu. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ka ụmụ amaala ghọta ọdịiche dị n'etiti okwu ndị a ka e wee nwee ike iwepụ ihe ndị ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nke ọma. == Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya == [[Mmetọ plastik]] sitere na ịtụfu iwu na-akwadoghị na-eweta ihe ize ndụ ahụike nye anụ ọhịa. Ụmụ anụmanụ na-ejikarị plastik eme ihe maka nri, na-akpata mgbagwoju anya nke eriri afọ. Chemicals na-eji nwayọ emebi, dị ka polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), nonylphenol (NP), na pesticides a na-ahụkwa na plastik, nwere ike ịhapụ n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi ma mesịa bụrụ nke anụ ọhịa riri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Webb|first=Hayden|date=2012-12-28|title=Plastic Degradation and Its Environmental Implications with Special Reference to Poly(ethylene terephthalate)|journal=Polymers|volume=5|issue=1|pages=1–18|doi=10.3390/polym5010001}}</ref> Chemicals ndị a na-arụkwa ọrụ na ahụike mmadụ, dịka iri nri na-adịghị mma (n'usoro a na-akpọ biomagnification na bioaccumulation) ejikọtara ya na nsogbu ndị dị ka ọrịa kansa, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Food web-specific biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants|journal=Science|volume=317|issue=5835|pages=236–9|date=July 2007|pmid=17626882|doi=10.1126/science.1138275}}</ref> nsogbu akwara, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Human mercury exposure and adverse health effects in the Amazon: a review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=24|pages=s503–20|date=2008|issue=Suppl 4|pmid=18797727|doi=10.1590/s0102-311x2008001600004}}</ref> na mgbanwe homonụ. Ihe atụ a ma ama nke biomagnification na-emetụta ahụike n'oge na-adịbeghị anya bụ mmụba nke ikpughe na ọkwa dị elu nke mercury n'ime azụ, nke nwere ike imetụta homonụ mmekọahụ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Perspectives in endocrine toxicity of heavy metals--a review|journal=Biological Trace Element Research|volume=160|issue=1|pages=1–14|date=July 2014|pmid=24898714|doi=10.1007/s12011-014-0023-7}}</ref> In efforts to remediate the damages done by slow-degrading plastics, detergents, metals, and other pollutants created by humans, economic costs have become a concern. Marine litter in particular is notably difficult to quantify and review.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Newman|first=Stephanie|chapter=The Economics of Marine Litter|date=2015|title=Marine Anthropogenic Litter|pages=367–394|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_14|isbn=978-3-319-16509-7}}</ref> Researchers at the World Trade Institute estimate that cleanup initiatives' cost (specifically in ocean ecosystems) has hit close to thirteen billion dollars a year.<ref name="Matsangou_2018">{{Cite news|first=Elizabeth|author=Matsangou|date=2 July 2018|url=https://www.worldfinance.com/markets/counting-the-cost-of-plastic-pollution|title=Counting the cost of plastic pollution|accessdate=17 September 2018|work=World Finance}}</ref> The main concern stems from marine environments, with the biggest cleanup efforts centering around garbage patches in the ocean. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a garbage patch the size of Mexico, is located in the Pacific Ocean. It is estimated to be upwards of a million square miles in size. While the patch contains more obvious examples of litter (plastic bottles, cans, and bags), tiny microplastics are nearly impossible to clean up.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Plastic debris and policy: Using current scientific understanding to invoke positive change|journal=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry|volume=35|issue=7|pages=1617–26|date=July 2016|pmid=27331654|doi=10.1002/etc.3408}}</ref> ''National Geographic'' reports that even more non-biodegradable materials are finding their way into vulnerable environments – nearly thirty-eight million pieces a year.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Shaena|author=Montanari|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/07/ocean-plastic-patch-south-pacific-spd/|title=Plastic Garbage Patch Bigger Than Mexico Found in Pacific|date=2017-07-25|accessdate=2018-09-17|work=National Geographic}}</ref> Ihe ndị na-emebibeghị nwekwara ike ịbụ ebe mgbaba maka ụdị ndị na-awakpo, dị ka ikpuru tube na barnacles. Mgbe gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbanwe na nzaghachi maka ụdị ndị na-awakpo, ụdị ndị bi na ya na nguzozi nke ihe onwunwe, ọdịiche dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ọgaranya nke ụdị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings--entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=364|issue=1526|pages=2013–25|date=July 2009|pmid=19528053|doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0265}}</ref> Ihe ndị a nwere ike ịkwado akụ na ụba mpaghara n'ụzọ ịchụ nta na aquaculture, nke na-ata ahụhụ na nzaghachi maka mgbanwe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-10-01|title=Marine plastic pollution as a planetary boundary threat – The drifting piece in the sustainability puzzle|journal=Marine Policy|language=en|volume=96|pages=213–220|doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.035}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na njem nleta gburugburu ebe obibi na-efunahụ ego site na mmụba nke mmetọ, ebe ọ bụ na osimiri ma ọ bụ ụsọ mmiri ha anaghịzi achọ ndị njem. Ụlọ ọrụ World Trade Institute na-ekwukwa na obodo ndị na-enwekarị mmetụta nke mmebi nke biodegradation bụ mba ndị dara ogbenye na-enweghị ụzọ ịkwụ ụgwọ maka nhicha ha.<ref name="Matsangou_2018" /> N'ime mmetụta nzaghachi dị mma, ha n'aka nke ha nwere nsogbu ịchịkwa isi iyi mmetọ nke ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Socioeconomic Disparities and Air Pollution Exposure: a Global Review|journal=Current Environmental Health Reports|volume=2|issue=4|pages=440–50|date=December 2015|pmid=26381684|doi=10.1007/s40572-015-0069-5}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite nke "Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ" == Ojiji mbụ a maara nke Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ na 1959 mgbe e ji ya kọwaa mmebi nke ihe n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ site na microorganisms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biodegradable|title=Definition of BIODEGRADABLE|work=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-24|archivedate=2018-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924190238/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biodegradable}}</ref> Ugbu a, a na-ejikọkarị Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na ngwaahịa ndị na-adịghị emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi bụ akụkụ nke okirikiri ụwa dị ka Okirikiri carbon ma nwee ike ịtọgbọ azụ n'ime ihe okike. == Hụkwa ==  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} === Ụkpụrụ site na ASTM International === * D5210- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials na Ọnụnọ nke Obodo Mmiri Mmiri Mmị * D5526- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru Ọnọdụ Nchịkọta Ngwa ngwa * D5338- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru Ọnọdụ Nchịkwa Composting, Na-etinye Okpomọkụ Thermophilic * D5511- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru High-Solids Anaerobic-Digestion Conditions * D5864- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation nke Lubricants ma ọ bụ Ihe Ha * D5988- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials na Ala * D6139- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation nke Lubricants ma ọ bụ Ihe Ha Na-eji Gledhill Shake Flask * D6006- Ntuziaka ọkọlọtọ maka Ịtụle Biodegradability nke Hydraulic Fluids * D6340- Ụzọ Nnyocha Aerobic Biodegradation nke Radiolabeled Plastic Materials na Aqueous ma ọ bụ Compost Environment * D6691- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials na Marine Environment site na Consortium Microbial ma ọ bụ Natural Sea Water Inoculum * D6731-Ụzọ Nnyocha Aerobic, Aquatic Biodegradability nke Lubricants ma ọ bụ Lubricant Components na Respirometer mechiri emechi * D6954- Ntuziaka ọkọlọtọ maka ikpughe na ịnwale plastik nke na-emebi na gburugburu ebe obibi site na ngwakọta nke oxidation na Biodegradation * D7044- Nkọwapụta ọkọlọtọ maka Biodegradable Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids * D7373-Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka ịkọ ọdịdị nke Lubricants site na iji Bio-kinetic Model * D7475- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Degradation na Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru Accelerated Bioreactor Landfill Conditions * D7665- Ntuziaka ọkọlọtọ maka Nnyocha nke Mmiri Na-ebufe Okpomọkụ == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.european-bioplastics.org/ European Bioplastics Association] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130723014926/http://www.fpintl.com/resources/wp_biodegradable_plastics.htm Sayensị nke Plastic Biodegradable: Eziokwu n'azụ Biodegradable Plastic Packaging Material] * [http://www.biosphereplastic.com/uncategorized/what-is-biodegradation/ Nkọwa plastik a na-emebi emebi] {{Waste}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ig4i8m5jr3selxsz1vqczqpvcbcb02z 0 77443 674249 672587 2026-07-08T20:16:57Z Johnnybam 24488 674249 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nkezi kwa afọ nke ogo '''nnu''' dị n'elu maka [[Oke Òrìmìlì|Oké Osimiri Ụwa]]. Njantule sitere na World Ocean Atlas 2009. ]] [[Faịlụ:IAPSO_Standard_Seawater.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) ọkọlọtọ mmiri oke osimiri.]] Salinity (/səˈlɪnɪti/) bụ ogo nnu ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụgụ nnu a gbazere n'ime [[mmiri]], nke a na-akpọ '''Mmiri nnu''' (leekwa ogo nnu dị n'ala). A na-atụkarị ya n'ogo g / L ma ọ bụ g / kg (grams nke nnu kwa lita / kilogram nke mmiri; nke ikpeazụ enweghị akụkụ nha ma hà ka ‰). Ogo nnu bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ịchọpụta ọtụtụ akụkụ nke kemịkalụ nke mmiri okike na usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime ya, ọ bụkwa ọnọdụ thermodynamic na-agbanwe agbanwe nke, tinyere okpomọkụ na nrụgide, na-achịkwa njirimara anụ ahụ dị ka [[Density|njupụta]] na ikike okpomọkụ nke mmiri. Ndị a, n'aka nke ha, dị mkpa n'ịghọta mmegharị mmiri dị n'ime oke osimiri na mgbanwe okpomọkụ dị n'etiti oke osimiri na ikuku dị n'elu ụwa. A na-akpọ akara nke nnu na-adịgide adịgide ''isohaline'', ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ''isohale''. == Nkọwa == N'echiche, ogo nnu dị n'osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, na oke osimiri bụ echiche dị mfe, ma n'ihe gbasara teknụzụ, ịkọwa ya nke ọma na ịtụle ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-eweta nnukwu ihe ịma aka. N'echiche, ogo nnu bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nnu agbazere dị n'ime mmiri. Nnu bụ ngwakọta kemịkal dịka sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, na sodium bicarbonate ndị na-agbaze ma bụrụ ion mgbe ha batara n'ime mmiri. A na-akpọkarị njupụta ion chloride ndị agbazere n'ime mmiri chlorinity. N'ihe gbasara teknụzụ, a na-akọwa ihe agbazere dịka ihe ọ bụla nwere ike isi na nzacha dị ezigbo nta gafee (n'oge gara aga, nzacha nwere oghere dị ihe dị ka 0.45 μm, ma n'oge e mesịrị, a na-ejikarị nke nwere oghere dị ihe dị ka 0.2 μm)..<ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> A na-egosipụta ogo nnu site n'ụdị mass fraction, ya bụ, arọ nke ihe ndị agbazere n'ime otu arọ nke ngwọta ahụ. Mmiri oké osimiri na-enwekarị nnu dị ihe dị ka 35 g / kg, ọ bụ ezie na ogo nnu dị ala na-adịkarị n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri ebe osimiri na-asọba banye n'ime oke osimiri. Osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nwere ike ịnwe nnu dịgasị iche iche, site na ihe na-erughị 0.01 g / kg <ref name="dilute">{{Cite journal|author=Eilers|first=J. M.|title=The most dilute lake in the world?|journal=Hydrobiologia|year=1990|volume=199|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1007/BF00007827}}</ref> ruo g / kg ole na ole, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ọtụtụ ebe a na-ahụ nnu dị elu. Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ nwere nnu karịrị 200 g / kg.<ref name="anati">{{Cite journal|author=Anati|first=D. A.|title=The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions|journal=Int. J. Salt Lake. Res.|year=1999|volume=8|issue=1|pages=55–70|doi=10.1007/bf02442137}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo na-enwekarị [[Ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze|TDS]] nke 20 mg / kg ma ọ bụ nke pekatịrịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salinitymanagement.org/Salinity%20Management%20Guide/ls/ls_3d.html|title=Learn about salinity and water quality|accessdate=21 July 2018}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nha oghere nzacha e ji kọwaa ya, uru ogo nnu nke mmiri okike enyere agaghị adị iche karịa pasent ole na ole (%). Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta na-amụ fịziks nke oke osimiri, karịsịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mpaghara miri emi nke oke osimiri, na-enwe nnukwu mmasị n'inweta nlele ndị ziri ezi na ndị a pụrụ iji tụnyere ibe ha, ọbụna mgbe ndị nchọpụta dị iche iche mere ha n'oge dị iche iche, ruo n'ogo nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnụọgụgụ ise dị mkpa (five significant digits).. <ref name="teos10">{{Cite book|author=IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO|title=The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties|year=2010|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English)|pages=196pp|url=http://www.TEOS-10.org}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka mmiri n'oké osimiri na-eji ngwaahịa mmiri a na-etinye na karama nke a maara dị ka IAPSO Standard Seawater eme ihe iji mee ka nha ha bụrụ nke ziri ezi iji mezuo ihe a chọrọ. === Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya === Ihe isi ike nke ịtụle na nkọwa na-ebilite n'ihi na mmiri okike nwere ngwakọta gbagwojuru anya nke ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche sitere na isi mmalite dị iche iche (ọ bụghị ha niile sitere na nnu a gbazere agbaze) n'ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche. Njirimara kemịkal nke ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ndị a dabere na okpomọkụ na nrụgide. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị a siri ike iji nlezianya tụọ, na n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla nyocha kemịkal zuru oke adịghị mma mgbe ị na-enyocha ọtụtụ ihe nlele. Nkọwa nke nnu dị iche iche dị irè na-esite na mgbalị dị iche iche ịkọwa nsogbu ndị a, na ọkwa dị iche iche nke izi ezi, ebe ọ ka dị mfe iji. N'ihi ihe ndị metụtara ojiji na mmezu ya n'ọrụ, a na-ejikọkarị ogo nnu na mkpokọta arọ nke ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị kemịkal agbazere ndị a (nke a na-akpọ solution salinity), kama ijikọ ya na arọ a na-amaghị nke nnu ndị mere ka mmiri ahụ nwee ngwakọta kemịkal a. Ihe dị iche na nke a bụ mgbe a na-emepụta mmiri oke osimiri sitere n'aka mmadụ (artificial seawater).. Maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche, a ga-ejedebe ngụkọta a na usoro nke nnukwu ion asatọ na mmiri okike, <ref name="wetzel">{{Cite book|author=Wetzel|first=R. G.|title=Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed.|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-744760-5}}</ref> <ref name="limteos">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Limnological applications of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10)|journal=Limnology and Oceanography: Methods|year=2012|volume=10|issue=11|pages=853–867|doi=10.4319/lom.2012.10.853}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na maka mmiri oké osimiri, mgbe a chọrọ nkenke kachasị elu, a na-agụnye obere ion asaa ọzọ. <ref name="teos10">{{Cite book|author=IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO|title=The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties|year=2010|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English)|pages=196pp|url=http://www.TEOS-10.org}}</ref> ions ndị bụ isi na-achịkwa ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ nke ọtụtụ (ma ọ bụghị ha niile) mmiri okike. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-agụnye ụfọdụ Ọdọ Mmiri na mmiri sitere na isi iyi ụfọdụ. A naghị etinyekarị njupụta gas ndị agbazere dịka oxygen na nitrogen n'ime nkọwa nke ogo nnu<ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> Otu ọ dị, a na-etinyekarị gas carbon dioxide, nke mgbe ọ gbazere n'ime mmiri na-agbanwe n'otu akụkụ ghọọ carbonates na bicarbonates. A pụkwara itinye Silicon n'ụdị silicic acid, nke na-apụtakarị dịka molekul na-enweghị ebubo eletrik n'ime ogo pH nke ọtụtụ mmiri ndị sitere n'okike, maka ebumnuche ụfọdụ may also be included for some purposes (dịka mgbe a na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ogo nnu na njupụta mmiri). === Mmiri Oké Osimiri === [[Faịlụ:Aquarius_flat_2048x1024.ogv|thumb|Vidio nkeji atọ zuru ezu nke NASA na Feb 27,2013 E mepụtara ngwá ọrụ NASA Aquarius nke dị na Satellite SAC-D nke Argentina iji tụọ nnu n'elu oké osimiri ụwa. Ihe nkiri a na-egosi usoro nnu dị ka Aquarius tụrụ site na Disemba 2011 ruo Disemba 2012. Agba uhie na-anọchite anya ebe ndị nwere nnu dị elu, ebe onyinyo na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-anọchi anya ebe ndị na-enweghị nnu.]] Okwu a bụ ogo nnu, maka ndị na-amụ banyere oké osimiri, na-ejikọkarị n'otu n'ime usoro ụfọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ e ji atụ ya. Ka usoro ndị a kacha eji atụ ogo nnu na-agbanwe ma na-etolite, nkọwa dị iche iche e ji akọwa ogo nnu na-agbanwekwa. A na-atụle nnu site na iji usoro ndị dabeere na aha tupu afọ 1980. Enwere ike iji nitrate ọlaọcha mee ihe iji chọpụta oke nke ion Halyde (karịsịa chlorine na bromine) iji nye chlorinity. A na-amụba chlorinity site na ihe iji kọwaa ihe ndị ọzọ niile. A na-egosipụta 'Knudsen salinities' na nkeji nke akụkụ kwa puku (ppt ma ọ bụ ‰). Ojiji nke ọnụọgụgụ eletrik iji tụọ ihe ionic nke mmiri oké osimiri dugara na mmepe nke ogo a na-akpọ ogo salinity 1978 (PSS-78). Ogo nnu a tụrụ site n'iji PSS-78 enweghị nkeji nha (units). Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-etinye mgbakwunye psu ma ọ bụ PSU (nke pụtara practical salinity unit) n'azụ uru e nwetara n'ịtụ PSS-78.[1] Otú ọ dị, itinye PSU dị ka nkeji nha n'azụ uru ahụ bụ ihe "na-ezighị ezi n'usoro sayensị ma bụrụkwa ihe a na-adụ ọdụ ike ka a ghara ime.".<ref name="rant">{{Cite journal|author=Millero|first=F. J.|journal=Oceanography|year=1993|volume=6|issue=3|pages=67|title=What is PSU?}}</ref> Mgbakwunye nke PSU dị ka otu mgbe uru ahụ gasịrị bụ "nke na-ezighi ezi ma bụrụ nke a kụdara obi". <ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, e webatara ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị dị na mmiri oké osimiri a na-akpọ ''usoro thermodynamic nke mmiri oké osimiri 2010'' (TEOS-10) na-akwado ka e jiri absolute salinity (ogo nnu zuru oke) dochie practical salinity (ogo nnu bara uru), nakwa ka e jiri conservative temperature (okpomọkụ na-echekwa ike) dochie potential temperature (okpomọkụ enwere ike).<ref name="teos10">{{Cite book|author=IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO|title=The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties|year=2010|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English)|pages=196pp|url=http://www.TEOS-10.org}}</ref> Ụkpụrụ a gụnyere ihe ọhụrụ a na-akpọ ihe ncheta salinity scale. A na-egosipụta nnu zuru oke (absolute salinity) n'usoro nha a n'ụdị òkè oke n'arọ (mass fraction), ya bụ, gram kwa kilogram nke ngwọta (g/kg). A na-ekpebi ogo nnu n'usoro a site n'ịjikọta nlele nke nduzi eletrik (electrical conductivity) na ozi ndị ọzọ na-akọwa mgbanwe ndị na-adị n'ụdị mmiri oke osimiri n'ebe dị iche iche. A pụkwara ikpebi ya site n'ịtụ njupụta (density) nke mmiri ahụ ozugbo. Ihe nnwale nke mmiri oké osimiri sitere n'ọtụtụ ebe nwere chlorinity nke 19.37 ppt ga-enwe ogo nnunke 35.00 ppt, ogo nnu bara uru PSS-78 (PSS-78 practical salinity) nke ihe dị ka 35.0, na ogo nnu zuru oke TEOS-10 (TEOS-10 absolute salinity) nke ihe dị ka 35.2 g/kg. Nduzi eletrik (electrical conductivity) nke mmiri a, n'okpomọkụ nke ogo Celsius iri na ise (15 °C), bụ 42.9 mS/cm..<ref name="teos10">{{Cite book|author=IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO|title=The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties|year=2010|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English)|pages=196pp|url=http://www.TEOS-10.org}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIOC,_SCOR,_and_IAPSO2010">IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO (2010). [http://www.TEOS-10.org ''The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties'']. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English). pp.&nbsp;196pp.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref><ref name="culk">{{Cite journal|author=Culkin|first=F.|title=Determination of the Concentration of Potassium Chloride Solution Having the Same Electrical Conductivity, at 15C and Infinite Frequency, as Standard Seawater of Salinity 35.0000‰ (Chlorinity 19.37394‰)|journal=IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering|year=1980|volume=OE-5|issue=1|pages=22–23|doi=10.1109/JOE.1980.1145443}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; N'ụwa niile, Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ kpatara enyeela aka na mgbanwe ndị a hụrụ na nnu n'elu na n'okpuru ala kemgbe afọ 1950. Nkọwa nke mgbanwe nnu n'elu na narị afọ iri abụọ n'otu na-egosi na mpaghara oké osimiri dị ọhụrụ ga-anọgide na-adị ọhụrụ na mpaghara nnu ga-anọgidesi na-enweta nnu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Fox-Kemper|first=B.|date=2021|title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change|journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|volume=2021|pages=1211–1362|doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011|url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf}}</ref> Ogo nnu na-eje ozi dị ka ihe na-achọpụta ịdị arọ dị iche iche. A na-adọta mmiri dị n'elu iji dochie mmiri na-ada, nke n'ikpeazụ na-ajụ oyi ma na-atọ ụtọ iji banye. Mgbasa nnu na-enye aka n'ịkpụzi okirikiri oké osimiri. === Ọdọ mmiri na osimiri === Ndị Limnologist na ndị na-emepụta kemịkal na-akọwakarị salinity n'ihe gbasara oke nnu kwa unit, ha na-egosipụta na nkeji nke mg / L ma ọ bụ g / L.<ref name="wetzel">{{Cite book|author=Wetzel|first=R. G.|title=Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed.|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-744760-5}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWetzel2001">Wetzel, R. G. (2001). ''Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed''. Academic Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-12-744760-5|<bdi>978-0-12-744760-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> A na-egosi, ọ bụ ezie na a naghị ekwukarị ya, na uru a na-emetụta n'ụzọ ziri ezi naanị na okpomọkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na ọnụọgụgụ ngwọta na-adịgasị iche na okpompe. Ụkpụrụ ndị e gosipụtara n'ụzọ a na-abụkarị nke ziri ezi ruo otu paseni. Ndị Limnologists na-ejikwa conductivity eletrik, ma ọ bụ "reference conductivity", dị ka onye nnọchi anya maka salinity. Enwere ike idozi nha a maka mmetụta okpomọkụ, a na-egosipụtakarị ya na nkeji nke μS / cm. Mmiri osimiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere nnu nke dị n'etiti 70 mg / L ga-enwekarị conductivity a kapịrị ọnụ na 25 °C nke dị n'etiti 80 na 130 μS / cm. Ọnụọgụgụ ahụ n'ezie na-adabere na ion ndị dị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van Niekerk|first=Harold|title=Geographical differences in the relationship between total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity in South African rivers|journal=Water SA|date=2014|volume=40|issue=1|pages=133|doi=10.4314/wsa.v40i1.16}}</ref> N'ezie conductivity na-agbanwekarị ihe dị ka pasenti abụọ kwa ogo Celsius, ya bụ conductivity a tụrụ na 5 °C nwere ike ịbụ naanị n'etiti 50-80 μS / cm.&nbsp; A na-ejikwa ogo ọnụọgụgụ kpọmkwem mee ihe iji tụọ ogo nnu, ọkachasị na Ọdọ Mmiri ndị nwere nnu dị ukwuu.<ref name="anati" />Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji njupụta na okpomọkụ a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka nnu. N'oge ndị ọzọ, a na-eji mmekọrịta nnu / njupụta nke emepụtara maka otu mmiri iji tụọ nnu nke ihe nlele site na njupụta a tụrụ. {| style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" ! colspan="4" style="background:#B8E0F6" |Mmiri nnu |- style="background:#87CEFA" !Mmiri dị ọcha !Mmiri na-atọ ụtọ !Mmiri nnu !Brine |- style="background:#00BFFF" !< 0.05% !0.05 – 3% !3 – 5% !> 5% |- style="background:#00BFFF" !< 0.5 ‰ !0.5 – 30 ‰ !30 – 50 ‰ !> 50 ‰ |} == Nkewa nke ụdị mmiri dị iche iche dabere n'ogo nnu ha. == {| align="right" style="text-align:center; margin-right:auto;" | bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Usoro ihe omume Thalassic''' |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" width="150px" |> 300 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |hyperhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |60–80 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |metahaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |40 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |mixoeuhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |30 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |polyhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |18 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |mesohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |5 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |oligohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |0.5 ‰ |} Mmiri oke osimiri (marine waters) bụ mmiri ndị dị n'ime oke osimiri; a na-akpọkwa ha euhaline seas. Ogo nnu nke euhaline seas dị n'agbata pasenti iri atọ na pasenti iri atọ na ise. Oke osimiri ma ọ bụ mmiri ndị na-enweghi oke nnu ma na-adịghịkwa ọhụrụ (brackish seas or waters) nwere ogo nnu dị n'agbata 0.5 na pasenti iri abụọ na iteghete, ebe metahaline seas nwere ogo nnu dị n'agbata pasenti iri atọ na isii na pasenti iri anọ.. A na-ewere mmiri ndị a niile dị ka thalassic n'ihi na nnu ha sitere n'oké osimiri ma kọwaa ya dị ka ''homoiohaline'' ma ọ bụrụ na nnu adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu n'oge (nke na-adịgide adịgide). Tebụl dị n'aka nri, nke gbanwere site na Por (1972),<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF00373210|title=Hydrobiological notes on the high-salinity waters of the Sinai Peninsula|year=1972|author=Por|first=F. D.|journal=Marine Biology|volume=14|pages=111–119|issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Salinity {{!}} Freshwater Inflows|url=https://www.freshwaterinflow.org/salinity|accessdate=2020-10-25|work=www.freshwaterinflow.org}}</ref> na-agbaso "usoro Venice" (1959). N'adịghị ka gburugburu ebe obibi homoiohaline bụ ụfọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ''''Poikilohaline'''' (nke nwekwara ike ịbụ thalassic) ebe ọdịiche salinity dị ịrịba ama.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dahl, E.|year=1956|title=Ecological salinity boundaries in poikilohaline waters|journal=Oikos|volume=7|pages=1–21|doi=10.2307/3564981|issue=1}}</ref> Mmiri nnu Poikilohaline nwere ike ịdị site na 0.5 ruo karịrị pasenti narị atọ. Ihe dị mkpa bụ na mmiri ndị a na-adịkarị iche na nnu n'ime ụfọdụ ihe dị mkpa n'oge ma ọ bụ n'oge ndị ọzọ yiri ya. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, ndị a bụ mmiri nwere nnu dịgasị iche iche. Mmiri nnu dị elu, nke nnu na-esi na ya apụta (ma ọ bụ na-achọ), a na-akpọ brine. == Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi == Salinity bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-emetụta ụdị ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ebi na mmiri. Ọzọkwa, salinity na-emetụta ụdị [[osisi]] ndị ga-eto ma ọ bụ na mmiri, ma ọ bụ n'ala nke mmiri (ma ọ bụ Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala) na-enye. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kalcic, Maria|first=Turowski, Mark; Hall, Callie|title=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project. A Collaborative Project with Hancock High School, Kiln, MS|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110008620|work=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project|publisher=NTRS|accessdate=2011-06-16|date=2010-12-22}}</ref> A na-akpọ osisi na-anabata ọnọdụ nnu halophyte. A na-akpọ halophyte nke na-anabata sodium carbonate salinity fọdụrụnụ glasswort ma ọ bụ saltwort ma ọ dị ka osisi barilla. A na-ekewa ihe ndị dị ndụ (karịsịa nje bacteria) nke nwere ike ibi n'ọnọdụ nnu dị ukwuu dị ka extremophiles, ma ọ bụ halophiles kpọmkwem. Ihe dị ndụ nke nwere ike iguzogide ọtụtụ salinities bụ Euryhaline. Mmanụ aṅụ dị oke ọnụ iji wepụ ya na mmiri, nnu dị n'ime ya bụ ihe dị mkpa na ojiji mmiri, na-emetụta ike [[Mmịrị ọṅụṅụ|ịṅụ mmiri]] na iru eru maka ịgba mmiri. A hụla mmụba nke nnu na ọdọ mmiri na osimiri na United States, n'ihi nnu a na-ahụkarị n'okporo ụzọ na nnu ndị ọzọ na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2018/01/29/road-salt-environmental-dangers|title=Hopes To Hold The Salt, And Instead Break Out Beet Juice And Beer To Keep Roads Clear|work=www.wbur.org|date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Ọnọdụ nnu n'oké osimiri bụ ihe na-akpali okirikiri oké osimiri ụwa, ebe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ihi mgbanwe nnu na mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'elu oké osimiri na-emepụta mgbanwe na-ese n'elu mmiri, nke na-akpata imikpu na ịrị elu nke mmiri. A na-eche na mgbanwe na salinity nke oké osimiri na-enye aka na mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na carbon dioxide ka mmiri ndị ọzọ nwere nnu anaghị agbaze carbon dioxide. Na mgbakwunye, n'oge oge glacial, hydrography bụ nke mere na ihe nwere ike ime ka mgbasa dị ala bụ mmepụta nke oké osimiri dị iche iche. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, ọ na-esiri ike ịdọrọ mmiri site na nrugharị thermohaline. Ọ bụghị naanị na nnu bụ ihe na-akpali mgbasa nke oké osimiri, mana mgbanwe na mgbasa nke oké mmiri na-emetụtakwa nnu, ọkachasị na subpolar North Atlantic ebe site na 1990 ruo 2010 mmụba nke mmiri na-agbaze na Greenland na-egbochi site na mmụba mbugharị nke mmiri Atlantic na-eme nnu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Fox-Kemper|first=B.|date=2021|title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change|journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|volume=2021|pages=1211–1362|doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011|url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFox-KemperHewittXiaoAðalgeirsdóttir2021">Fox-Kemper, B.; [[Helene Hewitt|Hewitt, H.T.]]; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). [https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf "Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. '''2021'''. Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, US: Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">1211–</span>1362. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011|10.1017/9781009157896.011]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781009157896|<bdi>9781009157896</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dukhovskoy|first=D.S.|date=2016|title=Greenland freshwater pathways in the sub-Arctic Seas from model experiments with passive tracers|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015JC011290|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=121|issue=1|pages=877–907|doi=10.1002/2015JC011290}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dukhovskoy|first=D.S.|date=2019|title=Role of Greenland freshwater anomaly in the recent freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=124|issue=5|pages=3333–3360|doi=10.1029/2018JC014686|pmid=31341755}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stendardo|first=I.|date=2020|title=The North Atlantic Current and its volume and freshwater transports in the subpolar North Atlantic, time period 1993–2016|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=125|issue=9|doi=10.1029/2020JC016065}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mmiri North Atlantic aghọwo nke dị jụụ kemgbe etiti afọ 2010 n'ihi mmụba nke mmiri na-agbaze na Greenland. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holliday|first=N. Penny|date=2020-01-29|title=Ocean circulation causes the largest freshening event for 120 years in eastern subpolar North Atlantic|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=585|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14474-y|pmid=31996687|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ake47nx7ggg8etk56dyb9aa0oswdoqu 674251 674249 2026-07-08T20:18:33Z Johnnybam 24488 674251 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nkezi kwa afọ nke ogo '''nnu''' dị n'elu maka [[Oke Òrìmìlì|Oké Osimiri Ụwa]]. Njantule sitere na World Ocean Atlas 2009. ]] [[Faịlụ:IAPSO_Standard_Seawater.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) ọkọlọtọ mmiri oke osimiri.]] Salinity (/səˈlɪnɪti/) bụ ogo nnu ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụgụ nn<ref name="teos10" />u a gbazere n'ime [[mmiri]], nke a na-akpọ '''Mmiri nnu''' (leekwa ogo nnu dị n'ala). A na-atụkarị ya n'ogo g / L ma ọ bụ g / kg (grams nke nnu kwa lita / kilogram nke mmiri; nke ikpeazụ enweghị akụkụ nha ma hà ka ‰). Ogo nnu bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ịchọpụta ọtụtụ akụkụ nke kemịkalụ nke mmiri okike na usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime ya, ọ bụkwa ọnọdụ thermodynamic na-agbanwe agbanwe nke, tinyere okpomọkụ na nrụgide, na-achịkwa njirimara anụ ahụ dị ka [[Density|njupụta]] na ikike okpomọkụ nke mmiri. Ndị a, n'aka nke ha, dị mkpa n'ịghọta mmegharị mmiri dị n'ime oke osimiri na mgbanwe okpomọkụ dị n'etiti oke osimiri na ikuku dị n'elu ụwa. A na-akpọ akara nke nnu na-adịgide adịgide ''isohaline'', ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ''isohale''. == Nkọwa == N'echiche, ogo nnu dị n'osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, na oke osimiri bụ echiche dị mfe, ma n'ihe gbasara teknụzụ, ịkọwa ya nke ọma na ịtụle ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-eweta nnukwu ihe ịma aka. N'echiche, ogo nnu bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nnu agbazere dị n'ime mmiri. Nnu bụ ngwakọta kemịkal dịka sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, na sodium bicarbonate ndị na-agbaze ma bụrụ ion mgbe ha batara n'ime mmiri. A na-akpọkarị njupụta ion chloride ndị agbazere n'ime mmiri chlorinity. N'ihe gbasara teknụzụ, a na-akọwa ihe agbazere dịka ihe ọ bụla nwere ike isi na nzacha dị ezigbo nta gafee (n'oge gara aga, nzacha nwere oghere dị ihe dị ka 0.45 μm, ma n'oge e mesịrị, a na-ejikarị nke nwere oghere dị ihe dị ka 0.2 μm)..<ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> A na-egosipụta ogo nnu site n'ụdị mass fraction, ya bụ, arọ nke ihe ndị agbazere n'ime otu arọ nke ngwọta ahụ. Mmiri oké osimiri na-enwekarị nnu dị ihe dị ka 35 g / kg, ọ bụ ezie na ogo nnu dị ala na-adịkarị n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri ebe osimiri na-asọba banye n'ime oke osimiri. Osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nwere ike ịnwe nnu dịgasị iche iche, site na ihe na-erughị 0.01 g / kg <ref name="dilute">{{Cite journal|author=Eilers|first=J. M.|title=The most dilute lake in the world?|journal=Hydrobiologia|year=1990|volume=199|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1007/BF00007827}}</ref> ruo g / kg ole na ole, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ọtụtụ ebe a na-ahụ nnu dị elu. Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ nwere nnu karịrị 200 g / kg.<ref name="anati">{{Cite journal|author=Anati|first=D. A.|title=The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions|journal=Int. J. Salt Lake. Res.|year=1999|volume=8|issue=1|pages=55–70|doi=10.1007/bf02442137}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo na-enwekarị [[Ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze|TDS]] nke 20 mg / kg ma ọ bụ nke pekatịrịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salinitymanagement.org/Salinity%20Management%20Guide/ls/ls_3d.html|title=Learn about salinity and water quality|accessdate=21 July 2018}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nha oghere nzacha e ji kọwaa ya, uru ogo nnu nke mmiri okike enyere agaghị adị iche karịa pasent ole na ole (%). Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta na-amụ fịziks nke oke osimiri, karịsịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mpaghara miri emi nke oke osimiri, na-enwe nnukwu mmasị n'inweta nlele ndị ziri ezi na ndị a pụrụ iji tụnyere ibe ha, ọbụna mgbe ndị nchọpụta dị iche iche mere ha n'oge dị iche iche, ruo n'ogo nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnụọgụgụ ise dị mkpa (five significant digits).. <ref name="teos10">{{Cite book|author=IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO|title=The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties|year=2010|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English)|pages=196pp|url=http://www.TEOS-10.org}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka mmiri n'oké osimiri na-eji ngwaahịa mmiri a na-etinye na karama nke a maara dị ka IAPSO Standard Seawater eme ihe iji mee ka nha ha bụrụ nke ziri ezi iji mezuo ihe a chọrọ. === Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya === Ihe isi ike nke ịtụle na nkọwa na-ebilite n'ihi na mmiri okike nwere ngwakọta gbagwojuru anya nke ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche sitere na isi mmalite dị iche iche (ọ bụghị ha niile sitere na nnu a gbazere agbaze) n'ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche. Njirimara kemịkal nke ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ndị a dabere na okpomọkụ na nrụgide. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị a siri ike iji nlezianya tụọ, na n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla nyocha kemịkal zuru oke adịghị mma mgbe ị na-enyocha ọtụtụ ihe nlele. Nkọwa nke nnu dị iche iche dị irè na-esite na mgbalị dị iche iche ịkọwa nsogbu ndị a, na ọkwa dị iche iche nke izi ezi, ebe ọ ka dị mfe iji. N'ihi ihe ndị metụtara ojiji na mmezu ya n'ọrụ, a na-ejikọkarị ogo nnu na mkpokọta arọ nke ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị kemịkal agbazere ndị a (nke a na-akpọ solution salinity), kama ijikọ ya na arọ a na-amaghị nke nnu ndị mere ka mmiri ahụ nwee ngwakọta kemịkal a. Ihe dị iche na nke a bụ mgbe a na-emepụta mmiri oke osimiri sitere n'aka mmadụ (artificial seawater).. Maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche, a ga-ejedebe ngụkọta a na usoro nke nnukwu ion asatọ na mmiri okike, <ref name="wetzel">{{Cite book|author=Wetzel|first=R. G.|title=Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed.|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-744760-5}}</ref> <ref name="limteos">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Limnological applications of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10)|journal=Limnology and Oceanography: Methods|year=2012|volume=10|issue=11|pages=853–867|doi=10.4319/lom.2012.10.853}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na maka mmiri oké osimiri, mgbe a chọrọ nkenke kachasị elu, a na-agụnye obere ion asaa ọzọ. ions ndị bụ isi na-achịkwa ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ nke ọtụtụ (ma ọ bụghị ha niile) mmiri okike. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-agụnye ụfọdụ Ọdọ Mmiri na mmiri sitere na isi iyi ụfọdụ. A naghị etinyekarị njupụta gas ndị agbazere dịka oxygen na nitrogen n'ime nkọwa nke ogo nnu<ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> Otu ọ dị, a na-etinyekarị gas carbon dioxide, nke mgbe ọ gbazere n'ime mmiri na-agbanwe n'otu akụkụ ghọọ carbonates na bicarbonates. A pụkwara itinye Silicon n'ụdị silicic acid, nke na-apụtakarị dịka molekul na-enweghị ebubo eletrik n'ime ogo pH nke ọtụtụ mmiri ndị sitere n'okike, maka ebumnuche ụfọdụ may also be included for some purposes (dịka mgbe a na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ogo nnu na njupụta mmiri). === Mmiri Oké Osimiri === [[Faịlụ:Aquarius_flat_2048x1024.ogv|thumb|Vidio nkeji atọ zuru ezu nke NASA na Feb 27,2013 E mepụtara ngwá ọrụ NASA Aquarius nke dị na Satellite SAC-D nke Argentina iji tụọ nnu n'elu oké osimiri ụwa. Ihe nkiri a na-egosi usoro nnu dị ka Aquarius tụrụ site na Disemba 2011 ruo Disemba 2012. Agba uhie na-anọchite anya ebe ndị nwere nnu dị elu, ebe onyinyo na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-anọchi anya ebe ndị na-enweghị nnu.]] Okwu a bụ ogo nnu, maka ndị na-amụ banyere oké osimiri, na-ejikọkarị n'otu n'ime usoro ụfọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ e ji atụ ya. Ka usoro ndị a kacha eji atụ ogo nnu na-agbanwe ma na-etolite, nkọwa dị iche iche e ji akọwa ogo nnu na-agbanwekwa. A na-atụle nnu site na iji usoro ndị dabeere na aha tupu afọ 1980. Enwere ike iji nitrate ọlaọcha mee ihe iji chọpụta oke nke ion Halyde (karịsịa chlorine na bromine) iji nye chlorinity. A na-amụba chlorinity site na ihe iji kọwaa ihe ndị ọzọ niile. A na-egosipụta 'Knudsen salinities' na nkeji nke akụkụ kwa puku (ppt ma ọ bụ ‰). Ojiji nke ọnụọgụgụ eletrik iji tụọ ihe ionic nke mmiri oké osimiri dugara na mmepe nke ogo a na-akpọ ogo salinity 1978 (PSS-78). Ogo nnu a tụrụ site n'iji PSS-78 enweghị nkeji nha (units). Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-etinye mgbakwunye psu ma ọ bụ PSU (nke pụtara practical salinity unit) n'azụ uru e nwetara n'ịtụ PSS-78.[1] Otú ọ dị, itinye PSU dị ka nkeji nha n'azụ uru ahụ bụ ihe "na-ezighị ezi n'usoro sayensị ma bụrụkwa ihe a na-adụ ọdụ ike ka a ghara ime.".<ref name="rant">{{Cite journal|author=Millero|first=F. J.|journal=Oceanography|year=1993|volume=6|issue=3|pages=67|title=What is PSU?}}</ref> Mgbakwunye nke PSU dị ka otu mgbe uru ahụ gasịrị bụ "nke na-ezighi ezi ma bụrụ nke a kụdara obi". <ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, e webatara ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị dị na mmiri oké osimiri a na-akpọ ''usoro thermodynamic nke mmiri oké osimiri 2010'' (TEOS-10) na-akwado ka e jiri absolute salinity (ogo nnu zuru oke) dochie practical salinity (ogo nnu bara uru), nakwa ka e jiri conservative temperature (okpomọkụ na-echekwa ike) dochie potential temperature (okpomọkụ enwere ike). Ụkpụrụ a gụnyere ihe ọhụrụ a na-akpọ ihe ncheta salinity scale. A na-egosipụta nnu zuru oke (absolute salinity) n'usoro nha a n'ụdị òkè oke n'arọ (mass fraction), ya bụ, gram kwa kilogram nke ngwọta (g/kg). A na-ekpebi ogo nnu n'usoro a site n'ịjikọta nlele nke nduzi eletrik (electrical conductivity) na ozi ndị ọzọ na-akọwa mgbanwe ndị na-adị n'ụdị mmiri oke osimiri n'ebe dị iche iche. A pụkwara ikpebi ya site n'ịtụ njupụta (density) nke mmiri ahụ ozugbo. Ihe nnwale nke mmiri oké osimiri sitere n'ọtụtụ ebe nwere chlorinity nke 19.37 ppt ga-enwe ogo nnunke 35.00 ppt, ogo nnu bara uru PSS-78 (PSS-78 practical salinity) nke ihe dị ka 35.0, na ogo nnu zuru oke TEOS-10 (TEOS-10 absolute salinity) nke ihe dị ka 35.2 g/kg. Nduzi eletrik (electrical conductivity) nke mmiri a, n'okpomọkụ nke ogo Celsius iri na ise (15 °C), bụ 42.9 mS/cm..<ref name="teos10">{{Cite book|author=IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO|title=The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties|year=2010|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English)|pages=196pp|url=http://www.TEOS-10.org}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIOC,_SCOR,_and_IAPSO2010">IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO (2010). [http://www.TEOS-10.org ''The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties'']. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English). pp.&nbsp;196pp.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref><ref name="culk">{{Cite journal|author=Culkin|first=F.|title=Determination of the Concentration of Potassium Chloride Solution Having the Same Electrical Conductivity, at 15C and Infinite Frequency, as Standard Seawater of Salinity 35.0000‰ (Chlorinity 19.37394‰)|journal=IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering|year=1980|volume=OE-5|issue=1|pages=22–23|doi=10.1109/JOE.1980.1145443}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; N'ụwa niile, Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ kpatara enyeela aka na mgbanwe ndị a hụrụ na nnu n'elu na n'okpuru ala kemgbe afọ 1950. Nkọwa nke mgbanwe nnu n'elu na narị afọ iri abụọ n'otu na-egosi na mpaghara oké osimiri dị ọhụrụ ga-anọgide na-adị ọhụrụ na mpaghara nnu ga-anọgidesi na-enweta nnu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Fox-Kemper|first=B.|date=2021|title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change|journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|volume=2021|pages=1211–1362|doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011|url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf}}</ref> Ogo nnu na-eje ozi dị ka ihe na-achọpụta ịdị arọ dị iche iche. A na-adọta mmiri dị n'elu iji dochie mmiri na-ada, nke n'ikpeazụ na-ajụ oyi ma na-atọ ụtọ iji banye. Mgbasa nnu na-enye aka n'ịkpụzi okirikiri oké osimiri. === Ọdọ mmiri na osimiri === Ndị Limnologist na ndị na-emepụta kemịkal na-akọwakarị salinity n'ihe gbasara oke nnu kwa unit, ha na-egosipụta na nkeji nke mg / L ma ọ bụ g / L.<ref name="wetzel">{{Cite book|author=Wetzel|first=R. G.|title=Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed.|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-744760-5}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWetzel2001">Wetzel, R. G. (2001). ''Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed''. Academic Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-12-744760-5|<bdi>978-0-12-744760-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> A na-egosi, ọ bụ ezie na a naghị ekwukarị ya, na uru a na-emetụta n'ụzọ ziri ezi naanị na okpomọkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na ọnụọgụgụ ngwọta na-adịgasị iche na okpompe. Ụkpụrụ ndị e gosipụtara n'ụzọ a na-abụkarị nke ziri ezi ruo otu paseni. Ndị Limnologists na-ejikwa conductivity eletrik, ma ọ bụ "reference conductivity", dị ka onye nnọchi anya maka salinity. Enwere ike idozi nha a maka mmetụta okpomọkụ, a na-egosipụtakarị ya na nkeji nke μS / cm. Mmiri osimiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere nnu nke dị n'etiti 70 mg / L ga-enwekarị conductivity a kapịrị ọnụ na 25 °C nke dị n'etiti 80 na 130 μS / cm. Ọnụọgụgụ ahụ n'ezie na-adabere na ion ndị dị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van Niekerk|first=Harold|title=Geographical differences in the relationship between total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity in South African rivers|journal=Water SA|date=2014|volume=40|issue=1|pages=133|doi=10.4314/wsa.v40i1.16}}</ref> N'ezie conductivity na-agbanwekarị ihe dị ka pasenti abụọ kwa ogo Celsius, ya bụ conductivity a tụrụ na 5 °C nwere ike ịbụ naanị n'etiti 50-80 μS / cm.&nbsp; A na-ejikwa ogo ọnụọgụgụ kpọmkwem mee ihe iji tụọ ogo nnu, ọkachasị na Ọdọ Mmiri ndị nwere nnu dị ukwuu.<ref name="anati" />Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji njupụta na okpomọkụ a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka nnu. N'oge ndị ọzọ, a na-eji mmekọrịta nnu / njupụta nke emepụtara maka otu mmiri iji tụọ nnu nke ihe nlele site na njupụta a tụrụ. {| style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" ! colspan="4" style="background:#B8E0F6" |Mmiri nnu |- style="background:#87CEFA" !Mmiri dị ọcha !Mmiri na-atọ ụtọ !Mmiri nnu !Brine |- style="background:#00BFFF" !< 0.05% !0.05 – 3% !3 – 5% !> 5% |- style="background:#00BFFF" !< 0.5 ‰ !0.5 – 30 ‰ !30 – 50 ‰ !> 50 ‰ |} == Nkewa nke ụdị mmiri dị iche iche dabere n'ogo nnu ha. == {| align="right" style="text-align:center; margin-right:auto;" | bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Usoro ihe omume Thalassic''' |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" width="150px" |> 300 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |hyperhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |60–80 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |metahaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |40 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |mixoeuhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |30 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |polyhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |18 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |mesohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |5 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |oligohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |0.5 ‰ |} Mmiri oke osimiri (marine waters) bụ mmiri ndị dị n'ime oke osimiri; a na-akpọkwa ha euhaline seas. Ogo nnu nke euhaline seas dị n'agbata pasenti iri atọ na pasenti iri atọ na ise. Oke osimiri ma ọ bụ mmiri ndị na-enweghi oke nnu ma na-adịghịkwa ọhụrụ (brackish seas or waters) nwere ogo nnu dị n'agbata 0.5 na pasenti iri abụọ na iteghete, ebe metahaline seas nwere ogo nnu dị n'agbata pasenti iri atọ na isii na pasenti iri anọ.. A na-ewere mmiri ndị a niile dị ka thalassic n'ihi na nnu ha sitere n'oké osimiri ma kọwaa ya dị ka ''homoiohaline'' ma ọ bụrụ na nnu adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu n'oge (nke na-adịgide adịgide). Tebụl dị n'aka nri, nke gbanwere site na Por (1972),<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF00373210|title=Hydrobiological notes on the high-salinity waters of the Sinai Peninsula|year=1972|author=Por|first=F. D.|journal=Marine Biology|volume=14|pages=111–119|issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Salinity {{!}} Freshwater Inflows|url=https://www.freshwaterinflow.org/salinity|accessdate=2020-10-25|work=www.freshwaterinflow.org}}</ref> na-agbaso "usoro Venice" (1959). N'adịghị ka gburugburu ebe obibi homoiohaline bụ ụfọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ''''Poikilohaline'''' (nke nwekwara ike ịbụ thalassic) ebe ọdịiche salinity dị ịrịba ama.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dahl, E.|year=1956|title=Ecological salinity boundaries in poikilohaline waters|journal=Oikos|volume=7|pages=1–21|doi=10.2307/3564981|issue=1}}</ref> Mmiri nnu Poikilohaline nwere ike ịdị site na 0.5 ruo karịrị pasenti narị atọ. Ihe dị mkpa bụ na mmiri ndị a na-adịkarị iche na nnu n'ime ụfọdụ ihe dị mkpa n'oge ma ọ bụ n'oge ndị ọzọ yiri ya. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, ndị a bụ mmiri nwere nnu dịgasị iche iche. Mmiri nnu dị elu, nke nnu na-esi na ya apụta (ma ọ bụ na-achọ), a na-akpọ brine. == Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi == Salinity bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-emetụta ụdị ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ebi na mmiri. Ọzọkwa, salinity na-emetụta ụdị [[osisi]] ndị ga-eto ma ọ bụ na mmiri, ma ọ bụ n'ala nke mmiri (ma ọ bụ Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala) na-enye. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kalcic, Maria|first=Turowski, Mark; Hall, Callie|title=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project. A Collaborative Project with Hancock High School, Kiln, MS|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110008620|work=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project|publisher=NTRS|accessdate=2011-06-16|date=2010-12-22}}</ref> A na-akpọ osisi na-anabata ọnọdụ nnu halophyte. A na-akpọ halophyte nke na-anabata sodium carbonate salinity fọdụrụnụ glasswort ma ọ bụ saltwort ma ọ dị ka osisi barilla. A na-ekewa ihe ndị dị ndụ (karịsịa nje bacteria) nke nwere ike ibi n'ọnọdụ nnu dị ukwuu dị ka extremophiles, ma ọ bụ halophiles kpọmkwem. Ihe dị ndụ nke nwere ike iguzogide ọtụtụ salinities bụ Euryhaline. Mmanụ aṅụ dị oke ọnụ iji wepụ ya na mmiri, nnu dị n'ime ya bụ ihe dị mkpa na ojiji mmiri, na-emetụta ike [[Mmịrị ọṅụṅụ|ịṅụ mmiri]] na iru eru maka ịgba mmiri. A hụla mmụba nke nnu na ọdọ mmiri na osimiri na United States, n'ihi nnu a na-ahụkarị n'okporo ụzọ na nnu ndị ọzọ na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2018/01/29/road-salt-environmental-dangers|title=Hopes To Hold The Salt, And Instead Break Out Beet Juice And Beer To Keep Roads Clear|work=www.wbur.org|date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Ọnọdụ nnu n'oké osimiri bụ ihe na-akpali okirikiri oké osimiri ụwa, ebe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ihi mgbanwe nnu na mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'elu oké osimiri na-emepụta mgbanwe na-ese n'elu mmiri, nke na-akpata imikpu na ịrị elu nke mmiri. A na-eche na mgbanwe na salinity nke oké osimiri na-enye aka na mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na carbon dioxide ka mmiri ndị ọzọ nwere nnu anaghị agbaze carbon dioxide. Na mgbakwunye, n'oge oge glacial, hydrography bụ nke mere na ihe nwere ike ime ka mgbasa dị ala bụ mmepụta nke oké osimiri dị iche iche. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, ọ na-esiri ike ịdọrọ mmiri site na nrugharị thermohaline. Ọ bụghị naanị na nnu bụ ihe na-akpali mgbasa nke oké osimiri, mana mgbanwe na mgbasa nke oké mmiri na-emetụtakwa nnu, ọkachasị na subpolar North Atlantic ebe site na 1990 ruo 2010 mmụba nke mmiri na-agbaze na Greenland na-egbochi site na mmụba mbugharị nke mmiri Atlantic na-eme nnu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Fox-Kemper|first=B.|date=2021|title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change|journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|volume=2021|pages=1211–1362|doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011|url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFox-KemperHewittXiaoAðalgeirsdóttir2021">Fox-Kemper, B.; [[Helene Hewitt|Hewitt, H.T.]]; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). [https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf "Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. '''2021'''. Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, US: Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">1211–</span>1362. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011|10.1017/9781009157896.011]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781009157896|<bdi>9781009157896</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dukhovskoy|first=D.S.|date=2016|title=Greenland freshwater pathways in the sub-Arctic Seas from model experiments with passive tracers|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015JC011290|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=121|issue=1|pages=877–907|doi=10.1002/2015JC011290}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dukhovskoy|first=D.S.|date=2019|title=Role of Greenland freshwater anomaly in the recent freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=124|issue=5|pages=3333–3360|doi=10.1029/2018JC014686|pmid=31341755}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stendardo|first=I.|date=2020|title=The North Atlantic Current and its volume and freshwater transports in the subpolar North Atlantic, time period 1993–2016|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=125|issue=9|doi=10.1029/2020JC016065}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mmiri North Atlantic aghọwo nke dị jụụ kemgbe etiti afọ 2010 n'ihi mmụba nke mmiri na-agbaze na Greenland. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holliday|first=N. Penny|date=2020-01-29|title=Ocean circulation causes the largest freshening event for 120 years in eastern subpolar North Atlantic|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=585|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14474-y|pmid=31996687|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2ncswbc1dumfurpsxvkrqa01hdhfyxr 674253 674251 2026-07-08T20:20:13Z Johnnybam 24488 674253 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nkezi kwa afọ nke ogo '''nnu''' dị n'elu maka [[Oke Òrìmìlì|Oké Osimiri Ụwa]]. Njantule sitere na World Ocean Atlas 2009. ]] [[Faịlụ:IAPSO_Standard_Seawater.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) ọkọlọtọ mmiri oke osimiri.]] Salinity (/səˈlɪnɪti/) bụ ogo nnu ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụgụ nn<ref name="teos10">{{Cite book|author=IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO|title=The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties|year=2010|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English)|pages=196pp|url=http://www.TEOS-10.org}}</ref>u a gbazere n'ime [[mmiri]], nke a na-akpọ '''Mmiri nnu''' (leekwa ogo nnu dị n'ala). A na-atụkarị ya n'ogo g / L ma ọ bụ g / kg (grams nke nnu kwa lita / kilogram nke mmiri; nke ikpeazụ enweghị akụkụ nha ma hà ka ‰). Ogo nnu bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ịchọpụta ọtụtụ akụkụ nke kemịkalụ nke mmiri okike na usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime ya, ọ bụkwa ọnọdụ thermodynamic na-agbanwe agbanwe nke, tinyere okpomọkụ na nrụgide, na-achịkwa njirimara anụ ahụ dị ka [[Density|njupụta]] na ikike okpomọkụ nke mmiri. Ndị a, n'aka nke ha, dị mkpa n'ịghọta mmegharị mmiri dị n'ime oke osimiri na mgbanwe okpomọkụ dị n'etiti oke osimiri na ikuku dị n'elu ụwa. A na-akpọ akara nke nnu na-adịgide adịgide ''isohaline'', ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ''isohale''. == Nkọwa == N'echiche, ogo nnu dị n'osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, na oke osimiri bụ echiche dị mfe, ma n'ihe gbasara teknụzụ, ịkọwa ya nke ọma na ịtụle ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-eweta nnukwu ihe ịma aka. N'echiche, ogo nnu bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nnu agbazere dị n'ime mmiri. Nnu bụ ngwakọta kemịkal dịka sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, na sodium bicarbonate ndị na-agbaze ma bụrụ ion mgbe ha batara n'ime mmiri. A na-akpọkarị njupụta ion chloride ndị agbazere n'ime mmiri chlorinity. N'ihe gbasara teknụzụ, a na-akọwa ihe agbazere dịka ihe ọ bụla nwere ike isi na nzacha dị ezigbo nta gafee (n'oge gara aga, nzacha nwere oghere dị ihe dị ka 0.45 μm, ma n'oge e mesịrị, a na-ejikarị nke nwere oghere dị ihe dị ka 0.2 μm)..<ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> A na-egosipụta ogo nnu site n'ụdị mass fraction, ya bụ, arọ nke ihe ndị agbazere n'ime otu arọ nke ngwọta ahụ. Mmiri oké osimiri na-enwekarị nnu dị ihe dị ka 35 g / kg, ọ bụ ezie na ogo nnu dị ala na-adịkarị n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri ebe osimiri na-asọba banye n'ime oke osimiri. Osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nwere ike ịnwe nnu dịgasị iche iche, site na ihe na-erughị 0.01 g / kg <ref name="dilute">{{Cite journal|author=Eilers|first=J. M.|title=The most dilute lake in the world?|journal=Hydrobiologia|year=1990|volume=199|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1007/BF00007827}}</ref> ruo g / kg ole na ole, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ọtụtụ ebe a na-ahụ nnu dị elu. Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ nwere nnu karịrị 200 g / kg.<ref name="anati">{{Cite journal|author=Anati|first=D. A.|title=The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions|journal=Int. J. Salt Lake. Res.|year=1999|volume=8|issue=1|pages=55–70|doi=10.1007/bf02442137}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo na-enwekarị [[Ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze|TDS]] nke 20 mg / kg ma ọ bụ nke pekatịrịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salinitymanagement.org/Salinity%20Management%20Guide/ls/ls_3d.html|title=Learn about salinity and water quality|accessdate=21 July 2018}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nha oghere nzacha e ji kọwaa ya, uru ogo nnu nke mmiri okike enyere agaghị adị iche karịa pasent ole na ole (%). Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta na-amụ fịziks nke oke osimiri, karịsịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mpaghara miri emi nke oke osimiri, na-enwe nnukwu mmasị n'inweta nlele ndị ziri ezi na ndị a pụrụ iji tụnyere ibe ha, ọbụna mgbe ndị nchọpụta dị iche iche mere ha n'oge dị iche iche, ruo n'ogo nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnụọgụgụ ise dị mkpa (five significant digits).. <ref name="teos10" /><ref name="wetzel" />Ndị na-ahụ maka mmiri n'oké osimiri na-eji ngwaahịa mmiri a na-etinye na karama nke a maara dị ka IAPSO Standard Seawater eme ihe iji mee ka nha ha bụrụ nke ziri ezi iji mezuo ihe a chọrọ. === Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya === Ihe isi ike nke ịtụle na nkọwa na-ebilite n'ihi na mmiri okike nwere ngwakọta gbagwojuru anya nke ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche sitere na isi mmalite dị iche iche (ọ bụghị ha niile sitere na nnu a gbazere agbaze) n'ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche. Njirimara kemịkal nke ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ndị a dabere na okpomọkụ na nrụgide. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị a siri ike iji nlezianya tụọ, na n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla nyocha kemịkal zuru oke adịghị mma mgbe ị na-enyocha ọtụtụ ihe nlele. Nkọwa nke nnu dị iche iche dị irè na-esite na mgbalị dị iche iche ịkọwa nsogbu ndị a, na ọkwa dị iche iche nke izi ezi, ebe ọ ka dị mfe iji. N'ihi ihe ndị metụtara ojiji na mmezu ya n'ọrụ, a na-ejikọkarị ogo nnu na mkpokọta arọ nke ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị kemịkal agbazere ndị a (nke a na-akpọ solution salinity), kama ijikọ ya na arọ a na-amaghị nke nnu ndị mere ka mmiri ahụ nwee ngwakọta kemịkal a. Ihe dị iche na nke a bụ mgbe a na-emepụta mmiri oke osimiri sitere n'aka mmadụ (artificial seawater).. Maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche, a ga-ejedebe ngụkọta a na usoro nke nnukwu ion asatọ na mmiri okike, <ref name="wetzel">{{Cite book|author=Wetzel|first=R. G.|title=Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed.|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-744760-5}}</ref> <ref name="limteos">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Limnological applications of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10)|journal=Limnology and Oceanography: Methods|year=2012|volume=10|issue=11|pages=853–867|doi=10.4319/lom.2012.10.853}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na maka mmiri oké osimiri, mgbe a chọrọ nkenke kachasị elu, a na-agụnye obere ion asaa ọzọ. ions ndị bụ isi na-achịkwa ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ nke ọtụtụ (ma ọ bụghị ha niile) mmiri okike. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-agụnye ụfọdụ Ọdọ Mmiri na mmiri sitere na isi iyi ụfọdụ. A naghị etinyekarị njupụta gas ndị agbazere dịka oxygen na nitrogen n'ime nkọwa nke ogo nnu<ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> Otu ọ dị, a na-etinyekarị gas carbon dioxide, nke mgbe ọ gbazere n'ime mmiri na-agbanwe n'otu akụkụ ghọọ carbonates na bicarbonates. A pụkwara itinye Silicon n'ụdị silicic acid, nke na-apụtakarị dịka molekul na-enweghị ebubo eletrik n'ime ogo pH nke ọtụtụ mmiri ndị sitere n'okike, maka ebumnuche ụfọdụ may also be included for some purposes (dịka mgbe a na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ogo nnu na njupụta mmiri). === Mmiri Oké Osimiri === [[Faịlụ:Aquarius_flat_2048x1024.ogv|thumb|Vidio nkeji atọ zuru ezu nke NASA na Feb 27,2013 E mepụtara ngwá ọrụ NASA Aquarius nke dị na Satellite SAC-D nke Argentina iji tụọ nnu n'elu oké osimiri ụwa. Ihe nkiri a na-egosi usoro nnu dị ka Aquarius tụrụ site na Disemba 2011 ruo Disemba 2012. Agba uhie na-anọchite anya ebe ndị nwere nnu dị elu, ebe onyinyo na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-anọchi anya ebe ndị na-enweghị nnu.]] Okwu a bụ ogo nnu, maka ndị na-amụ banyere oké osimiri, na-ejikọkarị n'otu n'ime usoro ụfọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ e ji atụ ya. Ka usoro ndị a kacha eji atụ ogo nnu na-agbanwe ma na-etolite, nkọwa dị iche iche e ji akọwa ogo nnu na-agbanwekwa. A na-atụle nnu site na iji usoro ndị dabeere na aha tupu afọ 1980. Enwere ike iji nitrate ọlaọcha mee ihe iji chọpụta oke nke ion Halyde (karịsịa chlorine na bromine) iji nye chlorinity. A na-amụba chlorinity site na ihe iji kọwaa ihe ndị ọzọ niile. A na-egosipụta 'Knudsen salinities' na nkeji nke akụkụ kwa puku (ppt ma ọ bụ ‰). Ojiji nke ọnụọgụgụ eletrik iji tụọ ihe ionic nke mmiri oké osimiri dugara na mmepe nke ogo a na-akpọ ogo salinity 1978 (PSS-78). Ogo nnu a tụrụ site n'iji PSS-78 enweghị nkeji nha (units). Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-etinye mgbakwunye psu ma ọ bụ PSU (nke pụtara practical salinity unit) n'azụ uru e nwetara n'ịtụ PSS-78.[1] Otú ọ dị, itinye PSU dị ka nkeji nha n'azụ uru ahụ bụ ihe "na-ezighị ezi n'usoro sayensị ma bụrụkwa ihe a na-adụ ọdụ ike ka a ghara ime.".<ref name="rant">{{Cite journal|author=Millero|first=F. J.|journal=Oceanography|year=1993|volume=6|issue=3|pages=67|title=What is PSU?}}</ref> Mgbakwunye nke PSU dị ka otu mgbe uru ahụ gasịrị bụ "nke na-ezighi ezi ma bụrụ nke a kụdara obi". <ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, e webatara ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị dị na mmiri oké osimiri a na-akpọ ''usoro thermodynamic nke mmiri oké osimiri 2010'' (TEOS-10) na-akwado ka e jiri absolute salinity (ogo nnu zuru oke) dochie practical salinity (ogo nnu bara uru), nakwa ka e jiri conservative temperature (okpomọkụ na-echekwa ike) dochie potential temperature (okpomọkụ enwere ike). Ụkpụrụ a gụnyere ihe ọhụrụ a na-akpọ ihe ncheta salinity scale. A na-egosipụta nnu zuru oke (absolute salinity) n'usoro nha a n'ụdị òkè oke n'arọ (mass fraction), ya bụ, gram kwa kilogram nke ngwọta (g/kg). A na-ekpebi ogo nnu n'usoro a site n'ịjikọta nlele nke nduzi eletrik (electrical conductivity) na ozi ndị ọzọ na-akọwa mgbanwe ndị na-adị n'ụdị mmiri oke osimiri n'ebe dị iche iche. A pụkwara ikpebi ya site n'ịtụ njupụta (density) nke mmiri ahụ ozugbo. Ihe nnwale nke mmiri oké osimiri sitere n'ọtụtụ ebe nwere chlorinity nke 19.37 ppt ga-enwe ogo nnunke 35.00 ppt, ogo nnu bara uru PSS-78 (PSS-78 practical salinity) nke ihe dị ka 35.0, na ogo nnu zuru oke TEOS-10 (TEOS-10 absolute salinity) nke ihe dị ka 35.2 g/kg. Nduzi eletrik (electrical conductivity) nke mmiri a, n'okpomọkụ nke ogo Celsius iri na ise (15 °C), bụ 42.9 mS/cm..<ref name="teos10">{{Cite book|author=IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO|title=The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties|year=2010|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English)|pages=196pp|url=http://www.TEOS-10.org}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIOC,_SCOR,_and_IAPSO2010">IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO (2010). [http://www.TEOS-10.org ''The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties'']. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English). pp.&nbsp;196pp.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref><ref name="culk">{{Cite journal|author=Culkin|first=F.|title=Determination of the Concentration of Potassium Chloride Solution Having the Same Electrical Conductivity, at 15C and Infinite Frequency, as Standard Seawater of Salinity 35.0000‰ (Chlorinity 19.37394‰)|journal=IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering|year=1980|volume=OE-5|issue=1|pages=22–23|doi=10.1109/JOE.1980.1145443}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; N'ụwa niile, Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ kpatara enyeela aka na mgbanwe ndị a hụrụ na nnu n'elu na n'okpuru ala kemgbe afọ 1950. Nkọwa nke mgbanwe nnu n'elu na narị afọ iri abụọ n'otu na-egosi na mpaghara oké osimiri dị ọhụrụ ga-anọgide na-adị ọhụrụ na mpaghara nnu ga-anọgidesi na-enweta nnu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Fox-Kemper|first=B.|date=2021|title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change|journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|volume=2021|pages=1211–1362|doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011|url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf}}</ref> Ogo nnu na-eje ozi dị ka ihe na-achọpụta ịdị arọ dị iche iche. A na-adọta mmiri dị n'elu iji dochie mmiri na-ada, nke n'ikpeazụ na-ajụ oyi ma na-atọ ụtọ iji banye. Mgbasa nnu na-enye aka n'ịkpụzi okirikiri oké osimiri. === Ọdọ mmiri na osimiri === Ndị Limnologist na ndị na-emepụta kemịkal na-akọwakarị salinity n'ihe gbasara oke nnu kwa unit, ha na-egosipụta na nkeji nke mg / L ma ọ bụ g / L. A na-egosi, ọ bụ ezie na a naghị ekwukarị ya, na uru a na-emetụta n'ụzọ ziri ezi naanị na okpomọkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na ọnụọgụgụ ngwọta na-adịgasị iche na okpompe. Ụkpụrụ ndị e gosipụtara n'ụzọ a na-abụkarị nke ziri ezi ruo otu paseni. Ndị Limnologists na-ejikwa conductivity eletrik, ma ọ bụ "reference conductivity", dị ka onye nnọchi anya maka salinity. Enwere ike idozi nha a maka mmetụta okpomọkụ, a na-egosipụtakarị ya na nkeji nke μS / cm. Mmiri osimiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere nnu nke dị n'etiti 70 mg / L ga-enwekarị conductivity a kapịrị ọnụ na 25 °C nke dị n'etiti 80 na 130 μS / cm. Ọnụọgụgụ ahụ n'ezie na-adabere na ion ndị dị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van Niekerk|first=Harold|title=Geographical differences in the relationship between total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity in South African rivers|journal=Water SA|date=2014|volume=40|issue=1|pages=133|doi=10.4314/wsa.v40i1.16}}</ref> N'ezie conductivity na-agbanwekarị ihe dị ka pasenti abụọ kwa ogo Celsius, ya bụ conductivity a tụrụ na 5 °C nwere ike ịbụ naanị n'etiti 50-80 μS / cm.&nbsp; A na-ejikwa ogo ọnụọgụgụ kpọmkwem mee ihe iji tụọ ogo nnu, ọkachasị na Ọdọ Mmiri ndị nwere nnu dị ukwuu.<ref name="anati" />Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji njupụta na okpomọkụ a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka nnu. N'oge ndị ọzọ, a na-eji mmekọrịta nnu / njupụta nke emepụtara maka otu mmiri iji tụọ nnu nke ihe nlele site na njupụta a tụrụ. {| style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" ! colspan="4" style="background:#B8E0F6" |Mmiri nnu |- style="background:#87CEFA" !Mmiri dị ọcha !Mmiri na-atọ ụtọ !Mmiri nnu !Brine |- style="background:#00BFFF" !< 0.05% !0.05 – 3% !3 – 5% !> 5% |- style="background:#00BFFF" !< 0.5 ‰ !0.5 – 30 ‰ !30 – 50 ‰ !> 50 ‰ |} == Nkewa nke ụdị mmiri dị iche iche dabere n'ogo nnu ha. == {| align="right" style="text-align:center; margin-right:auto;" | bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Usoro ihe omume Thalassic''' |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" width="150px" |> 300 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |hyperhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |60–80 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |metahaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |40 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |mixoeuhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |30 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |polyhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |18 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |mesohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |5 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |oligohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |0.5 ‰ |} Mmiri oke osimiri (marine waters) bụ mmiri ndị dị n'ime oke osimiri; a na-akpọkwa ha euhaline seas. Ogo nnu nke euhaline seas dị n'agbata pasenti iri atọ na pasenti iri atọ na ise. Oke osimiri ma ọ bụ mmiri ndị na-enweghi oke nnu ma na-adịghịkwa ọhụrụ (brackish seas or waters) nwere ogo nnu dị n'agbata 0.5 na pasenti iri abụọ na iteghete, ebe metahaline seas nwere ogo nnu dị n'agbata pasenti iri atọ na isii na pasenti iri anọ.. A na-ewere mmiri ndị a niile dị ka thalassic n'ihi na nnu ha sitere n'oké osimiri ma kọwaa ya dị ka ''homoiohaline'' ma ọ bụrụ na nnu adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu n'oge (nke na-adịgide adịgide). Tebụl dị n'aka nri, nke gbanwere site na Por (1972),<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF00373210|title=Hydrobiological notes on the high-salinity waters of the Sinai Peninsula|year=1972|author=Por|first=F. D.|journal=Marine Biology|volume=14|pages=111–119|issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Salinity {{!}} Freshwater Inflows|url=https://www.freshwaterinflow.org/salinity|accessdate=2020-10-25|work=www.freshwaterinflow.org}}</ref> na-agbaso "usoro Venice" (1959). N'adịghị ka gburugburu ebe obibi homoiohaline bụ ụfọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ''''Poikilohaline'''' (nke nwekwara ike ịbụ thalassic) ebe ọdịiche salinity dị ịrịba ama.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dahl, E.|year=1956|title=Ecological salinity boundaries in poikilohaline waters|journal=Oikos|volume=7|pages=1–21|doi=10.2307/3564981|issue=1}}</ref> Mmiri nnu Poikilohaline nwere ike ịdị site na 0.5 ruo karịrị pasenti narị atọ. Ihe dị mkpa bụ na mmiri ndị a na-adịkarị iche na nnu n'ime ụfọdụ ihe dị mkpa n'oge ma ọ bụ n'oge ndị ọzọ yiri ya. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, ndị a bụ mmiri nwere nnu dịgasị iche iche. Mmiri nnu dị elu, nke nnu na-esi na ya apụta (ma ọ bụ na-achọ), a na-akpọ brine. == Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi == Salinity bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-emetụta ụdị ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ebi na mmiri. Ọzọkwa, salinity na-emetụta ụdị [[osisi]] ndị ga-eto ma ọ bụ na mmiri, ma ọ bụ n'ala nke mmiri (ma ọ bụ Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala) na-enye. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kalcic, Maria|first=Turowski, Mark; Hall, Callie|title=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project. A Collaborative Project with Hancock High School, Kiln, MS|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110008620|work=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project|publisher=NTRS|accessdate=2011-06-16|date=2010-12-22}}</ref> A na-akpọ osisi na-anabata ọnọdụ nnu halophyte. A na-akpọ halophyte nke na-anabata sodium carbonate salinity fọdụrụnụ glasswort ma ọ bụ saltwort ma ọ dị ka osisi barilla. A na-ekewa ihe ndị dị ndụ (karịsịa nje bacteria) nke nwere ike ibi n'ọnọdụ nnu dị ukwuu dị ka extremophiles, ma ọ bụ halophiles kpọmkwem. Ihe dị ndụ nke nwere ike iguzogide ọtụtụ salinities bụ Euryhaline. Mmanụ aṅụ dị oke ọnụ iji wepụ ya na mmiri, nnu dị n'ime ya bụ ihe dị mkpa na ojiji mmiri, na-emetụta ike [[Mmịrị ọṅụṅụ|ịṅụ mmiri]] na iru eru maka ịgba mmiri. A hụla mmụba nke nnu na ọdọ mmiri na osimiri na United States, n'ihi nnu a na-ahụkarị n'okporo ụzọ na nnu ndị ọzọ na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2018/01/29/road-salt-environmental-dangers|title=Hopes To Hold The Salt, And Instead Break Out Beet Juice And Beer To Keep Roads Clear|work=www.wbur.org|date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Ọnọdụ nnu n'oké osimiri bụ ihe na-akpali okirikiri oké osimiri ụwa, ebe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ihi mgbanwe nnu na mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'elu oké osimiri na-emepụta mgbanwe na-ese n'elu mmiri, nke na-akpata imikpu na ịrị elu nke mmiri. A na-eche na mgbanwe na salinity nke oké osimiri na-enye aka na mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na carbon dioxide ka mmiri ndị ọzọ nwere nnu anaghị agbaze carbon dioxide. Na mgbakwunye, n'oge oge glacial, hydrography bụ nke mere na ihe nwere ike ime ka mgbasa dị ala bụ mmepụta nke oké osimiri dị iche iche. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, ọ na-esiri ike ịdọrọ mmiri site na nrugharị thermohaline. Ọ bụghị naanị na nnu bụ ihe na-akpali mgbasa nke oké osimiri, mana mgbanwe na mgbasa nke oké mmiri na-emetụtakwa nnu, ọkachasị na subpolar North Atlantic ebe site na 1990 ruo 2010 mmụba nke mmiri na-agbaze na Greenland na-egbochi site na mmụba mbugharị nke mmiri Atlantic na-eme nnu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Fox-Kemper|first=B.|date=2021|title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change|journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|volume=2021|pages=1211–1362|doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011|url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFox-KemperHewittXiaoAðalgeirsdóttir2021">Fox-Kemper, B.; [[Helene Hewitt|Hewitt, H.T.]]; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). [https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf "Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. '''2021'''. Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, US: Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">1211–</span>1362. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011|10.1017/9781009157896.011]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781009157896|<bdi>9781009157896</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dukhovskoy|first=D.S.|date=2016|title=Greenland freshwater pathways in the sub-Arctic Seas from model experiments with passive tracers|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015JC011290|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=121|issue=1|pages=877–907|doi=10.1002/2015JC011290}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dukhovskoy|first=D.S.|date=2019|title=Role of Greenland freshwater anomaly in the recent freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=124|issue=5|pages=3333–3360|doi=10.1029/2018JC014686|pmid=31341755}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stendardo|first=I.|date=2020|title=The North Atlantic Current and its volume and freshwater transports in the subpolar North Atlantic, time period 1993–2016|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=125|issue=9|doi=10.1029/2020JC016065}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mmiri North Atlantic aghọwo nke dị jụụ kemgbe etiti afọ 2010 n'ihi mmụba nke mmiri na-agbaze na Greenland. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holliday|first=N. Penny|date=2020-01-29|title=Ocean circulation causes the largest freshening event for 120 years in eastern subpolar North Atlantic|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=585|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14474-y|pmid=31996687|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s5ah6xk874s8pz194799ihozpuxcn5w 674263 674253 2026-07-08T20:33:56Z Johnnybam 24488 674263 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nkezi kwa afọ nke ogo '''nnu''' dị n'elu <ref name="teos10" />maka [[Oke Òrìmìlì|Oké Osimiri Ụwa]]. Njantule sitere na World Ocean Atlas 2009. ]] [[Faịlụ:IAPSO_Standard_Seawater.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) ọkọlọtọ mmiri oke osimiri.]] Salinity (/səˈlɪnɪti/) bụ ogo nnu ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụgụ nn<ref name="teos10">{{Cite book|author=IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO|title=The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties|year=2010|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English)|pages=196pp|url=http://www.TEOS-10.org}}</ref>u a gbazere n'ime [[mmiri]], nke a na-akpọ '''Mmiri nnu''' (leekwa ogo nnu dị n'ala). A na-atụkarị ya n'ogo g / L ma ọ bụ g / kg (grams nke nnu kwa lita / kilogram nke mmiri; nke ikpeazụ enweghị akụkụ nha ma hà ka ‰). Ogo nnu bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ịchọpụta ọtụtụ akụkụ nke kemịkalụ nke mmiri okike na usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime ya, ọ bụkwa ọnọdụ thermodynamic na-agbanwe agbanwe nke, tinyere okpomọkụ na nrụgide, na-achịkwa njirimara anụ ahụ dị ka [[Density|njupụta]] na ikike okpomọkụ nke mmiri. Ndị a, n'aka nke ha, dị mkpa n'ịghọta mmegharị mmiri dị n'ime oke osimiri na mgbanwe okpomọkụ dị n'etiti oke osimiri na ikuku dị n'elu ụwa. A na-akpọ akara nke nnu na-adịgide adịgide ''isohaline'', ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ''isohale''. == Nkọwa == N'echiche, ogo nnu dị n'osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, na oke osimiri bụ echiche dị mfe, ma n'ihe gbasara teknụzụ, ịkọwa ya nke ọma na ịtụle ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-eweta nnukwu ihe ịma aka. N'echiche, ogo nnu bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nnu agbazere dị n'ime mmiri. Nnu bụ ngwakọta kemịkal dịka sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, na sodium bicarbonate ndị na-agbaze ma bụrụ ion mgbe ha batara n'ime mmiri. A na-akpọkarị njupụta ion chloride ndị agbazere n'ime mmiri chlorinity. N'ihe gbasara teknụzụ, a na-akọwa ihe agbazere dịka ihe ọ bụla nwere ike isi na nzacha dị ezigbo nta gafee (n'oge gara aga, nzacha nwere oghere dị ihe dị ka 0.45 μm, ma n'oge e mesịrị, a na-ejikarị nke nwere oghere dị ihe dị ka 0.2 μm)..<ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> A na-egosipụta ogo nnu site n'ụdị mass fraction, ya bụ, arọ nke ihe ndị agbazere n'ime otu arọ nke ngwọta ahụ. Mmiri oké osimiri na-enwekarị nnu dị ihe dị ka 35 g / kg, ọ bụ ezie na ogo nnu dị ala na-adịkarị n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri ebe osimiri na-asọba banye n'ime oke osimiri. Osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nwere ike ịnwe nnu dịgasị iche iche, site na ihe na-erughị 0.01 g / kg <ref name="dilute">{{Cite journal|author=Eilers|first=J. M.|title=The most dilute lake in the world?|journal=Hydrobiologia|year=1990|volume=199|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1007/BF00007827}}</ref> ruo g / kg ole na ole, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ọtụtụ ebe a na-ahụ nnu dị elu. Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ nwere nnu karịrị 200 g / kg.<ref name="anati">{{Cite journal|author=Anati|first=D. A.|title=The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions|journal=Int. J. Salt Lake. Res.|year=1999|volume=8|issue=1|pages=55–70|doi=10.1007/bf02442137}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo na-enwekarị [[Ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze|TDS]] nke 20 mg / kg ma ọ bụ nke pekatịrịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salinitymanagement.org/Salinity%20Management%20Guide/ls/ls_3d.html|title=Learn about salinity and water quality|accessdate=21 July 2018}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nha oghere nzacha e ji kọwaa ya, uru ogo nnu nke mmiri okike enyere agaghị adị iche karịa pasent ole na ole (%). Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta na-amụ fịziks nke oke osimiri, karịsịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mpaghara miri emi nke oke osimiri, na-enwe nnukwu mmasị n'inweta nlele ndị ziri ezi na ndị a pụrụ iji tụnyere ibe ha, ọbụna mgbe ndị nchọpụta dị iche iche mere ha n'oge dị iche iche, ruo n'ogo nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnụọgụgụ ise dị mkpa (five significant digits).. <ref name="wetzel" />Ndị na-ahụ maka mmiri n'oké osimiri na-eji ngwaahịa mmiri a na-etinye na karama nke a maara dị ka IAPSO Standard Seawater eme ihe iji mee ka nha ha bụrụ nke ziri ezi iji mezuo ihe a chọrọ. === Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya === Ihe isi ike nke ịtụle na nkọwa na-ebilite n'ihi na mmiri okike nwere ngwakọta gbagwojuru anya nke ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche sitere na isi mmalite dị iche iche (ọ bụghị ha niile sitere na nnu a gbazere agbaze) n'ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche. Njirimara kemịkal nke ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ndị a dabere na okpomọkụ na nrụgide. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị a siri ike iji nlezianya tụọ, na n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla nyocha kemịkal zuru oke adịghị mma mgbe ị na-enyocha ọtụtụ ihe nlele. Nkọwa nke nnu dị iche iche dị irè na-esite na mgbalị dị iche iche ịkọwa nsogbu ndị a, na ọkwa dị iche iche nke izi ezi, ebe ọ ka dị mfe iji. N'ihi ihe ndị metụtara ojiji na mmezu ya n'ọrụ, a na-ejikọkarị ogo nnu na mkpokọta arọ nke ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị kemịkal agbazere ndị a (nke a na-akpọ solution salinity), kama ijikọ ya na arọ a na-amaghị nke nnu ndị mere ka mmiri ahụ nwee ngwakọta kemịkal a. Ihe dị iche na nke a bụ mgbe a na-emepụta mmiri oke osimiri sitere n'aka mmadụ (artificial seawater).. Maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche, a ga-ejedebe ngụkọta a na usoro nke nnukwu ion asatọ na mmiri okike, <ref name="wetzel">{{Cite book|author=Wetzel|first=R. G.|title=Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed.|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-744760-5}}</ref> <ref name="limteos">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Limnological applications of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10)|journal=Limnology and Oceanography: Methods|year=2012|volume=10|issue=11|pages=853–867|doi=10.4319/lom.2012.10.853}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na maka mmiri oké osimiri, mgbe a chọrọ nkenke kachasị elu, a na-agụnye obere ion asaa ọzọ. ions ndị bụ isi na-achịkwa ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ nke ọtụtụ (ma ọ bụghị ha niile) mmiri okike. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-agụnye ụfọdụ Ọdọ Mmiri na mmiri sitere na isi iyi ụfọdụ. A naghị etinyekarị njupụta gas ndị agbazere dịka oxygen na nitrogen n'ime nkọwa nke ogo nnu<ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> Otu ọ dị, a na-etinyekarị gas carbon dioxide, nke mgbe ọ gbazere n'ime mmiri na-agbanwe n'otu akụkụ ghọọ carbonates na bicarbonates. A pụkwara itinye Silicon n'ụdị silicic acid, nke na-apụtakarị dịka molekul na-enweghị ebubo eletrik n'ime ogo pH nke ọtụtụ mmiri ndị sitere n'okike, maka ebumnuche ụfọdụ may also be included for some purposes (dịka mgbe a na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ogo nnu na njupụta mmiri). === Mmiri Oké Osimiri === [[Faịlụ:Aquarius_flat_2048x1024.ogv|thumb|Vidio nkeji atọ zuru ezu nke NASA na Feb 27,2013 E mepụtara ngwá ọrụ NASA Aquarius nke dị na Satellite SAC-D nke Argentina iji tụọ nnu n'elu oké osimiri ụwa. Ihe nkiri a na-egosi usoro nnu dị ka Aquarius tụrụ site na Disemba 2011 ruo Disemba 2012. Agba uhie na-anọchite anya ebe ndị nwere nnu dị elu, ebe onyinyo na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-anọchi anya ebe ndị na-enweghị nnu.]] Okwu a bụ ogo nnu, maka ndị na-amụ banyere oké osimiri, na-ejikọkarị n'otu n'ime usoro ụfọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ e ji atụ ya. Ka usoro ndị a kacha eji atụ ogo nnu na-agbanwe ma na-etolite, nkọwa dị iche iche e ji akọwa ogo nnu na-agbanwekwa. A na-atụle nnu site na iji usoro ndị dabeere na aha tupu afọ 1980. Enwere ike iji nitrate ọlaọcha mee ihe iji chọpụta oke nke ion Halyde (karịsịa chlorine na bromine) iji nye chlorinity. A na-amụba chlorinity site na ihe iji kọwaa ihe ndị ọzọ niile. A na-egosipụta 'Knudsen salinities' na nkeji nke akụkụ kwa puku (ppt ma ọ bụ ‰). Ojiji nke ọnụọgụgụ eletrik iji tụọ ihe ionic nke mmiri oké osimiri dugara na mmepe nke ogo a na-akpọ ogo salinity 1978 (PSS-78). Ogo nnu a tụrụ site n'iji PSS-78 enweghị nkeji nha (units). Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-etinye mgbakwunye psu ma ọ bụ PSU (nke pụtara practical salinity unit) n'azụ uru e nwetara n'ịtụ PSS-78.[1] Otú ọ dị, itinye PSU dị ka nkeji nha n'azụ uru ahụ bụ ihe "na-ezighị ezi n'usoro sayensị ma bụrụkwa ihe a na-adụ ọdụ ike ka a ghara ime.".<ref name="rant">{{Cite journal|author=Millero|first=F. J.|journal=Oceanography|year=1993|volume=6|issue=3|pages=67|title=What is PSU?}}</ref> Mgbakwunye nke PSU dị ka otu mgbe uru ahụ gasịrị bụ "nke na-ezighi ezi ma bụrụ nke a kụdara obi". <ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, e webatara ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị dị na mmiri oké osimiri a na-akpọ ''usoro thermodynamic nke mmiri oké osimiri 2010'' (TEOS-10) na-akwado ka e jiri absolute salinity (ogo nnu zuru oke) dochie practical salinity (ogo nnu bara uru), nakwa ka e jiri conservative temperature (okpomọkụ na-echekwa ike) dochie potential temperature (okpomọkụ enwere ike). Ụkpụrụ a gụnyere ihe ọhụrụ a na-akpọ ihe ncheta salinity scale. A na-egosipụta nnu zuru oke (absolute salinity) n'usoro nha a n'ụdị òkè oke n'arọ (mass fraction), ya bụ, gram kwa kilogram nke ngwọta (g/kg). A na-ekpebi ogo nnu n'usoro a site n'ịjikọta nlele nke nduzi eletrik (electrical conductivity) na ozi ndị ọzọ na-akọwa mgbanwe ndị na-adị n'ụdị mmiri oke osimiri n'ebe dị iche iche. A pụkwara ikpebi ya site n'ịtụ njupụta (density) nke mmiri ahụ ozugbo. Ihe nnwale nke mmiri oké osimiri sitere n'ọtụtụ ebe nwere chlorinity nke 19.37 ppt ga-enwe ogo nnunke 35.00 ppt, ogo nnu bara uru PSS-78 (PSS-78 practical salinity) nke ihe dị ka 35.0, na ogo nnu zuru oke TEOS-10 (TEOS-10 absolute salinity) nke ihe dị ka 35.2 g/kg. Nduzi eletrik (electrical conductivity) nke mmiri a, n'okpomọkụ nke ogo Celsius iri na ise (15 °C), bụ 42.9 mS/cm..<ref name="culk">{{Cite journal|author=Culkin|first=F.|title=Determination of the Concentration of Potassium Chloride Solution Having the Same Electrical Conductivity, at 15C and Infinite Frequency, as Standard Seawater of Salinity 35.0000‰ (Chlorinity 19.37394‰)|journal=IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering|year=1980|volume=OE-5|issue=1|pages=22–23|doi=10.1109/JOE.1980.1145443}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; N'ụwa niile, Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ kpatara enyeela aka na mgbanwe ndị a hụrụ na nnu n'elu na n'okpuru ala kemgbe afọ 1950. Nkọwa nke mgbanwe nnu n'elu na narị afọ iri abụọ n'otu na-egosi na mpaghara oké osimiri dị ọhụrụ ga-anọgide na-adị ọhụrụ na mpaghara nnu ga-anọgidesi na-enweta nnu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Fox-Kemper|first=B.|date=2021|title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change|journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|volume=2021|pages=1211–1362|doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011|url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf}}</ref> Ogo nnu na-eje ozi dị ka ihe na-achọpụta ịdị arọ dị iche iche. A na-adọta mmiri dị n'elu iji dochie mmiri na-ada, nke n'ikpeazụ na-ajụ oyi ma na-atọ ụtọ iji banye. Mgbasa nnu na-enye aka n'ịkpụzi okirikiri oké osimiri. === Ọdọ mmiri na osimiri === Ndị Limnologist na ndị na-emepụta kemịkal na-akọwakarị salinity n'ihe gbasara oke nnu kwa unit, ha na-egosipụta na nkeji nke mg / L ma ọ bụ g / L. A na-egosi, ọ bụ ezie na a naghị ekwukarị ya, na uru a na-emetụta n'ụzọ ziri ezi naanị na okpomọkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na ọnụọgụgụ ngwọta na-adịgasị iche na okpompe. Ụkpụrụ ndị e gosipụtara n'ụzọ a na-abụkarị nke ziri ezi ruo otu paseni. Ndị Limnologists na-ejikwa conductivity eletrik, ma ọ bụ "reference conductivity", dị ka onye nnọchi anya maka salinity. Enwere ike idozi nha a maka mmetụta okpomọkụ, a na-egosipụtakarị ya na nkeji nke μS / cm. Mmiri osimiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere nnu nke dị n'etiti 70 mg / L ga-enwekarị conductivity a kapịrị ọnụ na 25 °C nke dị n'etiti 80 na 130 μS / cm. Ọnụọgụgụ ahụ n'ezie na-adabere na ion ndị dị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van Niekerk|first=Harold|title=Geographical differences in the relationship between total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity in South African rivers|journal=Water SA|date=2014|volume=40|issue=1|pages=133|doi=10.4314/wsa.v40i1.16}}</ref> N'ezie conductivity na-agbanwekarị ihe dị ka pasenti abụọ kwa ogo Celsius, ya bụ conductivity a tụrụ na 5 °C nwere ike ịbụ naanị n'etiti 50-80 μS / cm.&nbsp; A na-ejikwa ogo ọnụọgụgụ kpọmkwem mee ihe iji tụọ ogo nnu, ọkachasị na Ọdọ Mmiri ndị nwere nnu dị ukwuu.<ref name="anati" />Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji njupụta na okpomọkụ a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka nnu. N'oge ndị ọzọ, a na-eji mmekọrịta nnu / njupụta nke emepụtara maka otu mmiri iji tụọ nnu nke ihe nlele site na njupụta a tụrụ. {| style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" ! colspan="4" style="background:#B8E0F6" |Mmiri nnu |- style="background:#87CEFA" !Mmiri dị ọcha !Mmiri na-atọ ụtọ !Mmiri nnu !Brine |- style="background:#00BFFF" !< 0.05% !0.05 – 3% !3 – 5% !> 5% |- style="background:#00BFFF" !< 0.5 ‰ !0.5 – 30 ‰ !30 – 50 ‰ !> 50 ‰ |} == Nkewa nke ụdị mmiri dị iche iche dabere n'ogo nnu ha. == {| align="right" style="text-align:center; margin-right:auto;" | bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Usoro ihe omume Thalassic''' |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" width="150px" |> 300 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |hyperhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |60–80 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |metahaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |40 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |mixoeuhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |30 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |polyhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |18 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |mesohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |5 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |oligohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |0.5 ‰ |} Mmiri oke osimiri (marine waters) bụ mmiri ndị dị n'ime oke osimiri; a na-akpọkwa ha euhaline seas. Ogo nnu nke euhaline seas dị n'agbata pasenti iri atọ na pasenti iri atọ na ise. Oke osimiri ma ọ bụ mmiri ndị na-enweghi oke nnu ma na-adịghịkwa ọhụrụ (brackish seas or waters) nwere ogo nnu dị n'agbata 0.5 na pasenti iri abụọ na iteghete, ebe metahaline seas nwere ogo nnu dị n'agbata pasenti iri atọ na isii na pasenti iri anọ.. A na-ewere mmiri ndị a niile dị ka thalassic n'ihi na nnu ha sitere n'oké osimiri ma kọwaa ya dị ka ''homoiohaline'' ma ọ bụrụ na nnu adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu n'oge (nke na-adịgide adịgide). Tebụl dị n'aka nri, nke gbanwere site na Por (1972),<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF00373210|title=Hydrobiological notes on the high-salinity waters of the Sinai Peninsula|year=1972|author=Por|first=F. D.|journal=Marine Biology|volume=14|pages=111–119|issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Salinity {{!}} Freshwater Inflows|url=https://www.freshwaterinflow.org/salinity|accessdate=2020-10-25|work=www.freshwaterinflow.org}}</ref> na-agbaso "usoro Venice" (1959). N'adịghị ka gburugburu ebe obibi homoiohaline bụ ụfọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ''''Poikilohaline'''' (nke nwekwara ike ịbụ thalassic) ebe ọdịiche salinity dị ịrịba ama.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dahl, E.|year=1956|title=Ecological salinity boundaries in poikilohaline waters|journal=Oikos|volume=7|pages=1–21|doi=10.2307/3564981|issue=1}}</ref> Mmiri nnu Poikilohaline nwere ike ịdị site na 0.5 ruo karịrị pasenti narị atọ. Ihe dị mkpa bụ na mmiri ndị a na-adịkarị iche na nnu n'ime ụfọdụ ihe dị mkpa n'oge ma ọ bụ n'oge ndị ọzọ yiri ya. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, ndị a bụ mmiri nwere nnu dịgasị iche iche. Mmiri nnu dị elu, nke nnu na-esi na ya apụta (ma ọ bụ na-achọ), a na-akpọ brine. == Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi == Salinity bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-emetụta ụdị ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ebi na mmiri. Ọzọkwa, salinity na-emetụta ụdị [[osisi]] ndị ga-eto ma ọ bụ na mmiri, ma ọ bụ n'ala nke mmiri (ma ọ bụ Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala) na-enye. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kalcic, Maria|first=Turowski, Mark; Hall, Callie|title=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project. A Collaborative Project with Hancock High School, Kiln, MS|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110008620|work=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project|publisher=NTRS|accessdate=2011-06-16|date=2010-12-22}}</ref> A na-akpọ osisi na-anabata ọnọdụ nnu halophyte. A na-akpọ halophyte nke na-anabata sodium carbonate salinity fọdụrụnụ glasswort ma ọ bụ saltwort ma ọ dị ka osisi barilla. A na-ekewa ihe ndị dị ndụ (karịsịa nje bacteria) nke nwere ike ibi n'ọnọdụ nnu dị ukwuu dị ka extremophiles, ma ọ bụ halophiles kpọmkwem. Ihe dị ndụ nke nwere ike iguzogide ọtụtụ salinities bụ Euryhaline. Mmanụ aṅụ dị oke ọnụ iji wepụ ya na mmiri, nnu dị n'ime ya bụ ihe dị mkpa na ojiji mmiri, na-emetụta ike [[Mmịrị ọṅụṅụ|ịṅụ mmiri]] na iru eru maka ịgba mmiri. A hụla mmụba nke nnu na ọdọ mmiri na osimiri na United States, n'ihi nnu a na-ahụkarị n'okporo ụzọ na nnu ndị ọzọ na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2018/01/29/road-salt-environmental-dangers|title=Hopes To Hold The Salt, And Instead Break Out Beet Juice And Beer To Keep Roads Clear|work=www.wbur.org|date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Ọnọdụ nnu n'oké osimiri bụ ihe na-akpali okirikiri oké osimiri ụwa, ebe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ihi mgbanwe nnu na mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'elu oké osimiri na-emepụta mgbanwe na-ese n'elu mmiri, nke na-akpata imikpu na ịrị elu nke mmiri. A na-eche na mgbanwe na salinity nke oké osimiri na-enye aka na mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na carbon dioxide ka mmiri ndị ọzọ nwere nnu anaghị agbaze carbon dioxide. Na mgbakwunye, n'oge oge glacial, hydrography bụ nke mere na ihe nwere ike ime ka mgbasa dị ala bụ mmepụta nke oké osimiri dị iche iche. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, ọ na-esiri ike ịdọrọ mmiri site na nrugharị thermohaline. Ọ bụghị naanị na nnu bụ ihe na-akpali mgbasa nke oké osimiri, mana mgbanwe na mgbasa nke oké mmiri na-emetụtakwa nnu, ọkachasị na subpolar North Atlantic ebe site na 1990 ruo 2010 mmụba nke mmiri na-agbaze na Greenland na-egbochi site na mmụba mbugharị nke mmiri Atlantic na-eme nnu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Fox-Kemper|first=B.|date=2021|title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change|journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|volume=2021|pages=1211–1362|doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011|url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFox-KemperHewittXiaoAðalgeirsdóttir2021">Fox-Kemper, B.; [[Helene Hewitt|Hewitt, H.T.]]; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). [https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf "Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. '''2021'''. Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, US: Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">1211–</span>1362. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011|10.1017/9781009157896.011]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781009157896|<bdi>9781009157896</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dukhovskoy|first=D.S.|date=2016|title=Greenland freshwater pathways in the sub-Arctic Seas from model experiments with passive tracers|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015JC011290|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=121|issue=1|pages=877–907|doi=10.1002/2015JC011290}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dukhovskoy|first=D.S.|date=2019|title=Role of Greenland freshwater anomaly in the recent freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=124|issue=5|pages=3333–3360|doi=10.1029/2018JC014686|pmid=31341755}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stendardo|first=I.|date=2020|title=The North Atlantic Current and its volume and freshwater transports in the subpolar North Atlantic, time period 1993–2016|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=125|issue=9|doi=10.1029/2020JC016065}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mmiri North Atlantic aghọwo nke dị jụụ kemgbe etiti afọ 2010 n'ihi mmụba nke mmiri na-agbaze na Greenland. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holliday|first=N. Penny|date=2020-01-29|title=Ocean circulation causes the largest freshening event for 120 years in eastern subpolar North Atlantic|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=585|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14474-y|pmid=31996687|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] m8pr2yzx7xocs6vocal9fdliwvythz7 674264 674263 2026-07-08T20:35:19Z Johnnybam 24488 674264 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nkezi kwa afọ nke ogo '''nnu''' dị n'elu <ref name="teos10" />maka [[Oke Òrìmìlì|Oké Osimiri Ụwa]]. Njantule sitere na World Ocean Atlas 2009. ]] [[Faịlụ:IAPSO_Standard_Seawater.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) ọkọlọtọ mmiri oke osimiri.]] Salinity (/səˈlɪnɪti/) bụ ogo nnu ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụgụ nn<ref name="teos10">{{Cite book|author=IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO|title=The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties|year=2010|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English)|pages=196pp|url=http://www.TEOS-10.org}}</ref>u a gbazere n'ime [[mmiri]], nke a na-akpọ '''Mmiri nnu''' (leekwa ogo nnu dị n'ala). A na-atụkarị ya n'ogo g / L ma ọ bụ g / kg (grams nke nnu kwa lita / kilogram nke mmiri; nke ikpeazụ enweghị akụkụ nha ma hà ka ‰). Ogo nnu bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ịchọpụta ọtụtụ akụkụ nke kemịkalụ nke mmiri okike na usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime ya, ọ bụkwa ọnọdụ thermodynamic na-agbanwe agbanwe nke, tinyere okpomọkụ na nrụgide, na-achịkwa njirimara anụ ahụ dị ka [[Density|njupụta]] na ikike okpomọkụ nke mmiri. Ndị a, n'aka nke ha, dị mkpa n'ịghọta mmegharị mmiri dị n'ime oke osimiri na mgbanwe okpomọkụ dị n'etiti oke osimiri na ikuku dị n'elu ụwa. A na-akpọ akara nke nnu na-adịgide adịgide ''isohaline'', ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ''isohale''. == Nkọwa == N'echiche, ogo nnu dị n'osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, na oke osimiri bụ echiche dị mfe, ma n'ihe gbasara teknụzụ, ịkọwa ya nke ọma na ịtụle ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-eweta nnukwu ihe ịma aka. N'echiche, ogo nnu bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nnu agbazere dị n'ime mmiri. Nnu bụ ngwakọta kemịkal dịka sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, na sodium bicarbonate ndị na-agbaze ma bụrụ ion mgbe ha batara n'ime mmiri. A na-akpọkarị njupụta ion chloride ndị agbazere n'ime mmiri chlorinity. N'ihe gbasara teknụzụ, a na-akọwa ihe agbazere dịka ihe ọ bụla nwere ike isi na nzacha dị ezigbo nta gafee (n'oge gara aga, nzacha nwere oghere dị ihe dị ka 0.45 μm, ma n'oge e mesịrị, a na-ejikarị nke nwere oghere dị ihe dị ka 0.2 μm)..<ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> A na-egosipụta ogo nnu site n'ụdị mass fraction, ya bụ, arọ nke ihe ndị agbazere n'ime otu arọ nke ngwọta ahụ. Mmiri oké osimiri na-enwekarị nnu dị ihe dị ka 35 g / kg, ọ bụ ezie na ogo nnu dị ala na-adịkarị n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri ebe osimiri na-asọba banye n'ime oke osimiri. Osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nwere ike ịnwe nnu dịgasị iche iche, site na ihe na-erughị 0.01 g / kg <ref name="dilute">{{Cite journal|author=Eilers|first=J. M.|title=The most dilute lake in the world?|journal=Hydrobiologia|year=1990|volume=199|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1007/BF00007827}}</ref> ruo g / kg ole na ole, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ọtụtụ ebe a na-ahụ nnu dị elu. Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ nwere nnu karịrị 200 g / kg.<ref name="anati">{{Cite journal|author=Anati|first=D. A.|title=The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions|journal=Int. J. Salt Lake. Res.|year=1999|volume=8|issue=1|pages=55–70|doi=10.1007/bf02442137}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo na-enwekarị [[Ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze|TDS]] nke 20 mg / kg ma ọ bụ nke pekatịrịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salinitymanagement.org/Salinity%20Management%20Guide/ls/ls_3d.html|title=Learn about salinity and water quality|accessdate=21 July 2018}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nha oghere nzacha e ji kọwaa ya, uru ogo nnu nke mmiri okike enyere agaghị adị iche karịa pasent ole na ole (%). Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta na-amụ fịziks nke oke osimiri, karịsịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mpaghara miri emi nke oke osimiri, na-enwe nnukwu mmasị n'inweta nlele ndị ziri ezi na ndị a pụrụ iji tụnyere ibe ha, ọbụna mgbe ndị nchọpụta dị iche iche mere ha n'oge dị iche iche, ruo n'ogo nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnụọgụgụ ise dị mkpa (five significant digits).. <ref name="wetzel" />Ndị na-ahụ maka mmiri n'oké osimiri na-eji ngwaahịa mmiri a na-etinye na karama nke a maara dị ka IAPSO Standard Seawater eme ihe iji mee ka nha ha bụrụ nke ziri ezi iji mezuo ihe a chọrọ. === Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya === Ihe isi ike nke ịtụle na nkọwa na-ebilite n'ihi na mmiri okike nwere ngwakọta gbagwojuru anya nke ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche sitere na isi mmalite dị iche iche (ọ bụghị ha niile sitere na nnu a gbazere agbaze) n'ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche. Njirimara kemịkal nke ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ndị a dabere na okpomọkụ na nrụgide. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị a siri ike iji nlezianya tụọ, na n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla nyocha kemịkal zuru oke adịghị mma mgbe ị na-enyocha ọtụtụ ihe nlele. Nkọwa nke nnu dị iche iche dị irè na-esite na mgbalị dị iche iche ịkọwa nsogbu ndị a, na ọkwa dị iche iche nke izi ezi, ebe ọ ka dị mfe iji. N'ihi ihe ndị metụtara ojiji na mmezu ya n'ọrụ, a na-ejikọkarị ogo nnu na mkpokọta arọ nke ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị kemịkal agbazere ndị a (nke a na-akpọ solution salinity), kama ijikọ ya na arọ a na-amaghị nke nnu ndị mere ka mmiri ahụ nwee ngwakọta kemịkal a. Ihe dị iche na nke a bụ mgbe a na-emepụta mmiri oke osimiri sitere n'aka mmadụ (artificial seawater).. Maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche, a ga-ejedebe ngụkọta a na usoro nke nnukwu ion asatọ na mmiri okike, <ref name="wetzel">{{Cite book|author=Wetzel|first=R. G.|title=Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed.|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-744760-5}}</ref> <ref name="limteos">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Limnological applications of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10)|journal=Limnology and Oceanography: Methods|year=2012|volume=10|issue=11|pages=853–867|doi=10.4319/lom.2012.10.853}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na maka mmiri oké osimiri, mgbe a chọrọ nkenke kachasị elu, a na-agụnye obere ion asaa ọzọ. ions ndị bụ isi na-achịkwa ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ nke ọtụtụ (ma ọ bụghị ha niile) mmiri okike. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-agụnye ụfọdụ Ọdọ Mmiri na mmiri sitere na isi iyi ụfọdụ. A naghị etinyekarị njupụta gas ndị agbazere dịka oxygen na nitrogen n'ime nkọwa nke ogo nnu<ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> Otu ọ dị, a na-etinyekarị gas carbon dioxide, nke mgbe ọ gbazere n'ime mmiri na-agbanwe n'otu akụkụ ghọọ carbonates na bicarbonates. A pụkwara itinye Silicon n'ụdị silicic acid, nke na-apụtakarị dịka molekul na-enweghị ebubo eletrik n'ime ogo pH nke ọtụtụ mmiri ndị sitere n'okike, maka ebumnuche ụfọdụ may also be included for some purposes (dịka mgbe a na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ogo nnu na njupụta mmiri). === Mmiri Oké Osimiri === [[Faịlụ:Aquarius_flat_2048x1024.ogv|thumb|Vidio nkeji atọ zuru ezu nke NASA na Feb 27,2013 E mepụtara ngwá ọrụ NASA Aquarius nke dị na Satellite SAC-D nke Argentina iji tụọ nnu n'elu oké osimiri ụwa. Ihe nkiri a na-egosi usoro nnu dị ka Aquarius tụrụ site na Disemba 2011 ruo Disemba 2012. Agba uhie na-anọchite anya ebe ndị nwere nnu dị elu, ebe onyinyo na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-anọchi anya ebe ndị na-enweghị nnu.]] Okwu a bụ ogo nnu, maka ndị na-amụ banyere oké osimiri, na-ejikọkarị n'otu n'ime usoro ụfọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ e ji atụ ya. Ka usoro ndị a kacha eji atụ ogo nnu na-agbanwe ma na-etolite, nkọwa dị iche iche e ji akọwa ogo nnu na-agbanwekwa. A na-atụle nnu site na iji usoro ndị dabeere na aha tupu afọ 1980. Enwere ike iji nitrate ọlaọcha mee ihe iji chọpụta oke nke ion Halyde (karịsịa chlorine na bromine) iji nye chlorinity. A na-amụba chlorinity site na ihe iji kọwaa ihe ndị ọzọ niile. A na-egosipụta 'Knudsen salinities' na nkeji nke akụkụ kwa puku (ppt ma ọ bụ ‰). Ojiji nke ọnụọgụgụ eletrik iji tụọ ihe ionic nke mmiri oké osimiri dugara na mmepe nke ogo a na-akpọ ogo salinity 1978 (PSS-78). Ogo nnu a tụrụ site n'iji PSS-78 enweghị nkeji nha (units). Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-etinye mgbakwunye psu ma ọ bụ PSU (nke pụtara practical salinity unit) n'azụ uru e nwetara n'ịtụ PSS-78.[1] Otú ọ dị, itinye PSU dị ka nkeji nha n'azụ uru ahụ bụ ihe "na-ezighị ezi n'usoro sayensị ma bụrụkwa ihe a na-adụ ọdụ ike ka a ghara ime.".<ref name="rant">{{Cite journal|author=Millero|first=F. J.|journal=Oceanography|year=1993|volume=6|issue=3|pages=67|title=What is PSU?}}</ref> Mgbakwunye nke PSU dị ka otu mgbe uru ahụ gasịrị bụ "nke na-ezighi ezi ma bụrụ nke a kụdara obi". <ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, e webatara ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị dị na mmiri oké osimiri a na-akpọ ''usoro thermodynamic nke mmiri oké osimiri 2010'' (TEOS-10) na-akwado ka e jiri absolute salinity (ogo nnu zuru oke) dochie practical salinity (ogo nnu bara uru), nakwa ka e jiri conservative temperature (okpomọkụ na-echekwa ike) dochie potential temperature (okpomọkụ enwere ike). Ụkpụrụ a gụnyere ihe ọhụrụ a na-akpọ ihe ncheta salinity scale. A na-egosipụta nnu zuru oke (absolute salinity) n'usoro nha a n'ụdị òkè oke n'arọ (mass fraction), ya bụ, gram kwa kilogram nke ngwọta (g/kg). A na-ekpebi ogo nnu n'usoro a site n'ịjikọta nlele nke nduzi eletrik (electrical conductivity) na ozi ndị ọzọ na-akọwa mgbanwe ndị na-adị n'ụdị mmiri oke osimiri n'ebe dị iche iche. A pụkwara ikpebi ya site n'ịtụ njupụta (density) nke mmiri ahụ ozugbo. Ihe nnwale nke mmiri oké osimiri sitere n'ọtụtụ ebe nwere chlorinity nke 19.37 ppt ga-enwe ogo nnunke 35.00 ppt, ogo nnu bara uru PSS-78 (PSS-78 practical salinity) nke ihe dị ka 35.0, na ogo nnu zuru oke TEOS-10 (TEOS-10 absolute salinity) nke ihe dị ka 35.2 g/kg. Nduzi eletrik (electrical conductivity) nke mmiri a, n'okpomọkụ nke ogo Celsius iri na ise (15 °C), bụ 42.9 mS/cm..<ref name="culk">{{Cite journal|author=Culkin|first=F.|title=Determination of the Concentration of Potassium Chloride Solution Having the Same Electrical Conductivity, at 15C and Infinite Frequency, as Standard Seawater of Salinity 35.0000‰ (Chlorinity 19.37394‰)|journal=IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering|year=1980|volume=OE-5|issue=1|pages=22–23|doi=10.1109/JOE.1980.1145443}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; N'ụwa niile, Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ kpatara enyeela aka na mgbanwe ndị a hụrụ na nnu n'elu na n'okpuru ala kemgbe afọ 1950. Nkọwa nke mgbanwe nnu n'elu na narị afọ iri abụọ n'otu na-egosi na mpaghara oké osimiri dị ọhụrụ ga-anọgide na-adị ọhụrụ na mpaghara nnu ga-anọgidesi na-enweta nnu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Fox-Kemper|first=B.|date=2021|title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change|journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|volume=2021|pages=1211–1362|doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011|url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf}}</ref> Ogo nnu na-eje ozi dị ka ihe na-achọpụta ịdị arọ dị iche iche. A na-adọta mmiri dị n'elu iji dochie mmiri na-ada, nke n'ikpeazụ na-ajụ oyi ma na-atọ ụtọ iji banye. Mgbasa nnu na-enye aka n'ịkpụzi okirikiri oké osimiri. === Ọdọ mmiri na osimiri === Ndị Limnologist na ndị na-emepụta kemịkal na-akọwakarị salinity n'ihe gbasara oke nnu kwa unit, ha na-egosipụta na nkeji nke mg / L ma ọ bụ g / L. A na-egosi, ọ bụ ezie na a naghị ekwukarị ya, na uru a na-emetụta n'ụzọ ziri ezi naanị na okpomọkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na ọnụọgụgụ ngwọta na-adịgasị iche na okpompe. Ụkpụrụ ndị e gosipụtara n'ụzọ a na-abụkarị nke ziri ezi ruo otu paseni. Ndị Limnologists na-ejikwa conductivity eletrik, ma ọ bụ "reference conductivity", dị ka onye nnọchi anya maka salinity. Enwere ike idozi nha a maka mmetụta okpomọkụ, a na-egosipụtakarị ya na nkeji nke μS / cm. Mmiri osimiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere nnu nke dị n'etiti 70 mg / L ga-enwekarị conductivity a kapịrị ọnụ na 25 °C nke dị n'etiti 80 na 130 μS / cm. Ọnụọgụgụ ahụ n'ezie na-adabere na ion ndị dị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van Niekerk|first=Harold|title=Geographical differences in the relationship between total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity in South African rivers|journal=Water SA|date=2014|volume=40|issue=1|pages=133|doi=10.4314/wsa.v40i1.16}}</ref> N'ezie conductivity na-agbanwekarị ihe dị ka pasenti abụọ kwa ogo Celsius, ya bụ conductivity a tụrụ na 5 °C nwere ike ịbụ naanị n'etiti 50-80 μS / cm.&nbsp; A na-ejikwa ogo ọnụọgụgụ kpọmkwem mee ihe iji tụọ ogo nnu, ọkachasị na Ọdọ Mmiri ndị nwere nnu dị ukwuu.<ref name="anati" />Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji njupụta na okpomọkụ a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka nnu. N'oge ndị ọzọ, a na-eji mmekọrịta nnu / njupụta nke emepụtara maka otu mmiri iji tụọ nnu nke ihe nlele site na njupụta a tụrụ. {| style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" ! colspan="4" style="background:#B8E0F6" |Mmiri nnu |- style="background:#87CEFA" !Mmiri dị ọcha !Mmiri na-atọ ụtọ !Mmiri nnu !Brine |- style="background:#00BFFF" !< 0.05% !0.05 – 3% !3 – 5% !> 5% |- style="background:#00BFFF" !< 0.5 ‰ !0.5 – 30 ‰ !30 – 50 ‰ !> 50 ‰ |} == Nkewa nke ụdị mmiri dị iche iche dabere n'ogo nnu ha. == {| align="right" style="text-align:center; margin-right:auto;" | bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Usoro ihe omume Thalassic''' |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" width="150px" |> 300 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |hyperhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |60–80 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |metahaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |40 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |mixoeuhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |30 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |polyhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |18 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |mesohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |5 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |oligohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |0.5 ‰ |} Mmiri oke osimiri (marine waters) bụ mmiri ndị dị n'ime oke osimiri; a na-akpọkwa ha euhaline seas. Ogo nnu nke euhaline seas dị n'agbata pasenti iri atọ na pasenti iri atọ na ise. Oke osimiri ma ọ bụ mmiri ndị na-enweghi oke nnu ma na-adịghịkwa ọhụrụ (brackish seas or waters) nwere ogo nnu dị n'agbata 0.5 na pasenti iri abụọ na iteghete, ebe metahaline seas nwere ogo nnu dị n'agbata pasenti iri atọ na isii na pasenti iri anọ.. A na-ewere mmiri ndị a niile dị ka thalassic n'ihi na nnu ha sitere n'oké osimiri ma kọwaa ya dị ka ''homoiohaline'' ma ọ bụrụ na nnu adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu n'oge (nke na-adịgide adịgide). Tebụl dị n'aka nri, nke gbanwere site na Por (1972),<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF00373210|title=Hydrobiological notes on the high-salinity waters of the Sinai Peninsula|year=1972|author=Por|first=F. D.|journal=Marine Biology|volume=14|pages=111–119|issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Salinity {{!}} Freshwater Inflows|url=https://www.freshwaterinflow.org/salinity|accessdate=2020-10-25|work=www.freshwaterinflow.org}}</ref> na-agbaso "usoro Venice" (1959). N'adịghị ka gburugburu ebe obibi homoiohaline bụ ụfọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ''''Poikilohaline'''' (nke nwekwara ike ịbụ thalassic) ebe ọdịiche salinity dị ịrịba ama.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dahl, E.|year=1956|title=Ecological salinity boundaries in poikilohaline waters|journal=Oikos|volume=7|pages=1–21|doi=10.2307/3564981|issue=1}}</ref> Mmiri nnu Poikilohaline nwere ike ịdị site na 0.5 ruo karịrị pasenti narị atọ. Ihe dị mkpa bụ na mmiri ndị a na-adịkarị iche na nnu n'ime ụfọdụ ihe dị mkpa n'oge ma ọ bụ n'oge ndị ọzọ yiri ya. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, ndị a bụ mmiri nwere nnu dịgasị iche iche. Mmiri nnu dị elu, nke nnu na-esi na ya apụta (ma ọ bụ na-achọ), a na-akpọ brine. == Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi == Salinity bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-emetụta ụdị ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ebi na mmiri. Ọzọkwa, salinity na-emetụta ụdị [[osisi]] ndị ga-eto ma ọ bụ na mmiri, ma ọ bụ n'ala nke mmiri (ma ọ bụ Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala) na-enye. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kalcic, Maria|first=Turowski, Mark; Hall, Callie|title=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project. A Collaborative Project with Hancock High School, Kiln, MS|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110008620|work=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project|publisher=NTRS|accessdate=2011-06-16|date=2010-12-22}}</ref> A na-akpọ osisi na-anabata ọnọdụ nnu halophyte. A na-akpọ halophyte nke na-anabata sodium carbonate salinity fọdụrụnụ glasswort ma ọ bụ saltwort ma ọ dị ka osisi barilla. A na-ekewa ihe ndị dị ndụ (karịsịa nje bacteria) nke nwere ike ibi n'ọnọdụ nnu dị ukwuu dị ka extremophiles, ma ọ bụ halophiles kpọmkwem. Ihe dị ndụ nke nwere ike iguzogide ọtụtụ salinities bụ Euryhaline. Mmanụ aṅụ dị oke ọnụ iji wepụ ya na mmiri, nnu dị n'ime ya bụ ihe dị mkpa na ojiji mmiri, na-emetụta ike [[Mmịrị ọṅụṅụ|ịṅụ mmiri]] na iru eru maka ịgba mmiri. A hụla mmụba nke nnu na ọdọ mmiri na osimiri na United States, n'ihi nnu a na-ahụkarị n'okporo ụzọ na nnu ndị ọzọ na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2018/01/29/road-salt-environmental-dangers|title=Hopes To Hold The Salt, And Instead Break Out Beet Juice And Beer To Keep Roads Clear|work=www.wbur.org|date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Ọnọdụ nnu n'oké osimiri bụ ihe na-akpali okirikiri oké osimiri ụwa, ebe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ihi mgbanwe nnu na mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'elu oké osimiri na-emepụta mgbanwe na-ese n'elu mmiri, nke na-akpata imikpu na ịrị elu nke mmiri. A na-eche na mgbanwe na salinity nke oké osimiri na-enye aka na mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na carbon dioxide ka mmiri ndị ọzọ nwere nnu anaghị agbaze carbon dioxide. Na mgbakwunye, n'oge oge glacial, hydrography bụ nke mere na ihe nwere ike ime ka mgbasa dị ala bụ mmepụta nke oké osimiri dị iche iche. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, ọ na-esiri ike ịdọrọ mmiri site na nrugharị thermohaline. Ọ bụghị naanị na nnu bụ ihe na-akpali mgbasa nke oké osimiri, mana mgbanwe na mgbasa nke oké mmiri na-emetụtakwa nnu, ọkachasị na subpolar North Atlantic ebe site na 1990 ruo 2010 mmụba nke mmiri na-agbaze na Greenland na-egbochi site na mmụba mbugharị nke mmiri Atlantic na-eme nnu. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dukhovskoy|first=D.S.|date=2016|title=Greenland freshwater pathways in the sub-Arctic Seas from model experiments with passive tracers|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015JC011290|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=121|issue=1|pages=877–907|doi=10.1002/2015JC011290}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dukhovskoy|first=D.S.|date=2019|title=Role of Greenland freshwater anomaly in the recent freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=124|issue=5|pages=3333–3360|doi=10.1029/2018JC014686|pmid=31341755}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stendardo|first=I.|date=2020|title=The North Atlantic Current and its volume and freshwater transports in the subpolar North Atlantic, time period 1993–2016|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=125|issue=9|doi=10.1029/2020JC016065}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mmiri North Atlantic aghọwo nke dị jụụ kemgbe etiti afọ 2010 n'ihi mmụba nke mmiri na-agbaze na Greenland. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holliday|first=N. Penny|date=2020-01-29|title=Ocean circulation causes the largest freshening event for 120 years in eastern subpolar North Atlantic|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=585|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14474-y|pmid=31996687|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] epzvualv4ua1a5krstbp223n5oggh2n 0 77448 674199 672721 2026-07-08T17:22:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Nature reserve in Western Cape, South Africa}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Use South African English|date=October 2019}} {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = De Mond | designation1_date = 2 October 1986 | designation1_number = 342<ref>{{Cite web|title=De Mond|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/342|access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref>}} [[Faịlụ:De_Mond_PICT1327.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|De Mond na 2005.]]   '''Nchekwa Ọdịdị nke De Mond''', nke dị na Overberg n'etiti Struisbaai na Arniston, Western Cape, South Africa, <ref name="wildcard" /> abụwo ala mmiri Ramsar kemgbe 1986. <ref name="ramsar" /> Ogige ahụ kpuchiri ọnụ Osimiri Heuningnes ma kpuchie 918 hectare (2,270 acres). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/demond.php|title=De Mond Nature Reserve|accessdate=10 June 2019|publisher=SA-Venue}}</ref> Mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na-egbochi ọnụ osimiri ahụ ma bụrụ ebe a na-amụ ụdị nnụnụ dị iche iche. Ebe ahụ bụkwa ebe obibi maka Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ, anụ ndị na'oké osimiri, na Ịnyịnya mmiri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.capenature.co.za/reserves/de-mond-nature-reserve/|title=De Mond Nature Reserve|accessdate=10 June 2019|publisher=Cape Nature|archivedate=16 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516051831/https://www.capenature.co.za/reserves/de-mond-nature-reserve/}}</ref><ref name="ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-southafrica/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E16187_4000_0__|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: South Africa|year=2013|accessdate=10 June 2019|work=The Annotated Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance|publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://archive.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-southafrica/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E16187_4000_0__ "The Annotated Ramsar List: South Africa"]. </cite></ref> Ọ mejupụtara obodo dị iche iche nke ahịhịa dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, gụnyere oke ọhịa mmiri ara ehi na ala nnu nke mejupụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri.<ref name="wildcard">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wildcard.co.za/de-mond-nature-reserve/|title=De Mond Nature Reserve|accessdate=10 June 2019|publisher=Wildcard|archivedate=16 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716184145/https://www.wildcard.co.za/de-mond-nature-reserve/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221221203404/http://www.wildcard.co.za/de-mond-nature-reserve/ "De Mond Nature Reserve"]. </cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|34|43|S|20|7|E|source:enwiki-plaintext-parser}} 2kg2aenpiyhw7hojmvhctidftqnef32 0 77527 674345 673771 2026-07-09T02:41:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|osimiri dị na Ndagwurugwu Rift nke na-azụ Ọdọ Mmiri Natron|Ewaso Ng'iro Ndịda}} [[File:Kenya’s Ewaso Nyiro River Dries.jpg|thumb|A na-ahụ akwa osimiri kpọrọ nkụ ahụ n'ihe osise a nke agba a.]] '''Ewaso Ng'iro''', a na-akpọkwa ya '''Ewaso Nyiro''', bụ osimiri dị na [[Kenya]] nke na-ebili n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Ugwu Kenya]] ma na-asọga n'ebe ugwu, wee gaa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ikpeazụ gaa n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-agafe [[Somalia]] ebe ọ na-esonyere [[Osimiri Jubba]].<ref> {{cite map | publisher = Rough Guide | title = Rough Guide Map Kenya | edition =9 | year = 2006 | cartography =World Mapping Project | scale =1:900,000 | series = Rough Guide Map | isbn = 1-84353-359-6 }}</ref> Aha osimiri ahụ sitere na [[asụsụ Maasai]] nke obodo ahụ, ma pụtakwa osimiri nke mmiri aja aja ma ọ bụ apịtị. N'ala ala, a na-akpọkwa iyi na-agafe agafe na Somalia '''Lagh Dera'''. Elu mmiri nke Osimiri Ewaso Ng'iro bụ {{convert|15,200|km2|sqmi|adj=on| abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 |title=The Upper Ewaso Ng’iro Basin, Kenya |access-date=2007-06-21 |last=Makali |first=Samuel |author2=Boniface Kiteme |date=September 2005 |publisher=Network for Water and Sanitation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524041456/http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 |archive-date=2007-05-24 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2026-07-07 |archivedate=2007-05-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524041456/http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 }}</ref> Osimiri ahụ na-enweta mmiri mgbe niile n'ihi mmiri mmiri dị na [[Ugwu Kenya]]. Ewaso Ng'iro na-eri nri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Ol Bolossat, naanị ọdọ mmiri dị na Nyandarua County na nnukwu Central Kenya,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000172240/discovering-central-kenya-s-only-natural-lake|title=Discovering Central Kenya's only natural lake|last=Mulli|first=Thorn|website=The Standard|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html|title=A wreath for Ewaso Ng'iro|website=Daily Nation|language=en|access-date=2019-02-23|archive-date=2019-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223134934/https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html|url-status=dead|accessdate=2026-07-07|archivedate=2019-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223134934/https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018/02/20/why-lake-that-feeds-ewaso-was-declared-protected-area_c1708470|title=Why lake that feeds Ewaso was declared protected area|website=The Star, Kenya|language=en|access-date=2019-02-23|accessdate=2026-07-07|archivedate=2019-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184725/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018/02/20/why-lake-that-feeds-ewaso-was-declared-protected-area_c1708470}}</ref> ma gafee ala asaa kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọkara ala kpọrọ nkụ. E ji njirimara na ụdị dị iche iche mara ya, ọ ghọkwara ihe dị mkpa maka ndụ nke anụ ọhịa, tinyekwara mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba. Mmiri, oke ala nke ala mmiri Ewaso Ng’iro nyere, a na-ekesa ya n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma n'ofe mpaghara ndị dị elu na ndị dị ala nke mmiri mmiri n'ihi nnukwu pasentị dị mkpa iji nọgide na-enwe ọrụ ugbo na mgbanwe ihu igwe. [[File:EwasoNgiroRiverKenya.jpg|thumb|left|Ewaso Ng'iro na Shaba National Reserve, Kenya]] Osimiri ahụ na-adọta ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa n'akụkụ ya, na-emepụta ebe obibi akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. [[Samburu National Reserve|Samburu]], [[Shaba National Reserve|Shaba]] na [[Buffalo Springs National Reserve]] na Ugwu Kenya jupụtara n'anụ ọhịa n'ala kpọrọ nkụ, n'ihi mmiri nke osimiri ahụ. N'okpuru [[Saricho]], osimiri ahụ gbasaa ruo [[Apịtị Lorian]], nnukwu ebe mmiri jupụtara.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA194 |title=A directory of African wetlands |author=R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |ISBN=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Ọdịiche dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ofe mmiri ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche na mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro, ebe ọ si n'ala ndị dị elu nke Ugwu Kenya nke nwere ike ọrụ ugbo, kpọmkwem na Mpaghara Thome nke Nanyuki-Laikipia County, nke ahụ pụtara na ebe mmalite nke osimiri a bụ n'obodo Thome ebe e si na njikọta nke Osimiri Naromoru mepụta ya, na-enweta mmiri site na Ugwu Kenya, na Osimiri Ngarinyiru na-enweta mmiri site na Aberdares ma ọ na-agafe mpaghara asaa ndị a dị n'ala kpọrọ nkụ ruo na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ nke Meru, Laikipia, Samburu, Isiolo, Wajir, Marsabit, na Garissa (Said et al. 14). Mgbe mba Kenya nwere nnwere onwe, ala ndị dị n'akụkụ mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro kpuchiri gbanwere ikike ha site n'aka ndị ọrụ ugbo nke ndị ọchịchị wee bụrụ ndị ọrụ ugbo pere mpe. Ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ ghọrọ ebe bụ́ isi ndị ọrụ ugbo nta ga-esi kwado ọrụ ugbo ha na ịzụlite ihe ndị e ji ebi ndụ. Osimiri Ewaso Narok bụ otu n'ime mmiri ndị dị n'ime ya. [[Mmiri Thomson]] dị nso na [[Nyahururu]] dị n'akụkụ Ewaso Narok. == Nnweta akụrụngwa == "Mmiri ọhụrụ a na-enweta na Kenya erughị cubic mita 650 kwa onye ọ bụla kwa afọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime mba ndị kacha enwe ụkọ mmiri n'ụwa" ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmepe Afrịka (Fọnd mmepe Afrịka nke 6) kwuru. Ọ bụ ezie na Ewaso Ng’iro bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu n’ime ebe mmiri ise dị na Kenya, ụkọ ihe ndị sitere n'okike aghọọla ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga (Said et al. 5). '''Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe''' Mmiri ndị na-asọba n'ime mmiri ahụ amalitela ịkpọ nkụ nke ukwuu, ọkachasị n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ. (Mutiga, Su, and Woldai 102). Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ dịka "ụdị mmiri ozuzo na ọnụọgụ mmiri ozuzo a na-apụghị ịtụkwasị obi na mbelata mmiri ozuzo n'oge obere mmiri ozuzo" nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu n'akụkụ niile nke mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro (Aeschbacher, Liniger na Weingartner 155,156). Ebe mmiri a na-agbapụta bụ n'etiti ala kpọrọ nkụ ruo n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ ebe mmiri ozuzo na mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ na-ebelata kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. Ka nkesa mmiri na-adịghị nhata aghọọla okwu dị mgbagwoju anya, ikike ịkwado ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ọhịa nke gburugburu ebe obibi ga-ebelata, na ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na mmepe ga-enwe ihe ịma aka na-aga n'ihu na-adịgide adịgide. '''Mmiri ozuzo (evapotranspiration)''' Agbanyeghị, ihe dị otu a dịka ekwuru n'elu nwere ike ịbụ njikọ na ọkwa evapotranspiration na mmiri mmiri, mana, inweta nha kpọmkwem nke mgbanwe ike dị otu a egosila na ọ bụ usoro siri ike ma dị mgbagwoju anya. == Nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi == Mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro gbasaara n'ọtụtụ usoro gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche site na mpaghara dị elu nke Ugwu Kenya ruo mpaghara ala kpọrọ nkụ ruo mpaghara ndị kpọrọ nkụ. Usoro gburugburu ọ bụla na-enye onyinye pụrụ iche nye ala na ndị bi na Kenya ka ha na-akpakọrịta iji nweta nguzozi na-adịgide adịgide. '''Ala mmiri''' Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara ndị dị elu nke Ugwu Kenya na-enye usoro nzacha mmiri eke, ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche, yana ihe oriri maka ụdị na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ niile. N'ihi mmụba nke ndị mmadụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ala mmiri dị na Kenya emebiela, ebe obibi aghọwokwa ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu nye [[ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]]. '''Sistemụ ọrụ ugbo''' A na-ahụkarị usoro ọrụ ugbo na mmepe na mpaghara ndị dị elu nke mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro ma na-enye aka na nri dị mkpa iji kwado anụ ọhịa, anụ ụlọ, yana ụmụ mmadụ. Site n'ịkwado ma na-akwado usoro ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche n'ofe mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro, ọ ga-ekwe ka gburugburu ebe obibi too nke ọma dịka o kwere mee. Nsogbu dị na gburugburu ebe obibi ga-emetụta uto na nkwado nke ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. == Nkwado mmepe == Mkpa ọ dị ịnọgide na-enwe usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro na-akwado dị oke mkpa maka ndị mmadụ bi na ya ma n'otu n'otu ma n'ọkwa mmepe. Kemgbe afọ 2009, ọnụọgụgụ ndị bi na mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro amụbaala site na ihe karịrị nde 1.5 n'ime afọ 42 gara aga. A hụla mmụba a karịsịa n'ógbè etiti ruo elu nke [[mpaghara njide mmiri|ịkpọchi mmiri]] karịsịa maka ebe obibi ndị ọrụ ugbo. A na-eji nnukwu pasentị mmiri eme ihe n'ebe ndị dị n'elu mmiri maka ịgbara ihe ubi mmiri, nke na-eme ka ihe ubi ahụ dịgide adịgide "mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi ugbu a na nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu nke na-emetụta ndụ na nkwado [...] na mgbalị ogologo oge iji belata ịda ogbenye. Ndị mmadụ na-adabere nke ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ụzọ isi kwado ha "inye ọrụ, ịchịkwa ọrụ, ọrụ omenala, na ọrụ nkwado" dịka [[Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]] si kọwaa ya n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi. N'ebe ndị mmadụ bi n'ebe ahụ gburugburu mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro, ụlọ ọrụ ahịa amalitela ịmepụta ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo nta dị ka ndị kacha enye aka (Said et al. 27). Mmebi oke nke akụ sitere n'okike n'ógbè elu nke mmiri ahụ na-eme ka usoro mmepe na ọrụ ugbo sikwuo ike maka mpaghara dị nso na ala. Ụmụ mmadụ amụbaala ihe ha ji ebi ndụ na mmepe ha site na iji usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ eme ihe na mmiri Ewaso Ng’iro; agbanyeghị, nnukwu ihe nwere ike ibute n'ihi mmegbu na mgbanwe ihu igwe nke na-emetụta oke nnweta mmiri. == Esemokwu == N'ihi ala kpọrọ nkụ ruo n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ nke gbara mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro gburugburu, ọkwa nnweta mmiri iji nweta ma jiri ya na-ebelata ka ọchịchọ maka oriri mmadụ na sistemụ ọrụ ugbo na-abawanye (Said et al. 14). Ndị bi n'akụkụ ebe ndị dị elu nke ebe a na-egwu mmiri nwere ohere dị ukwuu maka akụ sitere n'okike, ha ejirila ha mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo. Agbanyeghị, mgbe ejiri usoro ndị a tụnyere mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Kenya site na ala kpọrọ nkụ ruo na ala kpọrọ nkụ, ohere ndị mmadụ bi n'ala ala inweta ihe ndị sitere n'okike adịla oke oke (Weismann et al. 12). Ndị dị na mpaghara ala nke mmiri Ewaso Ng'iro enwetawo nrụgide siri ike iji nweta ihe ndị sitere n'okike iji nọgide na-enwe mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mmepe ha na-eto eto (Kiteme and Gikonyo 332). Dịka otu Mountain and Research Development si kwuo, "Nsogbu ndị a na-agafe ókèala na-agbakwụnye na esemokwu omenala, okpukperechi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị n'ọtụtụ obodo nke a na-etinyekwu aka na akụ na ụba ụwa taa" (Hurni 386). == Leekwa == * [[Ọdịdị ala nke Kenya]] * [[Asụsụ Ogiek]] * [[Ọdụm Ewaso]] * [[Ewaso Nyiro barb]] * [[Ewaso Nyiro labeo]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} ==Njikọ mpụga== {{commonscat-inline}} {{Coord missing|Kenya}} {{Rivers of Kenya}} {{Rivers of Somalia}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Kenya]] [[Category:Rivers of Somalia]] n43nq667saeli4ewt64gid3yeugfnp6 3 77551 674041 2026-07-08T12:00:47Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! 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(bot) 674044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Jianhui67|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 12:01, 8 Julaị 2026 (UTC)}} p8wio97l8wi3yodj74lb5w9vyszgw3l 0 77554 674057 2026-07-08T12:21:56Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342768990|Saloum Delta]]" 674057 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title category" id="6" style="font-size:125%;" |Saloum Delta ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#87CEEB; color:inherit;font-size:100%;" |[[UNESCO World Heritage Site|Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;" |[[File:Saloum.gif|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;" |<mapframe zoom="10" frameless="1" align="center" longitude="-16.498611111111" latitude="13.835277777778" height="200" width="270">{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-16.498611111111114,13.835277777777778],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"Saloum Delta","marker-color":"#5E74F3"}}</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Map mmekọrịta nke Saloum Delta</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[World Heritage Sites by country|Ebe]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Senegal]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[World Heritage Site#Selection criteria|Ihe ndị e ji mara]] | class="infobox-data category" |Omenala: (iii), (iv), (v) &nbsp; |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Ihe odide | class="infobox-data" |[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359 1359] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Ihe odide | class="infobox-data" |2011 (Mgbakọ nke 35th) |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Mpaghara | class="infobox-data category" |145,811 hectare (360,310 acres) &nbsp; |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Ebe mgbochi&nbsp; | class="infobox-data category" |78,842 hectare (194,820 acres) &nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[Geographic coordinate system|Njikọ]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saloum_Delta&params=13_50_7_N_16_29_55_W_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°50′7′′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°29′55′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.83528°N 16.49861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.83528; -16.49861</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:8}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saloum_Delta&params=13_50_7_N_16_29_55_W_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°50′7″N</span> <span class="longitude">16°29′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.83528°N 16.49861°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">13.83528; -16.49861</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ogige Ntụrụndụ Delta du Saloum |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |3 Eprel 1984 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |288 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Faịlụ:Senegal_relief_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Saloum Delta is located in Senegal]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:62.545%;left:19.424%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Saloum Delta]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Saloum Delta</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Ebe Saloum Delta dị na Senegal</div></div></div></div></div> |} '''Saloum Delta''' ma ọ bụ Sine-Saloum Delta bụ osimiri Delta dị na [[Senegal]] n'ọnụ Osimiri Saloum ebe ọ na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri North Atlantic. Delta ahụ kpuchiri [[Hectare|hekta]] 180,000.<ref name="MitschGosselink2007">{{Cite book|author=William J. Mitsch|title=Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cSKeTCi894C&pg=PA92|accessdate=29 September 2011|year=2007|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-471-69967-5}}</ref> Ọ na-agbasa kilomita 72.5 n'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri na kilomita 35 n'ime ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6852|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|title=Delta du Saloum|accessdate=2011-09-29}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, a họpụtara akụkụ 145,811 nke Delta dị ka UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ebe nrụọrụ ahụ nwere "ọwa mmiri na-acha ọbara ọbara nke na-agụnye ihe karịrị agwaetiti 200 na agwaetiti, Ọhịa mangrove, gburugburu mmiri Atlantic, na oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ. " <ref name="unesco">{{Cite web|title=Saloum Delta|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=}}</ref> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta na-ekpuchi hekta 76,000 nke delta. Ụdị nnụnụ ndị na-amụ nwa ma ọ bụ na-eme oyi n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere eze tern, greater flamingo, spoonbill nke Eurasia, goliath heron, curlew sandpiper, ruddy turnstone, na obere ebe obibi. E wezụga ịbụ ebe a na-azụ ụmụ nnụnụ, delta ahụ nwere mkpọda azụ̀ 218 na ihe ochie ndị e gwupụtara n'ihe dị ka 28 n'ime ebe a na-eli ozu enyela nghọta dị mkpa banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọrụ mmadụ n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web|title=Saloum Delta|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359 "Saloum Delta"]. </cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] lcds5gejqsxc59789smkzkzcod67xim 674151 674057 2026-07-08T15:07:15Z Adimora chidinma 15845 674151 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title category" id="6" style="font-size:125%;" |Saloum Delta ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#87CEEB; color:inherit;font-size:100%;" |[[UNESCO World Heritage Site|Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;" |[[File:Saloum.gif|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;" |<mapframe zoom="10" frameless="1" align="center" longitude="-16.498611111111" latitude="13.835277777778" height="200" width="270">{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-16.498611111111114,13.835277777777778],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"Saloum Delta","marker-color":"#5E74F3"}}</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Map mmekọrịta nke Saloum Delta</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[World Heritage Sites by country|Ebe]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Senegal]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[World Heritage Site#Selection criteria|Ihe ndị e ji mara]] | class="infobox-data category" |Omenala: (iii), (iv), (v) &nbsp; |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Ihe odide | class="infobox-data" |[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359 1359] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Ihe odide | class="infobox-data" |2011 (Mgbakọ nke 35th) |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Mpaghara | class="infobox-data category" |145,811 hectare (360,310 acres) &nbsp; |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Ebe mgbochi&nbsp; | class="infobox-data category" |78,842 hectare (194,820 acres) &nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[Geographic coordinate system|Njikọ]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saloum_Delta&params=13_50_7_N_16_29_55_W_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°50′7′′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°29′55′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.83528°N 16.49861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.83528; -16.49861</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:8}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saloum_Delta&params=13_50_7_N_16_29_55_W_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°50′7″N</span> <span class="longitude">16°29′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.83528°N 16.49861°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">13.83528; -16.49861</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ogige Ntụrụndụ Delta du Saloum |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |3 Eprel 1984 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |288 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Faịlụ:Senegal_relief_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Saloum Delta is located in Senegal]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:62.545%;left:19.424%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Saloum Delta]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Saloum Delta</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Ebe Saloum Delta dị na Senegal</div></div></div></div></div> |} '''Saloum Delta''' ma ọ bụ Sine-Saloum Delta bụ osimiri Delta dị na [[Senegal]] n'ọnụ Osimiri Saloum ebe ọ na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri North Atlantic. Delta ahụ kpuchiri [[Hectare|hekta]] 180,000.<ref name="MitschGosselink2007">{{Cite book|author=William J. Mitsch|title=Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cSKeTCi894C&pg=PA92|accessdate=29 September 2011|year=2007|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-471-69967-5}}</ref> Ọ na-agbasa kilomita 72.5 n'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri na kilomita 35 n'ime ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6852|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|title=Delta du Saloum|accessdate=2011-09-29}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, a họpụtara akụkụ 145,811 nke Delta dị ka UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ebe nrụọrụ ahụ nwere "ọwa mmiri na-acha ọbara ọbara nke na-agụnye ihe karịrị agwaetiti 200 na agwaetiti, Ọhịa mangrove, gburugburu mmiri Atlantic, na oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ. " <ref name="unesco" /> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta na-ekpuchi hekta 76,000 nke delta. Ụdị nnụnụ ndị na-amụ nwa ma ọ bụ na-eme oyi n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere eze tern, greater flamingo, spoonbill nke Eurasia, goliath heron, curlew sandpiper, ruddy turnstone, na obere ebe obibi. E wezụga ịbụ ebe a na-azụ ụmụ nnụnụ, delta ahụ nwere mkpọda azụ̀ 218 na ihe ochie ndị e gwupụtara n'ihe dị ka 28 n'ime ebe a na-eli ozu enyela nghọta dị mkpa banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọrụ mmadụ n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web|title=Saloum Delta|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359 "Saloum Delta"]. </cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 6l51vhys48iuyzt4no8v32599wvv91z 0 77555 674065 2026-07-08T12:38:35Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Tanzania}} {{Infobox river | name =Pangani River | native_name = {{native name|sw|Mto Pangani}} | image =Pangani River in Bushiri Ward.jpg | image_size = 250 | image_alt = | image_caption = Pangani River in [[Bushiri]] ward. | map = Panganirivermap.png | map_size = 250 | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of River Pangani | source1_location = [[Arusha District Council, Arusha|Arusha District]], [[Arusha Region]] | mouth_location = [[Indian Ocean]] at the town of [[Pangani]], [[Pangani District]], [[Tanga Region]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = {{Flag|Tanzania}} | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Tanga Region]], [[Arusha Region]], [[Manyara Region]], [[Kilimanjaro Region]] | subdivision_type3 = District | subdivision_name3 = [[Arusha District Council]], [[Meru District, Arusha|Meru District]], [[Arusha City Council, Arusha|Arusha City Council]], [[Hai District, Kilimanjaro|Hai District]], [[Moshi District, Kilimanjaro|Moshi District]], [[Mwanga District, Kilimanjaro|Mwanga District]], [[Same District, Kilimanjaro|Same District]], [[Korogwe District, Tanga|Korogwe District]], [[Korogwe Town Council, Tanga|Korogwe Town]], [[Muheza District, Tanga|Muheza District]], [[Pangani District]], | length = 500km | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|27|m3/s|abbr=on}} | basin_size = {{convert|43650|km2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9bRbbgft8C&q=River+Mkomazi+tansania&pg=PA1 |title=Pangani basin: a situation analysis |year=2003 |isbn=9782831707600 |access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref> | river_system = | tributaries_left = [[Mkomazi, Pangani|Mkomazi]]; [[Luengera]] | tributaries_right = Lumoromo; Fukda; Mkalami }} [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-157-47.jpg|thumb|Atụmatụ Eletriki Pangani]] '''Osimiri Pangani''' (''Mto Pangani'', na [[Swahili language|Swahili]]), (a na-akpọkwa ya '''Luffu''' na '''Jipe Ruvu''', karịsịa n'ebe ndị ochie, ma eleghị anya a kpọrọ ya otu ugboro '''Rhaptus''') bụ nnukwu osimiri nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Tanzania]]. O nwere isi iyi abụọ:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Pangani |title=Entry "Pangani" in the German Koloniallexikon |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-date=2014-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011083932/http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Pangani |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Osimiri Ruvu Jipe | Ruvu]], nke na-ebili dị ka [[Osimiri Lumi, Tanzania | Lumi]] na [[Kilimanjaro]], gafere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Jipe]], wee wụsa n'ime [[Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir]], na [[Osimiri Kikuletwa]], nke si n'ọdịda anyanwụ na-abịa ma osimiri nke [[Ugwu Meru (Tanzania)|Ugwu Meru]] dị na [[Mpaghara Arusha]] na-azụkarị ya, nke na-abanyekwa na Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir na [[Mpaghara Kilimanjaro]]. Ozugbo ha si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụta, iyi ahụ ghọrọ Pangani bụ́ isi, nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri India]] na [[Mpaghara Tanga]] n'obodo ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Tangan nke [[Pangani]].<ref name="INTELLIGENCER1852">{{cite book|title=THE CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCER|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhYFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA93|access-date=8 October 2011|edition=Now in the public domain.|year=1852|pages=93–}}</ref> Ruo ọtụtụ n'ogologo ya, osimiri ahụ na-asọfe n'ókèala mpaghara nke [[Mpaghara Kilimanjaro]] na [[Mpaghara Manyara]], tupu ọ banye na [[Mpaghara Tanga]], nke nwere Ọdụ Ọkụ Pangani nke dị 68&nbsp;MW na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Pangani Falls]]. E nwere ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị mmadụ bi n'ime osimiri ahụ. Osimiri ahụ jupụtara na agụ iyi; hippopotami dị ụkọ n'akụkụ ala ya. ==Etymology nke aha ya== Isi iyi Pangani sitere na Kilimanjaro, ebe ọ bụ [[Osimiri Lumi, Tanzania|Osimiri Lumi]]. A pụrụ iwere Ọdọ Mmiri Jipe dị ka mmiri dị n'azụ Lumi.<ref name="Meyer1891">{{cite book|last=Meyer|first=Hans|title=Across East African glaciers: an account of the first ascent of Kilimanjaro|url=https://archive.org/details/acrosseastafric00meyegoog|access-date=11 October 2011 |year=1891|publisher=G. Philip & son|pages=[https://archive.org/details/acrosseastafric00meyegoog/page/n431 321]–}}</ref> N'okpuru ọdọ mmiri Jipe na n'elu mmiri iyi mmiri, a na-akpọ osimiri ahụ "Ruvu".<ref name="BritainShaw1875">{{cite journal |last=New |first=Charles |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London |title=Journey from the Pangani, via Wadigo, to Mombasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA318 |year=1875 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=317–323|doi=10.2307/1799979|jstor=1799979 }}</ref> N'oge gara aga, a na-akpọ ụzọ isi gaa n'oké osimiri "Ruvu" na "Pangani".<ref>cf the map [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/east_africa_500k/txu-pclmaps-oclc-6590061-mombasa-sb-37-2.jpg Sheet SB 37/2, Series Y401, by War Office 1946] of 1946 and this map from 1960 [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/east_africa_250k/txu-pclmaps-oclc-6595692-lushoto-sb-37-2.jpg Sheet SB-37-2 Series Y503, Edition 1-TSD, Published by the Survey Division, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Water, Tanganyika 1960], both showing "Pangani or Ruvu River" as name</ref> Taa, a na-akpọ ya "Pangani" site na ebe nchekwa mmiri Nyumba ya Mungu ruo n'Oké Osimiri. Ọ bụ ezie na [[Swahili (asụsụ)|Swahili]] na-akpọ ya "''Pangani''" (nke pụtara kesaa ma ọ bụ hazie),<ref name="Hodd2002" /> a na-akpọkwa ya "''Luffu''" site n'aka [[Wasambara]] (ndị si n'ógbè Nderema, n'ugwu atọ dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri) na [[asụsụ Zigula|Zigua]] (ndị bi n'agwaetiti osimiri ahụ).<ref name="INTELLIGENCER1852" /><ref name="BritainShaw1875" /> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị ọchịchị niile kwenyere na osimiri "Rhaptus" nke maapụ [[Ptolemy]] [[topography|topographical]] bụ Pangani nke maapụ nke oge a.<ref name="Proceedings1891">{{cite book|author=Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain)|title=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and monthly record of geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv4QAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA524|access-date=8 October 2011|edition=Now in the public domain.|year=1891|publisher=Edward Stanford|pages=524–}}</ref> ==Ọdịdị ala== Pangani ahụ dị {{convert|500|km}} n'ogologo.<ref name="iwmnet.eu">{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin|title=Pangani Basin|publisher=IWMNet|access-date=12 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218024206/http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin|archive-date=18 February 2012}}</ref> ;Isi mmalite Otu isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ na-ebili na Kilimanjaro, ihe dị ka {{convert|120|mi}} site n'oké osimiri. A maara ya dị ka Lumi n'ógbè a, ụzọ ya na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri Jipe. Nke ọzọ dị n'Ugwu Meru n'ọdịda anyanwụ, a makwaara ya dị ka [[Osimiri Kikuletwa|Kikuletwa]]. Dịka osimiri niile dị n'Africa, omimi ya na-agbanwe agbanwe dịka oge si dị. Osimiri ahụ na-adị elu karịa n'ọnwa Mee, nke kacha ala na-adịkwa nso n'ọnwa Ọktoba. Ebe ọzọ bụ [[Saunyi River]] na [[Kilindi District, Tanga|Kilindi District]]. [[File:Bushiri Pangani District.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Pangani site na ngalaba Bushiri nke mpaghara Pangani]] ;Ngalaba etiti A na-eji ya aga obere ụgbọ mmiri dị n'etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ na [[Ludwig von Höhnel|Höhnel Cataracts]], usoro ọsọ mmiri.<ref name="Lewin1924">{{cite book|last=Lewin|first=Evans|title=Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajWmBSO_vH8C|access-date=11 October 2011|edition=Now in the public domain.|year=1924|publisher=Clarendon press|page=108}}</ref> N'okpuru Höhnel Cataracts, o nwere ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri, yana ọtụtụ agwaetiti nwere obodo nta dị na ha. Iyi mmiri ahụ siri ike karịa [[Koleni]], n'ime maịlụ ise site na Pangani Waterfall, ebe osimiri ahụ dị warara. A naghị aga akụkụ a gaa n'ebe dị anya n'ihi mmiri ozuzo ahụ, nke dị ihe dị ka {{convert|30|mi}} site n'ọnụ. Ihe dị ka {{convert|4|mi}} site n'ọnụ, [[apịtị mangrove]] dị oke ọnụ kpuchiri ala dị larịị n'etiti ugwu ndị dị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. N'ebe a, dị nso na Teufelsfelsen, e nwere ala dị elu, ebe na-eme nri nke ọma, na ala kpọrọ nkụ [[Masai Steppe]].<ref name="iwmnet.eu" /> N'akụkụ a bụ Ugwu Kovu Kovu, {{convert|360|ft}} n'ịdị elu, ebe n'akụkụ ndịda bụ ugwu {{convert|400|ft}} dị elu. [[Pombwe]], otu n'ime ebe obibi ndị bụ isi dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, dị ihe dị ka {{convert|1|mi}} n'ọdịda anyanwụ Kovu Kovu. N'elu Pombwe, osisi nkwụ nke dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka na-eto, ebe n'okpuru Pombwe, osisi ndị a bụ osisi areca na aki oyibo.<ref name="AfricaPilot1916">{{cite book|author=United States. Hydrographic Office|title=Africa Pilot: South and east coasts of Africa from Cape of Good Hope to Ras Hafun|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_O9MNAQAAMAAJ|access-date=8 October 2011|edition=Now in the public domain.|year=1916|publisher=Hydrographic office under the authority of the secretary of the navy|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_O9MNAQAAMAAJ/page/n402 392]–}}</ref> Obodo Lemkuna na obodo nta Ngage dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ, ebe Mvungwe na Meserani dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ya.<ref name="Catchment ">{{cite book|title=Catchment ecosystems and downstream water : the value of water resources in the Pangani basin, Tanzania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmHvdkVNLEgC&pg=PA34|access-date=11 October 2011|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-955-8177-49-5|pages=34–}}</ref> ;Ọnụ Ọnụ ahụ dị {{convert|52|km}} n'ebe ndịda [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]].<ref name="Hodd2002">{{cite book|last=Hodd|first=Michael|title=East Africa handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCFrdRKB8hYC&pg=PA383|access-date=11 October 2011|date=22 March 2002|isbn=978-1-900949-65-1|pages=383–}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ jupụtara n'oké osimiri ruo ebe dị anya site na {{convert|22|mi}} site n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata ahụ.<ref name="AfricaPilot1916" /> Akụkụ ndịda nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ nwere akara nke bluff kwụ ọtọ aha ya bụ Bweni, ihe dị ka {{convert|200|ft}} elu; e nwere obodo nwere otu aha ahụ, Bweni, dị ebe a. Akụkụ ugwu nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ bụ osimiri ájá dị larịị nke si n'isi mmiri ahụ pụta. E nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ, abụọ dị n'ebe ugwu na abụọ dị n'akụkụ ndịda. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, obodo [[Pangani]], nke dị n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke osimiri ahụ, nwere aha ọma maka ahụ ọkụ.<ref name="Africapilot1878" /> N'ebe osimiri ahụ dị, n'akụkụ obodo Pangani, ọ dị ihe dịka {{convert|600|ft}} n'obosara, ọ dịkwa omimi karịa {{convert|12|-|15|ft}}. ;Osimiri ndị na-asọ asọ Ọtụtụ mmiri si n'ugwu Pare, ugwu Usambara na ọhịa [[Wasegiia]] bịa na-esonyere Pangani n'ụzọ ya. Ndị a gụnyere Kibaya, Komkuza, Kwachigulu, Kwamwadyau na Mnyusi.<ref name="Journal1959">{{cite book|title=Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6xLAQAAIAAJ|access-date=8 October 2011|year=1959|publisher=Staples and Staples, Ltd.|page=40}}</ref> ==Hydrometry== A tụrụ nkezi mmiri Pangani kwa ọnwa n'ọdụ mmiri dị na [[Korogwe]] Estate, ihe dị ka kilomita 110 n'elu ọnụ na m³ / s (1959–77).<ref name="GRDC">[http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1289200.html GRDC - The Pangani in Korogwe]</ref> Mmiri Pangani na-akpali oge, dịka ọtụtụ osimiri dị na mpaghara ahụ. <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:280 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:40 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:March bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 29 bar:Fév from:0 till: 22 bar:Mar from:0 till: 23 bar:Avr from:0 till: 33 bar:Mai from:0 till: 39 bar:Jun from:0 till: 33 bar:Jul from:0 till: 28 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 25 bar:Sep from:0 till: 21 bar:Oct from:0 till: 21 bar:Nov from:0 till: 25 bar:Déc from:0 till: 23 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 29 fontsize:S text: 29 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 22 fontsize:S text: 22 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 23 fontsize:S text: 23 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 33 fontsize:S text: 33 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 39 fontsize:S text: 39 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 33 fontsize:S text: 33 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 28 fontsize:S text: 28 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 21 fontsize:S text: 21 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 21 fontsize:S text: 21 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 23 fontsize:S text: 23 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> ==Pangani Basin== Pangani Basin (PB) bụ otu n'ime ebe ndọba mmiri itoolu dị na Tanzania. Site n'ugwu ugwu ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Tanzania, PB dị ihe dịka {{convert|56300|km2}} n'ogo, nke {{convert|4880|km2}} dị n'ime Kenya.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Bhatt | first1=Yogesh Chandra | last2=Bossio | first2=Deborah | last3=Enfors | first3=E. | last4=Gordon | first4=L. | last5=Kongo | first5=V. | last6=Kosgei | first6=J. R. | last7=Makurira | first7=H. | last8=Masuki | first8=K. | last9=Mul | first9=M. | last10=Tumbo | first10=S. D. | title=Smallholder system innovations in integrated watershed management (SSI): Strategies of water for food and environmental security in drought-prone tropical and subtropical agro-ecosystems | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9qZIXK-XtIC&pg=PA10 | access-date=8 October 2011 | year=2006 | publisher=[[International Water Management Institute]] | isbn=978-92-9090-634-6 | page=10}}</ref> E nwere obere ọdọ mmiri ise dị n'okpuru mmiri ahụ: Osimiri Pangani ({{convert|43650|km2}}), [[Osimiri Umba (Tanzania)|Osimiri Umba]] ({{convert|8070|km2}}), [[Osimiri Msangazi]] ({{convert|5030|km2}}), [[Osimiri Zigi]], na [[Osimiri Mkulumuzi]] tinyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ({{convert|2080|km2}}).<ref name="MiniGrids">{{cite web | url=http://www.minigrids.go.tz/en/Directory/Details/c4c1761f-fdb3-41d1-9aff-a79876e21663 | title=Pangani Basin Water Board | publisher=Mini Grids Information Portal | access-date=1 July 2018 | archive-date=27 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327112041/http://www.minigrids.go.tz/en/Directory/Details/c4c1761f-fdb3-41d1-9aff-a79876e21663 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ihe ndị a niile na-abanye n'ime oke osimiri India.<ref name="PBWB"/> E guzobere [[Pangani Basin Water Board]] (PBWB) na Julaị 1991 n'okpuru Iwu Iji Mmiri (Njikwa na Iwu) Nke 42 nke 1974. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na [[Moshi, Tanzania|Moshi]] dị na Mpaghara Kilimanjaro. Ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ndị ọzọ dị na [[Arusha]] na [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]].<ref name="PBWB">{{cite web | url=http://www.panganibasin.com/ | title=Pangani Basin | publisher=Pangani Basin Water Board | access-date=9 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021212915/http://www.panganibasin.com/# | archive-date=2011-10-21 | url-status=dead }}</ref> PBWB nwere ndị ọkachamara iri sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze na LGA nkeonwe, UWSA, na kọmitii ndị ọzọ. Usoro osimiri ahụ nọ n'okpuru nrụgide n'ihi ojiji mmiri na-adịghị mma na oke oke nke mmiri ya. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-adabere n'osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Ọrụ ndị e mere n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ emeela ka mmiri na-asọfe n'osimiri ahụ site na ọtụtụ narị cubic mita kwa sekọnd gaa na ihe na-erughị {{convert|40|m3/s}}. Nke a emetụtala obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, bụ́ ndị hụworo mbelata dị ukwuu n'ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ̀ na mbata mmiri nnu<ref name="IUCN">{{cite web | url=http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/water/wp_where_we_work/wp_our_work_projects/wp_our_work_pan/ | title=Pangani River Basin | publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] | access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref> Na 2002, e guzobere [[Ọrụ Njikwa Osimiri Pangani]] iji jikwaa akụ mmiri nke mpaghara ahụ. Ọ na-enweta enyemaka teknụzụ site n'aka [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN), [[SNV Netherlands Development Organisation]], [[German Development Organisation GIZ]] na otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị ime obodo [[PAMOJA]].<ref name="IUCN"/> Ọrụ a na-enwetakwa ego site n'aka gọọmentị Tanzania, IUCN, [[European Commission]], na [[Global Environment Facility]] site na [[United Nations Development Programme]].<ref name="IUCN"/> ==Azụmahịa== E nwere ọtụtụ azụmaahịa ebe a, ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu ma na-ebudata n'osimiri ahụ. A na-ebuga ihe ọkụkụ n'osimiri ahụ, karịsịa n'elu ụgbọ mmiri e ji osisi Moale mee, a na-agbaji ha wee ghọọ ihe a na-azụ ahịa. N'afọ 1878, a kọrọ na ihe ọkụkụ a na-akọkarị n'akụkụ osimiri bụ shuga.<ref name="Africapilot1878">{{cite book|author=Great Britain. Hydrographic Office|title=Africa pilot: South and east coasts of Africa, from the Cape of Good Hope to Cape Guardafui, including the islands in Mozambique Channel|url=https://archive.org/details/africapilot02offigoog|access-date=8 October 2011|edition=Now in the public domain|year=1878|publisher=Printed for the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africapilot02offigoog/page/n339 327], 328–}}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist|2}} ==Njikọ mpụga== {{Commons category}} *[https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HlrMnhN16wo/TJpJQSLfKTI/AAAAAAAAAaQ/B093LT_qbUs/s1600/eamap.jpg Map showing the river] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120405214734/http://www.svt.ntnu.no/geo/Forskning/Pangani/Bilder/Pang_medium_ok.gif Map showing river basin] {{Coord|5|26|S|38|58|E|display=title|region:TZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} {{Authority control}} isja5rzg1qf2r0i10uyrr296n7rc83b 0 77556 674096 2026-07-08T14:34:18Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1173914526|Ain Elshakika Wetland]]" 674096 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Ala Mmiri Ain Elshakika''' bụ ala mmiri echedoro n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar dị na Libya, n'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba El Kouf. E hiwere ebe nchekwa ala mmiri a n'afọ 2000, ma ọ na-ekpuchi mpaghara dị ihe dị ka hekta 33 (eka 82).Ebe ahụ bụ sebkha dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke nwere mmiri nnu dị ukwuu. N'ebe ndịda ya e nwere nkume limestone, ebe n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ e nwere ájá ụsọ mmiri, ala apịtị, na ọtụtụ ahịhịa na obere osisi toro nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/220041|title=Ain Elshakika Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)|publisher=Protectedplanet.net|accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-libya/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16548_4000_0__|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Libya|accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref>.<ref name="Ramsar" /><ref name="ramsar-1">{{Cite web|title=Ain Elshakika|url=http://www.ramsar.org/ain-elshakika|work=Ramsar|accessdate=21 April 2016}}</ref> Ahịhịa dị n'akụkụ ime obodo nwere ahịhịa tamarix, nke a gwakọtara ya na osisi ndị na-ahụ mmiri n'anya dị ka juncus.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Etayeb, K.S., Bourass E., Berbash A., Bashimam W., Essghaier, M. F.|date=April 2015|title=Human disturbance affecting sensitive components (waterbirds) of wetlands; A case study onwaterbirds in Libyan Ramsar sites|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311509438|journal=Libyan Journal of Marine Science|volume=14|pages=16–28}}</ref> Ebe a na-ejikọta na oké osimiri n'ebe abụọ. N'oge oyi, mgbe mmiri oke osimiri na-ebili, mmiri nnu si n'oké osimiri na-abanye n'ime sebkha, na-eme ka omimi mmiri ya ruo ihe dị ka otu mita. Agbanyeghị, iyi mmiri dị ọcha ndị na-asọpụta n'ebe ahụ na-ebelata nnu mmiri ahụ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ.N'oge okpomọkụ, ogo mmiri nke sebkha ahụ na-adaba n'okpuru ogo mmiri oke osimiri, ma ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-akpọnwụ kpamkpam.Ebe a bụ ala mmiri dị ezigbo mkpa nye nnụnụ mmiri ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ n'oge ụfọdụ nke afọ na ndị na-ebikwa ebe ahụ. Ọ dị mkpa n'ọkwa mba maka redshank, ma nwekwara ike ịdị mkpa maka curlew, dunlin (Calidris alpina), na slender-billed gull (Chroicocephalus genei). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Atlas of wintering birds of Libya 2005-2010|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/Biota-Fa-Bi-621-003.pdf}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|32|46|N|21|21|E}}{{Protected areas of Libya}} 8qyymrk8wk4uhakolqf32mq1ii1oer2 0 77557 674107 2026-07-08T14:40:15Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1045100188|Ain Elzarga Wetland]]" 674107 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Ala Mmiri Ain Elzarga''' bụ ala mmiri Ramsar na-echebe nke [[Libya]]. E guzobere ya na 2000 ma kpuchie mpaghara nke 33 hekta (82 acres).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/220042|title=Ain Elzarga Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)|publisher=Protectedplanet.net|accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-libya/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16548_4000_0__|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Libya|publisher=Ramsar|accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref> Ramsar na-ekwu banyere ya: "Otu obere sebkha ma ọ bụ ndagwurugwu sitere n'okike nke nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu njikọ sitere n'oké osimiri, mmiri n'afọ niile mana na-arịwanye elu na nnu n'oge ọkọchị.Sebkha a, nke nwere ala apịtị na ala mmiri nnu , bụ ájá ụsọ mmiri gbara ya gburugburu site n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ, ebe ugwu nkume gbara ya gburugburu n'akụkụ ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ.Ebe a bụ otu n'ime ala mmiri kachasị mkpa n'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba El Kouf maka nnụnụ mmiri ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ n'oge ụfọdụ nke afọ. Ọ nwere nnukwu ohere maka nlele nnụnụ na njem nleta gburugburu ebe obibi, ma a ka emepụtabeghị ya nke ọma.Ịchụ nta na-enweghị njikwa na mbibi ahịhịa, karịsịa n'oge okpomọkụ, bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị na-eyi ebe a egwu. <ref name="Ramsar-2">{{Cite web|title=Ain Elzarga Wetland|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1027|work=Ramsar Sites|accessdate=21 April 2016}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} rfq6sj0i2m059ak7sjfhltefmmocd3o 0 77558 674127 2026-07-08T14:51:53Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361221902|Tsiribihina River]]" 674127 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Tsiribihina |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Tsiribihina_03.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Carte_Sakay.svg|250x250px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Mmiri nke Tsiribihina</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Madagascar]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" |Bongolava, [[Menabe]], [[Melaky]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe e si nweta ya | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Mmetụta nke Mahajilo na Mania |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |49 m (161 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ | class="infobox-data" |Belon'i Tsiribihina, [[Òrìmìlì India|Oké Osimiri India]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; akara&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tsiribihina_River&params=19_42_S_44_33_E_region:MG_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°42′S</span> <span class="longitude">44°33′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.700°S 44.550°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-19.700; 44.550</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |0 m (0 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |150 km (93 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ogologo ọdọ mmiri</div> | class="infobox-data" |49,800 km² (19,² mi2) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ịchụpụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Delta nke Tsiribihina |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; nkezi&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" | (Oge: 1971-2000) 1,027.2 m³/s (36,280 cu ft/s) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ihe ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Usoro osimiri</span> | class="infobox-data" |Osimiri Tsiribihina |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụtụ isi | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; aka ekpe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Mahajilo, Andranomeno |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; aka nri&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Mania |} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Tsiribihina_River.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụgbọ mmiri n'osimiri Tsiribihina]] Osimir Tsiribihina<ref name="AndrewBlond2008">{{Cite book|author=Andrew|first=David|title=Madagascar & Comoros 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMq-2xYmCwQC&pg=PA149|accessdate=8 January 2013|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-608-3}}</ref> bụ osimiri dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Madagascar. Isi iyi ndị na-enye Osimiri Tsiribihina mmiri bụ Osimiri Mahajilo, Osimiri Manandaza, Osimiri Mania, na Osimiri Sakeny.Mpaghara nnakọta mmiri ya na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka kilomita skwea 49,800. N'ime ya, kilomita skwea 7,025 dị n'ime mpaghara nnakọta mmiri nke Osimiri Sakeny, kilomita skwea 14,500 dị n'ime nke Osimiri Mahajilo, ebe kilomita skwea 18,565 dị n'ime nke Osimiri Mania. Isi mmiri dị na Central Highlands nke Madagascar. Mmiri iyi ndị na-asọba n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ma e wezụga Sakeny, nke na-asọga n'ebe ugwu. Ka ha na-ahapụ ugwu ma banye n'ebe ugwu-ndịda na-agba ọsọ Betsiriry Plain, osimiri ndị na-esite na ya na-agbakọta iji mepụta Tsiribihina - Mahajilo na Manandaza site n'ebe ndịda, na Mania na Sakeny site n'akụkụ ndịda. E nwere nnukwu ala mmiri na ọdọ mmiri na-adịghị omimi ebe osimiri na-agbakọta na mbara ala. Ala jupụtara na ala dị larịị nke Betsiriry Plain na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime mpaghara kachasị mma maka ọrụ ugbo na ọdịda anyanwụ Madgagascar. Ala mmiri na ọdọ mmiri dị n'ala ahụ bụ ebe obibi dị mkpa maka nnụnụ mmiri. Osimiri Tsiribihina na-asọga n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, na-egbutu ndagwurugwu miri emi ma na-agbagharị agbagharị n'ime Ugwu Bemaraha, nke bụ mpaghara nkume limestone na-agbatị site n'ebe ugwu ruo n'ebe ndịda n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mbara Ala Betsiriry.Mgbe osimiri ahụ si n'Ugwu Bemaraha pụta, ọ na-aba ụba n'obosara ma malite ịgbagharị nwayọọ nwayọọ. E nwekwara ọtụtụ obere ọdọ mmiri na akụkụ ala nke osimiri ahụ, gụnyere Ọdọ Kimanomby dị nso na Ambohibary na Ọdọ Masoarivo dị nso na Masoarivo. Delta nke osimiri ahụ buru ibu, na-agbasa ihe dị ka kilomita 35 site n'ebe ugwu ruo n'ebe ndịda.Ọ na-agụnye ụsọ mmiri na dunes, apịtị, nnu, mangroves, na mmiri dị ọcha. Mangroves na-adịkarị mita 2-4 n'ịdị elu, osisi ndị a ma ama bụ ụdị ''Avicennia, Rhizophora, Ceriops, Bruguiera'', na ''Sonneratia''. Mmiri na-enwekarị idei mmiri n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Mmiri na ọdọ mmiri nke Tsiribihina dị ala jupụtara na ''Cyperus'' spp, ''Phragmites'', na mmiri na-abụghị nke ala Eichhornia.Ọnụ osimiri ahụ dị nso na Belon'i Tsiribihina, ebe ọ na-asọba na Mozambique Channel.<ref name="Bradt2011">{{Cite book|author=Bradt|first=Hilary|title=Madagascar: The Bradt Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTRPnMlOcwgC&pg=PA82|accessdate=8 January 2013|date=17 May 2011|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-341-2}}</ref> E dekọrọ ụdị nnụnụ 82 n'akụkụ Osimiri Tsiribihina na mpaghara ọnụ mmiri ya, nke ụdị 22 n'ime ha bụ ndị a na-ahụ naanị na Madagascar.Bernier's teal (Anas bernieri) na-amụ ụmụ n'ime ọhịa mangrove. Madagascar pratincole (Glareola ocularis) na-ezukọta n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Otu n'ime ebe kacha ukwuu na Madagascar ebe ụdị Madagascar nke white-backed duck (Thalassornis leuconotus insularis) na-ezukọta dị na Ọdọ Masoarivo.Ụfọdụ obere ìgwè nke Madagascar fish eagle (Haliaeetus vociferoides) na-ebikwa n'akụkụ Osimiri Tsiribihina. Ebe echedoro Menabe Antimena kpuchiri akụkụ ndịda nke ala Tsiribihina tinyere delta na mangroves. A na-ahọpụta Delta Tsiribihina dị ka ala mmiri dị mkpa n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar, na Osimiri Tsiribihana na delta ya ka Birdlife International họpụtara Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 74ua9go1ck6pocecpgodf7f8oj4qe8w 0 77559 674141 2026-07-08T14:58:56Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320555454|Onilahy River]]" 674141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Onilahy River''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = JNB-MRU 22.08.2009 13-16-31.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Onilahy River estuary | map = Onilahy watershed.png | map_size = thumb | map_caption = Map of the Onilahy River watershed | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = region | subdivision_name2 = [[Atsimo-Andrefana]], [[Anosy]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = [[Mandrofify]], [[Ambolofoty]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{convert|525|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|183|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = near [[Betroka]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Bay of Saint-Augustin]] | mouth_location = [[Saint Augustin, Madagascar|Saint Augustin]], [[Mozambique Channel]] | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = 0m | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{cvt|31,600|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref>[http://pravarini.free.fr/Onilahy.htm Onilahy]</ref> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = Protection status | custom_data = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Zones humides de l'Onilahy | designation1_date = 22 May 2017 | designation1_number = 2304<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zones humides de l'Onilahy|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2304|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} | extra = }} '''Onilahy''' bụ osimiri dị na mpaghara Atsimo-Andrefana na Anosy (Mpaghara Toliara) n'ebe ndịda Madagascar. Ọ na-esite n'ugwu ndị dị nso na Betroka na-asọ ruo Ọwa Mozambique.Osimiri a na-asọba n'ime oké osimiri na Saint-Augustin (23°34′00″S 43°45′00″E / 23.5666667°S 43.75°E), n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Saint-Augustin. Ụdị azụ cichlid abụọ bụ ndị a na-ahụ naanị n'ime mpaghara nnakọta mmiri nke Osimiri Onilahy. Otú ọ dị, a na-eche na Ptychochromis onilahy apụọla n'anya , ebe mpaghara fọdụrụ nke Ptychochromoides betsileanus na-ekpuchi ihe na-erughị kilomita skwea 10 (maịl skwea 3.9). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walaszczyk|first=I.|date=August 2004|title=Biogeographical and stratigraphical significance of the latest Turonian and Early Coniacian inoceramid/ammonite succession of the Manasoa section on the Onilahy River, south-west Madagascar|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=25|issue=4|pages=543–576|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2004.05.001|issn=0195-6671}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Onilahy_Basin_OSM.png|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Onilahy]] == Ọdịdị ala == Isi iyi nke osimiri Onilahy dị nso na Beadabo . Ọ na-agafe Ankilimary, gaa Benenitra, Ehara, Bezaha na Antanimena. RN 10 gafere ya na nso Tameantsoa. Ọnụ osimiri Onilahy dị n'Oké Osimiri India na Saint Augustin, Madagascar, 35 kilomita n'ebe ndịda Toliara (Tuléar). Isi iyi ndị na-enye Osimiri Onilahy mmiri site n'akụkụ ndịda bụ Osimiri Sakamena, Osimiri Evasy, Osimiri Ianapera, Osimiri Isoanala, na Osimiri Ihazofotsy. Site n'akụkụ ugwu, isi iyi ya bụ Osimiri Sakondry, Osimiri Taheza, Osimiri Sakamare, na Osimiri Imatoto. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] cdqd3i2exu9qduqe9sbsc89d89af1sk 0 77560 674155 2026-07-08T15:11:27Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271262852|Nosivolo River]]" 674155 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |'''Osimiri Nosivolo''' |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Rijeka_mangoro.png|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Rijeka_mangoro.png|375x375px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Osimiri Nosivolo</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Madagascar]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe e si nweta ya | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |1,800 m (5,900 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |Osimiri Mangoro |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; akara&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nosivolo_River&params=19_55_41.552_S_48_30_6.566_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°55′41.552′′S</span> <span class="longitude">48°30′6.566′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.92820889°S 48.50182389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-19.92820889; 48.50182389</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:4}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nosivolo_River&params=19_55_41.552_S_48_30_6.566_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°55′41.552″S</span> <span class="longitude">48°30′6.566″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.92820889°S 48.50182389°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-19.92820889; 48.50182389</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |700 m (2,300 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |130 kilomita (81 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ogologo ọdọ mmiri</div> | class="infobox-data" |3,585 km² (1,384 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} [[Faịlụ:Carte_bassin_Mangoro.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|osimiri Nosivolo na ndagwurugwu Mangoro]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Osimiri Nosivolo''' bụ osimiri dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Madagascar]] na isi iyi nke Osimiri Mangoro. Ọ na-amalite n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Fandriana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MADAGASCAR: New Livelihoods to Protect A River's Life|work=Global Issues, Inter Press Service|accessdate=2013-03-05|date=2010-11-25|url=http://www.globalissues.org/news/2010/11/25/7760}}</ref> Obodo Marolambo, isi obodo nke Mpaghara Marolambo na mpaghara [[Atsinanana]], dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na njikọ ya na Osimiri Sandranamby. Osimiri Onilahy bụ otu n'ime osimiri dị mkpa na Madagascar n'ihi nnukwu ụdị ihe ndị dị ndụ dị na ya. Nke a gụnyere azụ cichlid dịka Katria katria na Oxylapia polli, yana Malagasy rainbowfish. N'ihi mkpa ya n'ihe gbasara ichekwa ụdị ndụ ndị a, e meela mgbalị iji chebe osimiri ahụ.Na 2010, a họpụtara Osimiri Onilahy ka ọ bụrụ ebe mbụ n'ime Madagascar e debara n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar. Isi iyi ndị bụ isi na-enye Osimiri Nosivolo mmiri bụ Osimiri Sandranamby (nke na-ejikọta ya nso Marolambo), Sahadinta, Manandriana, na Sahanao. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] p583zv8q7zzr2nklhymtrhk7rmeca2d 0 77561 674181 2026-07-08T15:38:41Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352300874|Lake Tsimanampetsotsa]]" 674181 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Ọdọ Mmiri Tsimanampotsa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Lake_Tsimanampetsotsa_NASA.jpg|264x264px]]<div class="infobox-caption">site na mbara igwe</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Madagascar_physical_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|465x465px|Lake Tsimanampetsotsa is located in Madagascar]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:87.19%;left:14.706%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Tsimanampetsotsa]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Tsimanampotsa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- class="adr" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data region" |Ógbè Toliara |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Njikọ</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Tsimanampetsotsa&params=24_07_S_43_45_E_type:waterbody_region:MG <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°07′S</span> <span class="longitude">43°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.117°S 43.750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-24.117; 43.750</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:6}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Tsimanampetsotsa&params=24_07_S_43_45_E_type:waterbody_region:MG <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°07′S</span> <span class="longitude">43°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.117°S 43.750°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-24.117; 43.750</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data category" |Ọdọ mmiri alkaline<ref name="alka">{{Cite web|url=https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm|title=Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, A Modern Alkaline Playa Lake in Madagascar|accessdate=2017-08-19|archivedate=2017-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820033645/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm "Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, A Modern Alkaline Playa Lake in Madagascar"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170820033645/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm Archived] from the original on 2017-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><nowiki><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Mmiri na-abanye</span></nowiki></div> | class="infobox-data" |enweghị |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><nowiki><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Mmiri na-esi na ya apụta</span></nowiki></div> | class="infobox-data" |enweghị |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Madagascar |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max ogologo oge&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |20 kilomita (12 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max obosara&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |2 km (1.2 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ebe dị n'elu</div> | class="infobox-data" |40 km² (15 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max omimi&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |2 m (6 ft 7 in) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} [[Faịlụ:Lake_Tsimanampetsotsa,_south-western_Madagascar_(4315971898).jpg|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Tsimanampotsa]] '''Ọdọ mmiri Tsimanampetsotsa''' (French: Lac Tsimanampetsotsa), nke a makwaara dị ka Ọdọ Tsimanampesotse, bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere nnu na alkali dị n'ogo na-adịghị elu nke ukwuu, dị na Mpaghara Toliara n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Madagascar.Ọ dị gburugburu 24°07′S 43°45′E / 24.117°S 43.750°E. A na-echekwa ọdọ mmiri a n'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Tsimanampetsotsa, ma ọ dịkwa n'ime ebe e debara n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar.Mpaghara Ramsar ahụ dum na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka kilomita skwea 456 (maịl skwea 176), ebe elu mmiri nke ọdọ ahụ n'onwe ya dị obere karịa nke ahụ.<ref name="alka">{{Cite web|url=https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm|title=Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, A Modern Alkaline Playa Lake in Madagascar|accessdate=2017-08-19|archivedate=2017-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820033645/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm}}</ref> Aha ọdọ mmiri ahụ na [[Asụsụ Malagasy|Malagasy]] pụtara "ọdọ mmiri na-enweghị dolphin". Ọ bụ ebe dị nsọ maka ofufe, ememe na ememe. Iwu obodo na-egbochi mmetọ mmiri. A machibidoro igwu mmiri na iji ụgbọ mmiri eme ihe. A na-eji mmiri, apịtị na ụfọdụ osisi sitere na ọdọ mmiri ahụ eme ihe na ọgwụ ọdịnala (Tahirindraza na Marikandia 2015). <ref name="Rasoloariniaina2017">{{Cite journal|author=Rasoloariniaina, JR|year=2017|title=Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar|journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]|volume=42|issue=2|pages=191–199|doi=10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 20 (maịl 12) n'ogologo na ihe dị ka kilomita 2 (maịl 1.2) n'obosara. Ọ bụkwa ọdọ mmiri na-adịghị emi nke ukwuu, ebe omimi ya kachasị bụ naanị ihe dị ka mita 2 (ụkwụ 6 na sentimita 7). <ref name="Rasoloariniaina2017">{{Cite journal|author=Rasoloariniaina, JR|year=2017|title=Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar|journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]|volume=42|issue=2|pages=191–199|doi=10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRasoloariniaina,_JR2017">Rasoloariniaina, JR (2017). "Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar". ''[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>199. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AfJAS..42..191R 2017AfJAS..42..191R]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532|10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532]].</cite></ref> Ọ dị n'ebe dara ada nke Mahfaly Plateau, n'ime ọdọ mmiri evaporite mechiri emechi nke nwere ugwu Eocene marine limestone n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na nnukwu ala alluvium, na-ekpuchi ala limestone na ọdịda anyanwụ. Ájá nke sitere na Quaternary kpuchiri mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="Rasoloariniaina2017" /> Na pre-akụkọ ihe mere eme, e nwere paleolake ebe a zuru ezu na drainage n'elu ala (achọtawo sediments deltaic nke usoro paleodrainage debere). Paleolake buru ibu karịa na omimi, dị ka akara eriri na-agba gburugburu n'akụkụ mpụga nke efere ahụ gosipụtara.<ref name="Loewen2001" /> Mmiri ahụ bụ "sodic", nke nwere nnukwu mineral na nke alkaline (pH ~ 8.0) na oke ammonia na phosphate.<ref name="Rasoloariniaina2017">{{Cite journal|author=Rasoloariniaina, JR|year=2017|title=Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar|journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]|volume=42|issue=2|pages=191–199|doi=10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRasoloariniaina,_JR2017">Rasoloariniaina, JR (2017). "Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar". ''[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>199. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AfJAS..42..191R 2017AfJAS..42..191R]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532|10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532]].</cite></ref> Mmiri nnu na-eru nso nke a na-ahụ na mmiri oké osimiri, na-aghọ nke a na'ụzọ dịtụ ala n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike jikọta ya na oké osimiri, mana nke a bụ ihe a na-eche na ọ bụghị eziokwu. Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enweta mmiri dị ọcha ma nwee nnu dị ala karịa akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name="Rasoloariniaina2017" /> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ adịghị omimi nke na-akpata nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'elu ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ọbụna obere mgbanwe na ọkwa mmiri. Mmiri nwere ike ịdaba nke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị, na-akpata ebe sara mbara nke ala hypersaline nke oge gburugburu ọdọ mmiri na-ebelata. == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na mmiri == Ọdọ Mmiri Tsimanampetsotsa dị n'ógbè nwere ihu igwe na-adịghị mma; okpomọkụ ehihie dị elu na mmiri ozuzo dị ala. Ọ dị na mpaghara mmiri ozuzo kachasị ala na Madagascar, na-enweta naanị 300 in) nke mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Na mgbakwunye, oke mmiri ozuzo na ebe a na-amaghị ama; mmiri ozuzo anaghị ada naanị n'ógbè. Enweghị osimiri dị n'elu ebe a na ọdọ mmiri ahụ enweghị ọnụ ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụzọ ọpụpụ. Mmiri ozuzo na-ejikọta ọdọ mmiri, yana ụfọdụ mmiri na-asọ n'okpuru ala na aquifers dị n'ime ala. E nwere netwọk nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke na-apụta n'okpuru Mahfaly Plateau, nwere isi iyi atọ na-adịgide adịgide (Mande, Andranonaomby na Manava) na ọtụtụ nsị na isi iyi na-akpaghị aka. Mmiri na-arị elu na mmiri ozuzo zuru oke, ma na-ada mgbe mmiri na-apụ n'anya ngwa ngwa karịa ka a na-agbanye ya.<ref name="Rasoloariniaina2017">{{Cite journal|author=Rasoloariniaina, JR|year=2017|title=Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar|journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]|volume=42|issue=2|pages=191–199|doi=10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRasoloariniaina,_JR2017">Rasoloariniaina, JR (2017). "Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar". ''[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>199. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AfJAS..42..191R 2017AfJAS..42..191R]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532|10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532]].</cite></ref> [[Faịlụ:Dry_forest_on_sandy_soils.jpg|thumb|Oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ n'ala ájá nke ọdọ mmiri Tsimanampetsotsa]] == Ahịhịa == Ụfọdụ ụdị osisi na-apụta n'elu mmiri nke nwere ike ito n'ime mmiri nwere nnukwu sodium gụnyere southern cattail (Typha domingensis) na flat-sedge (Cyperus spp.). Glasswort (Salicornia pachystachya) bụ otu n'ime ụdị osisi ole na ole nwere ike ịnagide oke nnu dị ukwuu, ya mere a na-ahụkarị ya naanị ya n'ebe nnu dị elu nke ukwuu.Mgbe ogo mmiri na-adalata, ụdị osisi ndị ọzọ na-anagide nnu na-amalite ito n'ala ndị ahụ. Ndị a gụnyere Salsola littoralis, Atriplex perrieri, ụfọdụ ụdị ahịhịa dịka Sporobolus virginicus na Paspalum vaginatum, yana golden leather fern (Acrostichum aureum).A na-ahụkwa ụdị osisi e si mba ọzọ webata, beach sheoak (Casuarina equisetifolia), n'obere ìgwè n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. == Anụmanụ Ndị Dị n'Ime mmiri == A na-eche na nnukwu phosphate, nke sitere na mbuze, bụ isi ihe na-egbochi ụdị dị iche iche nke anụmanụ mmiri. Azụ adịghị. Invertebrates nke sitere n'ìgwè taxonomic anọ (Annelida, Gastropoda, Crustacea na Insecta) edepụtara. Ọgaranya taxonomic dị na ya kachasị elu (15 taxa) n'ọnwa Eprel (oge mmiri ozuzo) wee belata ruo 11 taxa n'ọnwarị (oge ọkọchị). Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị mgbe ahụ akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, ma eleghị anya n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ nnu dị ala. Crustaceans bụ ụdị kachasị ewu ewu. Anụmanụ ndị dị n'ime mmiri e dere na Lake Tsimanampetsotsa bụ ndị a: <ref name="Rasoloariniaina2017">{{Cite journal|author=Rasoloariniaina, JR|year=2017|title=Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar|journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]|volume=42|issue=2|pages=191–199|doi=10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRasoloariniaina,_JR2017">Rasoloariniaina, JR (2017). "Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar". ''[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>199. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AfJAS..42..191R 2017AfJAS..42..191R]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532|10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532]].</cite></ref> * Annelida (ikuku ma ọ bụ oghere), ezinụlọ Glossiphoniidae (mgbidi na-enweghị agbà mmiri). * Ụdị Gastropoda (nri na slugs): ''Planorbis planorbis'' (Planorbidae) (nri nke anụ ọhịa), ''Georissa petiti'' (Hydrocanidae) na ''Potamopyrgus'' sp. (Hydrobiidae) (ụgbụgbọ ụrọ). * Ụdị Crustacea (crustaceans): ''[[Grandidierella mahafalensis]]'' (Aoridae) na ''[[Halmyrapseudes thaumastocheles]]'' (Apseudidae). Ụmụ ahụhụ ndị a chọtara gụnyere: ụmụ ahụhụ (Diptera); ụmụ ahụhụ, gụnyere nymph nke Dytiscidae (ụmụ ahụhụ na-egwu mmiri) na ndị okenye nke ezinụlọ Hydroptilidae na Elmidae; mayflies (Ephemeroptera); ụmụ nnụnụ (Hemiptera) sitere na ezinụlọ 3 (Naucoridae, Veliidae na Notonectidae); dragonflies nke ezinụlọ Libellulidae na damselflies nke ezinụlọ Coenagrionidae. == Nnụnụ == [[Faịlụ:Greater_Flamingos,_Lake_Tsimanampetsotsa,_Madagascar_(4315972826).jpg|thumb|Nnukwu flamingo (''Phoenicopterus roseus'') na Ọdọ Mmiri Tsimanampetsotsa]] E dekọrọ ụdị nnụnụ karịrị 34 n'akụkụ Ọdọ Tsimanampetsotsa. N'oge ụfọdụ, greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) na-abịa n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu ma na-amụ ụmụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. A hụkwara lesser flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) n'ebe ahụ.Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ala nnu gbara ya gburugburu bụ ebe obibi dị ezigbo mkpa nye ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ mmiri ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Ndị a gụnyere Madagascan plover (Charadrius thoracicus), nke a na-ahụta dị ka ụdị na-adịghị mma (VU – Vulnerable), ma ọ bụkwa ebe Madagascan grebe (Tachybaptus pelzelnii), nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ukwuu (EN – Endangered), na-amụ ụmụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goodman SM|year=2002|title=Inventaire des vertébrés du Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa (Toliara)|journal=Akon'ny Ala|volume=28|pages=1–36}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)|year=2019|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1987-Jenk-001.pdf|title=Madagascar - an environmental profile}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/962|title=Parc national Tsimanampesotse &#124; Ramsar Sites Information Service|accessdate=2021-03-30}}</ref> == Obodo na obodo nta == * Antanandranto == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 4088y9imgwufoomdf114im6nrhw9yrw 674182 674181 2026-07-08T15:42:55Z Neme244 16387 fixed reference error 674182 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Ọdọ Mmiri Tsimanampotsa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Lake_Tsimanampetsotsa_NASA.jpg|264x264px]]<div class="infobox-caption">site na mbara igwe</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Madagascar_physical_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|465x465px|Lake Tsimanampetsotsa is located in Madagascar]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:87.19%;left:14.706%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Tsimanampetsotsa]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Tsimanampotsa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- class="adr" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data region" |Ógbè Toliara |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Njikọ</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Tsimanampetsotsa&params=24_07_S_43_45_E_type:waterbody_region:MG <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°07′S</span> <span class="longitude">43°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.117°S 43.750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-24.117; 43.750</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:6}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Tsimanampetsotsa&params=24_07_S_43_45_E_type:waterbody_region:MG <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°07′S</span> <span class="longitude">43°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.117°S 43.750°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-24.117; 43.750</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data category" |Ọdọ mmiri alkaline<ref name="alka">{{Cite web|url=https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm|title=Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, A Modern Alkaline Playa Lake in Madagascar|accessdate=2017-08-19|archivedate=2017-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820033645/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm "Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, A Modern Alkaline Playa Lake in Madagascar"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170820033645/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm Archived] from the original on 2017-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><nowiki><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Mmiri na-abanye</span></nowiki></div> | class="infobox-data" |enweghị |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><nowiki><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Mmiri na-esi na ya apụta</span></nowiki></div> | class="infobox-data" |enweghị |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Madagascar |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max ogologo oge&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |20 kilomita (12 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max obosara&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |2 km (1.2 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ebe dị n'elu</div> | class="infobox-data" |40 km² (15 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max omimi&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |2 m (6 ft 7 in) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} [[Faịlụ:Lake_Tsimanampetsotsa,_south-western_Madagascar_(4315971898).jpg|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Tsimanampotsa]] '''Ọdọ mmiri Tsimanampetsotsa''' (French: Lac Tsimanampetsotsa), nke a makwaara dị ka Ọdọ Tsimanampesotse, bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere nnu na alkali dị n'ogo na-adịghị elu nke ukwuu, dị na Mpaghara Toliara n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Madagascar.Ọ dị gburugburu 24°07′S 43°45′E / 24.117°S 43.750°E. A na-echekwa ọdọ mmiri a n'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Tsimanampetsotsa, ma ọ dịkwa n'ime ebe e debara n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar.Mpaghara Ramsar ahụ dum na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka kilomita skwea 456 (maịl skwea 176), ebe elu mmiri nke ọdọ ahụ n'onwe ya dị obere karịa nke ahụ.<ref name="alka" /> Aha ọdọ mmiri ahụ na [[Asụsụ Malagasy|Malagasy]] pụtara "ọdọ mmiri na-enweghị dolphin". Ọ bụ ebe dị nsọ maka ofufe, ememe na ememe. Iwu obodo na-egbochi mmetọ mmiri. A machibidoro igwu mmiri na iji ụgbọ mmiri eme ihe. A na-eji mmiri, apịtị na ụfọdụ osisi sitere na ọdọ mmiri ahụ eme ihe na ọgwụ ọdịnala (Tahirindraza na Marikandia 2015). <ref name="Rasoloariniaina2017" /> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 20 (maịl 12) n'ogologo na ihe dị ka kilomita 2 (maịl 1.2) n'obosara. Ọ bụkwa ọdọ mmiri na-adịghị emi nke ukwuu, ebe omimi ya kachasị bụ naanị ihe dị ka mita 2 (ụkwụ 6 na sentimita 7). <ref name="Rasoloariniaina2017">{{Cite journal|author=Rasoloariniaina, JR|year=2017|title=Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar|journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]|volume=42|issue=2|pages=191–199|doi=10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRasoloariniaina,_JR2017">Rasoloariniaina, JR (2017). "Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar". ''[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>199. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AfJAS..42..191R 2017AfJAS..42..191R]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532|10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532]].</cite></ref> Ọ dị n'ebe dara ada nke Mahfaly Plateau, n'ime ọdọ mmiri evaporite mechiri emechi nke nwere ugwu Eocene marine limestone n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na nnukwu ala alluvium, na-ekpuchi ala limestone na ọdịda anyanwụ. Ájá nke sitere na Quaternary kpuchiri mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="Rasoloariniaina2017" /> Na pre-akụkọ ihe mere eme, e nwere paleolake ebe a zuru ezu na drainage n'elu ala (achọtawo sediments deltaic nke usoro paleodrainage debere). Paleolake buru ibu karịa na omimi, dị ka akara eriri na-agba gburugburu n'akụkụ mpụga nke efere ahụ gosipụtara.<ref name=Loewen2001>{{cite conference|author=Loewen, M. A.|author2= Samonds, K. E.|name-list-style= and |author3=Ramarolahy, M. F. |year=2001|title= Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, A Modern Alkaline Playa Lake In Madagascar|conference= [[The Geological Society of America]] (GSA), Annual Meeting, November 5–8, 2001}}</ref> Mmiri ahụ bụ "sodic", nke nwere nnukwu mineral na nke alkaline (pH ~ 8.0) na oke ammonia na phosphate.<ref name="Rasoloariniaina2017">{{Cite journal|author=Rasoloariniaina, JR|year=2017|title=Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar|journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]|volume=42|issue=2|pages=191–199|doi=10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRasoloariniaina,_JR2017">Rasoloariniaina, JR (2017). "Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar". ''[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>199. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AfJAS..42..191R 2017AfJAS..42..191R]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532|10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532]].</cite></ref> Mmiri nnu na-eru nso nke a na-ahụ na mmiri oké osimiri, na-aghọ nke a na'ụzọ dịtụ ala n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike jikọta ya na oké osimiri, mana nke a bụ ihe a na-eche na ọ bụghị eziokwu. Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enweta mmiri dị ọcha ma nwee nnu dị ala karịa akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name="Rasoloariniaina2017" /> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ adịghị omimi nke na-akpata nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'elu ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ọbụna obere mgbanwe na ọkwa mmiri. Mmiri nwere ike ịdaba nke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị, na-akpata ebe sara mbara nke ala hypersaline nke oge gburugburu ọdọ mmiri na-ebelata. == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na mmiri == Ọdọ Mmiri Tsimanampetsotsa dị n'ógbè nwere ihu igwe na-adịghị mma; okpomọkụ ehihie dị elu na mmiri ozuzo dị ala. Ọ dị na mpaghara mmiri ozuzo kachasị ala na Madagascar, na-enweta naanị 300 in) nke mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Na mgbakwunye, oke mmiri ozuzo na ebe a na-amaghị ama; mmiri ozuzo anaghị ada naanị n'ógbè. Enweghị osimiri dị n'elu ebe a na ọdọ mmiri ahụ enweghị ọnụ ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụzọ ọpụpụ. Mmiri ozuzo na-ejikọta ọdọ mmiri, yana ụfọdụ mmiri na-asọ n'okpuru ala na aquifers dị n'ime ala. E nwere netwọk nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke na-apụta n'okpuru Mahfaly Plateau, nwere isi iyi atọ na-adịgide adịgide (Mande, Andranonaomby na Manava) na ọtụtụ nsị na isi iyi na-akpaghị aka. Mmiri na-arị elu na mmiri ozuzo zuru oke, ma na-ada mgbe mmiri na-apụ n'anya ngwa ngwa karịa ka a na-agbanye ya.<ref name="Rasoloariniaina2017" /> [[Faịlụ:Dry_forest_on_sandy_soils.jpg|thumb|Oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ n'ala ájá nke ọdọ mmiri Tsimanampetsotsa]] == Ahịhịa == Ụfọdụ ụdị osisi na-apụta n'elu mmiri nke nwere ike ito n'ime mmiri nwere nnukwu sodium gụnyere southern cattail (Typha domingensis) na flat-sedge (Cyperus spp.). Glasswort (Salicornia pachystachya) bụ otu n'ime ụdị osisi ole na ole nwere ike ịnagide oke nnu dị ukwuu, ya mere a na-ahụkarị ya naanị ya n'ebe nnu dị elu nke ukwuu.Mgbe ogo mmiri na-adalata, ụdị osisi ndị ọzọ na-anagide nnu na-amalite ito n'ala ndị ahụ. Ndị a gụnyere Salsola littoralis, Atriplex perrieri, ụfọdụ ụdị ahịhịa dịka Sporobolus virginicus na Paspalum vaginatum, yana golden leather fern (Acrostichum aureum).A na-ahụkwa ụdị osisi e si mba ọzọ webata, beach sheoak (Casuarina equisetifolia), n'obere ìgwè n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. == Anụmanụ Ndị Dị n'Ime mmiri == A na-eche na nnukwu phosphate, nke sitere na mbuze, bụ isi ihe na-egbochi ụdị dị iche iche nke anụmanụ mmiri. Azụ adịghị. Invertebrates nke sitere n'ìgwè taxonomic anọ (Annelida, Gastropoda, Crustacea na Insecta) edepụtara. Ọgaranya taxonomic dị na ya kachasị elu (15 taxa) n'ọnwa Eprel (oge mmiri ozuzo) wee belata ruo 11 taxa n'ọnwarị (oge ọkọchị). Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị mgbe ahụ akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, ma eleghị anya n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ nnu dị ala. Crustaceans bụ ụdị kachasị ewu ewu. Anụmanụ ndị dị n'ime mmiri e dere na Lake Tsimanampetsotsa bụ ndị a: <ref name="Rasoloariniaina2017" /> * Annelida (ikuku ma ọ bụ oghere), ezinụlọ Glossiphoniidae (mgbidi na-enweghị agbà mmiri). * Ụdị Gastropoda (nri na slugs): ''Planorbis planorbis'' (Planorbidae) (nri nke anụ ọhịa), ''Georissa petiti'' (Hydrocanidae) na ''Potamopyrgus'' sp. (Hydrobiidae) (ụgbụgbọ ụrọ). * Ụdị Crustacea (crustaceans): ''[[Grandidierella mahafalensis]]'' (Aoridae) na ''[[Halmyrapseudes thaumastocheles]]'' (Apseudidae). Ụmụ ahụhụ ndị a chọtara gụnyere: ụmụ ahụhụ (Diptera); ụmụ ahụhụ, gụnyere nymph nke Dytiscidae (ụmụ ahụhụ na-egwu mmiri) na ndị okenye nke ezinụlọ Hydroptilidae na Elmidae; mayflies (Ephemeroptera); ụmụ nnụnụ (Hemiptera) sitere na ezinụlọ 3 (Naucoridae, Veliidae na Notonectidae); dragonflies nke ezinụlọ Libellulidae na damselflies nke ezinụlọ Coenagrionidae. == Nnụnụ == [[Faịlụ:Greater_Flamingos,_Lake_Tsimanampetsotsa,_Madagascar_(4315972826).jpg|thumb|Nnukwu flamingo (''Phoenicopterus roseus'') na Ọdọ Mmiri Tsimanampetsotsa]] E dekọrọ ụdị nnụnụ karịrị 34 n'akụkụ Ọdọ Tsimanampetsotsa. N'oge ụfọdụ, greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) na-abịa n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu ma na-amụ ụmụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. A hụkwara lesser flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) n'ebe ahụ.Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ala nnu gbara ya gburugburu bụ ebe obibi dị ezigbo mkpa nye ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ mmiri ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Ndị a gụnyere Madagascan plover (Charadrius thoracicus), nke a na-ahụta dị ka ụdị na-adịghị mma (VU – Vulnerable), ma ọ bụkwa ebe Madagascan grebe (Tachybaptus pelzelnii), nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ukwuu (EN – Endangered), na-amụ ụmụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goodman SM|year=2002|title=Inventaire des vertébrés du Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa (Toliara)|journal=Akon'ny Ala|volume=28|pages=1–36}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)|year=2019|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1987-Jenk-001.pdf|title=Madagascar - an environmental profile}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/962|title=Parc national Tsimanampesotse &#124; Ramsar Sites Information Service|accessdate=2021-03-30}}</ref> == Obodo na obodo nta == * Antanandranto == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] jm3qehevmxby13kktqotfab8pvopl4i 0 77562 674183 2026-07-08T15:48:11Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355677126|Lake Kinkony]]" 674183 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ọdọ mmiri Kinkony bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Madagascar, n'ime mpaghara nnakọta mmiri nke Osimiri Mahavavy Sud na Mpaghara Boeny (nke bụbu Mpaghara Mahajanga).Ọ dị gburugburu 16°9′0″S 45°50′0″E / 16.15000°S 45.83333°E, ma na-ekpuchi mpaghara dị ihe dị ka kilomita skwea 100.Ọdọ Kinkony bụ ala mmiri dị ezigbo mkpa maka nnụnụ, karịsịa nnụnụ mmiri na ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ n'oge ụfọdụ nke afọ.[./Lake_Kinkony#cite_note-LC-2 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] == Edensibịa == <references /> 24e42q40ef89yroy4f5vxcxvbdof96t 0 77563 674185 2026-07-08T16:01:35Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357857434|Lake Alaotra]]" 674185 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ọdọ Alaotra (Malagasy: farihin' Alaotra; French: Lac Alaotra) bụ ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Madagascar,nke dị na Mpaghara Alaotra-Mangoro, n'elu ugwu etiti nke akụkụ ugwu agwaetiti ahụ.Mpaghara nnakọta mmiri ya nwere ọdọ mmiri dị ọcha na-emighị emi na ala mmiri apịtị, nke ahịhịa toro nke ọma gbara gburugburu. Ọ bụkwa etiti mpaghara kachasị mkpa maka ịkụ osikapa na Madagascar.Ọdọ mmiri Alaotra bụ ebe obibi bara ụba nke ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na osisi, gụnyere ụfọdụ ụdị ndị na-adị ụkọ ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi. Ọ bụkwa ebe dị mkpa maka ịkụ azụ.Ọdọ mmiri Alaotra na ala mmiri gbara ya gburugburu na-ekpuchi mpaghara dị ihe dị ka kilomita skwea 7,223 (maịl skwea 2,789), ma gụnye ụdị ebe obibi dị iche iche dịka mmiri mepere emepe, ahịhịa amị , ala mmiri apịtị, na ubi osikapa.Ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka kilomita skwea 900 (maịl skwea 350).Na 2 Febrụwarị 2003, a kpọpụtara Ọdọ mt Alaotra dịka ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ogo mba ụwa n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/madagascarpochard.htm|title=Aythya innotata - Range & Habitat|accessdate=2006-12-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155141/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/madagascarpochard.htm|archivedate=2007-09-30}}</ref> E webatara London tilapia (Oreochromis macrochir) n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Alaotra site na ala na 1954 ma mụbaa ngwa ngwa. Ka ọ na-erule 1957, ọ na-enye 46% nke ihe ndị e jidere, ikekwe n'ihi na ọ na-agagharị n'ime ebe obibi efu dị ka ụdị phytophagous.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_ABrmnsKY4C&pg=PA322|title=Biodiversity dynamics and conservation: the freshwater fish of tropical Africa|author=C. Lévêque|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=0-521-57033-6}}</ref> Ala dị mma maka ọrụ ugbo nke gbara Ọdọ mmiri Alaotra gburugburu bụ mpaghara kacha mkpa na Madagascar maka mmepụta osikapa. Ugwu ndị gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburugburu bụbu ebe ọhịa dị, ma n'ime iri afọ ndị gara aga, e gbuturu ọtụtụ n'ime ọhịa ndị ahụ ka e nwee ala a ga-akọ ugbo.Mmebi ala siri ike n'ugwu ndị a na-adị mfe ịsachapụ emeela ka nnukwu ájá na unyi banye n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọ na-apụ n'anya ngwa ngwa. Ugbu a, n'oge ọkọchị, omimi Ọdọ mmiri Alaotra na-adị naanị ihe dị ka sentimita 60 (ihe dị ka sentimita 61).Nrụgide iji mepụta ubi osikapa ọhụrụ emewokwa ka ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-akpọọ ahịhịa amị ndị gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburugburu ọkụ. Ahịhịa amị ndị a bụ naanị ebe obibi nke Alaotra gentle lemur (Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis), ụdị lemọ a na-ahụ naanị n'Ọdọ mmiri Alaotra.Ugbu a, Alaotra gentle lemur fọdụrụ naanị n'ime ihe dị ka kilomita skwea 220 nke ahịhịa amị ndị ka dị. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ ha belatara ngwa ngwa site na ihe dị ka 7,500 n'afọ 1994 ruo ihe dị ka 3,000 n'afọ 2001, nke bụ mbelata ruru pasent 60. Ihe kpatara nke a bụkarị mbibi ebe obibi ha, tinyere ịchụ nta nke ụfọdụ ndị obodo. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ụdị obodo nke urukurubụba ''Artitropa alaotrana'' na ebe dị mkpa ma na-eyi egwu maka nnụnụ mmiri, gụnyere Meller's duck (''Anas melleri''). Ụdị nnụnụ mmiri abụọ dị n'ebe ugwu Madagascar, Madagascar pochard (''Aythya innotata'') na Alaotra grebe (''Tachybaptus rufolavatus''). A na-etinye pochard Madagascar n'ihe ize ndụ ugbu a ma ọ dịghịzi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta dị n'ebe ndị ọzọ. E kwupụtara na Alaotra grebe agwụla n'afọ 2010. Ebe ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike ịbụ naanị ebe obibi ya. Osimiri Am atọ na-enye ọdọ mmiri ahụ mmiri ma na-agbanye ya. Mgbe kilomita 381 gasịrị, osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'[[Òrìmìlì India|Oké Osimiri India]].&nbsp; Ọdọ mmiri Alaotra na-echebe ala dị n'otu bụ nke Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust na-elekọta. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.avsf.org/uk/article.php?rub_id=110&art_id=188 Ọrụ GRAP-Lake Alaotra] E debere Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155141/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/madagascarpochard.htm Madagascar Pochard bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Madagascar, ebe a hụrụ ya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdọ mmiri Alaotra] * [http://www.mwc-info.net Ọrụ Alaotra site na Madagascar Wildlife Conservation] q98t7lfcuzg9uopmfz144gl43ecqc6o 0 77564 674186 2026-07-08T16:09:07Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351733231|Likangala River]]" 674186 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Likangala_river.jpg|thumb|Ụmụaka na-anakọta mmiri n'akụkụ Osimiri Likangala nke na-agafe Zomba.]] Osimiri Likangala na-esi n'Ugwu Zomba dị na ndịda Malawi malite ma na-asọ site n'ime ma mpaghara obodo ma ime obodo tupu ọ banye n'Ọdọ mmiri Chilwa, bụ ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ogo mba ụwa, nke bụ Ebe Nchekwa Ihe Dị Iche Iche Dị Ndụ nke UNESCO na ebe Ramsar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/wetland/malawi|title=Malawi - Ramsar|work=www.ramsar.org}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ nwere ogologo kilomita 50 ma na-asọ n'elu ọdịdị ala dị iche iche n'agbata ịdị elu nke mita 1,265 na mita 790 n'elu oke osimiri. Mpaghara nnakọta mmiri ya na-ekpuchi kilomita skwea 756.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evaluation and assessment of water quality in Likangala River and its catchment area|first=R. C. G.|author=Chidya|date=1 January 2011|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C|volume=36|issue=14|pages=865–871|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2011.07.070}}</ref> Ọ bụ osimiri dị mkpa na-enye mmiri maka iji ụlọ na ịgba mmiri. Ọ bụkwa osimiri na-enye mmiri maka atụmatụ ịgba mmiri na Likangala Rice nke e guzobere na 1969, nke na-elekọta ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ ugbo 200 ma na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 415 hectare. Obodo ndị bi n'ebe ahụ na-erite uru site n'ọtụtụ ọrụ inye nri gụnyere nri ọhịa, ahịhịa, ájá, nkume, azụ na osisi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Assessment of land use change in Likangala River catchment, Malawi: A remote sensing and DPSIR approach|first=Deepa|author=Pullanikkatil|date=1 June 2016|journal=Applied Geography|volume=71|pages=9–23|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.04.005}}</ref> Ọdịdị mmiri nke Likangala dịgasị iche n'ogologo ya, na isi na isi mmalite na-abụghị isi nke mmetọ na ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Impact of land use on water quality in the Likangala catchment, southern Malawi|first=D.|author=Pullanikkatil|date=3 July 2015|journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science|volume=40|issue=3|pages=277–286|doi=10.2989/16085914.2015.1077777}}</ref> Ebe ọ na-agafe obodo Zomba, nsị sitere na atụmatụ nhazi mmiri na-esighị ike na-abanye n'osimiri ahụ na-akpata deccolorations na uto algae. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|15|25|S|35|36|E|region:MW_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} 0c1ueb43w87a2725d0x4dv5vvcttlwu 0 77565 674195 2026-07-08T16:50:57Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343626990|Lake Débo]]" 674195 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ọdọ mmiri Débo bụ ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Mali, nke idei mmiri nke mpaghara nnakọta mmiri nke Osimiri Niger na-eme n'oge ụfọdụ n'afọ na-emepụta. Ọ dị n'ime Inner Niger Delta nke Osimiri Niger.N'oge mmiri osimiri na-ebili elu, delta ahụ nke ọdọ mmiri, obere iyi, na mmiri ndị na-anọ n'akụkụ osimiri na-emepụta na-abụ akụkụ nke Ọdọ mmiri Débo. Inner Niger Delta nwere ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri sara mbara, nke na-emighị emi na ala mmiri apịtị idei mmiri juru. Delta a na-agbatị ihe dị ka kilomita 320 (maịl 200) n'ogologo ma nwee obosara nke kilomita 80 (maịl 50).N'oge mmiri na-asọ nke ukwuu, Ọdọ mmiri Débo dị ihe dị ka kilomita 80 (maịl 50) site na Mopti n'akụkụ elu osimiri ya, nke dị n'ebe ndịda, ma dịkwa ihe dị ka kilomita 240 (maịl 150) site na Timbuktu n'akụkụ ala osimiri ya, nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ.Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ime ọtụtụ ala mmiri na ọdọ mmiri ndị na-apụta naanị n'oge ụfọdụ n'afọ nke mejupụtara Inner Niger Delta, ma bụrụkwa ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Mali. Nha ya na-ebelata nke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị, site na Septemba ruo Maachị.E gosipụtara ịdị adị nke ọdọ mmiri a, nke a na-akpọ "Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu", n'ime Inner Niger Delta nke Osimiri Niger n'etiti Jenne na Timbuktu na Mali, mgbe e nyochachara maapụ mpaghara ahụ nke ọma, nke na-ekpuchi oge sitere n'afọ 1000 ruo 1900 AD. A mụrụ maapụ 400 nke oge ahụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Lake_Debo_NASA.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Ọdọ Mmiri Débo a hụrụ site na mbara igwe]] Ọdọ mmiri a, nke a na-akpọ "Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu" n'ime Delta nke Osimiri Niger n'etiti Jenne na Timbuktu na Mali, bụ nke ndị Europe maara site n'oge mbụ. Akụkọ mbụ a maara banyere ya bụ na puku afọ mbụ BC. Ptolemy kọwara ya dị ka nke nwere ọdịdị barbell. Nnyocha nke ihe karịrị map 400 nke mpaghara ahụ mepụtara n'ime oge site na 1000 ruo 1900 AD chọpụtara na ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụtara na pasentị 95; naanị ihe ngosi egosiri na map ndị ọzọ bụ Naịl. <ref name="Maps">{{Cite web|url=http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html|title=The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Connection|accessdate=18 March 2013|publisher=Afriterra.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609232900/http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html|archivedate=9 June 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Beacon">{{Cite web|url=http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta/InlandNigerDelta_files/v3_document.htm|title=The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Beacon|author=Gerald J. Rizzo|publisher=Afriterra Foundation|accessdate=2013-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223241/http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta/InlandNigerDelta_files/v3_document.htm|archivedate=2016-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa|author=Gerald J. Rizzo|pages=80–89|doi=10.1080/03085690500362439|journal=Imago Mundi|volume=58 (Part 1)|year=2006}}</ref> A maara ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka Nigrite Palus, ọdọ mmiri Sigisma, ọdọ mmiri Guber, ọdọ mmiri Guarda, Bog/Morais of Guarda,ọdọ mmiri Maberia, Bahar Seafeena, ọdọ mmiri Dibbie, mana a maara ya ugbu a dị ka ọdọ mmiri Débo.A na-enyocha Osimiri Niger dị ka osimiri na-eto eto nke dị afọ 2000 ma ka na-akwụsi ike. Otú ọ dị, ọwa okike enweela ọtụtụ mgbanwe.<ref name="wetland">{{Cite web|url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/inner_niger_delta_report.pdf|title=Support Project for Wetland Management In the Inner Niger Delta|accessdate=22 March 2012|publisher=Cmsdata.iucn.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024042541/https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/inner_niger_delta_report.pdf|archivedate=24 October 2012}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:AT0903_map.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Inner Niger Delta, gụnyere Lake Debo, map ecoregion savanna]] E guzobere ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'elu mmiri Niger na Bani. Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri a ma ama na Mali, nke nwere dayameta nke 30 km (19 mi) na nke na-adịghị omimi ya mere nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri enweghị ike ịgafe ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="Velton2004">{{Cite book|author=Ross Velton|title=Mali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLs1WaRmXBQC&pg=PA172|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=1 December 2004|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-077-0|pages=172–}}</ref> N'elu Okwu nke osimiri ndị a, ndagwurugwu ugwu dị nro nke na-akpata mbelata nke mmiri na okike nke ọdọ mmiri a. Ndagwurugwu a kọrọ tupu e kee ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ 1.5 kwa 160 km ( 100 mi). A na-ekewa ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na ihe mgbochi gaa na mpaghara abụọ, nke dị n'elu na nke dị n"okpuru. Ihe mgbochi ahụ gbatịrị ọtụtụ 'ebe ndịda. N'èzí ihe mgbochi ahụ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị warara ma dị ogologo ma a naghị ahụ ya anya.<ref name="Caillie2013">{{Cite book|author=Caillie|title=Travels Through Central Africa to Timbuctoo and Across the Great Desert to Morocco 1824-28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1CL4YQkApkC&pg=PA21|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=7 March 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-42792-0|pages=21–}}</ref> [[Mto Bani|Osimiri Bani]] Lisa na-abanye na Niger n'elu Dire. Ọ na-esi n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri Debo pụọ na deltas ma na-asọba n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.Issa Baris , isi aka nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-esi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụọ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ wee tụgharịa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ iji sonyere Bara Lisa.<ref name="Shahin2002">{{Cite book|author=M. Shahin|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC&pg=PA307|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=30 November 2002|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-0866-5|pages=307–}}</ref> Ọdịdị ala na ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ "site na nkume crystalline Precambrian sandstone compacted na Taoudeni Syncline sara mbara dị ka onye na-ekpuchi ala ma kpuchie ya na ihe siri ike nke simenti-laterite. "Ndagwurugwu dị larịị na ọdịdị ala nke àkwà ahụ emeela ka e meandering na ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri, nke dugara n'ị n'ịpụta ọdịdị nke Delta nke Niger. Delta dị n'ime nwere ọtụtụ ọwa sara mbara, nke na-adịghị omimi na mmiri na-asọ asọ; delta a na-agbasa n'ogologo nke 320 km (200 mi) na obosara nke 80 km (50 mi). A na-ekwu site na nyocha nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ map 400 na ọ bụ delta nke bụ mmalite ọdọ mmiri ahụ nakwa na ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ nke kachasị ukwuu na delta ahụ.<ref name="Maps">{{Cite web|url=http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html|title=The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Connection|accessdate=18 March 2013|publisher=Afriterra.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609232900/http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html|archivedate=9 June 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130609232900/http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html "The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Connection"]. Afriterra.org. Archived from [http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html the original] on 9 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ọwa osimiri sara mbara na nha ya na-agbanwe agbanwe na mgbanwe nke ọkwa mmiri na ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{Cite book|author=Ralph H. Hughes|title=Iucn Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA394|accessdate=20 March 2013|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|pages=394–}}</ref> Ọ na-enyekwa nkwenye nke ọdịdị nke mmiri a na-egbochi ma gụnyekwa Erg nke mpaghara Bara.<ref name="McIntosh2005">{{Cite book|author=Roderick J. McIntosh|title=Ancient Middle Niger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i72Q2e35P6kC&pg=PA68|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=29 September 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81300-6|pages=68–}}</ref> Idei mmiri kachasị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na delta na-eme n'oge Nọvemba na Disemba.<ref name="ThiemeAbell2005">{{Cite book|author=Michele L. Thieme|title=Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA187|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=5 April 2005|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-59726-791-5|pages=187–}}</ref> N'okpuru Ọdọ Mmiri Debo, ndagwurugwu Osimiri Niger nwere ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ogo dị ala karịa ọkwa mmiri nke osimiri ahụ.Dị ka akụkụ nke Delta Etiti Niger, Ọdọ Mmiri Debo bụ nke kachasị ukwuu. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ akụkụ nke Osimiri Niger, nha ya na-agbanwe dabere n'ịrị elu na ịda ogo mmiri nke osimiri ahụ. Oge idei mmiri kacha ukwuu na-eme n'osimiri ahụ n'ọnwa Nọvemba na Disemba.Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere nnukwu mbara mmiri nke na-agbasa n'akụkụ niile. Osimiri na-apụta n'ọnụ ụzọ ọpụpụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere obosara ihe dị ka kilomita 10 ma na-aga otu ogologo ahụ n'ihu. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ na-adị warara ma na-ekewa n'ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri. Nke a na-eme ka agwaetiti apịtị pụta, ebe omimi mmiri na-adịkarị n'agbata mita 2.4 na 3.0 (8-10 ft).Ndị Foolahs, bụ ndị na-akwagharị na-azụ anụ ma bi n'ebe ahụ, na-eji ala apịtị ndị a dị ka ebe ịta nri anụ ụlọ n'oge ọkọchị. Mgbe oge ahụ gachara, ha na-alaghachi n'ebe obibi ha dị n'ime mpaghara nnukwu ndagwurugwu ahụ.<ref name="West Africa">{{Cite book|title=West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOMNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA253|accessdate=20 March 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=253–|id=GGKEY:XNB450PQT77|year=1957}}</ref><ref name="GreatheedParken1830">{{Cite book|author=Samuel Greatheed|title=The Eclectic Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkcwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA307|accessdate=20 March 2013|year=1830|pages=307–}}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri kacha elu, a na-akọ na mmiri idei na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Debo na-eru ihe dị ka 12,400 m³/s (440,000 cu ft/s). A na-echekwa nnukwu akụkụ nke mmiri a n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke na-eme ka mmiri na-apụ na ya belata ruo ihe dị ka 2,400 m³/s (85,000 cu ft/s) mgbe ọ rutere Niamey, isi obodo Niger.Kemgbe afọ 1962, ọbụna mmụba mmiri nke naanị 1,000 m³/s (35,000 cu ft/s) sitere n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike ime ka ogo mmiri dị na mpaghara Niamey bawanye ihe dị ka mita 2 ( 6 ft 7 in), ruo n'ogo 181.51 mita (595 ft 6 in).<ref name="Bloise2000">{{Cite book|author=Remo Capra Bloise|title=Bridge Over Niger: The True Story of the J. F. Kennedy Bridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mtq16YfSI_MC&pg=PA7|accessdate=10 March 2013|date=11 August 2000|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4697-7432-9|pages=7–}}</ref> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ọdọ mmiri dị na Sahel, n'ebe ndịda nke ọzara Sahara, nwere ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke a kọrọ na ọ bụ mpaghara mgbanwe nke ihu igwe Guinea na-ekpo ọkụ na ndịda ruo na ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ na ókèala Sahara. Oge mmiri ozuzo na ndịda na-adị na July ruo October, na nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ nke 750 mm (). Otú ọ dị, oge mmiri ozuzo n'ebe ugwu na-adị na July ruo September, na nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ edere na 250 in). Okpomọkụ na-adịgasị iche na nkwenye siri ike n'oge. Nkezi okpomọkụ kachasị elu edere na Mee na Tombouctou bụ 43 na Mopti bụ 40 . Oge ihu igwe dị jụụ bụ site na Disemba ruo Jenụwarị na okpomọkụ na-agbadata na nke kacha nta nke 3 ruo 6 °F) n'akụkụ ugwu nke delta. N'oge mmiri juputara n'Ọdọ Mmiri Débo, mgbe ọ na-eru nha ya kachasị ukwuu, ọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 80 (maili 50) site na Mopti n'akụkụ elu iyi ya, n'ebe ndịda, ma dịkwa ihe dị ka kilomita 240 (maili 150) site na Timbuktu n'akụkụ ala iyi ya, n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ.Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ime ọtụtụ ala mmiri na ọdọ mmiri ndị na-apụta naanị n'oge ụfọdụ n'ime Inner Niger Delta, ma bụrụkwa ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Mali. Nha ya na-ebelata nke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị, nke na-adịkarị site n'ọnwa Septemba ruo Maachị.<ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/154733/Lac-Debo|title=Lac Débo|accessdate=21 March 2013|work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name="world">{{Cite web|url=http://jinfeibao8844.com/Africa_Adventure_4.htm|title=Africa adventure 4|work=Update 019 April 24th, Debo Lake --Sunny Water World|accessdate=22 March 2013|publisher=Jinfeibao8844.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624055402/http://jinfeibao8844.com/Africa_Adventure_4.htm|archivedate=24 June 2012}}</ref> == Ahịhịa == [[Faịlụ:Cynodon_dactylon.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Cynodon dactylon'', ahịhịa dūrvā gras[[Dūrvā gras|dūrvā buru ibu]]]] Mgbe Ọdọ Mmiri Débo na Walado Débo ( Inner Niger Delta na Mali) jupụtara na mmiri, ha na-emepụta nnukwu ala ịta nri nke a na-akpọ ọnụ savanna ọhịa nke idei mmiri kpuchiri, nke nwere ọtụtụ ahịhịa mmiri na ụdị acacia abụọ bụ ndị kachasị baa ụba.A na-akpọ ebe ịta nri ndị a n'asụsụ obodo ahịhịa bourgou.A na-ahụkwa ụdị nkwụ dịka Hyphaene thebaica na Borassus aethiopum n'akụkụ ụsọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="Science">{{Cite web|url=http://www.asciencejournal.net/asj/index.php/GIST/article/view/132/KONE|title=Applied GIS for Managing Flooded Pastures of Lake Debo and Walado Debo/Mali|accessdate=21 March 2013|publisher=Journal of GIS Trends|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016211627/http://www.asciencejournal.net/asj/index.php/GIST/article/view/132/KONE|archivedate=16 October 2011}}</ref> E nwere ụdị ala ịta ahịhịa atọ, akọwapụtara dabere na njikwa ya. Ndị a bụ: Ebe ịta nri nke ndị Fulani bi na ya nke Amiro (onye isi Joro) na-achịkwa; "Harima" (nke pụtara: mgbakọ mpaghara) na onye isi ''obodo nta'' ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ojiji ya; na ọtụtụ obere ala (n'ime obodo) nke e kewara ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. ahịhịa na-eto eto na-eri nri ma na-agbari ngwa ngwa na aha botanical nke ''Echinochloa stagnina'' (osisi na-eto ogologo oge) na ''Vossia cuspidata'', nke na-eto na omimi mmiri dịgasị iche (3-5 ). Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ, nke buru ibu, bụ Osikapa ọhịa (Oryza longistaminata na [[bartti]]). Ụdị osisi ọzọ nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi maka ájá bụ ''Vetiveria nigritiana,'' mgbe mmiri na-aga n'ọdọ mmiri na delta dị elu. Osisi ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-akwado ọkwa dịgasị iche iche nke mmiri n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ụdị ala na-achịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke mpaghara ahụ. Ụsọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ndị na-adaba nwayọọ nwayọọ nwere obere ọhịa ndị jikọtara na ahịhịa na oghere ala efu, tinyere osisi ndị siri ike, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụdị acacia.Akkagoun na Dentaka bụ mpaghara ọhịa gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Delta Niger gburugburu, ma bụrụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ mmiri.A na-akọkwa na mmụba algae na-eme n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke nwere ike ime ka mmiri ghara ịdị doo anya dịka ọ na-adị na mbụ site n'ibelata nghọta mmiri. == Anụmanụ == [[Faịlụ:Hippopotamus_-_04.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enyí mmiri]] Manatee nke West Africa bụ ụdị anụmanụ a ma ama na ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke a kọrọ na ọ bụ ebe obibi ikpeazụ ya n'ụwa.<ref name="Fishes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=508|title=Ecoregion Description:Inner Niger Delta|accessdate=22 March 2013|publisher=Fresh Water Ecoregions of the World, FWEO Organization|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183644/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=508|archivedate=29 October 2013}}</ref> A na-akọkwa Enyí mmiri site na ọdọ mmiri ahụ (a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ enyí mmiri dị 40 ruo 60). A na-akọkwa Agụ iyi Naịl site na ala mmiri. N'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ụdị anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara nke Delta a kọrọ gụnyere: antilope roan, dorcas gazelle, dama gazelle, red-fronted gazelle, ebe ụdị anụ na-akpụ akpụ gụnyere onye na-ahụ maka Naịl na African rock python. [[Faịlụ:Artis_black_crowned_crane1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Crane na-acha oji.]] Nnụnụ a na-ahụ n'ime mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke bụ otu n'ime ala mmiri kachasị mkpa na Sahel, gụnyere ụdị sitere na mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi Palearctic na Afrotropical. E dekọrọ na ihe karịrị otu nde nnụnụ na-eji ọdọ mmiri ahụ eme ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ebe izu ike; ha gụnyere ọtụtụ nnụnụ na-akwaga ebe dị iche iche n'oge ụfọdụ na ndị na-anọgide ebe ahụ, dịka sand martin, yellow wagtail, reed cormorant, glossy ibis, spoonbill, great white egret, purple heron, ferruginous duck, white-winged black tern, ruff, na black-tailed godwit.Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ nke mpaghara Afrotropical, dịka black crowned crane nke na-adịghị ahụkebe, na-aga n'ihu na-ebelata n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ha.N'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Delta Niger, mmadụ na-enwe mmetụta dị ka nke dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri, n'ihi na ikuku juputara n'olu nnụnụ mmiri na gull.<ref name="Narayan2012">{{Cite book|author=Kirin Narayan|authorlink=Kirin Narayan|title=Alive in the Writing: Crafting Ethnography in the Company of Chekhov|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdFFyWmehRoC&pg=PA32|accessdate=10 March 2013|date=26 January 2012|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-56792-1|pages=32–}}</ref> Dị ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe dị mkpa maka nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị, UNESCO ekewaala ya dị ka mpaghara Ramsar n'okpuru aha Lake Walado Débo dum, nke bụ akụkụ nke delta dị n'ime ya nwere ụdị nnụnụ 350, gụnyere ụdị nnụisi 118 na-agafe agagharị. [[Faịlụ:Giant_Barb.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|nnukwu afụ ọnụ]] ''Synodontis gobroni'' na ''Gobiocichla wonderi'' bụ ụdị azụ abụọ dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke bụ akụkụ nke delta dị n'ime ala. Anụmanụ mmiri dị na Delta Niger dum, nke na-anọchitekwa anya ndụ mmiri dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Débo, gụnyere ụdị azụ 130, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere n'ezinụlọ Mormyridae, Mochokidae, na Cyprinidae.E nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị azụ na-akwaga ebe dị iche iche, ndị na-eso Osimiri Niger bịa n'ógbè a. N'ime azụ ndị a na-akwaga, Brycinus leuciscus, nke bụ otu n'ime azụ African tetras, na-eme njem dị anya ruo Delta Niger, ma na-erukwa n'okpuru Ụlọ Mgbochi Mmiri Markala == Omenala == Mgbe Osimiri [[Oshimiri Orimiri|Niger]] na Bani na-aga n'ihu, a na-eme ọrụ ịkụ azụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na iji ụgbọ mmiri. Onye ọkụ azụ agbụrụ Bozo, onye bi n'ikperé mmiri ahụ na-etinye aka na ọrụ ndị a. N'oge ọkọchị, ọtụtụ ndị agbụrụ Fula na-agagharị agagharị na-abịa n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri a dị ka ebe ha na-aga n'oge njem n'oge oge ya na ìgwè atụrụ ha si n'ebe ugwu. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e0qhwt9str6pt0pba0d3bu6bihzw3da 674196 674195 2026-07-08T16:52:26Z Neme244 16387 fixed reference error 674196 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ọdọ mmiri Débo bụ ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Mali, nke idei mmiri nke mpaghara nnakọta mmiri nke Osimiri Niger na-eme n'oge ụfọdụ n'afọ na-emepụta. Ọ dị n'ime Inner Niger Delta nke Osimiri Niger.N'oge mmiri osimiri na-ebili elu, delta ahụ nke ọdọ mmiri, obere iyi, na mmiri ndị na-anọ n'akụkụ osimiri na-emepụta na-abụ akụkụ nke Ọdọ mmiri Débo. Inner Niger Delta nwere ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri sara mbara, nke na-emighị emi na ala mmiri apịtị idei mmiri juru. Delta a na-agbatị ihe dị ka kilomita 320 (maịl 200) n'ogologo ma nwee obosara nke kilomita 80 (maịl 50).N'oge mmiri na-asọ nke ukwuu, Ọdọ mmiri Débo dị ihe dị ka kilomita 80 (maịl 50) site na Mopti n'akụkụ elu osimiri ya, nke dị n'ebe ndịda, ma dịkwa ihe dị ka kilomita 240 (maịl 150) site na Timbuktu n'akụkụ ala osimiri ya, nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ.Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ime ọtụtụ ala mmiri na ọdọ mmiri ndị na-apụta naanị n'oge ụfọdụ n'afọ nke mejupụtara Inner Niger Delta, ma bụrụkwa ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Mali. Nha ya na-ebelata nke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị, site na Septemba ruo Maachị.E gosipụtara ịdị adị nke ọdọ mmiri a, nke a na-akpọ "Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu", n'ime Inner Niger Delta nke Osimiri Niger n'etiti Jenne na Timbuktu na Mali, mgbe e nyochachara maapụ mpaghara ahụ nke ọma, nke na-ekpuchi oge sitere n'afọ 1000 ruo 1900 AD. A mụrụ maapụ 400 nke oge ahụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Lake_Debo_NASA.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Ọdọ Mmiri Débo a hụrụ site na mbara igwe]] Ọdọ mmiri a, nke a na-akpọ "Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu" n'ime Delta nke Osimiri Niger n'etiti Jenne na Timbuktu na Mali, bụ nke ndị Europe maara site n'oge mbụ. Akụkọ mbụ a maara banyere ya bụ na puku afọ mbụ BC. Ptolemy kọwara ya dị ka nke nwere ọdịdị barbell. Nnyocha nke ihe karịrị map 400 nke mpaghara ahụ mepụtara n'ime oge site na 1000 ruo 1900 AD chọpụtara na ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụtara na pasentị 95; naanị ihe ngosi egosiri na map ndị ọzọ bụ Naịl. <ref name="Maps" /> <ref name="Beacon">{{Cite web|url=http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta/InlandNigerDelta_files/v3_document.htm|title=The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Beacon|author=Gerald J. Rizzo|publisher=Afriterra Foundation|accessdate=2013-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223241/http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta/InlandNigerDelta_files/v3_document.htm|archivedate=2016-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa|author=Gerald J. Rizzo|pages=80–89|doi=10.1080/03085690500362439|journal=Imago Mundi|volume=58 (Part 1)|year=2006}}</ref> A maara ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka Nigrite Palus, ọdọ mmiri Sigisma, ọdọ mmiri Guber, ọdọ mmiri Guarda, Bog/Morais of Guarda,ọdọ mmiri Maberia, Bahar Seafeena, ọdọ mmiri Dibbie, mana a maara ya ugbu a dị ka ọdọ mmiri Débo.A na-enyocha Osimiri Niger dị ka osimiri na-eto eto nke dị afọ 2000 ma ka na-akwụsi ike. Otú ọ dị, ọwa okike enweela ọtụtụ mgbanwe.<ref name="wetland">{{Cite web|url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/inner_niger_delta_report.pdf|title=Support Project for Wetland Management In the Inner Niger Delta|accessdate=22 March 2012|publisher=Cmsdata.iucn.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024042541/https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/inner_niger_delta_report.pdf|archivedate=24 October 2012}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:AT0903_map.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Inner Niger Delta, gụnyere Lake Debo, map ecoregion savanna]] E guzobere ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'elu mmiri Niger na Bani. Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri a ma ama na Mali, nke nwere dayameta nke 30 km (19 mi) na nke na-adịghị omimi ya mere nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri enweghị ike ịgafe ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="Velton2004">{{Cite book|author=Ross Velton|title=Mali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLs1WaRmXBQC&pg=PA172|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=1 December 2004|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-077-0|pages=172–}}</ref> N'elu Okwu nke osimiri ndị a, ndagwurugwu ugwu dị nro nke na-akpata mbelata nke mmiri na okike nke ọdọ mmiri a. Ndagwurugwu a kọrọ tupu e kee ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ 1.5 kwa 160 km ( 100 mi). A na-ekewa ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na ihe mgbochi gaa na mpaghara abụọ, nke dị n'elu na nke dị n"okpuru. Ihe mgbochi ahụ gbatịrị ọtụtụ 'ebe ndịda. N'èzí ihe mgbochi ahụ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị warara ma dị ogologo ma a naghị ahụ ya anya.<ref name="Caillie2013">{{Cite book|author=Caillie|title=Travels Through Central Africa to Timbuctoo and Across the Great Desert to Morocco 1824-28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1CL4YQkApkC&pg=PA21|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=7 March 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-42792-0|pages=21–}}</ref> [[Mto Bani|Osimiri Bani]] Lisa na-abanye na Niger n'elu Dire. Ọ na-esi n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri Debo pụọ na deltas ma na-asọba n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.Issa Baris , isi aka nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-esi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụọ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ wee tụgharịa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ iji sonyere Bara Lisa.<ref name="Shahin2002">{{Cite book|author=M. Shahin|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC&pg=PA307|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=30 November 2002|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-0866-5|pages=307–}}</ref> Ọdịdị ala na ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ "site na nkume crystalline Precambrian sandstone compacted na Taoudeni Syncline sara mbara dị ka onye na-ekpuchi ala ma kpuchie ya na ihe siri ike nke simenti-laterite. "Ndagwurugwu dị larịị na ọdịdị ala nke àkwà ahụ emeela ka e meandering na ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri, nke dugara n'ị n'ịpụta ọdịdị nke Delta nke Niger. Delta dị n'ime nwere ọtụtụ ọwa sara mbara, nke na-adịghị omimi na mmiri na-asọ asọ; delta a na-agbasa n'ogologo nke 320 km (200 mi) na obosara nke 80 km (50 mi). A na-ekwu site na nyocha nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ map 400 na ọ bụ delta nke bụ mmalite ọdọ mmiri ahụ nakwa na ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ nke kachasị ukwuu na delta ahụ.<ref name="Maps">{{Cite web|url=http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html|title=The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Connection|accessdate=18 March 2013|publisher=Afriterra.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609232900/http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html|archivedate=9 June 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130609232900/http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html "The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Connection"]. Afriterra.org. Archived from [http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html the original] on 9 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ọwa osimiri sara mbara na nha ya na-agbanwe agbanwe na mgbanwe nke ọkwa mmiri na ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{Cite book|author=Ralph H. Hughes|title=Iucn Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA394|accessdate=20 March 2013|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|pages=394–}}</ref> Ọ na-enyekwa nkwenye nke ọdịdị nke mmiri a na-egbochi ma gụnyekwa Erg nke mpaghara Bara.<ref name="McIntosh2005">{{Cite book|author=Roderick J. McIntosh|title=Ancient Middle Niger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i72Q2e35P6kC&pg=PA68|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=29 September 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81300-6|pages=68–}}</ref> Idei mmiri kachasị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na delta na-eme n'oge Nọvemba na Disemba.<ref name="ThiemeAbell2005">{{Cite book|author=Michele L. Thieme|title=Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA187|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=5 April 2005|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-59726-791-5|pages=187–}}</ref> N'okpuru Ọdọ Mmiri Debo, ndagwurugwu Osimiri Niger nwere ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ogo dị ala karịa ọkwa mmiri nke osimiri ahụ.Dị ka akụkụ nke Delta Etiti Niger, Ọdọ Mmiri Debo bụ nke kachasị ukwuu. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ akụkụ nke Osimiri Niger, nha ya na-agbanwe dabere n'ịrị elu na ịda ogo mmiri nke osimiri ahụ. Oge idei mmiri kacha ukwuu na-eme n'osimiri ahụ n'ọnwa Nọvemba na Disemba.Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere nnukwu mbara mmiri nke na-agbasa n'akụkụ niile. Osimiri na-apụta n'ọnụ ụzọ ọpụpụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere obosara ihe dị ka kilomita 10 ma na-aga otu ogologo ahụ n'ihu. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ na-adị warara ma na-ekewa n'ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri. Nke a na-eme ka agwaetiti apịtị pụta, ebe omimi mmiri na-adịkarị n'agbata mita 2.4 na 3.0 (8-10 ft).Ndị Foolahs, bụ ndị na-akwagharị na-azụ anụ ma bi n'ebe ahụ, na-eji ala apịtị ndị a dị ka ebe ịta nri anụ ụlọ n'oge ọkọchị. Mgbe oge ahụ gachara, ha na-alaghachi n'ebe obibi ha dị n'ime mpaghara nnukwu ndagwurugwu ahụ.<ref name="West Africa">{{Cite book|title=West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOMNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA253|accessdate=20 March 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=253–|id=GGKEY:XNB450PQT77|year=1957}}</ref><ref name="GreatheedParken1830">{{Cite book|author=Samuel Greatheed|title=The Eclectic Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkcwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA307|accessdate=20 March 2013|year=1830|pages=307–}}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri kacha elu, a na-akọ na mmiri idei na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Debo na-eru ihe dị ka 12,400 m³/s (440,000 cu ft/s). A na-echekwa nnukwu akụkụ nke mmiri a n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke na-eme ka mmiri na-apụ na ya belata ruo ihe dị ka 2,400 m³/s (85,000 cu ft/s) mgbe ọ rutere Niamey, isi obodo Niger.Kemgbe afọ 1962, ọbụna mmụba mmiri nke naanị 1,000 m³/s (35,000 cu ft/s) sitere n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike ime ka ogo mmiri dị na mpaghara Niamey bawanye ihe dị ka mita 2 ( 6 ft 7 in), ruo n'ogo 181.51 mita (595 ft 6 in).<ref name="Bloise2000">{{Cite book|author=Remo Capra Bloise|title=Bridge Over Niger: The True Story of the J. F. Kennedy Bridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mtq16YfSI_MC&pg=PA7|accessdate=10 March 2013|date=11 August 2000|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4697-7432-9|pages=7–}}</ref> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ọdọ mmiri dị na Sahel, n'ebe ndịda nke ọzara Sahara, nwere ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke a kọrọ na ọ bụ mpaghara mgbanwe nke ihu igwe Guinea na-ekpo ọkụ na ndịda ruo na ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ na ókèala Sahara. Oge mmiri ozuzo na ndịda na-adị na July ruo October, na nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ nke 750 mm (). Otú ọ dị, oge mmiri ozuzo n'ebe ugwu na-adị na July ruo September, na nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ edere na 250 in). Okpomọkụ na-adịgasị iche na nkwenye siri ike n'oge. Nkezi okpomọkụ kachasị elu edere na Mee na Tombouctou bụ 43 na Mopti bụ 40 . Oge ihu igwe dị jụụ bụ site na Disemba ruo Jenụwarị na okpomọkụ na-agbadata na nke kacha nta nke 3 ruo 6 °F) n'akụkụ ugwu nke delta. N'oge mmiri juputara n'Ọdọ Mmiri Débo, mgbe ọ na-eru nha ya kachasị ukwuu, ọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 80 (maili 50) site na Mopti n'akụkụ elu iyi ya, n'ebe ndịda, ma dịkwa ihe dị ka kilomita 240 (maili 150) site na Timbuktu n'akụkụ ala iyi ya, n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ.Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ime ọtụtụ ala mmiri na ọdọ mmiri ndị na-apụta naanị n'oge ụfọdụ n'ime Inner Niger Delta, ma bụrụkwa ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Mali. Nha ya na-ebelata nke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị, nke na-adịkarị site n'ọnwa Septemba ruo Maachị.<ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/154733/Lac-Debo|title=Lac Débo|accessdate=21 March 2013|work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name="world">{{Cite web|url=http://jinfeibao8844.com/Africa_Adventure_4.htm|title=Africa adventure 4|work=Update 019 April 24th, Debo Lake --Sunny Water World|accessdate=22 March 2013|publisher=Jinfeibao8844.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624055402/http://jinfeibao8844.com/Africa_Adventure_4.htm|archivedate=24 June 2012}}</ref> == Ahịhịa == [[Faịlụ:Cynodon_dactylon.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Cynodon dactylon'', ahịhịa dūrvā gras[[Dūrvā gras|dūrvā buru ibu]]]] Mgbe Ọdọ Mmiri Débo na Walado Débo ( Inner Niger Delta na Mali) jupụtara na mmiri, ha na-emepụta nnukwu ala ịta nri nke a na-akpọ ọnụ savanna ọhịa nke idei mmiri kpuchiri, nke nwere ọtụtụ ahịhịa mmiri na ụdị acacia abụọ bụ ndị kachasị baa ụba.A na-akpọ ebe ịta nri ndị a n'asụsụ obodo ahịhịa bourgou.A na-ahụkwa ụdị nkwụ dịka Hyphaene thebaica na Borassus aethiopum n'akụkụ ụsọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="Science">{{Cite web|url=http://www.asciencejournal.net/asj/index.php/GIST/article/view/132/KONE|title=Applied GIS for Managing Flooded Pastures of Lake Debo and Walado Debo/Mali|accessdate=21 March 2013|publisher=Journal of GIS Trends|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016211627/http://www.asciencejournal.net/asj/index.php/GIST/article/view/132/KONE|archivedate=16 October 2011}}</ref> E nwere ụdị ala ịta ahịhịa atọ, akọwapụtara dabere na njikwa ya. Ndị a bụ: Ebe ịta nri nke ndị Fulani bi na ya nke Amiro (onye isi Joro) na-achịkwa; "Harima" (nke pụtara: mgbakọ mpaghara) na onye isi ''obodo nta'' ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ojiji ya; na ọtụtụ obere ala (n'ime obodo) nke e kewara ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. ahịhịa na-eto eto na-eri nri ma na-agbari ngwa ngwa na aha botanical nke ''Echinochloa stagnina'' (osisi na-eto ogologo oge) na ''Vossia cuspidata'', nke na-eto na omimi mmiri dịgasị iche (3-5 ). Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ, nke buru ibu, bụ Osikapa ọhịa (Oryza longistaminata na [[bartti]]). Ụdị osisi ọzọ nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi maka ájá bụ ''Vetiveria nigritiana,'' mgbe mmiri na-aga n'ọdọ mmiri na delta dị elu. Osisi ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-akwado ọkwa dịgasị iche iche nke mmiri n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ụdị ala na-achịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke mpaghara ahụ. Ụsọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ndị na-adaba nwayọọ nwayọọ nwere obere ọhịa ndị jikọtara na ahịhịa na oghere ala efu, tinyere osisi ndị siri ike, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụdị acacia.Akkagoun na Dentaka bụ mpaghara ọhịa gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Delta Niger gburugburu, ma bụrụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ mmiri.A na-akọkwa na mmụba algae na-eme n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke nwere ike ime ka mmiri ghara ịdị doo anya dịka ọ na-adị na mbụ site n'ibelata nghọta mmiri. == Anụmanụ == [[Faịlụ:Hippopotamus_-_04.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enyí mmiri]] Manatee nke West Africa bụ ụdị anụmanụ a ma ama na ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke a kọrọ na ọ bụ ebe obibi ikpeazụ ya n'ụwa.<ref name="Fishes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=508|title=Ecoregion Description:Inner Niger Delta|accessdate=22 March 2013|publisher=Fresh Water Ecoregions of the World, FWEO Organization|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183644/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=508|archivedate=29 October 2013}}</ref> A na-akọkwa Enyí mmiri site na ọdọ mmiri ahụ (a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ enyí mmiri dị 40 ruo 60). A na-akọkwa Agụ iyi Naịl site na ala mmiri. N'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ụdị anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara nke Delta a kọrọ gụnyere: antilope roan, dorcas gazelle, dama gazelle, red-fronted gazelle, ebe ụdị anụ na-akpụ akpụ gụnyere onye na-ahụ maka Naịl na African rock python. [[Faịlụ:Artis_black_crowned_crane1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Crane na-acha oji.]] Nnụnụ a na-ahụ n'ime mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke bụ otu n'ime ala mmiri kachasị mkpa na Sahel, gụnyere ụdị sitere na mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi Palearctic na Afrotropical. E dekọrọ na ihe karịrị otu nde nnụnụ na-eji ọdọ mmiri ahụ eme ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ebe izu ike; ha gụnyere ọtụtụ nnụnụ na-akwaga ebe dị iche iche n'oge ụfọdụ na ndị na-anọgide ebe ahụ, dịka sand martin, yellow wagtail, reed cormorant, glossy ibis, spoonbill, great white egret, purple heron, ferruginous duck, white-winged black tern, ruff, na black-tailed godwit.Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ nke mpaghara Afrotropical, dịka black crowned crane nke na-adịghị ahụkebe, na-aga n'ihu na-ebelata n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ha.N'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Delta Niger, mmadụ na-enwe mmetụta dị ka nke dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri, n'ihi na ikuku juputara n'olu nnụnụ mmiri na gull.<ref name="Narayan2012">{{Cite book|author=Kirin Narayan|authorlink=Kirin Narayan|title=Alive in the Writing: Crafting Ethnography in the Company of Chekhov|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdFFyWmehRoC&pg=PA32|accessdate=10 March 2013|date=26 January 2012|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-56792-1|pages=32–}}</ref> Dị ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe dị mkpa maka nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị, UNESCO ekewaala ya dị ka mpaghara Ramsar n'okpuru aha Lake Walado Débo dum, nke bụ akụkụ nke delta dị n'ime ya nwere ụdị nnụnụ 350, gụnyere ụdị nnụisi 118 na-agafe agagharị. [[Faịlụ:Giant_Barb.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|nnukwu afụ ọnụ]] ''Synodontis gobroni'' na ''Gobiocichla wonderi'' bụ ụdị azụ abụọ dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke bụ akụkụ nke delta dị n'ime ala. Anụmanụ mmiri dị na Delta Niger dum, nke na-anọchitekwa anya ndụ mmiri dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Débo, gụnyere ụdị azụ 130, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere n'ezinụlọ Mormyridae, Mochokidae, na Cyprinidae.E nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị azụ na-akwaga ebe dị iche iche, ndị na-eso Osimiri Niger bịa n'ógbè a. N'ime azụ ndị a na-akwaga, Brycinus leuciscus, nke bụ otu n'ime azụ African tetras, na-eme njem dị anya ruo Delta Niger, ma na-erukwa n'okpuru Ụlọ Mgbochi Mmiri Markala == Omenala == Mgbe Osimiri [[Oshimiri Orimiri|Niger]] na Bani na-aga n'ihu, a na-eme ọrụ ịkụ azụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na iji ụgbọ mmiri. Onye ọkụ azụ agbụrụ Bozo, onye bi n'ikperé mmiri ahụ na-etinye aka na ọrụ ndị a. N'oge ọkọchị, ọtụtụ ndị agbụrụ Fula na-agagharị agagharị na-abịa n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri a dị ka ebe ha na-aga n'oge njem n'oge oge ya na ìgwè atụrụ ha si n'ebe ugwu. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rorqy4hsyatm9zsby5aadqxecq61cgp 0 77566 674202 2026-07-08T18:13:35Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ọdọ mmiri dị ọcha na Kenya}} {{Infobox body of water | name = Lake Naivasha | image = Naivasha lake.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|0|46|6.70|S|36|21|2.32|E|region:KE_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Kenya | length = | width = | area = {{convert|139|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1,884|m|ft|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = | cities = | pushpin_map = Kenya | pushpin_map_alt = Location of lake in Kenya |embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 10 April 1995 | designation1_number = 724<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Naivasha|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/724|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} [[File:Naivasha ast 2008033 lrg.jpg|thumb|Foto satịlaịtị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha]] [[File:KE-Naivasha.png|thumb|Ọnọdụ Naivasha dị na Kenya]] '''Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha''' bụ [[Mmiri ọhụrụ|mmiri ọhụrụ]] [[ọdọ mmiri Rift Valley|ọdọ mmiri]] dị na [[Kenya]], n'èzí obodo [[Naivasha]] dị na [[Nakuru County]], n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Nairobi]] dị na [[Great Rift Valley, Kenya|Great Rift Valley]]. Aha a sitere na aha [[asụsụ Maasai|Maasai]] nke obodo bụ ''ɛnaɨpɔ́sha '', nke pụtara "ihe na-efe efe," okwu Maasai a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka [[Ahụ mmiri|ahụ mmiri]] buru ibu nke na ọ ga-enwe ike ime ihe mgbe ifufe na-efe ma ọ bụ oké ebiri mmiri na-efe. Naivasha malitere site na mgbalị ndị Britain mere ịkpọ aha [[Maasai Mara|Maasai]]. N'ezie, ''Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha'' pụtara "Ọdọ Mmiri." ==Ọnọdụ== [[File:Quiet dusk over Lake Naivasha (5232083375).jpg|thumb|Mgbede na Lake Naivasha]] Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha bụ ọdọ mmiri dị ọhụrụ na ndagwurugwu Rift nke Kenya. Ọ dị na njikọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke [[okwute ugwu mgbawa]] na [[nkume mmiri mmiri|ebe nchekwa mmiri]] site na nnukwu ọdọ mmiri oge [[Pleistocene]]. E wezụga iyi ndị na-adịghị agafe agafe, osimiri ndị na-adịgide adịgide [[Osimiri Malewa|Malewa]] na [[Osimiri Gilgil|Gilgil]] na-azụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Enweghị ebe a maara esi abata, mana ebe ọ bụ na mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ọhụrụ, a na-eche na ọ na-esi n'okpuru ala apụta.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Q1pfcjMae8C&pg=PA1 |title=Lake Naivasha, Kenya |first=David M. |last=Harper |publisher=Springer |year=2003 |isbn=1-4020-1236-5}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere oke ala nkịtị nke {{convert|139|km2}}<ref name="MoiArusei">"THE OUTFLOW OF LAKE NAIVASHA BASED ON THE STABLE ISOTOPE COMPOSITION" (characteristics), M.K. Arusei, J. K Sanga, M.P Tole, Department of Chemistry, School of Environmental Studies, [[Moi University]], P.O Box 3900 [[Eldoret, Kenya]], webpage:[http://www.unep.org/gef/content/pdf/35-Arusei.pdf UNEP-Moi-Arusei-PDF] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050612173509/http://www.unep.org/gef/content/pdf/35-Arusei.pdf |date=2005-06-12 }}</ref> tupu afọ 2010, ma mụbaa ruo {{convert|198|km2}} ka ọ na-erule afọ 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tobiko |first=Keriako |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Kenya Government and UNDP |archive-date=2022-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Apịtị nke {{convert|64|km2}} gbara ya gburugburu, nke na-agbanwe dabere na mmiri ozuzo. N'ịdị elu nke {{convert|1,884|m}},<ref name="MoiArusei" /> ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere nkezi omimi nke {{convert|6|m}}, ebe mpaghara kachasị omimi dị na Crescent Island, yana oke omimi nke {{convert|30|m}}.<ref name="MoiArusei" /> Njorowa Gorge bụbu ebe ọdọ mmiri ahụ si apụta, mana ọ dị ugbu a n'elu ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma bụrụ ọnụ ụzọ mbata [[Hell's Gate National Park]]. Obodo [[Naivasha]] (nke bụbu East Nakuru) dị n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. ==Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi== [[File:Lake Naivasha, Kenya (32487531978).jpg|thumb|Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba nke Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha]] Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị anụ ọhịa dị iche iche gụnyere ihe karịrị [[ụdị]] dị iche iche 400 nke [[nnụnụ]] na nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke [[[Hippopotamus|hippo]]. Ndị mmadụ na-azụ azụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ agbanweela nke ukwuu ka oge na-aga, mgbanwe ihu igwe, mbọ ịkụ azụ na iwebata ụdị ndị na-awakpo ha metụtara ya. Mgbanwe kachasị ọhụrụ n'ọnụọgụgụ azụ̀ sochiri mmalite nke [[cap nkịtị]] na 2001.<ref>Becht, R., Odada, E. O., & Higgins, S. (2005). Lake Naivasha: Experience and Lessons Learned Brief. Managing lakes and basins for sustainable use, a report for lake basin managers and stakeholders (pp. 277–298). Kusatsu: International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC)</ref> Afọ itoolu ka nke ahụ gasịrị, na 2010, azụ̀ nkịtị bụ́ azụ̀ carp karịrị pasentị iri itoolu nke azụ̀ ndị a nwụdere n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>Lake Naivasha Annual Fisheries Report, 2010</ref> E nwere obere ọdọ mmiri abụọ dị nso na Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha: Ọdọ Mmiri Oloiden na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Sonachi]] (ọdọ mmiri ugwu mgbawa ugwu | ọdọ mmiri mgbawa ugwu]]). Ebe a na-edebe ihe ncheta egwuregwu Crater Lake dị nso, ebe a maara ụsọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị si Yuropu kwabata na ndị bi ebe ahụ. ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== N'agbata afọ 1937 na 1950, e ji ọdọ mmiri ahụ mee ebe a ga-esi rịdata [[ụgbọ mmiri na-efe efe]] ndị njem [[Imperial Airways]] na ụzọ ozi site na [[Southampton]] na [[UK|Britain]] gaa [[South Africa]]. O jikọtara [[Kisumu]] na [[Nairobi]]. [[Joy Adamson]], onye dere ''[[Born Free]]'', biri n'ụsọ osimiri ahụ n'etiti afọ 1960. N'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka [[Oserian]] ("Obí Djinn"), nke nwetara aha ọma n'ụbọchị [[Ndagwurugwu Obi Ụtọ|Ndagwurugwu Obi Ụtọ]] dị n'etiti [[agha ụwa]] abụọ ahụ. Na 1999, otu ndị na-ahụ maka mmiri na Lake Naivasha natara [[Ihe nrite Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award]] maka mbọ nchekwa ya gbasara ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha [[Mgbakọ Ramsar|Ramsar]]. ==Ọrụ Ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe== [[File:Lake Naivasha Fishermen.jpg|thumb|left|Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha]] [[Ime Ubi Okooko Osisi]] bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Agbanyeghị, ojiji mmiri ọdọ mmiri na-enweghị iwu na-achịkwa nke ukwuu na-ebelata ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọ bụkwa ihe na-echegbu ndị mmadụ na Kenya. <ref name="FAOroses">{{cite web | url=http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2002/3789-en.html | title=A thorn on every rose for Kenya's flower industry | publisher=United Nations FAO | access-date=2010-06-20 | archive-date=2017-12-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216125803/http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2002/3789-en.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ịkụ azụ̀]] n'ime ọdọ mmiri bụ isi iyi ọrụ na ego maka ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị iche iche n'ọkwa dị iche iche, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpọọ nkụ kpamkpam n'afọ 1890. Ọkwa ọdọ mmiri n'ozuzu ya na-agbaso usoro mmiri ozuzo n'ógbè ebe a na-adọba mmiri. Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha, nke a na-akpọbu Ọla dị n'Okpueze nke ọdọ mmiri niile dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-enwe ọtụtụ nrụgide dị egwu site n'aka ụmụ mmadụ, ọ bụghị ihe kachasị mkpa ịmepụta nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ugbo na ọrụ ugbo n'akụkụ osimiri ya, kamakwa mmụba nke ihe oriri sitere na siltation, nsị mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esi n'ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri apụta ugbu a na-eru nde mmadụ.<ref>{{Citation|chapter=Megaceryle maxima (Pallas). African Giant Kingfisher. Alcyon géant.|title=The Birds of Africa|year=1988|publisher=Academic Press Limited|doi=10.5040/9781472927002.0171|isbn=978-1-4729-2700-2}}</ref> Na 1981, e nyere ọrụ ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ mbụ na-ekpo ọkụ maka Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha, ma ka ọ na-erule 1985, a na-emepụta ngụkọta nke ọkụ eletrik 45 [[Megawatt|MW]] n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="MoiArusei" /> ==Ọkwa mmiri == [[File:Lake Naivasha, Kenya (ASTER).jpg|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha]] Ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 gara aga, Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha, ya na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Elmenteita|Ọdọ Mmiri Elementaita]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nakuru]] (kilomita 60 n'ebe ugwu), mepụtara otu ọdọ mmiri dị omimi nke dị n'ime mmiri nke mechara kpọọ nkụ, wee hapụ ọdọ mmiri atọ ahụ ka ha bụrụ ihe fọdụrụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakuru {{!}} Lake Nakuru {{!}} World Lake Database - ILEC |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3588 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=wldb.ilec.or.jp}}</ref> Mmiri dị na [[Ọdọ mmiri Rift Valley|Ọdọ mmiri Rift Valley]] agbanweela nke ukwuu kemgbe ahụ, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ha kpọọ nkụ ọtụtụ ugboro.<ref name=":1" /> Mmiri ahụ ruru omimi nke 0.6m na 1945, mana ọkwa mmiri ahụ rịgoro ọzọ, na obere ntapụ, ruo omimi kachasị nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 6m na 1968.<ref name="MoiArusei" /> E nwere nnukwu mbelata ọzọ nke ọkwa mmiri na 1987, mgbe omimi ruru mita 2.25 n'elu ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="MoiArusei" /> Ọdịda nke ọkwa mmiri ọdọ mmiri na 1987 mụbara nchegbu n'ọdịnihu nke ụlọ ọrụ [[ike geothermal|geothermal]], A na-eche na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha nwere ike inye mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mmiri na-enye okpomọkụ [[ebe nchekwa mmiri]] na [[Olkaria]].<ref name="MoiArusei" /> Ya mere, mbelata nke mmiri ọdọ mmiri ga-emetụta ọdịnihu nke ụlọ ọrụ geothermal. Oke elu ọdọ mmiri ahụ amụbaala ihe karịrị pasentị iri ise ka ọ na-erule afọ 2020<ref name=":0" /> mere ka ọtụtụ mmadụ gbapụ n'ebe ndị mmadụ bi n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ hụrụ mmụba nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ọkà mmụta ala, onye matara, na mbido afọ 2013, na ọdọ mmiri ahụ "akwagaala kilomita abụọ n'enweghị akụkọ".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha ka na-akwado ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ógbè ahụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-akpọga ndị njem nleta na ndị obodo gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-egosi ha ebe hippo dị mkpa yana Crescent Island. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuhAeHPoNvw AFP-TV report about the lake drying up] * [https://pertourmarket.com/lake-naivasha-national-park/ What is Lake Naivasha known for?] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Naivasha}} hyrgzxlrd1wpx3ln89cnuzqyp913e2c 0 77567 674312 2026-07-08T22:10:52Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri ukwu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka}} {{Infobox river | name = Nile | map = File:Nile basin map.png | map_alt = A map of northeast Africa; the Nile River is a wiggly line running from a large lake at the bottom, to the Mediterranean Sea at the top. | mapframe = no | image = Nile 3rd Cataract Left.jpg | image_caption = The [[Cataracts of the Nile|Third Cataract]] of the Nile | image_alt = A wide, calm river, under a blue sky, with many bushes on its sandy banks. | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[DR Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}} | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Cairo]], [[Khartoum]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Juba]] | length = {{cvt|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}}{{efn| name=longest| The 7,088 km value for the length of the Nile is based on the {{harvnb|Liu|2009}} study. This study measured ten rivers around the world using the same methodology: the length was measured along the centerline of the river using satellite imagery. The imagery was collected during the years 1999 to 2002.{{sfn|Liu|2009}} The lengths of all rivers vary over time, as the river changes course, sources are refined, deltas change size, or new measurement methodologies are developed.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=81}} The title of longest river is somewhat controversial.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McCoy|2023}}. |{{harvnb|Liu|2009|pp=80-81}}. }}</ref> Sources stating that the Nile is the longest river include {{harvnb|Liu|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p=5.35}}; {{harvnb|Talbot|Williams |2009|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Dumont |2009|p=1}}; and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe |2009|p=336}}. }} | basin_size = 2,927,843 km{{super|2}}<ref name=basinSize>Size from {{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}. Ten percent from {{harvnb|Shahin|2002|p=272}}. According to {{harvnb|Hughes|1992|p=97}}, authorities report a variety of values for the size of the Nile Basin because the flat, waterless deserts of Egypt make it difficult to establish a boundary in the northern regions.</ref> | discharge1_location = [[Aswan]], Egypt | discharge1_avg = 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}}{{efn| name=discharge | Discharge rate is 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec (87 km{{sup|3}}/yr) at Aswan.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} Between Aswan and the Mediterranean, Egypt withdraws large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to lower discharge values downstream. Near Cairo, the discharge is 1,251 m{{sup|3}}/sec (40 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} The discharge from the delta into the Mediterranean Sea is only 150 m{{sup|3}}/sec (5 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', United Nations|p=1}} These values were measured before construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]].}} | source1 = [[Rukarara River]], Rwanda<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|10|21|N|31|8|24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|sp=us}} }} '''Nịle''' bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]]. Na {{convert|7,088| km|mi|sp=us}} ogologo, ọ bụ [[osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]],{{efn|name=longest}} ọ bụ ezie na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu bụ [[Ndepụta osimiri site na mmiri na-asọpụta|pere mpe karịa osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa]] dịka [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] ma ọ bụ [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Osimiri Naịl nwere isi [[ndị na-asọba]] abụọ: [[Nịl Ọcha]] na [[Nịl Anụnụ]]. Osimiri Ọcha dị ogologo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka [[isi mmiri]], mana Osimiri Ọcha na-enye ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Osimiri Ọcha. Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ma na-agafe Uganda na South Sudan; ebe Osimiri Blue na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] na Etiopia ma na-asọba na Sudan site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ezukọ n'isi obodo [[Khartoum]] nke Sudan. Site n'ebe ahụ, Osimiri Naịl na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọzara Nubia]] ruo isi obodo Ijipt, [[Cairo]], wee mechaa gbapụta n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso na [[Alexandria]], ebe o mepụtara [[Naịl Delta|nnukwu delta osimiri]]. N'ihe gbasara ala, osimiri Naịl bụ obere osimiri ma ọ na-agbaso ụzọ ya ugbu a ihe dị ka afọ 15,000. [[Mpaghara Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri ya]] gbasaara mba iri na otu. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị na Naịl na-esi na mmiri ozuzo na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]] abịa. Mba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri{{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan]]{{snd}} bụkarị ọzara ma na-ewepụ mmiri osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya bụ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]], na [[Rwanda]]. Naịl bụ ntọala nke [[mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie]], nke dabere na osimiri ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ. [[Idei mmiri nke Naịl|mmiri kwa afọ]] nke osimiri ahụ tinyere ájá bara ụba n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ala a kwadoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị mere ka ọha mmadụ mara mma nwee ike ito eto n'ọzara na-adịghị mma. Osimiri Naịl mere ka azụmaahịa, nkwukọrịta, njem, na ọchịchị dị mfe. Ndịda (n'elu mmiri) nke cataract nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[omenala Kerma]] na [[Alaeze Kushite]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu nwere mmasị na Osimiri Naịl, nchọpụta ha mere gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 bụkwa isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ. N'ime omenala ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl n'oge a bụ [[Ndị Nilotic]], ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ibugharị ehi ha n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka idei mmiri nke Naịl. N'oge a, Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'akụnụba Ijipt na Sudan, nke na-adabere na ya iji nye ala ubi sara mbara mmiri. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, arụọla ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ n'Osimiri Naịl iji nye mmiri mmiri na [[Ike Mmiri|ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik]]. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a agbanweela usoro idei mmiri kwa afọ nke osimiri ahụ ma gbochie mbufe ájá n'okpuru ala, nke mere ka Osimiri Naịl belata. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mmiri dịka Aswan High Dam na Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam{{snd}} abụrụla isi iyi nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa gbasara [[ụkọ mmiri]], nchekwa, [[nchekwa nri]], na [[Mbugharị nke mmepe kpatara |Mbugharị mmanye nke ndị mmadụ]]. == Aha na isi ihe ọmụmụ == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "Naịl" sitere na [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} na [[Grik ochie]] (Neilos), nke nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sitere na okwu [[asụsụ Semitic|Semitic]] ''naḥal'', nke pụtara 'osimiri'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] maka {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>okwu maka 'osimiri' ma ọ bụ 'Naịl':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> N'asụsụ oge ochie [[ndị Ijipt]], e ji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka 'Naịl' na 'osimiri': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Ndị Ijipt kpọrọ obodo ha {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} nke pụtara 'ojii', n'ihe gbasara agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke idei mmiri Naịl ka ha na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'elu osimiri.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Aha Bekee "Blue Nile" bụ nsụgharị nke aha Arabic ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> N'oge a, osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Na Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ma ọ bụ ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> Na mba Saụt Sudan, ndị Arabic na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ụfọdụ ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', nke pụtara 'Osimiri Ugwu'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Na Uganda, ndị na-asụ [[Luganda]] na-eji aha ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Ụfọdụ ndị Nubia nke Ijipt na Sudan na-eji aha [[asụsụ Nobiin|Nobiin]] ''Áman Dawū'' ('Mmiri Ukwu').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Ọtụtụ [[osimiri ndị na-asọba]] (osimiri ndị pere mpe na-abanye na Naịl) na akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere "Naịl" n'aha ha, gụnyere: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Ngalaba nke Naịl Ọcha na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]] ruo [[Nimule]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Osimiri Ojii{{snd}}Aha ọzọ maka [[Osimiri Attbarah]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Naịl Blue]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime isi iyi abụọ dị na Naịl * Kyoga Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Isi Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl site na [[njikọ]] nke Naịl Blue na Naịl White{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Ugwu Naịl]]{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site n'ugwu Uganda ruo na mbara ala nke South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[Naịl Ọcha]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke Naịl * Osimiri Naịl Yellow{{snd}}[[Wadi Howar]], ihe fọdụrụ n'osimiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Isi mmalite == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| Osimiri Naịl nwere isii [[Ọrịa cataracts na Naịl | cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. ]] <!-- SAVE THIS LOCATION lat/long data for posterity: | label1 = Furthest Source | pos1 = left | marksize1 = 20 | background1 = white | coordinates1 = {{coord| 2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E }} | label2 = Highest source | pos2 = left | marksize2 = 12 | background2 = white | coordinates2 = {{coord|0.3598|N|29.9329|E }} | label3 = Southernmost source | pos3 = bottom | marksize3 = 24 | background3 = white | coordinates3 = {{coord|3|54|54|S| 29|50|16|E }} | label4 = Lake Victoria outflow | pos4 = right | marksize4 = 12 | background4 = white | coordinates4 = {{coord|0.4258|N|33.1946|E }} | label5 = Blue Nile Source | pos5 = bottom | marksize5 = 12 | background5 = white | coordinates5 = {{coord|10.9702|N|37.1987|E }} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Rukara]], na [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda, na {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, n'elu {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An approximate source location was initially determined in 1969 by a group of researchers from [[Waseda University]].<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2006, a group of adventurers rediscovered that location, and placed a marker on a nearby tree ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) which is now a minor tourist sight.<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2009, academics used satellite imagery to refine the location of the source, placing it at a spring ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) several km from the 1969/2006 location.<ref name=SourceCite/>}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence}} A kọwara isi iyi ahụ dị ka ebe mmalite nke mmiri kachasị ogologo n'afọ niile na [[Mpaghara Mmiri Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri Naịl]].<ref name=SourceCite/> Site na isi iyi a, osimiri ahụ na-asọ {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} A tụrụ anya ya n'afọ 2009 n'akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị.<ref name=SourceCite/> Isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl dị na mkpọda nke [[Rwenzori]] na [[Uganda]].<ref name=Rwenz/><!-- {{efn|Some have described these high sources as the "true source" of the Nile.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340–341}} }} --> A na-ejikọta [[Ugwu Ọnwa (Afrịka)|Ugwu Ọnwa]] a ma ama, nke onye Gris na-enyocha mbara igwe [[Ptolemy]] kọwara, na Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Isi iyi Naịl kacha dị na ndịda dị na [[Burundi]] n'otu n'ime isi nke [[Osimiri Ruvyironza]], nke na-abanye n'ime [[Osimiri Kagera]].<ref name=southSource/> E wuru ihe ncheta dị nso na 1937 site n'aka [[Burkhart Waldecker]] dị nso na obodo [[Rutovu]], dị nso na [[Ugwu Kikizi]].<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The monument erected by Waldecker for the southernmost source is at {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]{{snd}}nke Tanzania, Uganda, na Kenya kesara{{snd}}a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka isi mmalite, n'ihi na ọ na-enye Naịl Ọcha nri site na mmiri ya na-asọpụta na [[Jinja, Uganda]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|The Nile exits Lake Victoria at the town of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], which hosts several tourist sights named "source of the Nile" including the [[Source of the Nile Bridge]].{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ekwuola na isi iyi nke Naịl bụ igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụkarị n'elu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, n'ihi na ha na-enye aka na ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. Map of rainfall intensity over Lake Victoria. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke mmiri mmiri [[Blue Nile]] dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]], ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|The source of the Blue Nile is about 75 km south of [[Lake Tana]], at {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}} }}{{clear}} == Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Mmiri nke Naịl na-amalite dịka mmiri ozuzo n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] Osimiri Naịl bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka nke na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Osimiri Naịl bụ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri|ala niile na-asọpụta]] n'ime Naịl, ọ na-ekpuchikwa 2,927,843km{{sup|2}}{{snd}}ihe dị ka 10% nke kọntinent Afrịka (lee maapụ dị n'akụkụ).<ref name=basinSize/> Mba iri na otu dị n'ime ala ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, na Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn| In 2011, [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudan broke away from Sudan]], becoming the eleventh country in the Nile Basin.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Ala mmiri a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, site na ọzara kpọrọ nkụ na ájá dị n'ebe ugwu, ruo ala mmiri dị larịị, nke apịtị dị n'etiti, ruo ugwu mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa dị na ndida.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ asaa; mpaghara ise n'ime ha gụnyere ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl. Dịka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro dị n'okpuru ala, mpaghara ise ndị a bụ: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka]], [[Ugwu Naịl]], [[Naịl Ọcha]], isi Naịl, na [[Mmiri Naịl]]. Mpaghara abụọ ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu mmiri: [[Blue Nile]] na [[Atbarah Osimiri]].{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> 2iv4id1ozjlb876ek62ibiuxpciopa0 674316 674312 2026-07-08T23:01:58Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Expanded this article 674316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri ukwu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka}} {{Infobox river | name = Nile | map = File:Nile basin map.png | map_alt = A map of northeast Africa; the Nile River is a wiggly line running from a large lake at the bottom, to the Mediterranean Sea at the top. | mapframe = no | image = Nile 3rd Cataract Left.jpg | image_caption = The [[Cataracts of the Nile|Third Cataract]] of the Nile | image_alt = A wide, calm river, under a blue sky, with many bushes on its sandy banks. | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[DR Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}} | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Cairo]], [[Khartoum]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Juba]] | length = {{cvt|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}}{{efn| name=longest| The 7,088 km value for the length of the Nile is based on the {{harvnb|Liu|2009}} study. This study measured ten rivers around the world using the same methodology: the length was measured along the centerline of the river using satellite imagery. The imagery was collected during the years 1999 to 2002.{{sfn|Liu|2009}} The lengths of all rivers vary over time, as the river changes course, sources are refined, deltas change size, or new measurement methodologies are developed.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=81}} The title of longest river is somewhat controversial.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McCoy|2023}}. |{{harvnb|Liu|2009|pp=80-81}}. }}</ref> Sources stating that the Nile is the longest river include {{harvnb|Liu|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p=5.35}}; {{harvnb|Talbot|Williams |2009|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Dumont |2009|p=1}}; and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe |2009|p=336}}. }} | basin_size = 2,927,843 km{{super|2}}<ref name=basinSize>Size from {{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}. Ten percent from {{harvnb|Shahin|2002|p=272}}. According to {{harvnb|Hughes|1992|p=97}}, authorities report a variety of values for the size of the Nile Basin because the flat, waterless deserts of Egypt make it difficult to establish a boundary in the northern regions.</ref> | discharge1_location = [[Aswan]], Egypt | discharge1_avg = 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}}{{efn| name=discharge | Discharge rate is 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec (87 km{{sup|3}}/yr) at Aswan.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} Between Aswan and the Mediterranean, Egypt withdraws large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to lower discharge values downstream. Near Cairo, the discharge is 1,251 m{{sup|3}}/sec (40 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} The discharge from the delta into the Mediterranean Sea is only 150 m{{sup|3}}/sec (5 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', United Nations|p=1}} These values were measured before construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]].}} | source1 = [[Rukarara River]], Rwanda<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|10|21|N|31|8|24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|sp=us}} }} '''Nịle''' bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]]. Na {{convert|7,088| km|mi|sp=us}} ogologo, ọ bụ [[osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]],{{efn|name=longest}} ọ bụ ezie na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu bụ [[Ndepụta osimiri site na mmiri na-asọpụta|pere mpe karịa osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa]] dịka [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] ma ọ bụ [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Osimiri Naịl nwere isi [[ndị na-asọba]] abụọ: [[Nịl Ọcha]] na [[Nịl Anụnụ]]. Osimiri Ọcha dị ogologo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka [[isi mmiri]], mana Osimiri Ọcha na-enye ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Osimiri Ọcha. Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ma na-agafe Uganda na South Sudan; ebe Osimiri Blue na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] na Etiopia ma na-asọba na Sudan site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ezukọ n'isi obodo [[Khartoum]] nke Sudan. Site n'ebe ahụ, Osimiri Naịl na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọzara Nubia]] ruo isi obodo Ijipt, [[Cairo]], wee mechaa gbapụta n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso na [[Alexandria]], ebe o mepụtara [[Naịl Delta|nnukwu delta osimiri]]. N'ihe gbasara ala, osimiri Naịl bụ obere osimiri ma ọ na-agbaso ụzọ ya ugbu a ihe dị ka afọ 15,000. [[Mpaghara Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri ya]] gbasaara mba iri na otu. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị na Naịl na-esi na mmiri ozuzo na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]] abịa. Mba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri{{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan]]{{snd}} bụkarị ọzara ma na-ewepụ mmiri osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya bụ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]], na [[Rwanda]]. Naịl bụ ntọala nke [[mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie]], nke dabere na osimiri ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ. [[Idei mmiri nke Naịl|mmiri kwa afọ]] nke osimiri ahụ tinyere ájá bara ụba n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ala a kwadoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị mere ka ọha mmadụ mara mma nwee ike ito eto n'ọzara na-adịghị mma. Osimiri Naịl mere ka azụmaahịa, nkwukọrịta, njem, na ọchịchị dị mfe. Ndịda (n'elu mmiri) nke cataract nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[omenala Kerma]] na [[Alaeze Kushite]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu nwere mmasị na Osimiri Naịl, nchọpụta ha mere gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 bụkwa isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ. N'ime omenala ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl n'oge a bụ [[Ndị Nilotic]], ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ibugharị ehi ha n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka idei mmiri nke Naịl. N'oge a, Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'akụnụba Ijipt na Sudan, nke na-adabere na ya iji nye ala ubi sara mbara mmiri. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, arụọla ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ n'Osimiri Naịl iji nye mmiri mmiri na [[Ike Mmiri|ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik]]. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a agbanweela usoro idei mmiri kwa afọ nke osimiri ahụ ma gbochie mbufe ájá n'okpuru ala, nke mere ka Osimiri Naịl belata. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mmiri dịka Aswan High Dam na Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam{{snd}} abụrụla isi iyi nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa gbasara [[ụkọ mmiri]], nchekwa, [[nchekwa nri]], na [[Mbugharị nke mmepe kpatara |Mbugharị mmanye nke ndị mmadụ]]. == Aha na isi ihe ọmụmụ == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "Naịl" sitere na [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} na [[Grik ochie]] (Neilos), nke nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sitere na okwu [[asụsụ Semitic|Semitic]] ''naḥal'', nke pụtara 'osimiri'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] maka {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>okwu maka 'osimiri' ma ọ bụ 'Naịl':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> N'asụsụ oge ochie [[ndị Ijipt]], e ji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka 'Naịl' na 'osimiri': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Ndị Ijipt kpọrọ obodo ha {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} nke pụtara 'ojii', n'ihe gbasara agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke idei mmiri Naịl ka ha na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'elu osimiri.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Aha Bekee "Blue Nile" bụ nsụgharị nke aha Arabic ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> N'oge a, osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Na Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ma ọ bụ ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> Na mba Saụt Sudan, ndị Arabic na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ụfọdụ ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', nke pụtara 'Osimiri Ugwu'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Na Uganda, ndị na-asụ [[Luganda]] na-eji aha ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Ụfọdụ ndị Nubia nke Ijipt na Sudan na-eji aha [[asụsụ Nobiin|Nobiin]] ''Áman Dawū'' ('Mmiri Ukwu').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Ọtụtụ [[osimiri ndị na-asọba]] (osimiri ndị pere mpe na-abanye na Naịl) na akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere "Naịl" n'aha ha, gụnyere: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Ngalaba nke Naịl Ọcha na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]] ruo [[Nimule]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Osimiri Ojii{{snd}}Aha ọzọ maka [[Osimiri Attbarah]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Naịl Blue]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime isi iyi abụọ dị na Naịl * Kyoga Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Isi Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl site na [[njikọ]] nke Naịl Blue na Naịl White{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Ugwu Naịl]]{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site n'ugwu Uganda ruo na mbara ala nke South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[Naịl Ọcha]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke Naịl * Osimiri Naịl Yellow{{snd}}[[Wadi Howar]], ihe fọdụrụ n'osimiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Isi mmalite == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| Osimiri Naịl nwere isii [[Ọrịa cataracts na Naịl | cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. ]] <!-- SAVE THIS LOCATION lat/long data for posterity: | label1 = Furthest Source | pos1 = left | marksize1 = 20 | background1 = white | coordinates1 = {{coord| 2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E }} | label2 = Highest source | pos2 = left | marksize2 = 12 | background2 = white | coordinates2 = {{coord|0.3598|N|29.9329|E }} | label3 = Southernmost source | pos3 = bottom | marksize3 = 24 | background3 = white | coordinates3 = {{coord|3|54|54|S| 29|50|16|E }} | label4 = Lake Victoria outflow | pos4 = right | marksize4 = 12 | background4 = white | coordinates4 = {{coord|0.4258|N|33.1946|E }} | label5 = Blue Nile Source | pos5 = bottom | marksize5 = 12 | background5 = white | coordinates5 = {{coord|10.9702|N|37.1987|E }} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Rukara]], na [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda, na {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, n'elu {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An approximate source location was initially determined in 1969 by a group of researchers from [[Waseda University]].<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2006, a group of adventurers rediscovered that location, and placed a marker on a nearby tree ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) which is now a minor tourist sight.<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2009, academics used satellite imagery to refine the location of the source, placing it at a spring ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) several km from the 1969/2006 location.<ref name=SourceCite/>}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence}} A kọwara isi iyi ahụ dị ka ebe mmalite nke mmiri kachasị ogologo n'afọ niile na [[Mpaghara Mmiri Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri Naịl]].<ref name=SourceCite/> Site na isi iyi a, osimiri ahụ na-asọ {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} A tụrụ anya ya n'afọ 2009 n'akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị.<ref name=SourceCite/> Isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl dị na mkpọda nke [[Rwenzori]] na [[Uganda]].<ref name=Rwenz/><!-- {{efn|Some have described these high sources as the "true source" of the Nile.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340–341}} }} --> A na-ejikọta [[Ugwu Ọnwa (Afrịka)|Ugwu Ọnwa]] a ma ama, nke onye Gris na-enyocha mbara igwe [[Ptolemy]] kọwara, na Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Isi iyi Naịl kacha dị na ndịda dị na [[Burundi]] n'otu n'ime isi nke [[Osimiri Ruvyironza]], nke na-abanye n'ime [[Osimiri Kagera]].<ref name=southSource/> E wuru ihe ncheta dị nso na 1937 site n'aka [[Burkhart Waldecker]] dị nso na obodo [[Rutovu]], dị nso na [[Ugwu Kikizi]].<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The monument erected by Waldecker for the southernmost source is at {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]{{snd}}nke Tanzania, Uganda, na Kenya kesara{{snd}}a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka isi mmalite, n'ihi na ọ na-enye Naịl Ọcha nri site na mmiri ya na-asọpụta na [[Jinja, Uganda]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|The Nile exits Lake Victoria at the town of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], which hosts several tourist sights named "source of the Nile" including the [[Source of the Nile Bridge]].{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ekwuola na isi iyi nke Naịl bụ igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụkarị n'elu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, n'ihi na ha na-enye aka na ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. Map of rainfall intensity over Lake Victoria. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke mmiri mmiri [[Blue Nile]] dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]], ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|The source of the Blue Nile is about 75 km south of [[Lake Tana]], at {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}} }}{{clear}} == Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Mmiri nke Naịl na-amalite dịka mmiri ozuzo n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] Osimiri Naịl bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka nke na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Osimiri Naịl bụ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri|ala niile na-asọpụta]] n'ime Naịl, ọ na-ekpuchikwa 2,927,843km{{sup|2}}{{snd}}ihe dị ka 10% nke kọntinent Afrịka (lee maapụ dị n'akụkụ).<ref name=basinSize/> Mba iri na otu dị n'ime ala ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, na Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn| In 2011, [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudan broke away from Sudan]], becoming the eleventh country in the Nile Basin.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Ala mmiri a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, site na ọzara kpọrọ nkụ na ájá dị n'ebe ugwu, ruo ala mmiri dị larịị, nke apịtị dị n'etiti, ruo ugwu mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa dị na ndida.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ asaa; mpaghara ise n'ime ha gụnyere ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl. Dịka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro dị n'okpuru ala, mpaghara ise ndị a bụ: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka]], [[Ugwu Naịl]], [[Naịl Ọcha]], isi Naịl, na [[Mmiri Naịl]]. Mpaghara abụọ ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu mmiri: [[Blue Nile]] na [[Atbarah Osimiri]].{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> ===Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka=== Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka nwere isi iyi nke Naịl yana ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri Naịl: [[Ọdọ mmiri Victoria]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)|Ọdọ Mmiri George]], na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Overview of African Great Lakes. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Rukara]] n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ Nyungwe nke Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> ọ na-edugakwa na [[Osimiri Kagera]] nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|The source of the Nile leads to the [[Rukarara River]], then to the [[Mwogo River]], which joins with the [[Mbirurume River]] to form the [[Nyabarongo River]], which leads to the [[Kagera River]], which drains into Lake Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. Furthest source. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. Southernmost source. }}</ref> }} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri{{snd}} [[Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara|ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu]] n'ụwa{{efn|Measured by area, not volume.}}{{snd}} Ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị obere nke ukwuu, nkezi omimi ya bụ {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Osimiri Naịl buru ụzọ nweta aha ahụ bụ "Naịl" ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na-awụpụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya: a na-akpọ akụkụ site n'ebe ahụ ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert Naịl Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} E nwere mmiri mmiri abụọ{{snd}} [[Ripon Falls]] na [[Owen Falls]]{{snd}} ebe Naịl si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, mana ha abụọ emeriela site na owuwu nke [[Nalubaale dam]]. Mgbe [[Bujagali Falls]] na [[Bujagali Power Station]] gasịrị, osimiri Victoria na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]]. Mgbe ha si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga pụta, mmiri mmiri [[Osimiri Kafu]] na-esonyere osimiri ahụ, wee gafere [[Murchison Falls]] wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'adịghị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, Ọdọ Mmiri Albert bụ ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke ugwu gbara gburugburu. Osimiri ahụ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert pụọ n'akụkụ ugwu ya, ebe a na-akpọ ya [[Albert Nile]]; Ókèala osimiri a dị larịị ma obosara, ọ dịkwa mma maka ịnyagharị site na [[ụgbọ mmiri steamer]].<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> ===Ugwu Naịl=== Mpaghara nke abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ala ala, bụ Ugwu Naịl ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5. Arabic translation.}} }}</ref> Mpaghara a na-amalite nso obodo [[Nimule]], gbasaa ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri No]], ma dị kpamkpam n'ime South Sudan. Mgbe ọ gafere Nimule, osimiri ahụ gafere [[Fula Rapids]] wee gaa [[Juba]]{{snd}}isi obodo South Sudan. Mgbe Juba gasịrị, Naịl gafere n'obodo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]], wee banye [[Sudd]], nnukwu apịtị dị n'ala dị larịị.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}. Overview of Sudd.</ref> [[Ọkwa (mkpọda)|mkpọda]] nke ala dị na Sudd bụ naanị 1:13,000 [[ịrị elu n'elu ọsọ]], ya mere osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-agbasa. Osisi mara mma, gụnyere [[sedge]], [[cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Pontederia crassipes|hyacinth mmiri nkịtị]] ([[ụdị ndị na-awakpo]]) na-emechi ụzọ mmiri ma na-eme ka njem sie ike. N'akụkụ ugwu nke apịtị Sudd, Naịl na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, obere ọdọ mmiri ebe [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal]] na-esonyere Naịl (Arabic: 'gazelle river'){{snd}}otu nke na-asọba n'ime mmiri si n'ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=phys/> Otu nnukwu mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara Ugwu Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal|Bahr el Ghazal]] nke si ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan na-abata ma na-esonye na White Nile na Ọdọ Mmiri No. Mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal buru ibu nke dị ihe dịka square kilomita 860,000{{sfn|"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica''}}{{snd}}ma na-enweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, mana onyinye ya na Naịl dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ndị ọzọ.{{efn|Most precipitation in the Bahr el Ghazal basin is lost to evaporation before reaching the Nile.<ref name=Ghazal/>}} Mmiri ya gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kundi]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Keilak]]. Bahr el Ghazal na-agafe n'obodo [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], South Sudan: ọ bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Wau, mana ọ bụ [[Osimiri na-agafe agafe|iyi oge]] n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=Ghazal>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=352–354}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. }}</ref> ===Mpaghara Naịl Ọcha=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial photograph of Khartoum, showing two rivers joining, each with a distinct coloration of its water|A na-ahụ agba dị iche iche nke [[Ọcha Nile]] (aka ekpe) na [[Blue Nile]] (aka nri) ebe ha jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta isi Naịl (n'elu aka ekpe).]] Na-aga n'ihu na mgbada ala, mpaghara nke atọ nke Osimiri Naịl bụ mpaghara Naịl Ọcha{{efn|The White Nile region, as defined here, contains only a small portion of the much larger [[White Nile]] River.}} nke gụnyere otu akụkụ osimiri {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} site na nso [[Malakal]] ruo [[Khartoum]], isi obodo Sudan. N'ebe ahụ ka Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-agbakọta. Akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu iyi dị jụụ, nke nwere nsọtụ apịtị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Osimiri ebe a dị obere ma na-efunahụ nnukwu ihe n'ihi uzuoku.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ebe Naịl Ọcha na-ejikọta na Naịl Anụnụ, ha bụ agba dị iche iche nke ukwuu. Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-acha ọcha n'ihi na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọ na-ebu gụnyere nnukwu [[quartz]] na [[feldspar]]. Nke a dị iche na Blue Nile nke na-ebu ihe ndị sitere na [[okwute basaltic]] nke Etiopia.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} [[Osimiri Sobat]] bụ mmiri nke na-esonye na Osimiri Ọcha dị nso na obodo [[Malakal]] (mgbe njikọta Bahr el Ghazal gasịrị, tupu Blue Nile). Mmiri ya nke gụnyere [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Idei mmiri na-asọ n'etiti Julaị na Disemba n'etiti Sobat.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Isi Naịl=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|[[Aswan High Dam]] dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Ijipt na Sudan. Ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik ya nwere ike imepụta 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=A large concrete building next to a placid lake. Many large power transmission towers are next to the building.]] Mpaghara nke anọ nke Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}isi Naịl{{efn|The segment of the Nile between the Blue/White confluence and the Mediterranean is called the main Nile or the Saharan Nile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}sitere na Khartoum ruo Cairo, isi obodo Ijipt.<ref name=phys/> Mgbatị a nwere obosara na omimi otu nhata: ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} obosara na {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} miri emi n'ebe kachasị omimi ya (mgbe ọ naghị anọ n'ime idei mmiri).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Obere oge ka ha hapụrụ Khartoum, osimiri ahụ banyere [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]] wee gafee nnukwu [[ọsọ ọsọ]] dị ike nke ụgbọ mmiri na-agaghị agafe. Nke a bụ nke isii (na nke kachasị elu) n'ime isii [[cataracts nke Naịl]]. [[Osimiri Atbarah]]{{snd}}nke bụ isi iyi mmiri{{snd}} na-esonye na Naịl, nke na-esochi nnukwu mgbagọ dị ka S gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-ahụ [[mmiri mmiri|cataracts]] anọ ọzọ (nke nọmba ya bụ 5, 4, 3, na 2) n'ime nnukwu usoro S a, nke na-eme ka osimiri ahụ ghara ngafe; ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịgagharị n'ebe dị jụụ n'etiti cataracts. Osimiri ahụ wee banye n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]].<!-- {{efn|[[Lake Nasser]] is called "Lake Nubia" in Sudan.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> Ọdọ mmiri a{{snd}} bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke mmadụ mere{{snd}} ka e wuru mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] na Ijipt, ma jupụta ihe karịrị {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} nke Naịl. [[Aswan Low Dam]]{{snd}}kacha ochie ma dị obere karịa High Dam{{snd}} dị n'okpuru Aswan High Dam, nso ebe mbụ Nile cataract dị (nke dị ugbu a n'ime mmiri). Site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a, Naịl na-asọfe ihe dị ka {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} site na ala limestone, ókèala ya nwere ọtụtụ ala ubi a na-agba mmiri, ruo mgbe ọ ruru Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta Naịl=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|[[Naịl Delta]] bụ nnukwu mpaghara akwụkwọ nri nwere akụkụ atọ dị n'elu foto a, ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].|alt=A photograph of north Egypt, taken from space. The Nile terminates by flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a large, triangular area of land.]] Mpaghara nke ise, ma nke ikpeazụ, nke gbara Osimiri Naịl gburugburu bụ Nile Delta, nnukwu triangle [[delta osimiri]] (ihe dị ka 22,000km{{sup|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} nke sitere na Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Osimiri ahụ na-ekewa ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa n'ime delta: alaka Rosetta na alaka Damietta.<!-- {{efn|Historically, there were four or more distributaries, including the [[Pelusium|Pelusiac branch]] and the [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopic branch]] which disappeared in the 8th to 9th centuries.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} }} --> Oke olu nke delta (gụnyere akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri) dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}. E kere delta ahụ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, e wuru ya site na ájá e si n'elu mmiri gbadaa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Kemgbe e mechara Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, delta amalitela ịbelata n'ihi mbuze sitere na mmiri ozuzo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. N'oge gara aga, ala ọhụrụ na-abata n'ụdị ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na-ebu, na-edozi mbuze; mana mmiri ahụ na-ejide ájá n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ya, na-egbochi ájá ọhụrụ iru na delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Most of the sediment is deposited at the south end of Lake Nasser, where the Nile enters the reservoir.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> === Osimiri Naịl Na-acha Anụnụ === [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Isi iyi nke [[Blue Nile]] bụ [[Gish Abay]] dị n'okpuru akara ahụ mara mma. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site n'ebe ahụ ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] n'elu.|alt=A map of Ethiopia, showing a part of the Blue Nile and Lake Tana.]] Ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl{{snd}} nke gụnyere mmiri iyi nke Naịl Ọcha{{snd}} nwere ọtụtụ mmiri iyi ndị ọzọ. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile na Atbarah mejupụtara mpaghara abụọ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri Naịl Anụnụ Naịl si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia pụta ebe ọ malitere dị ka iyi a na-akpọ ''Abay'' dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]]: {{lang|am|Gish}} bụ okwu [[Amharic]] nke pụtara 'isi iyi', Abay bụkwa aha iyi ahụ.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]], nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị omimi, nke nwere otu mmiri na-asọpụta ebe ọ na-anabata aha "Blue Nile". Osimiri ahụ na-eme okirikiri sara mbara: nke mbụ gaa ndịda, wee gaa ọdịda anyanwụ site na nnukwu ugwu dị egwu {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}} miri emi, wee si n'ebe ugwu gafere South Sudan banye Sudan, ebe ọ na-esonye na White Nile na Khartoum iji mepụta isi Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> N'akụkụ ya, Blue Nile na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik, gụnyere [[ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Tis Abay]] na [[Blue Nile Falls]], Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Etiopia na South Sudan, [[Mgbawa Roseires]] dị nso n'obodo [[Ad Damazin]], na [[Mgbawa Sennar]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Nha nke ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile dị karịrị square kilomita 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} === Osimiri Atbarah=== Osimiri Atbarah bụ otu mmiri nke Naịl nke na-ebilite n'ebe ugwu Etiopia, ma na-esonye na Naịl ihe dịka {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} n'ebe ugwu Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Ebe mmiri ya dị n'ime ya karịrị square kilomita 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah na-asọ asọ nke ukwuu n'oge na mgbe oge [[mmiri ozuzo]] gasịrị na Etiopia (oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ), mana ọ nwere ike ịkpọ nkụ n'oge oyi na oge opupu ihe ubi. N'agbanyeghị na osimiri ahụ na-agafe oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị pasentị iri nke mmiri niile Naịl na-asọpụta kwa afọ.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dams on the Atbarah include the [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]], the [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]], and the [[Tekezé Dam]] (on the [[Tekezé River]] tributary).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> eco0p1gdpeqkn70y77kyppc5yk8pnnk 674321 674316 2026-07-08T23:44:30Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Expanded this article 674321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri ukwu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka}} {{Infobox river | name = Nile | map = File:Nile basin map.png | map_alt = A map of northeast Africa; the Nile River is a wiggly line running from a large lake at the bottom, to the Mediterranean Sea at the top. | mapframe = no | image = Nile 3rd Cataract Left.jpg | image_caption = The [[Cataracts of the Nile|Third Cataract]] of the Nile | image_alt = A wide, calm river, under a blue sky, with many bushes on its sandy banks. | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[DR Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}} | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Cairo]], [[Khartoum]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Juba]] | length = {{cvt|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}}{{efn| name=longest| The 7,088 km value for the length of the Nile is based on the {{harvnb|Liu|2009}} study. This study measured ten rivers around the world using the same methodology: the length was measured along the centerline of the river using satellite imagery. The imagery was collected during the years 1999 to 2002.{{sfn|Liu|2009}} The lengths of all rivers vary over time, as the river changes course, sources are refined, deltas change size, or new measurement methodologies are developed.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=81}} The title of longest river is somewhat controversial.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McCoy|2023}}. |{{harvnb|Liu|2009|pp=80-81}}. }}</ref> Sources stating that the Nile is the longest river include {{harvnb|Liu|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p=5.35}}; {{harvnb|Talbot|Williams |2009|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Dumont |2009|p=1}}; and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe |2009|p=336}}. }} | basin_size = 2,927,843 km{{super|2}}<ref name=basinSize>Size from {{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}. Ten percent from {{harvnb|Shahin|2002|p=272}}. According to {{harvnb|Hughes|1992|p=97}}, authorities report a variety of values for the size of the Nile Basin because the flat, waterless deserts of Egypt make it difficult to establish a boundary in the northern regions.</ref> | discharge1_location = [[Aswan]], Egypt | discharge1_avg = 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}}{{efn| name=discharge | Discharge rate is 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec (87 km{{sup|3}}/yr) at Aswan.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} Between Aswan and the Mediterranean, Egypt withdraws large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to lower discharge values downstream. Near Cairo, the discharge is 1,251 m{{sup|3}}/sec (40 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} The discharge from the delta into the Mediterranean Sea is only 150 m{{sup|3}}/sec (5 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', United Nations|p=1}} These values were measured before construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]].}} | source1 = [[Rukarara River]], Rwanda<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|10|21|N|31|8|24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|sp=us}} }} '''Nịle''' bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]]. Na {{convert|7,088| km|mi|sp=us}} ogologo, ọ bụ [[osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]],{{efn|name=longest}} ọ bụ ezie na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu bụ [[Ndepụta osimiri site na mmiri na-asọpụta|pere mpe karịa osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa]] dịka [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] ma ọ bụ [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Osimiri Naịl nwere isi [[ndị na-asọba]] abụọ: [[Nịl Ọcha]] na [[Nịl Anụnụ]]. Osimiri Ọcha dị ogologo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka [[isi mmiri]], mana Osimiri Ọcha na-enye ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Osimiri Ọcha. Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ma na-agafe Uganda na South Sudan; ebe Osimiri Blue na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] na Etiopia ma na-asọba na Sudan site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ezukọ n'isi obodo [[Khartoum]] nke Sudan. Site n'ebe ahụ, Osimiri Naịl na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọzara Nubia]] ruo isi obodo Ijipt, [[Cairo]], wee mechaa gbapụta n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso na [[Alexandria]], ebe o mepụtara [[Naịl Delta|nnukwu delta osimiri]]. N'ihe gbasara ala, osimiri Naịl bụ obere osimiri ma ọ na-agbaso ụzọ ya ugbu a ihe dị ka afọ 15,000. [[Mpaghara Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri ya]] gbasaara mba iri na otu. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị na Naịl na-esi na mmiri ozuzo na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]] abịa. Mba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri{{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan]]{{snd}} bụkarị ọzara ma na-ewepụ mmiri osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya bụ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]], na [[Rwanda]]. Naịl bụ ntọala nke [[mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie]], nke dabere na osimiri ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ. [[Idei mmiri nke Naịl|mmiri kwa afọ]] nke osimiri ahụ tinyere ájá bara ụba n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ala a kwadoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị mere ka ọha mmadụ mara mma nwee ike ito eto n'ọzara na-adịghị mma. Osimiri Naịl mere ka azụmaahịa, nkwukọrịta, njem, na ọchịchị dị mfe. Ndịda (n'elu mmiri) nke cataract nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[omenala Kerma]] na [[Alaeze Kushite]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu nwere mmasị na Osimiri Naịl, nchọpụta ha mere gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 bụkwa isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ. N'ime omenala ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl n'oge a bụ [[Ndị Nilotic]], ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ibugharị ehi ha n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka idei mmiri nke Naịl. N'oge a, Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'akụnụba Ijipt na Sudan, nke na-adabere na ya iji nye ala ubi sara mbara mmiri. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, arụọla ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ n'Osimiri Naịl iji nye mmiri mmiri na [[Ike Mmiri|ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik]]. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a agbanweela usoro idei mmiri kwa afọ nke osimiri ahụ ma gbochie mbufe ájá n'okpuru ala, nke mere ka Osimiri Naịl belata. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mmiri dịka Aswan High Dam na Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam{{snd}} abụrụla isi iyi nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa gbasara [[ụkọ mmiri]], nchekwa, [[nchekwa nri]], na [[Mbugharị nke mmepe kpatara |Mbugharị mmanye nke ndị mmadụ]]. == Aha na isi ihe ọmụmụ == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "Naịl" sitere na [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} na [[Grik ochie]] (Neilos), nke nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sitere na okwu [[asụsụ Semitic|Semitic]] ''naḥal'', nke pụtara 'osimiri'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] maka {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>okwu maka 'osimiri' ma ọ bụ 'Naịl':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> N'asụsụ oge ochie [[ndị Ijipt]], e ji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka 'Naịl' na 'osimiri': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Ndị Ijipt kpọrọ obodo ha {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} nke pụtara 'ojii', n'ihe gbasara agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke idei mmiri Naịl ka ha na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'elu osimiri.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Aha Bekee "Blue Nile" bụ nsụgharị nke aha Arabic ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> N'oge a, osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Na Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ma ọ bụ ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> Na mba Saụt Sudan, ndị Arabic na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ụfọdụ ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', nke pụtara 'Osimiri Ugwu'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Na Uganda, ndị na-asụ [[Luganda]] na-eji aha ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Ụfọdụ ndị Nubia nke Ijipt na Sudan na-eji aha [[asụsụ Nobiin|Nobiin]] ''Áman Dawū'' ('Mmiri Ukwu').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Ọtụtụ [[osimiri ndị na-asọba]] (osimiri ndị pere mpe na-abanye na Naịl) na akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere "Naịl" n'aha ha, gụnyere: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Ngalaba nke Naịl Ọcha na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]] ruo [[Nimule]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Osimiri Ojii{{snd}}Aha ọzọ maka [[Osimiri Attbarah]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Naịl Blue]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime isi iyi abụọ dị na Naịl * Kyoga Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Isi Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl site na [[njikọ]] nke Naịl Blue na Naịl White{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Ugwu Naịl]]{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site n'ugwu Uganda ruo na mbara ala nke South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[Naịl Ọcha]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke Naịl * Osimiri Naịl Yellow{{snd}}[[Wadi Howar]], ihe fọdụrụ n'osimiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Isi mmalite == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| Osimiri Naịl nwere isii [[Ọrịa cataracts na Naịl | cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. ]] <!-- SAVE THIS LOCATION lat/long data for posterity: | label1 = Furthest Source | pos1 = left | marksize1 = 20 | background1 = white | coordinates1 = {{coord| 2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E }} | label2 = Highest source | pos2 = left | marksize2 = 12 | background2 = white | coordinates2 = {{coord|0.3598|N|29.9329|E }} | label3 = Southernmost source | pos3 = bottom | marksize3 = 24 | background3 = white | coordinates3 = {{coord|3|54|54|S| 29|50|16|E }} | label4 = Lake Victoria outflow | pos4 = right | marksize4 = 12 | background4 = white | coordinates4 = {{coord|0.4258|N|33.1946|E }} | label5 = Blue Nile Source | pos5 = bottom | marksize5 = 12 | background5 = white | coordinates5 = {{coord|10.9702|N|37.1987|E }} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Rukara]], na [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda, na {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, n'elu {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An approximate source location was initially determined in 1969 by a group of researchers from [[Waseda University]].<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2006, a group of adventurers rediscovered that location, and placed a marker on a nearby tree ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) which is now a minor tourist sight.<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2009, academics used satellite imagery to refine the location of the source, placing it at a spring ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) several km from the 1969/2006 location.<ref name=SourceCite/>}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence}} A kọwara isi iyi ahụ dị ka ebe mmalite nke mmiri kachasị ogologo n'afọ niile na [[Mpaghara Mmiri Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri Naịl]].<ref name=SourceCite/> Site na isi iyi a, osimiri ahụ na-asọ {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} A tụrụ anya ya n'afọ 2009 n'akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị.<ref name=SourceCite/> Isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl dị na mkpọda nke [[Rwenzori]] na [[Uganda]].<ref name=Rwenz/><!-- {{efn|Some have described these high sources as the "true source" of the Nile.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340–341}} }} --> A na-ejikọta [[Ugwu Ọnwa (Afrịka)|Ugwu Ọnwa]] a ma ama, nke onye Gris na-enyocha mbara igwe [[Ptolemy]] kọwara, na Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Isi iyi Naịl kacha dị na ndịda dị na [[Burundi]] n'otu n'ime isi nke [[Osimiri Ruvyironza]], nke na-abanye n'ime [[Osimiri Kagera]].<ref name=southSource/> E wuru ihe ncheta dị nso na 1937 site n'aka [[Burkhart Waldecker]] dị nso na obodo [[Rutovu]], dị nso na [[Ugwu Kikizi]].<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The monument erected by Waldecker for the southernmost source is at {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]{{snd}}nke Tanzania, Uganda, na Kenya kesara{{snd}}a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka isi mmalite, n'ihi na ọ na-enye Naịl Ọcha nri site na mmiri ya na-asọpụta na [[Jinja, Uganda]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|The Nile exits Lake Victoria at the town of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], which hosts several tourist sights named "source of the Nile" including the [[Source of the Nile Bridge]].{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ekwuola na isi iyi nke Naịl bụ igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụkarị n'elu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, n'ihi na ha na-enye aka na ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. Map of rainfall intensity over Lake Victoria. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke mmiri mmiri [[Blue Nile]] dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]], ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|The source of the Blue Nile is about 75 km south of [[Lake Tana]], at {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}} }}{{clear}} == Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Mmiri nke Naịl na-amalite dịka mmiri ozuzo n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] Osimiri Naịl bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka nke na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Osimiri Naịl bụ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri|ala niile na-asọpụta]] n'ime Naịl, ọ na-ekpuchikwa 2,927,843km{{sup|2}}{{snd}}ihe dị ka 10% nke kọntinent Afrịka (lee maapụ dị n'akụkụ).<ref name=basinSize/> Mba iri na otu dị n'ime ala ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, na Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn| In 2011, [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudan broke away from Sudan]], becoming the eleventh country in the Nile Basin.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Ala mmiri a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, site na ọzara kpọrọ nkụ na ájá dị n'ebe ugwu, ruo ala mmiri dị larịị, nke apịtị dị n'etiti, ruo ugwu mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa dị na ndida.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ asaa; mpaghara ise n'ime ha gụnyere ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl. Dịka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro dị n'okpuru ala, mpaghara ise ndị a bụ: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka]], [[Ugwu Naịl]], [[Naịl Ọcha]], isi Naịl, na [[Mmiri Naịl]]. Mpaghara abụọ ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu mmiri: [[Blue Nile]] na [[Atbarah Osimiri]].{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> ===Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka=== Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka nwere isi iyi nke Naịl yana ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri Naịl: [[Ọdọ mmiri Victoria]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)|Ọdọ Mmiri George]], na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Overview of African Great Lakes. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Rukara]] n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ Nyungwe nke Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> ọ na-edugakwa na [[Osimiri Kagera]] nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|The source of the Nile leads to the [[Rukarara River]], then to the [[Mwogo River]], which joins with the [[Mbirurume River]] to form the [[Nyabarongo River]], which leads to the [[Kagera River]], which drains into Lake Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. Furthest source. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. Southernmost source. }}</ref> }} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri{{snd}} [[Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara|ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu]] n'ụwa{{efn|Measured by area, not volume.}}{{snd}} Ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị obere nke ukwuu, nkezi omimi ya bụ {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Osimiri Naịl buru ụzọ nweta aha ahụ bụ "Naịl" ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na-awụpụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya: a na-akpọ akụkụ site n'ebe ahụ ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert Naịl Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} E nwere mmiri mmiri abụọ{{snd}} [[Ripon Falls]] na [[Owen Falls]]{{snd}} ebe Naịl si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, mana ha abụọ emeriela site na owuwu nke [[Nalubaale dam]]. Mgbe [[Bujagali Falls]] na [[Bujagali Power Station]] gasịrị, osimiri Victoria na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]]. Mgbe ha si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga pụta, mmiri mmiri [[Osimiri Kafu]] na-esonyere osimiri ahụ, wee gafere [[Murchison Falls]] wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'adịghị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, Ọdọ Mmiri Albert bụ ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke ugwu gbara gburugburu. Osimiri ahụ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert pụọ n'akụkụ ugwu ya, ebe a na-akpọ ya [[Albert Nile]]; Ókèala osimiri a dị larịị ma obosara, ọ dịkwa mma maka ịnyagharị site na [[ụgbọ mmiri steamer]].<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> ===Ugwu Naịl=== Mpaghara nke abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ala ala, bụ Ugwu Naịl ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5. Arabic translation.}} }}</ref> Mpaghara a na-amalite nso obodo [[Nimule]], gbasaa ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri No]], ma dị kpamkpam n'ime South Sudan. Mgbe ọ gafere Nimule, osimiri ahụ gafere [[Fula Rapids]] wee gaa [[Juba]]{{snd}}isi obodo South Sudan. Mgbe Juba gasịrị, Naịl gafere n'obodo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]], wee banye [[Sudd]], nnukwu apịtị dị n'ala dị larịị.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}. Overview of Sudd.</ref> [[Ọkwa (mkpọda)|mkpọda]] nke ala dị na Sudd bụ naanị 1:13,000 [[ịrị elu n'elu ọsọ]], ya mere osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-agbasa. Osisi mara mma, gụnyere [[sedge]], [[cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Pontederia crassipes|hyacinth mmiri nkịtị]] ([[ụdị ndị na-awakpo]]) na-emechi ụzọ mmiri ma na-eme ka njem sie ike. N'akụkụ ugwu nke apịtị Sudd, Naịl na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, obere ọdọ mmiri ebe [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal]] na-esonyere Naịl (Arabic: 'gazelle river'){{snd}}otu nke na-asọba n'ime mmiri si n'ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=phys/> Otu nnukwu mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara Ugwu Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal|Bahr el Ghazal]] nke si ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan na-abata ma na-esonye na White Nile na Ọdọ Mmiri No. Mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal buru ibu nke dị ihe dịka square kilomita 860,000{{sfn|"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica''}}{{snd}}ma na-enweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, mana onyinye ya na Naịl dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ndị ọzọ.{{efn|Most precipitation in the Bahr el Ghazal basin is lost to evaporation before reaching the Nile.<ref name=Ghazal/>}} Mmiri ya gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kundi]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Keilak]]. Bahr el Ghazal na-agafe n'obodo [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], South Sudan: ọ bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Wau, mana ọ bụ [[Osimiri na-agafe agafe|iyi oge]] n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=Ghazal>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=352–354}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. }}</ref> ===Mpaghara Naịl Ọcha=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial photograph of Khartoum, showing two rivers joining, each with a distinct coloration of its water|A na-ahụ agba dị iche iche nke [[Ọcha Nile]] (aka ekpe) na [[Blue Nile]] (aka nri) ebe ha jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta isi Naịl (n'elu aka ekpe).]] Na-aga n'ihu na mgbada ala, mpaghara nke atọ nke Osimiri Naịl bụ mpaghara Naịl Ọcha{{efn|The White Nile region, as defined here, contains only a small portion of the much larger [[White Nile]] River.}} nke gụnyere otu akụkụ osimiri {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} site na nso [[Malakal]] ruo [[Khartoum]], isi obodo Sudan. N'ebe ahụ ka Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-agbakọta. Akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu iyi dị jụụ, nke nwere nsọtụ apịtị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Osimiri ebe a dị obere ma na-efunahụ nnukwu ihe n'ihi uzuoku.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ebe Naịl Ọcha na-ejikọta na Naịl Anụnụ, ha bụ agba dị iche iche nke ukwuu. Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-acha ọcha n'ihi na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọ na-ebu gụnyere nnukwu [[quartz]] na [[feldspar]]. Nke a dị iche na Blue Nile nke na-ebu ihe ndị sitere na [[okwute basaltic]] nke Etiopia.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} [[Osimiri Sobat]] bụ mmiri nke na-esonye na Osimiri Ọcha dị nso na obodo [[Malakal]] (mgbe njikọta Bahr el Ghazal gasịrị, tupu Blue Nile). Mmiri ya nke gụnyere [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Idei mmiri na-asọ n'etiti Julaị na Disemba n'etiti Sobat.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Isi Naịl=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|[[Aswan High Dam]] dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Ijipt na Sudan. Ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik ya nwere ike imepụta 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=A large concrete building next to a placid lake. Many large power transmission towers are next to the building.]] Mpaghara nke anọ nke Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}isi Naịl{{efn|The segment of the Nile between the Blue/White confluence and the Mediterranean is called the main Nile or the Saharan Nile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}sitere na Khartoum ruo Cairo, isi obodo Ijipt.<ref name=phys/> Mgbatị a nwere obosara na omimi otu nhata: ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} obosara na {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} miri emi n'ebe kachasị omimi ya (mgbe ọ naghị anọ n'ime idei mmiri).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Obere oge ka ha hapụrụ Khartoum, osimiri ahụ banyere [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]] wee gafee nnukwu [[ọsọ ọsọ]] dị ike nke ụgbọ mmiri na-agaghị agafe. Nke a bụ nke isii (na nke kachasị elu) n'ime isii [[cataracts nke Naịl]]. [[Osimiri Atbarah]]{{snd}}nke bụ isi iyi mmiri{{snd}} na-esonye na Naịl, nke na-esochi nnukwu mgbagọ dị ka S gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-ahụ [[mmiri mmiri|cataracts]] anọ ọzọ (nke nọmba ya bụ 5, 4, 3, na 2) n'ime nnukwu usoro S a, nke na-eme ka osimiri ahụ ghara ngafe; ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịgagharị n'ebe dị jụụ n'etiti cataracts. Osimiri ahụ wee banye n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]].<!-- {{efn|[[Lake Nasser]] is called "Lake Nubia" in Sudan.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> Ọdọ mmiri a{{snd}} bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke mmadụ mere{{snd}} ka e wuru mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] na Ijipt, ma jupụta ihe karịrị {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} nke Naịl. [[Aswan Low Dam]]{{snd}}kacha ochie ma dị obere karịa High Dam{{snd}} dị n'okpuru Aswan High Dam, nso ebe mbụ Nile cataract dị (nke dị ugbu a n'ime mmiri). Site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a, Naịl na-asọfe ihe dị ka {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} site na ala limestone, ókèala ya nwere ọtụtụ ala ubi a na-agba mmiri, ruo mgbe ọ ruru Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta Naịl=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|[[Naịl Delta]] bụ nnukwu mpaghara akwụkwọ nri nwere akụkụ atọ dị n'elu foto a, ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].|alt=A photograph of north Egypt, taken from space. The Nile terminates by flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a large, triangular area of land.]] Mpaghara nke ise, ma nke ikpeazụ, nke gbara Osimiri Naịl gburugburu bụ Nile Delta, nnukwu triangle [[delta osimiri]] (ihe dị ka 22,000km{{sup|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} nke sitere na Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Osimiri ahụ na-ekewa ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa n'ime delta: alaka Rosetta na alaka Damietta.<!-- {{efn|Historically, there were four or more distributaries, including the [[Pelusium|Pelusiac branch]] and the [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopic branch]] which disappeared in the 8th to 9th centuries.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} }} --> Oke olu nke delta (gụnyere akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri) dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}. E kere delta ahụ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, e wuru ya site na ájá e si n'elu mmiri gbadaa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Kemgbe e mechara Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, delta amalitela ịbelata n'ihi mbuze sitere na mmiri ozuzo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. N'oge gara aga, ala ọhụrụ na-abata n'ụdị ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na-ebu, na-edozi mbuze; mana mmiri ahụ na-ejide ájá n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ya, na-egbochi ájá ọhụrụ iru na delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Most of the sediment is deposited at the south end of Lake Nasser, where the Nile enters the reservoir.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> === Osimiri Naịl Na-acha Anụnụ === [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Isi iyi nke [[Blue Nile]] bụ [[Gish Abay]] dị n'okpuru akara ahụ mara mma. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site n'ebe ahụ ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] n'elu.|alt=A map of Ethiopia, showing a part of the Blue Nile and Lake Tana.]] Ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl{{snd}} nke gụnyere mmiri iyi nke Naịl Ọcha{{snd}} nwere ọtụtụ mmiri iyi ndị ọzọ. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile na Atbarah mejupụtara mpaghara abụọ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri Naịl Anụnụ Naịl si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia pụta ebe ọ malitere dị ka iyi a na-akpọ ''Abay'' dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]]: {{lang|am|Gish}} bụ okwu [[Amharic]] nke pụtara 'isi iyi', Abay bụkwa aha iyi ahụ.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]], nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị omimi, nke nwere otu mmiri na-asọpụta ebe ọ na-anabata aha "Blue Nile". Osimiri ahụ na-eme okirikiri sara mbara: nke mbụ gaa ndịda, wee gaa ọdịda anyanwụ site na nnukwu ugwu dị egwu {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}} miri emi, wee si n'ebe ugwu gafere South Sudan banye Sudan, ebe ọ na-esonye na White Nile na Khartoum iji mepụta isi Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> N'akụkụ ya, Blue Nile na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik, gụnyere [[ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Tis Abay]] na [[Blue Nile Falls]], Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Etiopia na South Sudan, [[Mgbawa Roseires]] dị nso n'obodo [[Ad Damazin]], na [[Mgbawa Sennar]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Nha nke ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile dị karịrị square kilomita 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} === Osimiri Atbarah=== Osimiri Atbarah bụ otu mmiri nke Naịl nke na-ebilite n'ebe ugwu Etiopia, ma na-esonye na Naịl ihe dịka {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} n'ebe ugwu Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Ebe mmiri ya dị n'ime ya karịrị square kilomita 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah na-asọ asọ nke ukwuu n'oge na mgbe oge [[mmiri ozuzo]] gasịrị na Etiopia (oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ), mana ọ nwere ike ịkpọ nkụ n'oge oyi na oge opupu ihe ubi. N'agbanyeghị na osimiri ahụ na-agafe oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị pasentị iri nke mmiri niile Naịl na-asọpụta kwa afọ.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dams on the Atbarah include the [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]], the [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]], and the [[Tekezé Dam]] (on the [[Tekezé River]] tributary).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ọmụmụ Mmiri== [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Chart showing monthly flow of the Nile in cubic meters per second. Values (January to December) are 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl na-asọfe n'afọ niile. Ọnụ (m{{sup|3}}/sekọnd) a tụrụ na [[Dongola]] n'elu isi Naịl.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Mmiri na idei mmiri=== Ọ bụ ezie na Naịl bụ [[Ndepụta nke usoro osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]], ọ nweghị [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụ|mwụpụta kachasị ukwuu]]. Mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka 87km{{sup|3}} kwa afọ{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}} dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Mmiri Naịl na-asọpụta naanị ihe dịka 1% nke [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]], 6% nke [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]], na 12% nke [[Yangtze]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Comparisons are using discharge of the Nile as measured at Aswan. The Nile's discharge into the Mediterranean Sea is far less.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Ntinye ego kwa afọ na isi osimiri Naịl site na isi iyi atọ bụ: 54% sitere na Blue Nile, pasentị iri atọ na abụọ (32%) sitere na Osimiri Ọcha (gụnyere onyinye sitere na mmiri Bahr el Ghazal na Sobat), na pasentị iri na anọ sitere na Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }} <!-- Thus, the proportion of water from the Ethiopian Highlands is about 68% (the Blue Nile and Atbarah arise in Ethiopia), and the proportion from the African Great Lakes region (source of most of the White Nile) is about 32%.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }}{{efn|The discharge varies widely from year to year. These data were published in 2014. Another source from 1994 states 80% to 85% of the Nile's water originates in Ethiopia (the Blue Nile, Atbarah, and Sobat tributaries combined), and the remaining 15% to 20% is from the Great Lakes region and western South Sudan (the [[Mountain Nile]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] tributaries).{{sfn|Okidi|1994|pp=321,325,330,341}} Another source from 2009 states that at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile at Khartoum, the Blue Nile provides two thirds of the water.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}} }} -->Ugwu Nile nke Naịl Ọcha na Naịl Blue na-enwe mmiri ozuzo n'oge, mana mmiri Naịl Ọcha na-asọba n'ime Naịl Blue na-adịgide adịgide karịa Naịl Ọcha.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, nke na-ebelata mmetụta mmiri ozuzo oge.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Ka Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-agafe n'ime apịtị [[Sudd]], ihe dị ka ọkara mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ uzuoku.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} N'ụzọ dị iche, mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-asọfe n'afọ niile: ọ na-eruba n'etiti Julaị na Ọktoba, n'ihi mmiri ozuzo.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị oke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke na Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-alaghachi azụ n'oge a na [[confluence]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, ihe ndị dị na isi Naịl bụ ihe dịka pasentị iri asaa (70%) site na Blue Nile, ihe dịka pasentị iri (20%) site na Atbarah, ihe dịka pasentị iri (10%) site na White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} N'oge oke idei mmiri ahụ, mmiri na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]] kwa ụbọchị dị ihe dị ka 0.71km{{sup|3}}, ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ nkezi kwa ụbọchị kwa afọ nke 0.23km{{sup|3}} kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft{{sup|3}} per day, or 0.71 km{{sup|3}} per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at [[Dongola]] station: 83 km{{sup|3}} per year, or 0.23 km{{sup|3}} per day. }}</ref>{{ efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| As the Blue Nile flow diminishes in the winter, the pent-up waters of the White Nile increase their flow past Khartoum.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} In April and May, the White Nile supplies about 80% of the main Nile's water. Thus, the areas downstream of Khartoum receive a steady (not to say constant) flow that made irrigation possible year-round.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Tupu e wuo ihe mgbochi mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl, mmiri Naịl na-asọ na Ijipt na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge: ọ na-arị elu n'oge ọkọchị/oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ; ọ na-ebelata n'oge oyi/oge opupu ihe ubi.{{efn| The magnitude of the annual Nile flood can vary widely from year to year. Low-flood periods can last for decades or centuries.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Agbanyeghị, mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]]{{snd}} nke mepụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri nke nwere ike ijide ihe dị ka afọ abụọ nke mmiri iyi{{snd}} mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta ugbu a anaghị agbanwe agbanwe n'afọ niile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The annual flow of the river at [[Aswan]] is about 84 cubic km; and the capacity of the Aswan High Dam's reservoir is about 160 cubic km.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Njem mbupu mmiri === Osimiri Naịl na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala. [[Njem ihe ndị dị n'ala ala|mmegharị ihe ndị dị n'ala ala]] ka a na-ekewa dị ka [[ibu ndị a kwụsịrị|ihe ndị a kwụsịrị]] (ihe ndị a kwụnyere n'ime mmiri) ma ọ bụ [[ibu akwa|ibu akwa]] (ihe ndị dị n'ala osimiri nke na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ na-ada n'ala).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Pasentị iri itoolu na asaa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ndị Naịl na-ebu na-esi na Atbarah na Blue Nile, ha abụọ si na Etiopia.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Mbuze na mbufe ájá na-eme naanị n'oge [[Oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]] nke Etiopia mgbe mmiri ozuzo dị oke elu na [[Ugwu Etiopia]]; N'afọ fọdụrụnụ, nnukwu osimiri ndị na-asọba Etiopia n'ime Naịl na-enwe obere mmiri.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ala dị na Naịl Delta malitere dị ka nkume na Etiopia. Ọnụọgụ nkume ndị gbawara n'ime afọ nde iri atọ gara aga site na isi mmiri Naịl Etiopia dị ihe dị ka 102,000km{{sup|3}}, nke dị ka olu ala dị na Naịl Delta (gụnyere akụkụ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri) nke dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} Mmiri mmiri nke osimiri na-ebuga n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe nwere ike ịdaba n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe ma belata ikike nchekwa ya. Nsụda mmiri gbakọtara n'azụ Sennar Dam, [[Roseires Dam]] (n'elu Blue Nile), na [[Khashm el Girba Dam]] (n'elu Atbarah) ebelatala ikike nchekwa nke ebe nchekwa ha nke ukwuu kemgbe e wuru ha.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} E depụtara njem kwa afọ nke a tụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'okpuru.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}}{{efn|The sediment transport data was gathered over a wide range of years, spanning from 1997 to 2019. Every measurement site had unique collection time spans, specified in {{harvnb|Lemma|2019|p=11}} and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}.}} Pasentị ibu ihe ndina bụ oke nke ihe ndina na mkpokọta (ihe ndina na ihe ndị a kwụsiri ike). A chịkọtara data a tupu e wuo Akwa Mmiri Renaissance Ukwu nke Etiopia, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ibu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}} * [[Gilgel Abay]], Ethiopia : Nde tọn 7.6 nde nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 0.7% ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[El Deim]] (n'ókè Etiopia na Sudan): tọn nde 140{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} * [[Aswan]], Egypt: 0.14 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 28% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Beni Sweif]], Egypt: Nde tọn nde 0.5 nke nkwụsịtụ, yana pasentị iri abụọ ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[Qena]], Egypt: 0.27 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 27% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Sohag]], Egypt: Ngụkọta nde tọn 1.5 nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ, yana pasentị 13 ọzọ nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ n'elu akwa ===Isi iyi mmiri na sink=== [[File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|right| A na-enyocha [[nhazi mmiri]] dị na [[Basin Naịl]] site na iji [[hydrology]]: mmiri sitere na mmiri ozuzo na-adaba site na mmiri si na ala, uzuoku, na iyi.|alt=A schematic diagram shows water movements around a piece of ground. Arrows show water moving upward due to evaporation and transpiration; other arrows show water moving downward into groundwater recharge.]] Ka osimiri ahụ na-agbada ala, ọ na-amụba olu ya n'ebe ụfọdụ ma na-ebelata olu ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Mpaghara bụ "isi iyi" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ enye mmiri; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ "mkpọmkpọ mmiri" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ewepụ mmiri.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}{{efn|The technical definitions of source and sink used by scientists are more complicated than presented here. For clarity, the definitions of source and sink have been simplified.}} Ịchọpụta isi iyi na ebe mkpọmkpọ mmiri dị mkpa nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ banyere mmegharị mmiri ([[hydrology]]), tinyere ndị na-eme iwu na-ekwurịta okwu gbasara ikekọrịta mmiri.<ref name=policy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8648|loc=Section 4}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=19}}. |{{harvnb|Okidi|1994|p=341}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Sources and sinks are useful to policy makers when negotiating international water-sharing issues, such as dam construction.<ref name=policy/> In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} }} Mpaghara mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe mmiri si apụta bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'elu mmiri gụnyere [[Ugwu Etiopia]] na mpaghara [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka]]. A na-ahụkarị ebe mmiri na-amịkọrọ mmiri n'ógbè ndị dị n'ala ala, gụnyere South Sudan, Sudan, na Egypt.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8641,8648|loc=Figure 7; Sections 3.5.5, 4; Tables 3,4,5 and 6}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} A na-eji usoro [[nhazi mmiri]] achọpụta mpaghara ndị bụ isi iyi na ndị bụ sink. Nhazi mmiri bụ ụkpụrụ mmiri nke na-ekwu na mmiri na-abanye n'ógbè ahụ site na mmiri na-apụ na mpaghara ahụ.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} <!-- {{efn|Another term for the "water balance" principle is "water budget".{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} --> Maka mpaghara enyere, ndị ọkachamara na mmiri na-atụ (ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ) [[mmiri ozuzo]], [[anwụ]], [[transpiration]], [[recharge mmiri n'ime ala]], ọnụ mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri, na [[streamflow|net streamflow]]. Ịtụle ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-egosi ma mpaghara ọ bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink. N'ozuzu, mpaghara bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ sink ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Healy|2007|pp=5–6}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The water balance of a region can be represented by equation. There are many water balance equations.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} A relatively simple equation is: :<math>P = ET + \Delta S + D + Q</math> In this formula, the [[precipitation]] (''P'') received is equal to the sum of the water losses: [[evaporation]] and [[transpiration]] (''ET''), [[groundwater recharge]] (<math>\Delta S</math>), lake-filling (''D''), and [[streamflow|net streamflow]] (''Q'').{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} ====Isi mmalite na ebe na amị mmiri: mba dị iche iche==== Tebụl na-esote na-achịkọta nha nha mmiri maka mba ndị dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Ewepụrụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ndị na-abụghị Naịl n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ndị a. {| class="wikitable" |+ Igodo maka ogidi "Isi/Sink" |- | {{D-P|Source}} || Obodo a bụ isi iyi mmiri dị mkpa |- | {{D-N|Sink}} || Obodo a bụ ebe mmiri na apụ nke ukwuu |- | {{D-W|Neutral}} || Mba ahụ abụghị isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink dị mkpa |} <!-- The data includes the following: * Per-basin data: land surface area, [[precipitation]], [[evapotranspiration]], [[surface runoff]] * Per-station data: [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] --> A na-egosi ọtụtụ data kwa-basin dị ka nha kwa afọ (na-abụkarị na km{{sup|3}}); mana a na-egosikwa ụfọdụ data dị ka uru "omimi" hà nhata (millimita kwa afọ, nke na-ekpuchi basin dum).{{sfn|Senay|2014}} {{Table alignment}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Ntụle mmiri obodo (kwa afọ){{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}{{efn|name=exclGERD|Data does not include impacts of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025}}{{efn|name=TableLegend}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}}{{efn|Basin area is the Nile Basin within the country.}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Burundi]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 13,240|| 14 || 13 || 3 |- ! scope="row" |[[DR Congo]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (0) || 19,919|| 23 || 23 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−39) || 235,108 || 4 || 44 || 0 |- ! scope="row" | [[Eritrea]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 24,427 || 14 || 12 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Ethiopia]] | {{D-P|Source}} (164) || 363,775 || 459 || 295 || 138 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] | {{D-P|Source}} (27) || 49,513 || 76 || 49 || 23 |- ! scope="row" | [[Rwanda]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 20,676 || 21 || 20 || 4 |- ! scope="row" |[[South Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−146) || 617,256 || 612 || 757 ||92 |- ! scope="row" |[[Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−81) || 1,226,660 || 364 || 445 ||23 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] | {{D-P|Source}} (38) || 120,506 || 160 || 122 || 18 |- ! scope="row" | [[Uganda]] | {{D-P|Source}} (25) || 236,763 || 301 || 276 ||22 |- ! scope="row" | Total | || 2,927,843 || 2,048 || 2,056 || 324 |} ====Isi mmalite na sink: ebe ndị dị n'ala==== [[File:Nile River discharge flow gauge locations.svg|thumb|Tebụl nhazi mmiri nke akụkọ a nwere ozi gbasara etu mmiri si aga n'ebe iri na abụọ egosiri na map a.<ref name=HydroData/>{{efn|name=StnNames}}|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile River is drawn, and there are a dozen landmarks shown on the map, at various points of the river]] Ụzọ ọzọ e si enyocha nguzozi mmiri nke Naịl bụ ikewa ala ahụ n'ụzọ mpaghara (ma leghara ókèala mba anya). Tebụl na-esote kewara Osimiri Naịl n'ime obere bezin iri na abụọ, ma chịkọta data nguzozi mmiri nke obere bezin ọ bụla. Data a dabere na nha emere na iri na abụọ [[Ọdụ nha Stream | ọdụ nha osimiri]].{{sfn|Senay|2014}}{{efn|name=StnNames|For clarity, the names of some stations have been changed to use the names of nearby major geographic features. For example, the Kilo3 station is presented here as "Mouth of the [[Atbarah River]]". The Paara station is presented here as "[[Murchison Falls]]". The "Owen Reservoir" station is presented here as "[[Lake Victoria]] outlet".}} Ebe ndị a, nke egosiri na map dị n'akụkụ, kewara Osimiri Naịl ka ọ bụrụ obere ebe ndị a. A na-akpọ ha aha nke ọ bụla n'ime ha site na ebe ha na-agbada. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Murchison Falls (2) dị n'okpuru ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lake Victoria (1), ya mere a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri dị n'etiti ha ebe a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8629-8630|loc=Sec. 2.2}}{{efn|name=StnNames}}{{efn|The measuring stations are listed in the following table proceeding from upstream to downstream. The discharge "rate" data is an average of the entire year. The basin data in the table is for each individual basin; it is not cumulative. For example, the runoff of the second basin (Murchison Falls) does not include the runoff of the upstream basin (Lake Victoria outlet).}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Nha mmiri mpaghara (kwa afọ)<ref name=HydroData>{{harvnb|Senay|2014|loc=Tables 3,4,5 and 6; Sec 3.5.5 (Source/Sink)}}.</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{efn|name=TableLegend|Hydrology Table Legend:{{sfn|Senay|2014}} * ''Precip'' - Precipitation (P) * ''Evap''- Evapotranspiration (ET) * ''Water Bal'' - Precip-ET * ''Discharge'' - River flow at measuring station (average of the entire year) * ''Source or Sink '' - Is basin a significant source or sink of water? }} ! scope="col" | Basin's<br />downstream<br />station ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | 1 [[Lake Victoria]] outlet{{efn|Measured at [[Nalubaale dam]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (74) || 264,259 || 353 || 279 || 57 |- ! scope="row" | 2 [[Murchison Falls]]{{efn|Measured at [[Paara (Uganda)]], slightly downstream from Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (15) || 85,513 || 109 || 94 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |3 [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla]]{{efn|Measured at [[Mongalla, South Sudan]], about 40 km downstream (north) of [[Juba]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 131,691 || 159 || 158 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | 4 [[Malakal]]{{efn|Malakal is after the confluence of the White Nile and Sobat. It includes both [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Sobat River]] tributaries.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−159) || 925,160|| 798 || 957 || 150 |- ! scope="row" |5 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Measured at [[Al Mogran]] before the Blue Nile confluence (includes only the White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} |{{D-N|Sink}} (−40) || 257,130 || 134 || 174 || 14 |- ! scope="row" | 6 [[Roseires Dam|Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-P|Source}} (105) || 188,296|| 246 || 142 || 70 |- ! scope="row" |7 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Includes only Blue Nile (excludes White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (10) || 118,651|| 96 || 72 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |8 [[Khashm el Girba]]{{efn|Roughly at the midpoint of the Atbarah river.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (30) || 100,318|| 95 || 66 || 10 |- ! scope="row" | 9 Mouth of [[Atbarah River]]{{efn |Measured at the Kilo3 station, where the Atbarah joins the Nile.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (−3) || 104,051 || 22 || 25 || 1 |- ! scope="row" | 11 [[Aswan Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 188,011||2 || 13 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |12 [[Cairo]]/[[Nile Delta|Delta]]{{efn|Station is El Ekhsase, near Cairo. Basin data includes the Nile Delta, even though the delta is downstream of the station.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2, Sec 2.2.5}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 145,293||3 || 12 || 0 |} ===Nilometers=== [[File:Nilometer, Cairo; built in 861 during reign of Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil (18).jpg|thumb|E jiri [[Nilometer]] a dị na [[Roda Island]] tụọ ọkwa Naịl.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}|alt=The interior of a large human-made stone structure. Many steps lead downward to the lower levels.]] Ịtụle mmiri Naịl dị oke mkpa n'inyere ndị Ijipt aka ijikwa nchekwa na ịgba mmiri ha. A na-eji Simple [[Stream gauges|gauges]], nke a na-akpọ [[nilometer]]s, atụ ọkwa Naịl ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ.<ref name=nilometer>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=25}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=68}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=15-20}}. }}</ref> Idei mmiri zuru oke n'Ijipt {{snd}} nke na-adịghị oke elu ma ọ dịghịkwa ala{{snd}} bụ mmụba {{convert|6|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} n'elu ọkwa mmiri na-abụghị idei mmiri.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Idei mmiri ọ bụla dị elu ma dị njọ nwere ike imebi obodo osimiri ahụ; ájá ọ bụla dị ala ma na-eme nri agaghị ejupụta n'ala ubi.<ref name=nilometer/> A na-eji nilometer dị mkpa eme ihe na [[Roda Island]] kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 622 OA; ndị Ijipt debeere ndekọ nke ọkwa osimiri kachasị elu na nke kacha nta site na nha ahụ ruo 1921.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} A malitere itinye ihe nlele ọgbara ọhụrụ iji tụọ ọkwa osimiri n'afọ 1860, e tinyere ihe nlele ndị na-atụkwa [[Ugbu a (hydrology)|ugbu a]]{{snd}} nke osimiri ahụ nke na-enye ozi ziri ezi karị{{snd}} malitere na 1900.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} 481ayw16lq9ig9ski9f7mupyc4cw2i5 674332 674321 2026-07-09T00:23:51Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Expanded this article 674332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri ukwu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka}} {{Infobox river | name = Nile | map = File:Nile basin map.png | map_alt = A map of northeast Africa; the Nile River is a wiggly line running from a large lake at the bottom, to the Mediterranean Sea at the top. | mapframe = no | image = Nile 3rd Cataract Left.jpg | image_caption = The [[Cataracts of the Nile|Third Cataract]] of the Nile | image_alt = A wide, calm river, under a blue sky, with many bushes on its sandy banks. | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[DR Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}} | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Cairo]], [[Khartoum]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Juba]] | length = {{cvt|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}}{{efn| name=longest| The 7,088 km value for the length of the Nile is based on the {{harvnb|Liu|2009}} study. This study measured ten rivers around the world using the same methodology: the length was measured along the centerline of the river using satellite imagery. The imagery was collected during the years 1999 to 2002.{{sfn|Liu|2009}} The lengths of all rivers vary over time, as the river changes course, sources are refined, deltas change size, or new measurement methodologies are developed.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=81}} The title of longest river is somewhat controversial.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McCoy|2023}}. |{{harvnb|Liu|2009|pp=80-81}}. }}</ref> Sources stating that the Nile is the longest river include {{harvnb|Liu|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p=5.35}}; {{harvnb|Talbot|Williams |2009|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Dumont |2009|p=1}}; and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe |2009|p=336}}. }} | basin_size = 2,927,843 km{{super|2}}<ref name=basinSize>Size from {{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}. Ten percent from {{harvnb|Shahin|2002|p=272}}. According to {{harvnb|Hughes|1992|p=97}}, authorities report a variety of values for the size of the Nile Basin because the flat, waterless deserts of Egypt make it difficult to establish a boundary in the northern regions.</ref> | discharge1_location = [[Aswan]], Egypt | discharge1_avg = 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}}{{efn| name=discharge | Discharge rate is 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec (87 km{{sup|3}}/yr) at Aswan.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} Between Aswan and the Mediterranean, Egypt withdraws large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to lower discharge values downstream. Near Cairo, the discharge is 1,251 m{{sup|3}}/sec (40 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} The discharge from the delta into the Mediterranean Sea is only 150 m{{sup|3}}/sec (5 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', United Nations|p=1}} These values were measured before construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]].}} | source1 = [[Rukarara River]], Rwanda<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|10|21|N|31|8|24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|sp=us}} }} '''Nịle''' bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]]. Na {{convert|7,088| km|mi|sp=us}} ogologo, ọ bụ [[osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]],{{efn|name=longest}} ọ bụ ezie na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu bụ [[Ndepụta osimiri site na mmiri na-asọpụta|pere mpe karịa osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa]] dịka [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] ma ọ bụ [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Osimiri Naịl nwere isi [[ndị na-asọba]] abụọ: [[Nịl Ọcha]] na [[Nịl Anụnụ]]. Osimiri Ọcha dị ogologo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka [[isi mmiri]], mana Osimiri Ọcha na-enye ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Osimiri Ọcha. Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ma na-agafe Uganda na South Sudan; ebe Osimiri Blue na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] na Etiopia ma na-asọba na Sudan site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ezukọ n'isi obodo [[Khartoum]] nke Sudan. Site n'ebe ahụ, Osimiri Naịl na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọzara Nubia]] ruo isi obodo Ijipt, [[Cairo]], wee mechaa gbapụta n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso na [[Alexandria]], ebe o mepụtara [[Naịl Delta|nnukwu delta osimiri]]. N'ihe gbasara ala, osimiri Naịl bụ obere osimiri ma ọ na-agbaso ụzọ ya ugbu a ihe dị ka afọ 15,000. [[Mpaghara Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri ya]] gbasaara mba iri na otu. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị na Naịl na-esi na mmiri ozuzo na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]] abịa. Mba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri{{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan]]{{snd}} bụkarị ọzara ma na-ewepụ mmiri osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya bụ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]], na [[Rwanda]]. Naịl bụ ntọala nke [[mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie]], nke dabere na osimiri ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ. [[Idei mmiri nke Naịl|mmiri kwa afọ]] nke osimiri ahụ tinyere ájá bara ụba n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ala a kwadoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị mere ka ọha mmadụ mara mma nwee ike ito eto n'ọzara na-adịghị mma. Osimiri Naịl mere ka azụmaahịa, nkwukọrịta, njem, na ọchịchị dị mfe. Ndịda (n'elu mmiri) nke cataract nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[omenala Kerma]] na [[Alaeze Kushite]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu nwere mmasị na Osimiri Naịl, nchọpụta ha mere gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 bụkwa isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ. N'ime omenala ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl n'oge a bụ [[Ndị Nilotic]], ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ibugharị ehi ha n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka idei mmiri nke Naịl. N'oge a, Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'akụnụba Ijipt na Sudan, nke na-adabere na ya iji nye ala ubi sara mbara mmiri. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, arụọla ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ n'Osimiri Naịl iji nye mmiri mmiri na [[Ike Mmiri|ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik]]. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a agbanweela usoro idei mmiri kwa afọ nke osimiri ahụ ma gbochie mbufe ájá n'okpuru ala, nke mere ka Osimiri Naịl belata. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mmiri dịka Aswan High Dam na Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam{{snd}} abụrụla isi iyi nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa gbasara [[ụkọ mmiri]], nchekwa, [[nchekwa nri]], na [[Mbugharị nke mmepe kpatara |Mbugharị mmanye nke ndị mmadụ]]. == Aha na isi ihe ọmụmụ == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "Naịl" sitere na [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} na [[Grik ochie]] (Neilos), nke nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sitere na okwu [[asụsụ Semitic|Semitic]] ''naḥal'', nke pụtara 'osimiri'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] maka {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>okwu maka 'osimiri' ma ọ bụ 'Naịl':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> N'asụsụ oge ochie [[ndị Ijipt]], e ji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka 'Naịl' na 'osimiri': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Ndị Ijipt kpọrọ obodo ha {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} nke pụtara 'ojii', n'ihe gbasara agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke idei mmiri Naịl ka ha na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'elu osimiri.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Aha Bekee "Blue Nile" bụ nsụgharị nke aha Arabic ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> N'oge a, osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Na Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ma ọ bụ ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> Na mba Saụt Sudan, ndị Arabic na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ụfọdụ ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', nke pụtara 'Osimiri Ugwu'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Na Uganda, ndị na-asụ [[Luganda]] na-eji aha ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Ụfọdụ ndị Nubia nke Ijipt na Sudan na-eji aha [[asụsụ Nobiin|Nobiin]] ''Áman Dawū'' ('Mmiri Ukwu').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Ọtụtụ [[osimiri ndị na-asọba]] (osimiri ndị pere mpe na-abanye na Naịl) na akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere "Naịl" n'aha ha, gụnyere: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Ngalaba nke Naịl Ọcha na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]] ruo [[Nimule]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Osimiri Ojii{{snd}}Aha ọzọ maka [[Osimiri Attbarah]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Naịl Blue]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime isi iyi abụọ dị na Naịl * Kyoga Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Isi Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl site na [[njikọ]] nke Naịl Blue na Naịl White{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Ugwu Naịl]]{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site n'ugwu Uganda ruo na mbara ala nke South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[Naịl Ọcha]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke Naịl * Osimiri Naịl Yellow{{snd}}[[Wadi Howar]], ihe fọdụrụ n'osimiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Isi mmalite == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| Osimiri Naịl nwere isii [[Ọrịa cataracts na Naịl | cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. ]] <!-- SAVE THIS LOCATION lat/long data for posterity: | label1 = Furthest Source | pos1 = left | marksize1 = 20 | background1 = white | coordinates1 = {{coord| 2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E }} | label2 = Highest source | pos2 = left | marksize2 = 12 | background2 = white | coordinates2 = {{coord|0.3598|N|29.9329|E }} | label3 = Southernmost source | pos3 = bottom | marksize3 = 24 | background3 = white | coordinates3 = {{coord|3|54|54|S| 29|50|16|E }} | label4 = Lake Victoria outflow | pos4 = right | marksize4 = 12 | background4 = white | coordinates4 = {{coord|0.4258|N|33.1946|E }} | label5 = Blue Nile Source | pos5 = bottom | marksize5 = 12 | background5 = white | coordinates5 = {{coord|10.9702|N|37.1987|E }} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Rukara]], na [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda, na {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, n'elu {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An approximate source location was initially determined in 1969 by a group of researchers from [[Waseda University]].<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2006, a group of adventurers rediscovered that location, and placed a marker on a nearby tree ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) which is now a minor tourist sight.<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2009, academics used satellite imagery to refine the location of the source, placing it at a spring ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) several km from the 1969/2006 location.<ref name=SourceCite/>}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence}} A kọwara isi iyi ahụ dị ka ebe mmalite nke mmiri kachasị ogologo n'afọ niile na [[Mpaghara Mmiri Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri Naịl]].<ref name=SourceCite/> Site na isi iyi a, osimiri ahụ na-asọ {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} A tụrụ anya ya n'afọ 2009 n'akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị.<ref name=SourceCite/> Isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl dị na mkpọda nke [[Rwenzori]] na [[Uganda]].<ref name=Rwenz/><!-- {{efn|Some have described these high sources as the "true source" of the Nile.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340–341}} }} --> A na-ejikọta [[Ugwu Ọnwa (Afrịka)|Ugwu Ọnwa]] a ma ama, nke onye Gris na-enyocha mbara igwe [[Ptolemy]] kọwara, na Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Isi iyi Naịl kacha dị na ndịda dị na [[Burundi]] n'otu n'ime isi nke [[Osimiri Ruvyironza]], nke na-abanye n'ime [[Osimiri Kagera]].<ref name=southSource/> E wuru ihe ncheta dị nso na 1937 site n'aka [[Burkhart Waldecker]] dị nso na obodo [[Rutovu]], dị nso na [[Ugwu Kikizi]].<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The monument erected by Waldecker for the southernmost source is at {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]{{snd}}nke Tanzania, Uganda, na Kenya kesara{{snd}}a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka isi mmalite, n'ihi na ọ na-enye Naịl Ọcha nri site na mmiri ya na-asọpụta na [[Jinja, Uganda]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|The Nile exits Lake Victoria at the town of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], which hosts several tourist sights named "source of the Nile" including the [[Source of the Nile Bridge]].{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ekwuola na isi iyi nke Naịl bụ igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụkarị n'elu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, n'ihi na ha na-enye aka na ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. Map of rainfall intensity over Lake Victoria. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke mmiri mmiri [[Blue Nile]] dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]], ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|The source of the Blue Nile is about 75 km south of [[Lake Tana]], at {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}} }}{{clear}} == Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Mmiri nke Naịl na-amalite dịka mmiri ozuzo n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] Osimiri Naịl bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka nke na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Osimiri Naịl bụ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri|ala niile na-asọpụta]] n'ime Naịl, ọ na-ekpuchikwa 2,927,843km{{sup|2}}{{snd}}ihe dị ka 10% nke kọntinent Afrịka (lee maapụ dị n'akụkụ).<ref name=basinSize/> Mba iri na otu dị n'ime ala ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, na Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn| In 2011, [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudan broke away from Sudan]], becoming the eleventh country in the Nile Basin.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Ala mmiri a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, site na ọzara kpọrọ nkụ na ájá dị n'ebe ugwu, ruo ala mmiri dị larịị, nke apịtị dị n'etiti, ruo ugwu mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa dị na ndida.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ asaa; mpaghara ise n'ime ha gụnyere ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl. Dịka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro dị n'okpuru ala, mpaghara ise ndị a bụ: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka]], [[Ugwu Naịl]], [[Naịl Ọcha]], isi Naịl, na [[Mmiri Naịl]]. Mpaghara abụọ ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu mmiri: [[Blue Nile]] na [[Atbarah Osimiri]].{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> ===Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka=== Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka nwere isi iyi nke Naịl yana ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri Naịl: [[Ọdọ mmiri Victoria]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)|Ọdọ Mmiri George]], na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Overview of African Great Lakes. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Rukara]] n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ Nyungwe nke Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> ọ na-edugakwa na [[Osimiri Kagera]] nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|The source of the Nile leads to the [[Rukarara River]], then to the [[Mwogo River]], which joins with the [[Mbirurume River]] to form the [[Nyabarongo River]], which leads to the [[Kagera River]], which drains into Lake Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. Furthest source. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. Southernmost source. }}</ref> }} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri{{snd}} [[Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara|ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu]] n'ụwa{{efn|Measured by area, not volume.}}{{snd}} Ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị obere nke ukwuu, nkezi omimi ya bụ {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Osimiri Naịl buru ụzọ nweta aha ahụ bụ "Naịl" ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na-awụpụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya: a na-akpọ akụkụ site n'ebe ahụ ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert Naịl Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} E nwere mmiri mmiri abụọ{{snd}} [[Ripon Falls]] na [[Owen Falls]]{{snd}} ebe Naịl si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, mana ha abụọ emeriela site na owuwu nke [[Nalubaale dam]]. Mgbe [[Bujagali Falls]] na [[Bujagali Power Station]] gasịrị, osimiri Victoria na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]]. Mgbe ha si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga pụta, mmiri mmiri [[Osimiri Kafu]] na-esonyere osimiri ahụ, wee gafere [[Murchison Falls]] wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'adịghị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, Ọdọ Mmiri Albert bụ ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke ugwu gbara gburugburu. Osimiri ahụ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert pụọ n'akụkụ ugwu ya, ebe a na-akpọ ya [[Albert Nile]]; Ókèala osimiri a dị larịị ma obosara, ọ dịkwa mma maka ịnyagharị site na [[ụgbọ mmiri steamer]].<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> ===Ugwu Naịl=== Mpaghara nke abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ala ala, bụ Ugwu Naịl ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5. Arabic translation.}} }}</ref> Mpaghara a na-amalite nso obodo [[Nimule]], gbasaa ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri No]], ma dị kpamkpam n'ime South Sudan. Mgbe ọ gafere Nimule, osimiri ahụ gafere [[Fula Rapids]] wee gaa [[Juba]]{{snd}}isi obodo South Sudan. Mgbe Juba gasịrị, Naịl gafere n'obodo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]], wee banye [[Sudd]], nnukwu apịtị dị n'ala dị larịị.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}. Overview of Sudd.</ref> [[Ọkwa (mkpọda)|mkpọda]] nke ala dị na Sudd bụ naanị 1:13,000 [[ịrị elu n'elu ọsọ]], ya mere osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-agbasa. Osisi mara mma, gụnyere [[sedge]], [[cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Pontederia crassipes|hyacinth mmiri nkịtị]] ([[ụdị ndị na-awakpo]]) na-emechi ụzọ mmiri ma na-eme ka njem sie ike. N'akụkụ ugwu nke apịtị Sudd, Naịl na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, obere ọdọ mmiri ebe [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal]] na-esonyere Naịl (Arabic: 'gazelle river'){{snd}}otu nke na-asọba n'ime mmiri si n'ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=phys/> Otu nnukwu mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara Ugwu Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal|Bahr el Ghazal]] nke si ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan na-abata ma na-esonye na White Nile na Ọdọ Mmiri No. Mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal buru ibu nke dị ihe dịka square kilomita 860,000{{sfn|"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica''}}{{snd}}ma na-enweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, mana onyinye ya na Naịl dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ndị ọzọ.{{efn|Most precipitation in the Bahr el Ghazal basin is lost to evaporation before reaching the Nile.<ref name=Ghazal/>}} Mmiri ya gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kundi]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Keilak]]. Bahr el Ghazal na-agafe n'obodo [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], South Sudan: ọ bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Wau, mana ọ bụ [[Osimiri na-agafe agafe|iyi oge]] n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=Ghazal>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=352–354}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. }}</ref> ===Mpaghara Naịl Ọcha=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial photograph of Khartoum, showing two rivers joining, each with a distinct coloration of its water|A na-ahụ agba dị iche iche nke [[Ọcha Nile]] (aka ekpe) na [[Blue Nile]] (aka nri) ebe ha jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta isi Naịl (n'elu aka ekpe).]] Na-aga n'ihu na mgbada ala, mpaghara nke atọ nke Osimiri Naịl bụ mpaghara Naịl Ọcha{{efn|The White Nile region, as defined here, contains only a small portion of the much larger [[White Nile]] River.}} nke gụnyere otu akụkụ osimiri {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} site na nso [[Malakal]] ruo [[Khartoum]], isi obodo Sudan. N'ebe ahụ ka Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-agbakọta. Akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu iyi dị jụụ, nke nwere nsọtụ apịtị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Osimiri ebe a dị obere ma na-efunahụ nnukwu ihe n'ihi uzuoku.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ebe Naịl Ọcha na-ejikọta na Naịl Anụnụ, ha bụ agba dị iche iche nke ukwuu. Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-acha ọcha n'ihi na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọ na-ebu gụnyere nnukwu [[quartz]] na [[feldspar]]. Nke a dị iche na Blue Nile nke na-ebu ihe ndị sitere na [[okwute basaltic]] nke Etiopia.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} [[Osimiri Sobat]] bụ mmiri nke na-esonye na Osimiri Ọcha dị nso na obodo [[Malakal]] (mgbe njikọta Bahr el Ghazal gasịrị, tupu Blue Nile). Mmiri ya nke gụnyere [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Idei mmiri na-asọ n'etiti Julaị na Disemba n'etiti Sobat.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Isi Naịl=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|[[Aswan High Dam]] dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Ijipt na Sudan. Ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik ya nwere ike imepụta 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=A large concrete building next to a placid lake. Many large power transmission towers are next to the building.]] Mpaghara nke anọ nke Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}isi Naịl{{efn|The segment of the Nile between the Blue/White confluence and the Mediterranean is called the main Nile or the Saharan Nile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}sitere na Khartoum ruo Cairo, isi obodo Ijipt.<ref name=phys/> Mgbatị a nwere obosara na omimi otu nhata: ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} obosara na {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} miri emi n'ebe kachasị omimi ya (mgbe ọ naghị anọ n'ime idei mmiri).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Obere oge ka ha hapụrụ Khartoum, osimiri ahụ banyere [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]] wee gafee nnukwu [[ọsọ ọsọ]] dị ike nke ụgbọ mmiri na-agaghị agafe. Nke a bụ nke isii (na nke kachasị elu) n'ime isii [[cataracts nke Naịl]]. [[Osimiri Atbarah]]{{snd}}nke bụ isi iyi mmiri{{snd}} na-esonye na Naịl, nke na-esochi nnukwu mgbagọ dị ka S gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-ahụ [[mmiri mmiri|cataracts]] anọ ọzọ (nke nọmba ya bụ 5, 4, 3, na 2) n'ime nnukwu usoro S a, nke na-eme ka osimiri ahụ ghara ngafe; ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịgagharị n'ebe dị jụụ n'etiti cataracts. Osimiri ahụ wee banye n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]].<!-- {{efn|[[Lake Nasser]] is called "Lake Nubia" in Sudan.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> Ọdọ mmiri a{{snd}} bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke mmadụ mere{{snd}} ka e wuru mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] na Ijipt, ma jupụta ihe karịrị {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} nke Naịl. [[Aswan Low Dam]]{{snd}}kacha ochie ma dị obere karịa High Dam{{snd}} dị n'okpuru Aswan High Dam, nso ebe mbụ Nile cataract dị (nke dị ugbu a n'ime mmiri). Site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a, Naịl na-asọfe ihe dị ka {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} site na ala limestone, ókèala ya nwere ọtụtụ ala ubi a na-agba mmiri, ruo mgbe ọ ruru Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta Naịl=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|[[Naịl Delta]] bụ nnukwu mpaghara akwụkwọ nri nwere akụkụ atọ dị n'elu foto a, ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].|alt=A photograph of north Egypt, taken from space. The Nile terminates by flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a large, triangular area of land.]] Mpaghara nke ise, ma nke ikpeazụ, nke gbara Osimiri Naịl gburugburu bụ Nile Delta, nnukwu triangle [[delta osimiri]] (ihe dị ka 22,000km{{sup|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} nke sitere na Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Osimiri ahụ na-ekewa ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa n'ime delta: alaka Rosetta na alaka Damietta.<!-- {{efn|Historically, there were four or more distributaries, including the [[Pelusium|Pelusiac branch]] and the [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopic branch]] which disappeared in the 8th to 9th centuries.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} }} --> Oke olu nke delta (gụnyere akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri) dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}. E kere delta ahụ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, e wuru ya site na ájá e si n'elu mmiri gbadaa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Kemgbe e mechara Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, delta amalitela ịbelata n'ihi mbuze sitere na mmiri ozuzo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. N'oge gara aga, ala ọhụrụ na-abata n'ụdị ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na-ebu, na-edozi mbuze; mana mmiri ahụ na-ejide ájá n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ya, na-egbochi ájá ọhụrụ iru na delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Most of the sediment is deposited at the south end of Lake Nasser, where the Nile enters the reservoir.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> === Osimiri Naịl Na-acha Anụnụ === [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Isi iyi nke [[Blue Nile]] bụ [[Gish Abay]] dị n'okpuru akara ahụ mara mma. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site n'ebe ahụ ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] n'elu.|alt=A map of Ethiopia, showing a part of the Blue Nile and Lake Tana.]] Ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl{{snd}} nke gụnyere mmiri iyi nke Naịl Ọcha{{snd}} nwere ọtụtụ mmiri iyi ndị ọzọ. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile na Atbarah mejupụtara mpaghara abụọ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri Naịl Anụnụ Naịl si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia pụta ebe ọ malitere dị ka iyi a na-akpọ ''Abay'' dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]]: {{lang|am|Gish}} bụ okwu [[Amharic]] nke pụtara 'isi iyi', Abay bụkwa aha iyi ahụ.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]], nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị omimi, nke nwere otu mmiri na-asọpụta ebe ọ na-anabata aha "Blue Nile". Osimiri ahụ na-eme okirikiri sara mbara: nke mbụ gaa ndịda, wee gaa ọdịda anyanwụ site na nnukwu ugwu dị egwu {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}} miri emi, wee si n'ebe ugwu gafere South Sudan banye Sudan, ebe ọ na-esonye na White Nile na Khartoum iji mepụta isi Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> N'akụkụ ya, Blue Nile na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik, gụnyere [[ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Tis Abay]] na [[Blue Nile Falls]], Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Etiopia na South Sudan, [[Mgbawa Roseires]] dị nso n'obodo [[Ad Damazin]], na [[Mgbawa Sennar]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Nha nke ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile dị karịrị square kilomita 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} === Osimiri Atbarah=== Osimiri Atbarah bụ otu mmiri nke Naịl nke na-ebilite n'ebe ugwu Etiopia, ma na-esonye na Naịl ihe dịka {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} n'ebe ugwu Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Ebe mmiri ya dị n'ime ya karịrị square kilomita 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah na-asọ asọ nke ukwuu n'oge na mgbe oge [[mmiri ozuzo]] gasịrị na Etiopia (oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ), mana ọ nwere ike ịkpọ nkụ n'oge oyi na oge opupu ihe ubi. N'agbanyeghị na osimiri ahụ na-agafe oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị pasentị iri nke mmiri niile Naịl na-asọpụta kwa afọ.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dams on the Atbarah include the [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]], the [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]], and the [[Tekezé Dam]] (on the [[Tekezé River]] tributary).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ọmụmụ Mmiri== [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Chart showing monthly flow of the Nile in cubic meters per second. Values (January to December) are 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl na-asọfe n'afọ niile. Ọnụ (m{{sup|3}}/sekọnd) a tụrụ na [[Dongola]] n'elu isi Naịl.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Mmiri na idei mmiri=== Ọ bụ ezie na Naịl bụ [[Ndepụta nke usoro osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]], ọ nweghị [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụ|mwụpụta kachasị ukwuu]]. Mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka 87km{{sup|3}} kwa afọ{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}} dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Mmiri Naịl na-asọpụta naanị ihe dịka 1% nke [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]], 6% nke [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]], na 12% nke [[Yangtze]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Comparisons are using discharge of the Nile as measured at Aswan. The Nile's discharge into the Mediterranean Sea is far less.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Ntinye ego kwa afọ na isi osimiri Naịl site na isi iyi atọ bụ: 54% sitere na Blue Nile, pasentị iri atọ na abụọ (32%) sitere na Osimiri Ọcha (gụnyere onyinye sitere na mmiri Bahr el Ghazal na Sobat), na pasentị iri na anọ sitere na Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }} <!-- Thus, the proportion of water from the Ethiopian Highlands is about 68% (the Blue Nile and Atbarah arise in Ethiopia), and the proportion from the African Great Lakes region (source of most of the White Nile) is about 32%.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }}{{efn|The discharge varies widely from year to year. These data were published in 2014. Another source from 1994 states 80% to 85% of the Nile's water originates in Ethiopia (the Blue Nile, Atbarah, and Sobat tributaries combined), and the remaining 15% to 20% is from the Great Lakes region and western South Sudan (the [[Mountain Nile]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] tributaries).{{sfn|Okidi|1994|pp=321,325,330,341}} Another source from 2009 states that at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile at Khartoum, the Blue Nile provides two thirds of the water.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}} }} -->Ugwu Nile nke Naịl Ọcha na Naịl Blue na-enwe mmiri ozuzo n'oge, mana mmiri Naịl Ọcha na-asọba n'ime Naịl Blue na-adịgide adịgide karịa Naịl Ọcha.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, nke na-ebelata mmetụta mmiri ozuzo oge.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Ka Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-agafe n'ime apịtị [[Sudd]], ihe dị ka ọkara mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ uzuoku.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} N'ụzọ dị iche, mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-asọfe n'afọ niile: ọ na-eruba n'etiti Julaị na Ọktoba, n'ihi mmiri ozuzo.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị oke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke na Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-alaghachi azụ n'oge a na [[confluence]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, ihe ndị dị na isi Naịl bụ ihe dịka pasentị iri asaa (70%) site na Blue Nile, ihe dịka pasentị iri (20%) site na Atbarah, ihe dịka pasentị iri (10%) site na White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} N'oge oke idei mmiri ahụ, mmiri na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]] kwa ụbọchị dị ihe dị ka 0.71km{{sup|3}}, ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ nkezi kwa ụbọchị kwa afọ nke 0.23km{{sup|3}} kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft{{sup|3}} per day, or 0.71 km{{sup|3}} per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at [[Dongola]] station: 83 km{{sup|3}} per year, or 0.23 km{{sup|3}} per day. }}</ref>{{ efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| As the Blue Nile flow diminishes in the winter, the pent-up waters of the White Nile increase their flow past Khartoum.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} In April and May, the White Nile supplies about 80% of the main Nile's water. Thus, the areas downstream of Khartoum receive a steady (not to say constant) flow that made irrigation possible year-round.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Tupu e wuo ihe mgbochi mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl, mmiri Naịl na-asọ na Ijipt na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge: ọ na-arị elu n'oge ọkọchị/oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ; ọ na-ebelata n'oge oyi/oge opupu ihe ubi.{{efn| The magnitude of the annual Nile flood can vary widely from year to year. Low-flood periods can last for decades or centuries.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Agbanyeghị, mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]]{{snd}} nke mepụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri nke nwere ike ijide ihe dị ka afọ abụọ nke mmiri iyi{{snd}} mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta ugbu a anaghị agbanwe agbanwe n'afọ niile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The annual flow of the river at [[Aswan]] is about 84 cubic km; and the capacity of the Aswan High Dam's reservoir is about 160 cubic km.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Njem mbupu mmiri === Osimiri Naịl na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala. [[Njem ihe ndị dị n'ala ala|mmegharị ihe ndị dị n'ala ala]] ka a na-ekewa dị ka [[ibu ndị a kwụsịrị|ihe ndị a kwụsịrị]] (ihe ndị a kwụnyere n'ime mmiri) ma ọ bụ [[ibu akwa|ibu akwa]] (ihe ndị dị n'ala osimiri nke na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ na-ada n'ala).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Pasentị iri itoolu na asaa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ndị Naịl na-ebu na-esi na Atbarah na Blue Nile, ha abụọ si na Etiopia.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Mbuze na mbufe ájá na-eme naanị n'oge [[Oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]] nke Etiopia mgbe mmiri ozuzo dị oke elu na [[Ugwu Etiopia]]; N'afọ fọdụrụnụ, nnukwu osimiri ndị na-asọba Etiopia n'ime Naịl na-enwe obere mmiri.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ala dị na Naịl Delta malitere dị ka nkume na Etiopia. Ọnụọgụ nkume ndị gbawara n'ime afọ nde iri atọ gara aga site na isi mmiri Naịl Etiopia dị ihe dị ka 102,000km{{sup|3}}, nke dị ka olu ala dị na Naịl Delta (gụnyere akụkụ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri) nke dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} Mmiri mmiri nke osimiri na-ebuga n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe nwere ike ịdaba n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe ma belata ikike nchekwa ya. Nsụda mmiri gbakọtara n'azụ Sennar Dam, [[Roseires Dam]] (n'elu Blue Nile), na [[Khashm el Girba Dam]] (n'elu Atbarah) ebelatala ikike nchekwa nke ebe nchekwa ha nke ukwuu kemgbe e wuru ha.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} E depụtara njem kwa afọ nke a tụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'okpuru.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}}{{efn|The sediment transport data was gathered over a wide range of years, spanning from 1997 to 2019. Every measurement site had unique collection time spans, specified in {{harvnb|Lemma|2019|p=11}} and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}.}} Pasentị ibu ihe ndina bụ oke nke ihe ndina na mkpokọta (ihe ndina na ihe ndị a kwụsiri ike). A chịkọtara data a tupu e wuo Akwa Mmiri Renaissance Ukwu nke Etiopia, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ibu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}} * [[Gilgel Abay]], Ethiopia : Nde tọn 7.6 nde nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 0.7% ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[El Deim]] (n'ókè Etiopia na Sudan): tọn nde 140{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} * [[Aswan]], Egypt: 0.14 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 28% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Beni Sweif]], Egypt: Nde tọn nde 0.5 nke nkwụsịtụ, yana pasentị iri abụọ ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[Qena]], Egypt: 0.27 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 27% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Sohag]], Egypt: Ngụkọta nde tọn 1.5 nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ, yana pasentị 13 ọzọ nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ n'elu akwa ===Isi iyi mmiri na sink=== [[File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|right| A na-enyocha [[nhazi mmiri]] dị na [[Basin Naịl]] site na iji [[hydrology]]: mmiri sitere na mmiri ozuzo na-adaba site na mmiri si na ala, uzuoku, na iyi.|alt=A schematic diagram shows water movements around a piece of ground. Arrows show water moving upward due to evaporation and transpiration; other arrows show water moving downward into groundwater recharge.]] Ka osimiri ahụ na-agbada ala, ọ na-amụba olu ya n'ebe ụfọdụ ma na-ebelata olu ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Mpaghara bụ "isi iyi" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ enye mmiri; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ "mkpọmkpọ mmiri" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ewepụ mmiri.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}{{efn|The technical definitions of source and sink used by scientists are more complicated than presented here. For clarity, the definitions of source and sink have been simplified.}} Ịchọpụta isi iyi na ebe mkpọmkpọ mmiri dị mkpa nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ banyere mmegharị mmiri ([[hydrology]]), tinyere ndị na-eme iwu na-ekwurịta okwu gbasara ikekọrịta mmiri.<ref name=policy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8648|loc=Section 4}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=19}}. |{{harvnb|Okidi|1994|p=341}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Sources and sinks are useful to policy makers when negotiating international water-sharing issues, such as dam construction.<ref name=policy/> In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} }} Mpaghara mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe mmiri si apụta bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'elu mmiri gụnyere [[Ugwu Etiopia]] na mpaghara [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka]]. A na-ahụkarị ebe mmiri na-amịkọrọ mmiri n'ógbè ndị dị n'ala ala, gụnyere South Sudan, Sudan, na Egypt.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8641,8648|loc=Figure 7; Sections 3.5.5, 4; Tables 3,4,5 and 6}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} A na-eji usoro [[nhazi mmiri]] achọpụta mpaghara ndị bụ isi iyi na ndị bụ sink. Nhazi mmiri bụ ụkpụrụ mmiri nke na-ekwu na mmiri na-abanye n'ógbè ahụ site na mmiri na-apụ na mpaghara ahụ.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} <!-- {{efn|Another term for the "water balance" principle is "water budget".{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} --> Maka mpaghara enyere, ndị ọkachamara na mmiri na-atụ (ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ) [[mmiri ozuzo]], [[anwụ]], [[transpiration]], [[recharge mmiri n'ime ala]], ọnụ mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri, na [[streamflow|net streamflow]]. Ịtụle ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-egosi ma mpaghara ọ bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink. N'ozuzu, mpaghara bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ sink ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Healy|2007|pp=5–6}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The water balance of a region can be represented by equation. There are many water balance equations.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} A relatively simple equation is: :<math>P = ET + \Delta S + D + Q</math> In this formula, the [[precipitation]] (''P'') received is equal to the sum of the water losses: [[evaporation]] and [[transpiration]] (''ET''), [[groundwater recharge]] (<math>\Delta S</math>), lake-filling (''D''), and [[streamflow|net streamflow]] (''Q'').{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} ====Isi mmalite na ebe na amị mmiri: mba dị iche iche==== Tebụl na-esote na-achịkọta nha nha mmiri maka mba ndị dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Ewepụrụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ndị na-abụghị Naịl n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ndị a. {| class="wikitable" |+ Igodo maka ogidi "Isi/Sink" |- | {{D-P|Source}} || Obodo a bụ isi iyi mmiri dị mkpa |- | {{D-N|Sink}} || Obodo a bụ ebe mmiri na apụ nke ukwuu |- | {{D-W|Neutral}} || Mba ahụ abụghị isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink dị mkpa |} <!-- The data includes the following: * Per-basin data: land surface area, [[precipitation]], [[evapotranspiration]], [[surface runoff]] * Per-station data: [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] --> A na-egosi ọtụtụ data kwa-basin dị ka nha kwa afọ (na-abụkarị na km{{sup|3}}); mana a na-egosikwa ụfọdụ data dị ka uru "omimi" hà nhata (millimita kwa afọ, nke na-ekpuchi basin dum).{{sfn|Senay|2014}} {{Table alignment}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Ntụle mmiri obodo (kwa afọ){{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}{{efn|name=exclGERD|Data does not include impacts of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025}}{{efn|name=TableLegend}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}}{{efn|Basin area is the Nile Basin within the country.}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Burundi]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 13,240|| 14 || 13 || 3 |- ! scope="row" |[[DR Congo]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (0) || 19,919|| 23 || 23 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−39) || 235,108 || 4 || 44 || 0 |- ! scope="row" | [[Eritrea]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 24,427 || 14 || 12 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Ethiopia]] | {{D-P|Source}} (164) || 363,775 || 459 || 295 || 138 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] | {{D-P|Source}} (27) || 49,513 || 76 || 49 || 23 |- ! scope="row" | [[Rwanda]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 20,676 || 21 || 20 || 4 |- ! scope="row" |[[South Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−146) || 617,256 || 612 || 757 ||92 |- ! scope="row" |[[Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−81) || 1,226,660 || 364 || 445 ||23 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] | {{D-P|Source}} (38) || 120,506 || 160 || 122 || 18 |- ! scope="row" | [[Uganda]] | {{D-P|Source}} (25) || 236,763 || 301 || 276 ||22 |- ! scope="row" | Total | || 2,927,843 || 2,048 || 2,056 || 324 |} ====Isi mmalite na sink: ebe ndị dị n'ala==== [[File:Nile River discharge flow gauge locations.svg|thumb|Tebụl nhazi mmiri nke akụkọ a nwere ozi gbasara etu mmiri si aga n'ebe iri na abụọ egosiri na map a.<ref name=HydroData/>{{efn|name=StnNames}}|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile River is drawn, and there are a dozen landmarks shown on the map, at various points of the river]] Ụzọ ọzọ e si enyocha nguzozi mmiri nke Naịl bụ ikewa ala ahụ n'ụzọ mpaghara (ma leghara ókèala mba anya). Tebụl na-esote kewara Osimiri Naịl n'ime obere bezin iri na abụọ, ma chịkọta data nguzozi mmiri nke obere bezin ọ bụla. Data a dabere na nha emere na iri na abụọ [[Ọdụ nha Stream | ọdụ nha osimiri]].{{sfn|Senay|2014}}{{efn|name=StnNames|For clarity, the names of some stations have been changed to use the names of nearby major geographic features. For example, the Kilo3 station is presented here as "Mouth of the [[Atbarah River]]". The Paara station is presented here as "[[Murchison Falls]]". The "Owen Reservoir" station is presented here as "[[Lake Victoria]] outlet".}} Ebe ndị a, nke egosiri na map dị n'akụkụ, kewara Osimiri Naịl ka ọ bụrụ obere ebe ndị a. A na-akpọ ha aha nke ọ bụla n'ime ha site na ebe ha na-agbada. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Murchison Falls (2) dị n'okpuru ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lake Victoria (1), ya mere a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri dị n'etiti ha ebe a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8629-8630|loc=Sec. 2.2}}{{efn|name=StnNames}}{{efn|The measuring stations are listed in the following table proceeding from upstream to downstream. The discharge "rate" data is an average of the entire year. The basin data in the table is for each individual basin; it is not cumulative. For example, the runoff of the second basin (Murchison Falls) does not include the runoff of the upstream basin (Lake Victoria outlet).}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Nha mmiri mpaghara (kwa afọ)<ref name=HydroData>{{harvnb|Senay|2014|loc=Tables 3,4,5 and 6; Sec 3.5.5 (Source/Sink)}}.</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{efn|name=TableLegend|Hydrology Table Legend:{{sfn|Senay|2014}} * ''Precip'' - Precipitation (P) * ''Evap''- Evapotranspiration (ET) * ''Water Bal'' - Precip-ET * ''Discharge'' - River flow at measuring station (average of the entire year) * ''Source or Sink '' - Is basin a significant source or sink of water? }} ! scope="col" | Basin's<br />downstream<br />station ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | 1 [[Lake Victoria]] outlet{{efn|Measured at [[Nalubaale dam]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (74) || 264,259 || 353 || 279 || 57 |- ! scope="row" | 2 [[Murchison Falls]]{{efn|Measured at [[Paara (Uganda)]], slightly downstream from Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (15) || 85,513 || 109 || 94 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |3 [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla]]{{efn|Measured at [[Mongalla, South Sudan]], about 40 km downstream (north) of [[Juba]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 131,691 || 159 || 158 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | 4 [[Malakal]]{{efn|Malakal is after the confluence of the White Nile and Sobat. It includes both [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Sobat River]] tributaries.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−159) || 925,160|| 798 || 957 || 150 |- ! scope="row" |5 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Measured at [[Al Mogran]] before the Blue Nile confluence (includes only the White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} |{{D-N|Sink}} (−40) || 257,130 || 134 || 174 || 14 |- ! scope="row" | 6 [[Roseires Dam|Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-P|Source}} (105) || 188,296|| 246 || 142 || 70 |- ! scope="row" |7 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Includes only Blue Nile (excludes White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (10) || 118,651|| 96 || 72 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |8 [[Khashm el Girba]]{{efn|Roughly at the midpoint of the Atbarah river.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (30) || 100,318|| 95 || 66 || 10 |- ! scope="row" | 9 Mouth of [[Atbarah River]]{{efn |Measured at the Kilo3 station, where the Atbarah joins the Nile.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (−3) || 104,051 || 22 || 25 || 1 |- ! scope="row" | 11 [[Aswan Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 188,011||2 || 13 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |12 [[Cairo]]/[[Nile Delta|Delta]]{{efn|Station is El Ekhsase, near Cairo. Basin data includes the Nile Delta, even though the delta is downstream of the station.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2, Sec 2.2.5}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 145,293||3 || 12 || 0 |} ===Nilometers=== [[File:Nilometer, Cairo; built in 861 during reign of Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil (18).jpg|thumb|E jiri [[Nilometer]] a dị na [[Roda Island]] tụọ ọkwa Naịl.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}|alt=The interior of a large human-made stone structure. Many steps lead downward to the lower levels.]] Ịtụle mmiri Naịl dị oke mkpa n'inyere ndị Ijipt aka ijikwa nchekwa na ịgba mmiri ha. A na-eji Simple [[Stream gauges|gauges]], nke a na-akpọ [[nilometer]]s, atụ ọkwa Naịl ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ.<ref name=nilometer>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=25}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=68}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=15-20}}. }}</ref> Idei mmiri zuru oke n'Ijipt {{snd}} nke na-adịghị oke elu ma ọ dịghịkwa ala{{snd}} bụ mmụba {{convert|6|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} n'elu ọkwa mmiri na-abụghị idei mmiri.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Idei mmiri ọ bụla dị elu ma dị njọ nwere ike imebi obodo osimiri ahụ; ájá ọ bụla dị ala ma na-eme nri agaghị ejupụta n'ala ubi.<ref name=nilometer/> A na-eji nilometer dị mkpa eme ihe na [[Roda Island]] kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 622 OA; ndị Ijipt debeere ndekọ nke ọkwa osimiri kachasị elu na nke kacha nta site na nha ahụ ruo 1921.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} A malitere itinye ihe nlele ọgbara ọhụrụ iji tụọ ọkwa osimiri n'afọ 1860, e tinyere ihe nlele ndị na-atụkwa [[Ugbu a (hydrology)|ugbu a]]{{snd}} nke osimiri ahụ nke na-enye ozi ziri ezi karị{{snd}} malitere na 1900.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} == Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi == ===Anụmanụ=== [[File:Hippos in their Natural Habitat in Kazinga Channel 10.jpg|thumb| |alt= A hippopotamus standing on the grassy shore of a lake, with bushes in the background. |''[[Hippopotamus amphibius]]'' nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]], otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-azù Naịl nri]] A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ azụ̀ niile a hụrụ na Osimiri Naịl karịrị narị asatọ. Naanị n'ime osimiri ahụ, a hụrụ ụdị azụ̀ 128, nke ezinụlọ 27.<ref name=fish/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị anụmanụ ndị a bụ nọ n'ime ezinụlọ anọ a: [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids), [[Cyprinidae]] (carp), [[Mormyridae]] (elephantfish), na [[Mochokidae]] (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị Cichlid n'Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Tinyere azụ̀, anụmanụ ndị na-ebi na mmiri Naịl mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere [[hippo]]s, [[agịgọ Naịl|agụ iyi]], na [[agịgọ Afrịka]]. Ndị ọzọ bi na mmiri gụnyere [[mollusc]]s, [[Potamonutes|crab]]s, na [[Caridina nilotica|oporo]].<ref name=animals/> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'akụkụ osimiri, gụnyere [[enyí Afrịka|enyí]], [[antelope]], na [[giraffe]].<ref name=animals/> Ejula ndị a hụrụ n'ọdọ mmiri Naịl na-ebu [[Schistosoma|ikpuru ndị na-adịghị mma]]{{snd}}a maara dị ka ọbara flukes{{snd}} nke na-akpata [[schistosomiasis]] nke na-emetụta anụ ụlọ na ụmụ mmadụ.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Nnụnụ ndị bi na Naịl ma ọ bụ nso ya gụnyere [[heron]], [[kingfisher]], [[osprey]], na ụdị [[stork]]{{snd}} dị iche iche gụnyere [[shoebill]].<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Osimiri Naịl (dịka [[Cyanochen cyanopterus|blue-wing goose]]), ebe ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere [[nkesa cosmopolitan]] (gụnyere [[Gallinula chloropus|moorhen]] na [[Pandion haliaetus|osprey]]).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Ọtụtụ ụdị heron, ọbọgwụ, geese, na egret bi n'ime mmiri ahụ n'afọ niile, ụdị ọbọgwụ iri na anọ na geese na-abịa naanị maka ibi n'oge oyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} N'ime [[gull]] na [[tern]] nọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. N'ime puku afọ gara aga, oke ụfọdụ ụdị anụmanụ ebelatala n'ihi mwakpo ụmụ mmadụ na-eme n'ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> ===Osisi=== [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= A white flower and green leaves floating on the top of water.|[[Nymphaea lotus|Lotus ọcha nke Ijipt]] sitere na mmiri dị jụụ nke Osimiri Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Mpaghara [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu]] nke Osimiri Naịl gụnyere osisi dịka [[Nymphaea|lili mmiri]], [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Eichhornia|water hyacinth]]. Mmiri hyacinth bụ ụdị osisi na-awakpo ihe, o metụtakwara ọnụọgụgụ anụmanụ ndị bi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga n'ụzọ dị njọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na apịtị Sudd gụnyere ụdị osisi ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi dịka [[Vossia (plant)|Vossia]], [[Echinochloa stagnina|hippo grass]], [[reed mace]], [[ambatch]], na papyrus. Sudd na-enwekwa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi, dịka ọmụmaatụ [[Oryza]], [[Echinochloa pyramidalis|antelope grass]], na [[Phragmites]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> ===Mmetọ=== N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a maara mmiri Naịl dị ka ihe a na-aṅụ, mana na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ọ dịghịzi mma n'ebe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling wrote "Two characteristics of water from the Lower Nile long attracted attention{{snd}}that it was of excellent quality for drinking and irrigation, and that it seasonally contained high concentration of silt."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Mmetọ a na-apụtakarị ìhè n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, nso obodo ukwu, nakwa na Naịl Delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Isi ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na Naịl gụnyere ihe mkpofu ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ihe mkpofu ezinụlọ. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri atọ na isii na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ha ozugbo n'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe iri anọ na otu n'ime ọwa mmiri. Ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ndị a bụ: kemịkalụ, ọkụ eletrik, injinia, fatịlaịza, nri, ígwè, igwu ala, mmanụ na ncha, pulp na akwụkwọ, ákwà na osisi. E nwere ihe karịrị ọwara mmiri ọrụ ugbo iri itoolu na-asọba n'ime Naịl nke gụnyere [[ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe | mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe]].{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Mmetọ osimiri kacha pụta ìhè n'etiti Aswan na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Mmetọ ebe ahụ na-esi n'ọrụ mmadụ, mmiri na-asọpụta n'ọrụ ugbo, na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọnụọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na-abawanye ka osimiri na-asọda n'ala, n'ihi mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> A na-enwe ike inweta oke mmiri dị n'akụkụ delta ahụ n'ihi na mmiri anaghị agbapụta nke ọma, nke na-eme ka ala dị larịị na nnukwu ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ka njọ.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}}<!-- {{efn|The northeast region of the delta is the most polluted part of the river in Egypt, and has a high incidence of [[pancreatic cancer]], which may be related to high levels of heavy metals and [[Organochlorine chemistry|organochlorine]] [[pesticides]] found in the soil and water.{{Sfn|Soliman|2006}} The river delta contains Egypt's primary oil and gas production facilities, and the chemical industry in the delta is the single largest contributor of toxic waste to the Nile.<ref name=delta/> The Nile Delta has relatively high levels of [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metal]] concentrations.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} }} --> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwetara mmụba [[eutrophication]] (ihe oriri karịrị akarị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme ka osisi na algae too nke na-ebelata ikuku oxygen dị na mmiri). Eutrophication a bụ n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, igbukpọ ọhịa, na omume ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị mma, nke kpatakwara [[algal bloom]] na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke hyacinth mmiri, nke mebiri usoro ihe dị ndụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|p=733}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|p=395}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=18}}. }}</ref> ===Nchekwa na mmetụta mmadụ === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|[[Murchison Falls]] na Osimiri Ọcha|alt=A large waterfall, with dense foliage on both sides.]] Mmiri Naịl dị [[Oge mmiri dị n'Africa|dịtụ mmiri ma dịkwa mmiri mmiri]] site na puku afọ 15 gara aga (kya) ruo puku afọ 5, nke mere ka e nwee ike ịmalite ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na Osimiri Naịl ihe dị ka puku afọ 5.<ref name=Humid/> Kemgbe ahụ, mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe obibi, nke butere nnukwu mbibi nke ọhịa na mbuze ala.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Mmetụta ndị a ka njọ site na [[ihe omume kilogram 4.2 | ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ]] n'Africa nke [[Holocene#Africa|malitere ihe dị ka puku anọ]]. Ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ndị a butere ụnwụ nri, nsogbu ọha mmadụ, na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ anwụọla n'ime Osimiri Naịl n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. [[Ibis dị nsọ]] dị mkpa n'okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie, a chụkwara ọtụtụ nde ibis n'àjà n'ụzọ emume. Ụdị a gbapụrụ n'obodo Ijipt na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, mana ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na etiti na ndịda Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718 }}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,55}} }}</ref> N'Ijipt, oke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na owuwu nke Aswan High Dam emeela ka ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nwụọ.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}} [[Nịl perch]] dị ebe dị iche iche n'Africa, gụnyere Congo, mana ọ nọghị na Naịl ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ya ruo mgbe e webatara ya n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ụzọ nzuzo n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta azụ̀ ịkụ azụ.<ref name=perch/>{{efn|The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria by Ugandan authorities in a clandestine effort to create a new fishery; but this has never been acknowledged by Uganda.<ref name=perch/>}} Oke osimiri Naịl mere ka e bibie ihe karịrị ụdị cichlids 500 na Lake Victoria, nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị [[Les Kaufman]] kọwara dị ka mbibi mbụ nke oke ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ohere ịhụ.<ref name=perch>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Marshall|2018|pp=1542–1543,1546–1548}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=216}}. |{{harvnb|Lehman|2009|p=227 }}. |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|There were small signs of cichlid recovery around the year 2000.{{sfn|Lehman|2009|pp=228,231}} }} --> Oke osimiri Naịl dugara n'ịbawanye oke mbibi, n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri osisi rụọ azụ̀ ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=735}} Ọdọ mmiri satịlaịtị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka mbọ nchekwa n'ọdịnihu, n'ihi na ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị haplochromine iri isii, nakwa na perch Naịl abatabeghị n'ime ha.{{sfn|Green|2009|p=205}} ===Ihu Igwe na Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe=== [[File:Climate Africa Koppen with legend.svg|thumb| |alt=Map of northeast Africa, dividing the land into various regions, each with climate indicators. |Maapụ a na-egosi mpaghara [[Köppen climate classification]] dị na Osimiri Naịl na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Akụkụ ugwu nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ ọzara na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ (Bwh) ebe ndịda dị jụụ ma dị mmiri mmiri karịa (mpaghara C na A).{{sfn|Beck|2018}} ]] A na-ahụ ihu igwe nke Osimiri Naịl site na oke ala, na-agbanwe site na oke akọrọ n'ebe ugwu gaa na mmiri mmiri gaa na ndịda.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=307}} Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ itoolu dị iche iche: mpaghara ugwu (Ijipt na Sudan) na-akpọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'afọ niile; mpaghara etiti (gụnyere Etiopia) nwere oke mmiri ozuzo siri ike n'oge ọkọchị; mpaghara ndịda (gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Victoria) nwekwara oke mmiri ozuzo abụọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=314-315}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'Osimiri Naịl na-ejikọta ya na oge okpomọkụ [[mmiri ozuzo]].{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307-310}} Ógbè Naịl na-enwe mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara mmụba nke [[gas griinhouse]] na ikuku.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} Some projections for the 21st century predict a temperature increase of 2 rụọ 4&nbsp;°C.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} <!-- {{ efn| Kemgbe afọ 1970, mpaghara Blue Nile dị na Etiopia na-enwe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo. N'ime nyocha e bipụtara na 2024, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị buru amụma na okpomọkụ ga-anọgide na-arị elu. Mmiri ozuzo na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-emetụta mmepụta ihe ubi, mana ihe ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu edoghị anya.{{Sfn|Wedajo|2024}} }} --> Models of the future climate in the North Africa and Middle East region predict an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts, and increasing variability of precipitation.{{sfn|Driouech |2020}} Oke Osimiri Naịl dị oke nrọ, na njikọta nke [[mmụba nke oke osimiri]] na enweghị mmịpụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala (n'ihi ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Naịl) nwere ike ime ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oke ala nke Naịl Delta pụọ n'ime narị afọ na-abịa.<ref>{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=52–53}}. The value "one third" is from the UN [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]].</ref> e2iuea77009q8j45x2lp62y64fni26s 674420 674332 2026-07-09T08:45:58Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Expanded this article 674420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri ukwu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka}} {{Infobox river | name = Nile | map = File:Nile basin map.png | map_alt = A map of northeast Africa; the Nile River is a wiggly line running from a large lake at the bottom, to the Mediterranean Sea at the top. | mapframe = no | image = Nile 3rd Cataract Left.jpg | image_caption = The [[Cataracts of the Nile|Third Cataract]] of the Nile | image_alt = A wide, calm river, under a blue sky, with many bushes on its sandy banks. | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[DR Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}} | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Cairo]], [[Khartoum]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Juba]] | length = {{cvt|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}}{{efn| name=longest| The 7,088 km value for the length of the Nile is based on the {{harvnb|Liu|2009}} study. This study measured ten rivers around the world using the same methodology: the length was measured along the centerline of the river using satellite imagery. The imagery was collected during the years 1999 to 2002.{{sfn|Liu|2009}} The lengths of all rivers vary over time, as the river changes course, sources are refined, deltas change size, or new measurement methodologies are developed.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=81}} The title of longest river is somewhat controversial.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McCoy|2023}}. |{{harvnb|Liu|2009|pp=80-81}}. }}</ref> Sources stating that the Nile is the longest river include {{harvnb|Liu|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p=5.35}}; {{harvnb|Talbot|Williams |2009|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Dumont |2009|p=1}}; and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe |2009|p=336}}. }} | basin_size = 2,927,843 km{{super|2}}<ref name=basinSize>Size from {{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}. Ten percent from {{harvnb|Shahin|2002|p=272}}. According to {{harvnb|Hughes|1992|p=97}}, authorities report a variety of values for the size of the Nile Basin because the flat, waterless deserts of Egypt make it difficult to establish a boundary in the northern regions.</ref> | discharge1_location = [[Aswan]], Egypt | discharge1_avg = 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}}{{efn| name=discharge | Discharge rate is 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec (87 km{{sup|3}}/yr) at Aswan.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} Between Aswan and the Mediterranean, Egypt withdraws large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to lower discharge values downstream. Near Cairo, the discharge is 1,251 m{{sup|3}}/sec (40 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} The discharge from the delta into the Mediterranean Sea is only 150 m{{sup|3}}/sec (5 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', United Nations|p=1}} These values were measured before construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]].}} | source1 = [[Rukarara River]], Rwanda<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|10|21|N|31|8|24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|sp=us}} }} '''Nịle''' bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]]. Na {{convert|7,088| km|mi|sp=us}} ogologo, ọ bụ [[osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]],{{efn|name=longest}} ọ bụ ezie na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu bụ [[Ndepụta osimiri site na mmiri na-asọpụta|pere mpe karịa osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa]] dịka [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] ma ọ bụ [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Osimiri Naịl nwere isi [[ndị na-asọba]] abụọ: [[Nịl Ọcha]] na [[Nịl Anụnụ]]. Osimiri Ọcha dị ogologo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka [[isi mmiri]], mana Osimiri Ọcha na-enye ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Osimiri Ọcha. Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ma na-agafe Uganda na South Sudan; ebe Osimiri Blue na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] na Etiopia ma na-asọba na Sudan site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ezukọ n'isi obodo [[Khartoum]] nke Sudan. Site n'ebe ahụ, Osimiri Naịl na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọzara Nubia]] ruo isi obodo Ijipt, [[Cairo]], wee mechaa gbapụta n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso na [[Alexandria]], ebe o mepụtara [[Naịl Delta|nnukwu delta osimiri]]. N'ihe gbasara ala, osimiri Naịl bụ obere osimiri ma ọ na-agbaso ụzọ ya ugbu a ihe dị ka afọ 15,000. [[Mpaghara Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri ya]] gbasaara mba iri na otu. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị na Naịl na-esi na mmiri ozuzo na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]] abịa. Mba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri{{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan]]{{snd}} bụkarị ọzara ma na-ewepụ mmiri osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya bụ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]], na [[Rwanda]]. Naịl bụ ntọala nke [[mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie]], nke dabere na osimiri ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ. [[Idei mmiri nke Naịl|mmiri kwa afọ]] nke osimiri ahụ tinyere ájá bara ụba n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ala a kwadoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị mere ka ọha mmadụ mara mma nwee ike ito eto n'ọzara na-adịghị mma. Osimiri Naịl mere ka azụmaahịa, nkwukọrịta, njem, na ọchịchị dị mfe. Ndịda (n'elu mmiri) nke cataract nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[omenala Kerma]] na [[Alaeze Kushite]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu nwere mmasị na Osimiri Naịl, nchọpụta ha mere gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 bụkwa isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ. N'ime omenala ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl n'oge a bụ [[Ndị Nilotic]], ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ibugharị ehi ha n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka idei mmiri nke Naịl. N'oge a, Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'akụnụba Ijipt na Sudan, nke na-adabere na ya iji nye ala ubi sara mbara mmiri. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, arụọla ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ n'Osimiri Naịl iji nye mmiri mmiri na [[Ike Mmiri|ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik]]. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a agbanweela usoro idei mmiri kwa afọ nke osimiri ahụ ma gbochie mbufe ájá n'okpuru ala, nke mere ka Osimiri Naịl belata. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mmiri dịka Aswan High Dam na Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam{{snd}} abụrụla isi iyi nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa gbasara [[ụkọ mmiri]], nchekwa, [[nchekwa nri]], na [[Mbugharị nke mmepe kpatara |Mbugharị mmanye nke ndị mmadụ]]. == Aha na isi ihe ọmụmụ == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "Naịl" sitere na [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} na [[Grik ochie]] (Neilos), nke nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sitere na okwu [[asụsụ Semitic|Semitic]] ''naḥal'', nke pụtara 'osimiri'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] maka {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>okwu maka 'osimiri' ma ọ bụ 'Naịl':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> N'asụsụ oge ochie [[ndị Ijipt]], e ji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka 'Naịl' na 'osimiri': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Ndị Ijipt kpọrọ obodo ha {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} nke pụtara 'ojii', n'ihe gbasara agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke idei mmiri Naịl ka ha na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'elu osimiri.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Aha Bekee "Blue Nile" bụ nsụgharị nke aha Arabic ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> N'oge a, osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Na Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ma ọ bụ ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> Na mba Saụt Sudan, ndị Arabic na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ụfọdụ ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', nke pụtara 'Osimiri Ugwu'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Na Uganda, ndị na-asụ [[Luganda]] na-eji aha ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Ụfọdụ ndị Nubia nke Ijipt na Sudan na-eji aha [[asụsụ Nobiin|Nobiin]] ''Áman Dawū'' ('Mmiri Ukwu').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Ọtụtụ [[osimiri ndị na-asọba]] (osimiri ndị pere mpe na-abanye na Naịl) na akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere "Naịl" n'aha ha, gụnyere: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Ngalaba nke Naịl Ọcha na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]] ruo [[Nimule]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Osimiri Ojii{{snd}}Aha ọzọ maka [[Osimiri Attbarah]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Naịl Blue]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime isi iyi abụọ dị na Naịl * Kyoga Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Isi Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl site na [[njikọ]] nke Naịl Blue na Naịl White{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Ugwu Naịl]]{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site n'ugwu Uganda ruo na mbara ala nke South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[Naịl Ọcha]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke Naịl * Osimiri Naịl Yellow{{snd}}[[Wadi Howar]], ihe fọdụrụ n'osimiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Isi mmalite == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| Osimiri Naịl nwere isii [[Ọrịa cataracts na Naịl | cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. ]] <!-- SAVE THIS LOCATION lat/long data for posterity: | label1 = Furthest Source | pos1 = left | marksize1 = 20 | background1 = white | coordinates1 = {{coord| 2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E }} | label2 = Highest source | pos2 = left | marksize2 = 12 | background2 = white | coordinates2 = {{coord|0.3598|N|29.9329|E }} | label3 = Southernmost source | pos3 = bottom | marksize3 = 24 | background3 = white | coordinates3 = {{coord|3|54|54|S| 29|50|16|E }} | label4 = Lake Victoria outflow | pos4 = right | marksize4 = 12 | background4 = white | coordinates4 = {{coord|0.4258|N|33.1946|E }} | label5 = Blue Nile Source | pos5 = bottom | marksize5 = 12 | background5 = white | coordinates5 = {{coord|10.9702|N|37.1987|E }} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Rukara]], na [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda, na {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, n'elu {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An approximate source location was initially determined in 1969 by a group of researchers from [[Waseda University]].<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2006, a group of adventurers rediscovered that location, and placed a marker on a nearby tree ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) which is now a minor tourist sight.<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2009, academics used satellite imagery to refine the location of the source, placing it at a spring ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) several km from the 1969/2006 location.<ref name=SourceCite/>}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence}} A kọwara isi iyi ahụ dị ka ebe mmalite nke mmiri kachasị ogologo n'afọ niile na [[Mpaghara Mmiri Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri Naịl]].<ref name=SourceCite/> Site na isi iyi a, osimiri ahụ na-asọ {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} A tụrụ anya ya n'afọ 2009 n'akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị.<ref name=SourceCite/> Isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl dị na mkpọda nke [[Rwenzori]] na [[Uganda]].<ref name=Rwenz/><!-- {{efn|Some have described these high sources as the "true source" of the Nile.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340–341}} }} --> A na-ejikọta [[Ugwu Ọnwa (Afrịka)|Ugwu Ọnwa]] a ma ama, nke onye Gris na-enyocha mbara igwe [[Ptolemy]] kọwara, na Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Isi iyi Naịl kacha dị na ndịda dị na [[Burundi]] n'otu n'ime isi nke [[Osimiri Ruvyironza]], nke na-abanye n'ime [[Osimiri Kagera]].<ref name=southSource/> E wuru ihe ncheta dị nso na 1937 site n'aka [[Burkhart Waldecker]] dị nso na obodo [[Rutovu]], dị nso na [[Ugwu Kikizi]].<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The monument erected by Waldecker for the southernmost source is at {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]{{snd}}nke Tanzania, Uganda, na Kenya kesara{{snd}}a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka isi mmalite, n'ihi na ọ na-enye Naịl Ọcha nri site na mmiri ya na-asọpụta na [[Jinja, Uganda]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|The Nile exits Lake Victoria at the town of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], which hosts several tourist sights named "source of the Nile" including the [[Source of the Nile Bridge]].{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ekwuola na isi iyi nke Naịl bụ igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụkarị n'elu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, n'ihi na ha na-enye aka na ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. Map of rainfall intensity over Lake Victoria. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke mmiri mmiri [[Blue Nile]] dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]], ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|The source of the Blue Nile is about 75 km south of [[Lake Tana]], at {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}} }}{{clear}} == Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Mmiri nke Naịl na-amalite dịka mmiri ozuzo n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] Osimiri Naịl bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka nke na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Osimiri Naịl bụ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri|ala niile na-asọpụta]] n'ime Naịl, ọ na-ekpuchikwa 2,927,843km{{sup|2}}{{snd}}ihe dị ka 10% nke kọntinent Afrịka (lee maapụ dị n'akụkụ).<ref name=basinSize/> Mba iri na otu dị n'ime ala ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, na Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn| In 2011, [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudan broke away from Sudan]], becoming the eleventh country in the Nile Basin.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Ala mmiri a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, site na ọzara kpọrọ nkụ na ájá dị n'ebe ugwu, ruo ala mmiri dị larịị, nke apịtị dị n'etiti, ruo ugwu mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa dị na ndida.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ asaa; mpaghara ise n'ime ha gụnyere ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl. Dịka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro dị n'okpuru ala, mpaghara ise ndị a bụ: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka]], [[Ugwu Naịl]], [[Naịl Ọcha]], isi Naịl, na [[Mmiri Naịl]]. Mpaghara abụọ ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu mmiri: [[Blue Nile]] na [[Atbarah Osimiri]].{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> ===Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka=== Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka nwere isi iyi nke Naịl yana ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri Naịl: [[Ọdọ mmiri Victoria]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)|Ọdọ Mmiri George]], na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Overview of African Great Lakes. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Rukara]] n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ Nyungwe nke Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> ọ na-edugakwa na [[Osimiri Kagera]] nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|The source of the Nile leads to the [[Rukarara River]], then to the [[Mwogo River]], which joins with the [[Mbirurume River]] to form the [[Nyabarongo River]], which leads to the [[Kagera River]], which drains into Lake Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. Furthest source. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. Southernmost source. }}</ref> }} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri{{snd}} [[Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara|ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu]] n'ụwa{{efn|Measured by area, not volume.}}{{snd}} Ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị obere nke ukwuu, nkezi omimi ya bụ {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Osimiri Naịl buru ụzọ nweta aha ahụ bụ "Naịl" ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na-awụpụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya: a na-akpọ akụkụ site n'ebe ahụ ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert Naịl Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} E nwere mmiri mmiri abụọ{{snd}} [[Ripon Falls]] na [[Owen Falls]]{{snd}} ebe Naịl si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, mana ha abụọ emeriela site na owuwu nke [[Nalubaale dam]]. Mgbe [[Bujagali Falls]] na [[Bujagali Power Station]] gasịrị, osimiri Victoria na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]]. Mgbe ha si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga pụta, mmiri mmiri [[Osimiri Kafu]] na-esonyere osimiri ahụ, wee gafere [[Murchison Falls]] wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'adịghị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, Ọdọ Mmiri Albert bụ ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke ugwu gbara gburugburu. Osimiri ahụ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert pụọ n'akụkụ ugwu ya, ebe a na-akpọ ya [[Albert Nile]]; Ókèala osimiri a dị larịị ma obosara, ọ dịkwa mma maka ịnyagharị site na [[ụgbọ mmiri steamer]].<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> ===Ugwu Naịl=== Mpaghara nke abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ala ala, bụ Ugwu Naịl ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5. Arabic translation.}} }}</ref> Mpaghara a na-amalite nso obodo [[Nimule]], gbasaa ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri No]], ma dị kpamkpam n'ime South Sudan. Mgbe ọ gafere Nimule, osimiri ahụ gafere [[Fula Rapids]] wee gaa [[Juba]]{{snd}}isi obodo South Sudan. Mgbe Juba gasịrị, Naịl gafere n'obodo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]], wee banye [[Sudd]], nnukwu apịtị dị n'ala dị larịị.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}. Overview of Sudd.</ref> [[Ọkwa (mkpọda)|mkpọda]] nke ala dị na Sudd bụ naanị 1:13,000 [[ịrị elu n'elu ọsọ]], ya mere osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-agbasa. Osisi mara mma, gụnyere [[sedge]], [[cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Pontederia crassipes|hyacinth mmiri nkịtị]] ([[ụdị ndị na-awakpo]]) na-emechi ụzọ mmiri ma na-eme ka njem sie ike. N'akụkụ ugwu nke apịtị Sudd, Naịl na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, obere ọdọ mmiri ebe [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal]] na-esonyere Naịl (Arabic: 'gazelle river'){{snd}}otu nke na-asọba n'ime mmiri si n'ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=phys/> Otu nnukwu mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara Ugwu Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal|Bahr el Ghazal]] nke si ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan na-abata ma na-esonye na White Nile na Ọdọ Mmiri No. Mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal buru ibu nke dị ihe dịka square kilomita 860,000{{sfn|"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica''}}{{snd}}ma na-enweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, mana onyinye ya na Naịl dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ndị ọzọ.{{efn|Most precipitation in the Bahr el Ghazal basin is lost to evaporation before reaching the Nile.<ref name=Ghazal/>}} Mmiri ya gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kundi]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Keilak]]. Bahr el Ghazal na-agafe n'obodo [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], South Sudan: ọ bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Wau, mana ọ bụ [[Osimiri na-agafe agafe|iyi oge]] n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=Ghazal>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=352–354}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. }}</ref> ===Mpaghara Naịl Ọcha=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial photograph of Khartoum, showing two rivers joining, each with a distinct coloration of its water|A na-ahụ agba dị iche iche nke [[Ọcha Nile]] (aka ekpe) na [[Blue Nile]] (aka nri) ebe ha jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta isi Naịl (n'elu aka ekpe).]] Na-aga n'ihu na mgbada ala, mpaghara nke atọ nke Osimiri Naịl bụ mpaghara Naịl Ọcha{{efn|The White Nile region, as defined here, contains only a small portion of the much larger [[White Nile]] River.}} nke gụnyere otu akụkụ osimiri {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} site na nso [[Malakal]] ruo [[Khartoum]], isi obodo Sudan. N'ebe ahụ ka Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-agbakọta. Akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu iyi dị jụụ, nke nwere nsọtụ apịtị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Osimiri ebe a dị obere ma na-efunahụ nnukwu ihe n'ihi uzuoku.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ebe Naịl Ọcha na-ejikọta na Naịl Anụnụ, ha bụ agba dị iche iche nke ukwuu. Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-acha ọcha n'ihi na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọ na-ebu gụnyere nnukwu [[quartz]] na [[feldspar]]. Nke a dị iche na Blue Nile nke na-ebu ihe ndị sitere na [[okwute basaltic]] nke Etiopia.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} [[Osimiri Sobat]] bụ mmiri nke na-esonye na Osimiri Ọcha dị nso na obodo [[Malakal]] (mgbe njikọta Bahr el Ghazal gasịrị, tupu Blue Nile). Mmiri ya nke gụnyere [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Idei mmiri na-asọ n'etiti Julaị na Disemba n'etiti Sobat.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Isi Naịl=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|[[Aswan High Dam]] dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Ijipt na Sudan. Ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik ya nwere ike imepụta 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=A large concrete building next to a placid lake. Many large power transmission towers are next to the building.]] Mpaghara nke anọ nke Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}isi Naịl{{efn|The segment of the Nile between the Blue/White confluence and the Mediterranean is called the main Nile or the Saharan Nile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}sitere na Khartoum ruo Cairo, isi obodo Ijipt.<ref name=phys/> Mgbatị a nwere obosara na omimi otu nhata: ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} obosara na {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} miri emi n'ebe kachasị omimi ya (mgbe ọ naghị anọ n'ime idei mmiri).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Obere oge ka ha hapụrụ Khartoum, osimiri ahụ banyere [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]] wee gafee nnukwu [[ọsọ ọsọ]] dị ike nke ụgbọ mmiri na-agaghị agafe. Nke a bụ nke isii (na nke kachasị elu) n'ime isii [[cataracts nke Naịl]]. [[Osimiri Atbarah]]{{snd}}nke bụ isi iyi mmiri{{snd}} na-esonye na Naịl, nke na-esochi nnukwu mgbagọ dị ka S gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-ahụ [[mmiri mmiri|cataracts]] anọ ọzọ (nke nọmba ya bụ 5, 4, 3, na 2) n'ime nnukwu usoro S a, nke na-eme ka osimiri ahụ ghara ngafe; ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịgagharị n'ebe dị jụụ n'etiti cataracts. Osimiri ahụ wee banye n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]].<!-- {{efn|[[Lake Nasser]] is called "Lake Nubia" in Sudan.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> Ọdọ mmiri a{{snd}} bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke mmadụ mere{{snd}} ka e wuru mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] na Ijipt, ma jupụta ihe karịrị {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} nke Naịl. [[Aswan Low Dam]]{{snd}}kacha ochie ma dị obere karịa High Dam{{snd}} dị n'okpuru Aswan High Dam, nso ebe mbụ Nile cataract dị (nke dị ugbu a n'ime mmiri). Site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a, Naịl na-asọfe ihe dị ka {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} site na ala limestone, ókèala ya nwere ọtụtụ ala ubi a na-agba mmiri, ruo mgbe ọ ruru Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta Naịl=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|[[Naịl Delta]] bụ nnukwu mpaghara akwụkwọ nri nwere akụkụ atọ dị n'elu foto a, ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].|alt=A photograph of north Egypt, taken from space. The Nile terminates by flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a large, triangular area of land.]] Mpaghara nke ise, ma nke ikpeazụ, nke gbara Osimiri Naịl gburugburu bụ Nile Delta, nnukwu triangle [[delta osimiri]] (ihe dị ka 22,000km{{sup|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} nke sitere na Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Osimiri ahụ na-ekewa ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa n'ime delta: alaka Rosetta na alaka Damietta.<!-- {{efn|Historically, there were four or more distributaries, including the [[Pelusium|Pelusiac branch]] and the [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopic branch]] which disappeared in the 8th to 9th centuries.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} }} --> Oke olu nke delta (gụnyere akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri) dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}. E kere delta ahụ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, e wuru ya site na ájá e si n'elu mmiri gbadaa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Kemgbe e mechara Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, delta amalitela ịbelata n'ihi mbuze sitere na mmiri ozuzo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. N'oge gara aga, ala ọhụrụ na-abata n'ụdị ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na-ebu, na-edozi mbuze; mana mmiri ahụ na-ejide ájá n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ya, na-egbochi ájá ọhụrụ iru na delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Most of the sediment is deposited at the south end of Lake Nasser, where the Nile enters the reservoir.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> === Osimiri Naịl Na-acha Anụnụ === [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Isi iyi nke [[Blue Nile]] bụ [[Gish Abay]] dị n'okpuru akara ahụ mara mma. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site n'ebe ahụ ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] n'elu.|alt=A map of Ethiopia, showing a part of the Blue Nile and Lake Tana.]] Ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl{{snd}} nke gụnyere mmiri iyi nke Naịl Ọcha{{snd}} nwere ọtụtụ mmiri iyi ndị ọzọ. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile na Atbarah mejupụtara mpaghara abụọ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri Naịl Anụnụ Naịl si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia pụta ebe ọ malitere dị ka iyi a na-akpọ ''Abay'' dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]]: {{lang|am|Gish}} bụ okwu [[Amharic]] nke pụtara 'isi iyi', Abay bụkwa aha iyi ahụ.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]], nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị omimi, nke nwere otu mmiri na-asọpụta ebe ọ na-anabata aha "Blue Nile". Osimiri ahụ na-eme okirikiri sara mbara: nke mbụ gaa ndịda, wee gaa ọdịda anyanwụ site na nnukwu ugwu dị egwu {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}} miri emi, wee si n'ebe ugwu gafere South Sudan banye Sudan, ebe ọ na-esonye na White Nile na Khartoum iji mepụta isi Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> N'akụkụ ya, Blue Nile na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik, gụnyere [[ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Tis Abay]] na [[Blue Nile Falls]], Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Etiopia na South Sudan, [[Mgbawa Roseires]] dị nso n'obodo [[Ad Damazin]], na [[Mgbawa Sennar]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Nha nke ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile dị karịrị square kilomita 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} === Osimiri Atbarah=== Osimiri Atbarah bụ otu mmiri nke Naịl nke na-ebilite n'ebe ugwu Etiopia, ma na-esonye na Naịl ihe dịka {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} n'ebe ugwu Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Ebe mmiri ya dị n'ime ya karịrị square kilomita 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah na-asọ asọ nke ukwuu n'oge na mgbe oge [[mmiri ozuzo]] gasịrị na Etiopia (oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ), mana ọ nwere ike ịkpọ nkụ n'oge oyi na oge opupu ihe ubi. N'agbanyeghị na osimiri ahụ na-agafe oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị pasentị iri nke mmiri niile Naịl na-asọpụta kwa afọ.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dams on the Atbarah include the [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]], the [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]], and the [[Tekezé Dam]] (on the [[Tekezé River]] tributary).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ọmụmụ Mmiri== [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Chart showing monthly flow of the Nile in cubic meters per second. Values (January to December) are 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl na-asọfe n'afọ niile. Ọnụ (m{{sup|3}}/sekọnd) a tụrụ na [[Dongola]] n'elu isi Naịl.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Mmiri na idei mmiri=== Ọ bụ ezie na Naịl bụ [[Ndepụta nke usoro osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]], ọ nweghị [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụ|mwụpụta kachasị ukwuu]]. Mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka 87km{{sup|3}} kwa afọ{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}} dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Mmiri Naịl na-asọpụta naanị ihe dịka 1% nke [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]], 6% nke [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]], na 12% nke [[Yangtze]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Comparisons are using discharge of the Nile as measured at Aswan. The Nile's discharge into the Mediterranean Sea is far less.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Ntinye ego kwa afọ na isi osimiri Naịl site na isi iyi atọ bụ: 54% sitere na Blue Nile, pasentị iri atọ na abụọ (32%) sitere na Osimiri Ọcha (gụnyere onyinye sitere na mmiri Bahr el Ghazal na Sobat), na pasentị iri na anọ sitere na Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }} <!-- Thus, the proportion of water from the Ethiopian Highlands is about 68% (the Blue Nile and Atbarah arise in Ethiopia), and the proportion from the African Great Lakes region (source of most of the White Nile) is about 32%.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }}{{efn|The discharge varies widely from year to year. These data were published in 2014. Another source from 1994 states 80% to 85% of the Nile's water originates in Ethiopia (the Blue Nile, Atbarah, and Sobat tributaries combined), and the remaining 15% to 20% is from the Great Lakes region and western South Sudan (the [[Mountain Nile]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] tributaries).{{sfn|Okidi|1994|pp=321,325,330,341}} Another source from 2009 states that at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile at Khartoum, the Blue Nile provides two thirds of the water.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}} }} -->Ugwu Nile nke Naịl Ọcha na Naịl Blue na-enwe mmiri ozuzo n'oge, mana mmiri Naịl Ọcha na-asọba n'ime Naịl Blue na-adịgide adịgide karịa Naịl Ọcha.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, nke na-ebelata mmetụta mmiri ozuzo oge.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Ka Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-agafe n'ime apịtị [[Sudd]], ihe dị ka ọkara mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ uzuoku.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} N'ụzọ dị iche, mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-asọfe n'afọ niile: ọ na-eruba n'etiti Julaị na Ọktoba, n'ihi mmiri ozuzo.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị oke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke na Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-alaghachi azụ n'oge a na [[confluence]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, ihe ndị dị na isi Naịl bụ ihe dịka pasentị iri asaa (70%) site na Blue Nile, ihe dịka pasentị iri (20%) site na Atbarah, ihe dịka pasentị iri (10%) site na White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} N'oge oke idei mmiri ahụ, mmiri na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]] kwa ụbọchị dị ihe dị ka 0.71km{{sup|3}}, ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ nkezi kwa ụbọchị kwa afọ nke 0.23km{{sup|3}} kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft{{sup|3}} per day, or 0.71 km{{sup|3}} per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at [[Dongola]] station: 83 km{{sup|3}} per year, or 0.23 km{{sup|3}} per day. }}</ref>{{ efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| As the Blue Nile flow diminishes in the winter, the pent-up waters of the White Nile increase their flow past Khartoum.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} In April and May, the White Nile supplies about 80% of the main Nile's water. Thus, the areas downstream of Khartoum receive a steady (not to say constant) flow that made irrigation possible year-round.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Tupu e wuo ihe mgbochi mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl, mmiri Naịl na-asọ na Ijipt na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge: ọ na-arị elu n'oge ọkọchị/oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ; ọ na-ebelata n'oge oyi/oge opupu ihe ubi.{{efn| The magnitude of the annual Nile flood can vary widely from year to year. Low-flood periods can last for decades or centuries.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Agbanyeghị, mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]]{{snd}} nke mepụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri nke nwere ike ijide ihe dị ka afọ abụọ nke mmiri iyi{{snd}} mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta ugbu a anaghị agbanwe agbanwe n'afọ niile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The annual flow of the river at [[Aswan]] is about 84 cubic km; and the capacity of the Aswan High Dam's reservoir is about 160 cubic km.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Njem mbupu mmiri === Osimiri Naịl na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala. [[Njem ihe ndị dị n'ala ala|mmegharị ihe ndị dị n'ala ala]] ka a na-ekewa dị ka [[ibu ndị a kwụsịrị|ihe ndị a kwụsịrị]] (ihe ndị a kwụnyere n'ime mmiri) ma ọ bụ [[ibu akwa|ibu akwa]] (ihe ndị dị n'ala osimiri nke na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ na-ada n'ala).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Pasentị iri itoolu na asaa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ndị Naịl na-ebu na-esi na Atbarah na Blue Nile, ha abụọ si na Etiopia.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Mbuze na mbufe ájá na-eme naanị n'oge [[Oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]] nke Etiopia mgbe mmiri ozuzo dị oke elu na [[Ugwu Etiopia]]; N'afọ fọdụrụnụ, nnukwu osimiri ndị na-asọba Etiopia n'ime Naịl na-enwe obere mmiri.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ala dị na Naịl Delta malitere dị ka nkume na Etiopia. Ọnụọgụ nkume ndị gbawara n'ime afọ nde iri atọ gara aga site na isi mmiri Naịl Etiopia dị ihe dị ka 102,000km{{sup|3}}, nke dị ka olu ala dị na Naịl Delta (gụnyere akụkụ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri) nke dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} Mmiri mmiri nke osimiri na-ebuga n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe nwere ike ịdaba n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe ma belata ikike nchekwa ya. Nsụda mmiri gbakọtara n'azụ Sennar Dam, [[Roseires Dam]] (n'elu Blue Nile), na [[Khashm el Girba Dam]] (n'elu Atbarah) ebelatala ikike nchekwa nke ebe nchekwa ha nke ukwuu kemgbe e wuru ha.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} E depụtara njem kwa afọ nke a tụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'okpuru.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}}{{efn|The sediment transport data was gathered over a wide range of years, spanning from 1997 to 2019. Every measurement site had unique collection time spans, specified in {{harvnb|Lemma|2019|p=11}} and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}.}} Pasentị ibu ihe ndina bụ oke nke ihe ndina na mkpokọta (ihe ndina na ihe ndị a kwụsiri ike). A chịkọtara data a tupu e wuo Akwa Mmiri Renaissance Ukwu nke Etiopia, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ibu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}} * [[Gilgel Abay]], Ethiopia : Nde tọn 7.6 nde nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 0.7% ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[El Deim]] (n'ókè Etiopia na Sudan): tọn nde 140{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} * [[Aswan]], Egypt: 0.14 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 28% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Beni Sweif]], Egypt: Nde tọn nde 0.5 nke nkwụsịtụ, yana pasentị iri abụọ ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[Qena]], Egypt: 0.27 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 27% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Sohag]], Egypt: Ngụkọta nde tọn 1.5 nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ, yana pasentị 13 ọzọ nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ n'elu akwa ===Isi iyi mmiri na sink=== [[File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|right| A na-enyocha [[nhazi mmiri]] dị na [[Basin Naịl]] site na iji [[hydrology]]: mmiri sitere na mmiri ozuzo na-adaba site na mmiri si na ala, uzuoku, na iyi.|alt=A schematic diagram shows water movements around a piece of ground. Arrows show water moving upward due to evaporation and transpiration; other arrows show water moving downward into groundwater recharge.]] Ka osimiri ahụ na-agbada ala, ọ na-amụba olu ya n'ebe ụfọdụ ma na-ebelata olu ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Mpaghara bụ "isi iyi" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ enye mmiri; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ "mkpọmkpọ mmiri" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ewepụ mmiri.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}{{efn|The technical definitions of source and sink used by scientists are more complicated than presented here. For clarity, the definitions of source and sink have been simplified.}} Ịchọpụta isi iyi na ebe mkpọmkpọ mmiri dị mkpa nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ banyere mmegharị mmiri ([[hydrology]]), tinyere ndị na-eme iwu na-ekwurịta okwu gbasara ikekọrịta mmiri.<ref name=policy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8648|loc=Section 4}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=19}}. |{{harvnb|Okidi|1994|p=341}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Sources and sinks are useful to policy makers when negotiating international water-sharing issues, such as dam construction.<ref name=policy/> In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} }} Mpaghara mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe mmiri si apụta bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'elu mmiri gụnyere [[Ugwu Etiopia]] na mpaghara [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka]]. A na-ahụkarị ebe mmiri na-amịkọrọ mmiri n'ógbè ndị dị n'ala ala, gụnyere South Sudan, Sudan, na Egypt.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8641,8648|loc=Figure 7; Sections 3.5.5, 4; Tables 3,4,5 and 6}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} A na-eji usoro [[nhazi mmiri]] achọpụta mpaghara ndị bụ isi iyi na ndị bụ sink. Nhazi mmiri bụ ụkpụrụ mmiri nke na-ekwu na mmiri na-abanye n'ógbè ahụ site na mmiri na-apụ na mpaghara ahụ.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} <!-- {{efn|Another term for the "water balance" principle is "water budget".{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} --> Maka mpaghara enyere, ndị ọkachamara na mmiri na-atụ (ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ) [[mmiri ozuzo]], [[anwụ]], [[transpiration]], [[recharge mmiri n'ime ala]], ọnụ mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri, na [[streamflow|net streamflow]]. Ịtụle ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-egosi ma mpaghara ọ bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink. N'ozuzu, mpaghara bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ sink ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Healy|2007|pp=5–6}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The water balance of a region can be represented by equation. There are many water balance equations.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} A relatively simple equation is: :<math>P = ET + \Delta S + D + Q</math> In this formula, the [[precipitation]] (''P'') received is equal to the sum of the water losses: [[evaporation]] and [[transpiration]] (''ET''), [[groundwater recharge]] (<math>\Delta S</math>), lake-filling (''D''), and [[streamflow|net streamflow]] (''Q'').{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} ====Isi mmalite na ebe na amị mmiri: mba dị iche iche==== Tebụl na-esote na-achịkọta nha nha mmiri maka mba ndị dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Ewepụrụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ndị na-abụghị Naịl n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ndị a. {| class="wikitable" |+ Igodo maka ogidi "Isi/Sink" |- | {{D-P|Source}} || Obodo a bụ isi iyi mmiri dị mkpa |- | {{D-N|Sink}} || Obodo a bụ ebe mmiri na apụ nke ukwuu |- | {{D-W|Neutral}} || Mba ahụ abụghị isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink dị mkpa |} <!-- The data includes the following: * Per-basin data: land surface area, [[precipitation]], [[evapotranspiration]], [[surface runoff]] * Per-station data: [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] --> A na-egosi ọtụtụ data kwa-basin dị ka nha kwa afọ (na-abụkarị na km{{sup|3}}); mana a na-egosikwa ụfọdụ data dị ka uru "omimi" hà nhata (millimita kwa afọ, nke na-ekpuchi basin dum).{{sfn|Senay|2014}} {{Table alignment}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Ntụle mmiri obodo (kwa afọ){{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}{{efn|name=exclGERD|Data does not include impacts of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025}}{{efn|name=TableLegend}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}}{{efn|Basin area is the Nile Basin within the country.}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Burundi]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 13,240|| 14 || 13 || 3 |- ! scope="row" |[[DR Congo]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (0) || 19,919|| 23 || 23 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−39) || 235,108 || 4 || 44 || 0 |- ! scope="row" | [[Eritrea]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 24,427 || 14 || 12 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Ethiopia]] | {{D-P|Source}} (164) || 363,775 || 459 || 295 || 138 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] | {{D-P|Source}} (27) || 49,513 || 76 || 49 || 23 |- ! scope="row" | [[Rwanda]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 20,676 || 21 || 20 || 4 |- ! scope="row" |[[South Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−146) || 617,256 || 612 || 757 ||92 |- ! scope="row" |[[Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−81) || 1,226,660 || 364 || 445 ||23 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] | {{D-P|Source}} (38) || 120,506 || 160 || 122 || 18 |- ! scope="row" | [[Uganda]] | {{D-P|Source}} (25) || 236,763 || 301 || 276 ||22 |- ! scope="row" | Total | || 2,927,843 || 2,048 || 2,056 || 324 |} ====Isi mmalite na sink: ebe ndị dị n'ala==== [[File:Nile River discharge flow gauge locations.svg|thumb|Tebụl nhazi mmiri nke akụkọ a nwere ozi gbasara etu mmiri si aga n'ebe iri na abụọ egosiri na map a.<ref name=HydroData/>{{efn|name=StnNames}}|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile River is drawn, and there are a dozen landmarks shown on the map, at various points of the river]] Ụzọ ọzọ e si enyocha nguzozi mmiri nke Naịl bụ ikewa ala ahụ n'ụzọ mpaghara (ma leghara ókèala mba anya). Tebụl na-esote kewara Osimiri Naịl n'ime obere bezin iri na abụọ, ma chịkọta data nguzozi mmiri nke obere bezin ọ bụla. Data a dabere na nha emere na iri na abụọ [[Ọdụ nha Stream | ọdụ nha osimiri]].{{sfn|Senay|2014}}{{efn|name=StnNames|For clarity, the names of some stations have been changed to use the names of nearby major geographic features. For example, the Kilo3 station is presented here as "Mouth of the [[Atbarah River]]". The Paara station is presented here as "[[Murchison Falls]]". The "Owen Reservoir" station is presented here as "[[Lake Victoria]] outlet".}} Ebe ndị a, nke egosiri na map dị n'akụkụ, kewara Osimiri Naịl ka ọ bụrụ obere ebe ndị a. A na-akpọ ha aha nke ọ bụla n'ime ha site na ebe ha na-agbada. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Murchison Falls (2) dị n'okpuru ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lake Victoria (1), ya mere a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri dị n'etiti ha ebe a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8629-8630|loc=Sec. 2.2}}{{efn|name=StnNames}}{{efn|The measuring stations are listed in the following table proceeding from upstream to downstream. The discharge "rate" data is an average of the entire year. The basin data in the table is for each individual basin; it is not cumulative. For example, the runoff of the second basin (Murchison Falls) does not include the runoff of the upstream basin (Lake Victoria outlet).}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Nha mmiri mpaghara (kwa afọ)<ref name=HydroData>{{harvnb|Senay|2014|loc=Tables 3,4,5 and 6; Sec 3.5.5 (Source/Sink)}}.</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{efn|name=TableLegend|Hydrology Table Legend:{{sfn|Senay|2014}} * ''Precip'' - Precipitation (P) * ''Evap''- Evapotranspiration (ET) * ''Water Bal'' - Precip-ET * ''Discharge'' - River flow at measuring station (average of the entire year) * ''Source or Sink '' - Is basin a significant source or sink of water? }} ! scope="col" | Basin's<br />downstream<br />station ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | 1 [[Lake Victoria]] outlet{{efn|Measured at [[Nalubaale dam]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (74) || 264,259 || 353 || 279 || 57 |- ! scope="row" | 2 [[Murchison Falls]]{{efn|Measured at [[Paara (Uganda)]], slightly downstream from Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (15) || 85,513 || 109 || 94 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |3 [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla]]{{efn|Measured at [[Mongalla, South Sudan]], about 40 km downstream (north) of [[Juba]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 131,691 || 159 || 158 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | 4 [[Malakal]]{{efn|Malakal is after the confluence of the White Nile and Sobat. It includes both [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Sobat River]] tributaries.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−159) || 925,160|| 798 || 957 || 150 |- ! scope="row" |5 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Measured at [[Al Mogran]] before the Blue Nile confluence (includes only the White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} |{{D-N|Sink}} (−40) || 257,130 || 134 || 174 || 14 |- ! scope="row" | 6 [[Roseires Dam|Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-P|Source}} (105) || 188,296|| 246 || 142 || 70 |- ! scope="row" |7 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Includes only Blue Nile (excludes White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (10) || 118,651|| 96 || 72 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |8 [[Khashm el Girba]]{{efn|Roughly at the midpoint of the Atbarah river.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (30) || 100,318|| 95 || 66 || 10 |- ! scope="row" | 9 Mouth of [[Atbarah River]]{{efn |Measured at the Kilo3 station, where the Atbarah joins the Nile.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (−3) || 104,051 || 22 || 25 || 1 |- ! scope="row" | 11 [[Aswan Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 188,011||2 || 13 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |12 [[Cairo]]/[[Nile Delta|Delta]]{{efn|Station is El Ekhsase, near Cairo. Basin data includes the Nile Delta, even though the delta is downstream of the station.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2, Sec 2.2.5}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 145,293||3 || 12 || 0 |} ===Nilometers=== [[File:Nilometer, Cairo; built in 861 during reign of Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil (18).jpg|thumb|E jiri [[Nilometer]] a dị na [[Roda Island]] tụọ ọkwa Naịl.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}|alt=The interior of a large human-made stone structure. Many steps lead downward to the lower levels.]] Ịtụle mmiri Naịl dị oke mkpa n'inyere ndị Ijipt aka ijikwa nchekwa na ịgba mmiri ha. A na-eji Simple [[Stream gauges|gauges]], nke a na-akpọ [[nilometer]]s, atụ ọkwa Naịl ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ.<ref name=nilometer>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=25}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=68}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=15-20}}. }}</ref> Idei mmiri zuru oke n'Ijipt {{snd}} nke na-adịghị oke elu ma ọ dịghịkwa ala{{snd}} bụ mmụba {{convert|6|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} n'elu ọkwa mmiri na-abụghị idei mmiri.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Idei mmiri ọ bụla dị elu ma dị njọ nwere ike imebi obodo osimiri ahụ; ájá ọ bụla dị ala ma na-eme nri agaghị ejupụta n'ala ubi.<ref name=nilometer/> A na-eji nilometer dị mkpa eme ihe na [[Roda Island]] kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 622 OA; ndị Ijipt debeere ndekọ nke ọkwa osimiri kachasị elu na nke kacha nta site na nha ahụ ruo 1921.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} A malitere itinye ihe nlele ọgbara ọhụrụ iji tụọ ọkwa osimiri n'afọ 1860, e tinyere ihe nlele ndị na-atụkwa [[Ugbu a (hydrology)|ugbu a]]{{snd}} nke osimiri ahụ nke na-enye ozi ziri ezi karị{{snd}} malitere na 1900.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} == Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi == ===Anụmanụ=== [[File:Hippos in their Natural Habitat in Kazinga Channel 10.jpg|thumb| |alt= A hippopotamus standing on the grassy shore of a lake, with bushes in the background. |''[[Hippopotamus amphibius]]'' nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]], otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-azù Naịl nri]] A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ azụ̀ niile a hụrụ na Osimiri Naịl karịrị narị asatọ. Naanị n'ime osimiri ahụ, a hụrụ ụdị azụ̀ 128, nke ezinụlọ 27.<ref name=fish/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị anụmanụ ndị a bụ nọ n'ime ezinụlọ anọ a: [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids), [[Cyprinidae]] (carp), [[Mormyridae]] (elephantfish), na [[Mochokidae]] (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị Cichlid n'Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Tinyere azụ̀, anụmanụ ndị na-ebi na mmiri Naịl mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere [[hippo]]s, [[agịgọ Naịl|agụ iyi]], na [[agịgọ Afrịka]]. Ndị ọzọ bi na mmiri gụnyere [[mollusc]]s, [[Potamonutes|crab]]s, na [[Caridina nilotica|oporo]].<ref name=animals/> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'akụkụ osimiri, gụnyere [[enyí Afrịka|enyí]], [[antelope]], na [[giraffe]].<ref name=animals/> Ejula ndị a hụrụ n'ọdọ mmiri Naịl na-ebu [[Schistosoma|ikpuru ndị na-adịghị mma]]{{snd}}a maara dị ka ọbara flukes{{snd}} nke na-akpata [[schistosomiasis]] nke na-emetụta anụ ụlọ na ụmụ mmadụ.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Nnụnụ ndị bi na Naịl ma ọ bụ nso ya gụnyere [[heron]], [[kingfisher]], [[osprey]], na ụdị [[stork]]{{snd}} dị iche iche gụnyere [[shoebill]].<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Osimiri Naịl (dịka [[Cyanochen cyanopterus|blue-wing goose]]), ebe ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere [[nkesa cosmopolitan]] (gụnyere [[Gallinula chloropus|moorhen]] na [[Pandion haliaetus|osprey]]).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Ọtụtụ ụdị heron, ọbọgwụ, geese, na egret bi n'ime mmiri ahụ n'afọ niile, ụdị ọbọgwụ iri na anọ na geese na-abịa naanị maka ibi n'oge oyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} N'ime [[gull]] na [[tern]] nọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. N'ime puku afọ gara aga, oke ụfọdụ ụdị anụmanụ ebelatala n'ihi mwakpo ụmụ mmadụ na-eme n'ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> ===Osisi=== [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= A white flower and green leaves floating on the top of water.|[[Nymphaea lotus|Lotus ọcha nke Ijipt]] sitere na mmiri dị jụụ nke Osimiri Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Mpaghara [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu]] nke Osimiri Naịl gụnyere osisi dịka [[Nymphaea|lili mmiri]], [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Eichhornia|water hyacinth]]. Mmiri hyacinth bụ ụdị osisi na-awakpo ihe, o metụtakwara ọnụọgụgụ anụmanụ ndị bi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga n'ụzọ dị njọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na apịtị Sudd gụnyere ụdị osisi ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi dịka [[Vossia (plant)|Vossia]], [[Echinochloa stagnina|hippo grass]], [[reed mace]], [[ambatch]], na papyrus. Sudd na-enwekwa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi, dịka ọmụmaatụ [[Oryza]], [[Echinochloa pyramidalis|antelope grass]], na [[Phragmites]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> ===Mmetọ=== N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a maara mmiri Naịl dị ka ihe a na-aṅụ, mana na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ọ dịghịzi mma n'ebe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling wrote "Two characteristics of water from the Lower Nile long attracted attention{{snd}}that it was of excellent quality for drinking and irrigation, and that it seasonally contained high concentration of silt."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Mmetọ a na-apụtakarị ìhè n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, nso obodo ukwu, nakwa na Naịl Delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Isi ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na Naịl gụnyere ihe mkpofu ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ihe mkpofu ezinụlọ. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri atọ na isii na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ha ozugbo n'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe iri anọ na otu n'ime ọwa mmiri. Ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ndị a bụ: kemịkalụ, ọkụ eletrik, injinia, fatịlaịza, nri, ígwè, igwu ala, mmanụ na ncha, pulp na akwụkwọ, ákwà na osisi. E nwere ihe karịrị ọwara mmiri ọrụ ugbo iri itoolu na-asọba n'ime Naịl nke gụnyere [[ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe | mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe]].{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Mmetọ osimiri kacha pụta ìhè n'etiti Aswan na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Mmetọ ebe ahụ na-esi n'ọrụ mmadụ, mmiri na-asọpụta n'ọrụ ugbo, na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọnụọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na-abawanye ka osimiri na-asọda n'ala, n'ihi mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> A na-enwe ike inweta oke mmiri dị n'akụkụ delta ahụ n'ihi na mmiri anaghị agbapụta nke ọma, nke na-eme ka ala dị larịị na nnukwu ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ka njọ.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}}<!-- {{efn|The northeast region of the delta is the most polluted part of the river in Egypt, and has a high incidence of [[pancreatic cancer]], which may be related to high levels of heavy metals and [[Organochlorine chemistry|organochlorine]] [[pesticides]] found in the soil and water.{{Sfn|Soliman|2006}} The river delta contains Egypt's primary oil and gas production facilities, and the chemical industry in the delta is the single largest contributor of toxic waste to the Nile.<ref name=delta/> The Nile Delta has relatively high levels of [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metal]] concentrations.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} }} --> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwetara mmụba [[eutrophication]] (ihe oriri karịrị akarị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme ka osisi na algae too nke na-ebelata ikuku oxygen dị na mmiri). Eutrophication a bụ n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, igbukpọ ọhịa, na omume ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị mma, nke kpatakwara [[algal bloom]] na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke hyacinth mmiri, nke mebiri usoro ihe dị ndụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|p=733}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|p=395}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=18}}. }}</ref> ===Nchekwa na mmetụta mmadụ === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|[[Murchison Falls]] na Osimiri Ọcha|alt=A large waterfall, with dense foliage on both sides.]] Mmiri Naịl dị [[Oge mmiri dị n'Africa|dịtụ mmiri ma dịkwa mmiri mmiri]] site na puku afọ 15 gara aga (kya) ruo puku afọ 5, nke mere ka e nwee ike ịmalite ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na Osimiri Naịl ihe dị ka puku afọ 5.<ref name=Humid/> Kemgbe ahụ, mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe obibi, nke butere nnukwu mbibi nke ọhịa na mbuze ala.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Mmetụta ndị a ka njọ site na [[ihe omume kilogram 4.2 | ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ]] n'Africa nke [[Holocene#Africa|malitere ihe dị ka puku anọ]]. Ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ndị a butere ụnwụ nri, nsogbu ọha mmadụ, na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ anwụọla n'ime Osimiri Naịl n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. [[Ibis dị nsọ]] dị mkpa n'okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie, a chụkwara ọtụtụ nde ibis n'àjà n'ụzọ emume. Ụdị a gbapụrụ n'obodo Ijipt na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, mana ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na etiti na ndịda Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718 }}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,55}} }}</ref> N'Ijipt, oke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na owuwu nke Aswan High Dam emeela ka ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nwụọ.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}} [[Nịl perch]] dị ebe dị iche iche n'Africa, gụnyere Congo, mana ọ nọghị na Naịl ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ya ruo mgbe e webatara ya n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ụzọ nzuzo n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta azụ̀ ịkụ azụ.<ref name=perch/>{{efn|The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria by Ugandan authorities in a clandestine effort to create a new fishery; but this has never been acknowledged by Uganda.<ref name=perch/>}} Oke osimiri Naịl mere ka e bibie ihe karịrị ụdị cichlids 500 na Lake Victoria, nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị [[Les Kaufman]] kọwara dị ka mbibi mbụ nke oke ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ohere ịhụ.<ref name=perch>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Marshall|2018|pp=1542–1543,1546–1548}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=216}}. |{{harvnb|Lehman|2009|p=227 }}. |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|There were small signs of cichlid recovery around the year 2000.{{sfn|Lehman|2009|pp=228,231}} }} --> Oke osimiri Naịl dugara n'ịbawanye oke mbibi, n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri osisi rụọ azụ̀ ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=735}} Ọdọ mmiri satịlaịtị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka mbọ nchekwa n'ọdịnihu, n'ihi na ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị haplochromine iri isii, nakwa na perch Naịl abatabeghị n'ime ha.{{sfn|Green|2009|p=205}} ===Ihu Igwe na Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe=== [[File:Climate Africa Koppen with legend.svg|thumb| |alt=Map of northeast Africa, dividing the land into various regions, each with climate indicators. |Maapụ a na-egosi mpaghara [[Köppen climate classification]] dị na Osimiri Naịl na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Akụkụ ugwu nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ ọzara na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ (Bwh) ebe ndịda dị jụụ ma dị mmiri mmiri karịa (mpaghara C na A).{{sfn|Beck|2018}} ]] A na-ahụ ihu igwe nke Osimiri Naịl site na oke ala, na-agbanwe site na oke akọrọ n'ebe ugwu gaa na mmiri mmiri gaa na ndịda.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=307}} Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ itoolu dị iche iche: mpaghara ugwu (Ijipt na Sudan) na-akpọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'afọ niile; mpaghara etiti (gụnyere Etiopia) nwere oke mmiri ozuzo siri ike n'oge ọkọchị; mpaghara ndịda (gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Victoria) nwekwara oke mmiri ozuzo abụọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=314-315}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'Osimiri Naịl na-ejikọta ya na oge okpomọkụ [[mmiri ozuzo]].{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307-310}} Ógbè Naịl na-enwe mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara mmụba nke [[gas griinhouse]] na ikuku.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} Some projections for the 21st century predict a temperature increase of 2 rụọ 4&nbsp;°C.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} <!-- {{ efn| Kemgbe afọ 1970, mpaghara Blue Nile dị na Etiopia na-enwe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo. N'ime nyocha e bipụtara na 2024, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị buru amụma na okpomọkụ ga-anọgide na-arị elu. Mmiri ozuzo na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-emetụta mmepụta ihe ubi, mana ihe ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu edoghị anya.{{Sfn|Wedajo|2024}} }} --> Models of the future climate in the North Africa and Middle East region predict an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts, and increasing variability of precipitation.{{sfn|Driouech |2020}} Oke Osimiri Naịl dị oke nrọ, na njikọta nke [[mmụba nke oke osimiri]] na enweghị mmịpụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala (n'ihi ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Naịl) nwere ike ime ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oke ala nke Naịl Delta pụọ n'ime narị afọ na-abịa.<ref>{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=52–53}}. The value "one third" is from the UN [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]].</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala== [[File:Geological map of Egypt accessible.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= A map of northeast Africa, where various areas are shaded different colors indicating the geological ages of rocks found in each region. | Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-eji data ala, dịka a hụrụ na maapụ a nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka, iji wughachi ọdịdị ala ochie na usoro mmiri.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=743}}]] Osimiri Naịl dị ka ọtụtụ osimiri{{snd}} si n'usoro osimiri nna ochie ndị sochiri ụzọ dị iche iche. N'ime ọtụtụ nde afọ, [[tectonic]] na ike gburugburu ebe obibi gbanwere, kewaa, ma jikọta osimiri. Osimiri ahụ malitere ịdị ugbu a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe dị ka afọ 15,000 gara aga.<ref name=geologOverview>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|p=742}}. |{{harvnb| Embabi|2018|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. Young river. |{{harvnb| Said|1993|pp=32–52}}. }}</ref> Otu echiche na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naịl dị ka usoro nke oge ise evolushọn.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}}{{efn|These five periods were proposed by {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018}} based on major environmental and tectonic events that impacted the Nile.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=768}} Other scientists hypothesize a different set of evolutionary periods; for example, geologist [[Rushdi Said]] hypothesized eight periods in their book {{harvnb| Said|1993}}.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=761}} }} * Ihe dị ka afọ nde iri abụọ gara aga (mya), akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[East African Rift System]] malitere [[tectonic uplift|uplift]], na-ekewa mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka na mpaghara Congo. N'ihe dị ka afọ 6, osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie dị n'Ijipt bụ obere osimiri, nke malitere nso [[Wadi Howar]] nke oge a ma na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ruo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria adịghị, osimiri ndị dị n'ugwu Etiopia na Uganda anaghịkwa asọfe n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768-770|loc=Figure 30A }}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|pp=77–78}}. }}</ref> * Site na mmiri dị mita isii ruo ọkara (6.4 mya), e guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Tana n'Ugwu Etiopia, e nwekwara nnukwu [[paleolake]]{{snd}}[[Ọdọ Mmiri Obweruka|Obweruka]]{{snd}} ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Albert nke oge a na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward dị.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30B }} [[Nsogbu nnu nke Mesaịa]] mere n'oge a: Oké Osimiri Mediterenian kwụsịrị na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], ya mere oké osimiri ahụ gbapụrụ kpamkpam. Oké osimiri Mediterenian tọgbọ chakoo mere ka osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie gwuo nnukwu olulu mmiri n'Ijipt, nke a na-akpọ Eonile.<!-- {{efn|The prefix ''eo'' of Eonile is Greek for 'early'.}} --> Mmiri osimiri ahụ nke na-asọfe n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ mebiri otu ọwara mmiri dị ọtụtụ narị mita n'okpuru ọkwa oke osimiri ụwa na Aswan, na {{convert|2,400|m|ft|sp=us}} n'okpuru na Cairo. Mgbe Oké Osimiri Mediterenian [[Idei mmiri Zanclean|ejikọtara ọzọ]] na oke osimiri ahụ, oké osimiri ahụ jupụtaghachiri, Eonile wee ghọọ nnukwu olulu mmiri nke mechara jupụta na ájá.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,763-764,770|loc=Figure 30B }} |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. |{{harvnb|El Mahmoudi |Gabr|2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. |{{harvnb|Embabi |2018 |pp=39–45 }}. }}</ref> * Ihe dị ka mya 2.5 maka oge mbụ mmiri Etiopia na-asọga n'ebe ugwu ma jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt ochie. Ugwu Rwenzori [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]] mere ka paleolake Obweruka malite ịgbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ (tupu, ọ gbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ) wee malite ịmepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{efn|Obweruka existed from about 7.5 mya to 2.5 mya.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=749}} }} Mmiri ndị mejupụtara Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria erutebeghị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan ma ọ bụ Ijipt.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30C }} * N'ihe dị ka mya 0.5, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria dị ka ọdịdị ọgbara ọhụrụ ya, ala dị larịị nke ọdọ mmiri ukwu wee gbadaa n'ebe ugwu ma malite ịgbapụ mmiri n'ime Sudan mgbe ụfọdụ ma mgbanaka na Naịl nna dị ochie na Ijipt, na-eme usoro osimiri nke na-agbaso usoro nke Naịl White ọgbara ọhụrụ. Paleolakes dị n'ógbè apịtị Sudd nke oge a.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30D }} * Mgbe afọ iri na ise gachara, ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka malitere ịdị ka ha dị ugbu a, mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan anaghịzi agafe agafe. Ụfọdụ paleolakes kpọrọ nkụ na South Sudan na Ijipt dị nso na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}}. }}</ref> N'oge a, mmiri ozuzo [[mmiri ozuzo oge okpomọkụ]] gbanwere ma mụbaa nke ukwuu n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri Victoria na ọdọ mmiri Albert.{{sfn|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}} Oke mmiri nke Blue Nile na White Nile gbanwere nke ukwuu n'oge a, ebe oke mmiri dị elu na-eme ọtụtụ ugboro.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} E guzobere usoro osimiri Naịl nke oge a na mmalite oge a.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=767,770}}. Between 15,000 and 12,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=346}}. Slightly more than 15,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. Around 12,000 kya. }}</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ== ===Akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu oge eruo=== [[File:The Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea (iss071e405499).jpg | thumb | Osimiri Naịl (ala) na-asọfe n'ime ọzara Ijipt, nke dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]].<ref name=Humid/> |alt=A satellite photo of Egypt, showing mostly sandy ground, with a dark, meandering river flowing through the sand, emptying into a sea. ]] Ndị nna nna ochie nke ụdị mmadụ bi nso Osimiri Naịl. A hụrụ [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fosil [[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]] ntakịrị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala ala ahụ. [[Olduvai Gorge]]{{snd}}ebe e si nweta [[Homo habilis]] mbụ dị n'ebe ndịda nke ala ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=246,346}} N'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe ihe ochie [[Nyayanga]] dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwere ngwaọrụ [[Oldowan]] dị ihe dị ka nde afọ 2.6.{{Sfn|Plummer |2023 }}{{efn| The Nile and Lake Victoria did not exist in their current forms during the times of [[Australopithecus afarensis]], [[Homo habilis]], or the [[Oldowan|Oldowan industry]].{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}} }} E nwere akụkọ na ebe obibi ụmụ mmadụ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl dị ihe dị ka afọ 12,000 na 20,000 gara aga n'otu obodo dị nso n'obodo [[Qurta]] (Ijipt) nke oge a. Ụmụ mmadụ ndị a kpụrụ [[petroglyphs]] n'ime nkume, na-egosi [[auroch]]s, nnụnụ, [[hippopotamid]], gazelle, [[hartebeest]], na azụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ndị a, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ bi nso, nwere ike inwe atụrụ, ewu, ma ọ bụ ehi.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p= 53}}. |{{harvnb|Huyge|2011}}. |{{harvnb|Leplongeon |2017}}. }}</ref> Sahara{{snd}}nke gụnyere Ijipt na Sudan nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]] nke dị ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 ruo 5,000 gara aga. Ọdịnala ịzụ atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ malitere n'oge ahụ, mana mgbe ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 3,900 Tupu Oge Anyị, a manyere ndị mmadụ ịkwaga na ndagwurugwu Naịl iji dị ndụ. Nke a bụ mmalite nke [[Nubian | Omenala Nubia]] na Sudan na mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie.<ref name=Humid>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Kuper |Kröpelin|2006 |pp=803–807}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=47,57}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Nubian (Sudanese) culture in Sudan. }}</ref> ===Mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie === [[File:Journey to Abydos, Tomb of Pairy MET DT10886.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A painting on a wall of a boat on a river, with Ancient Egyptians rowing it|Ndị Ijipt oge ochie jiri ụgbọ mmiri mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem. Foto a sitere na [[TT139|Ili Pairy]].<ref name=ancientTransport/>]] Osimiri Naịl dị mkpa n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ndị Ijipt: ọ na-enye nri site na ihe ubi ọ na-agba mmiri, ọ na-akpatakwa ọnwụ mgbe oké ọkọchị butere ọdịda ihe ubi na ụnwụ nri. Osimiri Naịl gbara ume ka sayensị na gọọmentị too: ịgba mmiri mmiri, amụma idei mmiri na ụtụ isi niile chọrọ nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ na nchịkwa ọhụrụ. Amụma ihu igwe na mbara igwe zụlitekwara dịka ihe si na mkpa ndị Ijipt nwere ịghọta osimiri ahụ na idei mmiri ya pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=9–10}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=49,63,69}}. }}</ref> [[Kalenda Ijipt|kalịnda Ijipt oge ochie]] dabere na usoro idei mmiri nke Naịl. E kewara afọ ahụ ụzọ atọ, nke ọ bụla nwere ọnwa anọ nke ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọ bụla. Oge ndị ahụ bụ [[Oge Mmiri Idei mmiri|Akhet]] (n'ụzọ nkịtị, 'mmiri Idei mmiri'), [[Oge Mmalite | Peret]] ('ịkọ ihe'), na [[Oge Owuwe ihe ubi|Shemu]] ('owuwe ihe ubi'). Akhet bụ oge afọ mgbe osimiri Naịl jupụtara, wee hapụ ala ọhụrụ dị mma; Peret bụ oge ịkọ ihe; Shemu bụkwa oge owuwe ihe ubi mgbe mmiri na-ezoghị.<ref name="Seasons">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=103}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021 |p=355}}. Footnote 10. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |p=62}}. }}</ref> Naịl metụtara asụsụ ha: ntụziaka compass dabere na onye na-eche ihu n'elu mmiri: a pụrụ iji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka ma ''elu'' na ''ndịda''; okwu ọzọ maka ''aka ekpe'' na ''ọwụwa anyanwụ''; na okwu ọzọ maka ''aka nri'' na ''ọdịda anyanwụ''.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=21}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=61}}. }}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na-akpọ mmiri ozuzo "Naịl dị n'eluigwe".{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |p=59}} Ijipt oge ochie nwere mpaghara abụọ: [[Ugwu Ijipt dị ala]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl) na [[Ugwu Ijipt dị elu]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ihe dị ka n'etiti [[Giza]] na cataract mbụ). Osimiri Naịl rụrụ ọrụ n'ịchọpụta ihe pụrụ iche nke mpaghara ọ bụla, n'ihi na ụzọ mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na Lower Egypt pụtara na ụzọ njem, a na-amanyekarị ebe obibi, na mpaghara nchịkwa ịkwaga ebe ọzọ. E nwere otu osisi pụrụ iche nke Naịl nke nọchiri anya mpaghara Ala na Elu nke ọ bụla: [[Papyrus Cyperus|Papyrus]] na [[Cyperaceae|sedge]], n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|pp=17,305-306|loc=Articles: "Geography", "Lower Egypt"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp=464-466|loc=Article: "Upper Egypt"}}. }}</ref> Ókèala ndịda Ijipt oge ochie dị n'ebe mbụ e si enweta cataract n'osimiri ahụ (n'akụkụ [[Elephantine Island]]) n'ihi na ọ siri ike ịgafe oke mmiri ndị ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=82,92-93}} Ndị Ijipt maara ụzọ mmiri nke Naịl si aga n'elu mmiri ruo na nke isii nke cataract (nke a na-akpọ Khartoum nke oge a), mana ha amaghị ụzọ osimiri ahụ si aga (ma ọ bụ ebe o si aga) karịa nke ahụ.<ref name=unknown>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp= 54–55}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The ancient Egyptians were familiar with the Blue Nile's course up to Lake Tana.<ref name=unknown/>}} Osimiri Naịl dugara ndị Ijipt iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ a maara n'ụwa{{snd}}nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ''[[Sadd el-Kafara]]''{{snd}}ihe dị ka afọ 2600 Tupu Oge nchịkwa idei mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}{{efn|The [[Sadd el-Kafara]] failed before it was completed, and never functioned as a dam.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}}} ===Omenala Nubian, Etiopia, na Nilotic=== [[File:Rulers of Kush, Kerma Museum.jpg|thumb|Ndị eze [[Kushites|Kushite]], nke a makwaara dị ka ndị Fero ojii, duziri [[Usoro Ọchịchị Ijipt nke Iri Abụọ na Ise]].<ref name=Kushite/>|alt=A photograph of seven stone statues of individual men, in a standing posture.]] N'ebe ndịda nke oghere mmiri nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ omenala dị n'akụkụ Naịl (nke bụ ugbu a Sudan nke oge a) nke malitere mmepe na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo nke Afrịka.<ref name=Kerma/>{{efn|Some authorities place the northern limit of Nubia at the First Cataract;{{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=1447}} others at the Second Cataract.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=93}} }} Omenala ndị Nubia a toro n'otu aka ahụ na mmepeanya Ijipt nke dị n'ebe ugwu, mana ha enweghị njikọ ọ bụla ruo [[Alaeze Ochie nke Ijipt]] ihe dị ka afọ 3,000 Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Culture of the Nile"}} Mmepe mbụ nke Nubia bụ [[omenala Kerma]], nke dị site n'ihe dị ka 2600 TOA ruo 1500 TOA. Omenala Kerma bụ nke ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị na-azụ ehi, mana ọ gbanwere nwayọ nwayọ gaa n'ọrụ ugbo ka Sahara kpọrọ nkụ na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo Africa.<ref name=Kerma>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Little contact between Egypt and Sudan: "Culture of the Nile". |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=39-42}}. Collins focuses on language groups, and refers to the Kerma as "Cushitic people" based on their use of [[Cushitic languages]]. }}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 780 Tupu Oge Anyị, [[Alaeze Ukwu Kushite]] bilitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Atbarah. Alaeze Ukwu Kush meriri ọtụtụ akụkụ Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị nke [[Black Pharaoh]] ya,{{efn|Also called "Kushite Pharaohs".{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Egypt: Ancient"}} }} onye duru alaeze ukwu ahụ site n'obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.<ref name=Kushite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=107-115}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River", "Meroe"}}. }}</ref> Mgbe Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bilitere, alaeze Ndị Kraịst dị na Nubia (gụnyere [[Nobatia]], [[Makuria]], na [[Alodia]]) malitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam"}} N'ógbè ebe [[Eritrea]] nke oge a na nke ugwu [[Etiopia]] bi, [[Alaeze Aksum]] toro site na narị afọ nke mbụ ruo 960 O.A. Aksum ji Oké Osimiri Uhie eme njem, mana Atbarah na Blue Nile dịkwa n'ime obodo ya.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Ndị [[Funj Sultanate]] (1504 ruo 1821) chịrị mpaghara nke Sudan nke oge a kpuchiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=102}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Blue Nile River", "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam", "History of Sudan: Modern Period"}}. }}</ref> Ndị [[Alaeze Etiopia]] (1270–1974) bi n'ógbè Etiopia na Eritrea nke oge a.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke [[ndị Nilotic]], otu nnukwu obodo ndị malitere nso Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ South Sudan ugbu a, ma kwaga ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa Uganda na Kenya nke oge a.{{sfn| Stokes|2009 |pp=499-500|loc=Article: "Nilotes"}} Ndị Nilotic gụnyere [[Ndị Dinka|Ndị Dinka]] na [[Ndị Nuer|Ndị Nuer]], bụ́ ndị bụ agbụrụ kachasị na South Sudan; ha abụọ bụ ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-akwaga ehi ha n'oge ụfọdụ maka idei mmiri nke Naịl.<ref> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=138–144}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=70-77}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Sudd", "Dinka", "Nuer"}} }}</ref> ===Ijipt site n'oge ndị Rom ruo oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị=== [[File:Mahmoudiyah Canal.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848) wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Mahmoudiah]] iji kwado ịgba mmiri na njem.<ref name=ali/>|alt=A photograph of a river, lined with trees on both banks, and a boat docked on the side.]] Osimiri Naịl bụ isi ihe kpatara uto nke [[Alaeze Ukwu Rom]], nke [[Imerị Rom|chịkwara Ijipt]] ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ndị Rom si Ijipt na-ebubata nnukwu ọka, nke a kụrụ na idei mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=19-20}} Na narị afọ mbụ, eze ukwu [[Trajan]] wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Suez#Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Uhie|ọwa mmiri]] nke jikọtara Naịl na [[Oke Osimiri Uhie]].{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} N'agbata afọ 945 na 977 OA, idei mmiri nke Naịl dị obere nke ukwuu; ọdịda ihe ubi ndị a kpatara kpatara enweghị ntụkwasị obi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mere ka [[Fatimid Caliphate]] pụta.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}{{efn|Around 642 CE, Arab conquerors had brought Islam to Egypt, supplanting the Ancient Egyptian religion.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}}} Ndị Fatimid (narị afọ nke 10 na nke 11), [[Mamluk Sultanate]] (narị afọ nke 13 ruo nke 16), na [[Ottoman Egypt]] (narị afọ nke 16 ruo nke 19) nọgidere na-ewu ma na-elekọta ọwa mmiri dị n'Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} E ji ọwa mmiri mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo, nakwa maka azụmaahịa na maka agha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ijipt nwere nkà n'iwu ọwa mmiri, ha arụghị ihe mgbochi mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl nke ọma ruo narị afọ nke 19, mgbe owu{{snd}}gbara mmiri na mmiri Naịl{{snd}} ghọrọ ihe ubi dị mkpa maka Ijipt.<ref name=ali>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị mbụ a n'oge ọchịchị [[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848). E wuru obere ọdọ mmiri mbụ n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nso Cairo, ma mee ihe iji mee ka oge ihe ubi na-eto eto dịkwuo ogologo. Ali rụkwara ọwa mmiri gụnyere [[Ọwa mmiri Mahmoudiah]], nke malitere na 1818.<ref name=ali/><!-- {{ efn| Ali's son, [[Mohamed Sa'id Pasha]], worked with [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]] on other canals in Egypt, such as the [[Suez Canal]], begun in 1859.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=42-43}} }} --><nowiki> </nowiki>[[Ismail Pasha]] (Onyeisi oche nke Ijipt, 1863–1879) wuru [[Ọwa Ibrahimiya]]{{snd}} nke e mechara na 1873{{snd}} nke na-aga n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ma na-eji ya eme igba mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Beaumont|1993|p=249}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Khedive Isma'il 1830-1895"}}. }}</ref> === Ịchọ ebe Naịl si bịa=== [[File:Abyssinia 1619 map by Jodocus Hondius.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=An engraved map of central Africa. The map shows numerous towns and rivers through the continent. The map contains some geographic inaccuracies, indicating it is old and prepared before the modern era.|Maapụ Europe nke etiti Afrịka nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa. A na-akpọ Naịl ''Nilus fl.'' Ọtụtụ ihe dị na maapụ ahụ bụ echiche efu ma ọ bụ ihe efu.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}{{efn|The map was engraved by [[Jodocus Hondius]] or one of his followers, and published around 1619.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}}}]] Kemgbe oge ndị Gris oge ochie, ndị Yuropu na-achọ ịmata ebe Naịl si apụta na ebe idei mmiri ya si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=2}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|p=475}}. }} </ref> [[Herodotus]] bụ onye Gris na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke gara Ijipt n'afọ 457 Tupu Oge Anyị wee gaa Aswan n'elu Osimiri Naịl; ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya maka idei mmiri nke Naịl{{snd}} nke malitere n'oge ọkọchị mgbe mmiri ezoghị na Ijipt.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na Yuropu, Afrịka, na Arebia{{snd}} malitere na [[Eratosthenes]] na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị{{snd}} kwuru na ebe o si bịa bụ nchịkọta ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Other Europeans that inquired or speculated about the source of the Nile included [[Ptolemy]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Emperor Nero]], and [[Pedro Tafur]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}} }} --> Ọtụtụ maapụ Afrịka mbụ gosiri na Osimiri Naịl sitere n'ọdọ mmiri buru ibu dị n'ime ime Afrịka mana ruo afọ 1600, ha niile bụ echiche efu, ha adabereghịkwa na ihe ọmụma sayensị siri ike.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}{{efn|An example of an early map that shows the Nile and its source is from the 12th century, when the Arabian geographer [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] published a book ''[[Tabula Rogeriana]]'' which showed the Nile flowing from a large lake in Africa's interior.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=178}} }} E guzobere isi iyi nke Blue Nile n'ihi mmasị ndị Portugal nwere na Etiopia: [[Jesuits|Jesuit missionaries]] [[Pedro Páez]] gara leta isi iyi{{snd}}[[Gish Abay]]{{snd}}na mmalite narị afọ nke 17, ma dee ''[[História da Ethiópia]]'' na-akọwa oge ọ nọrọ na Etiopia. Akụkọ ya enweghị ụbọchị kpọmkwem ọ gara Gish Abay. Ndị nchọpụta Yuropu mechara rute Etiopia na narị afọ nke 17 na nke 18{{snd}}gụnyere [[Jerónimo Lobo]] na [[James Bruce]]{{snd}}kpọsara ihe Páez dere ma mee atụmatụ na ọ gara ebe ahụ n'agbata afọ 1613 na 1618.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}<!-- {{efn|Another European scholar that analyzed Páez's visit to the source of the Blue Nile was [[Athanasius Kircher]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha siri ike ịchọta karịa nke Naịl Blue. E guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ezie dị ka isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha ruo afọ 260 mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ bụ isi iyi nke Naịl Blue.<ref>{{Multiref |Source of Blue Nile: 1613-1618. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}. | Source of White Nile: 1874. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174–175}}. }}</ref> Na 1858, [[John Hanning Speke]] bụ onye Europe mbụ hụrụ Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, o mechara hụ osimiri na-asọpụta site n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke o chere na ọ bụ Naịl. <!-- {{ efn| In 1857, [[John Hanning Speke]] and [[Richard Francis Burton]] started a search for the Nile's source by departing from Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa{{snd}}rather than traveling upriver from Egypt{{snd}}and headed westward to the interior of Africa. They reached [[Lake Tanganyika]] and determined it was not the source.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}} During this first trip to Africa, Speke made a side trip on which he briefly saw Lake Victoria in 1858, but was unable to perform any measurements or draw conclusions about whether it was the source. Speke made a second journey to Lake Victoria that started in 1860; in 1862 he saw a river (now known to be the Nile) flowing out of Lake Victoria at modern [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]]. But he did not follow that river north to [[Gondokoro]] (the southernmost location of the known Nile) so there were some{{snd}}including Burton{{snd}}who disputed Speke's conclusion about the source.{{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} }} --> O soghị osimiri ahụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria ruo Sudan, nke mere ka ụfọdụ ndị nwee obi abụọ banyere nkwubi okwu ya na ọ bụ Naịl ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=36}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{ efn| In 1864, [[Samuel Baker]] became the first European to follow the Nile upstream from the Mediterranean Sea to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} Baker gave Lake Albert its name.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} In 1874, [[Henry Morton Stanley]] circumnavigated Lake Victoria, and determined that the outflowing river that Speke had identified was the only river leaving the lake. That fact{{snd}}in conjunction with the research from Baker and others{{snd}}confirmed that Lake Victoria was the source of the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174-175}} }} --> Mgbalị iji chọpụta kpọmkwem ebe mmiri Naịl Ọcha dị kpọmkwem malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 mgbe [[Richard Kandt]] kwuru na ebe mmiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Kagera]] n'ime [[Ọhịa Nyungwe]]{{snd}} Kagera na-abanye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.<ref name=SourceCite/> E mere ka ebe ebe ahụ si pụta dịkwuo mma na 1969 mgbe otu ndị nchọpụta si [[Mahadum Waseda]] chọpụtara otu mpaghara Kagera kpọmkwem.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na afọ 2006, otu ndị njem ahụ chọtara ebe ahụ n'afọ 1969 ọzọ, wee tinye nnukwu ihe nrịbama n'elu osisi dị nso.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na 2009, ndị ọkà mmụta jiri onyonyo satịlaịtị mee ka ebe isi iyi ahụ dị dịkwuo mma, wee tinye ya n'ebe dị kilomita ole na ole site na isi iyi 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} g09wt9ifkzdj4scs1ulmybqvtjqe19e 674488 674420 2026-07-09T11:30:49Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Expanded this article 674488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri ukwu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka}} {{Infobox river | name = Nile | map = File:Nile basin map.png | map_alt = A map of northeast Africa; the Nile River is a wiggly line running from a large lake at the bottom, to the Mediterranean Sea at the top. | mapframe = no | image = Nile 3rd Cataract Left.jpg | image_caption = The [[Cataracts of the Nile|Third Cataract]] of the Nile | image_alt = A wide, calm river, under a blue sky, with many bushes on its sandy banks. | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[DR Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}} | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Cairo]], [[Khartoum]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Juba]] | length = {{cvt|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}}{{efn| name=longest| The 7,088 km value for the length of the Nile is based on the {{harvnb|Liu|2009}} study. This study measured ten rivers around the world using the same methodology: the length was measured along the centerline of the river using satellite imagery. The imagery was collected during the years 1999 to 2002.{{sfn|Liu|2009}} The lengths of all rivers vary over time, as the river changes course, sources are refined, deltas change size, or new measurement methodologies are developed.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=81}} The title of longest river is somewhat controversial.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McCoy|2023}}. |{{harvnb|Liu|2009|pp=80-81}}. }}</ref> Sources stating that the Nile is the longest river include {{harvnb|Liu|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p=5.35}}; {{harvnb|Talbot|Williams |2009|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Dumont |2009|p=1}}; and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe |2009|p=336}}. }} | basin_size = 2,927,843 km{{super|2}}<ref name=basinSize>Size from {{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}. Ten percent from {{harvnb|Shahin|2002|p=272}}. According to {{harvnb|Hughes|1992|p=97}}, authorities report a variety of values for the size of the Nile Basin because the flat, waterless deserts of Egypt make it difficult to establish a boundary in the northern regions.</ref> | discharge1_location = [[Aswan]], Egypt | discharge1_avg = 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}}{{efn| name=discharge | Discharge rate is 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec (87 km{{sup|3}}/yr) at Aswan.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} Between Aswan and the Mediterranean, Egypt withdraws large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to lower discharge values downstream. Near Cairo, the discharge is 1,251 m{{sup|3}}/sec (40 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} The discharge from the delta into the Mediterranean Sea is only 150 m{{sup|3}}/sec (5 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', United Nations|p=1}} These values were measured before construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]].}} | source1 = [[Rukarara River]], Rwanda<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|10|21|N|31|8|24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|sp=us}} }} '''Nịle''' bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]]. Na {{convert|7,088| km|mi|sp=us}} ogologo, ọ bụ [[osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]],{{efn|name=longest}} ọ bụ ezie na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu bụ [[Ndepụta osimiri site na mmiri na-asọpụta|pere mpe karịa osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa]] dịka [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] ma ọ bụ [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Osimiri Naịl nwere isi [[ndị na-asọba]] abụọ: [[Nịl Ọcha]] na [[Nịl Anụnụ]]. Osimiri Ọcha dị ogologo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka [[isi mmiri]], mana Osimiri Ọcha na-enye ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Osimiri Ọcha. Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ma na-agafe Uganda na South Sudan; ebe Osimiri Blue na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] na Etiopia ma na-asọba na Sudan site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ezukọ n'isi obodo [[Khartoum]] nke Sudan. Site n'ebe ahụ, Osimiri Naịl na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọzara Nubia]] ruo isi obodo Ijipt, [[Cairo]], wee mechaa gbapụta n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso na [[Alexandria]], ebe o mepụtara [[Naịl Delta|nnukwu delta osimiri]]. N'ihe gbasara ala, osimiri Naịl bụ obere osimiri ma ọ na-agbaso ụzọ ya ugbu a ihe dị ka afọ 15,000. [[Mpaghara Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri ya]] gbasaara mba iri na otu. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị na Naịl na-esi na mmiri ozuzo na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]] abịa. Mba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri{{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan]]{{snd}} bụkarị ọzara ma na-ewepụ mmiri osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya bụ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]], na [[Rwanda]]. Naịl bụ ntọala nke [[mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie]], nke dabere na osimiri ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ. [[Idei mmiri nke Naịl|mmiri kwa afọ]] nke osimiri ahụ tinyere ájá bara ụba n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ala a kwadoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị mere ka ọha mmadụ mara mma nwee ike ito eto n'ọzara na-adịghị mma. Osimiri Naịl mere ka azụmaahịa, nkwukọrịta, njem, na ọchịchị dị mfe. Ndịda (n'elu mmiri) nke cataract nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[omenala Kerma]] na [[Alaeze Kushite]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu nwere mmasị na Osimiri Naịl, nchọpụta ha mere gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 bụkwa isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ. N'ime omenala ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl n'oge a bụ [[Ndị Nilotic]], ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ibugharị ehi ha n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka idei mmiri nke Naịl. N'oge a, Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'akụnụba Ijipt na Sudan, nke na-adabere na ya iji nye ala ubi sara mbara mmiri. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, arụọla ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ n'Osimiri Naịl iji nye mmiri mmiri na [[Ike Mmiri|ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik]]. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a agbanweela usoro idei mmiri kwa afọ nke osimiri ahụ ma gbochie mbufe ájá n'okpuru ala, nke mere ka Osimiri Naịl belata. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mmiri dịka Aswan High Dam na Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam{{snd}} abụrụla isi iyi nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa gbasara [[ụkọ mmiri]], nchekwa, [[nchekwa nri]], na [[Mbugharị nke mmepe kpatara |Mbugharị mmanye nke ndị mmadụ]]. == Aha na isi ihe ọmụmụ == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "Naịl" sitere na [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} na [[Grik ochie]] (Neilos), nke nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sitere na okwu [[asụsụ Semitic|Semitic]] ''naḥal'', nke pụtara 'osimiri'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] maka {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>okwu maka 'osimiri' ma ọ bụ 'Naịl':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> N'asụsụ oge ochie [[ndị Ijipt]], e ji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka 'Naịl' na 'osimiri': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Ndị Ijipt kpọrọ obodo ha {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} nke pụtara 'ojii', n'ihe gbasara agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke idei mmiri Naịl ka ha na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'elu osimiri.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Aha Bekee "Blue Nile" bụ nsụgharị nke aha Arabic ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> N'oge a, osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Na Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ma ọ bụ ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> Na mba Saụt Sudan, ndị Arabic na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ụfọdụ ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', nke pụtara 'Osimiri Ugwu'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Na Uganda, ndị na-asụ [[Luganda]] na-eji aha ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Ụfọdụ ndị Nubia nke Ijipt na Sudan na-eji aha [[asụsụ Nobiin|Nobiin]] ''Áman Dawū'' ('Mmiri Ukwu').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Ọtụtụ [[osimiri ndị na-asọba]] (osimiri ndị pere mpe na-abanye na Naịl) na akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere "Naịl" n'aha ha, gụnyere: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Ngalaba nke Naịl Ọcha na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]] ruo [[Nimule]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Osimiri Ojii{{snd}}Aha ọzọ maka [[Osimiri Attbarah]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Naịl Blue]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime isi iyi abụọ dị na Naịl * Kyoga Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Isi Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl site na [[njikọ]] nke Naịl Blue na Naịl White{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Ugwu Naịl]]{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site n'ugwu Uganda ruo na mbara ala nke South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[Naịl Ọcha]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke Naịl * Osimiri Naịl Yellow{{snd}}[[Wadi Howar]], ihe fọdụrụ n'osimiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Isi mmalite == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| Osimiri Naịl nwere isii [[Ọrịa cataracts na Naịl | cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. ]] <!-- SAVE THIS LOCATION lat/long data for posterity: | label1 = Furthest Source | pos1 = left | marksize1 = 20 | background1 = white | coordinates1 = {{coord| 2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E }} | label2 = Highest source | pos2 = left | marksize2 = 12 | background2 = white | coordinates2 = {{coord|0.3598|N|29.9329|E }} | label3 = Southernmost source | pos3 = bottom | marksize3 = 24 | background3 = white | coordinates3 = {{coord|3|54|54|S| 29|50|16|E }} | label4 = Lake Victoria outflow | pos4 = right | marksize4 = 12 | background4 = white | coordinates4 = {{coord|0.4258|N|33.1946|E }} | label5 = Blue Nile Source | pos5 = bottom | marksize5 = 12 | background5 = white | coordinates5 = {{coord|10.9702|N|37.1987|E }} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Rukara]], na [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda, na {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, n'elu {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An approximate source location was initially determined in 1969 by a group of researchers from [[Waseda University]].<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2006, a group of adventurers rediscovered that location, and placed a marker on a nearby tree ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) which is now a minor tourist sight.<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2009, academics used satellite imagery to refine the location of the source, placing it at a spring ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) several km from the 1969/2006 location.<ref name=SourceCite/>}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence}} A kọwara isi iyi ahụ dị ka ebe mmalite nke mmiri kachasị ogologo n'afọ niile na [[Mpaghara Mmiri Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri Naịl]].<ref name=SourceCite/> Site na isi iyi a, osimiri ahụ na-asọ {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} A tụrụ anya ya n'afọ 2009 n'akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị.<ref name=SourceCite/> Isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl dị na mkpọda nke [[Rwenzori]] na [[Uganda]].<ref name=Rwenz/><!-- {{efn|Some have described these high sources as the "true source" of the Nile.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340–341}} }} --> A na-ejikọta [[Ugwu Ọnwa (Afrịka)|Ugwu Ọnwa]] a ma ama, nke onye Gris na-enyocha mbara igwe [[Ptolemy]] kọwara, na Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Isi iyi Naịl kacha dị na ndịda dị na [[Burundi]] n'otu n'ime isi nke [[Osimiri Ruvyironza]], nke na-abanye n'ime [[Osimiri Kagera]].<ref name=southSource/> E wuru ihe ncheta dị nso na 1937 site n'aka [[Burkhart Waldecker]] dị nso na obodo [[Rutovu]], dị nso na [[Ugwu Kikizi]].<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The monument erected by Waldecker for the southernmost source is at {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]{{snd}}nke Tanzania, Uganda, na Kenya kesara{{snd}}a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka isi mmalite, n'ihi na ọ na-enye Naịl Ọcha nri site na mmiri ya na-asọpụta na [[Jinja, Uganda]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|The Nile exits Lake Victoria at the town of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], which hosts several tourist sights named "source of the Nile" including the [[Source of the Nile Bridge]].{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ekwuola na isi iyi nke Naịl bụ igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụkarị n'elu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, n'ihi na ha na-enye aka na ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. Map of rainfall intensity over Lake Victoria. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke mmiri mmiri [[Blue Nile]] dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]], ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|The source of the Blue Nile is about 75 km south of [[Lake Tana]], at {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}} }}{{clear}} == Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Mmiri nke Naịl na-amalite dịka mmiri ozuzo n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] Osimiri Naịl bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka nke na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Osimiri Naịl bụ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri|ala niile na-asọpụta]] n'ime Naịl, ọ na-ekpuchikwa 2,927,843km{{sup|2}}{{snd}}ihe dị ka 10% nke kọntinent Afrịka (lee maapụ dị n'akụkụ).<ref name=basinSize/> Mba iri na otu dị n'ime ala ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, na Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn| In 2011, [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudan broke away from Sudan]], becoming the eleventh country in the Nile Basin.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Ala mmiri a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, site na ọzara kpọrọ nkụ na ájá dị n'ebe ugwu, ruo ala mmiri dị larịị, nke apịtị dị n'etiti, ruo ugwu mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa dị na ndida.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ asaa; mpaghara ise n'ime ha gụnyere ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl. Dịka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro dị n'okpuru ala, mpaghara ise ndị a bụ: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka]], [[Ugwu Naịl]], [[Naịl Ọcha]], isi Naịl, na [[Mmiri Naịl]]. Mpaghara abụọ ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu mmiri: [[Blue Nile]] na [[Atbarah Osimiri]].{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> ===Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka=== Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka nwere isi iyi nke Naịl yana ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri Naịl: [[Ọdọ mmiri Victoria]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)|Ọdọ Mmiri George]], na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Overview of African Great Lakes. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Rukara]] n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ Nyungwe nke Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> ọ na-edugakwa na [[Osimiri Kagera]] nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|The source of the Nile leads to the [[Rukarara River]], then to the [[Mwogo River]], which joins with the [[Mbirurume River]] to form the [[Nyabarongo River]], which leads to the [[Kagera River]], which drains into Lake Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. Furthest source. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. Southernmost source. }}</ref> }} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri{{snd}} [[Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara|ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu]] n'ụwa{{efn|Measured by area, not volume.}}{{snd}} Ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị obere nke ukwuu, nkezi omimi ya bụ {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Osimiri Naịl buru ụzọ nweta aha ahụ bụ "Naịl" ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na-awụpụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya: a na-akpọ akụkụ site n'ebe ahụ ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert Naịl Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} E nwere mmiri mmiri abụọ{{snd}} [[Ripon Falls]] na [[Owen Falls]]{{snd}} ebe Naịl si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, mana ha abụọ emeriela site na owuwu nke [[Nalubaale dam]]. Mgbe [[Bujagali Falls]] na [[Bujagali Power Station]] gasịrị, osimiri Victoria na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]]. Mgbe ha si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga pụta, mmiri mmiri [[Osimiri Kafu]] na-esonyere osimiri ahụ, wee gafere [[Murchison Falls]] wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'adịghị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, Ọdọ Mmiri Albert bụ ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke ugwu gbara gburugburu. Osimiri ahụ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert pụọ n'akụkụ ugwu ya, ebe a na-akpọ ya [[Albert Nile]]; Ókèala osimiri a dị larịị ma obosara, ọ dịkwa mma maka ịnyagharị site na [[ụgbọ mmiri steamer]].<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> ===Ugwu Naịl=== Mpaghara nke abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ala ala, bụ Ugwu Naịl ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5. Arabic translation.}} }}</ref> Mpaghara a na-amalite nso obodo [[Nimule]], gbasaa ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri No]], ma dị kpamkpam n'ime South Sudan. Mgbe ọ gafere Nimule, osimiri ahụ gafere [[Fula Rapids]] wee gaa [[Juba]]{{snd}}isi obodo South Sudan. Mgbe Juba gasịrị, Naịl gafere n'obodo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]], wee banye [[Sudd]], nnukwu apịtị dị n'ala dị larịị.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}. Overview of Sudd.</ref> [[Ọkwa (mkpọda)|mkpọda]] nke ala dị na Sudd bụ naanị 1:13,000 [[ịrị elu n'elu ọsọ]], ya mere osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-agbasa. Osisi mara mma, gụnyere [[sedge]], [[cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Pontederia crassipes|hyacinth mmiri nkịtị]] ([[ụdị ndị na-awakpo]]) na-emechi ụzọ mmiri ma na-eme ka njem sie ike. N'akụkụ ugwu nke apịtị Sudd, Naịl na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, obere ọdọ mmiri ebe [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal]] na-esonyere Naịl (Arabic: 'gazelle river'){{snd}}otu nke na-asọba n'ime mmiri si n'ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=phys/> Otu nnukwu mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara Ugwu Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal|Bahr el Ghazal]] nke si ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan na-abata ma na-esonye na White Nile na Ọdọ Mmiri No. Mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal buru ibu nke dị ihe dịka square kilomita 860,000{{sfn|"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica''}}{{snd}}ma na-enweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, mana onyinye ya na Naịl dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ndị ọzọ.{{efn|Most precipitation in the Bahr el Ghazal basin is lost to evaporation before reaching the Nile.<ref name=Ghazal/>}} Mmiri ya gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kundi]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Keilak]]. Bahr el Ghazal na-agafe n'obodo [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], South Sudan: ọ bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Wau, mana ọ bụ [[Osimiri na-agafe agafe|iyi oge]] n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=Ghazal>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=352–354}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. }}</ref> ===Mpaghara Naịl Ọcha=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial photograph of Khartoum, showing two rivers joining, each with a distinct coloration of its water|A na-ahụ agba dị iche iche nke [[Ọcha Nile]] (aka ekpe) na [[Blue Nile]] (aka nri) ebe ha jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta isi Naịl (n'elu aka ekpe).]] Na-aga n'ihu na mgbada ala, mpaghara nke atọ nke Osimiri Naịl bụ mpaghara Naịl Ọcha{{efn|The White Nile region, as defined here, contains only a small portion of the much larger [[White Nile]] River.}} nke gụnyere otu akụkụ osimiri {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} site na nso [[Malakal]] ruo [[Khartoum]], isi obodo Sudan. N'ebe ahụ ka Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-agbakọta. Akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu iyi dị jụụ, nke nwere nsọtụ apịtị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Osimiri ebe a dị obere ma na-efunahụ nnukwu ihe n'ihi uzuoku.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ebe Naịl Ọcha na-ejikọta na Naịl Anụnụ, ha bụ agba dị iche iche nke ukwuu. Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-acha ọcha n'ihi na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọ na-ebu gụnyere nnukwu [[quartz]] na [[feldspar]]. Nke a dị iche na Blue Nile nke na-ebu ihe ndị sitere na [[okwute basaltic]] nke Etiopia.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} [[Osimiri Sobat]] bụ mmiri nke na-esonye na Osimiri Ọcha dị nso na obodo [[Malakal]] (mgbe njikọta Bahr el Ghazal gasịrị, tupu Blue Nile). Mmiri ya nke gụnyere [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Idei mmiri na-asọ n'etiti Julaị na Disemba n'etiti Sobat.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Isi Naịl=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|[[Aswan High Dam]] dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Ijipt na Sudan. Ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik ya nwere ike imepụta 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=A large concrete building next to a placid lake. Many large power transmission towers are next to the building.]] Mpaghara nke anọ nke Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}isi Naịl{{efn|The segment of the Nile between the Blue/White confluence and the Mediterranean is called the main Nile or the Saharan Nile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}sitere na Khartoum ruo Cairo, isi obodo Ijipt.<ref name=phys/> Mgbatị a nwere obosara na omimi otu nhata: ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} obosara na {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} miri emi n'ebe kachasị omimi ya (mgbe ọ naghị anọ n'ime idei mmiri).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Obere oge ka ha hapụrụ Khartoum, osimiri ahụ banyere [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]] wee gafee nnukwu [[ọsọ ọsọ]] dị ike nke ụgbọ mmiri na-agaghị agafe. Nke a bụ nke isii (na nke kachasị elu) n'ime isii [[cataracts nke Naịl]]. [[Osimiri Atbarah]]{{snd}}nke bụ isi iyi mmiri{{snd}} na-esonye na Naịl, nke na-esochi nnukwu mgbagọ dị ka S gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-ahụ [[mmiri mmiri|cataracts]] anọ ọzọ (nke nọmba ya bụ 5, 4, 3, na 2) n'ime nnukwu usoro S a, nke na-eme ka osimiri ahụ ghara ngafe; ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịgagharị n'ebe dị jụụ n'etiti cataracts. Osimiri ahụ wee banye n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]].<!-- {{efn|[[Lake Nasser]] is called "Lake Nubia" in Sudan.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> Ọdọ mmiri a{{snd}} bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke mmadụ mere{{snd}} ka e wuru mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] na Ijipt, ma jupụta ihe karịrị {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} nke Naịl. [[Aswan Low Dam]]{{snd}}kacha ochie ma dị obere karịa High Dam{{snd}} dị n'okpuru Aswan High Dam, nso ebe mbụ Nile cataract dị (nke dị ugbu a n'ime mmiri). Site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a, Naịl na-asọfe ihe dị ka {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} site na ala limestone, ókèala ya nwere ọtụtụ ala ubi a na-agba mmiri, ruo mgbe ọ ruru Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta Naịl=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|[[Naịl Delta]] bụ nnukwu mpaghara akwụkwọ nri nwere akụkụ atọ dị n'elu foto a, ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].|alt=A photograph of north Egypt, taken from space. The Nile terminates by flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a large, triangular area of land.]] Mpaghara nke ise, ma nke ikpeazụ, nke gbara Osimiri Naịl gburugburu bụ Nile Delta, nnukwu triangle [[delta osimiri]] (ihe dị ka 22,000km{{sup|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} nke sitere na Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Osimiri ahụ na-ekewa ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa n'ime delta: alaka Rosetta na alaka Damietta.<!-- {{efn|Historically, there were four or more distributaries, including the [[Pelusium|Pelusiac branch]] and the [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopic branch]] which disappeared in the 8th to 9th centuries.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} }} --> Oke olu nke delta (gụnyere akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri) dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}. E kere delta ahụ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, e wuru ya site na ájá e si n'elu mmiri gbadaa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Kemgbe e mechara Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, delta amalitela ịbelata n'ihi mbuze sitere na mmiri ozuzo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. N'oge gara aga, ala ọhụrụ na-abata n'ụdị ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na-ebu, na-edozi mbuze; mana mmiri ahụ na-ejide ájá n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ya, na-egbochi ájá ọhụrụ iru na delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Most of the sediment is deposited at the south end of Lake Nasser, where the Nile enters the reservoir.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> === Osimiri Naịl Na-acha Anụnụ === [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Isi iyi nke [[Blue Nile]] bụ [[Gish Abay]] dị n'okpuru akara ahụ mara mma. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site n'ebe ahụ ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] n'elu.|alt=A map of Ethiopia, showing a part of the Blue Nile and Lake Tana.]] Ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl{{snd}} nke gụnyere mmiri iyi nke Naịl Ọcha{{snd}} nwere ọtụtụ mmiri iyi ndị ọzọ. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile na Atbarah mejupụtara mpaghara abụọ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri Naịl Anụnụ Naịl si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia pụta ebe ọ malitere dị ka iyi a na-akpọ ''Abay'' dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]]: {{lang|am|Gish}} bụ okwu [[Amharic]] nke pụtara 'isi iyi', Abay bụkwa aha iyi ahụ.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]], nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị omimi, nke nwere otu mmiri na-asọpụta ebe ọ na-anabata aha "Blue Nile". Osimiri ahụ na-eme okirikiri sara mbara: nke mbụ gaa ndịda, wee gaa ọdịda anyanwụ site na nnukwu ugwu dị egwu {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}} miri emi, wee si n'ebe ugwu gafere South Sudan banye Sudan, ebe ọ na-esonye na White Nile na Khartoum iji mepụta isi Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> N'akụkụ ya, Blue Nile na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik, gụnyere [[ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Tis Abay]] na [[Blue Nile Falls]], Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Etiopia na South Sudan, [[Mgbawa Roseires]] dị nso n'obodo [[Ad Damazin]], na [[Mgbawa Sennar]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Nha nke ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile dị karịrị square kilomita 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} === Osimiri Atbarah=== Osimiri Atbarah bụ otu mmiri nke Naịl nke na-ebilite n'ebe ugwu Etiopia, ma na-esonye na Naịl ihe dịka {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} n'ebe ugwu Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Ebe mmiri ya dị n'ime ya karịrị square kilomita 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah na-asọ asọ nke ukwuu n'oge na mgbe oge [[mmiri ozuzo]] gasịrị na Etiopia (oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ), mana ọ nwere ike ịkpọ nkụ n'oge oyi na oge opupu ihe ubi. N'agbanyeghị na osimiri ahụ na-agafe oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị pasentị iri nke mmiri niile Naịl na-asọpụta kwa afọ.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dams on the Atbarah include the [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]], the [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]], and the [[Tekezé Dam]] (on the [[Tekezé River]] tributary).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ọmụmụ Mmiri== [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Chart showing monthly flow of the Nile in cubic meters per second. Values (January to December) are 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl na-asọfe n'afọ niile. Ọnụ (m{{sup|3}}/sekọnd) a tụrụ na [[Dongola]] n'elu isi Naịl.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Mmiri na idei mmiri=== Ọ bụ ezie na Naịl bụ [[Ndepụta nke usoro osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]], ọ nweghị [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụ|mwụpụta kachasị ukwuu]]. Mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka 87km{{sup|3}} kwa afọ{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}} dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Mmiri Naịl na-asọpụta naanị ihe dịka 1% nke [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]], 6% nke [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]], na 12% nke [[Yangtze]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Comparisons are using discharge of the Nile as measured at Aswan. The Nile's discharge into the Mediterranean Sea is far less.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Ntinye ego kwa afọ na isi osimiri Naịl site na isi iyi atọ bụ: 54% sitere na Blue Nile, pasentị iri atọ na abụọ (32%) sitere na Osimiri Ọcha (gụnyere onyinye sitere na mmiri Bahr el Ghazal na Sobat), na pasentị iri na anọ sitere na Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }} <!-- Thus, the proportion of water from the Ethiopian Highlands is about 68% (the Blue Nile and Atbarah arise in Ethiopia), and the proportion from the African Great Lakes region (source of most of the White Nile) is about 32%.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }}{{efn|The discharge varies widely from year to year. These data were published in 2014. Another source from 1994 states 80% to 85% of the Nile's water originates in Ethiopia (the Blue Nile, Atbarah, and Sobat tributaries combined), and the remaining 15% to 20% is from the Great Lakes region and western South Sudan (the [[Mountain Nile]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] tributaries).{{sfn|Okidi|1994|pp=321,325,330,341}} Another source from 2009 states that at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile at Khartoum, the Blue Nile provides two thirds of the water.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}} }} -->Ugwu Nile nke Naịl Ọcha na Naịl Blue na-enwe mmiri ozuzo n'oge, mana mmiri Naịl Ọcha na-asọba n'ime Naịl Blue na-adịgide adịgide karịa Naịl Ọcha.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, nke na-ebelata mmetụta mmiri ozuzo oge.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Ka Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-agafe n'ime apịtị [[Sudd]], ihe dị ka ọkara mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ uzuoku.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} N'ụzọ dị iche, mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-asọfe n'afọ niile: ọ na-eruba n'etiti Julaị na Ọktoba, n'ihi mmiri ozuzo.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị oke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke na Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-alaghachi azụ n'oge a na [[confluence]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, ihe ndị dị na isi Naịl bụ ihe dịka pasentị iri asaa (70%) site na Blue Nile, ihe dịka pasentị iri (20%) site na Atbarah, ihe dịka pasentị iri (10%) site na White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} N'oge oke idei mmiri ahụ, mmiri na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]] kwa ụbọchị dị ihe dị ka 0.71km{{sup|3}}, ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ nkezi kwa ụbọchị kwa afọ nke 0.23km{{sup|3}} kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft{{sup|3}} per day, or 0.71 km{{sup|3}} per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at [[Dongola]] station: 83 km{{sup|3}} per year, or 0.23 km{{sup|3}} per day. }}</ref>{{ efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| As the Blue Nile flow diminishes in the winter, the pent-up waters of the White Nile increase their flow past Khartoum.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} In April and May, the White Nile supplies about 80% of the main Nile's water. Thus, the areas downstream of Khartoum receive a steady (not to say constant) flow that made irrigation possible year-round.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Tupu e wuo ihe mgbochi mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl, mmiri Naịl na-asọ na Ijipt na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge: ọ na-arị elu n'oge ọkọchị/oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ; ọ na-ebelata n'oge oyi/oge opupu ihe ubi.{{efn| The magnitude of the annual Nile flood can vary widely from year to year. Low-flood periods can last for decades or centuries.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Agbanyeghị, mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]]{{snd}} nke mepụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri nke nwere ike ijide ihe dị ka afọ abụọ nke mmiri iyi{{snd}} mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta ugbu a anaghị agbanwe agbanwe n'afọ niile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The annual flow of the river at [[Aswan]] is about 84 cubic km; and the capacity of the Aswan High Dam's reservoir is about 160 cubic km.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Njem mbupu mmiri === Osimiri Naịl na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala. [[Njem ihe ndị dị n'ala ala|mmegharị ihe ndị dị n'ala ala]] ka a na-ekewa dị ka [[ibu ndị a kwụsịrị|ihe ndị a kwụsịrị]] (ihe ndị a kwụnyere n'ime mmiri) ma ọ bụ [[ibu akwa|ibu akwa]] (ihe ndị dị n'ala osimiri nke na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ na-ada n'ala).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Pasentị iri itoolu na asaa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ndị Naịl na-ebu na-esi na Atbarah na Blue Nile, ha abụọ si na Etiopia.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Mbuze na mbufe ájá na-eme naanị n'oge [[Oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]] nke Etiopia mgbe mmiri ozuzo dị oke elu na [[Ugwu Etiopia]]; N'afọ fọdụrụnụ, nnukwu osimiri ndị na-asọba Etiopia n'ime Naịl na-enwe obere mmiri.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ala dị na Naịl Delta malitere dị ka nkume na Etiopia. Ọnụọgụ nkume ndị gbawara n'ime afọ nde iri atọ gara aga site na isi mmiri Naịl Etiopia dị ihe dị ka 102,000km{{sup|3}}, nke dị ka olu ala dị na Naịl Delta (gụnyere akụkụ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri) nke dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} Mmiri mmiri nke osimiri na-ebuga n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe nwere ike ịdaba n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe ma belata ikike nchekwa ya. Nsụda mmiri gbakọtara n'azụ Sennar Dam, [[Roseires Dam]] (n'elu Blue Nile), na [[Khashm el Girba Dam]] (n'elu Atbarah) ebelatala ikike nchekwa nke ebe nchekwa ha nke ukwuu kemgbe e wuru ha.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} E depụtara njem kwa afọ nke a tụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'okpuru.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}}{{efn|The sediment transport data was gathered over a wide range of years, spanning from 1997 to 2019. Every measurement site had unique collection time spans, specified in {{harvnb|Lemma|2019|p=11}} and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}.}} Pasentị ibu ihe ndina bụ oke nke ihe ndina na mkpokọta (ihe ndina na ihe ndị a kwụsiri ike). A chịkọtara data a tupu e wuo Akwa Mmiri Renaissance Ukwu nke Etiopia, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ibu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}} * [[Gilgel Abay]], Ethiopia : Nde tọn 7.6 nde nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 0.7% ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[El Deim]] (n'ókè Etiopia na Sudan): tọn nde 140{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} * [[Aswan]], Egypt: 0.14 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 28% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Beni Sweif]], Egypt: Nde tọn nde 0.5 nke nkwụsịtụ, yana pasentị iri abụọ ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[Qena]], Egypt: 0.27 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 27% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Sohag]], Egypt: Ngụkọta nde tọn 1.5 nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ, yana pasentị 13 ọzọ nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ n'elu akwa ===Isi iyi mmiri na sink=== [[File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|right| A na-enyocha [[nhazi mmiri]] dị na [[Basin Naịl]] site na iji [[hydrology]]: mmiri sitere na mmiri ozuzo na-adaba site na mmiri si na ala, uzuoku, na iyi.|alt=A schematic diagram shows water movements around a piece of ground. Arrows show water moving upward due to evaporation and transpiration; other arrows show water moving downward into groundwater recharge.]] Ka osimiri ahụ na-agbada ala, ọ na-amụba olu ya n'ebe ụfọdụ ma na-ebelata olu ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Mpaghara bụ "isi iyi" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ enye mmiri; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ "mkpọmkpọ mmiri" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ewepụ mmiri.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}{{efn|The technical definitions of source and sink used by scientists are more complicated than presented here. For clarity, the definitions of source and sink have been simplified.}} Ịchọpụta isi iyi na ebe mkpọmkpọ mmiri dị mkpa nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ banyere mmegharị mmiri ([[hydrology]]), tinyere ndị na-eme iwu na-ekwurịta okwu gbasara ikekọrịta mmiri.<ref name=policy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8648|loc=Section 4}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=19}}. |{{harvnb|Okidi|1994|p=341}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Sources and sinks are useful to policy makers when negotiating international water-sharing issues, such as dam construction.<ref name=policy/> In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} }} Mpaghara mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe mmiri si apụta bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'elu mmiri gụnyere [[Ugwu Etiopia]] na mpaghara [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka]]. A na-ahụkarị ebe mmiri na-amịkọrọ mmiri n'ógbè ndị dị n'ala ala, gụnyere South Sudan, Sudan, na Egypt.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8641,8648|loc=Figure 7; Sections 3.5.5, 4; Tables 3,4,5 and 6}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} A na-eji usoro [[nhazi mmiri]] achọpụta mpaghara ndị bụ isi iyi na ndị bụ sink. Nhazi mmiri bụ ụkpụrụ mmiri nke na-ekwu na mmiri na-abanye n'ógbè ahụ site na mmiri na-apụ na mpaghara ahụ.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} <!-- {{efn|Another term for the "water balance" principle is "water budget".{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} --> Maka mpaghara enyere, ndị ọkachamara na mmiri na-atụ (ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ) [[mmiri ozuzo]], [[anwụ]], [[transpiration]], [[recharge mmiri n'ime ala]], ọnụ mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri, na [[streamflow|net streamflow]]. Ịtụle ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-egosi ma mpaghara ọ bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink. N'ozuzu, mpaghara bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ sink ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Healy|2007|pp=5–6}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The water balance of a region can be represented by equation. There are many water balance equations.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} A relatively simple equation is: :<math>P = ET + \Delta S + D + Q</math> In this formula, the [[precipitation]] (''P'') received is equal to the sum of the water losses: [[evaporation]] and [[transpiration]] (''ET''), [[groundwater recharge]] (<math>\Delta S</math>), lake-filling (''D''), and [[streamflow|net streamflow]] (''Q'').{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} ====Isi mmalite na ebe na amị mmiri: mba dị iche iche==== Tebụl na-esote na-achịkọta nha nha mmiri maka mba ndị dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Ewepụrụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ndị na-abụghị Naịl n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ndị a. {| class="wikitable" |+ Igodo maka ogidi "Isi/Sink" |- | {{D-P|Source}} || Obodo a bụ isi iyi mmiri dị mkpa |- | {{D-N|Sink}} || Obodo a bụ ebe mmiri na apụ nke ukwuu |- | {{D-W|Neutral}} || Mba ahụ abụghị isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink dị mkpa |} <!-- The data includes the following: * Per-basin data: land surface area, [[precipitation]], [[evapotranspiration]], [[surface runoff]] * Per-station data: [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] --> A na-egosi ọtụtụ data kwa-basin dị ka nha kwa afọ (na-abụkarị na km{{sup|3}}); mana a na-egosikwa ụfọdụ data dị ka uru "omimi" hà nhata (millimita kwa afọ, nke na-ekpuchi basin dum).{{sfn|Senay|2014}} {{Table alignment}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Ntụle mmiri obodo (kwa afọ){{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}{{efn|name=exclGERD|Data does not include impacts of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025}}{{efn|name=TableLegend}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}}{{efn|Basin area is the Nile Basin within the country.}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Burundi]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 13,240|| 14 || 13 || 3 |- ! scope="row" |[[DR Congo]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (0) || 19,919|| 23 || 23 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−39) || 235,108 || 4 || 44 || 0 |- ! scope="row" | [[Eritrea]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 24,427 || 14 || 12 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Ethiopia]] | {{D-P|Source}} (164) || 363,775 || 459 || 295 || 138 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] | {{D-P|Source}} (27) || 49,513 || 76 || 49 || 23 |- ! scope="row" | [[Rwanda]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 20,676 || 21 || 20 || 4 |- ! scope="row" |[[South Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−146) || 617,256 || 612 || 757 ||92 |- ! scope="row" |[[Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−81) || 1,226,660 || 364 || 445 ||23 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] | {{D-P|Source}} (38) || 120,506 || 160 || 122 || 18 |- ! scope="row" | [[Uganda]] | {{D-P|Source}} (25) || 236,763 || 301 || 276 ||22 |- ! scope="row" | Total | || 2,927,843 || 2,048 || 2,056 || 324 |} ====Isi mmalite na sink: ebe ndị dị n'ala==== [[File:Nile River discharge flow gauge locations.svg|thumb|Tebụl nhazi mmiri nke akụkọ a nwere ozi gbasara etu mmiri si aga n'ebe iri na abụọ egosiri na map a.<ref name=HydroData/>{{efn|name=StnNames}}|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile River is drawn, and there are a dozen landmarks shown on the map, at various points of the river]] Ụzọ ọzọ e si enyocha nguzozi mmiri nke Naịl bụ ikewa ala ahụ n'ụzọ mpaghara (ma leghara ókèala mba anya). Tebụl na-esote kewara Osimiri Naịl n'ime obere bezin iri na abụọ, ma chịkọta data nguzozi mmiri nke obere bezin ọ bụla. Data a dabere na nha emere na iri na abụọ [[Ọdụ nha Stream | ọdụ nha osimiri]].{{sfn|Senay|2014}}{{efn|name=StnNames|For clarity, the names of some stations have been changed to use the names of nearby major geographic features. For example, the Kilo3 station is presented here as "Mouth of the [[Atbarah River]]". The Paara station is presented here as "[[Murchison Falls]]". The "Owen Reservoir" station is presented here as "[[Lake Victoria]] outlet".}} Ebe ndị a, nke egosiri na map dị n'akụkụ, kewara Osimiri Naịl ka ọ bụrụ obere ebe ndị a. A na-akpọ ha aha nke ọ bụla n'ime ha site na ebe ha na-agbada. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Murchison Falls (2) dị n'okpuru ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lake Victoria (1), ya mere a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri dị n'etiti ha ebe a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8629-8630|loc=Sec. 2.2}}{{efn|name=StnNames}}{{efn|The measuring stations are listed in the following table proceeding from upstream to downstream. The discharge "rate" data is an average of the entire year. The basin data in the table is for each individual basin; it is not cumulative. For example, the runoff of the second basin (Murchison Falls) does not include the runoff of the upstream basin (Lake Victoria outlet).}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Nha mmiri mpaghara (kwa afọ)<ref name=HydroData>{{harvnb|Senay|2014|loc=Tables 3,4,5 and 6; Sec 3.5.5 (Source/Sink)}}.</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{efn|name=TableLegend|Hydrology Table Legend:{{sfn|Senay|2014}} * ''Precip'' - Precipitation (P) * ''Evap''- Evapotranspiration (ET) * ''Water Bal'' - Precip-ET * ''Discharge'' - River flow at measuring station (average of the entire year) * ''Source or Sink '' - Is basin a significant source or sink of water? }} ! scope="col" | Basin's<br />downstream<br />station ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | 1 [[Lake Victoria]] outlet{{efn|Measured at [[Nalubaale dam]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (74) || 264,259 || 353 || 279 || 57 |- ! scope="row" | 2 [[Murchison Falls]]{{efn|Measured at [[Paara (Uganda)]], slightly downstream from Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (15) || 85,513 || 109 || 94 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |3 [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla]]{{efn|Measured at [[Mongalla, South Sudan]], about 40 km downstream (north) of [[Juba]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 131,691 || 159 || 158 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | 4 [[Malakal]]{{efn|Malakal is after the confluence of the White Nile and Sobat. It includes both [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Sobat River]] tributaries.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−159) || 925,160|| 798 || 957 || 150 |- ! scope="row" |5 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Measured at [[Al Mogran]] before the Blue Nile confluence (includes only the White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} |{{D-N|Sink}} (−40) || 257,130 || 134 || 174 || 14 |- ! scope="row" | 6 [[Roseires Dam|Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-P|Source}} (105) || 188,296|| 246 || 142 || 70 |- ! scope="row" |7 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Includes only Blue Nile (excludes White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (10) || 118,651|| 96 || 72 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |8 [[Khashm el Girba]]{{efn|Roughly at the midpoint of the Atbarah river.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (30) || 100,318|| 95 || 66 || 10 |- ! scope="row" | 9 Mouth of [[Atbarah River]]{{efn |Measured at the Kilo3 station, where the Atbarah joins the Nile.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (−3) || 104,051 || 22 || 25 || 1 |- ! scope="row" | 11 [[Aswan Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 188,011||2 || 13 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |12 [[Cairo]]/[[Nile Delta|Delta]]{{efn|Station is El Ekhsase, near Cairo. Basin data includes the Nile Delta, even though the delta is downstream of the station.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2, Sec 2.2.5}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 145,293||3 || 12 || 0 |} ===Nilometers=== [[File:Nilometer, Cairo; built in 861 during reign of Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil (18).jpg|thumb|E jiri [[Nilometer]] a dị na [[Roda Island]] tụọ ọkwa Naịl.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}|alt=The interior of a large human-made stone structure. Many steps lead downward to the lower levels.]] Ịtụle mmiri Naịl dị oke mkpa n'inyere ndị Ijipt aka ijikwa nchekwa na ịgba mmiri ha. A na-eji Simple [[Stream gauges|gauges]], nke a na-akpọ [[nilometer]]s, atụ ọkwa Naịl ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ.<ref name=nilometer>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=25}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=68}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=15-20}}. }}</ref> Idei mmiri zuru oke n'Ijipt {{snd}} nke na-adịghị oke elu ma ọ dịghịkwa ala{{snd}} bụ mmụba {{convert|6|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} n'elu ọkwa mmiri na-abụghị idei mmiri.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Idei mmiri ọ bụla dị elu ma dị njọ nwere ike imebi obodo osimiri ahụ; ájá ọ bụla dị ala ma na-eme nri agaghị ejupụta n'ala ubi.<ref name=nilometer/> A na-eji nilometer dị mkpa eme ihe na [[Roda Island]] kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 622 OA; ndị Ijipt debeere ndekọ nke ọkwa osimiri kachasị elu na nke kacha nta site na nha ahụ ruo 1921.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} A malitere itinye ihe nlele ọgbara ọhụrụ iji tụọ ọkwa osimiri n'afọ 1860, e tinyere ihe nlele ndị na-atụkwa [[Ugbu a (hydrology)|ugbu a]]{{snd}} nke osimiri ahụ nke na-enye ozi ziri ezi karị{{snd}} malitere na 1900.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} == Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi == ===Anụmanụ=== [[File:Hippos in their Natural Habitat in Kazinga Channel 10.jpg|thumb| |alt= A hippopotamus standing on the grassy shore of a lake, with bushes in the background. |''[[Hippopotamus amphibius]]'' nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]], otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-azù Naịl nri]] A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ azụ̀ niile a hụrụ na Osimiri Naịl karịrị narị asatọ. Naanị n'ime osimiri ahụ, a hụrụ ụdị azụ̀ 128, nke ezinụlọ 27.<ref name=fish/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị anụmanụ ndị a bụ nọ n'ime ezinụlọ anọ a: [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids), [[Cyprinidae]] (carp), [[Mormyridae]] (elephantfish), na [[Mochokidae]] (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị Cichlid n'Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Tinyere azụ̀, anụmanụ ndị na-ebi na mmiri Naịl mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere [[hippo]]s, [[agịgọ Naịl|agụ iyi]], na [[agịgọ Afrịka]]. Ndị ọzọ bi na mmiri gụnyere [[mollusc]]s, [[Potamonutes|crab]]s, na [[Caridina nilotica|oporo]].<ref name=animals/> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'akụkụ osimiri, gụnyere [[enyí Afrịka|enyí]], [[antelope]], na [[giraffe]].<ref name=animals/> Ejula ndị a hụrụ n'ọdọ mmiri Naịl na-ebu [[Schistosoma|ikpuru ndị na-adịghị mma]]{{snd}}a maara dị ka ọbara flukes{{snd}} nke na-akpata [[schistosomiasis]] nke na-emetụta anụ ụlọ na ụmụ mmadụ.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Nnụnụ ndị bi na Naịl ma ọ bụ nso ya gụnyere [[heron]], [[kingfisher]], [[osprey]], na ụdị [[stork]]{{snd}} dị iche iche gụnyere [[shoebill]].<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Osimiri Naịl (dịka [[Cyanochen cyanopterus|blue-wing goose]]), ebe ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere [[nkesa cosmopolitan]] (gụnyere [[Gallinula chloropus|moorhen]] na [[Pandion haliaetus|osprey]]).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Ọtụtụ ụdị heron, ọbọgwụ, geese, na egret bi n'ime mmiri ahụ n'afọ niile, ụdị ọbọgwụ iri na anọ na geese na-abịa naanị maka ibi n'oge oyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} N'ime [[gull]] na [[tern]] nọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. N'ime puku afọ gara aga, oke ụfọdụ ụdị anụmanụ ebelatala n'ihi mwakpo ụmụ mmadụ na-eme n'ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> ===Osisi=== [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= A white flower and green leaves floating on the top of water.|[[Nymphaea lotus|Lotus ọcha nke Ijipt]] sitere na mmiri dị jụụ nke Osimiri Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Mpaghara [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu]] nke Osimiri Naịl gụnyere osisi dịka [[Nymphaea|lili mmiri]], [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Eichhornia|water hyacinth]]. Mmiri hyacinth bụ ụdị osisi na-awakpo ihe, o metụtakwara ọnụọgụgụ anụmanụ ndị bi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga n'ụzọ dị njọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na apịtị Sudd gụnyere ụdị osisi ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi dịka [[Vossia (plant)|Vossia]], [[Echinochloa stagnina|hippo grass]], [[reed mace]], [[ambatch]], na papyrus. Sudd na-enwekwa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi, dịka ọmụmaatụ [[Oryza]], [[Echinochloa pyramidalis|antelope grass]], na [[Phragmites]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> ===Mmetọ=== N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a maara mmiri Naịl dị ka ihe a na-aṅụ, mana na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ọ dịghịzi mma n'ebe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling wrote "Two characteristics of water from the Lower Nile long attracted attention{{snd}}that it was of excellent quality for drinking and irrigation, and that it seasonally contained high concentration of silt."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Mmetọ a na-apụtakarị ìhè n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, nso obodo ukwu, nakwa na Naịl Delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Isi ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na Naịl gụnyere ihe mkpofu ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ihe mkpofu ezinụlọ. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri atọ na isii na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ha ozugbo n'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe iri anọ na otu n'ime ọwa mmiri. Ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ndị a bụ: kemịkalụ, ọkụ eletrik, injinia, fatịlaịza, nri, ígwè, igwu ala, mmanụ na ncha, pulp na akwụkwọ, ákwà na osisi. E nwere ihe karịrị ọwara mmiri ọrụ ugbo iri itoolu na-asọba n'ime Naịl nke gụnyere [[ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe | mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe]].{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Mmetọ osimiri kacha pụta ìhè n'etiti Aswan na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Mmetọ ebe ahụ na-esi n'ọrụ mmadụ, mmiri na-asọpụta n'ọrụ ugbo, na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọnụọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na-abawanye ka osimiri na-asọda n'ala, n'ihi mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> A na-enwe ike inweta oke mmiri dị n'akụkụ delta ahụ n'ihi na mmiri anaghị agbapụta nke ọma, nke na-eme ka ala dị larịị na nnukwu ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ka njọ.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}}<!-- {{efn|The northeast region of the delta is the most polluted part of the river in Egypt, and has a high incidence of [[pancreatic cancer]], which may be related to high levels of heavy metals and [[Organochlorine chemistry|organochlorine]] [[pesticides]] found in the soil and water.{{Sfn|Soliman|2006}} The river delta contains Egypt's primary oil and gas production facilities, and the chemical industry in the delta is the single largest contributor of toxic waste to the Nile.<ref name=delta/> The Nile Delta has relatively high levels of [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metal]] concentrations.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} }} --> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwetara mmụba [[eutrophication]] (ihe oriri karịrị akarị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme ka osisi na algae too nke na-ebelata ikuku oxygen dị na mmiri). Eutrophication a bụ n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, igbukpọ ọhịa, na omume ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị mma, nke kpatakwara [[algal bloom]] na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke hyacinth mmiri, nke mebiri usoro ihe dị ndụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|p=733}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|p=395}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=18}}. }}</ref> ===Nchekwa na mmetụta mmadụ === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|[[Murchison Falls]] na Osimiri Ọcha|alt=A large waterfall, with dense foliage on both sides.]] Mmiri Naịl dị [[Oge mmiri dị n'Africa|dịtụ mmiri ma dịkwa mmiri mmiri]] site na puku afọ 15 gara aga (kya) ruo puku afọ 5, nke mere ka e nwee ike ịmalite ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na Osimiri Naịl ihe dị ka puku afọ 5.<ref name=Humid/> Kemgbe ahụ, mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe obibi, nke butere nnukwu mbibi nke ọhịa na mbuze ala.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Mmetụta ndị a ka njọ site na [[ihe omume kilogram 4.2 | ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ]] n'Africa nke [[Holocene#Africa|malitere ihe dị ka puku anọ]]. Ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ndị a butere ụnwụ nri, nsogbu ọha mmadụ, na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ anwụọla n'ime Osimiri Naịl n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. [[Ibis dị nsọ]] dị mkpa n'okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie, a chụkwara ọtụtụ nde ibis n'àjà n'ụzọ emume. Ụdị a gbapụrụ n'obodo Ijipt na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, mana ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na etiti na ndịda Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718 }}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,55}} }}</ref> N'Ijipt, oke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na owuwu nke Aswan High Dam emeela ka ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nwụọ.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}} [[Nịl perch]] dị ebe dị iche iche n'Africa, gụnyere Congo, mana ọ nọghị na Naịl ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ya ruo mgbe e webatara ya n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ụzọ nzuzo n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta azụ̀ ịkụ azụ.<ref name=perch/>{{efn|The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria by Ugandan authorities in a clandestine effort to create a new fishery; but this has never been acknowledged by Uganda.<ref name=perch/>}} Oke osimiri Naịl mere ka e bibie ihe karịrị ụdị cichlids 500 na Lake Victoria, nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị [[Les Kaufman]] kọwara dị ka mbibi mbụ nke oke ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ohere ịhụ.<ref name=perch>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Marshall|2018|pp=1542–1543,1546–1548}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=216}}. |{{harvnb|Lehman|2009|p=227 }}. |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|There were small signs of cichlid recovery around the year 2000.{{sfn|Lehman|2009|pp=228,231}} }} --> Oke osimiri Naịl dugara n'ịbawanye oke mbibi, n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri osisi rụọ azụ̀ ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=735}} Ọdọ mmiri satịlaịtị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka mbọ nchekwa n'ọdịnihu, n'ihi na ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị haplochromine iri isii, nakwa na perch Naịl abatabeghị n'ime ha.{{sfn|Green|2009|p=205}} ===Ihu Igwe na Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe=== [[File:Climate Africa Koppen with legend.svg|thumb| |alt=Map of northeast Africa, dividing the land into various regions, each with climate indicators. |Maapụ a na-egosi mpaghara [[Köppen climate classification]] dị na Osimiri Naịl na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Akụkụ ugwu nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ ọzara na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ (Bwh) ebe ndịda dị jụụ ma dị mmiri mmiri karịa (mpaghara C na A).{{sfn|Beck|2018}} ]] A na-ahụ ihu igwe nke Osimiri Naịl site na oke ala, na-agbanwe site na oke akọrọ n'ebe ugwu gaa na mmiri mmiri gaa na ndịda.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=307}} Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ itoolu dị iche iche: mpaghara ugwu (Ijipt na Sudan) na-akpọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'afọ niile; mpaghara etiti (gụnyere Etiopia) nwere oke mmiri ozuzo siri ike n'oge ọkọchị; mpaghara ndịda (gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Victoria) nwekwara oke mmiri ozuzo abụọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=314-315}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'Osimiri Naịl na-ejikọta ya na oge okpomọkụ [[mmiri ozuzo]].{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307-310}} Ógbè Naịl na-enwe mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara mmụba nke [[gas griinhouse]] na ikuku.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} Some projections for the 21st century predict a temperature increase of 2 rụọ 4&nbsp;°C.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} <!-- {{ efn| Kemgbe afọ 1970, mpaghara Blue Nile dị na Etiopia na-enwe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo. N'ime nyocha e bipụtara na 2024, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị buru amụma na okpomọkụ ga-anọgide na-arị elu. Mmiri ozuzo na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-emetụta mmepụta ihe ubi, mana ihe ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu edoghị anya.{{Sfn|Wedajo|2024}} }} --> Models of the future climate in the North Africa and Middle East region predict an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts, and increasing variability of precipitation.{{sfn|Driouech |2020}} Oke Osimiri Naịl dị oke nrọ, na njikọta nke [[mmụba nke oke osimiri]] na enweghị mmịpụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala (n'ihi ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Naịl) nwere ike ime ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oke ala nke Naịl Delta pụọ n'ime narị afọ na-abịa.<ref>{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=52–53}}. The value "one third" is from the UN [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]].</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala== [[File:Geological map of Egypt accessible.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= A map of northeast Africa, where various areas are shaded different colors indicating the geological ages of rocks found in each region. | Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-eji data ala, dịka a hụrụ na maapụ a nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka, iji wughachi ọdịdị ala ochie na usoro mmiri.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=743}}]] Osimiri Naịl dị ka ọtụtụ osimiri{{snd}} si n'usoro osimiri nna ochie ndị sochiri ụzọ dị iche iche. N'ime ọtụtụ nde afọ, [[tectonic]] na ike gburugburu ebe obibi gbanwere, kewaa, ma jikọta osimiri. Osimiri ahụ malitere ịdị ugbu a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe dị ka afọ 15,000 gara aga.<ref name=geologOverview>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|p=742}}. |{{harvnb| Embabi|2018|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. Young river. |{{harvnb| Said|1993|pp=32–52}}. }}</ref> Otu echiche na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naịl dị ka usoro nke oge ise evolushọn.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}}{{efn|These five periods were proposed by {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018}} based on major environmental and tectonic events that impacted the Nile.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=768}} Other scientists hypothesize a different set of evolutionary periods; for example, geologist [[Rushdi Said]] hypothesized eight periods in their book {{harvnb| Said|1993}}.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=761}} }} * Ihe dị ka afọ nde iri abụọ gara aga (mya), akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[East African Rift System]] malitere [[tectonic uplift|uplift]], na-ekewa mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka na mpaghara Congo. N'ihe dị ka afọ 6, osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie dị n'Ijipt bụ obere osimiri, nke malitere nso [[Wadi Howar]] nke oge a ma na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ruo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria adịghị, osimiri ndị dị n'ugwu Etiopia na Uganda anaghịkwa asọfe n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768-770|loc=Figure 30A }}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|pp=77–78}}. }}</ref> * Site na mmiri dị mita isii ruo ọkara (6.4 mya), e guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Tana n'Ugwu Etiopia, e nwekwara nnukwu [[paleolake]]{{snd}}[[Ọdọ Mmiri Obweruka|Obweruka]]{{snd}} ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Albert nke oge a na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward dị.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30B }} [[Nsogbu nnu nke Mesaịa]] mere n'oge a: Oké Osimiri Mediterenian kwụsịrị na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], ya mere oké osimiri ahụ gbapụrụ kpamkpam. Oké osimiri Mediterenian tọgbọ chakoo mere ka osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie gwuo nnukwu olulu mmiri n'Ijipt, nke a na-akpọ Eonile.<!-- {{efn|The prefix ''eo'' of Eonile is Greek for 'early'.}} --> Mmiri osimiri ahụ nke na-asọfe n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ mebiri otu ọwara mmiri dị ọtụtụ narị mita n'okpuru ọkwa oke osimiri ụwa na Aswan, na {{convert|2,400|m|ft|sp=us}} n'okpuru na Cairo. Mgbe Oké Osimiri Mediterenian [[Idei mmiri Zanclean|ejikọtara ọzọ]] na oke osimiri ahụ, oké osimiri ahụ jupụtaghachiri, Eonile wee ghọọ nnukwu olulu mmiri nke mechara jupụta na ájá.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,763-764,770|loc=Figure 30B }} |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. |{{harvnb|El Mahmoudi |Gabr|2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. |{{harvnb|Embabi |2018 |pp=39–45 }}. }}</ref> * Ihe dị ka mya 2.5 maka oge mbụ mmiri Etiopia na-asọga n'ebe ugwu ma jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt ochie. Ugwu Rwenzori [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]] mere ka paleolake Obweruka malite ịgbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ (tupu, ọ gbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ) wee malite ịmepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{efn|Obweruka existed from about 7.5 mya to 2.5 mya.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=749}} }} Mmiri ndị mejupụtara Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria erutebeghị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan ma ọ bụ Ijipt.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30C }} * N'ihe dị ka mya 0.5, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria dị ka ọdịdị ọgbara ọhụrụ ya, ala dị larịị nke ọdọ mmiri ukwu wee gbadaa n'ebe ugwu ma malite ịgbapụ mmiri n'ime Sudan mgbe ụfọdụ ma mgbanaka na Naịl nna dị ochie na Ijipt, na-eme usoro osimiri nke na-agbaso usoro nke Naịl White ọgbara ọhụrụ. Paleolakes dị n'ógbè apịtị Sudd nke oge a.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30D }} * Mgbe afọ iri na ise gachara, ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka malitere ịdị ka ha dị ugbu a, mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan anaghịzi agafe agafe. Ụfọdụ paleolakes kpọrọ nkụ na South Sudan na Ijipt dị nso na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}}. }}</ref> N'oge a, mmiri ozuzo [[mmiri ozuzo oge okpomọkụ]] gbanwere ma mụbaa nke ukwuu n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri Victoria na ọdọ mmiri Albert.{{sfn|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}} Oke mmiri nke Blue Nile na White Nile gbanwere nke ukwuu n'oge a, ebe oke mmiri dị elu na-eme ọtụtụ ugboro.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} E guzobere usoro osimiri Naịl nke oge a na mmalite oge a.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=767,770}}. Between 15,000 and 12,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=346}}. Slightly more than 15,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. Around 12,000 kya. }}</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ== ===Akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu oge eruo=== [[File:The Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea (iss071e405499).jpg | thumb | Osimiri Naịl (ala) na-asọfe n'ime ọzara Ijipt, nke dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]].<ref name=Humid/> |alt=A satellite photo of Egypt, showing mostly sandy ground, with a dark, meandering river flowing through the sand, emptying into a sea. ]] Ndị nna nna ochie nke ụdị mmadụ bi nso Osimiri Naịl. A hụrụ [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fosil [[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]] ntakịrị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala ala ahụ. [[Olduvai Gorge]]{{snd}}ebe e si nweta [[Homo habilis]] mbụ dị n'ebe ndịda nke ala ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=246,346}} N'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe ihe ochie [[Nyayanga]] dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwere ngwaọrụ [[Oldowan]] dị ihe dị ka nde afọ 2.6.{{Sfn|Plummer |2023 }}{{efn| The Nile and Lake Victoria did not exist in their current forms during the times of [[Australopithecus afarensis]], [[Homo habilis]], or the [[Oldowan|Oldowan industry]].{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}} }} E nwere akụkọ na ebe obibi ụmụ mmadụ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl dị ihe dị ka afọ 12,000 na 20,000 gara aga n'otu obodo dị nso n'obodo [[Qurta]] (Ijipt) nke oge a. Ụmụ mmadụ ndị a kpụrụ [[petroglyphs]] n'ime nkume, na-egosi [[auroch]]s, nnụnụ, [[hippopotamid]], gazelle, [[hartebeest]], na azụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ndị a, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ bi nso, nwere ike inwe atụrụ, ewu, ma ọ bụ ehi.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p= 53}}. |{{harvnb|Huyge|2011}}. |{{harvnb|Leplongeon |2017}}. }}</ref> Sahara{{snd}}nke gụnyere Ijipt na Sudan nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]] nke dị ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 ruo 5,000 gara aga. Ọdịnala ịzụ atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ malitere n'oge ahụ, mana mgbe ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 3,900 Tupu Oge Anyị, a manyere ndị mmadụ ịkwaga na ndagwurugwu Naịl iji dị ndụ. Nke a bụ mmalite nke [[Nubian | Omenala Nubia]] na Sudan na mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie.<ref name=Humid>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Kuper |Kröpelin|2006 |pp=803–807}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=47,57}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Nubian (Sudanese) culture in Sudan. }}</ref> ===Mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie === [[File:Journey to Abydos, Tomb of Pairy MET DT10886.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A painting on a wall of a boat on a river, with Ancient Egyptians rowing it|Ndị Ijipt oge ochie jiri ụgbọ mmiri mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem. Foto a sitere na [[TT139|Ili Pairy]].<ref name=ancientTransport/>]] Osimiri Naịl dị mkpa n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ndị Ijipt: ọ na-enye nri site na ihe ubi ọ na-agba mmiri, ọ na-akpatakwa ọnwụ mgbe oké ọkọchị butere ọdịda ihe ubi na ụnwụ nri. Osimiri Naịl gbara ume ka sayensị na gọọmentị too: ịgba mmiri mmiri, amụma idei mmiri na ụtụ isi niile chọrọ nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ na nchịkwa ọhụrụ. Amụma ihu igwe na mbara igwe zụlitekwara dịka ihe si na mkpa ndị Ijipt nwere ịghọta osimiri ahụ na idei mmiri ya pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=9–10}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=49,63,69}}. }}</ref> [[Kalenda Ijipt|kalịnda Ijipt oge ochie]] dabere na usoro idei mmiri nke Naịl. E kewara afọ ahụ ụzọ atọ, nke ọ bụla nwere ọnwa anọ nke ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọ bụla. Oge ndị ahụ bụ [[Oge Mmiri Idei mmiri|Akhet]] (n'ụzọ nkịtị, 'mmiri Idei mmiri'), [[Oge Mmalite | Peret]] ('ịkọ ihe'), na [[Oge Owuwe ihe ubi|Shemu]] ('owuwe ihe ubi'). Akhet bụ oge afọ mgbe osimiri Naịl jupụtara, wee hapụ ala ọhụrụ dị mma; Peret bụ oge ịkọ ihe; Shemu bụkwa oge owuwe ihe ubi mgbe mmiri na-ezoghị.<ref name="Seasons">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=103}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021 |p=355}}. Footnote 10. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |p=62}}. }}</ref> Naịl metụtara asụsụ ha: ntụziaka compass dabere na onye na-eche ihu n'elu mmiri: a pụrụ iji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka ma ''elu'' na ''ndịda''; okwu ọzọ maka ''aka ekpe'' na ''ọwụwa anyanwụ''; na okwu ọzọ maka ''aka nri'' na ''ọdịda anyanwụ''.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=21}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=61}}. }}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na-akpọ mmiri ozuzo "Naịl dị n'eluigwe".{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |p=59}} Ijipt oge ochie nwere mpaghara abụọ: [[Ugwu Ijipt dị ala]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl) na [[Ugwu Ijipt dị elu]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ihe dị ka n'etiti [[Giza]] na cataract mbụ). Osimiri Naịl rụrụ ọrụ n'ịchọpụta ihe pụrụ iche nke mpaghara ọ bụla, n'ihi na ụzọ mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na Lower Egypt pụtara na ụzọ njem, a na-amanyekarị ebe obibi, na mpaghara nchịkwa ịkwaga ebe ọzọ. E nwere otu osisi pụrụ iche nke Naịl nke nọchiri anya mpaghara Ala na Elu nke ọ bụla: [[Papyrus Cyperus|Papyrus]] na [[Cyperaceae|sedge]], n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|pp=17,305-306|loc=Articles: "Geography", "Lower Egypt"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp=464-466|loc=Article: "Upper Egypt"}}. }}</ref> Ókèala ndịda Ijipt oge ochie dị n'ebe mbụ e si enweta cataract n'osimiri ahụ (n'akụkụ [[Elephantine Island]]) n'ihi na ọ siri ike ịgafe oke mmiri ndị ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=82,92-93}} Ndị Ijipt maara ụzọ mmiri nke Naịl si aga n'elu mmiri ruo na nke isii nke cataract (nke a na-akpọ Khartoum nke oge a), mana ha amaghị ụzọ osimiri ahụ si aga (ma ọ bụ ebe o si aga) karịa nke ahụ.<ref name=unknown>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp= 54–55}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The ancient Egyptians were familiar with the Blue Nile's course up to Lake Tana.<ref name=unknown/>}} Osimiri Naịl dugara ndị Ijipt iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ a maara n'ụwa{{snd}}nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ''[[Sadd el-Kafara]]''{{snd}}ihe dị ka afọ 2600 Tupu Oge nchịkwa idei mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}{{efn|The [[Sadd el-Kafara]] failed before it was completed, and never functioned as a dam.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}}} ===Omenala Nubian, Etiopia, na Nilotic=== [[File:Rulers of Kush, Kerma Museum.jpg|thumb|Ndị eze [[Kushites|Kushite]], nke a makwaara dị ka ndị Fero ojii, duziri [[Usoro Ọchịchị Ijipt nke Iri Abụọ na Ise]].<ref name=Kushite/>|alt=A photograph of seven stone statues of individual men, in a standing posture.]] N'ebe ndịda nke oghere mmiri nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ omenala dị n'akụkụ Naịl (nke bụ ugbu a Sudan nke oge a) nke malitere mmepe na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo nke Afrịka.<ref name=Kerma/>{{efn|Some authorities place the northern limit of Nubia at the First Cataract;{{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=1447}} others at the Second Cataract.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=93}} }} Omenala ndị Nubia a toro n'otu aka ahụ na mmepeanya Ijipt nke dị n'ebe ugwu, mana ha enweghị njikọ ọ bụla ruo [[Alaeze Ochie nke Ijipt]] ihe dị ka afọ 3,000 Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Culture of the Nile"}} Mmepe mbụ nke Nubia bụ [[omenala Kerma]], nke dị site n'ihe dị ka 2600 TOA ruo 1500 TOA. Omenala Kerma bụ nke ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị na-azụ ehi, mana ọ gbanwere nwayọ nwayọ gaa n'ọrụ ugbo ka Sahara kpọrọ nkụ na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo Africa.<ref name=Kerma>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Little contact between Egypt and Sudan: "Culture of the Nile". |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=39-42}}. Collins focuses on language groups, and refers to the Kerma as "Cushitic people" based on their use of [[Cushitic languages]]. }}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 780 Tupu Oge Anyị, [[Alaeze Ukwu Kushite]] bilitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Atbarah. Alaeze Ukwu Kush meriri ọtụtụ akụkụ Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị nke [[Black Pharaoh]] ya,{{efn|Also called "Kushite Pharaohs".{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Egypt: Ancient"}} }} onye duru alaeze ukwu ahụ site n'obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.<ref name=Kushite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=107-115}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River", "Meroe"}}. }}</ref> Mgbe Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bilitere, alaeze Ndị Kraịst dị na Nubia (gụnyere [[Nobatia]], [[Makuria]], na [[Alodia]]) malitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam"}} N'ógbè ebe [[Eritrea]] nke oge a na nke ugwu [[Etiopia]] bi, [[Alaeze Aksum]] toro site na narị afọ nke mbụ ruo 960 O.A. Aksum ji Oké Osimiri Uhie eme njem, mana Atbarah na Blue Nile dịkwa n'ime obodo ya.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Ndị [[Funj Sultanate]] (1504 ruo 1821) chịrị mpaghara nke Sudan nke oge a kpuchiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=102}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Blue Nile River", "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam", "History of Sudan: Modern Period"}}. }}</ref> Ndị [[Alaeze Etiopia]] (1270–1974) bi n'ógbè Etiopia na Eritrea nke oge a.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke [[ndị Nilotic]], otu nnukwu obodo ndị malitere nso Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ South Sudan ugbu a, ma kwaga ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa Uganda na Kenya nke oge a.{{sfn| Stokes|2009 |pp=499-500|loc=Article: "Nilotes"}} Ndị Nilotic gụnyere [[Ndị Dinka|Ndị Dinka]] na [[Ndị Nuer|Ndị Nuer]], bụ́ ndị bụ agbụrụ kachasị na South Sudan; ha abụọ bụ ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-akwaga ehi ha n'oge ụfọdụ maka idei mmiri nke Naịl.<ref> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=138–144}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=70-77}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Sudd", "Dinka", "Nuer"}} }}</ref> ===Ijipt site n'oge ndị Rom ruo oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị=== [[File:Mahmoudiyah Canal.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848) wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Mahmoudiah]] iji kwado ịgba mmiri na njem.<ref name=ali/>|alt=A photograph of a river, lined with trees on both banks, and a boat docked on the side.]] Osimiri Naịl bụ isi ihe kpatara uto nke [[Alaeze Ukwu Rom]], nke [[Imerị Rom|chịkwara Ijipt]] ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ndị Rom si Ijipt na-ebubata nnukwu ọka, nke a kụrụ na idei mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=19-20}} Na narị afọ mbụ, eze ukwu [[Trajan]] wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Suez#Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Uhie|ọwa mmiri]] nke jikọtara Naịl na [[Oke Osimiri Uhie]].{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} N'agbata afọ 945 na 977 OA, idei mmiri nke Naịl dị obere nke ukwuu; ọdịda ihe ubi ndị a kpatara kpatara enweghị ntụkwasị obi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mere ka [[Fatimid Caliphate]] pụta.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}{{efn|Around 642 CE, Arab conquerors had brought Islam to Egypt, supplanting the Ancient Egyptian religion.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}}} Ndị Fatimid (narị afọ nke 10 na nke 11), [[Mamluk Sultanate]] (narị afọ nke 13 ruo nke 16), na [[Ottoman Egypt]] (narị afọ nke 16 ruo nke 19) nọgidere na-ewu ma na-elekọta ọwa mmiri dị n'Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} E ji ọwa mmiri mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo, nakwa maka azụmaahịa na maka agha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ijipt nwere nkà n'iwu ọwa mmiri, ha arụghị ihe mgbochi mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl nke ọma ruo narị afọ nke 19, mgbe owu{{snd}}gbara mmiri na mmiri Naịl{{snd}} ghọrọ ihe ubi dị mkpa maka Ijipt.<ref name=ali>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị mbụ a n'oge ọchịchị [[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848). E wuru obere ọdọ mmiri mbụ n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nso Cairo, ma mee ihe iji mee ka oge ihe ubi na-eto eto dịkwuo ogologo. Ali rụkwara ọwa mmiri gụnyere [[Ọwa mmiri Mahmoudiah]], nke malitere na 1818.<ref name=ali/><!-- {{ efn| Ali's son, [[Mohamed Sa'id Pasha]], worked with [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]] on other canals in Egypt, such as the [[Suez Canal]], begun in 1859.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=42-43}} }} --><nowiki> </nowiki>[[Ismail Pasha]] (Onyeisi oche nke Ijipt, 1863–1879) wuru [[Ọwa Ibrahimiya]]{{snd}} nke e mechara na 1873{{snd}} nke na-aga n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ma na-eji ya eme igba mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Beaumont|1993|p=249}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Khedive Isma'il 1830-1895"}}. }}</ref> === Ịchọ ebe Naịl si bịa=== [[File:Abyssinia 1619 map by Jodocus Hondius.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=An engraved map of central Africa. The map shows numerous towns and rivers through the continent. The map contains some geographic inaccuracies, indicating it is old and prepared before the modern era.|Maapụ Europe nke etiti Afrịka nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa. A na-akpọ Naịl ''Nilus fl.'' Ọtụtụ ihe dị na maapụ ahụ bụ echiche efu ma ọ bụ ihe efu.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}{{efn|The map was engraved by [[Jodocus Hondius]] or one of his followers, and published around 1619.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}}}]] Kemgbe oge ndị Gris oge ochie, ndị Yuropu na-achọ ịmata ebe Naịl si apụta na ebe idei mmiri ya si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=2}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|p=475}}. }} </ref> [[Herodotus]] bụ onye Gris na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke gara Ijipt n'afọ 457 Tupu Oge Anyị wee gaa Aswan n'elu Osimiri Naịl; ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya maka idei mmiri nke Naịl{{snd}} nke malitere n'oge ọkọchị mgbe mmiri ezoghị na Ijipt.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na Yuropu, Afrịka, na Arebia{{snd}} malitere na [[Eratosthenes]] na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị{{snd}} kwuru na ebe o si bịa bụ nchịkọta ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Other Europeans that inquired or speculated about the source of the Nile included [[Ptolemy]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Emperor Nero]], and [[Pedro Tafur]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}} }} --> Ọtụtụ maapụ Afrịka mbụ gosiri na Osimiri Naịl sitere n'ọdọ mmiri buru ibu dị n'ime ime Afrịka mana ruo afọ 1600, ha niile bụ echiche efu, ha adabereghịkwa na ihe ọmụma sayensị siri ike.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}{{efn|An example of an early map that shows the Nile and its source is from the 12th century, when the Arabian geographer [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] published a book ''[[Tabula Rogeriana]]'' which showed the Nile flowing from a large lake in Africa's interior.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=178}} }} E guzobere isi iyi nke Blue Nile n'ihi mmasị ndị Portugal nwere na Etiopia: [[Jesuits|Jesuit missionaries]] [[Pedro Páez]] gara leta isi iyi{{snd}}[[Gish Abay]]{{snd}}na mmalite narị afọ nke 17, ma dee ''[[História da Ethiópia]]'' na-akọwa oge ọ nọrọ na Etiopia. Akụkọ ya enweghị ụbọchị kpọmkwem ọ gara Gish Abay. Ndị nchọpụta Yuropu mechara rute Etiopia na narị afọ nke 17 na nke 18{{snd}}gụnyere [[Jerónimo Lobo]] na [[James Bruce]]{{snd}}kpọsara ihe Páez dere ma mee atụmatụ na ọ gara ebe ahụ n'agbata afọ 1613 na 1618.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}<!-- {{efn|Another European scholar that analyzed Páez's visit to the source of the Blue Nile was [[Athanasius Kircher]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha siri ike ịchọta karịa nke Naịl Blue. E guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ezie dị ka isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha ruo afọ 260 mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ bụ isi iyi nke Naịl Blue.<ref>{{Multiref |Source of Blue Nile: 1613-1618. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}. | Source of White Nile: 1874. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174–175}}. }}</ref> Na 1858, [[John Hanning Speke]] bụ onye Europe mbụ hụrụ Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, o mechara hụ osimiri na-asọpụta site n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke o chere na ọ bụ Naịl. <!-- {{ efn| In 1857, [[John Hanning Speke]] and [[Richard Francis Burton]] started a search for the Nile's source by departing from Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa{{snd}}rather than traveling upriver from Egypt{{snd}}and headed westward to the interior of Africa. They reached [[Lake Tanganyika]] and determined it was not the source.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}} During this first trip to Africa, Speke made a side trip on which he briefly saw Lake Victoria in 1858, but was unable to perform any measurements or draw conclusions about whether it was the source. Speke made a second journey to Lake Victoria that started in 1860; in 1862 he saw a river (now known to be the Nile) flowing out of Lake Victoria at modern [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]]. But he did not follow that river north to [[Gondokoro]] (the southernmost location of the known Nile) so there were some{{snd}}including Burton{{snd}}who disputed Speke's conclusion about the source.{{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} }} --> O soghị osimiri ahụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria ruo Sudan, nke mere ka ụfọdụ ndị nwee obi abụọ banyere nkwubi okwu ya na ọ bụ Naịl ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=36}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{ efn| In 1864, [[Samuel Baker]] became the first European to follow the Nile upstream from the Mediterranean Sea to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} Baker gave Lake Albert its name.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} In 1874, [[Henry Morton Stanley]] circumnavigated Lake Victoria, and determined that the outflowing river that Speke had identified was the only river leaving the lake. That fact{{snd}}in conjunction with the research from Baker and others{{snd}}confirmed that Lake Victoria was the source of the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174-175}} }} --> Mgbalị iji chọpụta kpọmkwem ebe mmiri Naịl Ọcha dị kpọmkwem malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 mgbe [[Richard Kandt]] kwuru na ebe mmiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Kagera]] n'ime [[Ọhịa Nyungwe]]{{snd}} Kagera na-abanye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.<ref name=SourceCite/> E mere ka ebe ebe ahụ si pụta dịkwuo mma na 1969 mgbe otu ndị nchọpụta si [[Mahadum Waseda]] chọpụtara otu mpaghara Kagera kpọmkwem.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na afọ 2006, otu ndị njem ahụ chọtara ebe ahụ n'afọ 1969 ọzọ, wee tinye nnukwu ihe nrịbama n'elu osisi dị nso.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na 2009, ndị ọkà mmụta jiri onyonyo satịlaịtị mee ka ebe isi iyi ahụ dị dịkwuo mma, wee tinye ya n'ebe dị kilomita ole na ole site na isi iyi 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} == Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmiri n'oge a== Osimiri Naịl gafere ọtụtụ ókèala mba ụwa, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [[osimiri na-agafe ókèala]] ma bụrụ isiokwu nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=749-751}} ===Oge ọchịchị obodo=== Mgbe [[Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị Britain na-achị Ijipt]] malitere na 1882,{{efn|European powers divided up Africa during a process called the [[Scramble for Africa]], formalized in the [[Berlin Conference]] of 1885. Under that agreement, Britain received most of the Nile Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=176–177,317}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc= Article: "Geography of the Nile"}}. }}</ref> }} ha malitere ọrụ mmiri ndị ọzọ iji mee ka mmepụta owu dịkwuo mma ma kwado ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Ijipt na-amụba ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=59–64}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref>{{efn|name=EgyptIndep}} E wuru nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ n'elu Osimiri Naịl [[Aswan Low Dam]], nke e mechara na 1902. E buliri elu ya ugboro abụọ: na 1912 na 1933.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị aka ike gụnyere Ọdọ Mmiri Sennar, nke e wuru n'etiti 1914 na 1925 n'elu Osimiri Blue Nile na Sudan, na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Jebel Aulia]], nke e mechara na 1937 n'akụkụ Khartoum.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} Isi ihe mere e ji rụọ dam ndị e wuru n'ime narị afọ nke 20 bụ ịkwado ịgba mmiri; mmepụta [[ike mmiri]] bụ naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke abụọ.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} Na 1929, e nwere nkwekọrịta n'etiti Ijipt na [[Sudan Anglo-Egypt]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{efn|The 1929 agreement was an exchange of letters between [[Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha]] (prime minister of Egypt) and the [[British High Commission]] of Egypt (representing Sudan). No other countries from the Nile Basin were involved in the agreement.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} The 1929 agreement was not the first treaty governing Nile waters: in 1891 Britain and Italy signed an agreement prohibiting dams on Ethiopian rivers;{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp =305-306}} and in 1902 a treaty between Britain, Ethiopia and Egypt was signed, prohibiting dams on the Blue Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021| p =329}} }} --> Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwuru na mba Ijipt na mba Sudan na-eji mita kubik ijeri iri anọ na asatọ na anọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ, n'otu n'otu. Ijipt nwere ikike inyocha otú mmiri si aga na mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, ịrụ ọrụ ndị metụtara osimiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, na ịgbachi nkịtị maka ọrụ owuwu ọ bụla ga-emetụta Ijipt nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> ===Oge mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị=== [[File:Großer Tempel (Abu Simbel) 31.jpg|thumb|E bufere [[Abu Simbel|Abu Simbel]] n'ala dị elu mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] ma jupụta ebe mbụ ha dị.{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} |alt=A huge rock sculpture of four kings sitting on thrones.]] Ijipt na Sudan nwere onwe ha n'aka Briten n'etiti afọ 1950.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-23}}{{efn|name=EgyptIndep|Egypt became nominally independent in 1922, but Britain maintained control of foreign policy and kept armed forces near the Suez Canal. Full independence was achieved in 1957 after the [[Suez Crisis]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=63-68}}}} N'afọ 1959, Ijipt na Sudan gbanwere nkwekọrịta nkewa mmiri nke afọ 1929. Nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ahụ kewara mmiri ahụ ka Ijipt na Sudan kewaa na ijeri cubic mita 55.5 na ijeri cubic mita 18.5 n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=122–123}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=22–24}}. }}</ref> E wepụrụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nkwekọrịta 1959 nke gụnyere Etiopia, nke bụ isi iyi nke ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}} Nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 gụnyere usoro ndị kwere ka Ijipt na Sudan wuo mgbochi mmiri, nke ha mere: Ijipt wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] (emechara 1970); Sudan wuru [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]] (1964), [[Roseires Dam]] (1966), [[Merowe Dam]] (2009), na [[Upper Atbara na Setit Dam Complex]] (2017).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}{{efn|The 1959 agreement also provided for financial compensation paid from Egypt to Sudan for the displacement of [[Nubians]] as a result of the new reservoir behind the Aswan High Dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-24}}}} N'afọ 1960, Ijipt malitere iwu Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke na-echekwa mmiri Naịl ruo ihe dị ka afọ abụọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=15–16}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref> Akwa mmiri ahụ gbanwere akụkụ ala nke osimiri Naịl (site na akwa mmiri ahụ ruo n'oké osimiri) ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ọwa mmiri.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=16}} Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere mmetụta dị mma: enwere ọtụtụ mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, ike mmiri enyekwala ọkụ eletrik karịa maka mmepụta ihe ndị Ijipt. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ gụnyere adịghị mma mmiri, mbelata nke ala ọmụmụ n'ihi enweghị ájá ọhụrụ nke idei mmiri na-etinye, mmụba [[Nnu ala#Nnu n'ihi ịgba mmiri|nnu ala]], schistosomiasis, mfu ebe obibi maka osisi na anụmanụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, na mgbasa nke ndị Nubia.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|pp=148–151}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=46,53,69}}. }}</ref> Aswan High Dam jupụtara mmiri idei n'ọtụtụ ebe dị na Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ọ gaarakwa emebi ọtụtụ ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa. [[Mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile Iji Zọpụta Ihe Ncheta nke Nubia|mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile]] iji zọpụta ụfọdụ ihe ncheta ka mmiri ghara ijupụta n'ime mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ zọpụtara ụfọdụ ihe ncheta nke ọma, gụnyere [[Abu Simbel | Temple Abu Simbel]].{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke dị elu manyere ịkwaga ọtụtụ [[ndị Nubia]] bi na ndagwurugwu ahụ nke mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ kpuchiri. A chụpụrụ ndị Nubia n'ala nna nna ha, a manyekwara ọtụtụ n'ime ha ịkwaga n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche dị n'Ijipt na Sudan.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hassan|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=187-189}}. }}</ref> === Esemokwu na mkparịta ụka na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20=== [[File:Slope of Nile.png|thumb|Oke mmiri nke Naịl dị n'elu mmiri (n'aka ekpe, na eserese a), nke na-enye ohere nke ukwuu maka mmepụta ike mmiri.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}}]] N'ime narị afọ nke 20 niile, e nwere enweghị nguzozi n'ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime Osimiri Naịl: Ijipt na Sudan n'ebe ugwu nwere ike karịa mba iri ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda.<ref name=powerShift/> Mgbe Ijipt na Sudan mechara nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959, ọtụtụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri (gụnyere Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, na Etiopia) malitere ikwu okwu megide usoro nkwekọrịta ahụ, ma rụrịta ụka na ha ejighị nkwekọrịta ahụ n'aka n'ihi na ha abụghị ndị so na ya.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=24-25}} Arụmụka nke mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri bụ na ọdọ mmiri ndị Ijipt na Sudan wuru chebere mba abụọ ahụ pụọ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ụnwụ nri, na idei mmiri, mana mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dịka Etiopia ka nọ n'okpuru oké ọkọchị na ụnwụ nri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=71, 339-344}}{{efn|According to [[Sundeep Waslekar]], Nile Basin droughts in the 20th century affected around 170 million people and killed half a million people.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}} From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012, 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}}}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan High Dam na-emepụta ihe dị ka ijeri kilowatt iri kwa afọ; ma nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Ijipt ohere ịkọ ihe ubi ugboro atọ kwa afọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu owuwe ihe ubi tupu ọwa mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=70}} Ndị ndu Ijipt na-ekwukarị na ha dị njikere iji ndị agha chebe ikike ha dịka nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 si dị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=24–25}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=82}}. }}</ref> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, mba Afrịka sonyere n'ọtụtụ mgbalị iji guzobe amụma nkekọrịta mmiri{{snd}}gụnyere [[Undugu Commission]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1983 ruo 1993) na [[TECCONILE]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1993 ruo 1998){{snd}} mana ha enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta nkwekọrịta ogologo oge.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=26-27}} Na 1999, itoolu n'ime iri {{efn| South Sudan was not yet a country in 1999, but joined the [[Nile Basin Initiative]] in 2012.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Eritrea has declined to participate in the Nile Basin Initiative.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=312}} }} mba ndị dị na Naịl {{snd}}Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania na Uganda{{snd}}guzobere [[Mmepe Naịl Basin]] iji kwalite mkparịta ụka udo gbasara okwu ndị metụtara Naịl Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin Trust Fund", ''World Bank Group''}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=16}}. }}</ref> === Mgbanwe ike gaa mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri === [[File:GERD 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Dam Mmiri Renaissance nke Etiopia]], nke e mechara n'afọ 2025, na-emepụta ihe karịrị gigawatts ise.{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}}|alt=A photograph of large concrete dam and the reservoir it creates. The photo is taken from an aerial viewpoint, looking down from above. Large plumes of white water spray over a spillway.]] Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 21, ike gbanwere gaa na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri ka ha malitere iwu ọdọ mmiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.<ref name=powerShift>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=20–21,25,32–33}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=336–337, 341–342}}. |{{harvnb|Allan|2009|pp=760–768}}. }} </ref> Na afọ 2008, Etiopia wuru [[Mmiri Tekezé]] n'achọghị ikike n'aka Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=336-337}} Na 2010, mba ise dị n'elu {{snd}}Uganda, Etiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, na Kenya{{efn|Kenya abụghị otu n'ime ndị mbụ bịanyere aka na ya, kama ha bịanyere aka na ya obere oge ka e mechara mepụta ya.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=244-245}} }}{{snd}}binyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ {{snd}} [[Agreement Conoperative Framework Agreement]]{{snd}} nke bu n'obi ikenye mmiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi maka mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri. Ihe kpaliri Kenya ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ na ha nwere atụmatụ ịpụpụta mmiri site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria maka ịgba mmiri. Egypt na Sudan megidere nkwekọrịta nke afọ 2010.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=244–245}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=25–26}}. |{{harvnb|Roussi|2020}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Na 2011, [[2011 ntuli aka nnwere onwe nke South Sudan|South Sudan ghọrọ mba nke iri na otu n'ime Osimiri Naịl. N'esemokwu mmiri ndị sochirinụ, South Sudan jikọrọ aka na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri kama iso Sudan.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Na 2011, Etiopia kwupụtara atụmatụ iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri na Blue Nile dị nso na ókèala ya na Sudan. E mechara kpọọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Etiopia lere GERD anya dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọdịnihu mba ahụ, n'ihi na ike ọkụ eletrik nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-emepụta ga-eme ka o nwee ike ime ka ndụ ndị bi na ya dịkwuo mma nke ukwuu. Ijipt nwere nchegbu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-etinye mmiri n'ihe ubi ya n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi na Ijipt na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri osimiri niile na-abata n'obodo ya, ma ọ na-echegbu onwe ya na mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ ga-ebute ụkọ mmiri. Sudan nwere nchegbu maka nchekwa na mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=30}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=316}}. }}</ref> Mgbe a mara ọkwa na e nwere ihe mgbochi mmiri ahụ, onyeisiala Ijipt [[Mohamed Morsi]] kwuru na mwakpo ndị agha megide Etiopia bụ nhọrọ,{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Sudan na Ijipt mekwara ọtụtụ [[mmega agha]] nkwonkwo.{{sfn|İlkbahar|Mercan|2023|pp=1165-1166}} E mere ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka n'etiti Etiopia, Sudan, na Ijipt mgbe a na-arụ akwa mmiri ahụ ma na-ejupụta ebe a na-edebe mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Roach|2025|pp=1-2}} Na 2015, mba ndị ahụ bịanyere aka na "Nkwupụta nke Ụkpụrụ" nke nwere nkwekọrịta dị elu gbasara ojiji mmiri na usoro ijupụta ihe dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}}{{efn| The 2015 agreement stipulated that the three countries would use the Nile's waters in a fair and appropriate manner; and they agreed on an approach to filling the reservoir and operating the dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} }} Na 2019, mba Amerịka kwadoro mkparịta ụka n'etiti mba ndị a.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} Na 2020, [[African Union]] malitere ịkwado mkparịta ụka.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=29-31}} N'afọ ahụ, Ijipt rịọrọ [[Kọmitii Nchebe Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] ka ha tinye aka, mana ha jụrụ ime otú ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30-32}} N'afọ 2021 na 2022, [[UAE]] kwadoro mkparịta ụka ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30,33}} E mechara iwu ụlọ nke GERD dam n'afọ 2020, ebe nchekwa mmiri ahụ jupụtakwara na 2025, ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik.{{Sfn|Mureithi |2025}} <!-- ===Future=== In the early 2020s, the population of the Nile Basin was about 250 million people, and the total population of the eleven countries of the basin was over 400 million.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin", ''Nile Basin Initiative''}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Egypt's population was about 100 million, a dramatic increase from 2.5 million in 1800{{snd}}made possible by the construction of dams, the [[green revolution]], and the industrialization of agricultural practices.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=61}} In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} --> iuo4yyo6fi11qthm670v9x8usrmg55u 0 77568 674331 2026-07-09T00:22:16Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313377316|Lake Gabou]]" 674331 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Gabou''' (Arabic: بحيرة كب, French: Lac Gabou, Fula: Hoorewendu) bụ ọdọ mmiri na mpaghara ala mmiri juru n'ọdọ na apịtị dị na Mpaghara Tagant nke obodo Mauritania. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-akpọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ebe mmiri ya gbara ya gburugburu Tammourt en Naaj (Arabic: تمورت والنجا) ma ọ bụ Hoorewendu, nke pụtara "isi ala apịtị" n'asụsụ Pulaar. Ebe ahụ bụkwa ebe enyí mmiri bi ma na-achọ ebe mgbaba.<ref name="Kane">{{Cite book|author=Kane|first=Oumar|title=La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul|date=2004|publisher=Karthala|location=Paris|url=https://www.cairn.info/la-premiere-hegemonie-peule--9782845865211-page-114.htm|accessdate=12 July 2023}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-ejide mmiri si n'ugwu Tagant ma na-akwado ọtụtụ osisi na anụmanụ, gụnyere [[Hyphaene thebaica|nkwụ]] ụbọchị na nkwụ, ụdị nkwụ abụọ dị mkpa na akụ na ụba, yana osisi osisi baobab nke Afrịka na roses ọzara. Ọ bụkwa ebe mgbaba maka Agụ iyi ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka na nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị. A họpụtara ya dị ka Ebe Ramsar na 2009. A họpụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ruffs na-anọ n'oge oyi.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/gabou-iba-mauritania|title=Gabou|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-24}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 8ezmpq4s62kocmd1qlz2c0nmfb68f2r 0 77569 674334 2026-07-09T00:39:17Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357767903|Middle Atlas]]" 674334 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Middle_Atlas.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe osise nke Middle Atlas]] [[Faịlụ:Talzemt.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Panoramic ruo Talzemt nke Middle Atlas]] '''Middle Atlas''' (Amazigh: ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, Atlas Anammas; Arabic: الأطلس المتوسط, al-Aṭlas al-Mutawassiṭ) bụ usoro ugwu dị na obodo Morocco. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke usoro Ugwu Atlas, nke bụ mpaghara ugwu sara mbara nke karịrị kilomita skwea 100,000, na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka pasent 15 nke ala Morocco, ebe ọtụtụ akụkụ ya dị elu karịa mita 2,000 n'elu oke osimiri.Middle Atlas bụ usoro ugwu kacha dị n'ebe ugwu ma bụrụkwa nke abụọ kachasị elu n'ime usoro ugwu Atlas atọ bụ isi dị na Morocco. N'ebe ndịda ya, Osimiri Moulouya na Osimiri Um Er-Rbiâ na-ekewa ya na High Atlas. Middle Atlas na-etolitekwa njedebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke nnukwu ndagwurugwu dị larịị nke na-agbatị ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ banye n'obodo Algeria. Ndagwurugwu a nwekwara Tell Atlas n'ebe ugwu ya na Saharan Atlas n'ebe ndịda ya, nke ọtụtụ akụkụ ha dị na Algeria.N'ebe ugwu Middle Atlas, nke Osimiri Sebou na-ekewa ya, ka Ugwu Rif dị. Ugwu Rif bụ mgbatị nke usoro ugwu Baetic System, nke gụnyere Sierra Nevada dị na ndịda Spain.Ndagwurugwu Sebou abụghị naanị ụzọ njem kachasị mkpa n'etiti akụkụ Morocco nke dị n'akụkụ Oke Osimiri Atlantic na nke dị n'akụkụ Oke Osimiri Mediterranean, kama ọ bụkwa mpaghara a na-enweta mmiri sitere na Middle Atlas, nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ isi mpaghara ọrụ ugbo nke obodo Morocco. A mụrụ Barbary macaque na Middle Atlas, ndị isi na-apụta naanị n'ebe a kpaara ókè n'akụkụ Morocco na Algeria. Snow na-aga n'ihu na Middle Atlas n'oge oyi ma nwee ike ịpụta malite na 600 m n'elu oke osimiri. == Ọdịdị ala na gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Faịlụ:Atlas-Mountains-Labeled-2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|400x400px|Map na-egosi ebe Ugwu Atlas dị gafee North Africa (topographic na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị) ]] [[Faịlụ:Landscape_Tazekka_Park_Morocco_Nov25_A7CR_09249.jpg|thumb|Ala siri ike, ọhịa nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Tazekka]] Mpaghara Middle Atlas na-ekpuchi mpaghara dị ihe dịka kilomita skwea 23,000, ma bụrụ ihe dịka pasent 18 nke mpaghara ugwu niile dị na Morocco. Mpaghara ọchịchị nke Khénifra, Ifrane, Boulmane, Sefrou, Khemisset, El Hajeb, yana akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mpaghara Taza na Beni Mellal, dị n'ime mpaghara Middle Atlas. Béni Mellal, nke dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Oum Er-Rbia, ka a na-akpọ "ọnụ ụzọ banye Middle Atlas. Middle Atlas bụ ugwu siri ike nke dị kilomita 350 n'ogologo n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Morocco]] nwere amara pụrụ iche nke gụnyere Jbel Hebr, ugwu mgbawa. [[Biodiversity|Ụdị ihe dị iche iche]] dị iche iche, ma na anụmanụ ma na osisi, na-eme ka Middle Atlas bụrụ ebe ndị njem nleta dị mkpa. A maara mpaghara ahụ maka mpụta nke primate [[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]], Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus; enwe a tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme nwere nkesa sara mbara n'ebe ugwu Morocco. A na-ahụkwa Ezì ọhịa na [[wiktionary:polecat|polecat]] n'ime Middle Atlas Range. Ọdịdị ya bụ: * Ọ bụ nkume limestone. * Nkume dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agba ọsọ ruo n'ebe dị elu nke 800 ruo 1,000 mita. * Nkume a tụgharịrị agbatị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ ma na-agba ọsọ ruo n'ebe dị elu karịa 3000 m, na ebe kachasị elu, Jbel Bou Naceur na 3340 m. * E nwere ugwu ndị na-agbọpụta ọkụ. N'elu ndagwurugwu ugwu, nnukwu ọhịa nke osisi cedar gbasara, nke ndagwurugwum miri emi jikọtara. N'ịbụ nke Plaine du Saïs bara ọgaranya na obodo Fes, Meknes na Beni Mellal gbara gburugburu, ugwu ugwu nke Middle Atlas bụ ebe agbụrụ Berber siri ike, na-asụ Tamazight ma na-ebi na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị ala. [[Faịlụ:Khénifra-cèdre.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mpaghara osisi cedar nke Khénifra]] Otu n'ime okporo ụzọ ndị isi na-agafe Middle Atlas na ndịda Morocco, na-ejikọ Fes na Tafilalet. Ọ dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Atlas. Middle Atlas na-agwụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na Tazekka National Park, nke nwere ala jupụtara na ndagwurugwu na ọgba dị warara. N'ebe ndịda Sefrou, oké ọhịa nke osisi cedar, nke holm oak na nke cork oak na-agbanwe agbanwe na efere volcanic e wepụrụ na obere ọdọ mmiri azụ. Nkume nke Middle Atlas bụ Ifrane National Park, nke dị n'etiti Khenifra na Ifrane. Ebe kachasị elu na Middle Atlas bụ Jbel Bou Naceur, nke ịdị elu ya ruru mita 3,340. Ihe dị ka kilomita 15 n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ya ka ugwu Moussa ou Sabel, nke bụ ugwu nke abụọ kachasị elu n'ógbè ahụ, dị, na ịdị elu ya bụ mita 3,172. N'ebe dị nso na Immouzer Marmoucha ka Jbel Bou Iblane dị, nke ịdị elu ya ruru mita 3,081. == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == N'ihi ịdị elu ya, Middle Atlas na-enwe snow n'oge ọnwa oyi na ihu igwe dị jụụ n'oge ọkọchị. Obodo Ifrane na-enwe snow zuru oke n'oge ọnwa oyi nke na ọ na-enye ebe obibi dị ụkọ n'Africa: ọ bụ ebe a na-agba ọsọ. == Ebe ndị dị mkpa == Middle Atlas gụnyere ebe anọ dị mkpa: * Mmiri nke Sebou: nke dị ihe dị ka 40,000 km², na-abanye n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic.&nbsp; * Ọdọ mmiri nke Oum Errabiaa: gbasaa n'elu site na 35,000 km², na-agbanye n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic.&nbsp; * Mmiri nke Bou Regreg: na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka 10,000 km², na-agbanye n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic.&nbsp; * Mmiri nke Moulouya: na-esi na mpaghara Almssid ma na-agbanye ma Middle na High Atlas, nke nwere mmiri nke 74,000 km², na-agbadata na Mediterenian.&nbsp; Middle Atlas na-enye nnukwu mmiri nke na-asọ n'ụzọ kwụsie ike n'ime osimiri ndị a. E wuru ebe nchekwa mmiri iji belata idei mmiri, kwalite njem nlegharị anya, ma chekwaa mmiri ga-akwado mmepe nke ịkụ osisi mkpụrụ osisi, nke bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara ahụ. == Hụkwa == * Oké ọhịa na oké ọhịa Mediterenian * Osisi cedar Gouraud * Idriss nke Mbụ (dam) * Osimiri Ouergha * Ọdọ Mmiri Ouiouane * Ọdọ Mmiri Dayet Ifrah == Edensibịa == * C. Michael Hogan. 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090831095518/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=31757 ''Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg] * Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 2006. ''World and Its Peoples'', Published by Marshall Cavendish,  ,   == Ihe edeturu n'ahịrị == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Regions of Africa}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|33|30|N|4|30|W|region:MA_type:mountain}} hld649kaqq3x61j43xjpit4jmq5lfmq 0 77570 674335 2026-07-09T00:50:58Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362061217|Al Massira Dam]]" 674335 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ọdọ Mmiri Al Massira |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Airplane_view_of_Moroccan_dam_2020.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px">[[Faịlụ:Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|240x240px|Al Massira Dam is located in Morocco]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:42.176%;left:45.656%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Al Massira Dam]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Al Massira</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ebe dị na Morocco</div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha gọọmentị&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri Al Massira |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |Morocco |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data" |Ebe obibi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Njikọ | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al_Massira_Dam&params=32_28_31_N_07_38_15_W_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°28′31′′N</span> <span class="longitude">07°38′15′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.47528°N 7.63750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.47528; -7.63750</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:8}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al_Massira_Dam&params=32_28_31_N_07_38_15_W_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°28′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">07°38′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.47528°N 7.63750°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">32.47528; -7.63750</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnọdụ | class="infobox-data" |Ọrụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụbọchị mmeghe&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1979 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye nwe ya | class="infobox-data" |Ụlọ Ọrụ Eletrik Mba (ONE) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Mmiri na mmiri na-asọba |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị mmiri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Ihe mgbochi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe ndị a na-eme ka ha ghara ịdị mma | class="infobox-data" |Osimiri Oum Er-Rbia |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |82 m (269 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |390 m (1,280 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe mgbochi mmiri&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |³,000 m3 (12,500,000 cu ft) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ebe a na-echekwa mmiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ngụkọta nke ikike&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |2,7⁶<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span>^6 m³ (2,240,000 acre⋅ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe a na-ejide mmiri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |²,500 km2 (11,000 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe dị n'elu&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |80 km² (31 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ụlọ Ọrụ Ike |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụbọchị e nyere ọrụ&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1980 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Turbines | class="infobox-data" |2 x 64 MW (86,000 hp) Francis-ụdị&nbsp;&nbsp;Ụdị Francis |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ikike arụnyere<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |128 MW (172,000 hp) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọgbọ kwa afọ<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |221 GWh (800 TJ) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri Al Massira |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |15 Jenụwarị 2005 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1471 |} Mgbochi Mmiri Al Massira bụ mgbochi mmiri ụdị buttress nke dị ihe dịka kilomita 70 (43mil) n'ebe ndịda obodo Settat, n'elu Osimiri Oum Er-Rbia, na Mpaghara Settat nke Morocco. E mechara iwu mgbochi mmiri ahụ n'afọ 1979, ma ọ na-enye mmiri maka ịgba mmiri n'ubi karịrị hekta 100,000 nke ala ọrụ ugbo dị na mpaghara Doukkala.Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik sitere na mmiri nke mgbochi mmiri ahụ na-emepụta ihe dị ka gigawatt-hour 221 ( 800 TJ) nke ọkụ eletrik kwa afọ n'ogologo. A malitere iji ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ arụ ọrụ n'afọ 1980.N'ebe ugwu mgbochi mmiri ahụ dịkwa otu dam nkwado e ji nkume buru ibu , nke ọrụ ya bụ ịkwado ma debe ịdị elu mmiri dị n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Al Massira|url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=227|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183249/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=227|archivedate=9 October 2011|publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement|accessdate=23 August 2011|language=French}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == A họpụtara ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị ka Ebe Ramsar na 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morocco names 20 varied new Ramsar sites|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-76^16152_4000_0__|publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands|accessdate=23 August 2011|date=26 June 2005}}</ref> A họpụtakwala ala mmiri dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ha na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke nnụnụ mmiri na-anọ n'oge oyi, gụnyere shelducks, teals marbled, shovelers nke ugwu na gull-billed terns.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/barrage-al-massira-iba-morocco|title=Barrage al Massira|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-23}}</ref> Na nyocha nke foto satellite nke mmiri ahụ site na BBC kpughere oke mmiri bụ 3% nke ego dị afọ itoolu gara aga. Mba ahụ tara ahụhụ site na afọ isii nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. Ministri mmiri nke Morocco gwara BBC na a kwụsịtụrụ iji mmiri nke mmiri ahụ maka ịgba ala ugbo mmiri kemgbe 2021, a na-echekwa mmiri maka inye obodo ndị dị ka Casablanca na Marrakech. Ọtụtụ n'ime isi iyi ndị dị n'Ugwu Middle Atlas, nke na-enye mmiri ahụ, akpọnwụọla. Mbelata snow na-ada n'ebe dị elu nyekwara aka n'ime ka mmiri na-agbaze nke nta na-abanye n'iyi ndị na-enye mmiri ahụ. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, Morocco dekọrọ okpomọkụ kachasị elu nke 50.4C nke kpatara mmụba nke evaporation, na-agbakwunye na mbelata nke mmiri.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 April 2024|title=Morocco drought: Satellite images show vital Al Massira reservoir is shrinking|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68665826|accessdate=10 April 2024|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Hụkwa == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />  * Mohamed V Dam - ebe ọzọ Ramsar dị na Morocco * Ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na Morocco == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] i0e0ig7j0626ctfghhox51aaaa99ur7 674336 674335 2026-07-09T00:53:25Z Neme244 16387 fixed reference error 674336 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ọdọ Mmiri Al Massira |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Airplane_view_of_Moroccan_dam_2020.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px">[[Faịlụ:Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|240x240px|Al Massira Dam is located in Morocco]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:42.176%;left:45.656%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Al Massira Dam]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Al Massira</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ebe dị na Morocco</div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha gọọmentị&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri Al Massira |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |Morocco |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data" |Ebe obibi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Njikọ | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al_Massira_Dam&params=32_28_31_N_07_38_15_W_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°28′31′′N</span> <span class="longitude">07°38′15′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.47528°N 7.63750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.47528; -7.63750</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:8}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al_Massira_Dam&params=32_28_31_N_07_38_15_W_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°28′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">07°38′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.47528°N 7.63750°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">32.47528; -7.63750</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnọdụ | class="infobox-data" |Ọrụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụbọchị mmeghe&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1979 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye nwe ya | class="infobox-data" |Ụlọ Ọrụ Eletrik Mba (ONE) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Mmiri na mmiri na-asọba |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị mmiri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Ihe mgbochi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe ndị a na-eme ka ha ghara ịdị mma | class="infobox-data" |Osimiri Oum Er-Rbia |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |82 m (269 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |390 m (1,280 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe mgbochi mmiri&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |³,000 m3 (12,500,000 cu ft) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ebe a na-echekwa mmiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ngụkọta nke ikike&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |2,7⁶<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span>^6 m³ (2,240,000 acre⋅ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe a na-ejide mmiri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |²,500 km2 (11,000 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe dị n'elu&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |80 km² (31 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ụlọ Ọrụ Ike |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụbọchị e nyere ọrụ&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1980 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Turbines | class="infobox-data" |2 x 64 MW (86,000 hp) Francis-ụdị&nbsp;&nbsp;Ụdị Francis |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ikike arụnyere<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |128 MW (172,000 hp) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọgbọ kwa afọ<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |221 GWh (800 TJ) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri Al Massira |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |15 Jenụwarị 2005 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1471 |} Mgbochi Mmiri Al Massira bụ mgbochi mmiri ụdị buttress nke dị ihe dịka kilomita 70 (43mil) n'ebe ndịda obodo Settat, n'elu Osimiri Oum Er-Rbia, na Mpaghara Settat nke Morocco. E mechara iwu mgbochi mmiri ahụ n'afọ 1979, ma ọ na-enye mmiri maka ịgba mmiri n'ubi karịrị hekta 100,000 nke ala ọrụ ugbo dị na mpaghara Doukkala.Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik sitere na mmiri nke mgbochi mmiri ahụ na-emepụta ihe dị ka gigawatt-hour 221 ( 800 TJ) nke ọkụ eletrik kwa afọ n'ogologo. A malitere iji ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ arụ ọrụ n'afọ 1980.N'ebe ugwu mgbochi mmiri ahụ dịkwa otu dam nkwado e ji nkume buru ibu , nke ọrụ ya bụ ịkwado ma debe ịdị elu mmiri dị n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Al Massira|url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=227|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183249/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=227|archivedate=9 October 2011|publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement|accessdate=23 August 2011|language=French}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == A họpụtara ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị ka Ebe Ramsar na 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morocco names 20 varied new Ramsar sites|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-76^16152_4000_0__|publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands|accessdate=23 August 2011|date=26 June 2005}}</ref> A họpụtakwala ala mmiri dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ha na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke nnụnụ mmiri na-anọ n'oge oyi, gụnyere shelducks, teals marbled, shovelers nke ugwu na gull-billed terns.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/barrage-al-massira-iba-morocco|title=Barrage al Massira|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-23}}</ref> Na nyocha nke foto satellite nke mmiri ahụ site na BBC kpughere oke mmiri bụ 3% nke ego dị afọ itoolu gara aga. Mba ahụ tara ahụhụ site na afọ isii nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. Ministri mmiri nke Morocco gwara BBC na a kwụsịtụrụ iji mmiri nke mmiri ahụ maka ịgba ala ugbo mmiri kemgbe 2021, a na-echekwa mmiri maka inye obodo ndị dị ka Casablanca na Marrakech. Ọtụtụ n'ime isi iyi ndị dị n'Ugwu Middle Atlas, nke na-enye mmiri ahụ, akpọnwụọla. Mbelata snow na-ada n'ebe dị elu nyekwara aka n'ime ka mmiri na-agbaze nke nta na-abanye n'iyi ndị na-enye mmiri ahụ. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, Morocco dekọrọ okpomọkụ kachasị elu nke 50.4C nke kpatara mmụba nke evaporation, na-agbakwunye na mbelata nke mmiri.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 April 2024|title=Morocco drought: Satellite images show vital Al Massira reservoir is shrinking|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68665826|accessdate=10 April 2024|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Mohamed V Dam - ebe ọzọ Ramsar dị na Morocco * Ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na Morocco == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 5qc0z7puowrhserp0qkj0bxg3rm93hl 0 77571 674337 2026-07-09T01:00:41Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347715433|Lake Afennourrir]]" 674337 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Lac_Afenounir.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Na-eri Nri]] Ọdọ Mmiri Afennourrir bụ ọdọ mmiri dị elu nke dị na obodo Ain El Louh na mpaghara Ifrane, ihe dị ka kilomita 30 site n'obodo Azrou, na [[Morocco]]. Ọdọ mmiri a gbasara n'ebe dị hekta 300 ma dị n'ebe ịdị elu nke mita 1800 n'elu oke osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afennourrir Lake Aguelmame Mountain Lake That Stock Photo 1232204953|url=https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/afennourrir-lake-aguelmame-mountain-that-administratively-1232204953|accessdate=2024-10-12|work=Shutterstock|language=en}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ya n'etiti oke ọhịa cedar mere ka e tinye ya n'ime ndepụta Ramsar n'ụbọchị 20 Juu, 1990, dịka otu n'ime ala mmiri dị n'ógbè Middle Atlas. E nyere ya ọnọdụ a n'ihi ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na nke usoro mmiri ọ na-arụ, nke na-enyere aka ichekwa ụdị ndụ dị iche iche nke ụwa na ịkwado ịdịgide ndụ mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac d'Afennourir {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/208|accessdate=2024-10-09|work=rsis.ramsar.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Les zones humides et l'eau {{!}} Zones Humides|url=https://www.zones-humides.org/les-zones-humides-et-l-eau|accessdate=2024-10-12|work=www.zones-humides.org}}</ref> == Ebe ọ dị n'ozuzu == Ọ dị n'elu ala dị larịị nke Middle Atlas nke nwere ọdịdị tebụl, ihe dị ka kilomita 20 n'ebe ndịda obodo Azrou. Ọ dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ nke atọ nke na-ejikọta obodo Aïn Leuh na RP 20, bụ okporo ụzọ na-ejikọta Azrou na Midelt. Ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke Kọmun Aïn Leuh, nke dị na Mpaghara Ifrane. <ref>{{Cite web|author=سكينة|date=2017-04-05|title=تعزيز بحيرة أفنورير المتضررة من التغيرات المناخية ب 180 ألف سمكة|url=https://www.barlamane.com/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A/|accessdate=2024-10-09|work=برلمان.كوم|language=ar}}</ref> == Mgbanwe == N'afọ 2017, Kọmitii Ukwu nke Morocco maka Mmiri na Ọhịa wepụtara nnukwu azụ n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Afennourir nke ụdị dị iche iche, nke ruru ihe karịrị azụ 180,000. Ebumnuche nke ọrụ a bụ iji weghachite nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọdọ mmiri a, nke oke ọkọchị na mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara na-eduga n'ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ azụ na mbata nke nnụnụ ndị na-ezukọta n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The impact of climatic variations on the role and sustainable management of natural ecosystems in the Middle Atlas (Afenourir wetland area case)|url=https://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/a102/00006861.pdf}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <references /> <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|33.280|-5.253|type:waterbody_region:MA}} 54dqenlsrnbjy3cosm04125mo84h8ox 0 77572 674338 2026-07-09T01:20:58Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1265540231|Lake Aguelmame Sidi Ali]]" 674338 wikitext text/x-wiki   Aguelmame Sidi Ali bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na Mpaghara Khénifra, n'ime Béni Mellal-Khénifra, na Morocco. Ọ dị n'ebe ịdị elu ruru mita 2,080 n'elu oke osimiri. Aguelmame Sidi Ali nwere mpaghara elu mmiri dị ihe dịka hekta 500 (eka 1,200) ma nwee omimi ruru mita 36.Ọ dị nso na ókèala Mpaghara Ifrane, n'ime ugwu Middle Atlas. Ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Khénifra , ebe echedoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke nwere mpaghara dị 842 km²(325 mi2), nke e hiwere n'afọ 2008.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Physio-géo|author=Sayad|first=Ahmed|year=2011|chapter=Effet des conditions climatiques sur le niveau du lac Sidi Ali (Moyen Atlas, Maroc)|pages=251–268|language=fr|doi=10.4000/physio-geo.2145}}</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/khenifra-national-park-national-park|title=Khenifra National Park in Morocco|publisher=Protected Planet|accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'ime ugwu Middle Atlas, n'ebe ịdị elu ruru mita 2,080 n'elu oke osimiri, ma nwee mpaghara mmiri na-anakọta mmiri nke dị ihe dịka 15.6 km².E hiwere ya n'oge Upper Miocene ruo Quaternary, n'ebe ahịrị mgbaji ala abụọ na-ezukọta. Ọ dị n'ime oghere eke dị n'ime nkume basalt, ma mejupụtara ya site n'ọdọ mmiri abụọ nke ugwu nkume dị n'etiti ha na-ekewa. Ugwu nkume a na-apụta ìhè mgbe ogo mmiri dara.Mmiri ya na-enweta site na mmiri ozuzo na-asọba n'elu ala, mmiri snow na-agbaze, na isi iyi mmiri karst. Ọkwa pH nke mmiri ahụ bụ 9.1, ọdịnaya mineral dị na ya adịghị elu, ebe ikike ya ịduzi ọkụ eletrik dị n'agbata 1200 na 1600 µS/cm.<ref>{{Cite web|author=s.r.o|first=Tripomatic|title=Aguelmame Sidi Ali lake in Khenifra National Park, Morocco|url=https://travel.sygic.com/en/poi/aguelmame-sidi-ali-lake-poi:20057484|accessdate=2024-04-30|work=travel.sygic.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Marini, Alberto|title=Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo-BZJz8GOEC&pg=PA146|year=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-8937-4}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Aguelmame Sidi Ali, Middle Atlas Morocco, Holocene diatom analyses|url=https://www.jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol7/vol7_N10/404-JMES-El%20hamouti.pdf}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Ebe gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburugburu bụ nke osisi cedar Atlas (''Cedrus atlantica'') gbara gburugburu, mana n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, oké ọhịa a emebiwo na mpaghara gbara ọdọ mmiri gburugburu aghọwo ala kpọrọ nkụ, nke nwere ogwu nke Spanish juniper (''Juniperus thurifera'') na-achịkwa. plankton na sediment dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ bara ọgaranya na diatoms, ọkachasị nke ụdị ''Cyclotella'', a na-ejikwa ha nye ihe akaebe nke paleohydrology na mgbanwe hydroclimatic metụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ enweela n'elu Aeons.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-26|title=Aguelmams Sidi Ali - Tifounassine {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1468|accessdate=2024-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213423/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1468|archivedate=2018-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-10|title=Note archéologique sur l'Aguelman de Sidi-Ali (Moyen-Atlas, Maroc) - Persée|doi=10.3406/bspf.1932.5669|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bspf_0249-7638_1932_num_29_12_5669|accessdate=2024-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210235521/https://www.persee.fr/doc/bspf_0249-7638_1932_num_29_12_5669|archivedate=2020-02-10}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, e nyere Aguelmams Sidi Ali / Tifounassine Complex, nke mejupụtara ala mmiri ugwu atọ dị n'ebe ịdị elu ha dị n'agbata mita 1,900 na 2,100, ọnọdụ Ebe Ramsar. Ala mmiri ndị a bụ ebe dị mkpa nke nnụnụ ndị bi n'ala mmiri na-akwaga ebe ọzọ na-anọ n'oge oyi, gụnyere ruddy shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea) na crested coot (Fulica cristata).Mbelata mmiri ozuzo kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ emeela ka ogo mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ daa, nke mere na ala apịtị nke dịbu n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ adịkwaghị.Nlekọta ìgwè atụrụ na ewu nke ndị na-azụ anụ na-akwagharị na-eme n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge ọkọchị emebiela ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ahịhịa niile na-eto n'ime mmiri n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.N'ihi nke a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ mmiri na-abịa n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'oge oyi ebelatala, ma great crested grebe anaghịzi amụ ụmụ n'ebe ahụ. N'agbanyeghị na e chebere ya, ruddy shelduck na ụdị nnụnụ mmiri ndị ọzọ ka na-enwe nsogbu nke ịchụ nta na-akwadoghị iwu . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1468|title=Aguelmams Sidi Ali – Tifounassine|publisher=Ramsar|accessdate=31 July 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Marini">{{Cite book|author=Marini, Alberto|title=Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo-BZJz8GOEC&pg=PA150|year=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-8937-4}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụbu naanị ebe n'ụwa ebe ''Salmo pallaryi'', ụdị trout, biri mana azụ ahụ lara n'iyi mgbe a tọhapụrụ carp (''Cyprinus carpio'') n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ na 1934.<ref name="Marini">{{Cite book|author=Marini, Alberto|title=Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo-BZJz8GOEC&pg=PA150|year=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-8937-4}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMarini,_AlbertoTalbi,_Mohamed2008">Marini, Alberto; Talbi, Mohamed (2008). </cite></ref> Northern pike (''Esox lucius'') na zander (''Sander lucioperca''), bụ ụdị azụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke ala a kpọbatara n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="Marini" /> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} b74y10ime357gk0tpdidjae4txt1nd6 674339 674338 2026-07-09T01:22:05Z Neme244 16387 fixed reference error 674339 wikitext text/x-wiki   Aguelmame Sidi Ali bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na Mpaghara Khénifra, n'ime Béni Mellal-Khénifra, na Morocco. Ọ dị n'ebe ịdị elu ruru mita 2,080 n'elu oke osimiri. Aguelmame Sidi Ali nwere mpaghara elu mmiri dị ihe dịka hekta 500 (eka 1,200) ma nwee omimi ruru mita 36.Ọ dị nso na ókèala Mpaghara Ifrane, n'ime ugwu Middle Atlas. Ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Khénifra , ebe echedoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke nwere mpaghara dị 842 km²(325 mi2), nke e hiwere n'afọ 2008.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Physio-géo|author=Sayad|first=Ahmed|year=2011|chapter=Effet des conditions climatiques sur le niveau du lac Sidi Ali (Moyen Atlas, Maroc)|pages=251–268|language=fr|doi=10.4000/physio-geo.2145}}</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/khenifra-national-park-national-park|title=Khenifra National Park in Morocco|publisher=Protected Planet|accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'ime ugwu Middle Atlas, n'ebe ịdị elu ruru mita 2,080 n'elu oke osimiri, ma nwee mpaghara mmiri na-anakọta mmiri nke dị ihe dịka 15.6 km².E hiwere ya n'oge Upper Miocene ruo Quaternary, n'ebe ahịrị mgbaji ala abụọ na-ezukọta. Ọ dị n'ime oghere eke dị n'ime nkume basalt, ma mejupụtara ya site n'ọdọ mmiri abụọ nke ugwu nkume dị n'etiti ha na-ekewa. Ugwu nkume a na-apụta ìhè mgbe ogo mmiri dara.Mmiri ya na-enweta site na mmiri ozuzo na-asọba n'elu ala, mmiri snow na-agbaze, na isi iyi mmiri karst. Ọkwa pH nke mmiri ahụ bụ 9.1, ọdịnaya mineral dị na ya adịghị elu, ebe ikike ya ịduzi ọkụ eletrik dị n'agbata 1200 na 1600 µS/cm.<ref>{{Cite web|author=s.r.o|first=Tripomatic|title=Aguelmame Sidi Ali lake in Khenifra National Park, Morocco|url=https://travel.sygic.com/en/poi/aguelmame-sidi-ali-lake-poi:20057484|accessdate=2024-04-30|work=travel.sygic.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Marini, Alberto|title=Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo-BZJz8GOEC&pg=PA146|year=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-8937-4}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Aguelmame Sidi Ali, Middle Atlas Morocco, Holocene diatom analyses|url=https://www.jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol7/vol7_N10/404-JMES-El%20hamouti.pdf}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Ebe gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburugburu bụ nke osisi cedar Atlas (''Cedrus atlantica'') gbara gburugburu, mana n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, oké ọhịa a emebiwo na mpaghara gbara ọdọ mmiri gburugburu aghọwo ala kpọrọ nkụ, nke nwere ogwu nke Spanish juniper (''Juniperus thurifera'') na-achịkwa. plankton na sediment dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ bara ọgaranya na diatoms, ọkachasị nke ụdị ''Cyclotella'', a na-ejikwa ha nye ihe akaebe nke paleohydrology na mgbanwe hydroclimatic metụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ enweela n'elu Aeons.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-26|title=Aguelmams Sidi Ali - Tifounassine {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1468|accessdate=2024-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213423/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1468|archivedate=2018-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-10|title=Note archéologique sur l'Aguelman de Sidi-Ali (Moyen-Atlas, Maroc) - Persée|doi=10.3406/bspf.1932.5669|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bspf_0249-7638_1932_num_29_12_5669|accessdate=2024-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210235521/https://www.persee.fr/doc/bspf_0249-7638_1932_num_29_12_5669|archivedate=2020-02-10}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, e nyere Aguelmams Sidi Ali / Tifounassine Complex, nke mejupụtara ala mmiri ugwu atọ dị n'ebe ịdị elu ha dị n'agbata mita 1,900 na 2,100, ọnọdụ Ebe Ramsar. Ala mmiri ndị a bụ ebe dị mkpa nke nnụnụ ndị bi n'ala mmiri na-akwaga ebe ọzọ na-anọ n'oge oyi, gụnyere ruddy shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea) na crested coot (Fulica cristata).Mbelata mmiri ozuzo kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ emeela ka ogo mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ daa, nke mere na ala apịtị nke dịbu n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ adịkwaghị.Nlekọta ìgwè atụrụ na ewu nke ndị na-azụ anụ na-akwagharị na-eme n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge ọkọchị emebiela ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ahịhịa niile na-eto n'ime mmiri n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.N'ihi nke a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ mmiri na-abịa n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'oge oyi ebelatala, ma great crested grebe anaghịzi amụ ụmụ n'ebe ahụ. N'agbanyeghị na e chebere ya, ruddy shelduck na ụdị nnụnụ mmiri ndị ọzọ ka na-enwe nsogbu nke ịchụ nta na-akwadoghị iwu . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1468|title=Aguelmams Sidi Ali – Tifounassine|publisher=Ramsar|accessdate=31 July 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Marini">{{Cite book|author=Marini, Alberto|title=Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo-BZJz8GOEC&pg=PA150|year=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-8937-4}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụbu naanị ebe n'ụwa ebe ''Salmo pallaryi'', ụdị trout, biri mana azụ ahụ lara n'iyi mgbe a tọhapụrụ carp (''Cyprinus carpio'') n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ na 1934.<ref name="Marini" /> Northern pike (''Esox lucius'') na zander (''Sander lucioperca''), bụ ụdị azụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke ala a kpọbatara n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="Marini" /> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} jcrj7sg3fi8kyqx7le46tq6rxfrtk8p 0 77573 674360 2026-07-09T06:30:58Z SafariScribe 18560 SafariScribe moved page [[Pascale Petit (onye na-ede uri)]] to [[Pascale Petit]] 674360 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[Pascale Petit]] 2z4qm4ype12mympgc4jqkezq58b2xsr 0 77574 674366 2026-07-09T06:46:26Z SafariScribe 18560 SafariScribe moved page [[Anambra Steeti]] to [[Anambra]] 674366 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[Anambra]] ictin1xhwt26qa1w1grmbckpvnui8g5 1 77575 674368 2026-07-09T06:46:26Z SafariScribe 18560 SafariScribe moved page [[Ńkàtá:Anambra Steeti]] to [[Ńkàtá:Anambra]] 674368 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[Ńkàtá:Anambra]] cdos8ru8hl0w4kxs24smt923udh3g81 0 77576 674374 2026-07-09T06:57:59Z SafariScribe 18560 + 674374 wikitext text/x-wiki #Redirect [[Nigerian Civil War]] p7hzzf7qfk33roycmymlfr5b346u8ux 0 77577 674376 2026-07-09T06:59:04Z SafariScribe 18560 SafariScribe moved page [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú]] to [[United Kingdom]]: Anaghị ewepu aha di etua 674376 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[United Kingdom]] jm4myw4ay7gdr3ilhq1n4wl1r2mxqli 0 77578 674380 2026-07-09T07:01:40Z SafariScribe 18560 SafariScribe moved page [[Obodo Békè]] to [[Europe]]: Enweghị na Igbo Lexicon ebe ana akpọ Europe ala bekee 674380 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[Europe]] i37etqxdffco26vht7ljfqz01ip4gn2 0 77579 674386 2026-07-09T07:04:25Z SafariScribe 18560 SafariScribe moved page [[University of Nigeria]] to [[Mahadum nke Nigeria]] 674386 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[Mahadum nke Nigeria]] 1y9p8wl89smaz0euj0gdk6u1pbfgwc9 0 77580 674398 2026-07-09T07:16:19Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 64130 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363210254|McKinney, Texas]]" 674398 wikitext text/x-wiki McKinney bụ obodo dị na Collin County, Texas, United States, nke dị n'ime obodo ahụ. Ọ bụ obodo nke atọ kachasị na Collin County, ma e wezụga Plano na Frisco. McKinney, nke dị n'akụkụ Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, dị ihe dị ka maịlụ 32 (kilomita 51) n'ebe ugwu Dallas.. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Old_map-McKinney-1876.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Map sitere na 1876]] A na-akpọ ma obodo ahụ na obodo ahụ aha Collin McKinney, onye bịanyere aka na Texas Declaration of Independence, na onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Red River nke Republic of Texas. Ọ bụ onye dere iwu na-eguzobe mpaghara dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke steeti ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=26765|title=Profile for McKinney, Texas, TX|publisher=ePodunk|accessdate=August 14, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011054722/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=26765|archivedate=11 October 2019}}</ref> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === A na-ewere McKinney dị ka akụkụ nke mpaghara mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ. [[Faịlụ:Independent_Bank_in_Texas.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ego kwụụrụ onwe ya na 2019 na Henneman Way]] Obodo a na-anabata ọtụtụ nnukwu ihe omume n'afọ niile, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ blọk nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere: [[Faịlụ:McKinney_April_2017_012_(Historic_U.S._Post_Office).jpg|thumb|Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mere Eme nke Collin County]] Erwin Park bụ ogige ntụrụndụ nke obodo nwere na 212 ime obodo acres na ugwu McKinney. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ahọpụtara ebe ndị a na-eme ngagharị iwe n'abalị na ebe ndị a ga-eme ngaji nakwa ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè ugwu 10 nke Dallas Off-Road Bicycle Association na-elekọta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mountain Bike Skills Area Now Open at Erwin Park, McKinney|url=https://www.localprofile.com/community/mountain-bike-erwin-park-mckinney-7505247|date=May 26, 2023|publisher=Local Profile|accessdate=October 28, 2023}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:McKinney_April_2017_043_(Roy_&_Helen_Hall_Memorial_Library).jpg|thumb|Roy & Helen Hall Memorial Library na 2017]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] oduvf8ua9tlfgj9hd5yg9v06git9nsc 8 77581 674416 2026-07-09T08:20:20Z SafariScribe 18560 + 674416 wikitext text/x-wiki * Common move reasons ** Misspelled title ** Removed ambiguity abbnfdn5kddf7pr28n3t4m7ptv42kes 674423 674416 2026-07-09T09:14:20Z SafariScribe 18560 + 674423 wikitext text/x-wiki * Common move reasons ** Misspelled title ** Make shorter ([[WP:CONCISE]], [[WP:PRECISE]]) ** Change to sentence case ([[MOS:AT]]) ** Remove unnecessary parentheses/disambiguator ** Revert page-move vandalism ([[WP:MOVEVANDAL]]) ** Perform requested move, see talk page ** Move to mainspace ** Add parentheses/disambiguator ** Fix grammar ** Revert undiscussed move ([[WP:RMUM]]) ** Move to draftspace ([[WP:DRAFTIFY]]) ** Adjust/fix parentheses/disambiguator fufycyofk01u29r47fvc7h2r9i8fxfg 0 77582 674491 2026-07-09T11:33:27Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1226480470|Saloum Delta National Park]]" 674491 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title category" id="7" style="font-size:125%;" |Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#87CEEB; color:inherit;font-size:100%;" |[[UNESCO World Heritage Site|Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;" |[[File:Saloum.gif|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">[[Saloum Delta]]</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;" |<mapframe zoom="10" frameless="1" align="center" longitude="-16.633333333333" latitude="13.7" height="200" width="270">{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-16.633333333333333,13.7],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"Saloum Delta National Park","marker-color":"#5E74F3"}}</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Map mmekọrịta nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[World Heritage Sites by country|Ebe]] | class="infobox-data" |Senegal |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Akụkụ nke | class="infobox-data" |[[Saloum Delta]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[World Heritage Site#Selection criteria|Ihe ndị e ji mara]] | class="infobox-data category" |Omenala: (iii) (iv) (v) &nbsp; |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Ihe odide | class="infobox-data" |[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359 1359] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Ihe odide | class="infobox-data" |2011 (Mgbakọ nke 35th) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[Geographic coordinate system|Njikọ]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saloum_Delta_National_Park&params=13_42_N_16_38_W_region:SN_dim:50000 <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°38′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.700°N 16.633°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.700; -16.633</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:16}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saloum_Delta_National_Park&params=13_42_N_16_38_W_region:SN_dim:50000 <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°38′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.700°N 16.633°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">13.700; -16.633</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ogige Ntụrụndụ Delta du Saloum |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |3 Eprel 1984; <span class="noprint">Afọ 42 gara aga&#x20;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1984-04-03</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp; |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |288 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Faịlụ:Senegal_relief_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Saloum Delta National Park is located in Senegal]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:65.306%;left:17.418%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Saloum Delta National Park]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Ebe ogige ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta dị na Senegal</div></div></div></div></div> |} '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ [[Saloum Delta]]''' ma ọ bụ Parc National du Delta du Saloum na Senegal, bụ ogige ntụrụndụ nke mba dị square kilomita 760 (190,000-acre). E guzobere ya na 1976, ọ dị n'ime Saloum Delta na njikọ nke Osimiri Saloum na North Atlantic. Ogige ntụrụndụ a, nke bụ akụkụ nke Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO na ebe Mgbakọ Ramsar, dị n'ime ebe nchekwa biosphere 1,800 km2 (440,000-acre). Mmiri nwere 610 km2 (150,000 acres) nke ogige ahụ, mangrove intertidal na ahịhịa mmiri nnu na-ekpuchi 70 km2 (17,000 acres), na savannah na ọhịa na-ekpuchi 80 km2 (20,000 acres). Ọ dị na East Atlantic Flyway. Ụdị nnụnụ ndị na-amụ nwa ma ọ bụ na-eme oyi n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere royal tern, greater flamingo, Eurasian spoonbill, curlew sandpiper, ruddy turnstone, na obere stint. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saloum Delta|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359/|accessdate=2021-02-01|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> Saloum Delta dị ihe dị ka 100 mi) n'ebe ndịda isi obodo Senegal, Dakar . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saloum Delta (Senegal) {{!}} African World Heritage Sites|url=https://www.africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/traditional-cultural-landscapes/saloum-delta.html|accessdate=2021-02-01|work=www.africanworldheritagesites.org}}</ref> == Mgbanwe ihu igwe == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  N'afọ 2022, IPCC Sixth Assessment Report gụnyere Saloum Delta National Park na ndepụta nke ebe nketa okike nke Afrịka nke [[idei mmiri]] na mbuze mmiri ga-eyi egwu na njedebe nke narị afọ, mana ọ bụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na Mgbanwe ihu igwe sochiri [[Ụzọ Nchịkọta Ndị Nnọchiteanya|RCP 8.5]], nke bụ ihe omume nke nnukwu ikuku na-abawanye na okpomọkụ nke ihe karịrị 4 °C. , ma a naghịzi ele ya anya dị ka onye nwere ike ịbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hausfather|first=Zeke|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hausfather|first=Zeke|title=RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions|journal=PNAS|date=20 October 2020|volume=117|issue=45|pages=27791–27792|doi=10.1073/pnas.2017124117|pmid=33082220}}</ref> Ihe ndị ọzọ, ihe ndị ọzọ kwere omume na-eme ka okpomọkụ dị ala ma si otú a belata oke osimiri: ma, oke osimiri ga-anọgide na-abawanye ruo ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 n'okpuru ha niile.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf|title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=August 2021|publisher=IPCC|accessdate=12 November 2021}}</ref> Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ ahụ na-ejedebe na 1.5 °C, a ka na-atụ anya na ịrị elu nke oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-agafe 2-3 m (7-10 mgbe afọ 2000 gasịrị (na ọkwa okpomọkụ dị elu ga-ahụ mmụba dị ukwuu n'oge ahụ), n'ihi ya gafere 2100 nke oke osimiri n'okpuru RCP 8.5 (~0.75 na nso nke 0.5-1 m (2-3 ) tupu afọ 4000.   == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Sine * Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Dị Iche  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6852&m=0 BirdLife IBA Factsheet - Delta du Saloum]. Birdlife International. * [[UNESCO]].org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=SEN+02" id="mwwQ" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Biosphere Reserve Information - Senegal - DELTA DU SALOUM. UNESCO. * (n'asụsụ French) [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 Ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe a na-edebe ihe]. Gọọmentị nke Senegal. [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] kx051czrxf8sep97ocas7sszrdno1v1 0 77583 674493 2026-07-09T11:36:32Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358429336|Lake Burera]]" 674493 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Ọdọ Mmiri Burera |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |Bulera |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Lac_Burera.jpg|264x264px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Rwanda_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Location of the lake in Rwanda.]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:26.19%;left:45%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|alt=Location of the lake in Rwanda.|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Burera]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Burera</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- class="adr" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data region" |[[Rwanda]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Njikọ</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Burera&params=1.45_S_29.78_E_type:waterbody_dim:20000_region:RW <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1°27′S <span class="longitude">29°47′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.45°S 29.78°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-1.45; 29.78</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:5}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Burera&params=1.45_S_29.78_E_type:waterbody_dim:20000_region:RW <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°27′S</span> <span class="longitude">29°47′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.45°S 29.78°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-1.45; 29.78</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data category" |ọdọ mmiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><nowiki><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Mmiri na-abanye</span></nowiki></div> | class="infobox-data" |Rugezi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><nowiki><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Mmiri na-esi na ya apụta</span></nowiki></div> | class="infobox-data" |Musasa, Ntaruka |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ebe dị n'elu</div> | class="infobox-data" |55 km² (20 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Elu ala</div> | class="infobox-data" |1,860 m (6,102 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |} '''Ọdọ Mmiri Burera''' ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri Bulera bụ ọdọ mmiri nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Rwanda, n'ókèala ya na Uganda. Site na mpaghara ya dị kilomita 55 (20 sq mi), ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na Rwanda mgbe e mesịrị Lake Ihema (100 km2 [40 sq mi]). Ọ bụrụ na e lee ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ niile dị na mba ahụ (gụnyere ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ na-ekerịta), ọ ga-abụ nke ise kachasị ukwuu mgbe e mesịrị Lake Kivu 2,700 km2 (1,040 sq mi) n'etiti Rwanda na Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lake Rweru dị n'etiti Rwanda na Burundi na kilomita 133 (50 sq mi) nke naanị kilomita 47 (20 sq mi) dị na Rwanda, Lake Ihema na Lake Cohoha 74 km2 (30 sq mi) kekọrịtara ya na Burundi nke naanị kilomita 19 (10 sq mi) dị na Rwanda. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu nke obodo ahụ na Burera District nke aha ya sitere n'ọdọ mmiri a. Obodo kacha mma dị na ya bụ obodo Musanze nke dị kilomita 25 (mile 16) n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Ọdọ Mmiri Burera dị n'ókè ala mmiri nke [[Uganda]] na ndagwurugwu ndịda nke Ugwu Muhavura na 1,860 nke ịdị elu.<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=Ralph H.|title=Iucn Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA204|accessdate=24 April 2013|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5}}</ref> Ọ dị n'akụkụ Ugwu Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri Ruhondo nke abụọ ya, ebe ọ na-asọba site na iyi a na-akpọ Ntaruka. Burera buru ibu ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ karịa ọdọ mmiri Ruhondo, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị naanị mita 600 site n'ebe dị anya, ọdọ mmiri abụọ ahụ kewara site na mbelata dị egwu nke mita 100 (ụkwụ 328). Ntaruka bụ iyi dị 600 n'ogologo nke jikọtara ọdọ mmiri abụọ ahụ na ndagwurugwu nke ihe dị ka mita 100 na . N'ihi ọdịda a dị elu, e wuru ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik mmiri na iyi a ma mepụta 11.5 MW.<ref name="Power Plant">{{Cite web|title=Power Plant|url=https://www.reg.rw/what-we-do/generation/power-plant/?tx_powermail_pi1%5Baction%5D=create&tx_powermail_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=Form&cHash=2a8bace115ead5607620f166a9ae3b35|work=Rwanda Energy Group|publisher=Rwanda Energy Group|accessdate=16 July 2020}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 5rjfilf49gxgonvvfton5blogonq4gn 0 77584 674499 2026-07-09T11:58:34Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336323225|Loukkos River]]" 674499 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:Rivers_of_North_-_West_Morocco_OSM.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Osimiri ndị dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Morocco na Loukos (n'etiti aka ekpe) ]] Osimiri Loukkos (Arabic: واد لوكوس; Spanish: Río Luco) bụ otu n'ime osimiri ndị kasị mkpa dị n'ebe ugwu Morocco. N'agbanyeghị na ọ dị mkpụmkpụ (ihe dị ka kilomita 100), ọ bụ osimiri nke atọ kachasị ukwuu na Morocco, ebe ọ na-enwe nkezi mmiri na-asọ ya ruru 50 m³/s.Isi iyi Osimiri Loukkos dị n'Ugwu Rif, sitekwa n'ebe ahụ ọ na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Atlantik n'obodo Larache, ebe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri obodo ahụ dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Mpaghara mmiri nke Osimiri Loukkos kpuchiri ihe dịka 3,730 km², ma nwee ụfọdụ n'ime ala ọrụ ugbo kacha eme nri ma kacha arụpụta ihe na Morocco.Otu n'ime osimiri nta na-asọba n'Osimiri Loukkos, nke a na-akpọ Oued Makhazine, nwere nnukwu mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ihi na ọ bụ ebe e lụrụ otu n'ime agha ndị kasị kpebisie ike n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Morocco, ya bụ Agha Alcácer Quibir. N'agha ahụ, nke mere na 4 Ọgọọst 1578, ndị agha jikọtara ọnụ nke eze Morocco a chụpụrụ n'ocheeze, Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi, na onye ya na ya jikọrọ aka, Eze Sebastian nke Portugal, meriri n'aka ndị agha nke sultan ọhụrụ Morocco sitere n'otu usoro eze Saadi ahụ(onye bụkwa nwanne nna Abu Abdallah). Lukkus bụ osimiri kachasị ukwuu n'ebe ugwu Morocco. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị mkpụmkpụ, osimiri a na-ebu mmiri nke atọ kachasị na Morocco. Osimiri ahụ nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu idei mmiri n'oge idei mmiri. N'afọ 1775, osimiri ahụ pụtara na map nke Tomás López na Vargas na aha "River Lucos". Ruo oge ụfọdụ, osimiri ahụ bụ ókèala dị n'etiti Morocco na alaeze ukwu France. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme oge ochie === Lixus oge ochie dị n'Ugwu Tchemmich, n'akụkụ aka nri nke Osimiri Loukkos (aha ndị ọzọ ya bụ Oued Loukous ma ọ bụ Osimiri Locus), nke dị ntakịrị n'ebe ugwu nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke oge a dị na Larache. Ebe ahụ dị n'ime ókèala mepere emepe nke Larache, ma dị ihe dịka kilomita atọ site n'ọnụ Osimiri Loukkos ebe ọ na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Atlantik.Site n'ịdị elu ya nke ruru mita 80 n'elu ala dị larịị, ebe ahụ na-elekọta ma na-achịkwa apiti na ala mmiri ndị Osimiri Loukkos na-asọ gafee. E guzobere Lixus dị ka ógbè Ndị Finishia, mgbe ndị njem ụgbọ mmiri ndị Finishia gafere Oké Osimiri Alboran iji ruo Oké Osimiri Atlantic. N'etiti mkpọmkpọ ebe dị na Lixus, e nwere ebe ịsa ahụ, ụlọ nsọ, mgbidi narị afọ nke anọ AD, ala mosaic, na ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya nke Capitol Hill. N'ihu elu osimiri ahụ, e guzobere El-Ksar el Kebir dị ka ógbè ndị Carthage. Mgbe Agha Punic kwụsịrị, ógbè ahụ batara n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị Rom, bụ́ ndị kpọrọ ya Oppidum Novum. === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a === [[Faịlụ:Alacacer_Quibir,_Ksar_el-Kébir_(El-_Ksar),_les_rives_de_l'oued_Loukkes.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Osimiri Lukkus na Ksar El Kebir na 1900]] Mpaghara nke Osimiri Loukkos na ndị na-eso ya, al-Mahazin, bụ ebe a lụrụ agha dị mkpa na 1578 - Agha nke Alcácer Quibir, ebe e gburu ndị abụọ na-azọ ocheeze nke Morocco dịka eze [[Portugal]]. Sebastian nke Portugal, eze Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi na onye iro ya Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi ka e gburu ma kwụsị ọchịchọ Portugal ịwakpo ma mee ka Maghreb bụrụ nke Ndị Kraịst.Otu n'ime isi ihe kpatara mmeri nke ndị agha Portugal bụ ịrị elu nke mmiri Loukkos River n'oge agha ahụ. N'ihi agha a, Portugal tụfuru ọnọdụ ya dị ka nnukwu ike. N'afọ 1970, Thor Heyerdahl gara n'ọnụ ebe Osimiri Loukkos na-asọba, ma nyochaa ụgbọ mmiri e ji ahịhịa amị arụ nke ndị na-akụ azụ bi n'ebe ahụ na-emepụta, dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ ya ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri Ra II. Dị ka Heyerdahl si kwuo, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri oge ochie nke ndị Foinisia na ndị Ijipt, ndị ọ kwenyere na ha ghọrọ ndị guzobere ọdịbendị Mesoamerica, malitere njem ha site n'ebe dịka Osimiri Loukkos.<gallery> Faịlụ:حوض_القصر_الكبير.JPG|Grand Palace basin. Faịlụ:Vue_sur_le_site_archéologique_de_Lixus_(14398275513).jpg|the site of Lixus Faịlụ:Larache_-_Oued_Loukous.jpg|Larache at the mouth of the Oued Loukous. Faịlụ:Gué_du_Loukkos.jpg|El Ksar 1900 </gallery> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|35|12|15|N|6|08|34|W|source:kolossus-arwiki}} ogyr4m5rb5qzpaqtd62ufuthrkyrpdh